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The Battle for God

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Lee la religión premoderna con un par de términos que toma prestado y declara: los premodernos «evolved two ways of thinking, speaking, and acquiring knowledge, which scholars have called mythos and logos» «Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 18», y el error moderno consiste en confundirlos — «You were not supposed to make mythos the basis of a pragmatic policy» «Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 20».

Sobre ese par monta el capítulo que aquí interesa: la cábala luriánica como mito de la creación que «bears no resemblance to the creation story in the Book of Genesis» «Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 30» y que se vuelve movimiento de masas hacia 1650 «Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 33»; los ritos de Safed que lo encarnan «Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · pp. 34, 35»; y el mesianismo de Shabbetai Zevi como el caso en que —según ella— el mito se tradujo a programa «Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 53». El mismo esquema se aplica al islam esotérico: sufismo, *falsafah* y Shiah política «Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 69», el *alam al-mithal* de Mulla Sadra «Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 86» y la Ocultación del Imam «Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 78».

Construye toda esa cábala sin nombrar el Zóhar una sola vez: es una ausencia comprobada, no un olvido inferido, y con ella van las de Cordovero, Moisés de León y las sefirot, que solo asoman en la glosa de *Ein Sof* —«in ten successive emanations (sefiroth)»— «Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 465». Ver Notas de carga.

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«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 5»

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Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)
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149 entries — the work's own voice, with its locator

«evolved two ways of thinking, speaking, and acquiring knowledge, which scholars have called mythos and logos»el par que sostiene todo el libro; los llama «complementary ways of arriving at truth».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 18»

«Myth was regarded as primary»adjudica primacía al mito, y lo hace concernir a lo que se tenía por intemporal y constante en la existencia.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 18»

«only became a reality when it was embodied in cult, rituals, and ceremonies»el mito no existe fuera de su práctica.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 18»

«Myth was also associated with mysticism, the descent into the psyche by means of structured disciplines of focus and concentration»enlaza mito y disciplina contemplativa.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 18»

«the myths of religion would make no sense»sin culto ni práctica mística, según ella.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 19»

«the rational, pragmatic, and scientific thought»así define *logos*, que a diferencia del mito «must relate exactly to facts and correspond to external realities».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 19»

«You were not supposed to make mythos the basis of a pragmatic policy»declara peligrosa la confusión de los dos modos.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 20»

«But a literal reading of Scripture is, as we shall see, a modern preoccupation, springing from the prevalence of the rational over the mythical consciousness.»data el literalismo en la modernidad.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 33»

«Before the modern period, Jews, Christians, and Muslims all relished highly allegorical, symbolic, and esoteric interpretations of their sacred texts.»Da la razón: «Since God's Word was infinite, it was capable of yielding a multitude of meanings».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 33»

«every single messianic movement that has expected an imminent Redeemer has been disappointed»lo enuncia como constante histórica, con la acotación «until now».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 30»

«a saintly, sickly Ashkenazic Jew»así presenta a Isaac Luria (1534–72), asentado en Safed y «the first to articulate the new myth».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 30»

«He thus founded a form of Kabbalah that still bears his name»la fundación de la rama luriánica, en sus términos.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 30»

«We moderns would say that Luria created this myth»Distingue de inmediato esa lectura de la de los discípulos.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 30»

«the myth had declared itself to him»la adjudicación de los discípulos, que la obra consigna sin suscribirla ni corregirla.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 30»

«bears no resemblance to the creation story in the Book of Genesis»así sitúa el relato luriánico frente al bíblico.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 30»

«It clearly contradicted Genesis in almost every particular.»lo repite en el balance de la difusión.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 33»

«In Luria's myth, the creative process begins with an act of voluntary exile.»la fórmula con que abre la exposición del *tsimtsum*.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 31»

«the doctrine of Zimzum»la grafía es de la obra; la traduce como «withdrawal» y la da como respuesta a cómo puede existir el mundo si Dios es omnipresente.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 31»

«the infinite and inaccessible Godhead, which Kabbalists called Ein Sof»«Without End», que hubo de encogerse dentro de sí para hacer sitio al mundo.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 31»

«Creation had begun, therefore, with an act of divine ruthlessness»Añade que Ein Sof «had inflicted exile upon a part of itself».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 31»

«a violent process of primal explosions, disasters, and false starts»contrapone así el proceso al primer capítulo del Génesis.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 32»

