Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers

«The more you go inside the world of Teonanacati, the more things are seen.» — epígrafe de la portada, en boca de la chamana mazateca María Sabina, con el nombre del hongo tal como lo imprime el escaneo (*Teonanacatl* en la grafía usual).

«And you also see our past and our future, which are there together as a single thing already achieved,» — sigue el epígrafe de María Sabina: la visión le muestra el pasado y el porvenir a la vez, como una sola cosa ya cumplida.

«I saw stolen horses and buried cities, the existence of which was unknown, and they are going to be brought to light. Millions of things I saw and knew. I knew and saw God: an immense clock that ticks, the spheres that go slowly around, and inside the stars, the earth, the entire universe, the day and the night, the cry and the smile, the happiness and the pain.» — el inventario de lo visto que el volumen pone en boca de María Sabina, con el reloj inmenso como figura de Dios.

«For the Huichol Indians of Mexico, the Peyote cactus (Lophophora williams/i) (see page 7) is not a plant but a god, a gift from the Earth Goddess to humans to assist them in attaining a connection to her in the mystical realms.» — pie de la lámina de apertura: los autores consignan que para los huicholes el peyote no es planta sino dios, regalo de la Diosa de la Tierra; el nombre botánico sale roto del escaneo y se lee *Lophophora williamsii*.

«The Huichol celebrate a great Peyote festival every year (be/ow), at which all members of the tribe partake in eating the freshly harvested Peyote cactus.» — sigue el pie de lámina, con la fiesta anual del peyote en que participa la tribu entera.

«The earliest forms of life on Earth were plants. Remarkably preserved plant fossils have recently been discovered dating back 3.2 billion years.» — arranque del PREFACE: los autores sitúan a las plantas como la forma de vida más antigua y datan los fósiles conservados.

«The green plant cover of the earth has a marvelous relationship with the sun: chlorophyll-bearing plants absorb solar rays and synthesize organic compounds, the building materials for both plant and animal organisms. In vegetable matter, solar energy is stored in the form of chemical energy, source of all life processes.» — la relación entre el manto vegetal y el sol de la que los autores derivan todo lo demás: la energía solar almacenada como energía química.

«Thus the Plant Kingdom provides not only bodybuilding foods and calories but also vitamins essential for metabolic regulation. Plants also yield active principles employed as medicines.» — los autores escalonan lo que el reino vegetal da: alimento, calorías, vitaminas y principios activos empleados como medicina.

«The intimate relationship between the human and plant world is easily discerned, but the production of substances profoundly affecting the mind and spirit is often not so easily recognized.» — la asimetría de la que parte el libro: el vínculo con el mundo vegetal se ve, y la producción de sustancias que afectan la mente y el espíritu no.

«In consciousness dwells the wondrous, with it man attains the realm beyond the material, and the Peyote tells us, where to find it.» — epígrafe atribuido por el volumen a Antonin Artaud y fechado en 1947; el mismo pasaje se reimprime más adelante en el libro.

«The shamans of the Huichol Indians use the sacred Peyote cactus so that they may attain a visionary state of consciousness in the alternate reality which is causal to occurrences in mundane reality» — pie de lámina: los autores exponen la realidad alterna huichola como causa de lo que ocurre en la mundana, y el tramo se corta antes del folio que el escaneo mete a media frase.

«The shaman in the middle of the yarn painting is depicted with a skull because he is a "dead man" and thus has the ability to travel into the nether realms.» — sigue el pie de lámina, con la calavera del chamán leída como marca de hombre muerto y por eso capaz de viajar a los reinos de abajo.

«The use of hallucinogenic or consciousness-expanding plants has been a part of human experience for many millennia, yet modern Western societies have only recently become aware of the significance that these plants have had in shaping the history of primitive and even of advanced cultures.» — arranque de la INTRODUCTION firmada por Schultes y Hofmann: el uso es milenario y el reconocimiento occidental, reciente.

«In fact, the past thirty years have witnessed a vertiginous growth of interest in the use and possible value of hallucinogens in our own modern, industrialized, and urbanized society.» — Schultes y Hofmann fechan en los treinta años previos el crecimiento del interés por los alucinógenos en la sociedad industrial.

«Hallucinogenic plants are complex chemical factories. Their full potential as aids to human needs is not yet fully recognized.» — la fórmula con que Schultes y Hofmann definen la planta alucinógena: una fábrica química cuyo alcance no se reconoce todavía.

«Some plants contain chemical compounds capable of inducing altered perceptions, such as visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory hallucinations, or causing artificial psychoses that, without any doubt, have been known and employed in human experience since earliest man's experimentation with his ambient vegetation.» — el inventario de percepciones alteradas —visual, auditiva, táctil, olfativa, gustativa— y las psicosis artificiales que los autores dan por conocidas desde el hombre más antiguo.

«The amazing effects of these mind-altering plants are frequently inexplicable and indeed uncanny.» — los autores no reducen el efecto: lo llaman inexplicable y siniestro, y de ahí derivan el papel religioso que le atribuyen enseguida.

«Little wonder, then, that they have long played an important role in the religious rites of early civilizations and are still held in veneration and awe as sacred elements by certain peoples who have continued to live in archaic cultures, bound to ancient traditions and ways of life.» — de la rareza del efecto los autores pasan al papel en los ritos religiosos de las civilizaciones tempranas y a su veneración presente en culturas arcaicas.

«How could man in archaic societies better contact the spirit world than through the use of plants with psychic effects enabling the partaker to communicate with supernatural realms?» — la pregunta retórica con que Schultes y Hofmann explican el uso: no habría vía más directa al mundo de los espíritus.

«Hallucinogenic plants are strange, mystical, confounding. Why? Because they are only now beginning to be the subject of truly scientific study.» — los autores atribuyen la extrañeza de estas plantas a que el estudio científico apenas empieza.

«For man's mind, as well as his body and the organs of the body, need curative and corrective agents.» — el argumento de utilidad que los autores adelantan: la mente necesita agentes curativos igual que el cuerpo.

«Are these nonaddictive drugs of interest as "mind-expanding agents," as media for attaining "the mystic experience," or as agents to be employed merely as aids in hedonistic adventure?» — las tres lecturas que los autores enumeran sin arbitrar entre ellas: expansión de la mente, experiencia mística o aventura hedonista.

«There is, however, another aspect that engages the scientist's attention: Can a thorough understanding of the use and chemical composition of these drugs not lead to the discovery of new pharmaceutical tools for psychiatric treatment or experimentation?» — la cuarta vía, que es la que a los autores les interesa: herramientas farmacológicas nuevas para la psiquiatría.

«The central nervous system is a most compleft organ, and psychiatry has not advanced so rapidly as many other fields of medicine, mainly because it has not had adequate tools.» — los autores atribuyen el atraso de la psiquiatría a la falta de herramientas; el escaneo imprime *compleft* donde se lee *complex*.

«Some of these mind-altering plants and their active chemical principles may indeed have far-reaching positive effects when they are fully understood.» — la afirmación va con su límite dentro: los efectos positivos son posibles y quedan condicionados a una comprensión plena.

«An educated public must be an integral part in such development of scientific knowledge, especially in so controversial a field as hallucinogenic drugs.» — los autores ponen al público educado dentro del desarrollo científico, y no fuera, por lo controvertido del campo.

«The book inspired and influenced many young researchers around the world and encouraged them to continue in their own work.» — Rätsch, en la nota THE REVISION, atribuye a la primera edición la formación de investigadores jóvenes.

«Many questions about the activity and constituents of psychedelic plants have been clarified.» — Rätsch enuncia lo ganado desde 1979 en cuanto a actividad y constituyentes de las plantas psicodélicas.

«I hope that the plants of the gods retain their valuable position in our world and that they reach the many people upon whom the sacredness of nature is dependent.» — cierre de la nota de Rätsch, que liga la suerte de estas plantas a la de quienes dependen de lo sagrado de la naturaleza.

«Many plants are toxic. It is no accident that the etymological origin of the word toxic stems directly from the Greek word (toxileon), for "bow," referring to the use of arrow poisons.» — los autores derivan *toxic* del griego para *arco* y lo atan al veneno de flecha; el escaneo imprime la transliteración rota y deja hueco donde va el griego.

«Medicinal plants are useful in curing or alleviating man's illnesses because they are toxic.» — la tesis que sostiene el capítulo entero: lo medicinal y lo tóxico no son dos cosas.

«Yet, as Paracelsus wrote in the sixteenth century: "In all things there is a poison, and there is nothing without a poison. It depends only upon the dose whether something is poison or not.» — los autores apoyan esa tesis en Paracelso, a quien atribuyen la fórmula de la dosis como único criterio.

«The difference among a poison, a medicine, and a narcotic is only one of dosage.» — la consecuencia que los autores sacan de Paracelso, dicha como principio del libro.

«Digitalis, for example, in proper doses represents one of our most efficacious and widely prescribed cardiac medicines, yet in higher doses it is a deadly poison.» — el ejemplo con que los autores ilustran la dosis: la digital como cardiotónico y como veneno.

«In reality, however, any toxic substance may intoxicate. Webster defines toxic as "Of, pertaining to, or caused by poison.» — los autores ensanchan *intoxicación* más allá del alcohol y se apoyan en la definición del Webster.

«It might be more specific to state that a toxic substance is a plant or animal substance or chemical ingested for other than purely nutritional purposes and which has a noticeable biodynamic effect on the body.» — la definición propia de los autores, que desplaza el criterio del daño al de finalidad no nutricional más efecto biodinámico.

«We realize that this is a broad definition—a definition that would include such constituents as caffeine: while employed in its usual form as a stimulant, caffeine does not evoke truly toxic symptoms, but in high doses it is a very definite and dangerous poison.» — los autores declaran el límite de su propia definición con el caso de la cafeína, estimulante en dosis usual y veneno en dosis alta.

«Hallucinogens must be classed as toxic. They induce unmistakable intoxications. They are likewise, in the broad sense of the term, narcotics.» — la clasificación doble que los autores adoptan: los alucinógenos son tóxicos y, en sentido amplio, narcóticos.

«The term narcotic, coming from the Greek (narkoyn), to benumb, etymologically refers to a substance that, however stimulating it may be in one or more phases of its activity, terminates its effects with a depressive state on the central nervous system.» — la etimología de *narcótico* como adormecer, y el criterio que los autores fijan: lo que cuenta es la depresión terminal del sistema nervioso.

«Under this broad definition, alcohol and tobacco are narcotics. The stimulants such as caffeine do not fall under the definition of narcotic, since in normal doses, they do not induce a terminal depression, though they are psychoactive.» — los autores meten alcohol y tabaco entre los narcóticos y dejan fuera a los estimulantes, que llaman psicoactivos.

«English has no term that, like the German Genufirnittel ("medium of enjoyment"), includes both narcotics and stimulants.» — los autores señalan el hueco léxico del inglés frente al alemán *Genussmittel*, que el escaneo imprime deformado.

«Datura has long been connected to the worship of Shiva, the Indian god associated with the creative and destructive aspects of the universe.» — pie de lámina: los autores ligan la Datura al culto de Shiva y al doble aspecto creador y destructor que le atribuyen.

«In this extraordinary bronze sculpture from Southeast India of the eleventh or twelfth century, Shiva dances the Anandatãndava, the seventh and last of his dances, which combines all inflections of his character.» — sigue el pie: el bronce del sureste de la India datado en los siglos XI o XII y la Anandatandava como séptima y última danza.

«Under his left foot, Shiva crushes the demon Apasmãrapurusa, who is the personification of ignorance.» — sigue el pie, con el demonio pisado leído como personificación de la ignorancia.

«In Shiva's upper right hand, he holds a tiny drum that symbolizes Time by the rhythm of his cosmic dance in the field of Life and Creation.» — sigue el pie: el tambor como símbolo del Tiempo por el ritmo de la danza cósmica.

«In his upper left hand, he holds a flame that burns the veil of illusion. His lower left hand is held in the gajahasta and points to his raised left foot, which is free in space and symbolizes spiritual liberation.» — sigue el pie: la llama que quema el velo de la ilusión y el pie alzado como liberación espiritual.

«On the right is a Datura flower. Garlands of Datura blossoms are woven among the locks of his whirling hair.» — cierre del pie, que es donde la lámina toca el asunto del libro: las guirnaldas de flor de Datura en la cabellera del dios.

«Hallucinogens are, broadly speaking, all narcotics, even though none is known to be addictive or to have narcotic effects.» — la afirmación va con su reserva dentro: son narcóticos en el sentido amplio y a la vez no se les conoce adicción ni efecto narcótico.

«There are many kinds of hallucinations: the most common and popularly recognized is the visual hallucination, often in colors. But all senses maybe subject to hallucinations: auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory hallucinations can occur.» — los autores reparten la alucinación por los cinco sentidos y no solo por la vista.

«Hallucinogens may likewise cause artificial psychoses—the basis of one of the numerous terms for this class of active agents: psychotominietic ("inducing psychotic states» — los autores dan la psicosis artificial como base de uno de los nombres de esta clase de agentes, el de *psychotomimetic*.

«Modern brain research has shown, however, that hallucinogens trigger brain activity entirely different from that apparent with true psychoses.» — la reserva que los autores oponen a ese nombre: la investigación cerebral moderna atribuye a los alucinógenos una actividad distinta de la de las psicosis verdaderas.

«Modern studies have demonstrated such a complexity of psychophysiological effects that the term hallucinogen does not always cover the whole range of reactions. Therefore, a bewildering nomenclature has arisen.» — los autores explican la proliferación de nombres por la complejidad de los efectos, que ningún término cubre entero.

«In Europe, they are frequently called phantastica. The most common name in the United States—psychedelics—is etymologically unsound and has acquired other meanings in the drug subculture.» — los autores reparten los nombres por geografía y objetan el más común en los Estados Unidos por etimología y por el uso que le dio la subcultura.

«The truth is that no one term adequately delimits such a varied group of psychoactive plants. The German toxicologist Louis Lewin, who first used the term phantastica, admitted that it "does not cover all that I should wish it to convey.» — los autores toman por testigo al toxicólogo alemán Louis Lewin, que acuñó *phantastica* y admitió que no le alcanzaba.

«The word hallucinogen is easy to pronounce and to understand, yet not all of the plants induce true hallucinations. Psychotomimetic, while often employed, is not accepted by many specialists because not all the plants in this group cause psychotic-like states.» — los autores pesan los dos nombres y dicen de cada uno su defecto: no toda planta alucina, no toda produce estados psicóticos.

«But since these two terms—hallucinogen and psychotomimetic—are easily understood and widely used, we shall employ them in this book.» — la decisión de nomenclatura del volumen, dicha por los autores: usarán *hallucinogen* y *psychotomimetic* por ser los entendidos y los usados.

«Basing his classification of psychoactive drugs on the older arrangements of Lewin, Albert Hofmann divides them into analgesics and euphorics (Opium, Coca), sedatives and tranquilizers (Reserpine), hypnotics (Kava-kava), and hallucinogens or psychedelics (Peyote, Marijuana, etc.).» — la clasificación de Albert Hofmann, apoyada en la de Lewin, con sus cuatro grupos y la planta que ejemplifica cada uno.

«Without loss of consciousness, the subject enters a dream world that often appears more real than the normal world.» — los autores describen el estado sin pérdida de consciencia y con un mundo onírico que a menudo parece más real que el normal.

«Colors are frequently experienced in indescribable brilliance; objects may lose their symbolic character, standing detached and assuming increased significance since they seem to possess their own existence.» — la fenomenología que los autores consignan: el color en brillo indescriptible y el objeto que pierde su carácter simbólico y gana existencia propia.

«The psychic changes and unusual states of consciousness induced by hallucinogens are so far removed from similarity with ordinary life that it is scarcely possible to describe them in the language of daily living.» — los autores declaran el límite del lenguaje ordinario para decir lo que ocurre bajo el efecto.

«Below: This painting by the Peruvian shaman Pablo Amaringo depicts the creation of the drink Ayahuasca, the most important medicine of the Amazonian Indians. The magical drink has powerful visionary properties, which reveal to the participant a glimpse of "true reality," the fantastic realm of visions.» — pie de lámina, que nombra al chamán peruano Pablo Amaringo como autor del cuadro sobre la creación de la ayahuasca.

