TRADITION
Bon
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El nombre designa una tradición tibetana que las obras del corpus describen siempre desde fuera. El glosario del ciclo del Libro Tibetano de los Muertos le da la entrada más larga: «Bon An ancient spiritual tradition, considered by some scholars to be of Zoroastrian or Kashmiri Buddhist origin, which was widespread in Tibet, particularly in the far-western region of Zhangzhung prior to the official introduction and establishment of Buddhism. Although its literature clearly distinguishes it from both the indigenous shamanism or animism of Tibet and the Buddhist traditions, it has over the last several hundred years assimilated many of the Buddhist teachings and developed a neo-Buddhist theoretical foundation.» «El Libro Tibetano de los Muertos (tr. Gyurme Dorje, 2005) · p. 354». El glosario de Andrew Quintman la despacha en una línea, y es la única tradición no budista que define: «Bön (Tibetan, bon) The indigenous pre-Buddhist religion of Tibet.» «The Life of Milarepa (Tsangnyön Heruka), tr. Quintman 2010 · p. 177». Mark Stavish la presenta por su antigüedad y por los lugares de los que dice venir: «The Bon tradition, the oldest of the Tibetan religions and indigenous to that land prior to the arrival of Buddhism, claims three places of influence for its doctrines and practices, one being modern Persia.» «Stavish — The Path of Alchemy · p. 174». Christian Rätsch la nombra entre las capas que se funden en la religión popular de Nepal: «Most of the peoples of Nepal practice a religion that draws from various sources. Here, elements from the Vedic period, the ancient Bön religion of Tibet, Tibetan Lamaism, and a variety of schools of Hinduism have blended into a harmonious whole» «Rätsch — The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants (2005) · p. 376».
Lo que cada voz dice de su relación con el budismo no coincide, y aquí no se concilia. Graham Coleman la pone al lado de las cuatro escuelas budistas y por delante de ellas en el tiempo: «This arising of the five-coloured luminosities as a result of actualising the ultimate nature of mind is a phenomenon that has been described by all the great meditators of the four major Buddhist schools of Tibet and the pre-Buddhist Bon tradition.» «El Libro Tibetano de los Muertos (tr. Gyurme Dorje, 2005) · p. 22». El mismo glosario la cuenta entre las tradiciones de peregrinación que identifican el Sumeru con el Kailash: «Mount Sumeru ri-rab Mount Sumeru is the axis mundi of Indian cosmology, the centre of the world. In terms of the Hindu, Jain, Buddhist and Bon pilgrimage traditions, it is widely identified with the sacred Mount Kailash in far-west Tibet.» «El Libro Tibetano de los Muertos (tr. Gyurme Dorje, 2005) · p. 403». Quintman describe un oficio compartido por las dos, el de hacedor de tiempo pagado con un impuesto contra el granizo: «13 hail tax Tibetan communities traditionally employed the services of “weather-makers,” ritual specialists (both Buddhist and Bön) who were sought after for their ability to ward off destructive meteorological events. Such individuals were frequently paid through the collection of a local tax as a form of insurance against hail damage to the region’s crops.» «The Life of Milarepa (Tsangnyön Heruka), tr. Quintman 2010 · p. 175». Jeffrey Kripal dice que el budismo Vajrayana se asocia a menudo con ella: «Kevin appears to be reliving this shamanic practice in a Buddhist or Theosophical form (Vajrayana Buddhism, by the way, is often associated with an earlier Tibetan shamanism called Bon).» «Kripal — How to Think Impossibly (2024) · p. 136». Terence McKenna la hace fuente de las deidades que el budismo sujetó: «The terrifying, multi-armed, and multi-headed guardians of the Buddhist teaching, called Dharmapalas, with their auras of flame and light, are autochthonous Bon deities whose allegiance to the late-arriving Buddhist religion is maintained only by powerful spells and rituals that bind and secure the loyalty of these forceful demons.» «Terence McKenna — True Hallucinations (HarperCollins, 1994) · p. 51». Mircea Eliade sostiene que el lamaísmo la conservó casi entera: «Lamaism has preserved the Bon shamanic tradition almost in its entirety. Even the most famous masters of Tibetan Buddhism are reputed to have performed cures and worked miracles in the purest tradition of shamanism.» «Eliade — Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1989), trad. inglés 1989 · p. 455», y consigna que los budistas tienen a dos médiums por sus representantes típicos: «The pawo and the nyen-jomo are mediums, male and female, regarded by the Buddhists as typical representatives of Bon.» «Eliade — Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1989), trad. inglés 1989 · p. 453». Ese mismo autor consigna también el movimiento contrario, una rama que se formó siguiendo el ejemplo budista: «had developed after the example of Buddhism.» «Eliade — Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1989), trad. inglés 1989 · p. 453».