«which were supposed to channel it shattered under the strain»la ruptura de los vasos, que la obra nombra siempre como «breaking of the vessels» y nunca con el término hebreo.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 32»

«Sparks of divine light fell into the abyss of all that was not God»la caída de las chispas.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 32»

«returned to the Godhead, but others remained trapped in this Godless realm»el destino escindido de las chispas, en un reino «filled with the evil potential that Ein Sof had purged from itself in the act of Zimzum».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 32»

«When Adam was created, he could have rectified the situation»De haberlo hecho, «the divine exile would have ended on the first Sabbath».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 32»

«the divine sparks were trapped in material objects»consecuencia del pecado de Adán.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 32»

«wandered through the world, a perpetual exile, yearning to be reunited with the Godhead»así describe a la Shekhinah tras la caída.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 32»

«restoration" (tikkun) of the Shekhinah to the Godhead»triple: la Shekhinah a lo Divino, el pueblo judío a la Tierra Prometida y el resto del mundo a su estado propio.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 34»

«Zimzum showed that exile was inscribed in the very ground of being»la función hermenéutica que adjudica al mito respecto de la condición judía.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 33»

«Luria was not a writer, and during his lifetime his teachings were known to very few people»Precisa que los discípulos los registraron y otros los difundieron en Europa.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 33»

«By 1650, Lurianic Kabbalah had become a mass movement»«the only theological system to win such general acceptance among Jews at this time».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 33»

«the restorative mission of tikkun still inspires modern and fundamentalist Jewish movements»declara vigente la doctrina.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 34»

«Today we should call the Lurianic myth a symbol or a metaphor, but this also is to rationalize it»objeta la traducción moderna del término.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 34»

«In the original Greek, the word "symbol" meant to throw two things together so that they became inseparable»la etimología que maneja para sostener esa objeción.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 34»

«like all true myth, a revelation that showed Jews what their lives basically were»su definición del estatuto del mito luriánico.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 34»

«they would have found the question inappropriate»respuesta que atribuye a los cabalistas de Safed si se les preguntara si aquello ocurrió realmente; la obra no dictamina.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 32»

«In Safed, Kabbalists devised special rites to reenact Luria's theology»abre la parte praxiológica.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 34»

«to help them to identify with the Shekhinah, whom they imagined as a woman»fin declarado de las vigilias de medianoche.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 34»

«would rise at midnight, remove their shoes, weep, and rub their faces in the dust»la vigilia, en sus gestos.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 34»

«Kabbalists would go for long walks through the countryside, wandering like the Shekhinah and acting out their own sense of homelessness»la caminata ritual; en la misma página, las disciplinas penitenciales «fastings, lashings, rolling in the snow—performed as acts of tikkun».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 34»

«but in Safed, Jews were instructed to pray alone»inversión de la norma del minián, «to experience fully their very real sense of isolation».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 35»

«Luria was adamant that there was to be no wallowing»Los ritos de medianoche «always ended at dawn with a meditation upon the final reunion of the Shekhinah with Ein Sof».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 35»

«The Kabbalist was instructed to imagine that every one of his limbs was an earthly shrine for the Divine Presence»el cuerpo como santuario.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 35»

«for sexual exploitation, for malicious gossip, for humiliating one's fellows, and for dishonoring parents»las faltas contra el prójimo por las que se hacía penitencia.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 35»

«In Safed, meditation centered on detailed, skilled reconfigurations of the letters composing God's name»los *kawwanot*, que «would help the Kabbalist to become aware of a trace of the divine within himself».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 35»

«in ecstasy he trembled and shook with elation and awe»testimonio que adjudica a Haim Vital (1542–1620), discípulo de Luria; grafía del nombre tal cual (ver Notas de carga).

