SPIRITUS MUNDIApoyarESEN

OBRA

The Secrets of Alchemy

inglés2013 (The University of Chicago Press)

Se propone como guía fiable de los secretos de la alquimia — «My goal is to provide a reliable guide to the various secrets of alchemy» — advirtiendo que las fuentes primarias presentan una maraña de secreto deliberado, lenguaje oscuro e imaginería extraña «Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 13». Sostiene que la alquimia es más que una colección de recetas: exige un cuerpo de teoría «Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 21», y periodiza el arte en tres fases — la chemeia greco-egipcia, la al-kīmiyā' árabe y su recepción latina «Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 14».

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Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)
inglés · 2013

Afirmaciones

677 entradas — la voz de la obra, con su pasaje

«My goal is to provide a reliable guide to the various secrets of alchemy. A comprehensive history of the subject not only would run to unreadable length but also would be premature»se propone como guía, y acota el alcance en la misma frase: una historia comprensiva sería prematura.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 13»

«Alchemy’s primary sources present a forbidding tangle of intentional secrecy, bizatre language, obscure ideas, and strange imagery»la maraña de las fuentes; «bizatre» es lo que imprime la capa de texto, y la lectura restituida —bizarre, forma que el propio libro escribe bien en seis planas— no está cotejada contra el facsímil.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 12»

«Alchemy, like other scientific pursuits, is more than a collection of recipes»la alquimia exige teoría.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 21»

«Historians of science customarily divide the history of Western alchemy into three main chronological periods; the Greco-Egyptian, the Arabic, and the Latin European»la periodización en tres fases NO es suya: la adjudica a la costumbre de los historiadores.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 14»

«To these three eras of the standard periodization should be added a fourth, which stretches from the eighteenth century to the present day»y su aportación es la cuarta era, que añade.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 14»

«The exact origin of the Tablet remains obscure. Most evidence indicates that it was written centuries after the bulk of the philosophical or technical Hermetica, and that it is an original Arabic composition dating from the eighth century. No Greek precursor or any earlier Greek citations of it have been located despite exhaustive searches»la datación de la Tabula Smaragdina, con la cautela con que la fuente la encabeza.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 41»

«by the tenth century in the Islamic world, Hermes had grown into the founder of alchemy, a native of Babylon, and the author of a dozen more-or-less alchemical works»Hermes convertido en fundador.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 41»

«Historians of science argued vociferously over whether Geber was really Jabir. Recent scholarship has settled the issue: he was not. Geber was a late thirteenth-century Latin author»la adjudicación de Geber.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 65»

«The author concealed behind the pseudonym of Geber is probably an Italian Franciscan friar and lecturer named Paul of Taranto»y su identificación probable.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 65»

«We owe this identification, and the solution to the “Jabir-Geber” problem, to the painstaking studies of William R. Newman»de quién es la adjudicación: Principe delega la prueba en William R. Newman.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 241»

«The anonymous Arabic author seems to have drawn upon an early third-century book against heresies»la Turba y su cantera, en modo conjetural.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 55»

«Around the year 900, another alchemical classic first appeared, known generally by its Latin title Turba philosophorum»y su datación.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 55»

«several books with this title were produced in the 1400s and 1500s; the earliest of them is attributed (falsely) to Arnald of Villanova»el Rosarium más antiguo y su atribución falsa.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 84»

«even though the real St. Thomas Aquinas was ambivalent or skeptical about alchemy, in the fourteenth century (well after the Angelic Doctor’s death) an allegorical work called The Rising Dawn (Aurora consurgens) was circulated under his name»la Aurora consurgens bajo el nombre de Tomás de Aquino.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 73»

«New alchemical books were likewise written under the names of revered (and safely dead) figures like Albert the Great, Roger Bacon, Catalan philosopher Ramon Lull, and a host of others»los nombres venerados —y convenientemente muertos— que sirven de percha.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 73»

«Pseudonymity both legitimated these writings by attaching them to celebrated names and provided anonymity for their true authors»y el motivo del pseudoepígrafe: legitimar por un lado, dar anonimato por el otro.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 73»

«Soon after Consideration of the Fifth Essence began to circulate, another author—whose identity remains unknown—co-opted large sections of the book, combined them with additional materials, and produced the Book of the Secrets of Nature or of the Quintessence (Liber de secretis naturae seu de quinta essentia)»el mecanismo del pseudoepígrafe luliano: un anónimo se apropia de Rupescissa.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 81»

«The book circulated under the name of Ramon Lull or Llull (1232-1315), a Catalan theologian and philosopher of the previous century who actually wrote negatively about alchemy»y lo pone bajo el nombre de quien había escrito contra la alquimia.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 81»

«the author of the Book of the Secrets of Nature co-opted the Testamentum as part of the Lullian corpus he began producing»el Testamentum es pieza anterior, anexada después al corpus.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 82»

«Of course, these prized manuscripts were really Starkey’s own compositions»Eirenaeus Philalethes es George Starkey.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 178»

«But he hid his authorship so well, and apparently told the tales of Philalethes’ exploits so convincingly, that even his friend Boyle never knew the truth»y hasta dónde llegó el ocultamiento.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 178»

«It is reported that Diocletian ordered all “books written by the Egyptians on the cheimeia of silver and gold” to be burned»el auto de fe de Diocleciano, que la fuente da en modo reportado.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 32»

«The source, an account of the martyrdom of Christians during Diocletian’s persecutions, claims that this measure was taken to prevent the Egyptians from amassing enough wealth to rebel again»y de dónde sale el dato: un martirologio de cristianos, no una persecución de alquimistas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 32»

«Zosimos refers to an early alchemist named Chémés or Chymés, and in another passage claims that the art was initially revealed by an angel in a book titled Chémeu»la revelación angélica según Zósimo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 33»

«Zosimos undoubtedly drew the germ of this notion from the apocryphal Hebrew Book of Enoch (or 1 Enoch), wherein fallen angels teach the productive arts to mankind»y de dónde la toma, según Principe.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 33»

«Chrysopoetic authors commonly claimed that “all the adepts say one thing,” meaning that regardless of apparent differences of expression, all authentic authors agree on how to make the Philosophers’ Stone»la premisa que mueve el Index chemicus: la unanimidad declarada de los adeptos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 134»

«It likewise inspired Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), an avid seeker after the secrets of alchemy, to compile his enormous “Index chemicus” in an attempt to piece together the entire secret by collecting and grouping together similar terms and expressions found in over a hundred books»el Index chemicus de Newton.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 134»

«there existed considerable disagreement over the correct material to take in hand»y su límite, en la frase siguiente: Principe no avala esa unanimidad.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 135»

«she and her father had uncovered the true meaning and practice of alchemy that had lain hidden in the secretive writings of former ages»el giro esotérico decimonónico en Mary Anne Atwood.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 113»

«His doctoral dissertation, On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena, was based on the séances of his cousin Helly Preiswerk in which he participated»la disertación de Jung y las sesiones con Helly Preiswerk.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 121»

«many historians of science have adopted the practice of using the archaic spelling chymistry to refer to the whole range of practices that nowadays would be classed under chemistry and alchemy. This terminology was suggested both to recognize the undifferentiated domain of “alchemy and chemistry” and to transcend the automatic implications prompted nowadays by the words alchemy and chemistry»la propuesta de «chymistry»: la adjudica a los historiadores de la ciencia, no a sí mismo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 95»

«Consequently, I will use the term chymistry hereafter where appropriate»y la acota: donde sea apropiado, no siempre.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 95»

«Everything within the ambit of chymistry that was most easily subject to criticism—for example, the Philosophers’ Stone, metallic transmutation, and so forth—was split off and increasingly labeled as alchemy»cómo se fabricó la frontera: lo criticable se desgajó y se rotuló alquimia.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 97»

«became the scapegoat for chymistry’s sins, driven from the respectable quarters where a newly purified chemistry could now reside»el chivo expiatorio.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 97»

«Scratching beneath the surface of the above sketch reveals a considerably messier picture than what first appears»y el límite que él mismo le pone a ese esquema.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 97»

«Alchemy’s public repudiation did not actually eradicate it but merely drove it underground»la repudiación pública no la erradicó.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 97»

«the use of Decknamen, a German term meaning “cover names»los Decknamen.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 28»

«Decknamen serve a dual purpose: they maintain secrecy, but they also allow for discreet communication among those having the knowledge or intelligence to decipher the system. They simultaneously conceal and reveal»su doble función.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 28»

«Zosimos himself tells us that they are allegorical descriptions of practical transmutational processes. In other words, the actors, places, and actions described are personified Decknamen woven into a coherent and extended narrative»las «Visiones» de Zósimo según su propio autor.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 28»

«Some modern writers have read various mystical or psychological meanings into Zosimos’s allegorical accounts, but in so doing they have largely ignored their context»y la objeción de Principe a las lecturas místicas y psicológicas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 29»

«The Mercury-Sulfur theory in Balinis, as recapitulated in Jabir, states simply that all metals are compounds of two principles called Mercury (akin to Aristotle’s moist exhalation) and Sulfur (akin to the smoky exhalation). These two principles, condensed underground, combine in different proportions and degrees of purity to produce the various metals»la teoría Mercurio-Azufre.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 45»

«the metallic principles Mercury and Sulfur were not necessarily identical with the common substances called by those names»y su límite: no son las sustancias comunes de ese nombre.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 46»

«We used to think we knew exactly how Greek chemeia first established itself in Arabic culture as al-kimiya»el relato recibido de la transmisión al árabe.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 39»

«Unfortunately, this tidy and engaging tale is pure fiction.° The books bearing the names of Marianos and Khalid ibn-Yazid are actually compositions dating a century or more after the lifetimes of their reputed authors»y su adjudicación.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 39»

«unlike al-Razi and other alchemical writers, ibn-Sina then goes on to deny the possibility of metallic transmutation: “As to the claims of the alchemists, it must be clearly understood that it is not in their power to bring about any true change of species»la negación de ibn-Sina.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 58»

«Ibn-Sina’s denial of the possibility of true transmutation turned out to be extremely influential, for this section of his Book of the Remedy would later be translated into Latin and widely circulated in Europe, often under the weighty name of Aristotle himself»y el pseudoepígrafe inverso: el texto contrario circulando bajo el nombre de Aristóteles.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 58»

«Although the pope apparently was not convinced that true gold could be made artificially, his statement was not so much a condemnation of alchemy per se as of counterfeiting. It contains no theoretical or practical arguments against chrysopoeia, only concerns about coinage and fraud»la decretal de Juan XXII, acotada: no condena la crisopoya sino la falsificación.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 71»

«With the advent of controversy and criticism, increased public and official scrutiny, and legal sanctions, however, Latin alchemy retrenched and withdrew, becoming more secretive, more encoded, more allusive»la causa del secreto latino: la criminalización.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 73»

«Whichever of these two explanations is correct, the historical message is the same: alchemical recipes have to be read with care»la regla de lectura de recetas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 75»

«Those that seem unworkable need not reflect negatively on the author's abilities or veracity, but might rather indicate a “hidden ingredient”—either something present as an unsuspected impurity or something artfully omitted from the recipe»y su corolario.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 75»

«The notions of a self-transformative or psychic alchemy obviously have inherent interest and importance as part of the long history of alchemy. However, the bistorical claims they make concerning the activities of alchemists of earlier eras are not valid, and so must be set aside if we wish to have an accurate understanding of alchemy during its golden age and before»su objeción a la lectura psíquica: recae sobre su pretensión histórica, y concede lo demás en la misma frase.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 119»

«Jung did not completely deny a role for laboratory experimentation in alchemy, but he asserted that the real object of alchemy was the transformation of the psyche»cómo formula la posición de Jung.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 121»

«But when his exact conditions were reproduced—using ore rather than its pure, modern chemical “equivalent”—the process worked exactly as described. The impurity was crucial»el rendimiento de la réplica de laboratorio.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 160»

«Sulfur of antimony actually contains no antimony whatsoever; it was extracted not from the antimony but rather from his laboratory utensils»y su hallazgo más concreto.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 160»

«For the historian, the reality of this Philosophical Tree indicates unambiguously that at least some of the imagery of chrysopoeia, bizarre as it might seem, stems from the literal appearance of reacting chemicals»lo que la réplica le rinde al historiador.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 183»

«The existence of these theories and their role in practical work discredit the old notion that alchemy was no more than trial-and-error cookery»su objeción simétrica, primera mitad.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 226»

«Conversely, alchemical laboratory practices and results—described both clearly and not-so-clearly in text after text, concealed and revealed in allegory and emblems, and witnessed by surviving artifacts—equally discredit the notion that alchemists inhabited a merely speculative world, or that their immediate aims were not material ones»y la segunda: objeta a los dos extremos, no a uno.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 226»

«Consequently, no clean “rupture” separates alchemy from chemistry»el cierre: sin ruptura limpia.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 228»

«His fundamental goal was to classify and quantify natural substances mathematically so that practitioners could work with them in precise, quantitative ways»el objetivo que le adjudica a Jabir.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 53»

«The first of these is the dispersion of knowledge (tabdid al-‘ilm), a method ostensibly for helping to preserve secrecy»y el método de la dispersión del saber, con el «ostensibly» que Principe le pone.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 54»

«This final version of Jabirian alchemical theory was not taken up by later alchemists. It was perhaps too complex, and it did not translate out of Arabic»y por qué no prosperó.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 54»

«First, after their emergence in the Arabic world, critical views of alchemy never vanished; alchemy would remain forever after a controversial subject, with parties vigorously arguing for or against it down through the centuries»la crítica de la alquimia nunca desaparece: el asunto queda controvertido para siempre.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 59»

«Tales of the charlatan alchemist are not uncommon in the Arabic world, though the earlier Greek world shows almost no sign of such stories»y el charlatán como figura árabe, sin precedente griego.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 59»

«Around the year 1220, al-Jawbari wrote a book called The Revelation of Secrets that details a variety of cheats and swindles»con su tratado de engaños.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 59»

«Here Robert uses his newly coined Latin word alchemia (which he calls “unknown and surprising”) to mean not the whole subject but rather just the Philosophers’ Stone itself—“a material substance compounded out of one thing ... naturally converting substances into better ones»el estreno de la palabra «alchemia» en latín, que en Roberto de Chester nombra la piedra, no el campo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 62»

«De compositione alchemiae is a translation of the supposed instructions of Morienus (aka Marianos) to Khalid ibn-Yazid for making the Philosophers’ Stone»y la obra que la introduce.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 62»

«In terms of alchemy, Bacon does not merely oppose the notion that art is weaker than nature—he turns it on its head. Human artifice is not weaker than nature; it is stronger»Roger Bacon invirtiendo el axioma de que el arte es más débil que la naturaleza.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 70»

«In contrast, early European alchemy, such as that described in the Summa perfectionis, is remarkably free from overt secrecy, even if Geber mimicked the initiatic style of Jabir at the start of his book»la alquimia latina temprana, notablemente libre de secreto.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 72»

«True to his Spiritual Franciscan views, John says that the tribulation of the Antichrist is at hand, and that the church will need every form of help to withstand it; that help includes alchemy»el marco apocalíptico de Rupescissa.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 74»

«Such close observation and monitoring of the weights of materials indicate a degree of clearheadedness and care in the laboratory that is often not attributed to alchemists»el cuidado de laboratorio que Principe le reconoce.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 76»

«Given that modern chemistry recognizes that the transmutation of base metals into gold is not possible by chemical means, it has often been too easy to dismiss virtually everything the alchemists did and wrote in their pursuit of that goal»y la facilidad con que ese cuidado se descarta.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 76»

«Like most alchemical stories, this one accreted around some nuggets of truth»cómo se forman las leyendas alquímicas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 83»

«The Testamentum does refer to Arnald, and its colophon records that its author wrote it in London near the tower, so at least one of the authors accounted a “pseudo-Lull” was actually in England»el grano de verdad de la leyenda luliana.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 83»

«Yet none of these events could connect with the real Ramon Lull, who died when Edward III was three years old»y su imposibilidad cronológica.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 83»

«Thus, a hermaphrodite in alchemy represents a substance arising from the union of a substance that is “male” (hot-dry) and one that is “female” (cold-wet)»el hermafrodita como figura de unión de cualidades.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 88»

«Accordingly, the printed 1550 version of the Rosarium uses two images borrowed from the early fifteenth-century Book of the Holy Trinity (Buch der Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit) —considered the first alchemical text written in German—which depict the Coronation of»las dos imágenes que el Rosarium impreso toma del Buch der Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 90»

«The verses under the resurrection scene read, “After my many sufferings and great torments, I am resurrected, clarified, and free from all stain,” recalling the expressions of the pseudo-Arnald»y los versos de la Resurrección, que remiten al pseudo-Arnaldo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 91»

«many historians of science have adopted the practice of using the archaic spelling chymistry to refer to the whole range of practices that nowadays would be classed under chemistry and alchemy. This terminology was suggested both to recognize the undifferentiated domain of “alchemy and chemistry” and to transcend the automatic implications prompted nowadays by the words alchemy and chemistry»el término «chymistry» y sus dos motivos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 95»

«The redefinition of alchemy and chemistry arrived concurrently with the moralistic repudiation of metallic transmutation»y la coincidencia temporal entre la redefinición y el repudio moral de la transmutación.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 95»

«Accordingly, the Academy of Sciences issued some of the noisiest rhetoric condemning transmutational endeavors—not as theoretically impossible but simply as fraudulent»la Academia de Ciencias condenando la transmutación por fraudulenta, no por imposible.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 97»

«Alchemy became one of the many foils writers of the era used to enhance the achievements of their own age and to distinguish it from everything that came before»la alquimia como contraste con que la época se distingue de lo anterior.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 99»

«Accordingly, many eighteenth-century writers cast alchemy into a common bin with everything else considered unworthy of the so-called Age of Reason: witchcraft, necromancy, astrology, prophecy, magic, divination, and so forth—all classed under the catchall title of»y el cajón donde la meten.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 99»

«she and her father had uncovered the true meaning and practice of alchemy that had lain hidden in the secretive writings of former ages»Mary Anne Atwood y su padre.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 113»

«Her division of alchemy into “exoteric” (the language of chemical operations) and “esoteric” (the hidden spiritual transformations) was adopted even by many twentieth-century historians of science, who generally remained unaware of the origins of this division»la partición exotérico/esotérico, que Principe adjudica a Atwood y que la historiografía adoptó sin saberlo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 116»

«But while Hitchcock’s view of alchemy does overlap in this way with some historical precedents, his interpretation of alchemy as no more than moralizing allegory is incorrect»su objeción a Hitchcock.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 117»

«Nevertheless, Hitchcock's ideas were frequently cited in the nineteenth century, and his notion of alchemy as a primarily religious quest persists widely today»y su alcance, que le reconoce.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 117»

«The first alchemical revival—at the end of the eighteenth century—attempted to revive the practice and pursuit of chrysopoeia and chemiatria along the same lines pursued during alchemy’s thriving golden age. It opposed the denigration that alchemy had suffered earlier in the century»el primer revival.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 123»

«The second alchemical revival—beginning in the mid-nineteenth century—presented radically new interpretations of what earlier alchemists had really been doing. It attributed positive, self-transformative, and even grand and cosmic designs to the earlier alchemists, and as such can also be regarded as a response to the earlier vilification of the subject as foolish, fraudulent, or mercenary»el segundo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 123»

«The third alchemical revival—beginning toward the end of the twentieth century—is quite a different phenomenon, for it is taking place among historians of science»y el tercero, donde sitúa su propio libro.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 123»

«Its goal has been to use more careful and critical historical skills to achieve a more accurate understanding of what alchemists were actually doing and thinking (and why) during the many diverse stages of alchemy’s long and dynamic development, from Greco-Egyptian antiquity to the present day»con el objetivo que le adjudica.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 123»

«claims about alchemy’s true nature are simply not supported by the historical record, and therefore—as influential as they were during the twentieth century in a range of contexts—they are now rejected by historians of science as valid descriptions of alchemy»su juicio sobre las lecturas psíquicas como descripción histórica.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 123»

«Although mistaken in terms of their /istorical claims about pre-eighteenth-century alchemy and alchemists, they nevertheless form an important part of the long history of alchemy, and proved influential to subsequent generations of artists, writers, and many others»y lo que les concede en la misma frase; «/istorical» es lo que imprime la capa de texto.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 123»

«diversity of alchemy makes writing a comprehensive account of its early modern history virtually impossible, or at best premature, for alchemy diversified into so many facets that many remain to be explored»por qué no escribe una historia comprensiva de la alquimia moderna temprana.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 126»

«The following chapters therefore cover only a representative slice of early modern alchemy, focusing mostly on its two central goals: metallic transmutation and pharmaceutical medicine. These two topics did not constitute the entirety of the subject at that time, but together they do represent a majority of it»y qué cubre en su lugar, con la acotación.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 126»

«The next chapter reveals their actual practices, using careful interpretation of allegorical images and laboratory replications to reveal what lies behind secretive and seemingly impossible claims, including several about the Philosophers’ Stone itself»y el método con que lo hace: réplica de laboratorio e interpretación de imágenes.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 126»

«Sulfur of antimony actually contains no antimony whatsoever; it was extracted not from the antimony but rather from his laboratory utensils»el hallazgo más concreto de la réplica.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 160»

«This amusing conclusion explains Valentine’s claims and observations perfectly»y lo que resuelve.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 161»

«This mysterious adept, who went by the name of Eirenaeus Philalethes (meaning “peaceful lover of truth”), also shared several of his manuscripts with Starkey»el adepto Philalethes tal como Starkey lo presenta.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 177»

«Given the results from replicating his process, we know now that he must be taken literally when he claims, “I have now in the fire several glasses of gold with that mercury which grow in the forme of trees»y lo que la réplica autoriza a leer literalmente.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 184»

«Starkey’s continued experimentation apparently did not lead to the Philosophers’ Stone; otherwise, it is doubtful he would have ended up in debtor»con su límite, en el mismo tramo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 184»

«As noted earlier, alchemy failed to find a foothold in the medieval university. It fared no better with Renaissance humanists, who endeavored to establish new intellectual circles outside university culture. The early exponents of humanism tended to condemn it»la alquimia sin sitio ni en la universidad ni en el humanismo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 196»

«At the start of the fourteenth century, the poet Dante (1265-1321) placed alchemists deep in»y Dante poniendo alquimistas en el octavo círculo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 196»

«Yet Chaucer does not thereby conclude that transmutational alchemy is false; rather, it is a privileged kind of knowledge with which only a select few should dare to meddle»Chaucer, que satiriza sin negar.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 200»

«This ape represents human artifice, often called the “ape of nature, because it imitates»el mono de la naturaleza en Fludd.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 214»

«The emblematic frontispiece (fig. 7.7) to his 1641 book The Magnet displays these connections and summarizes them with the statement “All things rest connected by hidden knots” (Omnia nodis arcanis connexa quiescunt»y la divisa del frontispicio de Kircher.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 221»

«Alchemists’ experiences led them to formulate, for example, hypotheses about unseen, semipermanent microparticles of matter that lay at the heart of material transformations and that could explain their observations»las hipótesis corpusculares que Principe les reconoce.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 227»

«Within this wider scope, theological and natural truths could reflect and expound on one another, and the study of nature was the study of God at one remove»y el marco en que las sitúa.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 227»

«But the historical existence of Marianos is unlikely. Nevertheless, although this fictional seventh-century monk did not have the distinction of being the first to transmit Greek alchemy to Arabic readers, he would have the honor of being the first bearer of alchemy to another eager readership some five hundred years later. Under the Latinized name Morienus, he will reappear soon»Marianos, cuya existencia histórica da por improbable, y que reaparece latinizado como Morienus.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 40»

«one more mystery in the history of alchemy»y su abstención sobre por qué Waite cambió de posición en 1926.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 118»

«The alchemists did not make it easy for others to understand what they were doing.»señala que la oscuridad de la alquimia empieza en las fuentes mismas y es deliberada, no un accidente de la transmisión.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 12»

«Secondary sources about alchemy, whether books or websites, are frequently even more problematic, for they soon plunge the reader into a maze of conflicting claims and contradictory assertions.»y sostiene que la literatura secundaria agrava el problema en lugar de resolverlo: mete al lector en un laberinto de afirmaciones que se contradicen.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 12»

«Most such books link alchemy in various ways—both favorable and unfavorable—to religion, psychology, magic, theosophy, yoga, the New Age movement, and, perhaps most often, to loosely defined notions of the “occult.”»y enumera con qué se la empareja en esos libros —religión, psicología, magia, teosofía, yoga, New Age y sobre todo un ocultismo mal definido—, sin distinguir el tratamiento favorable del hostil.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 12»