«Page 13 top: The hallucinogenic use of Hemp (Cannabis) can be traced far back into history. It is possible that the ingestion of this plant was responsible for the wild dances of the Mongolian shaman.» — pie de lámina, con la hipótesis en potencial: sería posible que la ingestión del cáñamo estuviera detrás de las danzas del chamán mongol.

«Below right: In India the flowers of the potent hallucinogenic Thorn Apple (Datura metel) are brought as an offering to the Hindu god Shiva. They are also ritually smoked.» — pie de lámina, con la Datura metel como ofrenda a Shiva y su uso ritual fumado.

«Below left: Henbane (Hyoscyarnus albus) is one of the most important hallucinogenic plants of Europe. It was used for oracles and ritually burned in ancient Greece.» — pie de lámina, que cuenta el beleño entre las plantas alucinógenas más importantes de Europa y lo liga a los oráculos griegos; el nombre botánico sale roto del escaneo y se lee *Hyoscyamus albus*.

«Below: Maria Sabina reverently ingests the niños santos, holy children," as she lovingly refers to the visionary and healing Magic Mushrooms.» — pie de lámina, con el nombre que la propia María Sabina da a los hongos, *niños santos*.

«A person under the effects of a hallucinogen forsakes his familiar world and operates under other standards, in strange dimensions and in a different time.» — los autores describen el abandono del mundo familiar por otras normas, otras dimensiones y otro tiempo.

«Their use goes back so far into prehistory that it has been postulated that perhaps the whole idea of the deity could have arisen as a result of the otherworldly effects of these agents.» — la hipótesis va dicha como postulado ajeno y no como tesis propia: que la idea misma de la divinidad pudiera haber nacido del efecto de estos agentes.

«Indigenous cultures usually have no concept of physically or organically induced sickness or death: both result from interference from the spirit world.» — los autores atribuyen a las culturas indígenas una etiología sin causa física: enfermedad y muerte vienen de la intromisión del mundo de los espíritus.

«Therefore, hallucinogens, which permit the native healer and sometimes even the patient to communicate with the spirit world, often become greater medicines—the medicines par excellence—of the native pharmacopoeia. They assume far more exalted roles than do the medicines or palliatives with direct physical action on the body.» — de esa etiología los autores derivan el rango de los alucinógenos como medicinas por excelencia, por encima de las de acción física directa.

«Hallucinogenic plants owe their activity to a limited number of types of chemical substances acting in a specific way upon a definite part of the central nervous system. The hallucinogenic state is usually short-lived, lasting only until the causative principle is metabolized or excreted from the body.» — los autores acotan la base química y la duración del estado, que atan al metabolismo del principio activo.

«There would seem to be a difference between what we might call true hallucinations (visions) and what perhaps could be described as pseudo-hallucinations. Conditions for all practical purposes apparently very similar to hallucinations may be induced by many highly toxic plants which so upset the normal metabolism that an abnormal mental condition may develop.» — la distinción va con todas sus reservas dentro —*there would seem*, *perhaps*, *apparently*—: alucinaciones verdaderas frente a seudoalucinaciones por trastorno metabólico.

«A number of the plants (for example, Salvia divinorum) experimented with by members of the so-called drug subculture and which were considered as newly discovered hallucinogens by their users belong to this category as well.» — los autores colocan del lado de la seudoalucinación algunas plantas que la subcultura de las drogas dio por alucinógenos recién descubiertos.

«Pseudohallucinogenic conditions may be induced without the ingestion of toxic plants or substances; high fevers are known to cause such reactions.» — los autores señalan que el estado se produce también sin planta, por fiebre alta.

«Fanatics of the Middle Ages who went without food or water over long periods finally induced such alterations in normal metabolism that they did actually experience visions and hear voices through pseudo-hallucinogens.» — los autores explican por alteración metabólica del ayuno las visiones y las voces de los fanáticos medievales.

«Before the eighteenth century; there was really no logical or widely accepted classification or naming of plants. They were known in Europe by the vernacular names current in the various countries and were referred to technically in Latin by cumbersome descriptive phrases, often several words long.» — arranque del capítulo sobre el reino vegetal: los autores fechan en el siglo XVIII el inicio de una clasificación aceptada.

«The invention of printing and movable type in the middle of the 1400s stimulated the production of herbals—that is, botanical books—mainly on medicinal plants. The so-called Age of Herbals, from about 1470 to 1670, led to the freeing of botany and medicine from the ancient concepts of Dioscorides and other classical naturalists that shaped Europe for some sixteen centuries.» — los autores datan la Edad de los Herbarios entre 1470 y 1670 y le atribuyen el desprendimiento de la botánica respecto de Dioscórides.

«Yet it was not until the eighteenth century that Carolus Linnaeus, or Carl von Linné, a Swedish naturalist-physician and professor at the University of Uppsala, offered the first comprehensive and scientific system of classification and nomenclature for plants in his monumental, 1,200-page book Species Plantarum, published in 1753.» — los autores fechan en el Species Plantarum de Linneo el primer sistema completo de clasificación y nomenclatura.

«While his sexual classification—highly artificial and inadequate from the point of view of an evolutionary understanding of the Plant Kingdom (which was to come later)—is no longer followed, his binomial nomenclature is now universally accepted, and botanists have agreed on the year 1753 as the starting point of current nomenclature.» — los autores separan lo que de Linneo cayó y lo que quedó: el sistema sexual ya no se sigue y la nomenclatura binomial es universal desde 1753.

«Believing that he had classified most of the world's flora in 1753, Linnaeus calculated the size of the Plant Kingdom as 10,000 or fewer species.» — la cifra con que Linneo calculó el reino vegetal entero, que los autores usan como punto de partida de una serie.

«Consequently, nearly a century later, in 1847, the British botanist John Lindley increased the estimate to nearly 100,000 species in 8,900 genera.» — el siguiente peldaño de esa serie, atribuido al botánico británico John Lindley.

«In the United States a substance must be included in the Harrison Nárcotic Act to be considered legally a narcotic: thus Marijuana is not legally a narcotic, although it is a controlled substance.» — los autores separan el uso legal del popular: en los Estados Unidos la mariguana no es narcótico en derecho aunque sea sustancia controlada; el pasaje continúa una frase que el escaneo parte en la plana anterior.

«But the last group produces deep changes in the sphere of experience, in perception of reality, in space and time, and in consciousness of self.» — el corte que Hofmann traza dentro de su clasificación: los otros grupos mueven el ánimo y el último cambia la experiencia, la percepción de la realidad, el espacio, el tiempo y la consciencia de sí.

«While most hallucinogens are of plant origin, a few are derived from the Animal Kingdom (toads,» — los autores reparten el origen de los alucinógenos entre el reino vegetal, el animal y la síntesis; el tramo se corta donde el escaneo mete el folio y un pie de lámina a media frase.

«frogs, fish) and some are synthetic (LSD, TMA, DOB).» — continuación de esa misma frase al otro lado del pie de lámina intercalado, con los tres sintéticos que los autores nombran.

«Page 15:The Mazatec shaman Maria Sabina incenses sacred mushrooms prior to their ingestion during the healing ceremony of the ye/ada.» — pie de lámina que el escaneo mete dentro del cuerpo: María Sabina sahúma los hongos antes de ingerirlos en la velada, nombre que el escaneo parte.

«The terms include entheogens, deliriants, delusionogens, eidetics, hallucinogens, rnisperceptinogens, mysticomimetics, phanerothymes, phantasticants» — el inventario de nombres que los autores enumeran sin arbitrar entre ellos, con *entheogens* a la cabeza y alguno deformado por el escaneo; la lista sigue más allá de este tramo y salta de plana.

«Although other botanists had used binomials, Linnaeus was the first to employ the system consistently.» — los autores acotan el mérito de Linneo: no inventó el binomio, lo usó con consistencia.

«Hallucinogenic species occur among the highest-evolved flowering plants (angiosperms) and in the division fungi of the simpler plants. Angiosperms are subdivided into monocots (one seed leaf) and dicots (two seed leaves).» — pie del cuadro del reino vegetal, que reparte las especies alucinógenas entre angiospermas y hongos.

«Sweet Flag, Hemp (Marijuana), and Deadly Nightshade (above, right) as well as Fly Agaric (below, right) are representative psychoactive species.» — sigue el pie del cuadro, con las cuatro especies que el volumen toma por representativas.

«Spermatophytes are the seed plants, subdivided into cone-bearers (gymnosperms) and flowering plants (angiosperms).» — pie del cuadro taxonómico, con la partición de las plantas con semilla.

«Mushrooms and molds (fungi), seaweeds (algae), mosses and liverworts (bryophytes), and ferns (pteridophytes) are simpler plants.» — sigue el pie del cuadro, con el grupo que el volumen llama plantas más simples.

«Below: A flower and leaves of the hallucinogenic Datura innoxia, which belongs to one of the most highly evolved families of the flowering plants.» — pie de lámina, que sitúa a la Datura innoxia entre las familias más evolucionadas de las plantas con flor.

«Page 19 left: This fossil of blue-green algae (Co/len/a) is approximately 2.3 billion years old and is one of the earliest known specimens of life on Earth.» — pie de lámina, con la datación del fósil de algas verdeazules; el nombre sale roto del escaneo y se lee *Collenia*.

«Even though modern botany is only two centuries old, estimates have greatly increased. They vary from some 280,000 to 700,000 species, the higher figures being generally accepted by botanists whose research is centered in the still only superficially explored tropical regions.» — los autores declaran la horquilla de especies y de quién es la cifra alta: de los botánicos que trabajan en el trópico.

«Modern specialists estimate the fungi at between 30,000 and 100,000 species. The great variance is due partly to lack of comprehensive studies of many groups and partly to inadequate means of defining some of the unicellular members.» — los autores dan la horquilla de los hongos con sus dos causas de varianza: falta de estudios y falta de criterio para los unicelulares.

«One contemporary mycologist, realizing that the fungi are very sparsely collected in the tropics, where they abound, suggests that the total figure might reach 200,000.» — la estimación va atribuida a un micólogo contemporáneo que los autores no nombran.

«Algae have been found in pre-Cambrian fossils dating from one to more than three billion years of age. These procaryotic blue-green algae (Collenia) represent the oldest known form of life on Earth.» — los autores datan las algas verdeazules procariotas como la forma de vida más antigua conocida.

«The principal group of plants today—the plants that dominate the earth's flora and which have diversified into the greatest number of species and which, in the popular mind, comprise the world's flora—are the angiosperms.» — los autores sitúan a las angiospermas como el grupo que domina la flora terrestre y el que el sentido común llama flora del mundo.

«Consequently, they may have a right to be known as the "most important" plants.» — la conclusión va con su matiz dentro: *may have a right*, no una sentencia.

«Estimates of their extent vary. Most botanists hold that there are 200,000 to 250,000 species in 300 families. Other estimates, probably more realistic, calculate 500,000 species.» — los autores consignan las dos cifras sin armonizarlas y dicen cuál les parece más realista.

«The fungi are of increasing interest: almost all antibiotics in wide use are derived from fungi.» — los autores ligan el interés por los hongos a la procedencia de casi todos los antibióticos en uso.

«Algae and lichens, interestingly, have as yet not yielded any species reported as hallucinogens.» — la negativa se consigna como dato: ni algas ni líquenes han dado especie alucinógena registrada.

«In South America, a lichen (Dictyonerna) is used as a psychoactive.» — la única excepción que los autores admiten entre los líquenes; el nombre sale roto del escaneo y se lee *Dictyonema*.

«Some ferns appear to be bioactive and psychoactive. However, phytochemical investigation has been far from exhaustive.» — los autores dicen lo que saben y lo que no de los helechos, sin cerrar la cuestión.

«No hallucinogenic constituents have yet been discovered in laboratory research or by indigenous societies, although several ferns are employed in South America as additives to hallucinogenic drinks (Ayahuasca).» — otra negativa consignada con su matiz: ningún alucinógeno hallado en helechos, y varios helechos usados como aditivos de la ayahuasca en Sudamérica.

«From many points of view, the angiosperms are the important plants: as the dominant and most numerous group and as the elements basic to man's social and material evolution. They represent the source of most of our medicines of vegetal origin; most toxic species are angiospermous; and almost all hallucinogens used by man, as well as other narcotics, belong to this group.» — los autores concentran en las angiospermas casi todo lo que el libro trata: las medicinas vegetales, las especies tóxicas y casi todos los alucinógenos.

«It is clear that the Plant Kingdom represents an only partially studied emporium of biodynamic principles. Each species is a veritable chemical factory.» — la fórmula que el libro repite: cada especie es una fábrica química y el reino vegetal está apenas estudiado.

«Although indigenous societies have discovered many medicinal, toxic, and narcotic properties in their ambient vegetation, there is no reason to presume that their experimentation has brought to light all the psychoactive principles hidden in these plants.» — los autores niegan que el saber indígena agote la materia: no hay razón para suponer que su experimentación sacara a luz todos los principios psicoactivos.

«Undoubtedly new hallucinogens are lurking in the Plant Kingdom and, in them, possible constituents of extreme interest to modern medical practice.» — cierre del capítulo, con la apuesta de los autores por hallazgos aún no hechos.

«Plants of the gods interest various disciplines: ethnology, religious studies, history, and folklore. The two major scientific disciplines that concern themselves with these plants, however, are botany and chemistry.» — los autores enumeran las disciplinas interesadas y declaran cuáles son las dos suyas.

«The botanist must establish the identity of plants that in the past were used as sacred drugs or which are still employed for that purpose today. The next step to be explored by scientists is: What constituents—which of the substances in those plants—actually produce the effects that have led to their use in religious rites and magic?» — los autores parten el trabajo en dos preguntas: la identidad de la planta y el constituyente que produce el efecto.

«What the chemist is looking for is the active principle, the quintessence or quinta essentia, as Paracelsus called the active compounds in plant drugs.» — los autores toman de Paracelso el nombre del objeto que busca el químico: la quintaesencia.

«Among the many hundreds of different substances that make up the chemical composition of a plant, only one or two (occasionally up to half a dozen) compounds are responsible for its psychoactive effects.» — la proporción que los autores fijan: uno o dos compuestos entre cientos.

«Substances with unusual physiological and psychic effects are found only in certain special plants. These substances as a rule have very different chemical structures from those of the usual vegetal constituents and common metabolic products.» — los autores señalan que los principios activos difieren químicamente de los constituyentes vegetales habituales.

«It is not known what function these special substances may have in the life of the plant. Various theories have been offered.» — los autores declaran la ignorancia antes de exponer las hipótesis, y no la disimulan.

«If this theory were true, one would expect all plants to contain such nitrogenous constituents: that is not the case.» — la objeción de los autores a la hipótesis del desecho nitrogenado, dicha sobre su propia consecuencia.

«Many of the psychoactive compounds are toxic if taken in large doses, and it has therefore been suggested that they serve to protect the plants from animals.» — la segunda hipótesis que los autores exponen: que los compuestos defiendan a la planta del animal.

«But this theory likewise is hardly convincing, because many poisonous plants are in fact eaten by animals that are immune to the toxic constituents.» — los autores objetan también esa hipótesis con el caso de las plantas venenosas que ciertos animales comen sin daño.

«It remains, therefore, one of the unsolved riddles of nature why certain plants produce substances with specific effects on the mental and emotional functions of man, on his sense of perception, and actually on his state of consciousness.» — los autores dejan la cuestión abierta y la nombran enigma no resuelto de la naturaleza.

«Phytochemists have the important and fascinating task of separating the active principles from the rest of the plant materials and of producing them in pure form.» — los autores definen la tarea del fitoquímico: separar y purificar el principio activo.

«widespread in the fungi, but those that have been of importance in human affairs belong to the ascomycetes (Ergot) and the basidiomycetes (various mushrooms and puffballs).» — continuación de una frase que el escaneo parte en la plana anterior: los autores acotan a ascomicetos —el cornezuelo— y basidiomicetos los hongos que han pesado en los asuntos humanos.