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 35»

«No one was initiated into the Kabbalah until he was at least forty years old and married, and had achieved sexual equilibrium»requisito de admisión, dado en el epílogo.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 448»

«only men were allowed to practice the Kabbalah»restricción de género, consignada a propósito de Teresa de Ávila.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 37»

«the rational disciplines of philosophy»las que, dice, dejaron de servir a los cabalistas tras 1492 porque «could not address their pain».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · pp. 35, 36»

«devised no practical plans for the political salvation of the Jews»deslinde explícito de Luria respecto de la política, por contraste con Ignacio de Loyola.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 36»

«Kabbalists had settled in the Land of Israel»«but they were not Zionists»; Luria no urgió a migrar a Tierra Santa.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 36»

«Luria knew that his mission as a mystic was to save Jews from existential and spiritual despair»el fin que le adjudica.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 36»

«Without the special ceremonies and rites»sin ellos, dice, el relato de creación de Luria «would have remained a senseless fiction».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 36»

«she charts the soul's journey through seven celestial halls until it reaches God»sobre Teresa de Ávila y *El castillo interior*, que «bears a marked resemblance to the Throne Mysticism» judía; lo presenta como parecido, no como dependencia.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 37»

«weeded out the more dubious and superstitious devotions, and made the mystical process more systematic»adjudica a Juan de la Cruz ese trabajo de sistematización.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 26»

«John of the Cross, Isaac Luria, or Mulla Sadra»la tríada de la mística sobria premoderna, de quienes dice que «had eschewed such emotional excess» y sostenían que «the interior journey was calm, disciplined, and complemented by reason».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 448»

«the Savior of Israel, the Messiah, the Son of David, the anointed of the God of Jacob»los títulos con que consigna la proclamación de Shabbetai Zevi en Esmirna.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 50»

«though not, at this point, versed in Lurianic Kabbalah»precisa que su formación cabalística inicial no era luriánica.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 50»

«they were what Lurianic Kabbalists would call acts of tikkun»así lee las transgresiones que él llamaba «holy sins».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 51»

«would soon give him a new law and new commandments to repair all the worlds»la fórmula que la obra pone en boca de Shabbetai sobre lo que Dios haría.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 51»

«Thus saith the Lord! Behold your Savior cometh. Shabbetai Zevi is his name»la profecía de «this Rabbi Nathan», recién iniciado en la cábala luriánica.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 51»

«the soul of the Messiah had been trapped in the Godless realm created in the original act of Zimzum»la lectura luriánica del Mesías que adjudica a Nathan.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 51»

«had been forced to descend still further into the realm of impurity and take the form of evil himself»así explica Nathan la apostasía: «This was the ultimate "holy sin," the final act of tikkun».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 54»

«by performing the penitential rituals of Safed»el modo en que, dice, Nathan ordenó apresurar el Fin.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 52»

«fasted, kept vigil, immersed themselves in icy water, rolled in nettles, and gave alms to the poor»los ritos de Safed usados como acelerador escatológico, de Europa a Irán y los Balcanes.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 52»

«Lurianic Kabbalah was a myth; it was not intended to be translated into practical political programs in this way, but to illuminate the internal life of the spirit»su tesis del abuso de categoría, aplicada al shabbateísmo.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 53»

«Shabbetai seems to have seen all faiths as valid»Añade que se veía a sí mismo como puente entre judaísmo e islam, «with a Koran in one hand and a Torah scroll in the other».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 55»

«had their own secret synagogues, but also prayed in the mosques»los *donmeh*, unas 200 familias convertidas en 1683 en la Turquía otomana.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 56»

«The commandments were the laws of death and must be discarded»doctrina que adjudica a Jacob Frank (1726–91), que añadía «all who would be warriors must be without religion».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 56»

«The three main forms of esoteric Islam were the mystical discipline of Sufism, the rationalism of Falsafah, and the political piety of the Shiah»su tipología del esoterismo islámico.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 69»

«believed that they were returning ad fontes»adjudica a los esotéricos islámicos un retorno a las fuentes; los de *Falsafah* «wanted to go back to a primordial, universal faith of timeless truths».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 69»

«Sufis believed that their mystical ecstasy reproduced the spiritual experiences of the Prophet when he had received the Koran»la adjudicación doctrinal sufí, conforme al arquetipo muhammadí.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 69»

«the way to God lay through the creative and mystical imagination»Añade que la gente «had a duty to create their own theophanies» con las disciplinas contemplativas del sufismo.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 73»

«had proved to be as healing as Lurianic Kabbalah»así justifica poner el renacer sufí posmongol junto a la cábala luriánica: la razón es funcional, y no afirma influencia de una sobre otra.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 61»

«went so far as to reject the authority of every single Muslim sage and saint, however exalted, except the Prophet»sobre Ahmad ibn Idris (1780–1836) y los llamados «Neo-Sufis».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 73»