«Far outnumbering works by historians, however, are those by an assortment of popular writers, occultists, enthusiasts, and a few hucksters that recapitulate a variety of clichés, misconceptions, historical errors, and baseless opinions, rather than presenting the current state of knowledge about the subject.»y adjudica el grueso de lo disponible a divulgadores, ocultistas, aficionados y algún charlatán, que repiten clichés y errores en vez del estado actual del conocimiento.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 12»

«While alchemy has always been considered secret and privileged knowledge, perhaps the best-kept alchemical secret of our day is how radically our understanding of the subject has changed during the last forty years.»propone que el secreto alquímico mejor guardado hoy es de otro orden: cuánto ha cambiado la comprensión del asunto en los últimos cuarenta años.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 13»

«most popular writing about alchemy repeats the same mistaken notions over and over again, perpetuating errors that were satisfactorily and convincingly corrected in the scholarly literature as much as eighty years ago.»y fecha el desfase de la divulgación: repite errores que la literatura especializada corrigió hasta ochenta años atrás.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 13»

«These notes are intended to function as a categorized (but not exhaustive) guide to the most reliable current scholarship on the subject as well as to sound editions of primary texts.»declara para qué sirven sus notas: guía categorizada —y no exhaustiva, acota— de la bibliografía fiable y de las ediciones sanas de fuentes primarias.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 13»

«I have strenuously avoided making this book a Who’s Who of alchemy.»declara el criterio de selección del libro: evita a propósito el catálogo de nombres.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 14»

«Readers will thus gain a deeper familiarity with the thinking of a few foundational figures who can act as reckoning points within the long alchemical tradition, rather than coming away with a superficial overview of many characters.»y lo justifica: prefiere que el lector conozca a fondo unas pocas figuras que le sirvan de punto de referencia antes que un repaso superficial de muchas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 14»

«The Greco-Egyptian (and later, Byzantine) period, which stretches from the third to the ninth century, set alchemys foundations and established many features that would characterize it for the remainder of its life.»data el periodo greco-egipcio, y luego bizantino, entre los siglos III y IX, y le adjudica el establecimiento de los rasgos que caracterizarían al arte el resto de su vida; alchemys es lo que imprime la capa de texto, y la lectura restituida es alchemy's.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 14»

«The Arabic or Islamic period (eighth to fifteenth century) sought out this Greek heritage and then massively augmented it with fundamental theoretical frameworks and a wealth of practical knowledge and techniques.»data el periodo árabe o islámico entre los siglos VIII y XV, y sostiene que no solo buscó la herencia griega sino que la aumentó masivamente con marcos teóricos y técnica práctica.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 14»

«Thus when alchemy arrived in medieval Europe, it came as an Arabic science, its lineage signaled by the Arabic definite article a/- affixed to the word itself.»y señala que a la Europa medieval la alquimia llega como ciencia árabe, con el artículo al- pegado a la palabra misma como marca de linaje.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 14»

«The two “alchemies” of East and West are, at least at this point in time, better treated as separate entities.’»separa la alquimia occidental de la oriental y acota la separación como provisional: por ahora conviene tratarlas como entidades distintas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 16»

«Alchemy’s place in early modern Europe extended far beyond the confines of smoky laboratories; it diffused itself through a wide swath of contemporaneous culture.»sostiene que en la Europa moderna temprana la alquimia desborda el laboratorio y se difunde por una franja ancha de la cultura de su tiempo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 16»

«Failing to understand that vision means failing to understand not only alchemy but our predecessors as a whole, and indeed diminishing ourselves by allowing a crucial part of Western heritage to fall into oblivion.»y de ahí deriva lo que está en juego: no entender esa visión es no entender a los predecesores, y dejar caer en el olvido una parte central de la herencia occidental.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 16»

«By the first century AD, its major city, Alexandria (founded in 331 BC and named for Alexander himself), had become a vibrant crossroads for cultures, peoples, and ideas.»sitúa el escenario de origen en la Alejandría del siglo I, cruce de culturas, pueblos e ideas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 19»

«The smelting of metals such as silver, tin, copper, and lead from their ores had been practiced already for four thousand years.»y recuerda que la técnica es muy anterior: la fundición de plata, estaño, cobre y plomo llevaba ya cuatro mil años practicándose.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 19»

«Significantly, most of the recipes deal with how to make imitations of these valuable substances: coloring silver to look like gold, or copper to look like silver; making artificial pearls and emeralds; and coloring cloth purple using cheaper imitations of the extravagantly expensive imperial purple dye made from murex snails.»señala que el grueso de las recetas de los papiros busca imitaciones —platear para que parezca oro, cobre para que parezca plata, perlas y esmeraldas artificiales, púrpura barata—, no transmutación.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 20»

«Since the Papyri also contain a series of tests to determine the purity of various metals, both precious and common, it is evident that the original users of these formulas clearly understood the difference between genuine and imitation articles.»y objeta la lectura ingenua de esas recetas: los papiros traen pruebas de pureza, así que sus usuarios distinguían perfectamente lo genuino de la imitación.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 20»

«After the ingredients are mixed (I found that urine works better than vinegar, by the way)»declara su propia réplica de laboratorio de la receta del papiro, con el ajuste que él mismo introduce.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 20»

«The color changes result from the formation of extremely thin layers of sulfides on the metal surface, owing to the action of calcium polysulfides present in this “water of sulfur.”»y da la explicación química del cambio de color: capas finísimas de sulfuros sobre la superficie del metal, por acción de los polisulfuros de calcio del agua de azufre.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 21»

«Recipes such as this one provide a necessary background to the emergence of alchemy, but they are not themselves, strictly speaking, alchemical.»acota el alcance de esas recetas: son el fondo del que emerge la alquimia, pero en rigor todavía no son alquímicas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 21»

«It is important to realize that these papyri are the only original documents currently known to survive from the Greco-Egyptian period.»y consigna lo poco que queda: esos papiros son los únicos documentos originales que hoy sobreviven del periodo greco-egipcio.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 21»

«Despite the many books about alchemy that we know were written during that time, the only surviving testimony of that distant era comes in the form of corrupt anthologies—that is, collections of excerpts copied from original texts that are now lost.»describe en qué estado llega el periodo greco-egipcio: antologías corruptas, es decir colecciones de extractos copiados de originales hoy perdidos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 21»

«Equally problematic is the fact that the Byzantine compilers chose to copy what they thought was important—which could be neither representative of the original texts nor what the original authors themselves would have considered crucial.»y señala el sesgo que eso introduce: los compiladores bizantinos copiaron lo que a ellos les pareció importante, que no tiene por qué ser ni representativo ni lo que sus autores consideraban crucial.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 22»

«Hence, the overall picture of what Greco-Egyptian alchemists thought and did is skewed by the way their writings were excerpted centuries later.»de modo que el cuadro entero de lo que pensaron y hicieron los alquimistas greco-egipcios queda deformado por un troceo posterior en siglos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 22»

«Its author is named as Democritus; but he is certainly not, as is sometimes claimed, the ancient philosopher of the fifth century BC famous for his notion of atoms.»corrige la atribución del Physika kai mystika: el Demócrito que lo firma no es el filósofo atomista del siglo V a. C., por más que a veces se afirme.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 22»

«Calling this text Physical and Mystical Things immediately suggests that the author was describing both material and spiritual things, but this is not the case.»y objeta la lectura que el título invita a hacer: llamarlo Cosas físicas y místicas sugiere materia y espíritu, y no es el caso.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 22»

«A little later, a pillar in the temple suddenly opened up to reveal a hidden niche containing a terse expression of the master’s secret knowledge: “Nature delights in nature, nature triumphs over nature,»recoge el episodio del pilar del templo con la fórmula que el propio texto pone como saber secreto del maestro muerto.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 22»

«Thus, both alchemy and alchemists acquired an independent identity in the third century.»data en el siglo III la adquisición de identidad independiente, tanto de la alquimia como del alquimista.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 23»

«So far as we know, however, these natural philosophers had only a secondhand acquaintance with the practical knowledge of the crafts.»y acota lo que sabe de los filósofos naturales griegos: su trato con el saber práctico de los oficios era de segunda mano.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 24»

«Their merger—probably in the third century AD—gave rise to the independent discipline of alchemy.»de modo que sitúa el nacimiento de la alquimia en la fusión de esas dos líneas, y data la fusión en el siglo III con la cautela de un probablemente.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 24»

«(Of these other schools we know absolutely nothing save what he writes in criticism of them.)»y declara el límite de lo que se puede saber de las escuelas rivales de Zósimo: nada, salvo lo que él escribe en contra de ellas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 25»

«Some of Zosimos’s writings are addressed to Theosebeia, a woman who seems to have been his pupil in alchemical matters, although whether she was a real person or a literary device we will never know for sure.»se abstiene sobre Teosebeia, la destinataria de parte de la obra de Zósimo: si fue persona real o recurso literario nunca se sabrá con certeza.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 25»

«One of the most prominent authorities is named Maria—sometimes called Maria Judaea or Mary the Jew—and Zosimos credits her with the development of a broad range of apparatus and techniques.»y consigna a Maria Judaea entre las autoridades que Zósimo cita, a quien él acredita el desarrollo de aparatos y técnicas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 25»

«This notion is far from the truth; already with Zosimos we can identify theoretical principles that guided his practical work, as well as practical observations that supported or modified his theories.»objeta que la alquimia greco-egipcia fuera mero recetario: ya en Zósimo identifica principios teóricos que guían el trabajo práctico, y observaciones prácticas que sostienen o modifican esos principios.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 26»

«Zosimos’s observation is now recognized as a basic principle of chemistry: when substances react with one another, their properties are not “averaged,” as they would be in a mere mixture, but instead completely changed.»y reconoce en una observación de Zósimo un principio básico de la química: al reaccionar, las propiedades de las sustancias no se promedian, como en una mezcla, sino que cambian por completo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 27»

«These word choices signal the connection of his ideas to the recipe literature, which was primarily concerned with coloring metals, stones, and cloth to produce precious (or apparently precious) objects.»señala que el vocabulario de Zósimo lo enlaza con la literatura de recetas, ocupada en colorear metales, piedras y tela para obtener objetos preciosos o de apariencia preciosa.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 27»

«If Decknamen could not be deciphered by readers, then total secrecy would be the result; and if the intent were to conceal information entirely, it would be far simpler for alchemists to have written nothing»y argumenta por qué los Decknamen no son secreto puro: si el lector no pudiera descifrarlos el resultado sería secreto total, y para eso a los alquimistas les habría salido más barato no escribir nada.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 28»

«Zosimos clearly states that his “dreams” have a technical meaning in the context of the transmutation of metals—the primary topic of his texts.»adjudica el sentido de los sueños de Zósimo al propio Zósimo, que los declara técnicos y referidos a la transmutación de metales, asunto principal de sus textos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 29»

«This practice harmonizes well with his routine use of secrecy, and in fact, immediately after reciting one of these “dreams,” he declares axiomatically that “silence teaches excellence,” as if to explain his own relative silence and to advise an analogous silence for his readers.»y enlaza esa práctica con el silencio como norma: tras recitar uno de esos sueños, Zósimo sentencia que el silencio enseña la excelencia.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 29»

«Zosimos surely drew upon his own experience and knowledge of contemporaneous religious rites for imagery to use in this allegorical sequence.»conjetura de dónde saca Zósimo las imágenes de la secuencia alegórica: de su propia experiencia y de los ritos religiosos de su tiempo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 29»

«Zosimos writes clearly that after “awaking” from a dream, he “understood very well; those who busy themselves with these things [the events in the dreams] are the liquids of the metallic art.”»y apoya la lectura técnica en la letra de Zósimo, que al despertar del sueño identifica a los que se ocupan de esas cosas con los líquidos del arte metálico.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 29»

«Zosimos rails against a group of rival alchemists who criticize On Apparatus and Furnaces as unnecessary.»sitúa el prólogo crítico de Zósimo en una polémica interna: arremete contra un grupo de alquimistas rivales que tenían por innecesario el tratado sobre aparatos y hornos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 30»

«He counters that they think this way only because they are using phony tinctures (transmuting agents) whose apparent success is actually the result of spiritual beings called daimons.»y recoge el contraataque de Zósimo: si a esos rivales les funciona, es por tinturas falsas cuyo aparente éxito lo producen seres espirituales, los daimones.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 30»

«What true alchemists seek, Zosimos declares, are tinctures that are purely “natural and self-acting,’ bringing about transmutation by the operation of their natural properties alone.»de modo que la tintura legítima, según Zósimo, es la natural y autoactuante, que transmuta solo por sus propiedades naturales.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 30»

«Zosimos then gives a Gnostic account of the Fall of Man--how the original human being was deceived by maleficent spirits into being embodied as Adam.»y consigna que Zósimo remata con un relato gnóstico de la Caída: el ser humano original, engañado por espíritus maléficos hasta quedar encarnado como Adán.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 31»

«Zosimos’s guiding theory of the twofold nature of metals (body and spirit) and the practical need to free the active, volatile soul from the heavy, inert body in order to achieve transmutations seems to parallel Gnostic views—and some other contemporaneous theological views—of man’s divine soul as being trapped in a material body, and the consequent need to free it.»señala el paralelo entre la teoría de Zósimo —el metal como cuerpo pesado más alma volátil que hay que liberar— y la visión gnóstica y otras teologías contemporáneas del alma divina aprisionada en el cuerpo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 31»

«Thus, it is incorrect to say that alchemy for Zosimos was itself a religion, and an exaggeration to say that his alchemy was Gnostic.»y acota el paralelo en las dos direcciones: es incorrecto decir que la alquimia fuera para Zósimo una religión, y una exageración llamar gnóstica a su alquimia.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 32»

«Yet it is equally wrong to imagine that Zosimos could (or should) “turn off” his ways of thinking, his mental landscape built upon contemporaneous Gnostic, Platonic, and other commitments, when at work on practical alchemical processes.»pero objeta con igual fuerza la operación inversa: imaginar que Zósimo pudiera, o debiera, apagar su paisaje mental gnóstico y platónico al ponerse a trabajar en el laboratorio.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 32»

«Even modern scientists cannot do that, although some of them convince themselves that they can (perhaps under the trickery»y extiende la objeción al presente: tampoco los científicos modernos pueden hacer eso, aunque algunos se convenzan de que sí.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 32»

«However, if indeed this book burning took place as reported, it may have been related to Diocletian's empirewide monetary reforms, which included»propone una explicación alternativa para la quema de libros de Diocleciano, en modo condicional: si de verdad ocurrió, pudo tener que ver con sus reformas monetarias imperiales.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 32»

«If the fear of counterfeiting and currency debasement lay behind Diocletian’s decree, it would be the first in a long line of concerns over the value of currency that resulted in proscriptions against alchemy.»y sitúa el episodio como cabeza de serie: sería la primera de una larga fila de preocupaciones por el valor de la moneda que acabaron en proscripciones contra la alquimia.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 33»

«The imperial edict banning books about cheimeia might also provide some of the background for the enhanced level of secrecy apparent in Zosimos’s writings.»y le adjudica un segundo efecto posible: el edicto imperial daría parte del fondo del secreto reforzado que se ve en los escritos de Zósimo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 33»

«Whether or not this last suggestion is correct, one feature of this account remains: it is one of the earliest usages we have of a term— cheimeia—from which the words alchemy and chemistry derive.»se abstiene sobre si esa última sugerencia es correcta y se queda con lo que el relato sí asegura: es uno de los usos más tempranos del término cheimeia, del que derivan alquimia y química.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 33»

«Unlike Zosimos, however, neither Olympiodoros nor Stephanos seems to have been interested in practical work.»distingue a Olimpiodoro y Estéfano de Zósimo: ninguno de los dos parece haber tenido interés por el trabajo práctico.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 35»

«Nevertheless, their application of Greek philosophical thought, especially regarding matter, to alchemy continued the construction of an increasingly sophisticated theoretical framework for chrysopoeia.»y aun así les reconoce su aportación: aplicar el pensamiento filosófico griego, sobre todo el de la materia, siguió construyendo un marco teórico cada vez más sofisticado para la crisopoya.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 35»

«Yet although medievals recognized the wealth and importance of Arabic scholarship, that esteem gradually eroded in later generations, until the contributions and even the names of influential Arabic authors became confused, forgotten, or even suppressed.»señala que el aprecio medieval por la erudición árabe se erosionó en generaciones posteriores hasta dejar los nombres de autores influyentes confundidos, olvidados o suprimidos.

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«Perhaps the most challenging problem, however, is the very small number of historians of science with linguistic skills in Arabic, and the yet smaller subset of these with an interest in alchemy.»y adjudica el problema más difícil de la historiografía de la alquimia árabe a la escasez de historiadores de la ciencia que lean árabe, y al subconjunto todavía menor de esos a quienes les interese la alquimia.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 38»

«Thus, although the Umayyad caliphs were Muslim Arabs, their subjects were largely Byzantine Christians.»recuerda quiénes eran los súbditos del califato omeya: en su mayoría cristianos bizantinos, aunque los califas fueran árabes musulmanes.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 38»

«It remains plausible—although there is no clear evidence for it yet—that Egypt was a site for the transmission of the first alchemical texts to the Arabic world, even if Khalid was not involved (the transfer probably began to take place sometime after his death in 704).»propone a Egipto como sitio plausible de la primera transmisión de textos alquímicos al mundo árabe, y declara en la misma frase que todavía no hay evidencia clara.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 40»

«At present we cannot tell if these texts are original Arabic compositions, translations of now-lost pseudonymous Greek works, or some combination of the two.»y declara lo que hoy no se puede decidir: si esos textos son composiciones árabes originales, traducciones de obras pseudónimas griegas ya perdidas, o una combinación.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 40»

«Khalid’s books, and his status as “the first [Muslim] for whom medical, astronomical, and chemical writings were translated,” are already recorded in a tenth-century Arabic source, as is the Christian monk Marianos.*»data en una fuente árabe del siglo X el registro más antiguo de los libros de Jálid y del monje cristiano Marianos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 39»

«As a result of the constantly developing myth of Hermes, the Emerald Tablet—though merely one paragraph long—developed into a foundational text for many alchemists, both Arabic and Latin.»adjudica el peso de la Tabla Esmeralda al mito creciente de Hermes: un solo párrafo convertido en texto fundacional para alquimistas árabes y latinos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 41»

«Nevertheless, it seems safe enough to doubt the veracity of the account told in the Book of the Secret of Creation that the text was discovered, written in Syriac on a tablet of green stone, clenched in the hands of an ancient corpse buried in a subterranean sepulcher hidden beneath a statue of Hermes Trismegestus.»y pone en duda el relato de su hallazgo: la tabla de piedra verde escrita en siríaco, apretada en las manos de un cadáver antiguo bajo una estatua de Hermes.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 41»

«We can see how readers convinced of the antiquity and importance of this text could have spent many sleepless nights striving to discern its meaning.»de ahí deriva el efecto histórico del texto: lectores convencidos de su antigüedad e importancia pasaron muchas noches en vela intentando discernir su sentido.

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«Since that time, many questions have been addressed, many gaps in our understanding filled, and many mysteries solved, but much more still awaits attention.»y hace balance del campo: se han llenado huecos y resuelto misterios, pero queda mucho más por atender.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 38»

«Generations of alchemists believed that “it” was the Philosophers’ Stone, the agent of metallic transmutation, and thus that the Tablet contained secret information about how to prepare that precious substance.»consigna la lectura que generaciones de alquimistas hicieron de la Tabla Esmeralda: que el ello cuyo padre es el Sol era la Piedra Filosofal y el texto guardaba la receta.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 42»

«The mysteries of the Emerald Tablet—both its origins and its meaning—are not likely to be resolved anytime soon.»y se abstiene: ni el origen ni el sentido de la Tabla parecen resolubles a corto plazo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 42»

«Then a pound of copper was melted, and upon adding a pinch of the red powder it was transmuted into gold.»relata la demostración que la fuente atribuye a la corte bizantina ante el embajador árabe: una libra de cobre fundida y una pizca de polvo rojo, y el cobre convertido en oro.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 42»

«A persistent problem facing historians of alchemy is figuring out if an author really is who he says he is, and if he lived when and where he claims.»formula el problema persistente de la historiografía alquímica: averiguar si un autor es de verdad quien dice ser, y si vivió cuándo y dónde afirma.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 43»

«The Baghdadi bookseller Ibn al-Nadim reports that “many scholars and elders among the booksellers have affirmed that this man, Jabir, did not exist at all.”»recoge el testimonio del librero bagdadí Ibn al-Nadim, que da por afirmado entre eruditos y libreros que Jabir sencillamente no existió.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 44»

«But al-Nadim rejects this claim on the grounds that no one would write so many books—he lists about three thousand—and put anothers name on them.»y el argumento con que el propio al-Nadim lo rechaza: nadie escribiría tres mil libros para ponerles el nombre de otro; anothers es lo que imprime la capa de texto, y la lectura restituida es another's.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 44»

«Kraus concluded that the traditional biographies placed Jabir more than a century too early.»adjudica a Paul Kraus la corrección de la cronología: las biografías tradicionales colocaban a Jabir más de un siglo demasiado pronto.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 44»

«Kraus also argued that many authors were responsible for Jabir’s three thousand books, and that these had been composed over the course of a century.»y le adjudica también la disolución del autor único: muchos autores serían responsables de los tres mil libros, compuestos a lo largo de un siglo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 44»

«Thus, the Jabirian corpus represents the evolving production of a “school” of alchemists.»de modo que trata el corpus jabiriano como producción evolutiva de una escuela, no como obra de una persona.

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«As Jabir writes, The metals are all of the substance of quicksilver coagulated with the mineral sulphur that rises into it in a smoky exhalation of the earth.»cita la formulación del propio Jabir: los metales son todos de la sustancia del azogue coagulada con el azufre mineral que asciende hasta él en exhalación humosa de la tierra.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 45»

«Arabic alchemists knew very well that when they combined common mercury and sulfur in their workshops, they obtained cinnabar (mercuric sulfide), not a metal.»y da el dato de taller que obliga a distinguir principios de sustancias: los alquimistas árabes sabían muy bien que mezclar mercurio y azufre comunes da cinabrio, no un metal.

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«It was accepted (in various forms and to various degrees) by most chemical workers until the eighteenth century, almost.a thousand years after it was first proposed.»mide la vigencia de la teoría Mercurio-Azufre: aceptada en distintas formas y grados por casi todos los trabajadores químicos hasta el siglo XVIII, mil años después de propuesta.

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«Jabir, however, was more a chemist than Aristotle; in the Jabirian corpus, these elements have concrete existence as isolable, physical substances.»distingue a Jabir de Aristóteles por el lado práctico: en el corpus jabiriano los cuatro elementos tienen existencia concreta como sustancias físicas aislables.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 47»

«The physician Galen of Pergamon (AD 129-99) organized Hippocratic medicine using a system parallel to Aristotle’s qualities and elements.»sitúa el otro pilar del sistema en Galeno, que ordenó la medicina hipocrática con un esquema paralelo al de las cualidades y elementos aristotélicos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 48»

«A patient experiencing congested sinuses, runny nose, and depressed activity clearly suffers from an excess of phlegm, an illness that we commonly call—preserving to this day the doctrine of humors and qualities—a “cold,” which many (unconsciously Galenic) mothers still believe is caused simply by exposure to cold and wet, rather than by a microorganism.»y señala hasta dónde llega esa doctrina: el resfriado que hoy se atribuye al frío conserva sin saberlo el marco de humores y cualidades.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 49»

«Hot and wet predominate in gold, for example, while in lead, cold and dry predominate.»aplica el esquema a los metales: en el oro predominan lo caliente y lo húmedo, y en el plomo lo frío y lo seco.

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«Turning lead into gold therefore involves introducing more hot and wet or reducing the cold and dry.»de modo que transmutar plomo en oro consiste en añadir caliente y húmedo, o en reducir frío y seco.