«There are persistent reports of hallucinogenic lichens employed in northwesternmost North America, but as yet no identifiable specimens or reliable information has been forthcoming.» — los autores consignan el rumor y su falta de respaldo: reportes insistentes del noroeste de Norteamérica sin espécimen identificable ni información fiable.

«The next step is the synthesis of the active principle: that is, to make it in the test tube quite independently of the plant.» — los autores fijan el segundo paso del trabajo químico: hacer el principio en el tubo de ensayo, ya sin la planta.

«With pure compounds—whether isolated from the plant or synthetically produced—exact pharmacological assays and chemical tests can be made. This is not possible with whole plants because of the varying content of the active principies and interference from other constituents.» — los autores explican por qué el compuesto puro y no la planta entera: el contenido de principio activo varía y los demás constituyentes interfieren.

«The first psychoactive principle to be produced in pure form from a plant was morphine, an alkaloid present in the opium poppy. It was first isolated by the pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner in 1806. This new compound was named for the Greek god of sleep, Morpheus, because of its sleep-inducing properties.» — los autores fechan en 1806 y atribuyen al farmacéutico Friedrich Sertürner el primer principio psicoactivo puro, y explican el nombre por el dios griego del sueño.

«Formerly, several generations of chemists would be needed to elucidate the complex structures of natural compounds. Today, it takes just a few weeks or even only days to determine them with the techniques of spectroanalysis and X-ray analysis.» — los autores miden el cambio en las escalas de tiempo del trabajo: de generaciones de químicos a semanas o días.

«The contribution made by chemists to the study of sacred plant drugs may be illustrated with the example of the Magic Mushrooms of Mexico.» — los autores toman los hongos de México como caso ejemplar de lo que la química aporta al estudio de las plantas sagradas.

«Ethnologists had found Indian tribes in the southern parts of Mexico using mushrooms in their religious ceremonies. Mycologists identified the mushrooms used in these rituals. Chemical analyses showed clearly which species were psychoactive.» — el reparto del trabajo que los autores trazan: etnólogos, micólogos y químicos, cada uno en su paso.

«Albert Hofmann tested one species of mushroom on himself; he discovered that it was psychoactive, that it could be grown under laboratory conditions, and he was able to isolate two active compounds.» — el volumen firma en singular: es Hofmann quien se autoadministra el hongo, y de ahí salen el cultivo en laboratorio y los dos compuestos.

«The two hallucinogenic principles now known as psilocybine and psilocine, found in the Mexican Magic Mushroom Psilocybe mexicana, were obtained in the form of colorless crystals.» — los autores nombran los dos principios y la especie de que salieron, obtenidos en cristales incoloros.

«Similarly, the active principle of the Mexican cactus L op hop ho ra williamsii, mescaline, had been» — el paralelo con la mescalina del peyote; el nombre botánico sale partido por el escaneo y se lee *Lophophora williamsii*; la frase sigue tras el folio y un pie de lámina que el OCR mete a media oración: *isolated in pure form and crystallized as a salt with hydrochloric acid*.

«Some psychoactive compounds are also produced by animals. The Colorado River toad (Bufo a/va rius) secretes considerable amounts of 5-MeO-DMT.» — pie de lámina, con el sapo del río Colorado como caso animal; el nombre sale roto del escaneo y se lee *Bufo alvarius*.

«By determining the presence or absence of psilocybine and psilocine, an objective method was now available for distinguishing true hallucinogenic mushrooms from false ones.» — los autores señalan el rendimiento práctico del hallazgo: un criterio objetivo para separar el hongo alucinógeno del que no lo es.

«The chemical structure of the hallucinogenic principles of the mushrooms was determined (see structural formulas in the next chapter), and it was found that these compounds were closely related chemically to substances (serotonin) occurring naturally in the brain that play a major role in the regulation of psychic functions.» — los autores emparentan químicamente los principios del hongo con la serotonina del cerebro.

«This was not possible with the original mushrooms, because their content of active principles tends to vary, between 0.1 and 0.6 percent of the dry weight of the plant tissue.» — los autores dan la horquilla de contenido que hace impracticable dosificar con el hongo entero.

«The median effective dose for humans is 8 to 16 milligrams of psilocybine or psilocine. Instead of swallowing 2 grams of the dried mushrooms, which have a rather unpleasant taste, one merely needs to take about 0.008 gram of psilocybine to experience the hallucinogenic effects, which generally last for several hours.» — la dosis y la duración que los autores consignan, con la comparación entre el hongo seco y el principio puro.

«One might think that with the isolation, structural analysis, and synthesis of psilocybine and psilocine, the mushrooms of Mexico had lost their magic. Substances that because of their effects on the mind had led Indians to believe for thousands of years that a god dwelt in those mushrooms can now be synthetically produced in the chemist's retort.» — los autores plantean la objeción antes de responderla: que el análisis habría dejado sin magia a los hongos de México.

«It should be remembered, however, that scientific investigation has merely shown that the magic properties of the mushrooms are the properties of two crystalline compounds. Their effect on the human mind is just as inexplicable, and just as magical, as that of the mushrooms themselves.» — la respuesta de los autores, y es de las pocas posiciones que el volumen toma por su cuenta: el análisis solo traslada la magia a dos compuestos cristalinos, y el efecto sobre la mente sigue siendo tan inexplicable como antes.

«This also holds true for the isolated and purified active principles of other plants of the gods.» — los autores extienden esa misma posición a todas las plantas del título.

«As each substance has its own specific crystalline form, this form serves for identification and characterization of a substance.» — pie del cuadro de cristales: la forma cristalina como marca de identidad de la sustancia.

«The largest river in the world runs through the largest forest . . . By little and little, I began to comprehend that in a forest which is practically unlimited— near three millions of square miles clad with trees and little else but trees, and where the natives think no more of destroying the noblest trees, when they stand in their way, than we the vilest weed, a single tree cut down makes no greater a gap, and is no more missed, than when one pulls up a stalk of groundsel or a poppy in an English cornfield.» — epígrafe que el volumen atribuye al botánico Richard Spruce, sobre la desproporción entre el árbol y la selva amazónica.

«Be/ow: The photograph depicts an aerial view of the Kuluene River, the southernmost tributary of the Xingü River, a main affluent of the Amazon.» — pie de lámina, que sitúa el río fotografiado dentro de la cuenca del Amazonas; el escaneo parte la palabra inicial, que se lee *Below*.

«Many more hallucinogenic plants exist than those that man has put to use. Of the probable halfmillion species in the world's flora, only about one thousand are known to be employed for their hallucinogenic properties. Few areas of the globe lack at least one hallucinogen of significance in the culture of the inhabitants.» — la cifra con que arranca el capítulo de geografía: unas mil especies usadas de entre medio millón, y casi ninguna región del globo sin su alucinógeno.

«Despite its size and extremely varied vegetation, Africa appears to be poor in hallucinogenic plants. The most famous, of course, is Iboga, a root of the Dogbane family employed in Gabon and parts of the Congo in the Bwiti cult.» — los autores dan África por pobre en alucinógenos pese a su vegetación, y ponen a la iboga del culto Bwiti como el caso más célebre.

«The Bushmen of Botswana slice the bulb of Kwashi of the Amaryllis family and rub it over scarifications on the head, allowing the active principles in the juice to enter the bloodstream.» — la vía de administración que los autores describen para el Kwashi: por escarificación en la cabeza y no por la boca.

«Kanna is a mysterious hallucinogen, probably no longer used: the chewed the plant material from two species of the Ice Plant family that induced gaiety, laughter, and visions.» — los autores consignan el Kanna con su reserva dentro —probablemente ya no se usa— y el escaneo se come el nombre del pueblo que lo masticaba.

«In Eurasia there are many plants employed for their hallucinatory effects. Most significant, it is the home of Hemp, today the most widespread of all narcotics: as Marijuana, Maconha, Daggha, Ganja, Charas, etc., the drug and its use have spread nearly throughout the world.» — los autores sitúan en Eurasia la patria del cáñamo y lo dan por el narcótico más extendido, con la lista de sus nombres.

«The most spectacular Eurasiatic hallucinogen is the Fly Agaric, a mushroom consumed by scattered tribesmen in Siberia and possibly the sacred god-narcotic Soma of ancient India.» — la identificación del Soma con la Amanita va en potencial —*possibly*— y no como tesis cerrada.

«In Papua, natives ingest a mixture of leaves of Ereriba of the Arum family and bark of a large tree, Agara, to produce a sleep during which visions occur.» — los autores describen la mezcla papú de Ereriba y corteza de Agara, con el sueño visionario como efecto buscado.

«Tribesmen in Turkestan drink an intoxicating tea made from the dried leaves of a shrubby mint, Lagochilus.» — el caso turquestano que los autores registran, con el género de la menta arbustiva.

«The heyday of the use of hallucinogens in Europe occurred in ancient times, when they were used almost exclusively in witchcraft and divination.» — los autores fechan en la Antigüedad el apogeo europeo y lo atan casi en exclusiva a la brujería y la adivinación.

«The major plants involved—Thorn Apple, Mandrake, Henbane, Belladonna—belong to the» — la lista de las cuatro plantas europeas de la brujería, que los autores adscriben a las solanáceas; el tramo se corta donde el escaneo mete el folio.

«The fungus Ergot, a parasite on rye, frequently poisoned entire regions if accidentally milled into the flour. Such attacks led hundreds of citizens to go mad and suffer hallucinations, often causing permanent insanity, gangrene, or death.» — los autores describen el envenenamiento colectivo por cornezuelo molido con la harina, con la locura, la gangrena y la muerte entre sus efectos.

«This plague was known as St. Anthony's fire. Although Ergot was apparently never purposefully used in medieval Europe as a hallucinogen, there are suggestions that the Eleusinian mysteries of ancient Greece were associated with this fungal genus.» — la sugerencia sobre Eleusis va dicha como tal —*there are suggestions*— y con la salvedad de que el cornezuelo no parece haberse usado a propósito en la Europa medieval.

«The famous and widely employed Kava-kava is not a hallucinogen but has been classified as a hypnotic narcotic.» — los autores sacan el kava-kava de la clase de los alucinógenos y lo ponen entre los narcóticos hipnóticos.

«It is in the New World that the number and cultural significance of hallucinogenic plants are overwhelming, dominating every phase of life among the aboriginal peoples.» — la tesis geográfica del capítulo: el Nuevo Mundo como región donde estas plantas dominan cada fase de la vida.

«There were some hallucinogenic species in the West Indies. In fact, the early indigenous populations used mainly the snuff known as Cohoba; and it is believed that this custom was imported by Indians invading the Caribbean Islands from the Orinoco regions of South America.» — los autores dan por importado el uso del rapé Cohoba en las Antillas, y lo dicen en potencial.

«Similarly, North America (north of Mexico) is quite poor in hallucinogens. Various species of Datura were employed rather widely, but most intensely in the Southwest. The Indians of the region of Texas and adjacent areas used the Red Bean or Mescal Bean as the basis of a vision-seeking ceremony.» — los autores inventarían el norte: Datura sobre todo en el suroeste y el frijol de mescal como base de una ceremonia de visión.

«In northern Canada, Indians chewed the roots of Sweet Flag as medicine and supposedly also for the hallucinogenic effects.» — el caso canadiense, con el uso medicinal firme y el alucinógeno dicho como suposición.

«Once the active principles were available in pure form, it was possible to study their use and effective application in medicine. They were found to be particularly useful in experimental» — los autores señalan el uso médico como último paso de la cadena, y el tramo se corta donde el escaneo cambia de plana.

«psychiatry, as valuable aids to psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.» — continuación de esa misma frase al otro lado del corte de plana: la psiquiatría experimental como campo de uso.

«There were enormous trees, crowned with magnificent foliage, decked with fantastic parasites, and hung over with lianas, which varied in thickness from slender threads to huge python-like masses, were now round, now flattened, now knotted and now twisted with the regularity of a cable.» — pasaje que el volumen atribuye a Richard Spruce, con los árboles y las lianas de la selva amazónica.

«Intermixed with the trees, and often equal to them in altitude, grew noble palms; while other and far lovelier species of the same family, their ringed stems sometimes scarcely exceeding a finger's thickness, but bearing plume-like fronds and pendulous bunches of black or red berries, quite like those of their loftier allies, formed, along with shrubs and arbüscles of many types, a bushy undergrowth, not visually very dense or difficult to penetrate» — sigue el pasaje de Spruce, con las palmas y el sotobosque; la frase queda sin punto en el escaneo.

«It is worthy to be noted that the loftiest forest is generally the easiest to traverse; the lianas and parasites. . . being in great part too high to be much in the way.» — cierre del pasaje de Spruce, con la observación práctica de que la selva más alta es la más fácil de andar; la firma queda partida al pie de la plana.

«Without any question the Peyote cactus is the most important sacred hallucinogen, although other cactus species are still used in northern Mexico as minor hallucinogens for special magico-religious purposes.» — los autores jerarquizan dentro de México: el peyote por encima de todo y otras cactáceas como alucinógenos menores.

«Of almost equal religious importance in early Mexico and surviving until today in religious rituals are mushrooms, known to the Aztecs as Teonanácatl. At least twenty-four species of these fungi are employed at the present time in southern Mexico.» — los autores ponen los hongos casi a la par del peyote, con el nombre azteca y el número de especies en uso.

«Top: At the Shiva Temple of Pashupatinath near Kathmandu, Nepal, Indian yogis smoke Marijuana in preparation for the arduous body practice and meditation.» — pie de lámina, con los yoguis que fuman mariguana en el templo de Shiva como preparación de la práctica corporal y la meditación.

«There are many hallucinogens of secondary importance: Toloache and other species of the Datura group; the Mescal Bean or Frijolillo in the north; Pipiltzintzintli of the Aztecs; the diviner's sage now known as Hierba de la Pastora; Genista among the Yaqui Indians; Piule, Sinicuichi, Zacatechichi, the puffballs» — el inventario mexicano de segundo rango, con los nombres vernáculos tal como los imprime el volumen; el OCR mete un pie de lámina a media frase y la lista sigue con *known by the Mixtecs as Gi'-i-Wa; and many others*.

«Below: Visions revealed by hallucinogens can be subsequently processed and rendered artistically. In this way the experience is carried into and connected with everyday life. (Hallucigenia by Christian Rätsch, watercolor, circa 1993)» — pie de lámina que firma como pintor a uno de los propios autores, Christian Rätsch, y enuncia de paso una tesis del volumen: la visión se elabora en arte y así se enlaza con la vida diaria.

«South America ranks a close second to Mexico in the number, variety, and deep magico-religious significance of hallucinogens. The Andean cultures had half a dozen species of Brugmansias, known as Borrachero, Campanilla, Floripondio, Huanto, Haucacachu, Maicoa, Toe, Tongo, etc.» — los autores ponen a Sudamérica en segundo lugar y abren por las Brugmansias andinas, con su lista de nombres vernáculos.

«In Peru and Bolivia a columnar cactus called San Pedro or Aguacolla is the basis of the drink ci,nora, used in a vision-seeking ceremony.» — el San Pedro como base de una bebida ceremonial; el nombre de la bebida sale roto del escaneo y se lee *cimora*.

«Mapuche Indian witch doctors (who are mostly female) of Chile formerly employed a hallucinogenic tree of the Nightshade family—Latué or Arbol de los Brujos.» — los autores consignan que los especialistas mapuches son en su mayoría mujeres y nombran el árbol solanáceo que usaban.

«Most recently, a type of Petunia has been reported as an intoxicant used in Ecuador.» — el hallazgo reciente que los autores registran como reporte y no como uso comprobado.

«In the Orinoco and parts of the Amazon, a powerful snuff called Yopo or Niopo is made from the toasted seeds of a tree of the legume» — el rapé del Orinoco y su materia prima; el tramo se corta donde el escaneo mete el folio a media frase.

«The Indians of northern Argentina take a snuff—CebIl or Vilica—prepared from seeds of a species closely related to Yopo.» — el rapé argentino emparentado con el yopo; el primer nombre sale roto del escaneo y se lee *Cebil*.

«Perhaps the most important lowland hallucinogen in South America is Ayahuasca, Caapi, Natema, Pindé, or Yajé. Employed ceremonially in the western Amazon and in several localities on the Pacific coastal areas of Colombia and Ecuador, it is made basically from several species of lianas of the Malpighia family.» — la jerarquía va con su matiz dentro —*perhaps*—: la ayahuasca con sus cinco nombres y su familia botánica.