La rama de lecturas más gruesa del corpus la lee como chamanismo, y es una adjudicación de fuera, no una declaración de dentro. Eliade recoge la comparación de traje y tambor con los chamanes siberianos: «H. Hoffmann has usefully studied the resemblances between the Bon priests’ costume and drum and those of the Siberian shamans.» «Eliade — Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1989), trad. inglés 1989 · p. 198», y da el juicio de frente: «The Bon-po priests differ in no way from real shamans; they are even separated into ‘‘white”’ Bon-po and “‘black’’ Bon-po, though they all use the drum in their rites.» «Eliade — Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1989), trad. inglés 1989 · p. 453». Con Nebesky-Wojkowitz fecha a los médiums en la capa más vieja: «they seem to be a remnant of the earliest, unorganized Bon» «Eliade — Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1989), trad. inglés 1989 · p. 453». El tambor entra en ese cuadro como vehículo de vuelo, con el torneo contra Milarepa por ejemplo clásico: «The Bon shamans are believed to use their drums as vehicles to convey them through the air. A classic example is the flight of Na-ro bon-é‘un on the occasion of his tournament of magic with Mi-la ras-pa.» «Eliade — Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1989), trad. inglés 1989 · p. 454», y junto a él la leyenda de la rueda de ocho rayos: «similar tradition may be the legend which claims that gShen rab mi bo used to fly on a huge wheel, on which he occupied the central position, while his eight disciples sat on the eight spokes.» «Eliade — Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1989), trad. inglés 1989 · p. 454». De la cuerda que unía cielo y tierra dice a qué clan y a qué dioses pertenece: «Bon traditions further speak of a clan, dMu, a name that at the same time designates a class of gods; these dwell in heaven and the dead go to them there by climbing a ladder or a rope.» «Eliade — Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1989), trad. inglés 1989 · p. 452», y en qué quedó después: «This rope, which in those days connected earth with heaven and by which the dead ascended to the celestial dwelling of the dMu gods, was replaced, among other Bon priests, by the rope of divination.» «Eliade — Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1989), trad. inglés 1989 · p. 452». Por eso niega que esos motivos sean préstamo indio: «Magical flight and ascending to the sky by means of a ladder or rope are also frequent motifs in Tibet, where they are not necessarily borrowed from India, the more so since they are documented in the Bon-po traditions or in traditions deriving from them.» «Eliade — Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1989), trad. inglés 1989 · p. 431». En otro libro repite la misma técnica extática: «We fmd the same ecstatic technique again among the Bon-po priests of Tibet:2 we meet with it even in cultures where shamanism, in the strict sense of the term, is less common, in Africa, for example.» «Eliade — Myths, Dreams and Mysteries (1967) · p. 104», y en nota nombra el chöd como rito tántrico y bon a la vez: «In the Tantric-Bon rite chéd (gchod)» «Eliade — Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1989), trad. inglés 1989 · p. 129».