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«This Arabic word for the alchemical transmuting agent has come down to us as elixir, a term still used for substances, especially medicines, with marvelous effects.»rastrea la palabra elixir hasta ese agente transmutador árabe, término que sigue usándose para sustancias, sobre todo medicinas, de efectos maravillosos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 49»

«Jabir’s elixirs “heal” the metals by adjusting their ratio of qualities, just as a medicine heals the sick by adjusting their ratio of humors.»y explica la analogía completa: los elixires de Jabir curan al metal ajustándole la razón de cualidades, como la medicina cura al enfermo ajustándole la de humores.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 49»

«This idea stands in stark contrast to the Greek authors who claim that the greatest secret in alchemy is discovering the correct substance from which the transmuting agent is to be made, and who generally stipulate that it is something in the mineral realm.»y marca el contraste con los autores griegos, para quienes el secreto mayor era hallar la sustancia correcta de la que hacer el agente, y la estipulaban mineral.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 50»

«The master alchemist, however, would not stop until he had purified the qualities to the utmost degree, because the proper combination of those ultrapure qualities would produce al-iksir al-a'zam, the Greatest Elixir, the Philosophers’ Stone itself, able to convert any metal into gold.»consigna la meta última del sistema: purificar las cualidades al grado extremo hasta obtener al-iksir al-a'zam, el Elixir Máximo, la Piedra Filosofal misma.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 50»

«Jabir asserts that the relationship between the four degrees is as 1:3:5:8; that is, the second degree is three times more intense»y da la escala con que Jabir cuantifica los grados, en razón 1:3:5:8.

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«He fills the boxes with the twenty-eight letters of the Arabic alphabet, one in each box, thus assigning a quality and a grade to each»describe el dispositivo con que asigna cualidad y grado: las veintiocho letras del alfabeto árabe, una por casilla.

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«Their questions were not our questions, nor were their ways of answering them necessarily our ways.»y objeta que se juzgue ese sistema por arbitrario: sus preguntas no eran las nuestras, ni sus maneras de contestarlas tenían por qué serlo.

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«According to Pythagorean principles, seventeen is the sum of two important numbers, seven (which expresses divinity) and ten (which expresses completion).»explica de dónde saca Jabir el diecisiete: según principios pitagóricos es la suma de siete, que expresa la divinidad, y diez, que expresa la completud.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 52»

«Seventeen is also the number of consonants in the Greek alphabet, and in some Neoplatonic systems the vowels represent the immaterial and the consonants the material.»y añade la vía neoplatónica: diecisiete son las consonantes del alfabeto griego, y en algunos sistemas las vocales representan lo inmaterial y las consonantes lo material.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 53»

«It was not arbitrary or naive for Jabir to analyze the Arabic names of substances in order to learn something about the substances themselves.»objeta que analizar los nombres árabes de las sustancias fuera arbitrario o ingenuo por parte de Jabir.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 53»

«They are instead God’s names for the things He created, and therefore carry profound meaning and true links to the objects they name.»y da la premisa que lo vuelve razonable: los nombres son los que Dios puso a lo que creó, de modo que cargan sentido profundo y vínculo verdadero con el objeto.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 53»

«Seen from this perspective and in context, the system is actually an advanced attempt to standardize and understand mathematically what he saw as the intrinsic qualities of substances.»reinterpreta el sistema en su contexto: un intento avanzado de estandarizar y entender matemáticamente lo que Jabir tenía por cualidades intrínsecas de las sustancias.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 53»

«Jabir sought to grasp, unify, and work with the underlying rules and phenomena hidden behind what is visible in the natural world, a fundamental feature of virtually all scientific fields today.»y lo emparenta con la ciencia actual: Jabir buscaba asir y unificar las reglas ocultas tras lo visible, rasgo básico de casi todos los campos científicos de hoy.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 53»

«The simpler Mercury-Sulfur theory was, however, widely adopted, and the Latin West learned about it from Jabir, from later Arabic authors who followed him, and even directly from the Book of the Secret of Creation.»señala qué sí prosperó: la teoría Mercurio-Azufre, más simple, que el Occidente latino aprendió de Jabir, de autores árabes posteriores y del propio Libro del secreto de la creación.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 54»

«Still, it might be proposed (as some alchemists in fact did) that Mercury is the carrier of cold and wet qualities, while Sulfur carries hot and dry, or that the elements combine to produce Sulfur and Mercury, and these go on in turn to produce the metals.»y consigna los arreglos que se propusieron para conciliarla con los cuatro elementos, atribuyéndolos a los alquimistas y no a sí mismo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 54»

«Kraus suggested that the practical reason for this dispersion was to hide the multiple authorship of the Jabirian corpus, allowing later authors to claim that earlier texts were “incomplete,” thereby making room for new additions to the corpus, binding its various layers together as a whole, and explaining away contradictions between books.»adjudica a Kraus una razón práctica para la dispersión del saber: ocultar la autoría múltiple del corpus, permitiendo a los autores tardíos declarar incompletos los textos previos y hacerse sitio.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 54»

«Jabir exclaims with his characteristic humility, “I have revealed the whole of the science without using enigmas in the least letter; the only enigma consists in the dispersion of knowledge.»y cita la jactancia de Jabir, cuya humildad glosa con ironía: ha revelado la ciencia entera sin enigmas, y el único enigma es la dispersión.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 55»

«He rejected Jabir’s theory of balance, but adopted the Mercury-Sulfur theory of the metals, and added to it the notion that sometimes a salt is contained in the metals as well.»adjudica a al-Razi una posición mixta: rechaza la teoría del balance de Jabir, adopta la Mercurio-Azufre y le añade que a veces hay sal en los metales.

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«The restriction of the word alchemy to the context of making gold is a development dating many centuries after al-R4zi’s time.»y data como muy posterior la restricción de la palabra alquimia al contexto de hacer oro: siglos después de al-Razi.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 57»

«Al-Kindi (died 870), a prolific writer deeply interested in Greek philosophy and scientific thought, wrote a short treatise against the reality of chrysopoeia, although it is now lost.*»data hacia 870 la primera ola crítica con al-Kindi, autor de un tratado contra la realidad de la crisopoya hoy perdido.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 57»

«Al-R4zi, on the other hand, came to transmutation’s defense and wrote his own tract—also now lost—refuting al-Kindi.*°»y consigna la réplica de al-Razi en su defensa, también perdida.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 57»

«One of ibn-Sina’s works, the Treatise on the Elixir (Risalat al-ikstr), claims wide familiarity with texts both for and against alchemy (he was impressed by neither), and is cautiously positive about chrysopoeia.»sitúa a ibn-Sina primero del lado cauto: su Tratado del elixir dice conocer los textos a favor y en contra, sin quedar impresionado por ninguno, y es prudentemente positivo sobre la crisopoya.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 57»

«Therefore, given this combination of weakness and ignorance, alchemists attempting to transmute metals “can make excellent imitations .. . yet in these [imitations] the essential nature remains unchanged; they are merely so dominated by induced qualities that errors may be made concerning them.”*!»recoge lo que ibn-Sina sí concede: los alquimistas pueden hacer imitaciones excelentes, pero la naturaleza esencial queda intacta y solo el aspecto induce a error.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 58»

«Second, while ibn-Sina’s critique is based on philosophical principles—influenced in part by Aristotelian thinking—his concession that alchemists can make something that looks so much like gold that it can fool people leads naturally to another sort of criticism: the connection of transmutation to intentional fraud.»y de esa concesión deriva la segunda familia de críticas: si algo puede parecerse tanto al oro que engañe, la transmutación queda ligada al fraude.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 59»

«He recounts the sleights of hand used by false alchemists to dupe the unwary—gold hidden inside charcoals, under the false bottom ofa crucible, or within metal implements that is made to appear at the right moment as if produced by transmutation.»detalla los trucos que al-Jawbari atribuye a los falsos alquimistas: oro escondido en carbones, bajo el falso fondo de un crisol o dentro de utensilios, para hacerlo aparecer en el momento oportuno.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 59»

«The proportion of fact to fiction in these anecdotes is impossible to assess, and so it remains unclear whether such traveling impostors really»y declara el límite de esas anécdotas: la proporción de hecho y ficción es imposible de evaluar.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 59»

«But their chiefest drift is to coin counterfeit money, for which cause you shall see most of them in Fez with their hands cut off.»cita a Leo Africanus sobre los alquimistas de Fez, en la voz despectiva del propio testimonio: su afán principal sería acuñar moneda falsa, y de ahí que se les vea con las manos cortadas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 60»

«The historian of alchemy E. J. Holmyard was taken to see a working subterranean alchemical laboratory outside Fez in the 1950s.»consigna que la práctica no se extinguió: E. J. Holmyard fue llevado a un laboratorio alquímico subterráneo en activo a las afueras de Fez en los años cincuenta.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 60»

«Moreover, I have heard anecdotally from colleagues of their meeting Muslim alchemists still at work on transmutation even today in Egypt and Iran.»y añade su propia fuente para el presente, marcada como anecdótica: colegas suyos que dicen haber encontrado alquimistas musulmanes todavía trabajando en la transmutación en Egipto e Irán.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 60»

«Alchemy, we are told, arrived in Latin Europe on a Friday, the eleventh of February, 1144.»data la llegada de la alquimia a la Europa latina con precisión de crónica —viernes 11 de febrero de 1144— y la enuncia en modo referido.

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«Upon those ancient foundations, Muslim scholars had made their own considerable advances, providing Europeans with a wealth of additional knowledge and ideas in astronomy, medicine, mathematics, physics, mechanics, botany, engineering, and fields completely new to Europe—such as al-kimiya’.»sitúa la traducción en un movimiento más amplio: sobre los cimientos antiguos, los eruditos musulmanes habían avanzado por su cuenta en astronomía, medicina, matemáticas, física, mecánica, botánica e ingeniería, y en campos nuevos para Europa como la al-kimiya'.

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«Amusingly enough, it is Morienus the monk who reappears as the flag bearer of alchemy’s transmission to Latin Europe.»señala la ironía de la transmisión: el mismo Morienus cuya existencia histórica da por improbable reaparece como abanderado del paso de la alquimia a la Europa latina.

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«Yet amid his otherwise perfectly straightforward processes, there exists a curious recipe that may mark one early percolation of Arabic alchemy into Latin Europe before Robert of Chester’s translating activity.»propone que una receta curiosa del De diversis artibus de Teófilo marca una filtración temprana de alquimia árabe en Europa, anterior al trabajo de Roberto de Chester.

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«The basilisks are raised underground in kettles and later incinerated, their ashes mixed with vinegar and blood, and the paste smeared onto plates of copper.»y describe esa receta: basiliscos criados bajo tierra en calderas, incinerados, y su ceniza mezclada con vinagre y sangre para untar planchas de cobre.

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«Most of its recipes are so clearly described that they can be replicated fairly readily today.»acota, en cambio, el carácter del resto de ese recetario: descrito con tal claridad que hoy se puede replicar sin gran dificultad.

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«The translation of Arabic alchemical works dwindled to a trickle within a hundred years, around the middle of the thirteenth century.»data el agotamiento de la traducción de obras alquímicas árabes hacia mediados del siglo XIII, un siglo después de iniciada.

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«He cites no sources by name which might allow us to date or place him.»explica por qué Geber es difícil de datar: no cita ninguna fuente por su nombre.

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«He adopts the initiatic style typical of the Jabirian corpus (but only at the very beginning and end of his book)»y señala que adopta el estilo iniciático del corpus jabiriano, con la acotación de que solo lo hace al principio y al final del libro.

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«According to Geber, the alchemist may carry out his art using “medicines’ (by which he simply means chemical agents) having three degrees of strength.»consigna la escala de Geber: el alquimista opera con medicinas —o sea agentes químicos— de tres grados de fuerza.

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«Only the most potent medicine, that of the “third order,” can truly transmute, and it exists in two forms—one for making silver and the other for making gold.»y reserva la transmutación verdadera a la del tercer orden, que existe en dos formas, una para plata y otra para oro.

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«Geber provides several practical tests using fire and corrosives to demonstrate that true transmutation has not occurred.»le reconoce además el aparato de control: pruebas prácticas con fuego y corrosivos para mostrar que la transmutación no ocurrió.

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«What he does not adopt, however, is Jabir's idea that animal and vegetable substances could be used to make transmuting elixirs—for Geber, as most European alchemists would eventually agree, the Philosophers’ Stone must be made from mineral substances only.»marca dónde Geber se aparta de Jabir: descarta las sustancias animales y vegetales, y fija que la Piedra ha de hacerse solo con minerales, criterio que la alquimia europea acabaría compartiendo.

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«Geber’s system is not truly atomic, because the “tiniest parts” (minimae partes) he describes are neither indivisible nor permanent.»y acota la lectura atomista de Geber: sus partes mínimas no son indivisibles ni permanentes, así que su sistema no es propiamente atómico.

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«A base metal such as lead, however, is badly “put together” (compositum), so when it is roasted on the fire, the fire can enter the pores of the metal and break it down into a powder.»explica con esa teoría por qué el plomo se degrada: está mal ensamblado, y el fuego entra por sus poros y lo deshace en polvo.

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«Geber explains gold’s stability with the same theory: because its constituent parts are so tiny and so tightly packed together, no pores or crannies are left open whereby fire or corrosives can attack and penetrate the metal to break it apart.»explica la estabilidad del oro con la misma teoría del empaquetado: partes tan diminutas y apretadas que no dejan poro por donde el fuego o los corrosivos puedan penetrar.

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«Sublimation—the purification of a volatile material by converting it from a solid into a vapor and then recondensing the vapor into a solid—occurs with substances whose particles are not held tightly together.»y le adjudica alcance operativo: la sublimación ocurre en sustancias cuyas partículas no están bien trabadas entre sí.

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«Although only some subsequent alchemists followed Geber’s ideas, his theory would persist and develop as one important thread among the various theoretical traditions of European alchemy.»acota la fortuna de esa teoría: solo algunos alquimistas posteriores la siguieron, aunque persistió como hilo importante entre las tradiciones teóricas europeas.

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«A modern reader of the Summa might not realize that the book was written amid a century's worth of intense controversy over the promises and aims of alchemy.»advierte lo que el lector moderno de la Summa no ve: el libro se escribió en medio de un siglo de controversia intensa sobre las promesas y los fines de la alquimia.

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«Thus, Latin Europe heard the declaration that “art is weaker than nature and cannot follow her no matter how much it tries; let the practitioners of alchemy know that the species of metals cannot be transmuted,” in what seemed to be the authoritative voice of Aristotle himself.»y señala qué oyó la Europa latina en boca de un Aristóteles que no lo era: que el arte es más débil que la naturaleza y que las especies de metales no se transmutan.

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«St. Thomas echoed its words in saying that alchemists can produce only the appearance of natural things; their gold is not true gold, nor are the other things they produce the same as natural products, even if they display all the same properties.»recoge el eco de Tomás de Aquino: los alquimistas producen solo la apariencia de las cosas naturales, y su oro no es oro verdadero aunque muestre las mismas propiedades.

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«Nevertheless, St. Thomas elsewhere allows that if alchemists are able to harness the powers of nature and use them to produce gold in the same way that nature does, then that gold would be true gold, and could be legitimately sold and used as such.»y consigna la otra mitad de Aquino, sin armonizarla: en otro lugar admite que si los alquimistas usaran los poderes de la naturaleza a su manera, ese oro sería verdadero y podría venderse como tal.

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«The Little Book of Alchemy (Libellus de alchimia) attributed to St. Albert the Great claims intriguingly that alchemical metals are “equivalent to all natural ones for all purposes,” with the odd exceptions that alchemical iron is not attracted by magnets; alchemical gold lacks medicinal properties; and wounds made by alchemical gold fester while those made by natural gold do not.»recoge del Libellus de alchimia atribuido a Alberto Magno la tesis de que los metales alquímicos equivalen a los naturales para todo propósito, con las excepciones raras que el propio texto enumera: su hierro no lo atrae el imán.

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«Human copies of naturally occurring substances can be made superior to what nature provides.»adjudica a Roger Bacon la inversión del axioma en su forma más fuerte: las copias humanas de sustancias naturales pueden hacerse superiores a lo que la naturaleza provee.

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«We have no direct testimony of what happened at this debate, but if such a forum really took place, the papal decretal John XXII issued in 1317 suggests that the pro-alchemy party must not have defended its cause very well, for it begins thus:»declara que del debate no hay testimonio directo, y solo infiere del texto de la decretal de Juan XXII de 1317 que el partido pro-alquimia no defendió bien su causa.

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«If the gold was false, it would debase and pollute the gold supply, and if true, it would lower the value of gold by increasing the amount available.»formula la trampa monetaria en sus dos ramas: si el oro era falso envilecía la reserva, y si era verdadero bajaba el valor del oro por aumentar la cantidad disponible.

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«Al-Farabi (died 950), a younger contemporary of al-Razi, wrote a work justifying alchemical secrecy on the grounds that unrestricted knowledge of gold making would destroy economies—a common fear throughout most of alchemy’s history.»data hacia 950 la justificación del secreto en al-Farabi, por el temor —recurrente en toda la historia del arte— a que el saber libre de hacer oro destruyera las economías.

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«In doing so he was influenced by the ideas of a branch of the order known as the Spirituals, who opposed the increasing institutionalization of the Franciscan order as it grew, claiming that it had abandoned the ideals and rule of its founder, St. Francis of Assisi»sitúa a Juan de Rupescissa entre los Espirituales, rama franciscana que se oponía a la institucionalización de la orden y la acusaba de abandonar la regla de Francisco de Asís.

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«Although John’s works do describe various sufferings in prison, apparently his confinement was intended not to silence him (otherwise he would not have had access to parchment, ink, and books) but rather to keep a close eye on a potentially troublesome selfstyled “prophet.”»y reinterpreta su encierro: no parece haber sido para silenciarlo —tenía pergamino, tinta y libros— sino para vigilar de cerca a un autoproclamado profeta incómodo.

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«John of Rupescissa’s alchemical writings must have been extremely widely circulated and copied in their day, for they are among the most common manuscripts about the subject that survive from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.»mide su difusión por lo que sobrevive: sus escritos alquímicos están entre los manuscritos del tema más comunes de los siglos XIV y XV.

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«I considered the coming times predicted by Christ in the Gospels, namely, of the tribulations in the time of the Antichrist, under which the Roman Church shall be tormented and have all her worldly riches despoiled by tyrants.»cita el motivo que el propio Rupescissa declara: las tribulaciones del Anticristo, bajo las cuales la Iglesia romana será atormentada y despojada de sus riquezas por tiranos.

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«The same concern about the coming of the Antichrist lay behind much of what Roger Bacon—also a Franciscan friar—wrote to the pope about sixty years earlier: the church will need mathematical, scientific, technological, medical, and other knowledge to resist and survive the assault of the Antichrist.»y señala el precedente en Roger Bacon, franciscano también, que sesenta años antes escribió al papa que la Iglesia necesitaría saber matemático, científico, técnico y médico para resistir.

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«Despite the apparently clear directions, however, his first step will not work in a modern laboratory if followed verbatim.»declara el resultado de seguir al pie de la letra la primera operación de Rupescissa: no funciona en un laboratorio moderno.

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«The sublimate “white as snow that John describes making is undoubtedly mercuric chloride; therefore, the starting mixture must have included common salt, but this substance is not mentioned in the list of ingredients.»y de ahí deduce el ingrediente faltante: el sublimado blanco como la nieve es cloruro mercúrico, así que la mezcla inicial tuvo que llevar sal común, que no figura en la lista.

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«There are two possible explanations. First, John’s saltpeter might have been quite impure and contained a large quantity of common salt.»propone dos explicaciones y sostiene las dos como abiertas; la primera es que el salitre de Rupescissa fuera muy impuro y llevara mucha sal común.

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«The second possibility is that John intentionally left out the crucial ingredient as a way of preserving secrecy.»y la segunda, que la omitiera a propósito para guardar el secreto.

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«John uses the concept of “mass balance”— the weight of the products of a reaction must exactly equal the weight of the starting materials—to prove that the “invisible Philosophical Sulphur” he wants to extract from Roman vitriol has in fact combined with the mercury.»le reconoce a Rupescissa el uso del balance de masa —el peso de los productos ha de igualar al de los materiales de partida— para argumentar que el Azufre Filosófico invisible se ha combinado con el mercurio.

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«The sign that the spirit of the vitriol is incorporated with the mercury is this: if you put in one pound of mercury you will still get the same amount back [as a sublimate], despite the fact that in being sublimed the mercury leaves behind many earthy dregs.»y cita el razonamiento en su letra: si se pone una libra de mercurio se recupera la misma cantidad como sublimado, pese a que al sublimarse el mercurio deja atrás muchas heces terrosas.

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«Although many alchemical writings are attributed to Arnald, it is very unlikely that he wrote any of them.»objeta la atribución del corpus alquímico a Arnau de Vilanova: es muy improbable que escribiera ninguno de esos textos.

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«I believe firmly, that should any unbeliever truly know this divine art, it would of necessity make him a believer in the Trinity of God, and he would believe in Jesus Christ our Lord, the Son of God.»cita al pseudo-Arnaldo declarando que el arte divino haría creyente en la Trinidad a cualquier incrédulo que lo conociera de verdad.

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«Specifically, premoderns tended to conceive of and visualize the world in multivalent terms, where each individual thing was connected to many others by webs of analogy and metaphor.»y explica el hábito mental que lo hace posible: los premodernos concebían el mundo en términos multívocos, cada cosa enlazada a muchas otras por redes de analogía y metáfora.

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«John of Rupescissa makes it perfectly clear that allegorical texts like the Tractatus were read and deciphered for practical information.»adjudica a Juan de Rupescissa el testimonio de que los textos alegóricos se leían y se descifraban buscando información práctica.

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«Thus, the reference to Christ’s elevation on the cross signifies a chemical process of volatilization in which the prepared mercury is “raised up” by means of heat from the bottom of the flask into the “head of the alembic” (the highest part of the heating vessel), where the purified material condenses as a crystalline sublimate.»y da el desciframiento concreto: la elevación de Cristo en la cruz significa una volatilización, el mercurio preparado subiendo por calor al capitel del alambique.

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«Given the usual repertory of chemical operations involving melting, corroding, grinding, vaporizing, hammering, and burning, it does not require a huge imaginative leap to envision them as “painful torments” of material substances.»señala que la metáfora no exige gran salto imaginativo: fundir, corroer, moler, vaporizar, martillar y quemar se dejan ver como tormentos de la materia.

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«John of Rupescissa writes, “Understand by the ‘grain of wheat that must die in the earth’ the mercury that must die in the earth of saltpeter and Roman vitriol.”»y cita a Rupescissa haciendo esa traducción él mismo: el grano de trigo que ha de morir en la tierra es el mercurio que ha de morir en la tierra de salitre y vitriolo romano.

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«John borrows the word from Aristotelian natural philosophy, where it represents a substance different from and greater than the four elements (fire, air, water, and earth), namely, the imperishable and eternal material from which everything beyond the moon, such as the stars and planets, is made.»rastrea el término quinta essentia hasta la filosofía natural aristotélica, donde nombra la materia imperecedera de lo que está más allá de la luna.

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«While this might sound outlandish, John almost certainly based his belief on empirical evidence—he notes how meat left in the open air quickly begins to rot, but when immersed in alcohol it is preserved indefinitely.»y sostiene que Rupescissa lo apoya casi con seguridad en evidencia empírica: la carne al aire se pudre pronto, y sumergida en alcohol se conserva indefinidamente.

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«John was not the first to distill alcohol from wine; distilled spirits had been recommended medicinally by (the real) Arnald of Villanova.»acota su originalidad: no fue el primero en destilar alcohol de vino, que el Arnau de Vilanova real ya recomendaba como medicina.

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«Mercury, antimony, and other metallic substances were then, as now, generally considered toxic, yet John proposes the production of powerfully medicinal quintessences from them as well.»consigna la parte contraintuitiva de su propuesta: extraer quintaesencias poderosamente medicinales del mercurio y del antimonio, tenidos por tóxicos entonces como ahora.

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«Whereas John sought the incorruptible quintessence as a preservative of human health, the new author saw such incorruptibility as the logical starting point for producing a substance that could confer incorruptibility to metals, that is, transform corrodible base metals into incorruptible gold.»y marca el giro del continuador anónimo: donde Rupescissa buscaba la quintaesencia incorruptible como preservativo de la salud humana, aquel la toma como punto de partida para volver incorruptibles los metales.

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«Although the real Ramon Lull wrote none of them, many of these compositions contained enough features resembling his authentic writings that the attribution seemed plausible—and remained largely unquestioned—for centuries.»explica por qué la atribución a Ramon Llull se sostuvo sin discusión durante siglos: los textos tenían rasgos bastantes parecidos a los auténticos como para volverla plausible.

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«Although, following Bacon, the pseudo-Lull, and others, the stone was thought able to maintain human health and thus prolong life, it was mot considered an “elixir of immortality,” as some popular treatments of alchemy claim.»corrige una de las afirmaciones más repetidas de la divulgación: la piedra se tenía por conservadora de la salud y prolongadora de la vida, no por elixir de inmortalidad; mot es lo que imprime la capa de texto, y la lectura restituida es not.

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«Interestingly, the Testamentum also states that the stone can render glass malleable—a supreme feat of technology, fabled and rumored since Roman antiquity.»y consigna otra de sus virtudes según el Testamentum: volver maleable el vidrio, proeza técnica rumoreada desde la antigüedad romana.

