Entheogen

«Out of the many words proposed to describe this unique class of drugs only a few have survived in current usage. It is the contention of the authors who have subscribed their names to this chapter that none of these terms really deserve greater longevity, if our language is not to perpetuate the misunderstandings of the past.» — Ruck, Bigwood, Staples, Ott y Wasson, que firman juntos el capítulo, sostienen que ninguno de los nombres en uso merece durar si la lengua no ha de perpetuar los malentendidos del pasado.

«We commonly refer, for example, to the alteration of sensory perceptions as ‘hallucination’ and hence a drug that effected such a change became known as an ‘hallucinogen.’1 The verb, ‘hallucinate,’ however, immediately imposes a value judgment upon the nature of the altered perceptions, for it means ‘to be deceived or entertain false notions.’» — objetan *hallucinogen* porque el verbo impone un juicio de valor sobre lo percibido: alucinar es engañarse.

«Psychology, which is etymologically the study of the ‘soul,’ has until recently concerned itself only with mental illness and aberrant behavior, and all of the terms formed from the psycho- root suffer from this connotation of sickness: psychotic, for example, cannot mean ‘soulful.’» — objetan la raíz psico- entera por su connotación de enfermedad.

«However, not only is ‘psychedelic’ an incorrect verbal formation, but it has become so invested with connotations of the pop culture of the 1960s that it is incongruous to speak of a shaman’s taking a ‘psychedelic’ drug.» — objetan *psychedelic* por mal formada y por haber quedado investida de la cultura pop de los sesenta, de modo que no cabe decir de un chamán que toma una droga psicodélica.

«We, therefore, propose a new term that would be appropriate for describing states of shamanic and ecstatic possession induced by ingestion of mind-altering drugs.» — proponen un término nuevo para los estados de posesión chamánica y extática inducidos por la ingestión de drogas que alteran la mente.

«In Greek the word entheos means literally ‘god, (theos) within,’ and was used to describe the condition that follows when one is inspired and possessed by the god that has entered one’s body. It was applied to prophetic seizures, erotic passion and artistic creation, as well as to those religious rites in which mystical states were experienced through the ingestion of substances that were transubstantial with the deity.» — dan la base griega: *entheos*, el dios dentro, dicho de quien está inspirado y poseído por el dios que ha entrado en su cuerpo.

«In combination with the Greek root gen-, which denotes the action of ‘becoming,’ this word results in the term that we are proposing: entheogen.» — y con la raíz gen-, que denota la acción de llegar a ser, forman el término que proponen.

«In a strict sense, only those vision-producing drugs that can be shown to have figured in shamanic or religious rites would be designated entheogens, but in a looser sense, the term could also be applied to other» — delimitan su alcance estricto: solo las drogas visionarias de las que conste uso en ritos chamánicos o religiosos; el sentido laxo sigue en la cita siguiente.

«drugs, both natural and artificial, that induce alterations of consciousness similar to those documented for ritual ingestion of traditional entheogens.» — y en sentido laxo, las demás drogas, naturales o artificiales, que inducen alteraciones de consciencia parecidas a las documentadas para la ingestión ritual.

«‘Hallucinogen’ and ‘hallucinogenic’ were words coined by a group of physicians preoccupied with these mysterious drugs - Abram Hoffer, Humphrey Osmond, and John Smythies in America, and Donald Johnson in England. To Johnson goes priority.» — Wasson data en nota el acuñamiento de *hallucinogen* y *hallucinogenic* y nombra a los médicos que los acuñaron, con la prioridad para Johnson.

«Lewin grouped psychoactive plants in five categories: excitantia, inebriantia, hypnotica, euphorica, and phantastica. None has stirred deeper interest than the phantastica-the drugs that produce hallucinations. Unfortunately, this term has not been generally adopted; in fact, in English-speaking countries, it is unknown.» — Schultes y Hofmann recogen la clasificación quíntuple de Lewin y dicen que *phantastica* no fue adoptado y que en los países de habla inglesa es desconocido.

«They have variously been called deliriants, delusionogens, eidetics, hallucinogens, misperceptinogens, mysticomimetics, phanerothymes, phantasticants, psychotics, psychoticants, psychogens, psychosomimetics, psychodysleptics, psychotaraxics, psychotogens, psychotomimetics, and schizogens among other epithets. Most recently, the term psychedelics has found wide acceptance in the United States.» — el inventario de epítetos que Schultes y Hofmann levantan en 1973, antes de que el término nuevo existiera; registran que *psychedelics* ha hallado amplia aceptación en los Estados Unidos.

«Throughout the book, we have employed the term hallucinogen or psychotomimetic to mean either the active chemical principles or the plant containing them, or crude extracts of such plants.» — la definición operativa que adoptan: *hallucinogen* o *psychotomimetic* nombra a la vez el principio activo, la planta que lo contiene y sus extractos crudos.