«There are more plants utilized as hallucinogens in the New World than in the Old. Nearly 130 species are known to be used in the Western Hemisphere, whereas in the Eastern Hemisphere the number reaches roughly 50.» — la cifra comparada que sostiene el capítulo: unas ciento treinta especies en el hemisferio occidental frente a unas cincuenta en el oriental.

«Botanists have no reason to presume that the flora of the New World is richer or poorer than that of the Old in plants with hallucinogenic properties.» — los autores niegan que la diferencia sea botánica, y con eso dejan la explicación del lado de la cultura.

«There are few cultures in the Western Hemisphere that did not value at least one hallucinogenic plant in magico-religious ceremonies. Many cultures had several.» — leyenda del mapa de uso nativo: casi ninguna cultura del hemisferio occidental sin su planta alucinógena en la ceremonia.

«In addition to hallucinogens, a number of otherwise psychoactive plants shared the honors: Tobacco, Coca, Guayusa, Yoco, Guarancá. Some of these—especially Tobacco and Coca—rose to exalted positions in the sacred native pharmacopoeias.» — sigue la leyenda del mapa, que suma el tabaco y la coca a las plantas de rango sagrado sin contarlas entre los alucinógenos.

«Right: Shamans remain the guardians of wisdom concerning the magical effects of the psychoactive plants. This photograph was taken at the holy mountain Kalinchok (4,000 m) in the Himalayas of Nepal.» — pie de lámina, que atribuye a los chamanes la custodia del saber sobre las plantas psicoactivas.

«The plant lexicon includes basic descriptions, primarily botanical in nature, of ninety-seven plants that are known to have a hallucinogenic or psychoactive effect.» — el marco del Plant Lexicon, dicho por los autores: noventa y siete plantas descritas sobre todo en lo botánico.

«Emphasis is given to plants that are known from the literature, field experience, and/or laboratory evidence to have definite psychoactive effects. Some species that are reported to have "narcotic" or "intoxicating" uses are included as well.» — el criterio de inclusión del léxico y su margen: además de las de efecto cierto, entran las de uso narcótico o embriagante reportado.

«The plants are arranged alphabetically according to the Latin name of the genus. This order has been followed in view of the many different vernacular names in the great variety of native languages.» — los autores explican por qué ordenan por nombre latino y no vernáculo: por la multiplicidad de lenguas nativas.

«Inasmuch as this volume is written for the general reader, the botanical descriptions are intentionally brief, stressing the obvious and most easily visible characteristics of the plant.» — los autores declaran para quién escriben y qué sacrifican por eso: descripciones botánicas deliberadamente breves.

«The purpose of the lexicon is manifestly to help guide the reader more easily into the admittedly complex array of facts and stories that comprise only a small fraction of the extensive knowledge from many fields concerning these plants that native peoples around the world have considered plants of the gods.» — el propósito declarado del léxico, con la acotación de que lo reunido es una fracción pequeña del saber disponible.

«In 1543, the writer of one of the most beautifully illustrated herbals, Leonard Fuchs, presented this accurate sketch of Datura stramonium, the Thorn Apple (left).» — pie del cuadro comparativo de ilustración botánica, que fecha en 1543 el dibujo de Leonard Fuchs.

«Some three hundred years later, Kohler, in his Medizinal Pflanzen, published a more detailed pharmacognostic rendering of this very important therapeutic plant (center).» — sigue el pie, con la lámina farmacognóstica de Köhler como segundo término de la comparación.

«Modern technology (for example, the electron-scanning microscope) is making available morphological details, such as the leaf surface hairs of the Thorn Apple, which provide greater accuracy in the work of plant identification.» — cierre del pie: la microscopía electrónica como tercer peldaño de la exactitud botánica.

«Mexico represents without a doubt the world's richest area in diversity and use of hallucinogens» — los autores dan a México por la región más rica del mundo en diversidad y uso de alucinógenos; el tramo se corta en el límite de chunk, donde el troceo reemite la marca de plana.

«in aboriginal societies—a phenomenon difficult to understand in view of the comparatively modest number of species comprising the flora of the country.» — continuación de esa misma frase al otro lado del corte: los autores declaran que la riqueza mexicana no cuadra con lo modesto de su flora.

«Many acacias are a traditional additive to psychoactive products, such as betel, beer, balché, pituri, and pulque.» — entrada de Acacia en el Plant Lexicon: las acacias como aditivo tradicional de productos psicoactivos, con los cinco que el volumen nombra.

«Some of the species are suited for the preparation of Ayahuasca analogs.» — sigue la entrada de Acacia, con el uso moderno en los análogos de ayahuasca.

«Some evidence, although weak and indirect, suggests that the Cree Indians of northwestern Canada may occasionally chew the rootstalk of Sweet Flag for its psychoactive effects.» — entrada de Acorus calamus: la afirmación va con su límite dentro —evidencia débil e indirecta, y un *may*— sobre el uso entre los cree del noroeste de Canadá.

«It has been suggested that the active principles are a-asarone and There is a structural resemblance between asarone and mescaline, a psychoactive alkaloid. No evidence has ever been produced, however, that asarone can be associated with psychotomimetic activity.» — sigue la entrada del Sweet Flag, con la hipótesis y su negativa en la misma línea: ninguna evidencia liga la asarona a la actividad psicotomimética.

«This mushroom, perhaps man's oldest hallucinogen, has been identified with Soma of ancient India.» — entrada de Amanita muscaria en el léxico: la doble afirmación va en potencial —*perhaps*— y la identificación con el Soma se da como hecha, sin nombrar quién la hizo.

«The seeds have been used as a hallucinogen by the Indians of the southern region of the Andes for approximately 4,500 years. They are either worked into a snuff powder, smoked, or used as an additive for beer. Primarily they are used in shamanism.» — entrada de Anadenanthera colubrina: la antigüedad de cuatro mil quinientos años, las tres formas de uso y el marco chamánico.

«A potent hallucinogenic snuff is made from the beans of Anadenanthera peregrina in the Orinoco basin, where it is called Yopo. Its former shamanic and ritual use in the West Indies, under the name Cohoba, was reported as early as 1496.» — entrada de Anadenanthera peregrina: el yopo del Orinoco y la fecha más temprana del reporte antillano del cohoba.

«Sadly, this use has disappeared due to the exploitation of the native people.» — la entrada del léxico adjudica la desaparición del uso antillano a la explotación de los pueblos nativos, y lo dice con un adverbio de duelo que el volumen rara vez usa.

«The shaman of the rain forest people of the Orinoco region (for example, the Piaroa) cultivate this tree which is not native to that area. That way they secure their snuff supplies.» — sigue la entrada: los chamanes piaroa cultivan fuera de su área natural el árbol del que sacan el rapé, para asegurarse el abasto.

«The plant originates in India, where it has been used medicinally since ancient times. A traditional use as an entheogen has not yet been discovered.» — entrada de Argyreia nervosa, y es el segundo sitio del volumen donde aparece la palabra *entheogen*: la planta se usa como medicina en la India y no se le conoce uso enteogénico tradicional.

«Phytochemical research is to thank for the awareness of its potent psychedelic constitution. The seeds contain 0.3% Ergot alkaloids (ergine and lysergicacid-am ides). Most psychonauts describe LSD-like effects after taking 4—8 seeds.» — sigue la entrada: el hallazgo viene de la fitoquímica y no del uso, y el testimonio del efecto se atribuye a los *psychonauts*.

«Indians in northern and central Mexico consider A. fissuratus and A. retusus as "false» — entrada de Ariocarpus: los indios del norte y el centro de México lo tienen por falso peyote, y el escaneo corta la frase donde cambia de columna.

«It is believed that Belladonna figured as an important ingredient in many of the witches' brews of antiquity.» — entrada de Atropa belladonna: la creencia va dicha como creencia, con la belladona entre los ingredientes de los brebajes de brujas de la Antigüedad.

«This plant played a major role in the war of the Scots under Duncan I against the Norwegian king Sven Canute about A. D. 1035. The Scots destroyed the Scandinavian army by sending them food and beer to which "Sleepy Nightshade" had been added.» — sigue la entrada, con el episodio escocés datado hacia 1035 y la cerveza adulterada con solanácea como arma.

«These giant forest lianas are the basis of an important hallucinogenic drink (Ayahuasca) ritually consumed in the western half of the Amazon Valley and by isolated tribes on the Pacific slopes of the Colombian and Ecuadorean Andes.» — entrada de Banisteriopsis caapi: la ayahuasca como bebida ritual del occidente del Amazonas y de las vertientes pacíficas andinas.

«The bark of Banisteriopsis caapi and B. inebrians, prepared in cold water or after long boiling, may be taken alone, but various plant additives— especially the leaves of Diploptens cabrerana, known as Oco-Yajé, and of Psychotria viridis— are often used to alter the effects of the hallucinogenic drink.» — sigue la entrada, con los aditivos vegetales que el volumen nombra como alteradores del efecto de la bebida.

«Several species of Boletus are involved in the curious "mushroom madness" of the Kuma of New Guinea.» — entrada de Boletus: la locura de los hongos entre los kuma de Nueva Guinea, que el volumen llama curiosa y entrecomilla.

«In addition to their use as hallucinogens, all species have played major roles as medicines for a large spectrum of ills, especially in the treatment of rheumatic pains.» — entrada de Brugmansia en el léxico: el uso medicinal corre parejo al alucinógeno y no aparte de él.

«In Colombia this powerful shaman plant was ritually used in the cult of the sun of pre-Columbian times. The plant is still used as a hallucinogen by the shamans and Curanderos of Ecuador and Peru.» — sigue la entrada del Blood-Red Angel's Trumpet: uso ritual en el culto solar precolombino colombiano y uso vivo entre chamanes y curanderos de Ecuador y Perú.

«Scopoletine has been found in Brun fe/s/a, but this compound is not known to be psychoactive.» — entrada de Brunfelsia, con el hallazgo químico y su límite dicho en la misma frase; el nombre del género sale partido por el escaneo.

«This and several other species of Cacalia have been referred to in parts of northern Mexico as Peyote and may possibly have once been employed for hallucinatory purposes.» — entrada de Cacalia: el nombre *Peyote* se aplica en el norte de México a plantas que no lo son, y el uso alucinógeno se da en potencial.

«An alkaloid has been reported from the plant, but there is no evidence of a chemical constituent with psychoactive properties.» — sigue la entrada de Cacalia, con la negativa consignada: hay alcaloide reportado y no hay constituyente psicoactivo.

«Caesalpinia sepiaria or Yün-Shih, a shrubby vine with retrorsely hooked spines, is reputedly used as a hallucinogen in China.» — entrada de Caesalpinia: el uso chino se da como reputado y no como comprobado.

«The earliest Chinese herbal— Pen-ts'-ao-ching——stated that the "flowers could enable one to see spirits and, when taken in excess, cause one to stagger madly» — la entrada cita el herbario chino más antiguo, que el volumen llama Pen-ts'ao-ching, sobre las flores que dejan ver espíritus.

«If consumed over a long period, they produce levitation and "communication with the spirits» — sigue la cita del herbario chino, con la levitación y el trato con los espíritus como efecto del uso prolongado.

«Recent reports suggest that the Chontal Indians of Oaxaca take a tea of the crushed, dried leaves as a hallucinogen.» — entrada de Calea zacatechichi, con el uso chontal dicho como reporte reciente.

«Believing in visions seen in dreams, Chontal medicine men, who assert that Zacatechichi clarifies the senses, call the plant ThIe-pelakano, or "leaf of god» — sigue la entrada: los curanderos chontales sostienen que la planta aclara los sentidos y la llaman hoja de dios; el escaneo corta la comilla de cierre.

«No constituent with hallucinatory properties has as yet been isolated from C. zacatechichi. The plant contains germacranolides. The subtile psychoactive effect can be described as dreamlike.» — la negativa química va junto al efecto que el volumen sí admite, y lo describe como de sueño.

«Although there are no reports of the Saguaro as a hallucinogen, the plant does contain pharmacologically active alkaloids capable of psychoactivity.» — entrada de Carnegiea: sin reporte de uso alucinógeno, y con alcaloides capaces de actividad psíquica.

«Cestrum parqui has been used medicinally and ritually for shamanic healing since pre-Columbian times by the Mapuche in southern Chile.» — entrada de Cestrum parqui, con el uso mapuche datado desde antes de la Conquista.

«The plant has the power to withstand attacks of sorcery or black magic.» — sigue la entrada, y la virtud protectora contra la hechicería va dicha en voz del volumen y no atribuida a un informante.

«Ergot is a fungal disease of certain grasses and sedges, primarily of rye. Meaning "spur," Ergot refers to the sclerotium or fruiting body of an ascomycete or sac fungus. The spur is a purplish or black, curved, clubshaped growth ½—2½ in. (1— 6cm) long, which parasitically replaces the endosperm of the kernel. The fungus produces psychoactive and toxic alkaloids.» — entrada de Claviceps purpurea, con la etimología de *ergot* como espolón y el parasitismo sobre el grano de centeno.

«In the Middle Ages and earlier in Europe, especially where rye was used in bread-making, whole areas frequently were poisoned, suffering plagues of ergotism, when fungus-infected rye kernels were milled into flour.» — sigue la entrada, con el ergotismo como plaga de regiones enteras allí donde el pan era de centeno.

«Two species of Coleus have significance in Mexico. Related to Salvia divinorum is La Hembra ("the woman"); C. pumi/us is El Macho ("the man"); and two forms of C. blumei are El Nene ("the child") and El Ahijado ("the godson").» — entrada de Coleus: la familia de nombres mexicanos —la mujer, el hombre, el niño, el ahijado— y el parentesco declarado con la Salvia divinorum.

«Conocybe siligineoides has been reported as one of the sacred intoxicating mushrooms of Mexico. Psilocybine has not as yet been isolated from this species, but Conocybe cyanopus of the United States has been shown to contain this psychoactive alkaloid.» — entrada de Conocybe: el reporte de uso sagrado en México va junto a la falta de psilocibina aislada en esa especie.

«Recently a rudimentary cult around Tamu (a Conocybe species, "Mushroom of Awareness") has been discovered.» — sigue la entrada, con un culto reciente en torno a una especie que el volumen traduce como hongo de la consciencia.

«Conocybe siligeneoides is an obscure mushroom which has not been found or analyzed again since its first description.» — cierre de la entrada, que declara el límite del dato: la especie no se ha vuelto a hallar ni a analizar desde su descripción.

«It has been feared in the Andean countries as a plant toxic to browsing animals. Human deaths have supposedly followed ingestion of the fruit. Reports from Ecuador, nevertheless, suggest that the fruit (shanshi) may be eaten to induce an intoxication characterized by sensations of soaring through the air.» — entrada de Coriaria thymifolia: la planta temida por tóxica y a la vez reportada como embriagante que hace sentir que se vuela, con todas las reservas del volumen dentro.

«The Tarahumara of northern Mexico consider Coryphantha compacta a kind of Peyote. The plant, called Bakana, is taken by shamans and is respected and feared. It is used as a substitute for Peyote.» — entrada de Coryphantha: los tarahumaras lo tienen por una clase de peyote, y el volumen consigna el respeto y el temor con que lo tratan.

«Native medicine men in Tanzania smoke the flowers of Cymbopogon densiflorus alone or with tobacco to cause dreams that they believe foretell the future.» — entrada de Cymbopogon: el uso tanzano va con la creencia atribuida a sus practicantes y no afirmada por el volumen.

«Rarely are foreign plants incorporated in ceremonial use in aboriginal American societies. Native to the Canary Islands, Genista was introduced into Mexico from the Old World, where it has no record of use as a hallucinogen. It apparently has acquired magical use among the YaquI Indians of northern Mexico, where medicine men value the seed as a hallucinogen.» — entrada de Cytisus canariensis, que es el caso raro que el propio léxico señala: una planta del Viejo Mundo sin historial alucinógeno allá y con uso mágico yaqui acá.