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«But Edward double-crossed Lull; instead of using the gold as promised to finance a crusade, he used it to invade France, and Lull either was imprisoned or, in other versions, left England disgusted and depressed.»relata la leyenda del oro de Llull para Eduardo III, con la traición incluida: el rey lo usó para invadir Francia en vez de financiar la cruzada.

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«rose nobles (bearing images of a rose and a ship) appeared only in the middle of the next century.»y añade el dato numismático que la desarma: los rose nobles con la rosa y el barco no aparecieron sino a mediados del siglo siguiente.

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«their beauty and allure can prove to be a double-edged sword; many modern writers have wrested them out of context, as if they were somehow independent of both their creators and the texts they were intended to illustrate—independent of the time, place, and cultural conditions under which they were produced.»objeta el uso que muchos autores modernos hacen de las imágenes alquímicas: las arrancan de contexto, como si fueran independientes de sus creadores y de los textos que ilustran.

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«works of Latin alchemy, such as Geber's Summa, were predominantly Scholastic in style: organized, logical, and straightforward—like textbooks.»caracteriza el estilo de la alquimia latina temprana, la Summa de Geber incluida: escolástico, organizado, lógico y directo, como un libro de texto.

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«The word literally means a “gathering of flowers,” and it refers to a text that picks the choicest excerpts from a wide variety of books and arranges them into a “book of books.”»explica el título del Rosarium: literalmente una recolección de flores, es decir un texto que escoge los mejores extractos de muchos libros y los arma como libro de libros.

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«The combined assemblage of Latin text, German poem, and woodcut images was first published in 1550.»y data la publicación del conjunto de texto latino, poema alemán y grabados en 1550.

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«Alchemy’s aim is to give rise to new substances or new properties by combining existing ones, just as parents give rise to new offspring through their union.»formula por qué la alquimia recurre a la analogía sexual: se trata de hacer surgir sustancias o propiedades nuevas combinando existentes, como los padres engendran hijos por su unión.

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«Sex and sexuality are among the most universal and common experiences of human beings, and so provide a ready source of similitudes and easily intelligible, descriptive metaphors.»y de ahí su rendimiento: sexo y sexualidad son de las experiencias humanas más universales, y dan metáforas descriptivas fáciles de entender.

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«Even modern chemists frequently conceptualize reacting substances as pairs acting on each other—no longer Mercury and Sulfur, but rather acid and base or oxidant and reductant.»señala que el recurso sigue vivo: los químicos modernos también conciben las sustancias que reaccionan como pares, ya no Mercurio y Azufre sino ácido y base, oxidante y reductor.

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«Unlike with animals whose procreation produces offspring while leaving the parents intact, the combination of two material substances causes them to unite in a new, third substance with a new identity, losing their own independent identities in the process.»y marca el límite de la analogía, que es donde está el hermafrodita: a diferencia de los animales, que engendran dejando intactos a los padres, dos sustancias se unen en una tercera y pierden su identidad propia.

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«Albert actually laments the fact that “proper terms” do not exist for talking specifically about the production of material substances (particularly minerals), which is why, he explains, authors find it necessary to discuss them using analogies.»adjudica a Alberto Magno la razón de la analogía sexual: se lamenta de que no existan términos propios para hablar de la producción de sustancias minerales, y de ahí la necesidad de las analogías.

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«Medical alchemy (also known as iatrochemistry or chemiatria) would expand enormously in the sixteenth century thanks to the influential writings (and rantings) of the iconoclastic Swiss physician Theophrastus von Hohenheim, commonly known as Paracelsus.»data en el siglo XVI la expansión enorme de la alquimia médica —iatroquímica o chemiatria— y la atribuye a los escritos, y a las diatribas, de Teofrasto von Hohenheim, o sea Paracelso.

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«The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the age of Copernicus, Galileo, Descartes, Boyle, and Newton, the age often called the Scientific Revolution, would also prove to be alchemy’s great age.»hace coincidir la gran época de la alquimia con la de Copérnico, Galileo, Descartes, Boyle y Newton, esto es con la llamada Revolución Científica.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 92»

«While each of them might have limited validity within a narrow context, none of them is an accurate depiction of alchemy in general.»objeta las definiciones generales de la alquimia en bloque: cada una puede valer en un contexto estrecho, y ninguna describe con exactitud la alquimia en general.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 93»

«By the 1720s, however, transmutational alchemy found itself in sudden and astonishingly swift decline.»data el desplome de la alquimia transmutatoria en la década de 1720, y lo califica de súbito y asombrosamente rápido.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 94»

«The precise reasons for so abrupt and rapid a decline are still being studied and debated by historians of science.»y declara abierta su explicación: las razones exactas de un declive tan abrupto siguen estudiándose y discutiéndose entre historiadores de la ciencia.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 94»

«A simple explanation that seems reasonable in hindsight is that metallic transmutation was shown to be physically impossible.»enuncia la explicación cómoda —que se habría mostrado físicamente imposible la transmutación—, atribuyéndola a la mirada retrospectiva.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 94»

«But the historical record does not support this notion.»y la objeta con el archivo: el registro histórico no sostiene esa idea.

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«What the record shows instead is an increase in often vicious attacks on transmutational alchemy specifically as something simply fraudulent.»lo que el registro sí muestra, según él, es un aumento de ataques a menudo feroces contra la alquimia transmutatoria, y por fraudulenta más que por imposible.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 94»

«For example, Andreas Libavius’s famous 1597 book, titled simply Alchemia, describes how to perform chemical operations, use laboratory equipment, and make an array of chemical preparations—in short, what we would now unhesitatingly call chemistry—with little mention of gold making or the Philosophers’ Stone.’»da el ejemplo que desarma la etiqueta: la Alchemia de Andreas Libavius, de 1597, enseña operaciones, instrumental y preparaciones que hoy nadie dudaría en llamar química, y apenas menciona el oro.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 95»

«On the other hand, the collection of treatises titled Theatrum chemicum, whose first edition appeared around the same time as Libavius’s Alchemia, features dozens of chrysopoetic texts—exactly what we today would instantly call alchemy.»y el ejemplo simétrico: el Theatrum chemicum, contemporáneo de aquel, reúne decenas de textos crisopoéticos, es decir lo que hoy se llamaría alquimia sin vacilar.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 95»

«Before the eighteenth century, chymistry suffered from a very poor public image, and chymists had an ill-defined, often unsavory, identity.»sitúa el punto de partida del cambio en la reputación, no en la teoría: antes del siglo XVIII la chymistry tenía muy mala imagen pública y sus practicantes una identidad mal definida y a menudo turbia.

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«The figure of the chymist was called on as comic relief in seventeenth-century plays and literature, almost invariably in the role of a bumbler, fool, or fraud (see chapter 7).»documenta esa mala fama en el teatro y la literatura del siglo XVII, donde el químico aparece como alivio cómico y casi siempre como chapucero, necio o estafador.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 96»

«Even Robert Boyle (1627-1691), later to be proclaimed the Father of Chemistry for boldly championing the value of the discipline, felt obliged to apologize in the preface to his first book on the subject for devoting himself to “so vain, useless, if not deceitful a study.”»y la mide en su testigo menos sospechoso: Robert Boyle, luego proclamado padre de la química, se disculpa en el prefacio de su primer libro por dedicarse a un estudio vano, inútil y quizá engañoso.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 96»

«In 1699, five of the thirty places for members were earmarked specifically for la chimie, thus making the academy the first place where the subject achieved an official, high-profile, and state-supported status as an independent scientific discipline.»data en 1699 la primera consagración institucional: cinco de las treinta plazas de la Academia reservadas a la chimie, con estatuto oficial y sostén del Estado.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 96»

«Government ministers overseeing (and providing funding for) the academy also made known their desire not to have chrysopoeia discussed within the institution.»y consigna la contrapartida política: los ministros que financiaban la Academia hicieron saber que no querían que se discutiera allí la crisopoya.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 97»

«Thus, one part of chymistry’s makeover involved quarantining transmutational activities, the source of so much ill repute, into a different category and severing all links with it.»de modo que describe la operación como una cuarentena: aislar en otra categoría la actividad transmutatoria y cortar todo vínculo con ella.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 97»

«Thus, much of what alchemists had actually been doing all along—probing the nature and structure of matter and studying and harnessing its transformations—remained as chemistry, even as the alchemists were condemned by ridicule.»y señala lo que la maniobra no tocó: buena parte de lo que los alquimistas venían haciendo —sondear la naturaleza y la estructura de la materia, estudiar y aprovechar sus transformaciones— se quedó dentro de la química mientras se ridiculizaba a sus autores.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 97»

«Geoffroy’s paper was a key step in the academy’s public repudiation of chrysopoeia, and has often been seen as marking the “end” of alchemy.»consigna que el escrito de Geoffroy suele leerse como el fin de la alquimia y como paso clave del repudio público de la Academia.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 98»

«But Geoffroy actually cribbed most of his material from a book already a century old, written by a chrysopoeian alerting his fellow seekers after transmutation to sleights of hand they might encounter.»y objeta esa lectura por su procedencia: Geoffroy copió casi todo su material de un libro de un siglo antes, escrito por un crisopoeta para advertir a sus colegas de los trucos con que podían toparse.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 98»

«Alchemy was therefore left for the first time without any high-profile public defenders.»sostiene que el efecto del episodio fue de posición, no de prueba: la alquimia quedó por primera vez sin defensores públicos de peso.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 98»

«The search for metallic transmutation and the Philosophers’ Stone continued quietly, albeit on a reduced scale, and it continues quietly in some quarters to the present day.»y acota el alcance del final: la busca de la transmutación y de la Piedra siguió en voz baja, a escala reducida, y sigue en algunos rincones hasta hoy.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 98»

«In 1782, Price claimed success in transmuting mercury into silver using a white powder and into gold using a red one.»relata el caso de James Price, miembro de la Royal Society, que en 1782 declaró haber transmutado mercurio en plata con un polvo blanco y en oro con uno rojo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 98»

«These polarities endured long after the eighteenth century; they form the background for the shrill rejection by some late twentieth-century scientists and historians to the revelation that many iconic figures of science, such as Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton, were deeply involved in alchemy.»y prolonga esas polaridades más allá del siglo XVIII: son el fondo del rechazo estridente de científicos e historiadores de finales del XX ante la noticia de que Boyle y Newton estuvieron metidos en alquimia.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 100»

«Exactly how the linkage between secret societies and alchemy developed remains incompletely understood, but alchemy’s long-standing tradition of holding ancient and privileged secrets harmonized extremely well these groups claims of harboring ancient and arcane wisdom.!°»declara incompletamente entendido el enlace entre sociedades secretas y alquimia, y solo señala la afinidad: una tradición larga de secretos privilegiados encajaba bien con quienes decían custodiar sabiduría arcana.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 109»

«Some Masonic lodges used (and continue to use) alchemical symbolism and language in their rituals.»consigna el dato observable de ese enlace: algunas logias masónicas usaron, y siguen usando, simbolismo y lenguaje alquímicos en sus rituales.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 109»

«The chemist Andreas Ruff provides an alternate late eighteenth-century evaluation of alchemy in which he voices his dissatisfaction with Wieland’s and Wiegleb’s brand of Enlightenment.»recupera al químico Andreas Ruff como evaluación alternativa de finales del siglo XVIII, insatisfecha con la Ilustración de Wieland y Wiegleb.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 109»

«For Ruff, the scornfully dismissive attitude of the Age of Reason that ridicules whatever cannot be readily understood prevents people from investigating the unusual and the hidden—alchemy included.»y resume la objeción de Ruff: la actitud desdeñosa del Siglo de la Razón, que ridiculiza lo que no entiende de inmediato, impide investigar lo inusual y lo oculto, alquimia incluida.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 110»

«A certain rebellious or “anti-establishment” character often accompanied alchemy long afterward (it had already been an obvious feature of Paracelsian writings, with their vociferous attacks on the medical establishment).»señala que el carácter rebelde o antisistema acompañó mucho tiempo a la alquimia, y que ya era rasgo evidente de los escritos paracelsianos con sus ataques al establishment médico.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 110»

«The alchemical revival at the end of the eighteenth century lasted only a few years into the nineteenth.»acota la duración del primer revival: apenas unos pocos años dentro del siglo XIX.

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«Well-respected chemists who supported the compound nature of metals openly speculated that the alchemical dream of metallic transmutation might in fact soon be realized.»documenta el acercamiento decimonónico: químicos respetados que defendían la naturaleza compuesta de los metales especulaban en público con que el sueño de la transmutación estuviera por realizarse.

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«One journalist expressed this striking mid-nineteenth-century rapprochement by writing in 1854 that “after having poured out so much scorn upon her, in our day chemistry is moving towards joining with alchemy.”»y lo cifra en la frase de un periodista de 1854: tras haberle vertido tanto desprecio, la química de aquel día se movía hacia juntarse con la alquimia.

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«On the other side of the Atlantic in the 1890s, an entrepreneurial chemist and mining engineer named Stephen Emmens offered the United States Treasury a method of turning silver into gold.»relata el caso de Stephen Emmens, químico e ingeniero de minas que en la década de 1890 ofreció al Tesoro de Estados Unidos un método para convertir plata en oro.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 112»

«Independent tests were made of his method (which involved hammering Mexican silver) both in the United States and in England, but the results were not encouraging.”»y da el desenlace sin adornarlo: se hicieron pruebas independientes de su método en Estados Unidos y en Inglaterra, y los resultados no fueron alentadores.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 112»

«There remain serious (and some not-so-serious) investigators at work on gold making today.»consigna que el asunto no está cerrado: sigue habiendo investigadores serios, y algunos no tan serios, trabajando hoy en la fabricación de oro.

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«This second revival, which lasted through the entire second half of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, was perhaps not so much a rebirth as it was a movement that promoted a radical reinterpretation of alchemy’s entire history before the eighteenth century.»y caracteriza el segundo revival, que llena la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y entra en el XX, menos como renacimiento que como reinterpretación radical de toda la historia previa de la alquimia.

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«She claims to reveal the two main secrets of alchemy: the true starting material and the method for making the Philosophers’ Stone.»consigna lo que Mary Anne Atwood dice revelar: los dos secretos mayores, la materia de partida verdadera y el método de hacer la Piedra.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 113»

«She makes the bold claim that “no modern art or chemistry, notwithstanding all its surreptitious claims, has any thing in common to do with Alchemy.”»y la afirmación con que corta el vínculo con el laboratorio: ninguna arte ni química moderna tendría nada en común con la alquimia, pese a todas sus pretensiones.

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«As a historical interpretation or description of pre-nineteenth-century alchemy, however, it is simply wrong.»objeta esa lectura en el terreno donde ella la plantea: como interpretación o descripción histórica de la alquimia anterior al siglo XIX, es sencillamente errónea.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 115»

«Atwood’s claims about what alchemists were really doing have as much historical validity as the notion that the Homeric Hymns really describe animal magnetism.»y mide su validez con una comparación: tanta como sostener que los Himnos homéricos describen magnetismo animal.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 115»

«Hitchcock asserts that the alchemists did nothing akin to chemistry, and that “Man was the subject of Alchemy; and that the object of the Art was the perfection, or at least the improvement, of Man.»recoge la tesis paralela de Ethan Allen Hitchcock: los alquimistas no hicieron nada parecido a la química, y el sujeto del arte era el hombre, y su objeto, perfeccionarlo o al menos mejorarlo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 116»

«He argues that alchemy is simply an allegorical description of the moral life.»y su reducción: la alquimia sería una descripción alegórica de la vida moral.

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«Hitchcock believed that human improvement comes not by psychic exaltation to higher planes of existence but rather through the practice of true religion and morality.»distingue a Hitchcock de Atwood en el mecanismo: la mejora del hombre no vendría por exaltación psíquica a planos superiores sino por la práctica de la religión y la moral verdaderas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 116»

«These esoteric formulations were summarized in 1893 with the publication of The Science of Alchymy by William Wynn Westcott»data en 1893 el compendio de esas formulaciones esotéricas con The Science of Alchymy de William Wynn Westcott.

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«In 1888, Westcott helped to organize the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn»y data en 1888 la organización de la Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, con Westcott entre sus promotores.

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«Waite criticizes both Atwood and Hitchcock for ignoring the alchemists’ practical laboratory work with material substances»consigna la objeción de A. E. Waite a Atwood y a Hitchcock: que ignoran el trabajo práctico de los alquimistas con sustancias materiales.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 118»

«He characterizes his own view as a ‘middle course”: the alchemists worked on physical processes»y cómo Waite califica su propia posición: un curso medio en el que los alquimistas sí trabajaban procesos físicos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 118»

«Calling alchemy both “physical mysticism” and “psycho-chemistry,’ Waite defines it as “a grand and sublime scheme of absolute reconstruction»con las etiquetas que Waite le pone —misticismo físico y psico-química— y su definición de la alquimia como esquema de reconstrucción absoluta.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 118»

«Undeniably, the years after 1900 mark another rapprochement of sorts between alchemy and chemistry.»reconoce un nuevo acercamiento entre alquimia y química después de 1900, y lo da por innegable.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 120»

«In this case it was the sequential discoveries, starting in 1896, of radiation, radioactivity, and elemental decay.»y lo data en la serie de descubrimientos que arranca en 1896: radiación, radiactividad y desintegración elemental.

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«As soon as elemental transmutation—by both the spontaneous decay of radioactive elements and the bombardment of lighter elements with radiation—became an established fact, occultists as well as practically oriented seekers after chrysopoeia seized on these discoveries as a vindication of the entire alchemical tradition—a few going so far as to claim that alchemists must have discovered radioactivity centuries earlier.»señala quién se apropió de ese hecho: en cuanto la transmutación elemental quedó establecida, ocultistas y buscadores prácticos de crisopoya la tomaron como vindicación.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 120»

«From the other side, even some sober chemists hailed the newfound element radium as “a modern Philosophers’ Stone,” because its radiations could transform one element into another.»y consigna que el movimiento fue de ida y vuelta: algunos químicos sobrios saludaron al radio como una Piedra Filosofal moderna, porque sus radiaciones transformaban un elemento en otro.

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«Jung claimed that alchemy “does not deal at all, or for the most part at least, with chemical experiments, but probably with something like psychic processes expressed in pseudochemical language.”»cita la tesis de Jung en su letra: la alquimia no trataría en absoluto, o al menos no en su mayor parte, de experimentos químicos, sino de algo así como procesos psíquicos expresados en lenguaje pseudoquímico.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 120»

«Jung stated that the contents of the alchemist’s psyche became unconsciously “projected” onto the materials in his vessels: “during the practical work, hallucinatory or visionary perceptions take place, which can be nothing other than projections of unconscious contents.»y el mecanismo que Jung propone: los contenidos de la psique del alquimista se proyectaban inconscientemente sobre los materiales del vaso, en percepciones alucinatorias o visionarias.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 120»

«Thus, Jung claimed that alchemy was really a description of the unconscious, and that the alchemists’ “experience had nothing to do with matter in itself.”»de donde Jung concluye que la alquimia describe el inconsciente y que la experiencia del alquimista nada tenía que ver con la materia misma.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 121»

«Therefore, very few of the processes aiming to produce the Philosophers’ Stone (or much of anything else) contain, in Jung’s opinion, any recognizable chemical meaning.»y consigna el corolario: para Jung, muy pocos de los procesos que buscan la Piedra conservan sentido químico reconocible.

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«Eliade wrote that “the alchemist, while pursuing the ‘perfecting’ of the metal, its ‘transformation’ into gold, pursued in fact his own perfection.”»recoge la formulación paralela de Mircea Eliade: el alquimista, al perseguir el perfeccionamiento del metal, perseguía de hecho el propio.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 122»

«His syncretic (some would call it undiscriminating) approach maintains that alchemical texts from the whole history of alchemy were simultaneously chemical, spiritual, and psychological, but that their main purpose was to unite the “several constituents of consciousness” and to develop “an integrated and free man who is illumined.”»y objeta el método de Eliade por indiscriminado: sostiene que los textos alquímicos de toda la historia eran a la vez químicos, espirituales y psicológicos, con la unificación de la consciencia como fin principal.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 122»

«An array of scholars approaching alchemy from many different disciplinary perspectives have come to the same conclusion.»apoya su rechazo en la convergencia, no en su sola autoridad: estudiosos de disciplinas muy distintas llegaron a la misma conclusión.

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«In line with the goals of this currently ongoing alchemical revival, I now jump back in time to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, to take a fresh and unbiased look at the alchemists of that period in order to learn what they thought, what they were doing, and how they influenced the rest of their contemporaneous society and culture.»declara el movimiento del libro y su razón: vuelve atrás, a los siglos XVI y XVII, para mirar sin prejuicio qué pensaban y qué hacían aquellos alquimistas.

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«It is sometimes assumed that alchemists worked more or less “empirically,” that is to say, rather haphazardly and without theoretical principles or critical observation.»enuncia el supuesto que va a objetar: que los alquimistas trabajaban empíricamente, es decir a la buena de Dios y sin principios teóricos ni observación crítica.

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«This outlook is mistaken. Early modern alchemy was an endeavor of head and hand, a meeting of theory and practice.»y lo objeta: la alquimia moderna temprana fue empresa de cabeza y mano, encuentro de teoría y práctica.

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«It is fully a part, indeed a crucial part, of the history of science.»de ahí la ubicación que le adjudica: parte plena, y parte crucial, de la historia de la ciencia.

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«These chymists conceptualized metals as compounds, whereas we now know them to be elements.»señala la diferencia de marco que hay que tener presente para leerlos: aquellos químicos concebían los metales como compuestos, donde hoy se sabe que son elementos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 127»

«Others adopted a newer view attributed to Paracelsus (see below) that postulated three ingredients—Mercury, Sulfur, and Salt.»consigna la alternativa paracelsiana de tres ingredientes —Mercurio, Azufre y Sal— frente a los dos de la tradición islámica.

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«For Aristotle, prime matter was a concept rather than something that could be put into a bottle—it did not literally exist on its own.»distingue la materia prima de Aristóteles de una sustancia: era un concepto, no algo que pudiera meterse en un frasco, y no existía literalmente por sí sola.

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«Chymists, however, who were more focused on actual laboratory practice, tended to view prime matter more tangibly and in more material terms.»y señala el desplazamiento que introduce el laboratorio: los químicos, atentos a la práctica, tendían a verla en términos más tangibles y materiales.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 127»

«The key point to remember is that the concept of metals as compound bodies undergirded the possibility of metallic transmutation.»fija el punto que sostiene todo lo demás: la posibilidad de la transmutación descansa en concebir los metales como cuerpos compuestos.

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«In mines, metals are rarely found in a pure state; lead ores almost always contain some silver, and silver ores contain some gold.»y añade la evidencia observacional en que se apoyaba: en las minas los metales casi nunca aparecen puros, y el mineral de plomo suele traer algo de plata, y el de plata algo de oro.

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«Figure 5.1. St. Thomas Aquinas (incorrectly thought to have written alchemical texts) points to the formation of metals underground from the combination of the exhalations called Mercury and Sulfur.»consigna, al pie de la figura, que a Tomás de Aquino se le atribuyeron textos alquímicos de forma incorrecta.

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«Therefore, the chrysopoeian needed only to find a way to do aboveground and quickly what nature was always doing underground and slowly.»resume el programa crisopoético en una frase: hacer arriba y deprisa lo que la naturaleza hacía siempre abajo y despacio.

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«Already in antiquity, each of the seven metals had become linked to a particular planet.»y data en la antigüedad el enlace de cada uno de los siete metales con un planeta.

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«Although Boyle's philanthropic dream of alchemical poor relief was never realized, it serves as a reminder that early modern alchemy was not only an intellectual endeavor for scholars who theorized and wrote books about the subject.»consigna el sueño filantrópico de Boyle —socorro a los pobres pagado con alquimia—, que nunca se realizó, y lo usa para recordar que la alquimia moderna temprana no era solo cosa de eruditos.

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«Several writers claimed success with such a process, but other chymists objected, pointing out that this method of transmutation by “transplantation” of the Sulfur of gold was useless from a financial standpoint, in that it required the destruction of as much gold to obtain the tincture as the tincture itself would produce.»recoge la objeción económica que otros químicos hacían a la transmutación por trasplante del Azufre del oro: destruía tanto oro como el que producía.

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«What did Starkey produce? It is virtually impossible to say.»y se abstiene sobre el producto de Starkey: es prácticamente imposible decir qué obtuvo.