La geografía que las obras le dan pasa del Tíbet a Nepal, a los na-khi y a un relato de origen propio. Eliade hace suyo el juicio de Rock sobre la religión na-khi: «According to Rock, the latest and best informed authority on the subject, the religion of the Na-khi is pure Bon shamanism.» «Eliade — Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1989), trad. inglés 1989 · p. 465». McKenna la da por viva al otro lado de la frontera: «This indigenous pre-Buddhist religion of Tibet was a kind of shamanism closely related to the motifs and cosmology of the classical shamanism of Siberia. Tibetan folk shamanism, called Bon, continues to be practiced today in the mountainous area of Nepal that borders Tibet.» «Terence McKenna — True Hallucinations (HarperCollins, 1994) · p. 51», declara el propósito con que fue a buscarla: «I wanted to learn from the Bon-po whatever knowledge they still retained of hallucinogens they might once have known and used. I wished, in my naivete, to prove my hypothesis» «Terence McKenna — True Hallucinations (HarperCollins, 1994) · p. 52», y dice que se lo calló ante sus maestros budistas: «The people of the village were Buddhist and I made my arrangements to study with the monks there without mentioning my interest in the Bon-po.» «Terence McKenna — True Hallucinations (HarperCollins, 1994) · p. 52»; años después la encadena con Egipto y el I Ching en boca de su hermano: «He said that the discovery of a higher physical dimension was a few years ahead of us, but somehow linked up to Egypt, to Acacia tryptamine cults, to Tibet eight thousand years ago, to Bon-po shamanic magic and the / Ching.» «Terence McKenna — True Hallucinations (HarperCollins, 1994) · p. 100». Rätsch la pone en el cosmos politeísta de los chamanes nepalíes: «These shamans inhabit a polytheistic cosmos in which the Buddha is as much at home as are the ancient Bön demons and the Vedic and Hindu gods» «Rätsch — The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants (2005) · p. 376». Jay Weidner es quien recoge la cuenta propia de la tradición sobre su tierra de origen: «The Bön-po claim that Olmolungring was founded after the last catastrophe and that once every 13,000 years,» «Weidner y Bridges — The Mysteries of the Great Cross of Hendaye (2003) · p. 424», y cuenta la carrera al Kailash en que un lama bön iba a subir de noche con un tambor volador: «The Bön-po lama, however, had a magic flying drum with which he planned to fly to the summit during the hours of darkness and so reach the top early in the morning, just as Padmasambhava had begun.» «Weidner y Bridges — The Mysteries of the Great Cross of Hendaye (2003) · p. 419».
in the library: 0 ascribed works · 0 linked authors
What the works say about it
how each work defines it, with its passageEl Libro Tibetano de los Muertos (tr. Gyurme Dorje, 2005)
Eliade — Myths, Dreams and Mysteries (1967)
Eliade — Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1989)
Kripal — How to Think Impossibly (2024)
Terence McKenna — True Hallucinations (HarperCollins, 1994)
The Life of Milarepa (Tsangnyön Heruka), tr. Quintman 2010
Rätsch — The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants (2005)
Weidner y Bridges — The Mysteries of the Great Cross of Hendaye (2003)
Claims
30 entries«Bon An ancient spiritual tradition, considered by some scholars to be of Zoroastrian or Kashmiri Buddhist origin, which was widespread in Tibet, particularly in the far-western region of Zhangzhung prior to the official introduction and establishment of Buddhism. Although its literature clearly distinguishes it from both the indigenous shamanism or animism of Tibet and the Buddhist traditions, it has over the last several hundred years assimilated many of the Buddhist teachings and developed a neo-Buddhist theoretical foundation.» — el glosario del ciclo tibetano define el Bon como tradición espiritual anterior a la implantación oficial del budismo en el Tíbet, con el origen en disputa entre los estudiosos y una asimilación posterior de enseñanzas budistas.
«Bön (Tibetan, bon) The indigenous pre-Buddhist religion of Tibet.» — el glosario de Andrew Quintman la define en una línea como la religión indígena prebudista del Tíbet.
«The Bon tradition, the oldest of the Tibetan religions and indigenous to that land prior to the arrival of Buddhism, claims three places of influence for its doctrines and practices, one being modern Persia.» — Mark Stavish la llama la más antigua de las religiones tibetanas y le adjudica tres lugares de influencia, uno de ellos la Persia moderna.
«Most of the peoples of Nepal practice a religion that draws from various sources. Here, elements from the Vedic period, the ancient Bön religion of Tibet, Tibetan Lamaism, and a variety of schools of Hinduism have blended into a harmonious whole» — Christian Rätsch la nombra entre los elementos que se funden en la religión de la mayoría de los pueblos de Nepal.