«The goal of the mystical quest was not union with God, but a deep identification with the human figure of the Prophet»el desplazamiento de la meta mística que adjudica a esa reforma.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 73»

«a marginal, populist, revolutionary group, far removed from the sophisticated circles of Shii esotericism»así califica a la orden safávida de sufíes que encabezaba el sah Ismail.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 83»

«to both mystical spirituality and philosophical speculation»la hostilidad que adjudica a Muhammad Baqir Majlisi (m. 1700), con persecución de los sufíes restantes en Irán.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 85»

«Previously, Sufi philosophers had called this psychic region the alam al-mithal, the world of pure images»un reino de visiones accesible por las disciplinas intuitivas de los místicos.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 86»

«Mir Dimad and Mulla Sadra both insisted that these visions were not just subjective fantasies but had objective reality»la adjudicación de estatuto ontológico a la visión, «even if they remained impervious to logical analysis».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 86»

«had to become as rational as Aristotle, but must then go beyond him»lo que Mulla Sadra (m. 1640) exigía del filósofo verdadero, en una aprehensión extática e imaginativa de la verdad.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 86»

«No sage or religious authority, however eminent, could claim a monopoly of truth»objeción de Mir Dimad y Mulla Sadra al monopolio hermenéutico.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 86»

«Today, people resort to psychoanalysis to gain similar insight»traduce a vocabulario psicoanalítico el descenso al *alam al-mithal*; la equivalencia es suya.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 86»

«the light of the divine world shone forth upon me»testimonio en primera persona de Mulla Sadra citado de *al-Asfar al-Arbaah*; su corazón «caught fire» al descender.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 87»

«not an evolution to a new and higher state, but a return to the original pure vision of Abraham and the other prophets»la doctrina de la perfección que adjudica a Sadra.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 87»

«such servile imitation (taqlid)»cualquier religión fundada en ella era, según Sadra, intrínsecamente «polluted».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 88»

«secret (batin) wisdom that lay behind every single word of the Koran»la intuición que adjudica a los shiíes al leer el texto.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 77»

«a secret knowledge (ilm) of divine truth»lo que cada Imam recibía de su predecesor, según la doctrina que expone a partir de Jafar as-Sadiq (m. 765).

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 77»

«the Unseen (al-ghayb) that lies beneath the flux of outward (zahir) events»el par *zahir*/*batin* en su formulación.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 79»

«had not died, but had been miraculously concealed by God»el mensaje de 934 sobre el Imam, a quien solo se vería «after a long time has passed and the earth has become filled with tyranny».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 78»

«cannot be explained rationally. It makes sense only in a context of mysticism and ritual practice»así lee el mito de la Ocultación, dentro de su propio esquema.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 78»

«he became a more vivid presence»la presencia paradójica que adjudica al Imam Oculto, liberado de espacio y tiempo por su retiro.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 79»

«There was no doctrinal quarrel between Sunnis and Shiis; the difference was chiefly one of feeling»su posición sobre el deslinde entre las dos ramas.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 74»

«deeply influenced by the mysticism of Mulla Sadra and the School of Isfahan»sobre Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsai (1753–1826), fundador de un movimiento místico radical.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 172»

«he had been translated to the world of pure archetypes (alam al-mithal)»la doctrina shaykhi del Imam Oculto, guiando por medio de representantes terrenos que saben penetrar ese reino.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 172»

«a group of rare, infallible human beings who were able to get in touch with the Hidden Imam through the intuitive disciplines of contemplation»la «Perfect Shiah» de Ahsai.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 172»

«In each generation, the Perfect Shiah unveiled more and more of the esoteric meaning of the Koran and the Shariah»revelación progresiva, «an ongoing revelation».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 173»

«their narrow legalism, their unimaginative literalism, and their lack of interest in new ideas»objeción de Karim Khan Kirmani a los mujtahides.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 172»

«gate" (bab) to the divine which the ulema declared to have been closed at the time of the Occultation»lo que declaró ser en 1844 Sayyid Ali Muhammad (1819–50).