«The most extensive use of Datura centers in Mexico and the American Southwest, where the most important psychoactive species seems to be Datura innoxia. This is the famous Toloache of Mexico, one of the plants of the gods among the Aztecs and other Indians.» — entrada de Datura innoxia: el toloache mexicano, nombrado dentro del propio título del libro como planta de los dioses de los aztecas.

«The modern Tarahumara of Mexico add the roots, seeds, and leaves of D. innoxia to tesquino, a ceremonial drink prepared from maize.» — sigue la entrada, con el toloache añadido a la bebida ceremonial de maíz de los tarahumaras.

«Mexican Indians believe that, unlike Peyote, Toloache is inhabited by a malevolent spirit.» — el contraste va atribuido a la creencia indígena: frente al peyote, el toloache está habitado por un espíritu malévolo.

«In the Old World, the most culturally important species of Datura for medicinal and hallucinogenic use is D. mete!.» — entrada de Datura metel, que el volumen pone como la especie de mayor peso cultural en el Viejo Mundo; el escaneo imprime el epíteto con signo de admiración.

«The origins of this powerful hallucinogenic species of Thorn Apple is uncertain and its botanical history ardently argued over. Some authors suggest that Datura stramonium is an ancient species that originates in the region of the Caspian Sea. Others believe that Mexico or North America is the original habitat.» — entrada de Datura stramonium: el volumen consigna las dos hipótesis de origen sin arbitrar entre ellas y llama ardiente a la discusión.

«One of the least-known Andean plants, Desfontainia spinosa is sometimes assigned to a different family: Logan iaceae or P0taliaceae. Botanists are not in agreement as to the number of species in the genus.» — entrada de Desfontainia: el desacuerdo botánico se consigna como dato, de familia y de número de especies.

«Colombian shamans of the Kamsá tribe take a tea of the leaves to diagnose disease or "to dream." Some medicine men assert that they "go crazy" under its influence.» — sigue la entrada: el uso kamsá para diagnosticar y para soñar, y el dicho de algunos curanderos de que se vuelven locos bajo su efecto.

«Nothing is as yet known of the chemical constituents of Des» — la entrada declara la ignorancia química sobre el género; el nombre queda partido donde el escaneo cambia de columna.

«The psychoactive Pituri has been hedonistically and ritually used by the Aborigines since their settlement of Australia.» — entrada de Duboisia hopwoodii: el volumen data el uso del pituri en el poblamiento mismo de Australia y le reconoce las dos caras, la hedonista y la ritual.

«The Tarahumara Indians of Chihuahua consider two species as false Peyotes or Hikuri of the mountainous areas. They are not so strong as Ariocarpus, Coryphantha, Epithelantha, Mammillaria, or Lophophora.» — entrada de Echinocereus: la jerarquía tarahumara de los falsos peyotes, que el volumen recoge con los géneros que sí tiene por fuertes.

«Medicine men take Hikuli Mulato to make their sight clearer and to permit them to commune with sorcerers.» — entrada de Epithelantha: el uso que el volumen atribuye a los curanderos tarahumaras, para aclarar la vista y tratar con los hechiceros.

«It is taken by runners as a stimulant and "protector," and the Indians believe that it prolongs life. It is reportedly able to drive evil people to insanity or throw them from cliffs.» — sigue la entrada, con el uso por los corredores y la virtud punitiva que la creencia le atribuye.

«Tzompanquahuitl of the ancient Aztecs may have been from the many species in the genus Erythrina, the seeds of which are believed to have been employed as a medicine and hallucinogen. In Guatemala the beans are employed in divination.» — entrada de Erythrina: la identificación con el nombre azteca va en potencial, y el uso adivinatorio guatemalteco se da como hecho.

«Natives in Fapua boil the bark and leaves of this tree with a species of Homa/omena to prepare a tea that causes an intoxication leading to a deep slumber, during which visions are experienced.» — entrada de Galbulimima: la mezcla papú con Homalomena, con el sueño profundo como sede de la visión; el escaneo imprime *Fapua* donde se lee *Papua*.

«Although 28 alkaloids have been isolated from Galbulimima beigraveana, a psychoactive principle has not yet been found in the plant.» — sigue la entrada, con la negativa consignada al lado del hallazgo: veintiocho alcaloides y ningún principio psicoactivo.

«This genus has three very similar species, and all play important roles in folk medicine. Several vernacular names reported from Brazil seem to indicate knowledge of psychoactivity, e.g., Abre-o-sol ("sun-opener') and Herva da Vida ("herb of life» — entrada de Heimia: el volumen lee los nombres vernáculos brasileños como indicio de que se conoce la psicoactividad.

«In the Mexican highlands, the leaves of H. salicifolia are slightly wilted, crushed in water, and the preparation is then allowed to ferment into an intoxicating drink.» — sigue la entrada, con la preparación fermentada del sinicuichi en el altiplano mexicano.

«Two species are used by witch doctors in Zululand "for inhaling to induce trances." It is presumed that the plants are smoked for these effects.» — entrada de Helichrysum: el uso zulú para inducir trance, con el modo de administración dicho como presunción del propio volumen.

«Coumarine and diterpenes have been reported from the genus, but no constituents with hallucinogenic properties have been isolated.» — sigue la entrada, con la negativa química al lado del uso reportado.

«Takini is a sacred tree of the Guianas. From the red "sap" of the bark a mildly poisonous intoxicant is prepared. Extracts from the inner bark of two trees elicit central nervous system depressant effects similar to those produced by Cannabis sativa.» — entrada de Helicostylis: el árbol sagrado de las Guayanas y el efecto que el volumen compara con el del cáñamo.

«Very little is known about these trees and they are rarely studied. The hallucinogen could theoretically originate from either of the related genera Brosimum or Pir» — sigue la entrada, que declara la ignorancia y deja abierta la posibilidad de que el alucinógeno venga de otros géneros; el nombre queda partido donde el escaneo cambia de columna.

«In Papua New Guinea the natives are said to eat the leaves of a species of Homalomena with the leaves and bark of Galbulimima beigraveana to induce a violent condition ending in slumber, during which visions are experienced.» — entrada de Homalomena: el uso va dicho de oídas —*are said to*— y describe un estado violento que termina en sueño con visiones.

«This henbane was the most widely used magical herb and medicinal plant. The hallucinogen was an important medium in antiquity, used to promote a trance and taken by oracles and divinitory women.» — entrada de Hyoscyamus albus: el volumen le da el primer lugar entre las hierbas mágicas de la Antigüedad y la liga al trance oracular.

«In the ancient earth oracle of Gaia, it is the "dragon's herb?' The goddess of the witches, Hecate, uses "crazymaker" in the Kobch oracle. Late antiquity gives us "Zeus's Beans" in the oracle of Zeus-Am mon and the Roman god Jupiter. In the Delphi oracles of Apollo, who is the God of "prophetic insanity," it is known as "Apollo's Plant» — sigue la entrada, con el recorrido de los nombres del beleño por los oráculos griegos: la hierba del dragón en el de Gaia, el enloquecedor de Hécate, las habas de Zeus en el de Zeus-Amón y la planta de Apolo en Delfos.

«In antiquity and the Middle Ages, Hyoscyamus niger was employed in Europe as an important ingredient of the witches' brews and ointments.. It not only reduced pain but also induced oblivion.» — entrada de Hyoscyamus niger: el beleño negro entre los ingredientes de los brebajes y ungüentos de brujas, con el olvido al lado del alivio del dolor.

«the Kamsá Indians of the Colombian Andes, I. fuchsb/des is taken by shamans for difficult diagnoses.» — entrada de Iochroma: el uso kamsá reservado a los diagnósticos difíciles; el escaneo se come el arranque de la frase.

«The intoxication is not pleasant, leaving aftereffects for several days. The shrub is valued also as a medicine for treating difficulties with digestion or bowel function, and to aid in cases of difficult childbirth.» — sigue la entrada, con el efecto desagradable dicho sin adorno y los usos medicinales al lado.

«In Oaxaca, in southern Mexico, the seeds of this vine are esteemed as one of the principal hallucinogens for use in divination as well as magico-religious and curing rituals.» — entrada de Ipomoea violacea: las semillas entre los alucinógenos principales de Oaxaca para adivinar y para curar.

«The Chinantec and Mazatec Indians call the seeds Piule; the Zapotecs, Badoh Negro. In pre-Conquest days, the Aztecs knew them as Tlililtzin and employed them in the same way as Ololiuqul, the seeds of another Morning Glory, Turbina corymbosa.» — sigue la entrada, con los nombres por pueblo y el uso azteca emparejado con el del ololiuqui.

«Beyond the high content of essential oil in the rhizome, little is known of the chemistry of the plant. Psychoactive activity might possibly be due to constituents of the essential oils.» — cierre de la entrada, con la hipótesis química dicha en potencial doble: *might possibly*.

«Chemical examination of Just/c/a has been inconclusive. Preliminary indications that the leaves of J. pectoral/s var. stenophy/la contain tryptamifleS (DMT) need confirmation.» — entrada de Justicia: el volumen declara inconcluso el examen químico y pide confirmación para la triptamina; el escaneo corrompe el nombre del género, que se lee *Justicia pectoralis*.

«Kaempferia galanga is used as a hallucinogen in New Guinea. Throughout the range of this species, the highly aromatic rhizome is valued as a spice to flavor rice, and also in folk medicine as an expectorant and carminative» — entrada de Kaempferia: el uso alucinógeno neoguineano junto al culinario y al medicinal en toda su área.

«On the dry steppes of Turkestan, the Tajik, Tatar, Turkoman, and Uzbek tribesmen have used a tea made from the toasted leaves of the mint Lagochilus inebrians as an intoxicant.» — entrada de Lagochilus inebrians: el té de la menta de Turkestán y los cuatro pueblos que el volumen nombra.

«This South African shrub has orange-colored flowers and is reported to be "hallucinogenic?' In Africa it is called Dacha, Daggha, or Wild Dagga, which means "wild hemp» — entrada de Leonotis leonurus: el volumen entrecomilla lo de alucinógeno y consigna los nombres sudafricanos que lo llaman cáñamo silvestre.

«The Hottentots and the Bush people smoke the buds and the leaves as a narcotic. It is possible that this plant is one of the narcotic plants called Kanna (compare to Sceletium tortuosum). The resinous leaves, or the resin extracted from the leaves, are smoked alone or mixed with tobacco. Chemical studies are lacking.» — sigue la entrada, con la hipótesis de identidad con el Kanna dicha como posibilidad y la falta de estudios químicos declarada.

«The Siberian Motherwort is mentioned in the ancient Chinese Shih Ching (the Book of Songs, written approximately 1000—500 B. c.), where it is called t'uei. Later it was occasionally praised as a medicinal plant in old Chinese herbals.» — entrada de Leonurus sibiricus, que remonta la planta al Shih Ching y da su nombre chino antiguo.

«This beautiful, red- or red-purple-flowered, 6—9ft (2—3m) high polymorphic Lobelia is well recognized as toxic in the Andes of southern Peru and northern Chile, where it is called Tupa or Tabaco del Diablo ("devil's tobacco» — entrada de Lobelia tupa: la planta reconocida como tóxica en los Andes y su nombre de tabaco del diablo.

«These constituents are not known to possess hallucinogenic properties. Nevertheless, the smoked leaves have a psychoactive effect.» — sigue la entrada, y el volumen consigna el desajuste sin resolverlo: los alcaloides conocidos no son alucinógenos y la hoja fumada sí obra.

«The Indians cut off the crown and dry it for ingestion as a hallucinogen. This dry, diskllke head is known as the Mescal Button or Peyote Button.» — entrada de Lophophora williamsii: la preparación del peyote y el nombre del disco seco.

«The hallucinogenic effects of Peyote are strong, with kaleidoscopic, richly colored visions. The other senses—hearing, feeling, taste—can also be affected.» — sigue la entrada, con la visión caleidoscópica y coloreada y la afectación de los demás sentidos.

«There are reportedly two stages in the intoxication. At first, a period of contentment and sensitivity occurs. The second phase brings great calm and muscular sluggishness, with a shift in attention from external stimuli to introspection and meditation.» — sigue la entrada, con las dos fases del efecto y el giro final de los estímulos externos a la introspección y la meditación.

«In northern Mexico, among the Tarahumara of Chihuahua, a species of Lycoperdon, known as Kalamoto, is taken by sorcerers to enable them to approach people without being detected and to make people sick.» — entrada de Lycoperdon: el uso que el volumen atribuye a los hechiceros tarahumaras, para acercarse sin ser vistos y para enfermar.

«In southern Mexico, the Mixtecs of Oaxaca employ two species to induce a condition of half-sleep, during which it is said that voices and echoes can be heard.» — sigue la entrada, con el medio sueño mixteco en que se dice que se oyen voces y ecos.

«Among the most important "false Peyotes" of the Tarahumara Indians are several species of Mammillaria, all of them round and stout-spined plants.» — entrada de Mammillaria, que vuelve sobre la clase tarahumara de los falsos peyotes.

«Probably no plant has had a more fantastic history than the Mandrake. As a magical plant and hallucinogen, its extraordinary place in European folklore can nowhere be equaled.» — entrada de Mandragora: el volumen le da a la mandrágora el primer lugar en el folclor europeo, y lo dice con un *probably*.

«Known for its toxic and real and presumed medicinal properties, Mandrake commanded the fear and respect of Europeans throughout the Middle Ages and earlier. Its folk uses and attributes were inextricably bound up with the Doctrine of Signatures, because of its anthropomorphic root.» — sigue la entrada, que ata los usos y atributos de la mandrágora a la Doctrina de las Signaturas por la forma humana de la raíz.

«While there are six species of Mandragora, it is M. officinarum of Europe and the Near East that has played the most important role as a hallucinogen in magic and witchcraft.» — sigue la entrada, que reserva a una sola especie el papel de alucinógeno en la magia y la brujería europeas.

«In the Pariana region of the Brazilian Amazon, the Indians formerly prepared a potent hallucinogenic snuff that, although no longer prepared and used, is known as Rape dos Indios ("Indian snuff").» — entrada de Maquira: el rapé amazónico que el volumen da por ya no preparado.

«An alkaloid was isolated from the root of this treelet and called nigerine. It was later shown to be identical with the hallucinogenic» — entrada de Mimosa hostilis: la nigerina resultó ser la misma sustancia que la dimetiltriptamina, y el tramo se corta donde el escaneo parte el nombre.

«Several species of Mimosa are called Jurema in eastern Brazil. M. hostilis is often known as Jurema Prêta ("black jurema"). It is identical to the Mexican Tepescohuite (M. tenuiflora). The related M. verrucosa, from the bark of which a stupefacient is said to be derived, is frequently called Jurema Branca ("white jurema").» — sigue la entrada, con el reparto de nombres de jurema y la identidad declarada con el tepescohuite mexicano.

«The psychoactive properties of kratom are paradoxical. Personal research, the descriptions of it in the literature, as well as the pharmacological characteristics of the material have revealed kratom to be simultaneously stimulating like cocaine and soothing like morphine.» — entrada de Mitragyna speciosa: el volumen llama paradójica la acción del kratom y la apoya en tres fuentes —investigación propia, literatura y farmacología— a la vez estimulante y calmante.

«As early as the 19th century the use of Kratom as an opium substitute and a curative for opium addiction was reported.» — sigue la entrada, con el uso decimonónico del kratom como sustituto del opio y como cura de su adicción.

«Mucuna pruriens has not been reported as a hallucinogen, but the plant has been chemically shown to be rich in psychoactive constituents (DMT, 5-MeO-DMT).» — entrada de Mucuna: la negativa etnográfica y el hallazgo químico van en la misma frase, sin resolverse uno con otro.

«It is possible that Indian peoples may have discovered and utilized some of these psychoactive properties of M. pruriens.» — sigue la entrada, con la conjetura dicha como tal: *it is possible*, *may have*.

«Nutmeg and mace can, in large doses, induce an intoxication characterized by space and time distortion, a feeling of detachment from reality, and visual and auditory hallucinations. Frequently with unpleasant effects such as severe headache, dizziness, nausea, tachycardia, nutmeg intoxication is variable.» — entrada de Myristica fragrans: el efecto de la nuez moscada con sus dos caras, la distorsión del espacio y el tiempo y los efectos desagradables.