«This arising of the five-coloured luminosities as a result of actualising the ultimate nature of mind is a phenomenon that has been described by all the great meditators of the four major Buddhist schools of Tibet and the pre-Buddhist Bon tradition.» — Graham Coleman dice que el surgimiento de las cinco luminosidades lo describen los grandes meditadores de las cuatro escuelas budistas tibetanas y también los de la tradición prebudista Bon.
«Mount Sumeru ri-rab Mount Sumeru is the axis mundi of Indian cosmology, the centre of the world. In terms of the Hindu, Jain, Buddhist and Bon pilgrimage traditions, it is widely identified with the sacred Mount Kailash in far-west Tibet.» — el mismo glosario la cuenta entre las tradiciones de peregrinación que identifican el eje del mundo con el monte Kailash.
«13 hail tax Tibetan communities traditionally employed the services of “weather-makers,” ritual specialists (both Buddhist and Bön) who were sought after for their ability to ward off destructive meteorological events. Such individuals were frequently paid through the collection of a local tax as a form of insurance against hail damage to the region’s crops.» — Quintman describe en nota a los hacedores de tiempo, especialistas rituales budistas y bön pagados por un impuesto local contra el granizo.
«Kevin appears to be reliving this shamanic practice in a Buddhist or Theosophical form (Vajrayana Buddhism, by the way, is often associated with an earlier Tibetan shamanism called Bon).» — Jeffrey Kripal dice entre paréntesis que el budismo Vajrayana se asocia a menudo con un chamanismo tibetano anterior llamado Bon.
«The terrifying, multi-armed, and multi-headed guardians of the Buddhist teaching, called Dharmapalas, with their auras of flame and light, are autochthonous Bon deities whose allegiance to the late-arriving Buddhist religion is maintained only by powerful spells and rituals that bind and secure the loyalty of these forceful demons.» — Terence McKenna sostiene que los dharmapalas guardianes de la enseñanza budista son deidades bon autóctonas sujetas por conjuros y rituales.
«Lamaism has preserved the Bon shamanic tradition almost in its entirety. Even the most famous masters of Tibetan Buddhism are reputed to have performed cures and worked miracles in the purest tradition of shamanism.» — Mircea Eliade sostiene que el lamaísmo conservó casi entera la tradición chamánica bon.
«The pawo and the nyen-jomo are mediums, male and female, regarded by the Buddhists as typical representatives of Bon.» — el mismo autor consigna a qué dos oficios señalan los budistas como representantes típicos del bon: el pawo y la nyen-jomo.
«had developed after the example of Buddhism.» — y el movimiento contrario, que el troceo deja en fragmento: una rama blanca formada a imitación del budismo; la frase empieza en el verbatim anterior de la misma plana.
«H. Hoffmann has usefully studied the resemblances between the Bon priests’ costume and drum and those of the Siberian shamans.» — Eliade remite a Hoffmann por los parecidos entre el traje y el tambor de los sacerdotes bon y los de los chamanes siberianos.
«The Bon-po priests differ in no way from real shamans; they are even separated into ‘‘white”’ Bon-po and “‘black’’ Bon-po, though they all use the drum in their rites.» — el juicio que da sobre los sacerdotes bon-po: no se distinguen en nada de chamanes verdaderos, y se dividen en blancos y negros, aunque todos usan el tambor.
«they seem to be a remnant of the earliest, unorganized Bon» — cómo fecha Nebesky-Wojkowitz a esos médiums: parecen resto del bon más antiguo y sin organizar; el troceo imprime *fmd* por find en otras planas de este mismo autor.
«The Bon shamans are believed to use their drums as vehicles to convey them through the air. A classic example is the flight of Na-ro bon-é‘un on the occasion of his tournament of magic with Mi-la ras-pa.» — para qué se cree que usan el tambor los chamanes bon: como vehículo por el aire, con el vuelo de Na-ro bon-chung contra Milarepa por ejemplo clásico.