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«When rightly prepared, the stone was supposed to have such extraordinary potency that it could convert thousands, even hundreds of thousands, of times its weight of any base metal into gold.»da la potencia que se le atribuía a la piedra bien preparada: convertir en oro miles, incluso cientos de miles de veces su peso en metal base.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 133»

«Obviously, this method of gaining information provided ample room for deceitful dealings, so two words could be used to sum up this state of affairs: “Caveat emptor” (Let the buyer beware).»y resume el mercado de recetas con dos palabras que la propia época usaba: caveat emptor.

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«Nevertheless, some vendors probably believed in all honesty that they possessed a workable recipe, but did not have the means to undertake what was typically a lengthy and expensive process to verify its legitimacy.»acota, sin embargo, la acusación de fraude: algunos vendedores probablemente creían de buena fe tener una receta buena, sin medios para verificar un proceso largo y caro.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 133»

«Although modern scholarly attention tends to focus on the more theoretically rich expositions published in books by scholars, it is important to understand that in any census of early modern chymical manuscripts, collections of miscellaneous recipes and processes will usually be found to predominate.»corrige la proporción con que se lee el archivo: en cualquier censo de manuscritos químicos modernos tempranos, las colecciones de recetas sueltas superan con mucho a las exposiciones teóricas publicadas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 133»

«Yet other particulars were corrosive solvents (called gradators) supposedly able to transmute part of a metal dissolved in them.»describe los gradadores: disolventes corrosivos que supuestamente transmutaban parte del metal disuelto en ellos.

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«Because chrysopoeians believed that these adepts had actually prepared the stone and that their cryptic writings contained hidden clues to the process they used, careful textual study formed an essential and substantial part of their search.»explica por qué el estudio textual era parte sustancial de la busca: los crisopoetas creían que los adeptos sí habían preparado la piedra y que sus escritos crípticos guardaban las pistas.

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«As the pseudo-Arnald of Villanova wrote, “I shall speak such that I may deride the fools and teach the wise.”»y cita al pseudo-Arnaldo declarando el propósito de esa oscuridad: hablar de modo que se burle de los necios y enseñe a los sabios.

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«According to the legend surrounding the pseudo-Lull, Abbot Cremer, frustrated by the fact that “the more I read, the more I erred,” traveled through Europe in search of an adept, ultimately encountering Lull in Italy.»relata la leyenda del abad Cremer, que a fuerza de leer más erraba más y recorrió Europa buscando un adepto hasta dar con Llull en Italia.

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«Robert Boyle, for example, made numerous inquiries to his visitors and through his correspondence about the secret of transmutation.»y documenta la misma busca en un caso verificable: Boyle interrogó a sus visitantes y a sus corresponsales sobre el secreto de la transmutación.

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«Heinrich Khunrath (1560-1605) advocated not only prayer but also steps to contact angels and to provoke revelatory dreams.»consigna que Heinrich Khunrath recomendaba no solo la oración sino pasos para contactar ángeles y provocar sueños reveladores.

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«His earlier colleague, Martin Del Rio (1551-1608), believed that while “human industry and zeal” could in fact uncover how to make the Philosophers’ Stone, in some instances such knowledge might be acquired by means of a shortcut with “the devil as teacher.”»y la posición de Martin Del Rio, que admitía la industria humana como vía y contemplaba el atajo con el diablo por maestro.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 136»

«This concern was voiced as early as 1396, when the inquisitor Nicolas Eymerich suggested that alchemists “easily fall into attaching themselves to and consulting with evil spirits . . . just as astrologers are much disposed to invoking and consulting demons when they are unable to accomplish what they desire.”»data en 1396 la formulación temprana de ese temor en el inquisidor Nicolás Eymerich, que empareja a los alquimistas con los astrólogos en la propensión a invocar demonios.

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«But by the fifteenth century, nonmineral approaches had been widely rejected, even ridiculed, by most chymical authors.»data en el siglo XV el rechazo generalizado, y hasta la burla, de las vías no minerales entre los autores químicos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 137»

«It was probably while trying to make the Philosophers’ Stone that Hennig Brand discovered the element phosphorus in the 1660s by strongly distilling residues from human urine.»y consigna el hallazgo colateral más notorio: Hennig Brand descubrió el fósforo en la década de 1660 destilando con fuerza residuos de orina humana, probablemente mientras buscaba la Piedra.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 137»

«The use of excrement as a starting material stems from an ancient axiom that the material of the Philosophers’ Stone “is of cheap price and found everywhere” and “is trodden underfoot.”»rastrea el uso de excrementos hasta un axioma antiguo: la materia de la Piedra es de precio vil, se encuentra en todas partes y se pisa.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 137»

«Already in the fourteenth century, John of Rupescissa roundly criticized those who interpreted the axiom to mean excrement: “The matter of the Stone is a thing of low price, findable everywhere . . . and many crude people [bestiales|, not understanding the meaning of the philosophers, have sought it literally in feces.”»y recoge que ya en el siglo XIV Juan de Rupescissa criticaba duramente esa lectura literal del axioma.

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«Some writings under this name do stipulate real vitriol for the first steps in producing the Philosophers’ Stone, but others use the word vitriol in such as way that it must be a Deckname for “antimony ore.”»señala la trampa de lectura que introduce el Deckname: bajo un mismo nombre, unos escritos estipulan vitriolo real y en otros la palabra tiene que significar mineral de antimonio.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 138»

«The fifteenth-century chrysopoeian and Augustinian canon George Ripley, for example, wrote that “sericon” was the crucial starting material for the Stone—but what on earth was sericon?»ilustra el problema con el sericon de George Ripley, canónigo agustino y crisopoeta del siglo XV, cuya identidad él mismo deja en interrogante.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 139»

«Reinterpreting earlier writings sometimes required attributing secrecy and deception to authors who had no such intent.»y señala el efecto retroactivo de esa práctica: reinterpretar escritos previos obligaba a atribuir secreto y engaño a autores que no los tenían.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 139»

«The Scholastic Geber, for instance, is remarkably clear and straightforward, but by assuming that he was more ambiguous and secretive than he really was, later authors could interpret him to justify a broad range of ideas that Geber certainly never had in mind.»con Geber como caso medido: notablemente claro y directo, fue leído como más ambiguo y reservado de lo que era, y así se le hizo justificar ideas que nunca tuvo.

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«One key difference of course is that modern chemists do not use this system to be intentionally obscure or misleading, although some introductory chemistry students might think otherwise.»y marca la diferencia con la química de hoy: los químicos modernos no usan su sistema para ser oscuros ni engañosos a propósito.

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«The Rosarium philosophorum, quoting Arnald of Villanova, exhorts, “When you see your matter turning black, rejoice: for that is the beginning of the work.”»cita el Rosarium philosophorum, que a su vez cita a Arnau de Vilanova, sobre el negro como buena señal: cuando la materia se ennegrece hay que alegrarse, porque ahí empieza la obra.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 142»

«Hence, this part of the process was sometimes called “women’s work and children’s play.”»y consigna el nombre que la propia tradición le daba a esa fase por lo fácil: trabajo de mujeres y juego de niños.

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«Upon continued heating, the blackness is supposed to recede over the following weeks, replaced by a multitude of short-lived and oftenchanging colors, called the “peacock’s tail” (cauda pavonis).»describe lo que sigue al negro: semanas de colores efímeros y cambiantes, la cola de pavo real.

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«This whitening, albification, or albedo, marks the completion of the White Philosophers’ Stone or White Elixir—a station on the way to the complete stone.»y sitúa el blanco como estación, no como meta: la albificación marca la Piedra Blanca o Elixir Blanco, camino de la piedra completa.

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«The completed Philosophers’ Stone appears as a deep red, extremely dense, brittle, and fusible substance capable of penetrating the metals the way oil does paper.*»describe la Piedra terminada como sustancia de rojo profundo, densísima, quebradiza y fusible, capaz de penetrar los metales como el aceite el papel.

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«According to one account, a sample of the Philosophers’ Stone reputedly found hidden in a bishop’s tomb by John Dee transmuted 272,330 times its weight of lead into gold.*”»y recoge la cifra que un relato atribuye a la muestra que John Dee habría hallado escondida en la tumba de un obispo: 272 330 veces su peso en plomo convertido en oro.

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«It is important to stress this point, since moderns often imagine the transmutational process to be somehow “magical” or “supernatural.”»objeta la lectura moderna de la transmutación como magia o sobrenaturalidad, y subraya que ese punto importa.

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«Although some critics tried to portray chrysopoeia as operating in a non-natural manner that involved demonic agency and trickery—and was therefore something to be avoided—virtually all its advocates insisted on purely natural explanations.*°»y reparte las voces: fueron algunos críticos quienes la pintaron como obra demoníaca y tramposa, mientras casi todos sus defensores insistían en explicaciones puramente naturales.

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«Still other authors asserted that the stone contained a “seed” of gold capable of transforming other metals into gold.»consigna otra de las explicaciones que circulaban: que la piedra contuviera una semilla de oro capaz de transformar los demás metales.

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«Modern readers should not interpret “seed” too literally and assume that this term implies an organic or living substance.»y acota cómo leer esa palabra: no hay que tomar semilla literalmente ni suponer que implique una sustancia orgánica o viva.

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«But Boyle for his part noted that neither could anyone in his day give a satisfactory theoretical explanation of fermentation—yet he did not doubt the ability of brewers to make beer!»y recoge el argumento de Boyle ante esa falta de explicación: tampoco nadie en su tiempo explicaba satisfactoriamente la fermentación, y no por eso dudaba de que los cerveceros hicieran cerveza.

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«It has been claimed, erroneously, that the word bombastic—in the sense of pompous speech—derives from his name.»corrige una etimología muy repetida: que la palabra bombastic, en el sentido de habla pomposa, derive del nombre de Paracelso.

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«Paracelsus believed that powerful medicines could be prepared even from poisonous substances using chymical means of separation, which he called Scheidung in his native German.»consigna la tesis médica de Paracelso: que hasta de sustancias venenosas pueden prepararse medicinas potentes por separación química, lo que él llamaba Scheidung.

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«Always fond of inventing words, Paracelsus gave this process of separation and reintegration the name spagyria.»y el nombre que inventó para el proceso completo de separación y reintegración: spagyria.

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«Yet it is important to realize that not every advocate of chymically assisted medicine (chemiatria) would have identified himself as a Paracelsian, nor did Paracelsianism ever constitute the sum total of chymistry or even of chemiatria.»acota el alcance de la etiqueta paracelsista: no todo defensor de la medicina química se habría reconocido como tal, ni el paracelsismo agotó la chymistry ni siquiera la chemiatria.

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«The Parisian medical faculty, the corporate body which had previously condemned the use of antimony, then had little recourse but to vote in favor of legalizing the use of this Paracelsian vin émetique.»documenta el desenlace institucional del pleito del antimonio: la facultad de medicina de París, que lo había condenado, acabó votando a favor de legalizar el vin émetique paracelsista.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 148»

«Because Paracelsus was far from a clear or orderly writer—it was even claimed by one of his associates that he dictated all his treatises while drunk—and because few of his writings were published during his lifetime, his immediate impact was only moderate and localized.»explica por qué su impacto inmediato fue moderado y local: escribía sin claridad ni orden —un allegado suyo llegó a decir que dictaba sus tratados borracho— y casi nada se publicó en vida.

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«God Himself is the Master Chymist; his creation of an ordered world out of primordial chaos was akin to the chymist’s extraction, purification, and elaboration of common materials into chymical products, and His final judgment of the world by fire like the chymist using fire to purge impurities from precious metals.»recoge la analogía teológica que sostiene la química paracelsista: Dios como Maestro Químico, su creación del mundo ordenado a partir del caos como una extracción y purificación, y el juicio final por fuego como el fuego del laboratorio.

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«He decried the Paracelsians’ neologisms and obscurantism; he mocked their writings as disorganized, inelegant, and imprecise.»consigna las objeciones de Andreas Libavius a los paracelsistas: sus neologismos y su oscurantismo, y unos escritos que ridiculiza por desordenados, poco elegantes e imprecisos.

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«He upheld chrysopoeia, its adepts, and its commitment to protective secrecy.»y lo que ese mismo Libavius sí defendía, sin armonizar la contradicción aparente: la crisopoya, sus adeptos y su secreto protector.

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«Libavius’s massive Alchemia (1597, expanded 1606) organized hundreds of chymical preparations and laboratory operations, many of them directed at the production of chymical medicines.»data en 1597 la Alchemia de Libavius, ampliada en 1606, que ordena cientos de preparaciones y operaciones, muchas dirigidas a producir medicinas químicas.

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«The pinnacle of this art is the production of a human-like creature called the homunculus (from the Latin»consigna la cumbre que el tratado De natura rerum atribuye al arte: producir una criatura de forma humana, el homúnculo.

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«Since it is the product of art, the homunculus knows all arts from its birth.»y la razón que el propio texto da para sus poderes: por ser producto del arte, el homúnculo conoce todas las artes desde que nace.

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«The spontaneous origin of life from nonliving matter was considered a matter of course— a rotting bull carcass produced bees, and putrefying mud generated worms and insects.»sitúa esa expectativa en su marco de época: la generación espontánea de vida a partir de materia inerte se daba por descontada, con abejas del cadáver de un toro y gusanos del lodo en putrefacción.

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«He rejected the elemental status of the Paracelsian ¢ria prima in favor of monism, arguing (like the ancient Thales) that water is the basic material substratum of all substances.»adjudica a Van Helmont el rechazo de la tria prima paracelsista y un retorno al monismo: como el antiguo Tales, hace del agua el sustrato material básico de toda sustancia.

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«The various transformations of water, he argued, are managed by semina (seeds) capable of organizing water into other substances.»y el mecanismo con que Van Helmont explica las transformaciones del agua: unas semina capaces de organizarla en otras sustancias.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 152»

«Fire destroys substances by turning them into Gas (a word Van Helmont coined from chaos), a noncondensable substance more subtle than any vapor.»consigna que Van Helmont acuñó la palabra Gas a partir de chaos, para una sustancia no condensable más sutil que cualquier vapor.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 152»

«Any substance heated with the alkahest is first decomposed into its proximate ingredients (the tria prima), and upon further heating is reduced to water.»describe la función del alkahest en ese sistema: descompone cualquier sustancia primero en sus ingredientes próximos y con más calor la reduce a agua.

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«Van Helmont claimed to have prepared the alkahest, but declined to give more than allusive hints about how to do it.»y consigna el límite del testimonio: Van Helmont declaró haber preparado el alkahest y se negó a dar más que pistas alusivas sobre cómo.

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«But why do I spend time in mentioning these things,” he concludes, “when there is not an Old Woman in Italy, but will inveigh against the opposers of this Art?»cita a Otto Tachenius, químico alemán afincado en Venecia, cerrando su diatriba contra los detractores de la química con una ironía: ni una vieja en Italia dejaría de despotricar contra quienes atacan este arte.

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«While it would be a serious mistake to reduce early modern chymistry (or alchemy, if you prefer) to some sort of a “protochemistry,” common elements between what practitioners of the seventeenth century did and what chemists of the twenty-first do nevertheless exist.»acota su propia tesis de continuidad en las dos direcciones: sería un error grave reducir la química moderna temprana a una protoquímica, y aun así hay elementos comunes con lo que hacen los químicos del siglo XXI.

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«My experience, based on three decades of such work, is that historically informed laboratory work in replicating these processes can in fact provide otherwise unobtainable insight into the actual practices and content of alchemy and the activities of its practitioners.»declara la base de su método y su duración: tres décadas de trabajo de laboratorio históricamente informado, que a su juicio da acceso a lo que de otro modo no se obtendría.

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«Even the early modern chymists often had difficulty understanding their colleagues’ writings.»recuerda que la dificultad no es solo nuestra: los propios químicos de la época tenían problemas para entender los escritos de sus colegas.

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«By that account Valentine was a fifteenth-century monk at St. Peter’s Abbey in the northern German town of Erfurt.»recoge la biografía que la tradición atribuye a Basil Valentine: monje del siglo XV en la abadía de San Pedro de Erfurt.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 158»

«Some accounts claim that a stray bolt of lightning struck and shattered a pillar in the church, revealing the secret manuscript within—a tale reminiscent of the account in the Physika kai mystika.»y el relato de su hallazgo, cuyo parecido con el episodio del Physika kai mystika él mismo señala: un rayo que parte un pilar de la iglesia y descubre el manuscrito secreto.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 158»

«Modern scholarship suggests that several authors are hidden behind the mask of Basil Valentine (a pseudonym most likely derived from basileos valens, a hybrid of Greek and Latin meaning “powerful king”).»adjudica el nombre a varios autores tras una máscara, y propone la etimología del pseudónimo: basileos valens, híbrido de griego y latín que significa rey poderoso.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 158»

«The Valentine writings date no earlier than the 1590s, although some may incorporate earlier material.»y data los escritos valentinianos no antes de la década de 1590, con la acotación de que algunos pueden incorporar material anterior.

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«What finally went right? Analysis of the ore showed that it contained a small amount of quartz, one of the most common minerals on earth. This minute quantity, about 1 to 2 percent of the ore’s total weight, proved to be the key; without its presence, the glass does not form.»declara cuál fue la clave de su réplica del proceso de Valentine: el cuarzo presente en el mineral, entre el uno y el dos por ciento del peso, sin el cual el vidrio no se forma.

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«In fact, when I took the ugly gray lumps from the failed trials, remelted them, and added a pinch of powdered quartz (or silica, silicon dioxide), they also turned into beautiful golden glasses.»y consigna la comprobación en primera persona: refundió los grumos grises de los intentos fallidos, añadió una pizca de cuarzo en polvo y se volvieron vidrios dorados.

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«The initial repeated failure of Valentine’s recipe might reasonably lead us to conclude that his process was false or imaginary, or even that he was hiding a “secret.”»señala la conclusión a la que el fracaso repetido habría llevado razonablemente: que el proceso fuera falso o imaginario, o que su autor escondiera un secreto.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 160»

«Valentine next tells readers to powder the glass and extract it with vinegar to produce a red solution.»sigue con el segundo paso de la receta: pulverizar el vidrio y extraerlo con vinagre para obtener una solución roja.

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«Chemical analysis provided a surprise: this redness was due not to any antimony compound but rather to iron acetate, undoubtedly from trace amounts of iron in the ore.»y da la sorpresa del análisis: el rojo no venía de ningún compuesto de antimonio sino de acetato de hierro, procedente de trazas de hierro en el mineral.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 160»

«This time the key lay in a disregarded detail in his recipe: Valentine writes that he stirred the roasting ore with an iron hook, and then stirred the molten glass with an iron rod.»adjudica el hallazgo a un detalle desatendido de la propia receta: Valentine dice que removía el mineral con un gancho de hierro y el vidrio fundido con una varilla de hierro.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 160»

«Vinegar dissolves the iron out of the glass, but also dissolves some antimony compounds—hence, the vinegar extract still has the purgative properties Valentine noted.»explica por qué el extracto conserva las propiedades purgantes que Valentine describe: el vinagre disuelve el hierro del vidrio y también algunos compuestos de antimonio.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 161»

«As Valentine writes (correctly), “the residue that remains behind contains the poison, the extraction takes up only the medicine.”!»y le reconoce exactitud a la observación de Valentine: el residuo que queda contiene el veneno, y la extracción se lleva solo la medicina.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 161»

«Only a patient attempt to replicate Valentine’s processes could have revealed these findings.»declara que solo un intento paciente de replicar los procesos de Valentine podía sacar a la luz esos hallazgos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 161»

«They indicate that while his theoretical explanation of his process was flawed, he nevertheless recounted his observations with perfect accuracy.»y formula el balance con que juzga al autor: su explicación teórica estaba errada, y aun así refirió sus observaciones con exactitud perfecta.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 161»

«My replication proves that even some apparently unlikely chymical claims rest on real laboratory operations.»extrae de su propia réplica una tesis general sobre la lectura de estos textos: afirmaciones químicas de apariencia inverosímil descansan en operaciones de laboratorio reales.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 161»

«The answer is Valentine’s favorite substance, antimony ore or stibnite.»identifica la sustancia favorita de Valentine tras los Decknamen: el mineral de antimonio, la estibnita.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 164»

«When this alloy (that is, the wolf with the king in his stomach) is roasted (“make a great fire and throw the wolf into it”), the antimony evaporates, leaving the purified gold behind.»y descifra la operación que el emblema esconde: al tostar la aleación, o sea el lobo con el rey en el estómago, el antimonio se evapora y deja atrás el oro purificado.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 164»

«In German, the name for the mineral stibnite is Spiessglanz, literally “spear-shine,” in reference to its shiny needlelike crystals.»explica el Deckname por el nombre alemán del mineral: Spiessglanz, brillo de lanza, por sus cristales aciculares relucientes.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 164»

«When a piece of impure gold (for example, a 14-karat gold ring or necklace, which contains 58-percent gold and 42-percent copper) is thrown into melted stibnite, it dissolves almost instantly.»y describe lo que ocurre al echar oro impuro en estibnita fundida: un anillo de catorce quilates se disuelve casi al instante.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 164»

«A brilliant white alloy of antimony and gold sinks to the bottom of the melt, where it is easily retrieved after the crucible has cooled.»de donde sale la aleación blanca y brillante de antimonio y oro que se hunde al fondo y se recoge al enfriar el crisol.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 164»

«But when you introduce to the eagle the old dragon who has dwelt long among the rocks, and who creeps in and out of the caves of the earth, and set the two upon a hellish seat, then Pluto will blow strongly and drive out from the cold dragon a flying, fiery spirit whose great heat will burn up the feathers of the eagle and prepare a steam-bath so that the snow on the highest mountains must melt entirely and turn into water, whereby the mineral bath is rightly prepared and can give the king good fortune and health.”»cita la segunda clave en su lenguaje de emblema: el águila y el viejo dragón de las cuevas puestos en un asiento infernal, de donde Plutón expulsa un espíritu ígneo y volador.

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«Accordingly, the “snow on the highest mountains” must refer to the deposit of pure white sal ammoniac that collects at the top of the vessel when the salt sublimes.»y descifra la nieve de las cumbres como el depósito de sal amoníaco blanco que se junta arriba del vaso cuando la sal sublima.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 165»

«Finally, “a flying, fiery spirit” can be driven out of saltpeter by heat—we call it nitric acid—which clinches the identification.»y cierra la identificación del dragón con el salitre por el espíritu ígneo que de él sale con el calor: lo que hoy se llama ácido nítrico.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 166»

«Note that an early reader recorded his own decipherment on the woodcut; he wrote the symbol for gold (©) on the fox and the abbreviation for amalgam (aaa) next to the rooster.»consigna que un lector antiguo anotó su propio desciframiento sobre el grabado, con el símbolo del oro en el zorro y la abreviatura de amalgama junto al gallo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 167»

«This interpretation differs from my own.»y declara que esa interpretación difiere de la suya, sin descartar la ajena.

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«The direction, however, to give gold “flying power’ that would “raise him up” above the stars, seems totally absurd.»declara absurda, en su lectura, la instrucción de dar al oro poder de vuelo para elevarlo sobre las estrellas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 169»

«Despite being “the most difficult difficulty of the difficulty,” in 1895, long after both the alchemical claim to volatilize gold and its ridicule had faded from memory, this very process—allegorically described three hundred years earlier by Basil Valentine—was actually rediscovered independently and chemically explained.»y data en 1895 el redescubrimiento de ese mismo proceso, mucho después de que tanto la afirmación alquímica como su ridiculización se hubieran olvidado.