«There is evidence that Nymphaea may have been employed as a hallucinogen in both the Old and New Worlds. The isolation of the psychoactive apomorphine has offered chemical support to this speculation.» — entrada de Nymphaea: el volumen llama especulación a su propia hipótesis y dice qué la apoya, el aislamiento de la apomorfina.

«Oncidium cebo//eta is an epiphytic orchid that grows on steep, stone cliffs and trees in the Tarahumara Indian country of Mexico. It is employed as a temporary surrogate of Peyote or Hikuri (Lophophora wi//lamsii). Little is known, however, of its use.» — entrada de Oncidium: la orquídea como sucedáneo temporal del peyote entre los tarahumaras, con la ignorancia declarada en la misma frase; el escaneo parte el epíteto, que se lee *cebolleta*.

«The Tarahumara, who know the plant as Cawe and Wichowaka, take a drink made from the juice of the young branches as a narcotic. It causes dizziness and visual hallucinations.» — entrada de Pachycereus: la bebida tarahumara del jugo de las ramas jóvenes y su efecto.

«The term Wichowaka also means "insanity" in the Tarahumara language.» — sigue la entrada, y el nombre mismo de la planta lleva dentro el nombre de la locura.

«The islanders of Bali pick Panaeolus cyanescens from cow and water buffalo dung and ingest them for celebrations and artistic inspiration.» — entrada de Panaeolus cyanescens: el uso balinés para la fiesta y para la inspiración artística, y de paso su venta a los viajeros.

«One of the sacred hallucinogenic mushrooms employed in divination and other magic ceremonies in northeastern Oaxaca, Mexico, among the Mazatec and Chinantec Indians is this member of the small genus Panaeolus.» — entrada de Panaeolus sphinctrinus: el hongo sagrado de la adivinación y de las ceremonias mágicas entre mazatecos y chinantecos de Oaxaca.

«It is known in Mazatec as 1-ha-na-sa, She-to, and To-shka. She-to means "pasture mushroom" and To-shka, "intoxicating mushroom.» — sigue la entrada, con los nombres mazatecos y su traducción; el volumen acota que este hongo pesa menos que las especies de Psilocybe y Stropharia.

«Several investigators have at times argued that P sphinctrinus is not among the hallucinogenic mushrooms used by shamans in Indian communities of Oaxaca, but this view is contradicted by ample evidence.» — la entrada consigna el desacuerdo entre investigadores sobre si este hongo se usa en Oaxaca y dice de qué lado se pone el volumen.

«Its use by Oaxacan Indians along with so many other mushroom species demonstrates the tendency among shamans to use a surprisingly wide range of different mushrooms, depending on season, weather variation, and specific usage.» — sigue la entrada, con la tesis que el volumen saca del desacuerdo: los chamanes usan una gama sorprendentemente ancha de hongos según la temporada y el uso.

«In European Panaeolus sphinctrinus no psilocybine has been detected. Neither have psychoactive effects been determined in human pharmacological experiments. It is possible that chemically different types exist.» — cierre de la entrada, con la negativa europea y la hipótesis de quimiotipos distintos dicha como posibilidad.

«There is no information passed on about a traditional use of this mushroom. It is possible that it was an ingredient in the mead or beer of the Germans.» — entrada de Panaeolus subbalteatus: el volumen declara que no hay uso tradicional transmitido y solo conjetura uno germánico.

«Nevertheless, this mushroom has a symbiotic relationship with the horse, the sacred animal of the German god of ecstasy, Wodan.» — sigue la entrada, y el argumento que el volumen ofrece es de correspondencia y no de testimonio: el hongo crece con el caballo, animal sagrado de Wodan.

«Little is known of the use of Pancratium trianthum. In Dobe, Botswana, the Bushmen reportedly value the plant as a hallucinogen, rubbing the sliced bulb over cuts made in the scalp. In tropical west Africa, P trianthum seems to be religiously important.» — entrada de Pancratium: el uso bosquimano por escarificación del cuero cabelludo, dicho de oídas, y la importancia religiosa en África occidental dicha en potencial.

«Natives of New Guinea employ the fruit of a species of Pandanusfor hallucinogenic purposes, but little is known of this use.» — entrada de Pandanus: el uso neoguineano registrado y a la vez casi desconocido; el escaneo parte el nombre del género.

«The high esteem that P harma/a enjoys in folk medicine wherever the plant occurs may indicate a former semisacred use as a hallucinogen in native religion and magic.» — entrada de Peganum harmala: el volumen lee el prestigio de la planta en la medicina popular como indicio —*may indicate*— de un uso semisagrado anterior en la religión y la magia nativas.

«It has recently been postulated that P harma/a may have been the source of Soma or Huoma of the ancient peoples of Persia and India.» — sigue la entrada, con la candidatura de la ruda siria al Soma y al Haoma dicha como postulado reciente y ajeno; el volumen ya había dado esa identificación a la Amanita en otra entrada, y no arbitra entre las dos.

«There are suspicions that this round cactus may be valued in Mexico as a "false Peyote" It is locally known as Peyote and Peyotillo.» — entrada de Pelecyphora: el volumen habla de sospechas y no de uso comprobado.

«Numerous reports indicate that Pernettya is intoxicating. The fruit of P furens, the Huedhued or Hierba Loca of Chile, causes mental confusion, madness, and even permanent insanity.» — entrada de Pernettya: los reportes del fruto chileno que trastorna, con la locura permanente entre sus efectos.

«It has been suggested that Pernettya was employed by aboriginal peoples as a magico-religious hallucinogen.» — sigue la entrada, con el uso aborigen dicho como sugerencia y no como dato.

«A recent report from highland Ecuador has indicated that a species of Petunia is valued as a hallucinogen. It is called Shanin in Ecuador. Which group of Indians employs it, what species, and how it is prepared for use are not known.» — entrada de Petunia: el volumen consigna el reporte y a la vez enumera todo lo que no se sabe de él.

«It is said to induce a feeling of levitation or of soaring through the air, a typical characteristic of many kinds of hallucinogenic intoxications.» — sigue la entrada, y la sensación de volar se declara rasgo típico de muchas de estas embriagueces, no peculiaridad de esta planta.

«The root of Fang-K'uei is employed medicinally in China as an eliminative, diuretic, tussic, and sedative. Although thought to be rather deleterious, it may, with prolonged use, have tonic effects.» — entrada de Peucedanum japonicum, con los usos medicinales chinos y su reserva sobre lo deletéreo de la raíz.

«The Red Canary Grass was known already in antiquity. Thus far, no traditional use of Phalaris arundinacea as a psychoactive substance is known.» — entrada de Phalaris arundinacea: la negativa etnográfica va dicha sin rodeos, pese a la antigüedad de la planta.

«It is possible that in the past few years "cellar shamans" might have been experimenting with a possible psychoactive use for the grass in Ayahuasca analogs and DM1 extracts.» — sigue la entrada, con el término que el volumen entrecomilla para los experimentadores caseros de hoy y la conjetura dicha como tal.

«The Common Reed had many uses in ancient Egypt, particularly as fibrous material. Traditional use for psychoactive purposes has been documented, only as a fermented ingredient in a beerlike drink.» — entrada de Phragmites australis: el uso psicoactivo documentado se reduce a un ingrediente fermentado de una bebida parecida a la cerveza.

«A well-known Phytolacca in China, Shang-lu exists in two forms: one with white flowers and a white root and one with red flowers and a purplish root. The latter type is considered to be highly toxic, although the former is cultivated as a food.» — entrada de Phytolacca acinosa: las dos formas chinas repartidas por color y por toxicidad.

«This mushroom, known in Oaxaca as Hongo de San Isidro, is an important hallucinogen, although it should be noted that not all shamans will use it.» — entrada de Psilocybe cubensis: alucinógeno importante y con la salvedad de que no todos los chamanes lo usan.

«The Mazatec name is Di-shi-tjo-le-rra-ja ("divine mushroom of manure» — sigue la entrada, con el nombre mazateco y su traducción, que junta lo divino y el estiércol en la misma palabra.

«A traditional or shamanic use of this highly potent Psilocybe has not yet been documented.» — entrada de Psilocybe cyanescens: la negativa se consigna como dato, sin uso tradicional ni chamánico documentado.

«Today, Psilocybe cyanescens is used in Central Europe and North America in neo-pagan rituals.» — sigue la entrada, con un uso ritual de hoy que el volumen llama neopagano y no adscribe a ninguna tradición nombrada.

«Toward the end of the Middle Ages in Spain, P semilanceata was probably used as a hallucinogen by women who were accused of being witches.» — entrada de Psilocybe semilanceata: la afirmación va con su *probably* dentro, y el volumen dice acusadas de brujas y no brujas.

«Allegedly the nomads of the Alps named P semilanceata the "dream mushroom" and traditionally used it as a psychoactive substance.» — sigue la entrada, con el nombre alpino de hongo del sueño dado de oídas —*allegedly*.

«The leaves must be gathered in the morning. They are used either fresh or dried in the production of Ayahuasca. Today they are also used as an Ayahuasca analog.» — entrada de Psychotria: la hora de la cosecha como parte de la preparación de la ayahuasca.

«Many species of Psilocybe are employed in southern Mexico as sacred mushrooms, P mexicana being one of the most widely used.» — cierre del bloque de Psilocybe en el léxico, con el género entero dado por hongo sagrado en el sur de México.

«The beautiful red and black beans of several species of Rhynchosia may have been employed in ancient Mexico as a hallucinogenic. Paintings of these seeds on frescoes dated A. D. 300—400 at Tepantitla suggest former use as a sacred plant.» — entrada de Rhynchosia: el argumento es iconográfico y va en potencial, con los frescos de Tepantitla fechados entre 300 y 400 de nuestra era.

«In Oaxaca, Mexico, the Mazatec Indians cultivate Salvia divinorurn for the leaves, which are crushed on a metate, diluted in water, and drunk or chewed fresh for their hallucinogenic properties in divinatory rituals.» — entrada de Salvia divinorum: la preparación mazateca en metate y su uso adivinatorio; el escaneo parte el epíteto.

«The plant, known as Hierba de Ia Pastora ("herb of the shepherdess") or Hierba de Ia Virgen ('herb of the Virgin"), is cultivated in plots hidden away in forests far from homes and roads.» — sigue la entrada, con los dos nombres mexicanos —hierba de la pastora y hierba de la Virgen— y el cultivo escondido lejos de casas y caminos.

«It has been suggested that the narcotic Pipiltzintzintli of the ancient Aztecs was Salvia divinorurn, but at present the plant seems to be used only by the Mazatecs.» — sigue la entrada, con la identificación azteca dicha como sugerencia y acotada por el uso presente, que el volumen limita a los mazatecos.

«Over two centuries ago, Dutch explorers reported that the Hottentots of South Africa chewed the root of a plant known as Kanna or Channa as a vision-inducing hallucinogen.» — entrada de Sceletium: el testimonio es de exploradores neerlandeses de hace más de dos siglos, y el volumen lo consigna como reporte suyo.

«One of the most powerful herbs of the Tarahumara of Mexico is apparently a species of Scirpus. Tarahumara Indians fear to cultivate Bakana lest they become insane.» — entrada de Scirpus: la planta más poderosa de los tarahumaras, que temen cultivarla por miedo a enloquecer.

«The tuberous underground part is believed to cure insanity, and the whole plant is a protector of those suffering from mental ills.» — sigue la entrada, con la doble faz del bakana: causa temida de locura y remedio atribuido contra ella.

«The intoxication that it induces enables Indians to travel far and wide, talk with dead ancestors, and see brilliantly colored visions.» — sigue la entrada, con las tres cosas que el efecto habilita: viajar lejos, hablar con los antepasados muertos y ver visiones de color intenso.

«In Slovenia, Scopolia was possibly used for the preparation of witches' salves.» — entrada de Scopolia carniolica: el uso esloveno en ungüentos de brujas va dicho en potencial.

«In East Prussia, the root was used as a native narcotic, beer additive, and aphrodisiac. Women allegedly used it to seduce young men into being willing lovers.» — sigue la entrada, con el uso prusiano oriental y el filtro amoroso dado de oídas —*allegedly*.

«Sida acuta and S. rhombifolia are said to be smoked as a stimulant and substitute for Marijuana along the Gulf coastal regions of Mexico.» — entrada de Sida: el uso como sustituto de la mariguana en el Golfo de México, dicho de oídas.

«A luxuriant climbing bush with showy flowers resembling those of Brugmansia, Solandra is valued for its hallucinogenic purposes in Mexico. A tea made from the juice of the branches of S. brevicalyx and of S. guerrerensis is known to have strong intoxicant properties.» — entrada de Solandra: la infusión del jugo de las ramas y su efecto embriagante fuerte.

«Mentioned by Hernández as Tecomaxochitl or Huelpatl of the Aztecs, S. guerrerensis is used as an intoxicant in Guerrero.» — sigue la entrada, y la identificación azteca se apoya en Hernández, nombrado como fuente.

«The beautiful red beans of this shrub were once used as a hallucinbgen in North America.» — entrada de Sophora secundiflora: el frijol de mescal dado por alucinógeno de uso pasado en Norteamérica; el escaneo imprime el término con una letra de más.

«Truly hallucinogenic activity is unknown for cytisine, but it is probable that the powerful intoxication causes, through a kind of delirium, conditions that can induce a visionary trance.» — sigue la entrada, con la explicación del efecto dicha en potencial: no por acción alucinógena del alcaloide sino por un delirio que abre paso al trance.

«In the Amazon, the Sanango (Tabernaemontana sananho R. et P.) is considered a panacea. The leaves, roots, and the latexrich bark are used in folk medicine.» — entrada de Tabernaemontana: el sanango amazónico tenido por panacea, con las tres partes que se usan.

«In the Amazon, Sanango is also considered a "memory plant." Ayahuasca is enhanced with it in order that the visions can be better recalled.» — sigue la entrada, con el sanango como planta de la memoria que se añade a la ayahuasca para poder recordar mejor la visión.

«Chemical studies on Tabernanthe iboga have shown at least a dozen indole alkaloids, the most active being ibogaine, the effects of which, in toxic doses, lead to extraordinary visions; an overdose, to paralysis and death.» — entrada de Tabernanthe iboga, con la ibogaína y sus visiones extraordinarias en dosis tóxica y la muerte en sobredosis.

«The Huichol of Mexico induce visions by smoking a mixture of Nicotiana rustica and Tagetes lucida. They frequently drink a fermented beer from maize along with the smoking in order "to produce clearer visions.» — entrada de Tagetes lucida: la mezcla huichola de tabaco y yauhtli, y la cerveza de maíz que se bebe al fumarla para aclarar la visión.

«The Paumari, who live on the Rio Purus, create a ritual snuff that they call koribo-na fun/out of the leaves. The shamans sniff it when they are dealing with difficult cases—for example, in order to extract a magical object out of the body of the sick person.» — entrada de Tanaecium: el rapé ritual paumari que el chamán aspira para extraer un objeto mágico del cuerpo del enfermo.

«ritual for protection of children, during which they fall into a trance. The snuff is used only by the men.» — sigue la entrada de Tanaecium: el rapé se usa también en un ritual de protección de los niños, y el volumen consigna que es cosa de hombres.

«It is uncertain as to whether the toxin's waste products contribute to the psychoactive effect of T nocturnum. It is not yet known if there are other active compounds in the leaves or other parts of the plant. It is possible that this plant contains substances of unknown chemical structure and pharmacological effect.» — cierre de la entrada, con tres ignorancias declaradas una tras otra y ninguna disimulada.

«The nomadic Makü Indians of the Rio Tikié in the northwestern most Amazonas of Brazil prepare a hallucinogenic drink, a sort of Ayahuasca or Caapi, from the bark of Tetrapteris methystica.» — entrada de Tetrapteris: la bebida de los makú del río Tiquié, que el volumen cuenta entre las ayahuascas.

«The seeds of Turbina corymbosa, better known as Rivea corymbosa, are valued as one of the major sacred hallucinogens of numerous Indian groups in southern Mexico. Their use goes back to early periods. Known as Ololiuqui, they were important in Aztec ceremonies as an intoxicant with reputedly analgesic properties.» — entrada de Turbina corymbosa: el ololiuqui entre los alucinógenos sagrados mayores del sur de México y su papel en las ceremonias aztecas.