«similar tradition may be the legend which claims that gShen rab mi bo used to fly on a huge wheel, on which he occupied the central position, while his eight disciples sat on the eight spokes.» — la leyenda que Nebesky-Wojkowitz tiene por resto de esa tradición: gShen rab mi bo volaba en una rueda enorme con sus ocho discípulos en los ocho rayos.
«Bon traditions further speak of a clan, dMu, a name that at the same time designates a class of gods; these dwell in heaven and the dead go to them there by climbing a ladder or a rope.» — el clan dMu de las tradiciones bon: el nombre designa a la vez una clase de dioses del cielo a los que los muertos llegan trepando una escalera o una cuerda.
«This rope, which in those days connected earth with heaven and by which the dead ascended to the celestial dwelling of the dMu gods, was replaced, among other Bon priests, by the rope of divination.» — en qué quedó esa cuerda después: otros sacerdotes bon la reemplazaron por la cuerda de la adivinación.
«Magical flight and ascending to the sky by means of a ladder or rope are also frequent motifs in Tibet, where they are not necessarily borrowed from India, the more so since they are documented in the Bon-po traditions or in traditions deriving from them.» — por qué Eliade niega que el vuelo mágico y la ascensión por cuerda sean préstamo indio: están documentados en las tradiciones bon-po o en las que derivan de ellas.
«We fmd the same ecstatic technique again among the Bon-po priests of Tibet:2 we meet with it even in cultures where shamanism, in the strict sense of the term, is less common, in Africa, for example.» — en otro libro extiende la misma técnica extática a los sacerdotes bon-po del Tíbet y aun a culturas donde el chamanismo estricto es menos común; el troceo imprime *fmd* por find.
«In the Tantric-Bon rite chéd (gchod)» — en nota nombra el chöd como rito tántrico y bon a la vez, paralelo del ofrecimiento del propio cuerpo a los espíritus.
«According to Rock, the latest and best informed authority on the subject, the religion of the Na-khi is pure Bon shamanism.» — el juicio de Rock que Eliade hace suyo: la religión de los na-khi es puro chamanismo bon.
«This indigenous pre-Buddhist religion of Tibet was a kind of shamanism closely related to the motifs and cosmology of the classical shamanism of Siberia. Tibetan folk shamanism, called Bon, continues to be practiced today in the mountainous area of Nepal that borders Tibet.» — McKenna la identifica como chamanismo emparentado con el siberiano y la da por practicada todavía en el Nepal fronterizo.
«I wanted to learn from the Bon-po whatever knowledge they still retained of hallucinogens they might once have known and used. I wished, in my naivete, to prove my hypothesis» — McKenna declara el propósito de su viaje a Nepal y califica de ingenua su propia intención; el troceo corta ante la llamada de nota.
«The people of the village were Buddhist and I made my arrangements to study with the monks there without mentioning my interest in the Bon-po.» — y dice que ocultó ese interés a los monjes budistas con quienes arregló estudiar.
«He said that the discovery of a higher physical dimension was a few years ahead of us, but somehow linked up to Egypt, to Acacia tryptamine cults, to Tibet eight thousand years ago, to Bon-po shamanic magic and the / Ching.» — la cadena de referencias que Terence adjudica a su hermano, de Egipto al Tíbet y al bon y al I Ching; el escaneo imprime el título como / Ching.
«These shamans inhabit a polytheistic cosmos in which the Buddha is as much at home as are the ancient Bön demons and the Vedic and Hindu gods» — Rätsch describe el cosmos politeísta de los chamanes nepalíes, con el Buda tan en su casa como los antiguos demonios bön y los dioses védicos e hindúes.
«The Bön-po claim that Olmolungring was founded after the last catastrophe and that once every 13,000 years,» — Jay Weidner recoge la cuenta propia sobre Olmolungring, fundada tras la última catástrofe y con un ciclo de trece mil años; la frase se corta al cambiar de plana.
«The Bön-po lama, however, had a magic flying drum with which he planned to fly to the summit during the hours of darkness and so reach the top early in the morning, just as Padmasambhava had begun.» — y la treta que consigna del lama bön en la carrera al Kailash: un tambor mágico volador para llegar a la cima antes del amanecer.