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 174»

«He was the Perfect Man of the age, embodying in his person all the great prophets of the past»tras declararse ante la Kaaba encarnación del Imam Oculto y producir una escritura, el *Bayan*.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 174»

«like Joseph Smith, the Bab produced a newly inspired scripture»coexistencia con justificación tipológica, no genealógica.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 174»

«There are many aspects of the Babi movement that recall the career of Shabbetai Zevi»el cruce comparativo entre las dos tradiciones, que la obra repite tres veces.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 175»

«As in the earlier Jewish movement, there was an intuitive sense that the old world was passing away»segunda formulación del mismo paralelo.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 176»

«The Koran was formally abrogated»en Budasht, junio de 1848; y Qurrat al-Ain (1814–52) se quitó el velo «as a symbol of the end of female subjection».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 176»

«Like Shabbetai himself, the Babis reached toward a new religious pluralism»en el nuevo orden, todas las religiones reveladas se unirían en una.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 176»

«As in the Shabbatean movement, the casting off of taboos»la misma salida secularizante en los dos movimientos.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 177»

«Master of the Good Name»así glosa el acrónimo Besht, de Baal Shem Tov, por Israel ben Eliezer (1700–60).

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 137»

«was mythical, based on the Lurianic symbol of divine sparks that had been trapped in matter during the primal catastrophe»la transposición jasídica del símbolo luriánico, que el Besht «transformed this tragic vision into a positive appreciation of the omnipresence of God».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 138»

«A spark of the divine could be found in absolutely everything»Los más consumados accedían a esa dimensión por las prácticas de concentración y apego, *devekut*.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 138»

«Hasidic prayer was noisy and ecstatic»aplausos, cabeza atrás y adelante, golpes en las paredes.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 138»

«would even turn somersaults in the synagogues, to express the overturning of the ego in its total surrender to God»la praxis corporal, con su glosa doctrinal.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 138»

«The Besht claimed that he had been instructed in the divine mysteries by Ahijah of Shiloh, the teacher of the Prophet Elijah»el linaje que él reclamaba, y que él mismo encarnaba el espíritu de Elías.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 138»

«not to feel [conscious of] oneself at all, but to be like a listening ear»la fórmula que pone en su boca sobre cómo enseñar Torá.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 139»

«The simple reading is as you say»la sentencia del Besht a Dov Ber (1710–72) sobre un texto luriánico acerca de ángeles: la exégesis literal era correcta pero «lacked soul».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 139»

«the whole house was suffused with light»lo que la escena consigna al ponerse Dov Ber de pie.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 139»

«the ordinary Hasid could not achieve union with God directly»hallaría lo divino solo en la persona de un *Zaddik* que dominara el *devekut*.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 139»

«he who studies Torah communes with God, for God and the Torah are one»de Hayyim Volozhiner (1749–1821), discípulo del Gaón de Vilna.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 140»

«rational thought the starting point of the spiritual quest»el jasidismo Habad de Shneur Zalman (1745–1813), más cercano a la espiritualidad de los Misnagdim.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 141»

«seemed to have little understanding of the mystical and mythical element in Judaism»objeción suya a Mendelssohn, a quien adjudica haber forzado el judaísmo «into a rationalistic mold that was alien to it»; es un juicio de la autora.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 143»

«He seems to have come from a family of converted Jews and to have retained an interest in the Kabbalah, the mystical tradition of Judaism»sobre Colón, con la reserva «He seems to have» puesta por ella misma.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 25»

«'Tis the temper of the hot and superstitious part of mankind in matters of religion, ever to be fond of mysteries»voz de Newton, citada por la obra.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 101»

«that Noah had founded a superstition-free religion»la tesis del tratado newtoniano *The Philosophical Origins of Gentile Theology*: sin escrituras reveladas ni misterios, corrompida después.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 101»

«was unable to appreciate that the doctrine of the Trinity had been devised by the Greek Orthodox theologians of the fourth century precisely as mythos, similar to that later created by the Jewish Kabbalists»la coexistencia Trinidad/cábala, justificada por género y no por contenido.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 102»

«were not objective facts but simply "terms that we use"»lo que adjudica a Gregorio de Nisa sobre las tres hipóstasis.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 102»

«Kook was a Kabbalist, inspired by the mythology and mysticism of the conservative period»filiación declarada sin ambigüedad.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 241»

«in Lurianic terms, as a "breaking of the vessels," part of the creative process»lectura luriánica de la Primera Guerra Mundial que adjudica a Kook.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 242»

«the Messiah of the House of Joseph»como presentó Kook a Herzl: un Redentor condenado que muere a las puertas de Jerusalén y abre paso al Mesías de la casa de David.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 240»

