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Alchemy and Authority in the Holy Roman Empire

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Su tesis: la figura del alquimista FRAUDULENTO definió el campo — «the fi gure of the fraudulent alchemist—the Betrüger—became a central locus for working out what alchemy was in the Holy Roman Empire» — y el libro «seeks to reintegrate them into the social and cultural landscape of early modern Europe»: no doctrina sino oficio, contratos, laboratorios y juicios «Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 25, 31». El alquimista es figura temprana de mérito: «an example of a particularly early modern fi gure, a new, recognizable social type whose status depended not on birth, but on skill» «Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 31».

La unidad de análisis es el contrato: Sömmering promete al duque una tintura «of a tincture for transmuting metals within a fi xed period of time in exchange for the tidy sum of two thousand thaler» «Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 20», los príncipes transfieren al alquimista el riesgo entero del fracaso «Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 166», y los laboratorios se estratifican como los talleres: «Just as artisanal workshops still had both master artisans and apprentices, laboratories often had both alchemists and Laborant» «Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 152».

El cierre pasa por la horca: las ejecuciones por Betrug — Honauer con vestido dorado en horca de hierro, Mühlenfels en Stuttgart en 1606 — atrajeron «unprecedented levels of attention» al vínculo alquimia-fraude, y la conclusión es política: «Alchemical fraud resonated widely because it was always about asserting authority» «Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 175, 167, 168, 199».

821 claims · 1 source · 1 attribution

Attribution

recorded, never asserted
DECLARED
Tara Nummedal · Person
monografía firmada por Tara Nummedal, University of Chicago Press
per Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007)
«Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · portada»

The chain of the work

the processed witness, in emerald
EDITION · PROCESSED
Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007)
inglés · 2007 · University of Chicago Press

Claims

821 entries — the work's own voice, with its passage

821 passages

La tesis: «the fi gure of the fraudulent alchemist—the Betrüger—became a central locus for working out what alchemy was in the Holy Roman Empire» [«fi gure», con la ligadura partida por el OCR]

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 25Link to passage

El programa: «this book seeks to reintegrate them into the social and cultural landscape of early modern Europe»

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 31Link to passage

«Alchemists offer an example of a particularly early modern fi gure, a new, recognizable social type whose status depended not on birth, but on skill»

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 31Link to passage

Ante el estancamiento minero, «Investing in alchemists was one solution.»

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 32Link to passage

Recoge la cuádruple tipología del campo — alchemia medica, transmutatoria, technica, mystica — y habla de «early modern alchemies» en plural, sin definición única (terminología de Müller-Jahncke y Paulus).

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 34Link to passage

Defiende su término frente al neologismo de Newman/Principe: «I prefer the term “alchemy” for this study because it» —la frase salta a la nota y sigue allí—

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 204Link to passage

La «persona alquímica» como marco: «a cultural identity that simultaneously shapes the individual in body and mind and creates a collective» — erudito, artesano y profeta a la vez.

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 61, 62Link to passage

El contrato tipo: «The alchemist vowed to produce one loth (or 14.62 g) of a tincture for transmuting metals within a fi xed period of time in exchange for the tidy sum of two thousand thaler»

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 20Link to passage

La promesa económica del emprendedor, en voz de Sömmering al duque Julius: «you will enjoy two hundred thousand thaler yearly more than before».

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 107Link to passage

La mecánica del patronazgo: «Distance as well as intimacy defined one's power.»

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 117Link to passage

La retórica de la petición alquímica: «claims to revelation or to some form of special insight, a rich embroidery of authoritative opinion, personal experience, intrigue, and divine inter» —«intercession», partido por el renglón— (sobre el análisis de Moran).

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 120Link to passage

Distingue transmutación particular (con particularia de bajo rendimiento) y universal: «which could transmute any metal and did so with much higher yields».

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 120Link to passage

El contrato documenta el dinero: «I have received four thousand gulden from the Most Luminous, High-Born Prince and Lord, Lord Friedrich, Duke of Württemberg.» (contrato de Wagenmann vom Hoff).

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 132Link to passage

«occupied a middle ground between alchemist and Laborant» — dicho de los practicantes, no de los laboratorios: los espacios estaban tan diferenciados como cualquier otro taller de la época.

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 151, 152Link to passage

«The fi re was the heart of all alchemical work and was thus the natural center of any laboratory» — sobre el Alte Lusthaus de Stuttgart, convertido en laboratorio por Friedrich I en 1596.

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 143, 141Link to passage

La jerarquía del laboratorio, en voz de Kircher: «It was my prerogative to order and prescribe their method; theirs to execute my orders.» — con la distinción salarial y de riesgo entre Laborant y Alchemist.

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 152, 148Link to passage

El estatus contractual como defensa judicial: Stocker «argued that he could not be held responsible for the alchemical promises he was accused of falsely making because he was just employed as a Laborant».

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 150Link to passage

«Secrecy was an area of compromise» — gestionada en el espacio (salas separadas) y en las llaves cruzadas: «The two of them should have each other's keys [abgewechselte Schlussel], so that neither can get in without the other».

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 160, 240Link to passage

«The execution of real alchemists for Betrug drew unprecedented levels of attention to the putative connection between alchemy and fraud.» — indagaciones de Wilhelm V y Friedrich I; August I de Sajonia coordinó al menos once investigaciones.

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 167, 166Link to passage

Con la Carolina de Carlos V (1535) la alquimia dejó de ser delito autónomo y quedó encuadrada como Betrug: «Fraud was a broad category that encompassed offences such as counterfeiting coins, falsifying seals or official papers.»