«Osmond attempted to avoid these adverse associations when he coined ‘psychedelic,’2 the only word in English that employs the anomalous root psyche- instead of the psycho-, in hopes that this term, as distinct from ‘psychotomimetic,’ might indicate something that ‘reveals the soul.’» — los cinco firmantes cuentan que Osmond acuñó *psychedelic* para esquivar las asociaciones adversas de *psychotomimetic*.

«Perhaps the most cogent advocate for the prescribed t psychedelics at this time was a young English psychiatrist Canada, Humphrey Osmond (1917-2004). It was Osmond spring morning in 1953, administered mescaline to Aldous the experiment that formed the basis of The Doors of Percept indeed it was Osmond who, in a poetic sparring match coined the term ‘psychedelic’, meaning ‘mind-manifesting’.» — Letcher adjudica a Humphry Osmond la acuñación de *psychedelic*, que glosa como lo que manifiesta la mente; el troceo pierde el margen de la plana.

«The term psycholytic therapy was coined by Ronald A. Sandison, an English therapist of Jungian Orientation and a pioneer of clinical LSD research. The root -lysis or -lytic signifies the dissolution of tension or conflicts in the human psyche.» — Hofmann atribuye *psycholytic* a Ronald A. Sandison y explica la raíz.

«Even if we agree to call it a drug, look at how many different names it has: hallucinogen (producing hallucinations), entheogen (generating the divine), mysticomimetic (mimicking mystical states), oneirogen (producing dreams), phanerothyme (producing visible feelings), phantasticant (stimulating fantasy), psychodysleptic (mind-disturbing), psychotomimetic and psychotogen (mimicking or producing psychosis, respectively), and psychotoxin and schizotoxin (a poison causing psychosis or schizophrenia, respectively).» — Strassman enumera los nombres de la clase, *entheogen* entre ellos con su glosa entre paréntesis.

«Try this mental exercise: Consider how you might look forward to your day as a "research subject" under the influence of a "psychotomimetic agent." Then reconsider: How would you feel about your role as a "celebrant" in a "ceremony" involving an "entheogenic sacrament"? How would these different contexts affect your interpretation of the hallucinations and intense mood swings brought on by the drug? Would you be "going crazy" or having an "enlightenment experience"?» — y propone el ejercicio de cambiar de nombre y de marco: sujeto de investigación bajo un agente psicotomimético, o celebrante de una ceremonia con un sacramento enteogénico.

«Jonathan Ott delivered a brilliant lecture on the history of “entheogens”—a term he helped coin.» — Pollan acredita a Jonathan Ott como uno de quienes acuñaron el término.

«The website downplays the organization’s interest in promoting entheogens—Bob Jesse’s preferred term for psychedelics—but does describe its mission in suggestive terms: “to identify and develop approaches to primary religious experience that can be used safely and effectively.”» — Pollan lo registra como el término preferido de Bob Jesse.

«Hoping to escape those associations and underscore the spiritual dimensions of these drugs, some researchers have proposed they instead be called “entheogens”—from the Greek for “the divine within.” This strikes me as too emphatic.» — Pollan consigna la propuesta y la descarta para su libro por enfática.

«Despite the 1960s trappings, the term “psychedelic,” coined in 1956, is etymologically accurate. Drawn from the Greek, it means simply “mind manifesting,” which is precisely what these extraordinary molecules hold the power to do.» — y se queda con *psychedelic* por razón etimológica.

«Human groups, which had at their disposal psychedelic plants, took advantage of their entheogenic effects (entheogenic means literally “awakening the divine within”) and made them the principal vehicle of their ritual and spiritual life.» — Stanislav Grof, prologuista de la edición de Hofmann, usa *entheogenic* y da su lectura literal; es la voz de Grof, no la de Hofmann.

«1996. Pharmacotheon. Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant» — muestra de los cuatro sitios en que la palabra aparece en el volumen de Letcher, todos en títulos ajenos de la bibliografía y ninguno en el cuerpo.

«Since the nineteenth century occult revival, the philosophers' stone has drifted even further into virtual obscurity. The purpose of this work, then, is to reconnect Renaissance alchemy with its entheogenic roots. So far as we're aware, the entheogenic model of alchemical interpretation is the only one which at once satisfies all of the requirements demanded in the literature of the philosophers' stone. Without it, the riddles presented within the pages of the various manuscripts oftentimes degrade and devolve into little more than surrealistic nonsense. It's high time, then, that the entheogenic model be given a proper treatment. Thus, do we submit the present contribution.» — Newman declara como propósito de su libro reconectar la alquimia renacentista con sus raíces enteogénicas y llama a lo suyo modelo enteogénico de interpretación alquímica.