Lingbao

El nombre de esta vía no viene de un cielo, y su traductor lo subraya. Bokenkamp lo explica en nota: «The Lingbao scriptures are not, like the Shangqing scriptures, named after the heaven of their origin. The name means “Numinous Treasure” and is derived from an ancient term for mediums, regarded as the locus into which the spirits might descend.» «Bokenkamp, Early Daoist Scriptures (Taoist Classics 1) · p. 205». La propia Escritura de la Salvación se nombra con esa palabra en sus estrofas iniciales: «The original stanzas of the Numinous Gem of Primordial Commencement that comprehend the Mysterious are Wondrous verses from the upper chapters;t With ten turnings, they provide salvation. The one hundred demons, the secret rhymes, Join and separate within the Self-Actualizing.t The red script that penetrated the turbulent void Represents Highest Perfection from when Nothingness was yet not§ In the ancestral kalpas! of Primordial Commencement, It transformed to shape all of the heavens. Opening to illumine the Three Phosphors,* It was the root of heaven and earth.» «Bokenkamp, Early Daoist Scriptures (Taoist Classics 1) · p. 215».

Dentro del daoísmo, es la tercera de las tres tradiciones escriturales que el corpus documenta, y la que se mide con el budismo. Bokenkamp las nombra juntas: «This was also a time of copious scripture production, the period during which three major scriptural traditions of Daoism—the Celestial Masters, the Shangqing (Upper Clarity), and the Lingbao (Numinous Gem)—took shape.» «Bokenkamp, Early Daoist Scriptures (Taoist Classics 1) · p. 5», y dice qué hace esta con la doctrina vecina: «The Lingbao scriptures are the first Daoist scriptures to wholeheartedly embrace the Buddhist conception of rebirth, though in a modified form that takes into account the importance of one’s ancestors in the face of the perceived Buddhist threat to the stability of Chinese family altars.» «Bokenkamp, Early Daoist Scriptures (Taoist Classics 1) · p. 195». De su lengua propia explica de dónde la toma: «the Lingbao scriptures regularly use the term fangqi, “Brahma-pneumg * to represent the primordial Dao in its creative aspect, “Brahma. script” (to coin a term that may make some Indologists shudder), in that it is formed of these primordial pneumas, is the stuff of which the highest heavens are made as well as a language that perfectly represents the powers of these heavens.» «Bokenkamp, Early Daoist Scriptures (Taoist Classics 1) · p. 201».

De su revelación, el volumen da la fecha y la línea de transmisión que el propio revelador declaraba. Bokenkamp lo consigna así: «Lingbao scriptures were, according to the earliest records, Tevealed to the world around 400 C.E. by Ge Chaofu, the Brandnephew of Ge Hong (283-343). As these records make clear, Ge Chaofu did not claim to have received the scriptures from spirits directly, but through a line of transmission extending back to the great-uncle of Ge Hong, Ge Xuan.» «Bokenkamp, Early Daoist Scriptures (Taoist Classics 1) · p. 195», y dice de dónde saca casi todo lo que se sabe de su difusión: «From the preface to this catalog, which survives in a Son we can gain some idea of the popularity of the ‘scriptures in the 4305, aS well as of the confusion caused by the, many imitators. Since this preface provides nearly all the informa tion we have on the diffusion of the Lingbao scriptures, I will in 生 course ofthis discussion cite a good portion of the text.» «Bokenkamp, Early Daoist Scriptures (Taoist Classics 1) · p. 197».

Lo que la escritura promete lo dice ella misma, y lo reparte por grados. De las primeras recitaciones enumera los efectos: «When he spoke the scripture through for the first time, all of the assembled great Sages voiced their approval. At once all those in the kingdom afÒicted with deaf. ness, both male and female, were able to hear again. When he expounded the scripture a second time, the eyes of the blind were opened to the light. When he expounded the scripture for the third time, the mute were able to speak. When he expounded the scripture for the fourth time, those long lame or paralytic were able to arise and walk. When he expounded the scripture for the fifth time, those with chronic illnesses or diseases were immediately made whole.» «Bokenkamp, Early Daoist Scriptures (Taoist Classics 1) · p. 211». Y de quien la recita distingue dos destinos: «When those with higher attainments in the Learning recite and practice this scripture, they will immediately fly up to the Southern Palace on high. When ordinary mortals receive and recite it, they will extend their years and live long lives. At the end of their lives, they will achieve the way of release from the corpse.» «Bokenkamp, Early Daoist Scriptures (Taoist Classics 1) · p. 213».

De lo que esta vía tomó de la anterior, Robinet deja una medida hecha desde el Shang-ch'ing: «Despite these developments, the great liturgy of the L'ing-pao school, the Tu-jen ching ta-fa, betrays much borrowing from the Mao-shan textsso that invocations, charms, and sometimes even complete sections on meditation techniques were incorporated.» «Robinet — Taoist Meditation (1993) · p. 39». Pregadio, por su parte, fecha la compilación de los dos corpus y describe el reordenamiento que trajeron: «The compilation of the Shangqing (Highest Clarity) and Lingbao (Numinous Treasure) corpora—between 364 and 370, and around 395 to 405, respectively—resulted in a new arrangement of the southeastern religious customs and their historical or legendary representatives. The new hierarchy was codified during the fifth century in the system of the Three Caverns (sandong), the earliest traces of which are found in the Shangqing scriptures.» «Pregadio — Great Clarity (2005) · p. 37».

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