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 173Link to passage

La ejecución ejemplar: «Honauer wore a golden garment, both serving as a symbolic reminder of his false promises.» — horca de hierro de treinta pies; y su confesión: «Out of great fear I contrived against His Grace the scheme with the three quentlein of gold».

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 175, 177Link to passage

El mecenas como evaluador escéptico, en voz del elector Augusto: «Therefore we reject it as fruitless fraud,” he wrote, “and we have the impression that the Augsburger [i.e., the inventor’s agent] was lacking money and therefore pretended such great things»

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 113Link to passage

Por qué los príncipes creían: «from the foundations of accepted religious and philosophical opinion,» —la frase cruza de plana y sigue «transmutation was possible and justifi ed»— y Karpenko explica los «éxitos» por oro oculto en los materiales.

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 126, 127Link to passage

La conclusión: «Alchemical fraud resonated widely because it was always about asserting authority.»

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 198Link to passage

Recoge el elogio contemporáneo de Paracelso: «Paracelsus is the most well-known philosopher and was certainly sent by Lord God to us on this earth.» — llamado «German Hermes Trismegistus»; y su definición del arte: «alchemy's purpose … is to make arcana [or medicines] and apply them to illnesses».

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 42, 43Link to passage

Documenta el Examen fucorum pseudo-chymicorum de Maier (Frankfurt: De Bry, 1617) contra los falsos químicos: «If he doesn’t really possess it [i.e., the alchemical secret], then it is as if he had sold wind and empty words for money» — compilado sobre la Warnungs-Vermahnung de Khunrath, citada punto por punto.

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 168, 185, 190Link to passage

Y la exigencia formativa de Maier: «sensible operation or manual experimentation . . . is blind without previous theory».

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 55Link to passage

Rudolf II como «prince-practitioner» (término de Moran, junto a Moritz de Hessen-Kassel); su orfebre imperial Hans Müller describió la transformación de una bala de plomo en oro; Tadeáš Hájek fungía de gatekeeper de alquimistas.

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 28, 109, 123Link to passage

Hallazgo para nuestro nodo: documenta a Michael Sendivogius trabajando fuera de Stuttgart, en Kirchheim — empleado del complejo de laboratorios de Friedrich I de Württemberg.

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 151Link to passage

Los cuadernos de «George Starkey (alias Eireneus Philalethes)» como ventana a la práctica diaria del laboratorio, vía Newman y Principe.

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 140Link to passage

Resuelve el seudónimo de la Warnungs-Vermahnung: «Thrasybulus is a Greek form of Khun-rath, "Bold in Counsel," and Ricenus is anagram of Khunrath’s fi rst name, Heinrich» — y la sátira del escarabajo: «if a gold beetle comes fl ying over to you, saying that he knows how to make gold and silver».

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 221, 88Link to passage

La Chymische Hochzeit (1616, sin autor explícito; autoría probable de Andreae) juzga al falsario en la balanza: «You have forged false and spurious books, fooled and swindled others, thereby lowering the royal dignity in everyone's eyes.»

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 168, 180, 181Link to passage

El contrato bohemio de 1577 entre Vilém Rožmberk y Claudius Syrrus abre con bendición: «contract between lord [Rozˇmberk] and Claudius receive the blessing of God» [la fuente compone «Rozˇ» por Rož]

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 130Link to passage

Brahe y la divulgación selectiva desde Uraniborg: «I shall not shrink from discussing these matters openly with noblemen and princes» — y Libavius retratando Uraniborg como lugar de oscuridad.

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 163, 239Link to passage

El caso Anna Zieglerin: acusada de brujería y ejecutada; posible chivo expiatorio y presunta fuente de ideas de Sömmering; su manuscrito propio sobre la preparación de la piedra está datado el 1 de abril de 1573.

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 21, 27, 251Link to passage

El precepto del secreto en el Libellus de Alchimia (asignado a Albertus Magnus, hoy tenido por pseudónimo): «The fi rst precept is that the worker in this art must be silent and secretive and reveal his secret to no one»

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 238, 138Link to passage

El De anima in arte alkimiae de pseudo-Avicenna da siete pruebas para distinguir el oro artificial del natural.

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 125Link to passage

La entrada latina del arte: Robert of Chester, 1144 — «Since what Alchymia is, and what its composition is, your Latin world does not yet know, I will explain in the present book.» — con las etimologías: «The word alchemy itself (al-kimia) came from Arabic, as did alkali (al-qali), alcohol (al-kuhl)».

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 207Link to passage

El marco legal medieval: la decretal Spondent quas non exhibent de Juan XXII (1317) y la ordenanza de Núremberg de 1493, antes del encuadre de la Carolina.

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · pp. 169, 172Link to passage

El corpus paracelsiano espurio, con editor responsable: Liber vexationum y Manuale de lapide vía Bodenstein; Thesaurus thesaurorum y Tinctura physicorum vía Toxites; y «an anonymous treatise from around 1550–70 that was among the most popular alchemical tracts in German, “Vom Stein der Weisen” (On the philosophers’ stone), was attributed to Paracelsus already in 1575».

Nummedal — Alchemy and Authority (2007) · p. 43Link to passage

Concepts treated

Piedra filosofal (lapis philosophorum) — El agente universal frente a los particularia: transmuta cualquier metal «and did so with much higher yields».

nummedal-alchemy-authority · p. 119

Works cited

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