«We lay tefillin [phylacteries]»la fórmula con que, dice, Kook aplicaba el esquema a los pioneros: «and the pioneers lay bricks».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 243»

«Kook did not intend his myth to become an ideology»el mismo límite que adjudica a Luria, ahora en el siglo XX.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 243»

«an immediate, mystical experience of the sacred»lo que buscaba A. D. Gordon (1856–1922), «an Orthodox Jew and Kabbalist», en el paisaje.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 239»

«clarity, the depth of an infinitely clear sky, a clear perspective, mists of purity»lo que, según ella, los cabalistas nombraban así, en la noción de *chavayah* de Gordon.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 239»

«the evil forces of the "Other Side"»el término doctrinal en boca de Yeshua ben Shoshan, «a gentle, soft-spoken Kabbalist»; su contexto es contemporáneo y político, y queda fuera del recorte (ver Notas de carga).

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 435»

«The rituals of a cult were carefully designed to lead people through a trauma so that they came out healthily on the other side of it.»pone así los ritos de Safed junto a las procesiones shiíes de Husain, con justificación ritual.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 114»

«Gershom Scholem, who has written the definitive study of Shabbetai and Shabbateanism»la obra nombra en el cuerpo a su fuente única de todo lo luriánico y shabbateano.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 55»

«Scholem's theory has been disputed, and cannot be proved definitively one way or the other»sobre la tesis de que los shabbateanos ocultos precedieron a la Haskalá; la obra consigna la disputa y no la zanja.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 55»

«The Jewish mystical tradition»así, en tres palabras, define *Kabbalah* el glosario.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 468»

«Without End"; a kabbalistic term for the Godhead, the divine essence»glosario, *Ein Sof*, que se ha revelado en la creación y «in ten successive emanations (sefiroth), which adapt the Ultimate to the limited understanding of human beings».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 465»

«in Lurianic Kabbalah, the Godhead, Ein Sof (q.v.), is depicted as withdrawing into itself to vacate a space which is not-God»glosario, *Zimzum*.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 474»

«The Divine Presence on earth. In some forms of Kabbalah»glosario, *Shekhinah*, mujer separada de Ein Sof y exiliada con los hombres; nótese la restricción «in some forms».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 471»

«Restoration"; the redemptive process delineated in kabbalistic spirituality»glosario, *Tikkun*, por «prayers, rituals, and devoted fidelity to the Law».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 473»

«Concentrations"; the contemplative disciplines, such as the meditations upon the letters that compose the Divine Name, in Jewish spirituality»glosario, *Kawwanot*.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 468»

«Attachment" to God; the perpetual consciousness of the divine»glosario, *Devekut*.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 464»

«The "hidden" dimension of existence and of religion which cannot be perceived by the senses or by rational thought»glosario, *Batin*.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 464»

«Philosophy"; an esoteric philosophical movement which tried to reconcile the revealed religion of the Koran with the Greek rationalism of Plato and Aristotle»glosario, *Falsafah*.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 465»

«From the Arabic tasawuuf; the mystical tradition of Sunni Islam»glosario, *Sufi, Sufism*; grafía consignada tal cual.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 472»

«Exaggeration"; "extreme" speculations which overstress some aspects of a doctrine, especially in the early Shiah»glosario, *Ghuluww*.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 465»

«the seat of the creative imagination»glosario, *Alam al-Mithal*.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 463»

«The Iranian mystical tradition»glosario, *Irfan*, en una sola línea.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 467»

«like the words "mystery" and "mysticism," from the Greek musteion»glosario, *Mythos*, derivado de «to close the eyes or the mouth»; grafía consignada tal cual.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 469»

About the work

12 entries — what the apparatus and scholarship say about it

«Copyright © 2000 by Karen Armstrong»Aparte: «Reader's Guide copyright © 2001» y «Preface copyright © 2001», los dos paratextos posteriores al cuerpo.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 5»

«This edition published by arrangement with Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc.»sello Ballantine Books / The Random House Publishing Group; eISBN 978-0-307-79860-2.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 5»

«NOTHING SHORT OF AMAZING …»blurb del *San Diego Union-Tribune* en la primera página de reseñas; las EPUB pp. 2–3 son prensa (*Los Angeles Times*, *San Francisco Examiner*, *Washington Times*, el rabino Harold Kushner) y no voz de la autora.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 2»

La página de créditos acredita permisos de reimpresión a Hutchinson (por Amir Taheri) y a Scribner y A. P. Watt (por «The Second Coming» de W. B. Yeats).