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«Valentine apparently bad succeeded in volatilizing gold.»de donde concluye que Valentine aparentemente sí había volatilizado el oro; bad es lo que imprime la capa de texto, y la lectura restituida es had.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 170»

«I have tried the process myself and found it extremely difficult to carry out, but it eventually succeeded beautifully.»y declara su propio ensayo del proceso: extremadamente difícil de llevar a cabo, y al final salió bien.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 170»

«This toxic gas prevents the decomposition of the otherwise highly unstable gold chloride, allowing it to sublime as beautiful ruby-red crystals, or in Valentine’s more vivid language, “the rose of our masters ... and the red dragon’s blood.”»explica por qué funciona: el gas tóxico impide que se descomponga el cloruro de oro, inestable de suyo, y lo deja sublimar en cristales rojo rubí, o en la lengua de Valentine, la rosa de nuestros maestros y la sangre del dragón rojo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 170»

«First, at least some cryptic texts and emblems dealing with making the Philosophers’ Stone do encode real chemical processes that their authors carried out.»extrae la primera lección de la réplica: al menos algunos textos y emblemas crípticos sobre la Piedra codifican procesos químicos reales que sus autores ejecutaron.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 170»

«Third, readers expected such allegorical language and imagery to have a specific, discernible meaning; they labored at understanding it, and at least some of them succeeded well enough to replicate the processes.»y la tercera: los lectores esperaban que ese lenguaje alegórico tuviera un sentido discernible, se esforzaban en entenderlo, y algunos lo lograban lo bastante como para replicar los procesos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 171»

«Fourth, it is clear that at least some chrysopoeians had truly remarkable practical skills—Basil Valentine (whoever he really was) would be an acclaimed experimentalist even today.»y la cuarta, sobre la destreza: quienquiera que fuese Basil Valentine sería hoy un experimentalista aclamado.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 171»

«These minor alterations to the engraving significantly change its meaning!»señala que unas alteraciones menores del grabado —mover el lobo, poner a Saturno a horcajadas sobre un hornillo— cambian su sentido de manera significativa.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 171»

«There can now be no doubt that the exotic allegorical text and emblematic woodcuts in Of the Great Stone encode real chemistry that is groundbreaking for its time.»y declara que ya no cabe duda de que el texto alegórico y los grabados xilográficos de ese tratado codifican química real, novedosa para su tiempo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 175»

«I would suggest that Valentine’s book—and by extension many other chrysopoetic texts—results from the compilation of three different sources of information.»propone que el libro de Valentine, y por extensión muchos otros textos crisopoéticos, resulta de compilar tres fuentes de información distintas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 176»

«Valentine’s first keys are based on his own laboratory experience, and culminate in the volatilization of gold, a result so surprising and promising that it must have thrilled the author and convinced him that he was on track for producing the stone.»adjudica las primeras claves a su experiencia propia de laboratorio, culminadas en la volatilización del oro, resultado que debió convencerlo de ir por buen camino.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 176»

«The middle keys, which are more obscure and less unambiguously decipherable, encode processes the author predicted as the next steps based on theoretical considerations, but which he had not yet accomplished.»las claves intermedias, más oscuras y menos descifrables sin ambigüedad, a procesos que predijo por consideraciones teóricas y aún no había conseguido.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 176»

«The final keys, the most straightforward of all, present material borrowed more or less directly from earlier books.»y las finales, las más directas de todas, a material tomado más o menos tal cual de libros anteriores.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 176»

«Although conjectural, this interpretation provides a plausible explanation of at least some chrysopoetic works.»acota su propia propuesta declarándola conjetural, y solo la ofrece como explicación plausible de algunas obras crisopoéticas.

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«How many such texts can be explained by means of it remains an open question»y deja abierto cuántos textos admiten esa explicación.

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«He made and sold commercial products like perfumes, essential oils, and cosmetics; he labored to discover the alkahest; he practiced medicine and prepared new pharmaceuticals along Helmontian lines; he designed novel apparatus; he developed new theories of chymistry; he dabbled»describe a George Starkey como microcosmos de la química del siglo XVII por la variedad de lo que hacía: perfumes y cosméticos comerciales, la busca del alkahest, medicina helmontiana, aparatos nuevos y teoría propia.

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«Starkey apparently encouraged Boyle’s incipient interests in chymistry, and taught him a great deal from his own store of information and experience.»y le adjudica el papel de maestro de Boyle: alentó su interés naciente por la química y le enseñó mucho de su propia experiencia.

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«Among their careful readers was Sir Isaac Newton, who not only conducted experiments along the lines suggested by Philalethes but also adopted and further developed some of Philalethes’ theories on the structure of matter.»consigna entre los lectores atentos de Philalethes a Isaac Newton, que no solo experimentó según sus indicaciones sino que adoptó y desarrolló sus teorías sobre la estructura de la materia.

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«Starkey published several books and pamphlets under his own name, but they never gained the renown of those by the famed Eirenaeus Philalethes.»y mide el peso del pseudónimo: los libros que Starkey publicó con su propio nombre nunca alcanzaron el renombre de los del famoso Eireneo Philalethes.

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«This “animation’ refers not to anything like the experiments of Dr. Frankenstein but rather to the implantation of a “soul” into common mercury that corrects its usual coldness and wetness with an internal heat.»acota qué significa animar el mercurio, para que no se lea como el laboratorio de Frankenstein: implantarle un alma, es decir un calor interno que corrija su frialdad y humedad habituales.

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«Others chose various metals, quicklime, salts, or—like Starkey—antimony.” In fact, Starkey’s preparation of “stellate regulus of antimony (elemental antimony with a striking crystallization pattern on its surface; see plate 3) for use in this process beautifully exemplifies how chymical writers could use either highly allegorical or perfectly plain language, depending on their intended audience.»y da el caso concreto de Starkey: el régulo estrellado de antimonio, con su patrón de cristalización en la superficie.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 179»

«This point bears underscoring; it has sometimes been said that “the alchemists” (as if they were all the same!) were incapable of clear expression, because either their ideas and processes had no clear meaning, or their language was in some way an “ecstatic” declaration rather than consciously encoded words.»objeta expresamente que se hable de los alquimistas en bloque, como si fueran todos iguales e incapaces de expresarse con claridad.

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«Newton himself owned one, but by the time it got to him it had passed through so many hands that its original connection to Starkey had been forgotten.*°»documenta cómo se pierde una atribución: el ejemplar que llegó a Newton había pasado por tantas manos que su vínculo original con Starkey ya se había olvidado.

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«They argued by analogy that since the seed of an apple, for example, is found only in an apple, the seed of gold must be found in gold alone.»expone el argumento por analogía de los mercurialistas: si la semilla de la manzana solo está en la manzana, la del oro solo puede estar en el oro.

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«But experience teaches that simply mixing or melting gold with base metals does not cause transmutation;»y el hecho experimental que los obliga a complicarlo: mezclar o fundir oro con metales base no produce transmutación.

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«Just as ordinary water is necessary for the swelling and germination of ordinary seeds and their growth into plants aboveground, so too the Philosophical Mercury is considered a kind of “water” needed for the “germination” of gold and its “growth” into the Philosophers’ Stone.»explica la metáfora hortícola completa: como el agua común hincha y germina la semilla, el Mercurio Filosófico es el agua que germina el oro y lo hace crecer hasta la Piedra.

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«Jean Collesson, a mercurialist of the first half of the seventeenth century, writes that the value of Philosophical Mercury lies in its ability to “make gold vegetate and germinate.”»y cita a Jean Collesson, mercurialista de la primera mitad del siglo XVII, para quien el valor del Mercurio Filosófico está en hacer vegetar y germinar el oro.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 182»

«Some writers with a dim view of chrysopoeia have attributed such continued interest to obsession—although obsession is usually a prerequisite for serious study and discovery—or some sort of delusion or “cycle of failure.”»consigna la explicación psicologizante que algunos autores hostiles dan a esa persistencia —obsesión, delirio, ciclo de fracaso— y le opone que la obsesión suele ser requisito del estudio serio.

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«I thought that the best way to answer these questions was to re-create the experiments these authors “obsessed over” to see what they themselves saw.»y declara su alternativa metodológica: recrear los experimentos sobre los que aquellos autores se obsesionaron, para ver lo que ellos vieron.

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«Unfortunately, only a few of his many notebooks survive, and so a complete plaintext description of his work did not exist.»acota lo que la fuente le permite: de los muchos cuadernos de Starkey sobreviven pocos, así que no existía una descripción en claro de su trabajo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 182»

«The mixture did little more during this time than swell slightly, increasing in fluidity and then becoming partly covered with warty excrescences.»y describe con sobriedad lo que vio en las primeras semanas del ensayo: la mezcla apenas se hinchó, ganó fluidez y se cubrió en parte de excrecencias verrugosas.

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«But a little obsession goes a long way, and after a month of laborious and repetitive work I prepared a small quantity of what Starkey claimed to be the sought-after “animated” Philosophical Mercury, although it looked little different from what I had started with.»declara el costo de su propia réplica: un mes de trabajo laborioso y repetitivo para obtener una cantidad pequeña de lo que Starkey llamaba Mercurio Filosófico animado.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 183»

«Nowadays, skepticism about the existence of the Philosophers’ Stone is based primarily on the fact that its supposed powers run counter to accepted scientific matter theory.»distingue el origen del escepticismo actual sobre la Piedra: descansa sobre todo en que sus poderes chocan con la teoría de la materia aceptada.

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«In the early modern period, however, the stone fit neatly into then-prevailing theories of matter.»y lo contrasta con el marco de la época: en el periodo moderno temprano la piedra encajaba sin fricción en las teorías de la materia vigentes.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 184»

«The most well known was the “Tree of Diana,” a simple crystallization of silver precipitated from a silver nitrate solution.»consigna el árbol vegetante mejor conocido, el Árbol de Diana: una simple cristalización de plata precipitada de una solución de nitrato de plata.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 184»

«The widespread tenet that all substances are composed of the same fundamental “stuff”—a view encapsulated in the ancient ouroboros (fig. 1.1) and reinvigorated by the most up-to-date ideas about matter in the seventeenth century—guaranteed at least the theoretical possibility of transforming anything into anything.»y la premisa teórica que garantizaba la posibilidad de la transmutación: que todas las sustancias están hechas de la misma materia fundamental, idea vieja del uróboros y revigorizada en el siglo XVII.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 185»

«The account published in 1667 by Johann Friedrich Helvetius (16251709), physician to the prince of Orange, achieved enormous notoriety.»data en 1667 el relato de transmutación más notorio, el de Johann Friedrich Helvetius, médico del príncipe de Orange.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 186»

«Helvetius suggests, this result was caused by an “excess of tincture.”»y recoge la explicación que el propio Helvetius da al resultado: un exceso de tintura.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 186»

«Prominent intellectuals sought to verify the accounts—the philosopher Benedict Spinoza, for example, traveled to visit and question both Helvetius and the assayer.»consigna quiénes intentaron verificar esos relatos: Spinoza viajó a interrogar tanto a Helvetius como al ensayador.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 186»

«But Boyle, who was often infirm, suffered from light-sensitive eyes such that he feared he would spill the powder accidentally while gazing into the glowing fire, and “therefore restoring the knife to the Traveller I desired him to cast in the powder himselfe which he did whilst I stood by and looked on.”*’»cita a Boyle relatando en primera persona por qué no arrojó él mismo el polvo: temía derramarlo por sus ojos sensibles a la luz al mirar el fuego, y devolvió el cuchillo al viajero para que lo hiciera.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 187»

«The Crucible having been kept till it was cool enough to be managed without doeing harme we removd it to the window where, instead of running Mercury, I was surprised to find a solid Body, and my surprise was increased when the Crucible being inverted, though yett a little hott, the Mass that came out (and still retaind the figure of the lower part of the vessell) appear’d very yellow.»y su sorpresa al destapar el crisol frío: en lugar de mercurio corriendo, un cuerpo sólido.

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«Boyle took the yellow metal with him; all his tests showed it to be gold.»con el desenlace que él mismo consigna: Boyle se llevó el metal amarillo y todas sus pruebas dieron oro.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 187»

«He later told his confessor, the bishop Gilbert Burnet, that this incident gave him “convincing satisfaction’ of the reality of the Philosophers’ Stone and its ability to transmute metals.»consigna el efecto que Boyle declaró a su confesor, el obispo Gilbert Burnet: aquel incidente le dio satisfacción convincente de la realidad de la Piedra y de su poder transmutatorio.

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«In fact, in 1689 both Boyle and Burnet testified to the reality of transmutation before Parliament in order to have King Henry IV’s 1404 law forbidding transmutation repealed; on the strength of their testimony, the old law was removed.»y el efecto legal que tuvo: en 1689 Boyle y Burnet testificaron ante el Parlamento a favor de la realidad de la transmutación, y con ese testimonio se derogó la ley de 1404 de Enrique IV que la prohibía.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 188»

«It was necessary for me to illustrate and stress such laboratory practices because of the widespread tendency to minimize chrysopoeia’s rational and practical chemical content.»declara por qué insiste tanto en las prácticas de laboratorio: por la tendencia extendida a minimizar el contenido químico racional y práctico de la crisopoya.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 188»

«Not every book of chymical emblems was created to be some sort of encoded laboratory»acota, en cambio, hasta dónde llega su propia tesis del emblema descifrable: no todo libro de emblemas químicos se hizo como cuaderno de laboratorio cifrado.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 191»

«His lavish Atalanta fugiens (Atalanta Fleeing) contains fifty beautiful engravings by the famous Swiss engraver Matthaeus Merian the Elder (1593-1650), and is the source for many of the alchemical images most commonly reproduced today.»data la Atalanta fugiens de Michael Maier con sus cincuenta grabados del suizo Matthaeus Merian el Viejo, y la señala como cantera de las imágenes alquímicas más reproducidas hoy.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 192»

«In contrast to Basil Valentine’s organized sequence of “keys” that expound a single text and encode a single process, Maier’s Atalanta fugiens is a florilegium of images.»y la contrasta con Basil Valentine: donde aquel ordena unas claves que exponen un solo texto y cifran un solo proceso, Maier arma un florilegio de imágenes.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 192»

«Even though Maier probably did perform some laboratory work, his Atalanta fugiens lies much further from the world of laboratory practice than do the books of Valentine or George Starkey.»de modo que sitúa la Atalanta mucho más lejos del laboratorio que los libros de Valentine o de Starkey, aunque concede que Maier probablemente hizo algún trabajo práctico.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 192»

«Some readers, including Sir Isaac Newton, nevertheless mined it for practical information about making the Philosophers’ Stone.)»y consigna que aun así hubo quien la minó buscando información práctica, Isaac Newton entre ellos.

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«In Maier’s musical compositions, the soprano voice represents “Atalanta fleeing’; the tenor, “Hippomenes following”; and the bass, “the delaying apple.”»describe el reparto de voces de las fugas de Maier: la soprano es Atalanta que huye, el tenor Hipómenes que la sigue y el bajo la manzana que la demora.

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«Nor do we yet understand exactly how the music is connected to the images, but several theories have been offered.»y declara lo que todavía no se entiende: cómo se conecta exactamente la música con las imágenes, sobre lo que solo hay teorías.

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«Atalanta fugiens represents Maier’s endeavor to link chrysopoeia to the wider realm of intellectual and humanistic endeavors, and should be viewed as part of a much broader sixteenth-century humanist tradition of emblematics.»sitúa la Atalanta fugiens en el intento de Maier de enlazar la crisopoya con el humanismo, dentro de la tradición emblemática del siglo XVI.

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«Thus, the proliferation of chymical emblems in the seventeenth century must be regarded not only as a development within chymistry but also as part of a wider contemporaneous craze»de donde deriva cómo debe leerse la proliferación de emblemas químicos del siglo XVII: no solo como desarrollo interno de la química sino como parte de una moda más amplia de la época.

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«His purpose, then, is not simply to entertain readers but rather to ennoble a practice generally considered dirty and laborious by making it attractive to humanist contemporaries.»y adjudica a Maier un propósito de rango social, no solo de entretenimiento: ennoblecer una práctica tenida por sucia y trabajosa haciéndola atractiva a sus contemporáneos humanistas.

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«It was both condemned as fraudulent or useless and praised as powerful, even sacred, in almost every context.»formula la ambivalencia como rasgo constante: la química fue a la vez condenada por fraudulenta o inútil y alabada por poderosa, incluso sagrada, en casi todo contexto.

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«Dante’s emphasis here rests on the immorality of making things seem what they are not— thus his linkage of alchemy to counterfeiting and forgery, as seen also in Pope John XXII’s decretal, which was promulgated during Dante’s lifetime.»adjudica el énfasis de Dante a la inmoralidad de hacer que las cosas parezcan lo que no son, y lo enlaza con la falsificación y con la decretal de Juan XXII, promulgada en vida del poeta.

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«Just a little later, Petrarch (1304-1374), in his Remedies for Fortunes Fair and Foul, decries chrysopoeia equally one-sidedly as an empty and worthless practice whose only successful productions are “smoke, ashes, sweat, sighs, words, trickery, and degradation.”»y consigna a Petrarca condenando la crisopoya con igual unilateralidad, como práctica vacía cuyos únicos productos son humo, cenizas, sudor, suspiros, palabras, engaño y degradación.

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«Agricola was not trying to create a miner's handbook (in fact, his descriptions are often technically inaccurate) but rather to systematize and ennoble mining by dressing it up as a learned, humanistic discipline.»acota el propósito de Agricola: no escribía un manual de minería —sus descripciones son a menudo técnicamente inexactas— sino que buscaba sistematizar y ennoblecer la minería vistiéndola de disciplina humanística.

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«Some chrysopoeians even argued that the chymical interpretation of mythology was the only way to save the ancients from the charge of blasphemy against their gods, given the extremely unflattering view of divinities that a literal reading of mythology would provide.»recoge el argumento con que algunos crisopoetas defendían la lectura química de la mitología: sería el único modo de salvar a los antiguos de la acusación de blasfemia contra sus dioses.

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«Thomas Sprat assailed the practice in his 1667 History of the Royal Society: “This secret [of the Philosophers’ Stone] they prosecute so impetuously, that they believe they see some footsteps of it, in every line of Moses, Solomon, or Virgil.”!*»y la objeción de Thomas Sprat en su Historia de la Royal Society de 1667: perseguían ese secreto con tal ímpetu que creían ver sus huellas en cada línea de Moisés, Salomón o Virgilio.

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«Herman Boerhaave (1668-1738), in giving his inaugural oration at the University of Leiden in 1718, expressed shame at “impious” chymists: “How I wish... these raving men had restrained themselves and not wished to interpret the Sacred Scriptures in terms of chymical principles and elements!”’¢»y la de Herman Boerhaave en su oración inaugural de Leiden en 1718, que declara vergüenza por los químicos impíos que interpretaban las Escrituras con principios químicos.

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«Although the co-opting of ancient religious figures—Noah, Moses, St. John the Apostle, and others— as chymical adepts first appeared in the Latin Middle Ages, and the naming of Hermes Trismegestus as alchemy’s founder in the Islamic period, the early modern period went further.'?»data la cooptación de figuras religiosas antiguas como adeptos en la Edad Media latina, y el nombramiento de Hermes Trismegisto como fundador en el periodo islámico, con la Edad Moderna llevando el procedimiento más lejos.

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«Chymistry itself became one part of a broader “Hermetic knowledge,’ traceable not just to Hermes but to the most distant and venerable past, to a body of knowledge known as the “original wisdom” ( prisca sapientia) revealed by God to the ancient patriarchs—in some versions to Adam himself—and passed down from generation to generation.”»describe el marco en que se inserta: una prisca sapientia revelada por Dios a los patriarcas antiguos, de la que la química sería una parte del saber hermético.

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«Unfortunately, this knowledge gradually eroded along the way, corrupted by successive transmission; pagan mythology was actually a degraded, misunderstood version of that original knowledge, hence the possibility of and need for interpreting it.»y el mecanismo con que ese esquema explica la mitología pagana: una versión degradada y mal entendida del saber original, de ahí la necesidad de interpretarla.

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«While this lengthening pedigree and expanding ambit aimed largely at improving chymistry’s standing, it also promoted chymical interpretations of increasingly far-flung materials, which in turn invited fresh ridicule from critics.»señala el efecto contrario al buscado: ese linaje cada vez más largo alentó lecturas químicas de materiales cada vez más remotos, y con ellas nueva munición para los críticos.

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«Geoffrey Chaucer (circa 1343-1400) takes a position in his Canterbury Tales that is more nuanced than either Dante’s or Petrarch’s.»sitúa a Chaucer en una posición más matizada que la de Dante o la de Petrarca.

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«Let no man trouble to explore this art If he can't understand the aims and jargon Of alchemists—and if he does, then He is a pretty foolish sort of man Because this art and science is, said he, Indeed a mystery in a mystery.»y cita los versos del cuento del criado del canónigo, que desaconsejan meterse en el arte a quien no entienda su jerga, y llaman a la ciencia misterio dentro de un misterio.

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«In Brueghel’s original, the scholar points to the _words al-ghemist in large print in his book—a pun on a Dutch phrase for “everything is lost.”»descifra el chiste del dibujo de Brueghel: el erudito señala en su libro la palabra al-ghemist, juego con una frase neerlandesa que significa que todo está perdido.

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«The common message is that the pursuit of wealth by means of chrysopoeia brings familial ruin.»resume el mensaje común de esa iconografía temprana: buscar riqueza por la crisopoya arruina a la familia.

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«The chymist, despite the messiness of his workshop, displays industry and productivity.»y marca el contraste con los cuadros de Teniers, donde el químico, entre el desorden del taller, aparece laborioso y productivo.

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«Seventeenth-century theatre, however, nearly always portrays the chymist comically.»señala que el teatro del siglo XVII casi siempre lo retrata en clave cómica.

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«Ben Jonson’s The Alchemist (1610) is the best-known example.»con The Alchemist de Ben Jonson, de 1610, como el ejemplo más conocido.

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«The title translates as “The Puffers,” a term applied pejoratively to overly hopeful chymists in reference to their constant blowing (souffler) at the coals under their crucibles.»explica el título francés Les Souffleurs: sopladores, término despectivo por el soplar constante sobre las brasas bajo el crisol.

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«William Shakespeare (15641616) elegantly draws on the transformative power central to chymistry in his thirty-third sonnet:»consigna que Shakespeare recurre con elegancia al poder transformador de la química en su soneto treinta y tres.

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«Such accounts were composed not only by critics and satirists, however, but also by chrysopoeians themselves.»y corrige quién escribía los relatos de fraude: no solo críticos y satíricos, sino los propios crisopoetas.

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«Many of these accounts are true, but it would be wrong to consider all such unfortunates true frauds in the modern sense of the word.»objeta que se tenga por fraude en el sentido moderno a todos esos desdichados, aunque muchos relatos sean verídicos.

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«Under the usual understanding of contractual obligations—at least in the German lands, where most such contracts were made—this failure was considered Betrdigerei, a word usually translated as “fraud.”»explica el mecanismo jurídico que producía la etiqueta: al fallar el proceso, el practicante incumplía su contrato, y en las tierras alemanas eso se consideraba Betrügerei, palabra que suele traducirse por fraude.

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«The execution of failed chymists is a predominantly German phenomenon; we have but few records of such executions in France or England.»y consigna la asimetría geográfica: la ejecución de químicos fallidos es fenómeno predominantemente alemán, con pocos registros en Francia o Inglaterra.

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«This difference is probably more attributable to different systems of law than to different practices or practitioners.»que atribuye más a la diferencia de sistemas legales que a diferencias de práctica o de practicantes.

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«Yet both groups represent important facets of early modern chymistry.»y se niega a quedarse con una sola mitad: tanto los teóricos como los contratistas empíricos representan facetas importantes de la química moderna temprana.

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«In short, chymistry—in all its dimensions—was not something restricted to solitary or isolated laboratories or private studies; it was also involved, often with a high profile, in early modern court culture.»sostiene que la química no fue cosa de laboratorios solitarios: estuvo metida, y con alto perfil, en la cultura cortesana moderna temprana.

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«Martin Luther (1483-1546) praised chymistry for its allegorical exemplification of Christian principles, even while he remained skeptical of chrysopoeia.»consigna la posición doble de Lutero: elogió la química por ejemplificar alegóricamente los principios cristianos, y siguió escéptico sobre la crisopoya.

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«The central chymical operation of distillation—the separation of a pure, volatile (that is, “spiritual”) substance from the crasser, baser components of a mixture—appears frequently as a trope in devotional literature.»explica por qué la destilación se volvió tropo devocional: separa una sustancia pura y volátil, o sea espiritual, de los componentes más crasos de la mezcla.

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«St. Francis de Sales (1567-1622), for example, in writing of the transformative power of love, exclaims, “O holy and sacred alchemy! O divine powder of projection whereby all the metals of our passions, affections, and actions are converted into the purest gold of heavenly love.”»y cita a Francisco de Sales llamando santa alquimia y divino polvo de proyección al amor que convierte los metales de nuestras pasiones en oro purísimo.

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«But the interrelationships of chymistry and religion are far deeper and more complex.»acota que esa correspondencia devocional no agota el asunto: las relaciones entre química y religión son mucho más hondas y complejas.

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«Such mimicry included not only the initiatic style stemming from the Isma’ili sources but also the inclusion of Latin equivalents of the ubiquitous Arabic phrase insha‘allab (if God wills).»documenta la mímesis latina de la fórmula árabe: junto al estilo iniciático ismailí, los equivalentes latinos del ubicuo insha'allah.

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«St. Thomas Aquinas (among others) asserts that all knowledge is in fact a donum dei.»recuerda que Tomás de Aquino, entre otros, sostiene que todo conocimiento es un donum dei, no solo el alquímico.