«Classification of genera in the Morning Glory family or Convolvulaceae has always been difficult. This species has at one time or another been assigned to the genera Convolvu/us, Ipomoea, Legendrea, Rivea, and Turbina.» — sigue la entrada, con la inestabilidad del nombre botánico consignada como dato y no corregida en silencio.

«Most, if not all, species of Virola have a copious red 'resin" in the inner bark. The resin from a number of species is prepared as a hallucinogenic snuff or small pellets.» — entrada de Virola: la resina roja de la corteza interna preparada como rapé o como píldoras.

«In West Africa the bark is used as a hunting poison, stimulant, and potent aphrodisiac.» — entrada de Voacanga, con los tres usos de la corteza en África occidental.

«Supposedly the seeds are used by African magicians in order to produce visions.» — sigue la entrada, con el uso por los magos africanos dicho como suposición.

«The seeds of the Voacanga grandiflora (Miq.) Rolfe are used by magicians in West Africa for visionary purposes. Unfortunately the details are not yet uncovered, as the knowledge of the magicians is a closely guarded secret.» — cierre del Plant Lexicon: el volumen declara por qué no puede decir más, y la razón es el secreto guardado de los magos.

«Notwithstanding the recent upsurge in the use of psychoactive plants in modern Western societies, the thrust of this book emphasizes almost exclusively the employment of hallucinogens among aboriginal peoples who have restricted the use of these plants mostly to magic, medical, or religious purposes.» — arranque del capítulo sobre quién usa estas plantas: los autores declaran que el libro mira sobre todo al uso aborigen, y no al del Occidente moderno.

«The outstanding difference between the use of hallucinogens in our culture and their use in preindustrial societies is precisely the difference in the belief concerning their purpose and origin: all aboriginal societies have considered—and still do—that these plants are the gifts of the gods, if not the gods themselves.» — la tesis central del capítulo, y de las más citables del volumen: lo que separa a las dos culturas no es la planta sino la creencia sobre su propósito y su origen.

«It is obvious that our culture does not view hallucinogenic plants in this light.» — el reverso de esa misma tesis, dicho de la cultura propia de los autores.

«Soma, the ancient god-narcotic of India, may be the most outstanding example. Most hallucinogens are holy mediators between man and the supernatural, but Soma was deified.» — los autores distinguen dos rangos: la mayoría de estas plantas median entre el hombre y lo sobrenatural, y el Soma fue hecho dios.

«So holy was Soma that it has been suggested that even the idea of deity may have arisen from experiences with its unearthly effects.» — la hipótesis del origen de la idea de divinidad vuelve aquí referida al Soma, y sigue dicha como sugerencia ajena.

«The sacred Mexican mushrooms have a long history that is closely linked to shamanism and religion. The Aztecs called them Teonanácatl ("divine flesh"), and they were ceremonially ingested.» — los autores atan la historia de los hongos mexicanos al chamanismo y a la religión, y traducen el nombre azteca como carne divina.

«Highland Maya cultures in Guatemala apparently had, more than three thousand years ago, a sophisticated religion utilizing mushrooms.» — la afirmación sobre los mayas del altiplano guatemalteco va con su *apparently* dentro y con una antigüedad de más de tres mil años.

«Probably the most famous sacred hallucinogen of the New World, however, is Peyote, which, among the Huichol of Mexico, is identified with the deer (their sacred animal) and maize (their sacred vegetal staff of life).» — los autores exponen la tríada huichola —peyote, venado y maíz— como identificación y no como semejanza.

«The first Peyotecollecting expedition was led by Tatewari, the original shaman, and subsequent annual trips to ' collect the plant are holy pilgrimages to Wirikuta, original paradisiacal home of the ancestors.» — sigue la exposición huichola: Tatewari como chamán original y Wirikuta como hogar paradisiaco de los antepasados al que la peregrinación vuelve.

«Page 61:The Fly Agaric is used for shamanic purposes worldwide. It has even been linked to the ancient Indian Soma.» — pie de lámina, con el uso chamánico de la Amanita dado por mundial y el vínculo con el Soma dicho como enlace establecido por otros.

«South America, Ayahuasca reveals the real world, while daily living is an illusion. Ayahuasca means "tendril of the soul" in Kechwa and comes from the frequent experience that the soul separates from the body during the intoxication, communing with the ancestors and forces of the spirit world.» — los autores exponen la inversión que la ayahuasca opera —lo diario es la ilusión— y derivan su nombre quechua del desprendimiento del alma.

«The drinking of Caapi is a return "to the maternal womb, to the source and origin of all things," and participants see "all the tribal divinities, the creation of the universe, the first human beings and animals and even the establishment of the social order» — los autores citan a Reichel-Dolmatoff por su nombre: el caapi como regreso al útero materno y como visión del origen del mundo y del orden social.

«It is not always the shaman or medicine man who administers these sacred plants. The general population—usually the adult male portion— often shares in the use of hallucinogens.» — los autores acotan la figura del chamán: no siempre es él quien administra, y a menudo participa la población adulta.

«Above: The symbols in Huichol mythology are vividly depicted in their popular sacred art. The beauty of the forms has as a basis the ceremonial use of Peyote. The yarn painting above, like an Aztec Codex, is a chronicle of the creation of the world.» — pie de la lámina huichola, que compara el cuadro de estambre con un códice azteca y lo lee como crónica de la creación.

«The gods emerged from the Underworld to Mother Earth. This was possible because Kauyumari, Our Elder Brother Deer, found the nierika, or portway. The nierika of Kauyumari (top center) unifies the spirit of all things and all worlds. Through it all life came into being.» — sigue el pie: el nierika o portal hallado por el Hermano Mayor Venado como aquello por lo que vino toda vida.

«Page 62: This early-sixteenth-century Aztec statue of Xochipilli, the ecstatic Prince of Flowers, was unearthed in Tlamanalco on the slopes of the volcano Popocatepetl.» — pie de lámina, con la estatua azteca de Xochipilli, Príncipe de las Flores, y el sitio de su hallazgo.

«The stylized glyphs depict various hallucinogenic plants. From left to right, the glyphs represent: mushroom cap; tendril of the Morning Glory; flower of Tobacco; flower of the sacred Morning Glory; bud of Sinicuiche; and, on the pedestal, stylized caps of Psilocybe aztecOrum.» — sigue el pie, con la lectura botánica de los glifos de la estatua planta por planta; el escaneo altera la capital del epíteto, que se lee *aztecorum*.

«In almost all instances, in both the Old and the New World, the use of hallucinogenic drugs is restricted to adult males. There are, however, striking exceptions.» — los autores enuncian la regla del uso reservado a los varones adultos y a la vez anuncian sus excepciones.

«Among the Koryak of Siberia, Anianita may be used by both sexes. In southern Mexico, the sacred mushrooms can be taken by both men and women; in fact, the shaman is usually a woman. Similarly, in the Old World, Iboga may be taken by any adult, male or female.» — las tres excepciones que los autores nombran, con el dato de que en el sur de México el chamán suele ser mujer; el escaneo imprime el nombre del hongo corrompido, que se lee *Amanita*.

«Sometimes hallucinogens are administered to children. Among the JIvaro, Brugmansia may be given to boys, who are then admonished by the ancestors during the intoxication. Frequently, the first use of a hallucinogen occurs in puberty rituals.» — los autores registran el uso con niños entre los jívaros, con los antepasados amonestando al muchacho durante el efecto.

«There is hardly an aboriginal culture without at least one psychoactive plant: even Tobacco and Coca may, in large doses, be employed for the induction of visions.» — los autores extienden el fenómeno a casi toda cultura aborigen y cuentan ahí al tabaco y a la coca en dosis alta.

«An example is the smoking of Tobacco among the Warao of Venezuela, who use it to induce a trancelike state accompanied by what, for all practical purposes, are visions.» — el caso warao de Venezuela, con el matiz del volumen: lo que se ve son visiones a todos los efectos prácticos.

«So far as we know, the Inuit have only one psychoactive plant; the Polynesian Islanders of the Pacific had Kava-kava (Piper niethysticum), but they seem never to have had a true hallucinogen in use: Kava-kava is classed as a hypnotic.» — los autores declaran el límite de su saber y consignan dos casos de escasez, el inuit y el polinesio.

«Africa has been poorly studied from the point of view of drug plants, and may have hallucinogenic species that have not yet been introduced to the scientific world.» — los autores atribuyen la pobreza africana al estado del estudio y no a la flora.

«Asia, a vast continent, has produced relatively few major hallucinogenic varieties but their use has been widespread and extremely significant from a cultural point of view; furthermore, the use of them is extremely ancient.» — los autores separan número e importancia: Asia da pocas variedades y de uso extendido, significativo y antiquísimo.

«Numerous sources describe the use of hallucinogenic and other intoxicating plants in ancient Europe. Many researchers see the roots of culture, shamanism, and religion in the use of psychoactive or hallucinogenic plants.» — la tesis más ancha del capítulo, y va atribuida a *many researchers* y no firmada por los autores: la raíz de la cultura, del chamanismo y de la religión en el uso de estas plantas.

«Two points stand out in clear relief in this tabular summary of material set forth in greater detail in other sections of the book. It is obvious that: (1) the sources of information are interdisciplinary in nature; and (2) there is urgent need for deeper studies in view of the sparsity or vagueness of knowledge in so many cases.» — marco del cuadro Overview of Plant Use: los autores declaran los dos puntos que el propio cuadro deja ver, entre ellos la escasez del saber.

«It is man living in so-called archaic societies and intimately familiar with his ambient vegetation who has discovered the hallucinogens and bent them to his use.» — los autores adjudican el hallazgo al hombre de las sociedades que llaman arcaicas, por familiaridad con su vegetación.

«The relentless march of civilization is ever increasing in speed and intensity, reaching even the most remote and hidden peoples. Acculturation inevitably spells the doom of native lore and leads to the disappearance of knowledge built up through the ages. It is, therefore, urgent that we step up the tempo of research before this knowledge will forever be entombed with the culture that gave it birth.» — la urgencia que los autores declaran: la aculturación borra el saber nativo y hay que investigar antes de que quede sepultado con su cultura.

«Accurate botanical identification of the source plant is basic to a sound understanding of hallucinogens. We do not always have this knowledge.» — los autores ponen la identificación botánica como cimiento y admiten en la misma línea que falta.

«Ideally, botanical determination of a product should be made on the basis of a voucher specimen: only in this way canexactness be ensured. It is sometimes necessary to base an identification on a common name or on a description, in which case there always may exist some doubt as to its accuracy.» — sigue el criterio: el espécimen testigo como única garantía, y la duda que queda cuando se identifica por nombre común o por descripción.

«It is equally essential that chemical investigations be founded upon properly vouchered material. Brilliant phytochemical work too often is worthless simply because grave doubts about the identity of the original vegetal material cannot be dispelled.» — los autores extienden la exigencia a la química y declaran inútil el trabajo fitoquímico brillante sobre material mal identificado.

«It is only in very recent years that anthropologists have begun to comprehend the deep and all-encompassing role that hallucinogens play in the history, mythology, and philosophy of aboriginal societies.» — los autores fechan en años muy recientes la comprensión antropológica del papel de estas plantas en la historia, la mitología y la filosofía aborígenes.

«Left: The English botanist Richard Spruce spent fourteen years in field research in South America during the 1800's. An insatiable plant-explorer, he might be called the prototype of ethnobotanists of tropical America. His studies laid the foundation of research on the hallucinogens Yopo and Caapi— research still in progress.» — pie de lámina, que llama a Richard Spruce prototipo de los etnobotánicos de la América tropical y le atribuye el cimiento de la investigación del yopo y del caapi.

«Page 64: The culture of Colombia (from 1200 to 1600) has yielded many enigmatic gold pectorals with mushroomlike representations. They may imply the existence of a cult using these intoxicating fungi, species of which occur in the area. Many of the pectorals have winglike structures, possibly signifying magic flight, a frequent characteristic of hallucinogenic intoxication.» — pie de lámina sobre los pectorales de oro colombianos: el culto y el vuelo mágico van dichos en potencial —*may imply*, *possibly*—, y el escaneo se come el nombre de la cultura.

«Among Old and New World similarities is the relation of N. amp/a to the toad, itself associated with hallucinogenic agents, and the relation of the plant to death.» — sigue la fila, con la doble correspondencia que el cuadro señala: el nenúfar con el sapo y con la muerte.

«Indians in Peru still believe that Brugmansia permits them to communicate with ancestors and that it can reveal treasures preserved in graves.» — sigue la fila, con la creencia peruana atribuida como creencia: comunicación con los antepasados y revelación de tesoros en las tumbas.

«While purely speculative, there may be a basic reason for» — los autores marcan como especulación pura su hipótesis sobre por qué se excluye a las mujeres; el tramo se corta en el límite de chunk, donde el troceo reemite la marca de plana.

«the exclusion of women from ingesting narcotic preparations. Many hallucinogens are possibly sufficiently toxic to have abortifacient effects. Since women in aboriginal societies are frequently pregnant during most of their childbearing years» — continuación de esa hipótesis al otro lado del corte: muchos de estos alucinógenos serían bastante tóxicos para abortar, y la mujer pasa embarazada buena parte de sus años fértiles.

«or communicants alone imbibe or ingest flex drinks, Datura infusions, Tobacco,... Peyote cactus, Ololiuqui seeds, mushrooms, narcotic Mint leaves or Ayahuasca the ethnographic principle is the same. These plants contain spirit power.» — epígrafe que el volumen atribuye a Weston La Barre: cambie quien beba y cambie la planta, el principio etnográfico es el mismo, y lo que las plantas contienen es poder espiritual; el escaneo desordena los primeros renglones del epígrafe y aquí se cita solo el tramo contiguo.

«And wise handling of such a wealth of information calls for patience and breadth of understanding.» — sigue el marco del cuadro, con lo que los autores piden para manejar ese material: paciencia y amplitud de comprensión.

«That progress in future studies will be made only when they are based on integration of data, from sundry fields—. anthropology, botany, chemistry, history,» — los autores condicionan el avance del estudio a la integración de datos de campos distintos, y empiezan a enumerarlos; el escaneo mete aquí la portada facsimilar del libro de Spruce y parte la lista.

«medicine, mythology, pharmacology, philology, religion, and so on—should be obvious.» — continuación de esa lista al otro lado de la lámina intercalada, con el resto de las disciplinas que los autores exigen integrar.

«Water Lilies enjoyed an exceptionally prominent place in the mythology and art of Minoan and dynastic Egyptian» — fila del cuadro Overview sobre el nenúfar: el volumen le da un lugar prominente en la mitología y el arte de Creta minoica y del Egipto dinástico; el escaneo entrevera aquí la columna de los nombres comunes y el tramo se corta antes de ella.

«cultures, in India and China, as well as in the Mayan world from the Middle Classical period until the inception of the Mexican period.» — continuación de esa misma fila al otro lado del renglón entreverado, con la India, China y el mundo maya.

«They usually include initial excitability, setting in within several minutes from the first snuffing. Then follows numbness of the limbs, twitching of the facial muscles, inability to coordinate muscular activity, nausea, visual hallucinations, and finally, a deep, disturbed sleep.» — fila del cuadro sobre la Virola: la secuencia del efecto del rapé, de la excitación inicial al sueño profundo y perturbado.

«The hallucinogenic snuff has various names depending on the locality or tribe, with the most commonly recognized terms being Paricá, Epená, and Nyakwana in Brazil, Yakee and Yato in Colombia.» — fila del cuadro sobre la Virola, con el reparto de nombres del rapé por localidad y por pueblo.

«The use of Yakee or Paricá is restricted to shamans.» — fila del cuadro sobre la Virola: el uso de estas dos preparaciones queda reservado a los chamanes, frente al epená, que snifan todos los varones adultos.

«It has recently been convincingly argued that Ergot» — fila del cuadro Overview sobre el cornezuelo: la tesis sobre Eleusis va atribuida a otros y calificada de convincente, sin que el volumen la firme; el escaneo mete aquí una remisión de páginas y el tramo se corta antes.