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 5»

Los agradecimientos acreditan a John Esposito, que la invitó al Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding de Georgetown, y a su traductor al danés Henrik Mossin, «for introducing me to the work of Johannes Sloek».

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 554»

El aparato editorial nombrado en los agradecimientos: las editoras Jane Garrett, Michael Fishwick y Robbert Amerlaan; los agentes Felicity Bryan, Peter Ginsberg y «Andrew Nurnburg» (grafía de la fuente); Melvin Rosenthal, Anthea Lingeman, Claire Bradley Ong y Archie Ferguson en producción y diseño.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 554»

El corán que la obra usa en todo el libro es la versión de Muhammad Asad, *The Message of the Quran* (Gibraltar, 1980), declarada en nota.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 478»

Las notas del capítulo cabalístico descansan sobre Gershom Scholem —*Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism*, *Sabbatai Sevi, the Mystical Messiah*, *On the Kabbalah and Its Symbolism*, *The Messianic Idea in Judaism*— y sobre los ensayos de Lawrence Fine, R. J. Werblowsky, Louis Jacobs y Jacob Katz en *Jewish Spirituality* de Arthur Green.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 476»

Ibn Arabi entra en este libro solo por bibliografía: sus dos únicas apariciones están dentro del título de Henri Corbin, *Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn Arabi*, en nota y en la bibliografía.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 479»

La entrevista de la Reader's Circle la conduce Jonathan Kirsch, columnista del *Los Angeles Times*: es paratexto editorial de 2001, no cuerpo de la obra.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 556»

Las catorce «Questions for Discussion» del club de lectura tienen forma de tesis y no lo son; se consignan como paratexto.

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 561»

Traductores acreditados en las notas, a través de los cuales la obra cita: Rosemary Sheed (Eliade), Henrik Mossin (Sloek), W. Trask (Corbin), Janet Sondheimer (Heer), David Streight (Amir-Moezzi), George Eliot (Feuerbach), R. H. M. Elwes (Spinoza), A. J. Krailsheimer (Pascal).

Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000)«Armstrong — The Battle for God (2000) · p. 479»

Concepts treated

Ein Sof (el Infinito)Divinidad infinita e inaccesible que se contrae sobre sí para hacer sitio al mundo, y que se revela en diez emanaciones sucesivas

pp. 31, 465

Sefirot (las diez numeraciones)Solo aparecen en la glosa de *Ein Sof*, nunca expuestas en el cuerpo

p. 465

TsimtsumBajo la grafía `Zimzum`: retirada voluntaria de la Divinidad, que inscribe el exilio en el fondo mismo del ser

pp. 31, 33, 474

Shevirat Ha KelimSolo como «breaking of the vessels»: los vasos se quiebran bajo la tensión de la luz y las chispas caen al abismo

pp. 32, 242

ShekhinahPresencia divina errante y exiliada, imaginada como mujer separada de Ein Sof

pp. 32, 471

TikkunRestauración triple —Shekhinah al Divino, pueblo a la Tierra, mundo a su estado— por plegaria, rito y fidelidad a la Ley

pp. 34, 473

KawwanotReconfiguración meditativa de las letras que componen el Nombre de Dios, técnica de Safed

pp. 35, 468

DevekutApego y conciencia perpetua de lo divino; su dominio define al *Zaddik* jasídico

pp. 138, 139, 464

Alam al MithalMundo de las imágenes puras; visiones con realidad objetiva según Mir Dimad y Mulla Sadra

pp. 86, 463

BatinDimensión oculta del texto y de la existencia, discernible solo por disciplina intuitiva

pp. 77, 464

MythosModo de conocimiento de lo intemporal, que solo se hace real encarnado en culto y rito

pp. 18, 469

LogosPensamiento racional y pragmático, que debe corresponder exactamente a los hechos

p. 19

Imaginación (phantasia)El camino a Dios pasa por la imaginación creadora y mística; hay deber de crear las propias teofanías

p. 73

Works cited

Conversation

what readers say — distinct from what is recorded in the entry, which carries a citation