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«In so doing, he alludes to an established legal precept that “knowledge is the gift of God, therefore it cannot be sold” (scientia donum dei est, unde vendi non potest).*°»y el precepto legal al que eso alude: la ciencia es don de Dios, y por tanto no puede venderse.

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«But perhaps moderns are the ones who require special explanation: where, why, and by whom did the presently accepted boundaries of disciplinary identities come into being?»invierte la carga de la explicación: quizá sean los modernos quienes requieren explicación especial, y habría que preguntar dónde, por qué y por obra de quién nacieron las fronteras disciplinares hoy aceptadas.

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«But for the early modern, the action and presence of the divine was something constant, daily, even familiar.»y describe el marco premoderno frente al cual se recorta esa rareza: para el hombre moderno temprano la acción y la presencia de lo divino eran constantes, cotidianas, incluso familiares.

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«Starkey is clear that the knowledge acquired in his laboratory operations was a divine gift, but it was so in the sense that God was ever present, nudging and hinting providentially towards discoveries in subtle ways behind the ordinary appearances of things.»precisa en qué sentido Starkey tiene por don divino lo aprendido en el laboratorio: no una revelación aparte, sino un Dios siempre presente que empuja providencialmente hacia los hallazgos.

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«Starkey very matter-of-factly records—as if he were describing some important but not terribly surprising experimental outcome—his reception of a donum dei.»señala la naturalidad del registro: Starkey anota la recepción de un donum dei como quien describe un resultado experimental importante pero no muy sorprendente.

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«I completed many unfruitful trials, yet finally God deigned to direct me into the true art.»y cita su formulación: tras muchos ensayos infructuosos, Dios se dignó dirigirlo al arte verdadero.

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«He was certainly involved in practical chrysopoeia, and he also affirmed the value of theurgical practices—that is, ritual methods for calling down divine revelations in dreams and visions—for gaining knowledge not only about chrysopoeia but about other topics as well.»consigna que Heinrich Khunrath juntaba las dos cosas: crisopoya práctica y prácticas teúrgicas, es decir métodos rituales para atraer revelaciones divinas en sueños y visiones.

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«Perhaps most powerfully, the Christian faith in a single, omnipotent, providential, and omniscient God implied that the world is a uniform, harmonious, interfunctioning whole—a cosmos in the true sense of the word, that is, a highly ordered whole—for it is the product ofa single, perfectly selfconsistent Mind.»sitúa esa unidad en su raíz teológica: la fe en un Dios único, omnipotente y omnisciente implicaba un mundo uniforme y armónico, un cosmos en sentido propio, por ser obra de una sola Mente.

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«therefore, he explicitly states that knowledge of the Philosophers’ Stone is a donum dei.»y consigna que Khunrath declara expresamente que el conocimiento de la Piedra es un donum dei.

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«Khunrath asserts that the gift consists of two main secrets—the same two described in chapter 5: knowledge of the correct starting material and knowledge of how to treat it practically to produce the stone.»con el contenido preciso que le atribuye a ese don: los dos secretos, la materia de partida correcta y su tratamiento práctico.

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«All knowledge comes from Him, whether immediately; mediately but supernaturally through an angelic vision; or mediately and naturally through the voice of a human teacher, the words of a book, or the sight and investigation of creation itself.»y la tipología de vías por las que Khunrath admite que llegue: inmediata, mediata pero sobrenatural por visión angélica, o mediata y natural por un maestro, un libro o la investigación de la creación.

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«Khunrath’s treatment of the Philosophers’ Stone begins, as is typical, with proofs that it actually exists.»señala la estructura típica del argumento: el tratamiento de la Piedra empieza probando que existe.

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«He appeals first to testimony, what he calls the “repeated experience” offered by past possessors of the stone.»con la testimonial en primer lugar, lo que Khunrath llama la experiencia repetida de quienes la poseyeron.

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«But he then adds a third proof, one that he calls the most convincing, namely, the wonderful harmony of the Philosophers’ Stone with Jesus Christ, and vice versa, placed verily by God not vainly before our eyes.»y una tercera prueba que él tiene por la más convincente: la armonía maravillosa entre la Piedra y Jesucristo, puesta por Dios ante los ojos y no en vano.

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«For Khunrath, however, this comparison—or “analogical harmony” (barmonia analogica),ashetermsit—between Christand the Philosophers’ Stone is much more than a metaphor, allegory, or rhetorical conceit.»acota que para Khunrath esa comparación, su harmonia analogica, es mucho más que metáfora, alegoría o adorno retórico.

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«The connective analogy (Christ-Philosophers’ Stone) functions as a proof, transmitting the sure existence of one to the sure existence of the other.»y explica en qué sentido: la analogía funciona como prueba, transmitiendo la existencia segura de un término a la del otro.

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«Almost three centuries earlier, Petrus Bonus said nearly the same thing, although he followed the connection from the Philosophers’ Stone to Christ in the other direction.»data casi tres siglos antes la misma tesis en Petrus Bonus, con la acotación de que él recorría el vínculo en la dirección contraria, de la Piedra a Cristo.

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«Robert Boyle likewise used laboratory observations of the recovery of original starting materials at the end of a sequence of chymical operations as evidence for the Christian doctrine of the resurrection of the body.»y consigna el caso de Boyle, que usó la recuperación de los materiales de partida al final de una secuencia química como evidencia de la resurrección de los cuerpos.

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«The physician Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682) writes that what he learned about the Philosophers’ Stone “hath taught me a great deal of divinity, and instructed my beliefe, how that immortall spirit and incorruptible substance of my soule may lye obscure, and sleepe a while within this house of flesh.”»y el de Thomas Browne, para quien lo aprendido sobre la Piedra le enseñó mucha divinidad sobre cómo su alma inmortal puede yacer oscura y dormir un tiempo.

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«Fabre did not reduce alchemy entirely to theological allegory; rather, he saw practical laboratory work and phenomena as coexistent and coextensive with theological truths, and naturally linked to them.»acota la posición de Pierre-Jean Fabre en las dos direcciones: no reduce la alquimia a alegoría teológica, sino que tiene el trabajo de laboratorio por coexistente y coextensivo con las verdades teológicas.

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«The doctrine states that God reveals Himself to mankind in two different ways: through words in the the Bible, the Book of Scripture, and through things in creation, the Book of Nature.»y explica la doctrina de los dos libros que lo hace posible: Dios se revela por las palabras de la Escritura y por las cosas de la creación.

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«Kepler chooses to argue not from observational evidence but rather by using barmonia analogica, to borrow Khunrath’s phrase, an analogical connection between the physical universe and its invisible Creator.»señala que Kepler argumenta no desde la evidencia observacional sino por conexión analógica entre el universo físico y su Creador invisible.

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«His analogue or metaphor in the world, the Sun, must rest at the center, illuminating, warming, and invisibly guiding all the planets, including the Earth.»con el Sol como análogo del Padre, que por eso debe estar en el centro iluminando, calentando y guiando invisiblemente a los planetas, la Tierra incluida.

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«The analogical harmony is evidence of the way things are.»de modo que en ese marco la armonía analógica cuenta como evidencia de cómo son las cosas.

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«The connectedness of all knowledge, the interconnections of nature, God, and human beings, and the evidentiary power of analogy appear also in the work of Jesuit polymath Athanasius Kircher (1601 or 16021680).»y rastrea la misma trama —conexión de todo saber, poder probatorio de la analogía— en el jesuita Athanasius Kircher.

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«these invisible connections or “hidden knots” are exemplified in the magnet’s invisible power over iron.»con el imán y su poder invisible sobre el hierro como ejemplo de esos nudos ocultos.

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«analogy was something actually existing in the world—a real connection intentionally built into the fabric of what is.»insiste en el punto que separa a esa época de la nuestra: la analogía era algo realmente existente en el mundo, una conexión puesta a propósito en la trama de lo que hay.

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«The goal of much early modern thought involved finding, building, and using connections in the world—not, as is so often the case in modern science, dissecting and isolating things to be studied solely in and of themselves.»y contrasta los dos programas: el pensamiento moderno temprano buscaba hallar y usar conexiones donde la ciencia moderna suele disecar y aislar para estudiar cada cosa en sí misma.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 224»

«I suggest that alchemy can seem strange to us in part because it reflects the larger context of early modern thought as it existed before the narrowing of natural philosophy into science, and employs ways of thinking and seeing that have not been transmitted to us within the methodologies and metaphysics of modern science.»propone entonces por qué la alquimia nos resulta extraña: refleja el contexto anterior al estrechamiento de la filosofía natural en ciencia, con modos de pensar y de ver que no nos fueron transmitidos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 224»

«Yet alchemy is more than gold making, more even than the transformation of one substance into another.»acota su propio objeto en la conclusión: la alquimia es más que hacer oro, y más incluso que transformar una sustancia en otra.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 225»

«But recognizing such diversity and dynamism—both over time and at any given time—reveals alchemy’s identity in more interesting and more historically accurate ways.»y sostiene que reconocer esa diversidad y ese dinamismo, en el tiempo y en cada momento, revela su identidad de manera más interesante y más exacta históricamente.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 225»

«Theories about matter and its composition—Zosimos’s “soul and body,” Jabir’s Mercury and Sulfur, Geber’s minima, Paracelsus’s tria prima, the Scholastics’ prime matter and substantial form, Van Helmont’s semina, and all the rest—undergirded alchemical aims and directed practical laboratory endeavors.»enumera las teorías de la materia que sostuvieron los fines alquímicos: el alma y el cuerpo de Zósimo, el Mercurio y el Azufre de Jabir, los minima de Geber, la tria prima de Paracelso, la materia prima escolástica y las semina de Van Helmont.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 225»

«They noted the conservation of weight of the materials used in their experiments and relied on it to monitor their results better than unaided senses alone could do.»les reconoce el uso de la conservación del peso como instrumento de control, mejor que los sentidos desnudos, para vigilar sus resultados.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 227»

«Hence, alchemy possessed a multivalency that operated across multiple branches of knowledge and culture.»y de ahí la multivalencia que le adjudica: la alquimia operaba a través de varias ramas del saber y de la cultura.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 227»

«Thus, alchemy forms a part of not only the history of science, medicine, and technology but also the history of art, literature, theology, philosophy, religion, and more.»de modo que la sitúa a la vez en la historia de la ciencia, la medicina y la técnica y en la del arte, la literatura, la teología, la filosofía y la religión.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 227»

«Its difficult textual legacy as well as long-lived misconceptions or misrepresentations of its aims and practitioners often obscured this connection, but current scholarship restores the continuities (without ignoring the important distinctions) between alchemy and modern science.»adjudica a la erudición actual la restauración de las continuidades entre alquimia y ciencia moderna, y acota que sin ignorar las distinciones importantes.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 227»

«Alchemists’ aspirations to produce gold and silver, gems, better medicines, and other products argued for the power of human artifice to improve on nature.»señala qué defendían de fondo las aspiraciones alquímicas: el poder del artificio humano para mejorar la naturaleza.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 228»

«Although these individuals would undoubtedly be confused (and often confounded) by each other’s specific ideas and theories—not to mention cultural assumptions—I think they would probably recognize amid such differences a certain kinship linking them into a long “chymical” tradition of questions about and desires to manipulate the material world.»y formula el parentesco con cautela: aquellos practicantes se confundirían entre sí con las ideas y los supuestos de los otros, y aun así reconocerían un cierto vínculo de tradición.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 228»

«Of course, many ideas developed and held by the practitioners of chemeia, al-kimiya’, alchemia, chymistry, and chemistry have subsequently been shown to be factually incorrect.»concede sin rodeos que muchas ideas de los practicantes de la chemeia, la al-kimiya', la alchemia y la química resultaron ser incorrectas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 228»

«Nonetheless, science is not a body of facts existing “out there’; it is an ever-developing story about the world as told by human observers rooted in time and place.»y opone su idea de la ciencia: no un cuerpo de hechos que esté ahí afuera, sino un relato en desarrollo sobre el mundo contado por observadores humanos situados en un tiempo y un lugar.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 228»

«When the pioneering historian of alchemy Frank Sherwood Taylor wrote his popular 1952 survey The Alchemists, he modestly referred to it as only an “interim report’ based on what he saw as a still very incomplete state of knowledge about the subject.»recuerda que Frank Sherwood Taylor llamó modestamente informe provisional a su estudio de 1952, por lo incompleto del conocimiento de entonces.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 228»

«There is no danger that all the secrets of alchemy have been revealed here, or in any other book.»y aplica la misma modestia a su propio libro: no hay peligro de que aquí, ni en ningún otro libro, se hayan revelado todos los secretos de la alquimia.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 228»

«Needham’s groundbreaking work needs to be read with circumspection, since he is sometimes prone to making arbitrary definitions as well as broad claims about Chinese influence on the West, as in “The Elixir Concept and Chemical Medicine in East and West,” Organon 11 (1975): 167-92.»advierte cómo leer a Joseph Needham: con circunspección, porque a veces define de manera arbitraria y hace afirmaciones amplias sobre la influencia china en Occidente.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 231»

«All translations in the text from Latin, German, French, Italian, and Greek are my own unless otherwise noted.»y declara la procedencia de sus traducciones: todas las del latín, alemán, francés, italiano y griego son suyas salvo indicación en contrario.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 232»

«Yet it remains the only available source for many of the texts, since only some of them have received better attention since.»acota el valor de la vieja edición de Berthelot: sigue siendo la única fuente disponible para muchos textos, porque solo algunos han recibido mejor atención después.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 232»

«These documents, along with many others spuriously attributed to Zosimos, have been known for some time (Manfred Ullmann, Die Natur- und Gebeimwissenschaften im Islam | Leiden: Brill, 1972], pp. 160-64), but their authenticity has only recently been established by Benjamin Hallum»consigna que hay documentos atribuidos espuriamente a Zósimo conocidos desde hace tiempo, y cuya autenticidad solo se ha establecido hace poco, por Benjamin Hallum; Gebeimwissenschaften es lo que imprime la capa de texto, y la lectura restituida —Geheimwissenschaften— está cotejada dentro del propio libro, donde la forma buena aparece dos veces en la p. 240.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 234»

«The whitening by sulfur vapor may be a reference to the bleaching ability of sulfur dioxide (produced from burning sulfur); newspaper is still bleached by that method today.»propone leer el blanqueamiento por vapor de azufre como la acción del dióxido de azufre, con el que todavía hoy se blanquea el papel de periódico.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 233»

«In classical thought, daimons are immaterial beings occupying an intermediate rank between the gods and men.»define los daimones en el pensamiento clásico como seres inmateriales de rango intermedio entre los dioses y los hombres.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 234»

«We do not know the context in which Zosimos originally wrote this idea.»y se abstiene sobre el contexto original en que Zósimo escribió esa idea: no se sabe.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 234»

«In an exciting recent development, several long-lost texts of Zosimos have been identified in Arabic translation.»consigna como novedad reciente la identificación de varios textos de Zósimo largo tiempo perdidos, en traducción árabe.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 234»

«There has been a long debate whether the Stephanos of the Corpus alchemtcum graecum is the same person as the Neoplatonic philosopher Stephanos. The most recent evidence leads to the conclusion that he is.»data el cierre de un debate largo: la evidencia más reciente lleva a concluir que el Estéfano del corpus es el mismo que el filósofo neoplatónico; alchemtcum es lo que imprime la capa de texto, y la lectura restituida —alchemicum— está cotejada dentro del propio libro, que la escribe bien cinco veces.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 235»

«The phrase “stone that is no stone” appears in Zosimos (Mertens, Les alchimistes grecs IV, i: Zosime, p. 49).»sitúa en Zósimo la aparición de la fórmula de la piedra que no es piedra, con su edición al lado.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 235»

«Note that the correct term is Philosophers’ Stone, not the commonly encountered Philosopber’s Stone.»corrige una grafía muy extendida: el término correcto es Philosophers' Stone y no Philosopher's Stone.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 235»

«All original sources in various languages use the plural possessive: Stone of the Philosophers.»y da la razón documental: todas las fuentes originales usan el posesivo en plural, piedra de los filósofos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 235»

«This information comes from the Catalogue (al-Fibrist) composed in 987 by the Baghdad bookseller Ibn al-Nadim, one of the greatest resources for bibliographers of Arabic sources.»adjudica esa información al Catálogo compuesto en 987 por el librero bagdadí Ibn al-Nadim, que tiene por uno de los mayores recursos para la bibliografía árabe.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 235»

«For example, Patriarch Timothy I prepared the first Arabic version of a work by Aristotle (the Topics) for the caliph al-Mahdi around 782; Gutas, Greek Thought, pp. 61-69.»y data hacia 782 la primera versión árabe de una obra de Aristóteles, los Tópicos, preparada por el patriarca Timoteo I para el califa al-Mahdi.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 236»

«If anyone should call it [chymistry] the Hermetic Art, he refers to its originator and antiquity.”»recoge la fórmula con que la propia tradición justificaba llamar Arte Hermético a la química: por su iniciador y su antigüedad.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 236»

«Balints is actually the Arabic rendering of Apollonios. Arabic has no p, so that letter becomes J, giving “Abollonios,” which, with the vowel modifications typical of translating into and out of Arabic (the language has only three vowels—a, i, and u—and does not indicate short vowels in writing), gives “Balinis.”»explica la deriva del nombre Balinus por la fonética del árabe, que no tiene p, con las modificaciones vocálicas típicas del paso de una lengua a otra.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 237»

«Doubts remain whether it was suicide or murder.»y se abstiene sobre una muerte del relato: quedan dudas de si fue suicidio o asesinato.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 237»

«An alchemical text bearing the name of Ja‘far has been found, but it has been shown to be a later forgery.»consigna que el texto alquímico que lleva el nombre de Ja'far apareció, y que se ha mostrado que es una falsificación posterior.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 237»

«Greek alchemists did not classify mercury as one of the metals; some texts in the Jabirian corpus do and others do not.»señala una divergencia de clasificación que no se armoniza: los alquimistas griegos no contaban el mercurio entre los metales, y dentro del propio corpus jabiriano unos textos lo cuentan y otros no.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 238»

«Very little of the Jabirian corpus has been published.»y declara el límite del acceso: se ha publicado muy poco del corpus jabiriano.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 238»

«The discovery of arcane texts in underground burial chambers or in ancient Egyptian monuments had become a literary device by the Islamic period; see Ruska, Tabula, pp. 61-68.»identifica como recurso literario, ya establecido en el periodo islámico, el hallazgo de textos arcanos en cámaras funerarias subterráneas o en monumentos egipcios.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 237»

«There is a brief comment by the fifth-century Neoplatonic philosopher Proclus that seems to deny that alchemists can make gold in the same way that nature does, although it is not clear that he denies chrysopoeia itself»acota el alcance de un pasaje de Proclo que parece negar que los alquimistas hagan oro como lo hace la naturaleza: no está claro que niegue la crisopoya misma.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 239»

«Julius Ruska, “Die Alchemie des Avicenna,” Isis 21 (1934): 14-51, judged the work to be a Latin forgery, but an Arabic text exists»recoge el pleito sobre el texto alquímico de Avicena: Julius Ruska lo juzgó falsificación latina, y existe un texto árabe.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 240»

«Reference to his lost work against chrysopoeia is made by al-Mas‘tdi (died 956)»adjudica a al-Mas'udi, muerto en 956, la referencia a la obra perdida contra la crisopoya.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 239»

«The work is listed in medieval catalogs (both Arabic and Latin) of al-Razi’s works, see G. S. A. Ranking»y consigna que la obra figura en catálogos medievales, árabes y latinos, de los escritos de al-Razi.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 239»

«One exception is an account of John Isthmeos, who appeared in Antioch in 504, swindling many people there before moving to Constantinople, where he continued his trade until he was exiled; see Mertens»consigna la excepción que sí documenta un estafador alquímico temprano: Juan Istmeo, aparecido en Antioquía en 504 y luego en Constantinopla hasta su destierro.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 240»

«The text was originally published in 1526 in Italian. On Fez as a continuing center of alchemy, see José Rodriguez Guerrero, “Some Forgotten Fez Alchemists»y remite a un estudio sobre Fez como centro alquímico continuado, con el texto publicado en italiano en 1526.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 240»

«Of course, my citation of an exact day of the week on which alchemy “arrived” in the Latin world is partly tongue-in-cheek; there were undoubtedly some earlier transfers and multiple points of ingress.»acota su propia datación de la llegada de la alquimia al mundo latino y la declara en parte irónica: hubo sin duda transferencias anteriores y varios puntos de entrada.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 241»

«Nonetheless, the fact remains that we can trace the origins of Latin alchemy more clearly than those of Greek or Arabic alchemy.»y aun así sostiene el punto: los orígenes de la alquimia latina se rastrean con más claridad que los de la griega o la árabe.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 241»

«The classic source is Charles Homer Haskins, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927);»remite como fuente clásica del contexto a The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century de Charles Homer Haskins, de 1927.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 241»

«One notable exception to this generalization is Roger Bacon, who was apparently more deeply influenced by Jabir than were others; see William»consigna a Roger Bacon como excepción notable a la regla que acaba de dar: parece haber recibido de Jabir una influencia más honda que los demás.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 241»

«Aristotle actually had a much higher regard for the power of human artifice than did Ibn-Sina.»y corrige la atribución de la desconfianza en el artificio: Aristóteles tenía en más alta estima el poder del artificio humano que ibn-Sina.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 242»

«Attention was first called to the manuscript by Newman, who published and analyzed a portion of it.»adjudica a William R. Newman el haber llamado la atención sobre el manuscrito y publicado y analizado una parte.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 242»

«Aristotle himself could be invoked to support this position, for he wrote that “art completes whatever nature is unable to complete”:»y consigna que a Aristóteles se le podía invocar del lado contrario, porque escribió que el arte completa lo que la naturaleza no puede completar.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 242»

«One of the earliest of these is the Ars alchemie, dating from the early thirteenth century;»data el Ars alchemie a principios del siglo XIII como uno de los textos más tempranos de esa serie.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 241»

«The two differ in details of wording and also the opening and closing text, but share the same structure, order, ideas, and practical details; the relationship between the two versions remains unresolved.»y declara sin resolver la relación entre las dos versiones, que difieren en detalles de redacción y en la apertura y el cierre, y comparten estructura, orden, ideas y detalle práctico.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 243»

«Because we lack a critical edition of John’s work, I hesitate to assert that the paragraphs about salt are his; they might have been added by a later follower who recognized the need for salt.»se abstiene sobre la autoría de los párrafos de la sal en Rupescissa, a falta de edición crítica: podrían ser de un seguidor posterior que advirtiera la necesidad de la sal.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 243»

«Argentum vivum is the source for our own alternate name for mercury, namely “quicksilver,” where quick carries the archaic English meaning of alive.»rastrea el nombre quicksilver hasta el argentum vivum, donde quick guarda el sentido inglés arcaico de vivo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 244»

«There had been several earlier claims that alchemy was useful for medicine, for example by Bernard of Gordon (died circa 1320);»consigna que hubo afirmaciones anteriores sobre la utilidad médica de la alquimia, por ejemplo en Bernardo de Gordon, muerto hacia 1320.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 244»

«Roger Bacon wrote that the Philosophers’ Stone had medicinal virtues; see Michela Pereira, “Un»y en Roger Bacon, que escribió que la Piedra tenía virtudes medicinales.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 245»

«The Book of the Secrets of Nature contains the same threefold goals of alchemy, which stands to reason, since its author claims (falsely) that he is also the author of the Testament.»señala por qué el Libro de los secretos de la naturaleza repite los tres fines de la alquimia: su autor afirma, falsamente, ser también el autor del Testamentum.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 245»

«This modern misconception comes possibly from a conflation of Chinese alchemical notions with European ones.»propone el origen de la idea de la alquimia como busca de inmortalidad: posiblemente una confusión de nociones alquímicas chinas con las europeas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 245»

«Nevertheless, there are a few claims in the West of alchemists living to extreme ages.»y concede que hay unas pocas afirmaciones occidentales de alquimistas longevos hasta lo extremo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 245»

«Roger Bacon refers to an Arabic author named Artephius, whom he claims to have lived to the age of 1,025.»con Roger Bacon refiriéndose a un autor árabe llamado Artefio, a quien atribuye mil veinticinco años de vida.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 245»

«The linkage to the coin and a crusade overlaps with a rumor about George Ripley, a fifteenth-century alchemist and major popularizer of pseudo-Lullian alchemy in England.»señala que el enlace de la moneda y la cruzada se solapa con un rumor sobre George Ripley, alquimista del siglo XV y gran divulgador de la alquimia pseudoluliana en Inglaterra.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 245»

«Even Zosimos refers to a substance under the name of hermaphrodite (arsenotbélu);»consigna que hasta Zósimo se refiere a una sustancia bajo el nombre de hermafrodita.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 246»

«Part of the problem is that in the past, historians have too often assigned historical characters, books, or topics to one category or the other based on arbitrary and anachronistic presuppositions, resulting in the projection into the past of a false dichotomy based on modern ideas, and a consequential skewing of our historical understanding.»objeta el reparto historiográfico previo: se asignaron personajes, libros y temas a una u otra categoría por presupuestos arbitrarios y anacrónicos, proyectando al pasado una división falsa.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 247»

«Once we start talking about an inclusive chymistry, many apparent problems and conundrums vanish, and we can better operate within the historical context to come to more accurate understandings.»y propone la salida terminológica: hablar de una chymistry inclusiva hace desaparecer muchos problemas aparentes y permite operar mejor dentro del contexto histórico.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 247»

«One example of many is Das Geheimnis aller Gebeimnisse ... oder der giildene Begriff der gebeimsten Gebeimnisse der Rosen- und Giilden-Kreutzer (Leipzig, 1788), which is a compendium of laboratory recipes and advice for chrysopoetic and medicinal arcanar»documenta la persistencia de la práctica en 1788 con un compendio rosacruz de recetas de laboratorio y consejos crisopoéticos y medicinales.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 248»

«It is also noteworthy that Mary Shelley's Frankenstein begins his arcane studies by reading notable alchemical authors.»y consigna un rastro literario: el Frankenstein de Mary Shelley empieza sus estudios arcanos leyendo a autores alquímicos notables.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 248»

«Georges Richet (“La science alchimique au XX° siécle,” in Le voile d’Isis, December 1922), claims Poisson died at age twenty-nine in 1894.»recoge la fecha de muerte de Albert Poisson que da Georges Richet en 1922, a los veintinueve años en 1894.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 249»

«His date of death is variously given; see Richard Caron, “Notes sur histoire de l’alchimie en France 4 la fin du XIX et au début du XX siécle,»y declara la discrepancia sin resolverla: su fecha de muerte se da de maneras distintas según la fuente.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 249»

«He notes that he was inspired by Edouard Trouessart’s Les microbes, les ferments, et les moisissures (Paris, 1886) and by Pasteur’s findings.»consigna la genealogía que el propio autor declara para su hipótesis microbiana: Les microbes de Édouard Trouessart y los hallazgos de Pasteur.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 249»

«He published his first memoir in 1853 as the eight-page pamphlet Les métaux ne sont pas des corps simples;»data en 1853 el primer memorial, un folleto de ocho páginas cuyo título sostiene que los metales no son cuerpos simples.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 249»

«A fragment of Thomas South’s poem was found in 1918 as proof sheets folded into a secondhand book in a London bookshop.»relata cómo reapareció el poema de Thomas South: unas pruebas de imprenta dobladas dentro de un libro de segunda mano en una librería de Londres, halladas en 1918.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 249»

«The first reprint (Belfast: William Tait, 1918) contains an introduction by Walter Leslie Wilmshurst, in which the above explanation of the destruction of the first printing is given on pp. 6-9.»y sitúa en la introducción de Walter Leslie Wilmshurst a la reimpresión de 1918 la explicación de la destrucción de la primera tirada.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 249»

«The work was reissued as Alchemists through the Ages (New York: Rudolf Steiner Publications, 1970).»documenta la reedición de esa obra de Waite en 1970 bajo el título Alchemists through the Ages, por un sello neoyorquino de nombre antroposófico.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 250»

«Waite’s oral remarks about papers delivered at meetings of the Alchemical Society from 1913 until 1915 (and recorded in its Journal) indicate a considerably more critical and historically sophisticated approach than is evident in his nineteenth-century publications.»y corrige la imagen de Waite con su propia evolución: sus intervenciones orales en la Alchemical Society entre 1913 y 1915 muestran un enfoque bastante más crítico e históricamente sofisticado que sus libros decimonónicos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 251»

«The famous historian of alchemy John Ferguson was the president, and the»consigna a John Ferguson, historiador de la alquimia, como presidente de esa sociedad.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 251»

«The journal was published under several names at different times: L’Hyperchimie, Les nouveaux horizons de la science et de la pensée, Rosa alchemica, and after 1920, La Rose+Croix.»y los varios nombres bajo los que se publicó la revista, hasta La Rose+Croix después de 1920.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 251»

«In the later English version, “The Idea of Redemption in Alchemy,” in The Integration of the Personality, ed. Stanley Dell (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1939), pp. 205-80, quoting from p. 210, the claim is made more strongly, probably under Jung’s direction.»señala que la versión inglesa posterior de Jung formula la tesis con más fuerza que la original.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 251»

«by the end of the seventeenth century, chymists had also discovered zinc, bismuth, and possibly cobalt; but these were not grouped»acota el inventario metálico de la época: a finales del siglo XVII los químicos habían descubierto zinc, bismuto y quizá cobalto, y no los agruparon con los siete.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 252»

«On radium’s comparison to the Philosophers’ Stone, see for example Fritz Paneth, “Ancient and Modern Alchemy,” Science 64 (1926): 409-17, esp. 415.»remite a un artículo de Fritz Paneth de 1926 en Science para la comparación del radio con la Piedra Filosofal.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 251»

«The earliest mention I have found of this idea is by the historian ibn-Khaldin, writing in 1367 (but he must have been borrowing from an earlier text), who says that gold takes 1,080 years to form, corresponding with the period of a particular solar cycle; The Mugaddimah, 3:274.»data en 1367, en el historiador ibn-Jaldún, la mención más temprana que ha hallado de la idea, con mil ochenta años para que se forme el oro, y añade que él debía tomarla de un texto anterior.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 253»

«The connection between planets and the formation of the corresponding metals is exaggerated and ridiculed by Nicolas Lemery, Cours de chymie»y consigna que Nicolas Lemery exagera y ridiculiza esa conexión entre planetas y formación de metales en su Cours de chymie.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 253»

«One well-documented example is an attempt in 1684 by Gottfried von Sonnenberg to sell a recipe for the Philosophers’ Stone for £7,000 to Robert Boyle or another member»documenta con un caso el mercado de recetas: el intento de Gottfried von Sonnenberg en 1684 de vender una receta de la Piedra por siete mil libras a Boyle o a otro miembro.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 254»

«The main text of Boyle’s list of particulars is lost, possibly pilfered by some aspiring transmuter of metals who had access to his papers; today only the prefatory material remains.»y consigna una pérdida documental con su conjetura: el texto principal de la lista de particulares de Boyle está perdido, posiblemente sustraído por algún aspirante a transmutador con acceso a sus papeles.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 253»

«Many of Dobbs’s conclusions have had to be revised in the light of more recent studies; see for example»advierte que muchas conclusiones de Betty Jo Teeter Dobbs han tenido que revisarse a la luz de estudios más recientes.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 254»

«One citation of this phrase appears in Thomas Norton, Ordinall of Alchimy, in Ashmole, Theatrum chemicum britannicum, pp. 1-106, on p. 87, although attributed there to “Maria Sister of Aron.”»consigna que en el Ordinall of Alchimy de Thomas Norton la frase se atribuye a Maria hermana de Aarón.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 254»

«Classifying chrysopoeians on the basis of their favored starting material was done notably by Georg Ernst Stahl in his Fundamenta chymiae dogmaticae (Leipzig, 1723),»adjudica a Georg Ernst Stahl, en 1723, la clasificación de los crisopoetas según su materia de partida preferida.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 254»

«Several accounts of this extraction are given by the polymath Daniel Georg Morhof in his brief but rich study of chrysopoeia originally published in 1671, De metallorum transmutatione, in Bibliotheca chemica curisosa, 1:168-92, esp. p. 178.»y remite a Daniel Georg Morhof, cuyo estudio breve pero rico sobre la crisopoya se publicó en 1671, para varios relatos de esa extracción.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 253»

«Nevertheless, clever alchemists managed to describe “offspring” arising even from the unlikely combination of three parents, all of them male.»consigna hasta dónde estiraban los alquimistas la analogía generativa: describieron descendencia surgida de la combinación de tres progenitores, todos varones.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 255»

«Among the critics who thought the stone’s action was unnatural (perhaps orchestrated by demons) were Meric Casaubon, A True and Faithfull Relation (London, 1659), preface, p. xxxx, and several Jesuits, such as Athanasius Kircher, although views among the Jesuits varied widely; see Baldwin, “Alchemy and the Society of Jesus,” and Margaret Garber, “Transitioning from Transubstantiation to Transmutation: Catholic Anxieties over Chymical Matter Theory at the University of Prague,” in Chymists and Chymistry, ed. Lawrence M. Principe (Sagamore Beach, MA: Chemical Heritage Foundation and Science History Publications, 2007), pp. 63-76.»nombra a los críticos que tenían por no natural, y quizá demoníaca, la acción de la piedra —Meric Casaubon, varios jesuitas como Kircher— y acota que las opiniones variaban entre ellos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 256»

«The Paracelsus literature is vast and growing, and only a few starting points can be mentioned here.»declara el estado de la bibliografía sobre Paracelso: vasta y creciente, de la que solo puede mencionar unos puntos de partida.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 256»

«Indeed, many chrysopoetic treatises begin with an analysis of various starting points.»y consigna un rasgo de género: muchos tratados crisopoéticos abren con un análisis de las distintas materias de partida.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 255»

«It should be noted that in early modern nomenclature, the word antimony referred not to the element known by that name today but rather to its chief ore, stibnite, which is chemically antimony trisulfide.»advierte de un falso amigo terminológico: en la nomenclatura moderna temprana antimonio no nombraba el elemento sino su mineral principal, la estibnita, que es trisulfuro de antimonio.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 258»

«The combination of the similarity to Paracelsian ideas and the claim that Valentine lived in the fifteenth century, that is, before Paracelsus, ignited a longrunning priority dispute in which Paracelsus was criticized as a plagiarist of Basil Valentine.»explica el pleito de prioridad que encendió la datación de Valentine en el siglo XV junto con su parecido con las ideas paracelsistas: se acusó a Paracelso de plagiarlo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 258»

«All trace of the golden glass, the true glass of antimony of the early modern period, had vanished from current chemical knowledge before this investigation.»consigna que el vidrio dorado, el verdadero vidrio de antimonio de la época, había desaparecido por completo del saber químico actual antes de esta investigación.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 258»

«It is too easy to forget that scientific knowledge does not simply accumulate from generation to generation; some is invariably forgotten, fragmented, misremembered, or lost.»y saca de ahí una tesis sobre el saber científico: no se acumula sin más de generación en generación, y algo se olvida, se fragmenta, se recuerda mal o se pierde invariablemente.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 258»

«The story appears commonly in nineteenth-century chemical textbooks; for example, see Robert Kane, Elements of Chemistry (New York, 1842), p. 384.»documenta la circulación del relato en los manuales de química del siglo XIX, con el ejemplo de Robert Kane en 1842.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 258»

«Ores that did not contain the requisite amount of silica may still have worked for early modern chymists, because they used clay crucibles rather than modern porcelain ones—the needed silica could be dissolved out of minerals in the clay.»propone por qué a los químicos de la época les funcionaba con minerales pobres en sílice: usaban crisoles de arcilla y no de porcelana moderna, y la sílice necesaria salía de la arcilla.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 258»

«Besides Boyle, another successful interpreter of Von dem grossen Stein revealed his cleverness by publishing a highly practical exposition of the process while masquerading as Valentine himself!»consigna a otro intérprete exitoso del tratado además de Boyle, que publicó una exposición muy práctica del proceso haciéndose pasar por el propio Valentine.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 259»

«Basil Valentine, Ein kurtz summarischer Tractat ... von dem grossen Stein der Uralten (Eisleben, 1599); there were numerous subsequent editions and translations.»y data la edición del tratado en Eisleben en 1599, con numerosas ediciones y traducciones posteriores.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 259»

«Ripley has remained, until recently, an understudied figure; for the best work, see Jennifer Rampling, “Establishing the Canon: George Ripley and His Alchemical Sources,” Ambix 55 (2008): 189-208, and “The Catalogue of the Ripley Corpus: Alchemical Writings Attributed to George Ripley,” Ambix 57 (2010): 125-201.»declara a George Ripley figura poco estudiada hasta hace poco y adjudica el mejor trabajo sobre él a Jennifer Rampling, con sus dos artículos en Ambix.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 259»

«The presence of ammonium salts in the “water of the fighters” further helps the gold salt to sublime successfully.»añade el papel de las sales de amonio en el proceso: ayudan a que la sal de oro sublime con éxito.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 259»

«A later reader, perhaps recognizing the crucial place of this impressive achievement in the process, chose its emblem (the rooster and fox) over all others for the place of honor in the background to a “portrait” of Basil Valentine prepared later in the seventeenth century and shown in figure 6.1.»documenta la recepción del emblema: un lector posterior eligió el del gallo y el zorro, por encima de todos, para el lugar de honor al fondo de un retrato de Basil Valentine.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 260»

«Roman naturalist Pliny wrote that antimony ore was easily converted into lead (Historia naturalis, bk. 33,»consigna que ya Plinio escribió que el mineral de antimonio se convertía fácilmente en plomo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 259»

«This result was first published (with a photograph) in Lawrence M. Principe, “Apparatus and Reproducibility in Alchemy,” in Instruments and Experimentation in the History of Chemistry, ed. Frederic L. Holmes and Trevor Levere, (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), pp. 55-74, the proceedings of a conference held at the Dibner Institute at MIT in April 1996.»y data la primera publicación de su propio resultado, con fotografía, en un volumen sobre instrumentos y experimentación en la historia de la química.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 260»

«In fact, this event was only the most dramatic and certain of Boyle’s several witnesses of metallic transmutation.»acota el episodio de Boyle: fue el más dramático y seguro de varios testimonios suyos de transmutación metálica, no el único.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 261»

«The identification of Maier’s sources has been carried out by H. M. E. de Jong, Michael Maier’s Atalanta Fugiens: Sources of an Alchemical Book of Emblems»adjudica a H. M. E. de Jong la identificación de las fuentes de Maier en la Atalanta fugiens.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 262»

«But in chymistry, regu/us means specifically a metallic alloy containing antimony—in other words, exactly the substance produced during the chemical process encoded in the emblem.»advierte del sentido técnico de la palabra: en química regulus nombra específicamente una aleación metálica con antimonio, o sea exactamente la sustancia del proceso cifrado en el emblema.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 262»

«It is worth noting that Alciati originally composed only allusive poems; the allegorical emblems were probably added later.»señala que Alciati compuso en origen solo poemas alusivos, y que los emblemas alegóricos probablemente se añadieron después.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 262»

«Unfortunately, contemporary studies of humanist and literary emblems rarely make more than passing reference to chymical emblems, and vice versa.»y objeta el aislamiento de los dos campos de estudio: los trabajos sobre emblemática humanista y literaria rara vez pasan de la mención al emblema químico, y al revés igual.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 262»

«The phrase leonino corde should remind readers with a knowledge of astronomy of the celestial Cor /eonis, the brightest star in Leo, and known today as a Leonis.»recuerda que la expresión leonino corde debe remitir al lector con nociones de astronomía al Cor leonis, la estrella más brillante de Leo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 262»

«Zosimos, unfortunately, was not ancient enough, having lived in the last days of a degraded Roman Empire.»explica por qué el humanismo no adoptó a Zósimo como pedigrí: no era lo bastante antiguo, por haber vivido en los últimos días de un Imperio romano degradado.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 263»

«Most humanists displayed indifference to the Corpus alchemicum graecum with its inelegant Greek, although supporters of chrysopoeia stressed it as part of their early pedigree.»y consigna la indiferencia de la mayoría de los humanistas ante el Corpus alchemicum graecum y su griego poco elegante, frente a los partidarios de la crisopoya que lo subrayaban como linaje.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 263»

«the painting shown in plate 2 does accurately depict the kind of explosions that were a regular occurrence in contemporaneous chymical laboratories;»concede que la pintura sí retrata con exactitud el tipo de explosiones que eran cosa habitual en los laboratorios químicos de la época.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 264»

«however, the real message of the painting lies in the background, in the scatological commentary wordlessly expressed by a woman wiping her child’s bottom.»pero sitúa el mensaje real del cuadro en el fondo, en el comentario escatológico sin palabras de una mujer que limpia el trasero de su hijo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 264»

«However, although the book contains useful inventories, its interpretations are based on now-outdated notions about alchemy, and so should be approached with great caution.»advierte cómo usar un libro de inventarios útiles cuyas interpretaciones descansan en nociones ya superadas sobre la alquimia: con gran cautela.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 264»

«The “day of Projection” refers to the momentous day on which the chymist tests the transmutatory ability of his Philosophers’ Stone for the first time.»define el día de la Proyección: aquel en que el químico prueba por primera vez la capacidad transmutatoria de su Piedra.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 264»

«Elias Ashmole printed the “Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale” in his collection of alchemical poetry, Theatrum chemicum britannicum, pp. 227-56, and writes that one reason he included it was “to shew that Chaucer himselfe was a Master” in alchemy (p. 467).»consigna la razón que Elias Ashmole declara para incluir el cuento del criado del canónigo en su antología: mostrar que el propio Chaucer era un maestro en alquimia.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 264»

«The first edition contains nine pieces of music written for the play, although most copies lack all or most of the scores.»documenta que la primera edición de la obra teatral trae nueve piezas musicales, y que la mayoría de los ejemplares han perdido todas o casi todas las partituras.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 264»

«Note that proscriptions against putting a price tag on knowledge did not imply that it was to be given away freely to everyone, regardless of the legal precept’s connection to the divine command “freely you have received, freely give” (Matthew 10:8).»acota el precepto de que el saber no se vende: no implicaba que hubiera que darlo libremente a cualquiera, pese a su enlace con el mandato de dar gratis lo recibido gratis.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 266»

«Much unreliable material has been written about Khunrath; for solid scholarship, see the work currently being produced by Peter Forshaw, such as “Alchemy in the Amphitheatre: Some Considerations of the Alchemical Content of the Engravings in Heinrich Khunrath’s Amphitheatre of Eternal Wisdom (1609),” in Wamberg, Alchemy and Art, pp. 195-220.»advierte que se ha escrito mucho material poco fiable sobre Khunrath, y remite a Peter Forshaw para erudición sólida.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 266»

«The manuscript is British Library, Additional MS 10302. Its illumination differs in intriguing ways from the later printed engraving.»y consigna que la iluminación del manuscrito difiere de maneras intrigantes del grabado impreso posterior.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 265»

«Waite published nothing more on the topic of alchemy for nearly thirty years until 1926, when he published his last book, The Secret Tradition in Alchemy. There he makes a surprising about-face and concludes that “between the age of Byzantine records and the age of Luther there is no vestige” of anything in the historical record showing alchemy to be other than a “record of experimental physics.»data en 1926 el giro de A. E. Waite en The Secret Tradition in Alchemy, donde concluye que entre la edad de los registros bizantinos y la de Lutero no hay vestigio de que la alquimia fuera otra cosa que registro de física experimental.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 118»

«He gives the reader little indication of how, why, or when he changed his mind, or even that he changed it.»y consigna lo que Waite no explica: cómo, por qué ni cuándo cambió de opinión, ni siquiera que la cambiara.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 118»

Sobre la obra

18 entradas — lo que el aparato y la investigación dicen de ella

«For an edition, translation, and historical contextualization of the Summa, see Newman’s The Summa Perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber»William R. Newman, edición y contextualización de la Summa.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 241»

«Plessner’s work extends and corrects the foundational, and still valuable, work on the text by Julius Ruska, Turba philosophorum: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Alchemie (Berlin: Springer, 1931)»Martin Plessner extiende y corrige a Julius Ruska sobre la Turba.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 239»

«Note, however, that Holmyard’s historical claims in this article about the origin and dating of the Tabula have since been shown to be wrong»y la objeción nombrada a E. J. Holmyard sobre el origen y la datación de la Tabula.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 237»

«Martelli (pp. 99-114) also disposes of the earlier notion, frequently repeated in the literature, that the Physika kai mystika was written by one Bolos of Mende, a Greco-Egyptian author of the third and second centuries BC»Matteo Martelli y el descarte de Bolos de Mende como autor del Physika kai mystika.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 233»

«authenticity of the work as a translation from Arabic rather than as an original Latin composition was denied by Julius Ruska, Arabische Alchemisten I, pp. 33-35, but partial Arabic versions have since been found: Ullmann, Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften, pp. 192-93, and al-Hassan, “The Arabic Original.”»el pleito sobre el De compositione alchemiae: Ruska lo negó, Ullmann y al-Hassan hallaron versiones árabes parciales.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 240»

«into question, including by Stavenhagen (pp. 52-60), but has been reaffirmed convincingly by Richard Lemay, “L’authenticité de la Préface de Robert de Chester a sa traduction du Morienus,” Chrysopoeia 4 (1990-91): 3-32; see also Didier Kahn, “Note sur deux manuscrits du Prologue attribué»y el del prólogo de Roberto de Chester, reafirmado por Richard Lemay y Didier Kahn.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 241»

«On Flamel and his legend, see Robert Halleux, “Le mythe de Nicolas Flamel, ou les méchanismes de la pseudépigraphie alchimique,” Archives internationales de l'histoire des sciences 33 (1983): 234-55»Robert Halleux sobre el mito de Flamel y los mecanismos de la pseudepigrafía alquímica.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 254»

«On Dee and angels, see Deborah Harkness, fohn Dee's Conversations with Angels: Cabala, Alchemy, and the End of Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)»Deborah Harkness, invocada como fuente para Dee y los ángeles: es la obra que esta misma base ficha aparte.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 254»

«This term and an archivally rich study of “contractual alchemy” and the construction of the category the “false alchemist” are presented in Tara Nummedal, Alchemy and Authority in the Holy Roman Empire (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)»Tara Nummedal, invocada por su estudio de la alquimia contractual y de la construcción del «falso alquimista».

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 265»

«No historical Abbot Cremer has ever been identified; an alchemical treatise purporting to be his and that tells the Lull legend appeared in the seventeenth century: Testamentum Cremeri, published by Michael Maier in his Tripus aureus (Frankfurt, 1618)»la adjudicación del abad Cremer, figura sin identificar histórica.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 245»

«alchemical writers “call a single thing by many names while they call many things by a single name»Zósimo sobre el uso alquímico de los nombres.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 27»

«These writers, after they have frequently called their reader their son and made solemn professions... that they will disclose to him their secrets ... put him off with riddles instead of instructions»y el estallido de Robert Boyle ante los textos alquímicos tardíos.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 55»

«my method is to present knowledge by cutting it up and dispersing it into many places»Jabir declarando el método de la dispersión del saber.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 54»

«I am the shade of Capocchio, who falsified metals with alchemy. And you should remember ... how I was a good ape of nature»el alquimista que Dante pone en el octavo círculo.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 197»

«Receive the gift of God under a sacred seal,” while the student responds, “I will keep the secrets of holy alchemy secretly»y el intercambio maestro-discípulo que ilustra Thomas Norton.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 210»

«the Sulfur is like the substance of the paternal seed, and the Mercury like the menstrual blood which is coagulated into the substance of embryos»y la analogía embriológica que Principe cita de Alberto Magno.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 88»

«Man is the true laboratory of the Hermetic Art; his life the subject, the grand distillatory, the thing distilling and the thing distilled»y la formulación de Atwood que Principe cita.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 113»

«Eirenaeus Philalethes [George Starkey], Ripley Reviv'd (London, 1678»la identificación en el aparato de notas.

Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013)«Principe — The Secrets of Alchemy (2013) · p. 260»

Conceptos tratados

ChrysopoeiaDel griego chryson poiein, «hacer oro»: la transformación de un metal base en oro.

principe-secrets-of-alchemy · p. 23

Decknamen (nombres cubiertos)Nombres cubiertos que sustituyen la denominación habitual de una sustancia: guardan el secreto y a la vez permiten comunicación codificada.

principe-secrets-of-alchemy · p. 28

Piedra filosofal (lapis philosophorum)Material legendario capaz de transmutar metales base en oro y de conferir inmortalidad.

principe-secrets-of-alchemy · p. 11

Materia primaSustancia inmutable de Aristóteles que constituye la base de toda transformación material.

principe-secrets-of-alchemy · p. 24

TransmutacionCambio fundamental de un metal en otro mediante procesos alquímicos.

principe-secrets-of-alchemy · p. 23

KerotakisDispositivo descrito por Zósimo que expone un material a los vapores de otro para provocar cambios superficiales o internos.

principe-secrets-of-alchemy · p. 26

Obras citadas

Conversación

lo que dicen los lectores — distinto de lo consignado en la ficha, que lleva cita