«played a role in the Eleusinian mysteries of ancient Greece.» — continuación de esa misma fila al otro lado de la remisión intercalada, con los misterios de Eleusis como sede del papel que se le atribuye al cornezuelo.

«Deadly Nightshade figured as an important ingredient in» — fila del cuadro sobre la belladona; el escaneo mete una remisión de páginas y el tramo se corta ahí.

«many of the witches' brews of the Middle Ages. Atropa played a prominent role in the mythology of most European peoples.» — continuación de esa fila: los brebajes de brujas medievales y el papel mitológico que el volumen atribuye a la belladona entre los pueblos europeos.

«Brunfelsia is known as Borrachero ('the intoxicator") to Colombian Indians, and as Chiricaspi» — fila del cuadro sobre la Brunfelsia, con el nombre colombiano que el volumen traduce como el que embriaga; el escaneo mete aquí la columna de los nombres y el tramo se corta antes.

«westernmost Amazonia (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru).» — continuación de esa fila al otro lado de los renglones entreverados, con el área del nombre Chiricaspi.

«The beans of various species are frequently sold with those of Sophora secundfflora (Mescal Beans) in» — fila del cuadro sobre la Erythrina, con los frijoles vendidos junto a los del frijol de mescal; el escaneo entrevera aquí la columna de los nombres.

«Mexico. They are used as amulets or charms.» — continuación de esa fila, con el uso como amuleto en México.

«Native to the Philippine Islands, two species of this plant have acquired significance similar to Salvia in southern» — fila del cuadro sobre el Coleus, con dos especies venidas de Filipinas que adquirieron un papel semejante al de la Salvia; el escaneo entrevera aquí la columna de los nombres.

«Mexico among the Mazatec Indians.» — continuación de esa fila, que sitúa ese papel entre los mazatecos del sur de México.

«Having magico-religious significance, Coleus is used» — fila del cuadro sobre el Coleus, que lo declara planta de significación mágico-religiosa; las tres columnas de la plana van entreveradas renglón a renglón en el escaneo y el tramo se corta al primer intruso.

«Although native to the Canary Islands, Genista was incorporated in aboriginal American societies. Genista has apparently acquired an important role among the Yaqui Indians of Mexico.» — fila del cuadro sobre el Genista, con la planta canaria incorporada a una sociedad americana y su papel entre los yaquis.

«In southern Mexico, the Mixtec of Oaxaca employ two species to induce a condition of half-sleep. There seems to be no ceremony connected with the use.» — fila del cuadro sobre el Lycoperdon, con la aclaración de que el medio sueño mixteco no lleva ceremonia.

«During the Middle Ages, Henbane was an ingredient of the witches' brews and ointments.» — fila del cuadro sobre el beleño, con los brebajes y ungüentos de brujas medievales.

«In ancient Greece and Rome, reports of "magic drinks" indicate that Henbane frequently served as an ingredient.» — sigue la fila: los reportes grecorromanos de bebidas mágicas señalan al beleño como ingrediente frecuente.

«It has been suggested that the priestesses Delphi prophesied under the influence of Henbane.» — sigue la fila, y la tesis sobre las profetisas de Delfos va dicha como sugerencia ajena; el escaneo se come la preposición antes del nombre del santuario.

«Used by the Mazatec Indians of Mexico as a substitute for psychoactive mushrooms, S. divinorum ("of the dlvi» — fila del cuadro sobre la Salvia divinorum, usada como sustituto de los hongos; el escaneo entrevera aquí la columna de los nombres y corrompe la palabra de los adivinos.

«ners") is called "herb of the shepherdess:' It is commonly believed to be the narcotic Pipiltzintzintli of the Aztec Indians.» — continuación de esa fila al otro lado del renglón entreverado: la hierba de la pastora y la creencia común de que es el Pipiltzintzintli azteca.

«The Tarahumara Indians in northern and central Mexico assert that A. fissuratus is stronger than Peyote» — fila del cuadro sobre el Ariocarpus: los tarahumaras lo tienen por más fuerte que el peyote.

«In Gabon and the Congo, the cult surrounding Iboga provides the natives with the strongest single force against the missionary spread of Christianity and Islam in this region.» — fila del cuadro sobre la iboga, y es de los pasajes más cargados del volumen: el culto de la iboga como la fuerza más resistente a la misión cristiana y musulmana en esa región.

«Iboga is known to be used as a hallucinogen in magico-religious context, especially the Bwiti cult, and serves to seek information from ancestors and the spirit world, hence 'a coming to terms with death.» — fila del cuadro sobre la iboga: el culto Bwiti y la búsqueda de información en los antepasados y el mundo de los espíritus, que el volumen resume como un habérselas con la muerte.

«Moreover, intoxication is practiced in the initiation ceremonies.» — sigue la fila, con la embriaguez dentro de las ceremonias de iniciación.

«The root of Mimosa hostilis was the source of a "miraculous drink," known locally as Ajuca or Vinho de Jurema.» — fila del cuadro sobre la jurema, con el nombre local de la bebida que el volumen entrecomilla como milagrosa.

«In the 19th century, Kratom was known as an opium substitute in Thailand and Malaysia.» — fila del cuadro sobre el kratom, con su uso decimonónico como sustituto del opio.

«It is possible that this fungus has been used for psychoactive purposes in Central Europe for about 12,000 years. Earlier, it was used as a hallucinogen by the Alpen nomads and has also been used in European witchcraft.» — fila del cuadro sobre el Liberty Cap: doce mil años de uso en Europa central dichos en potencial, y el uso en la brujería europea dado por hecho.

«Many Acacias are used in traditional medicine. The psychoactive use of Acacia, Which contains DMT, is very recent and has been developed especially in Australia and California.» — fila del cuadro sobre la Acacia, con el uso psicoactivo declarado muy reciente y localizado en Australia y California.

«Mandrake has a complex history in the Old World. The root of Mandrake can be likened to the human form, hence its magic.» — fila del cuadro sobre la mandrágora, que deriva su magia de la semejanza de la raíz con la figura humana.

«The Greek physician Galen wrote, about A. o. 160, that general use of Cannabis in cakes produced intoxication.» — sigue la fila, con el testimonio de Galeno sobre los pasteles de cáñamo; el escaneo corrompe la abreviatura de la era.

«In 13th-century Asia Minor, organized murderers, rewarded with Hashish, were known as hash/shins, from which may come the term assassin in European languages.» — sigue la fila, y la etimología de *asesino* a partir de los hashishins va dicha en potencial: *may come*.

«In the mythology and symbolism of the Mexican Huichol and other tribes, several species of Solandra are important.» — fila del cuadro sobre la Solandra, con su lugar en la mitología y la simbólica huicholas.

«Cannabis has a long history of use in folk medicine and as a psychoactive substance. It is the source of fiber, an edible fruit, an industrial oil, a medicine, and an intoxicant.» — fila del cuadro sobre el cáñamo, con los cinco productos que el volumen le reconoce a la misma planta.

«Use of Cannabis has grown in popularity in the past 40 years as the plant has spread to nearly all parts of the globe. Increase in the plant's use as an inebriant in Western countries, especially in urban centers, has led to major problems and dilemmas for European and American authorities.» — sigue la fila, con la expansión moderna del uso y los problemas que el volumen atribuye a las autoridades europeas y norteamericanas.

«There is a sharp division of opinion as to whether the widespread use of Cannabis is a vice that must be stamped out or is an innocuous habit that should be permitted legally. The subject is debated hotly, usually with limited knowledge.» — sigue la fila, y el volumen consigna la división de opiniones sin ponerse de un lado, solo anotando que se discute con conocimiento limitado.

«East Indians regularly employ three preparations: Bhang consists of plants that are gathered green, dried and made into a drink with water or milk or into a candy (majun) with sugar and spices; Charas normally smoked or eaten with spices, is pure resin; Ganja, usually smoked with tobacco, consists of resin-rich dried tops from the female plant.» — sigue la fila, con las tres preparaciones indias —bhang, charas y ganja— distinguidas por parte de la planta y modo de consumo.

«Valued in eastern Brazil, where several tribes in Pernambuco use the plant in ceremonials;» — fila del cuadro sobre la jurema, con el uso ceremonial en Pernambuco; el escaneo entrevera aquí la columna de los nombres y el tramo se corta ahí.

«In India, use of Cannabis has had religious significance. Specimens nearly 4,000 years old have turned up in an» — fila del cuadro sobre el cáñamo, con la significación religiosa india y un hallazgo egipcio de casi cuatro mil años; las columnas de la plana van entreveradas renglón a renglón y el tramo se corta al primer intruso.

«In ancient Thebes, the plant was made into a drink with» — fila del cuadro sobre el cáñamo: la bebida tebana, cuyo efecto el volumen compara con el del opio en el renglón siguiente, separado por la columna entreverada.

«The Scythians, who threw Hemp seeds and leaves on» — fila del cuadro sobre el cáñamo: los escitas y las piedras calientes del baño de vapor, que el volumen sitúa a orillas del Volga hace tres mil años; el tramo se corta donde el escaneo entrevera la columna de los nombres.

«Chinese tradition puts the use of the plant back 4,800» — fila del cuadro sobre el cáñamo, con la antigüedad que la tradición china le atribuye; el tramo se corta donde el escaneo mete una remisión de páginas.

«Indian medical writing, compiled before 1000 B. C., reports therapeutic uses of Cannabis.» — sigue la fila, con los usos terapéuticos que registra la escritura médica india anterior al año mil antes de nuestra era.

«The principal effect is euphoria. Everything from a mild sense of ease to hallucinations, from feelings of exaltation and inner joy to depression and anxiety have been reported.» — fila del cuadro sobre el cáñamo: el volumen abre el abanico entero del efecto, del sosiego leve a la alucinación y del júbilo a la angustia.

«The natives mix Justicia leaves with the snuff prepared from Virola (see Epena) to "make the snuff smell better» — fila del cuadro sobre la Justicia, con la razón que los propios usuarios dan para la mezcla: que el rapé huela mejor.

«The Huichol worship and fear Solandra as a god-narcotic, Kieli, a powerful aid in sorcery.» — fila del cuadro sobre la Solandra: los huicholes la veneran y la temen como narcótico divino y auxiliar poderoso de la hechicería.

«Realizing the close relationship of Solandra, Datura, and Brugmansia, the Huichol sometimes combine their use: they distinguish between Datura inoxia or Kielitsa ("bad Kieli") and the real Kieli or Solandra.» — sigue la fila, con la distinción huichola entre el Kieli malo y el verdadero, que el volumen pone junto al parentesco botánico de los tres géneros.

«is a virulent poison once used to induce delirlum, hallucinations, and even permanent insanity, Dosages were a secret closely guarded.» — fila del cuadro sobre el Latua: el veneno de los brujos de Valdivia, con la dosis guardada en secreto; el escaneo se come el nombre al abrir la frase.

«This mushroom has been used worldwide for its hallucinogenic and vision-inducing qualities,» — fila del cuadro sobre el Liberty Cap, con su uso dado por mundial.

«Acacia resin is used in conjunction with Pituri by the Australian Aborigines. Today, various varieties of Acacia are used as DMT sources and also in the preparation of Ayahuasca analogs for hallucinogenic experiences.» — fila del cuadro sobre la Acacia, con el uso aborigen australiano junto al pituri y el uso reciente en análogos de ayahuasca.

«Use of Mescal Bean goes far back into prehistory in the Rio Grande basin, where they have had ritual uses for at least 9,000 years.» — fila del cuadro sobre el frijol de mescal, con nueve mil años de uso ritual en la cuenca del río Bravo.

«At least a dozen tribes of Indians in northern Mexico and southern Texas practiced a vision-seeking dance.» — sigue la fila, con la danza de búsqueda de visión en una docena larga de pueblos.

«Probably used as an ingredien.t of witches' salves and ointments; used in Eastern Europe as a substitute for Mandrake; also used as an intoxicating ingredient in beer.» — fila del cuadro sobre la Scopolia, con los ungüentos de brujas dichos en potencial y el uso como sustituto de la mandrágora en Europa oriental.

«Known as "narcotic fruit" in ancient Indian writings. Occasionally used as a surrogate for Hashish in Egypt.» — fila del cuadro sobre la nuez moscada, con el nombre que le dan los escritos indios antiguos y su uso egipcio como sustituto del hachís.

«Unknown in classical Greece and Rome, Nutmeg was introduced to Europe in the first century A. 0. by the Arabs, who employed it ass medicine.» — sigue la fila, con la introducción árabe de la nuez moscada en Europa; el escaneo pega el artículo al sustantivo.

«Spanish chronicles described use of Peyote by the Aztec Indians. Lophophora is valued today by the Tarahumara, Huichol, and other Mexican Indians as well as by members of the Native American Church in the United States and western Canada.» — fila del cuadro sobre el peyote, que enlaza la crónica española con el uso vivo de tarahumaras, huicholes y la Native American Church.

«Pituni leaves have been used for at least 40,000 years in Australian rituals and are used for both medicinal and pleasurable purposes.» — fila del cuadro sobre el pituri, con cuarenta mil años de uso ritual australiano; el escaneo imprime el nombre con ene.

«Indians of the Pariana region of the Brazilian Amazon formerly used Maquira, but encroaching civilization has ended this custom.» — fila del cuadro sobre el Maquira, con la costumbre dada por acabada y la civilización invasora como causa.

«Pituri has been of central importance in Australian Aboriginal society as a substance for social enjoyment, a shamanic magic drug, and a valuable good for» — fila del cuadro sobre el pituri, con sus tres papeles en la sociedad aborigen: goce social, droga mágica del chamán y mercancía de intercambio.

«The most notable use of Nutmeg is found in Western society, especially among prisoners deprived of other drugs.» — fila del cuadro sobre la nuez moscada, y el uso occidental que el volumen destaca es el carcelario, a falta de otras drogas.

«At the present time the small round seeds are utilized in divination and witchcraft by Chinantec, Mazatec, Mixtec, Zapotec, and others» — fila del cuadro sobre el ololiuqui, con los cuatro pueblos que hoy lo usan para adivinar y para la brujería.

«The seeds, which must be collected by the person who is to be treated, are ground by a virgin on a metate, water is added, and then the drink is filtered. The patient drinks it at night in a quiet, secluded place.» — sigue la fila, con el protocolo entero: las semillas las junta el propio paciente, las muele una virgen en metate y él bebe de noche y apartado.

«According to shamans, the aftereffects are so strong that the plant is used for divination, prophecy, and diagnosis of disease only when other medicines" are unavailable, or for especially difficult cases.» — fila del cuadro sobre el Iochroma, con la restricción de uso atribuida a los propios chamanes.

«In the United States, use of Peyote is avision-quest ritual with a combination of Christian and Native elements and high moral principles.» — fila del cuadro sobre el peyote: el volumen describe el rito estadounidense como combinación de elementos cristianos y nativos; el escaneo pega el artículo.

«The arrival of the Peyote cult, centering on Lopho-A drink was prepared from the red beans of The seeds contain the highly toxic alkaloid cytisine, phora, a safer hallucinogen, led the natives to aban» — fila del cuadro sobre el frijol de mescal, con el peyote llamado alucinógeno más seguro y el abandono consiguiente de la danza; el escaneo entrevera aquí las columnas y el tramo se corta ahí.

«Several species of Boletus are involved in the re» — fila del cuadro sobre el Boletus, con la locura de los hongos de los kuma dicha como cosa reportada; el escaneo parte la palabra al entreverar las columnas.

«Used as a panacea, Mandrake played an extraordin» — fila del cuadro sobre la mandrágora, que el volumen declara panacea; las tres columnas de la plana van entreveradas renglón a renglón en el escaneo y el tramo se corta al primer intruso.

«ary role as a magic plant and hallucinogen in Eur» — continuación del mismo renglón de esa fila: el papel extraordinario de la mandrágora como planta mágica y alucinógeno en el folclor europeo, con la palabra partida a ambos lados por el escaneo.

«The Tarahumara sing to Pitallito during collection and say it has "high mental qualities» — fila del cuadro sobre el Echinocereus: los tarahumaras cantan a la planta al recogerla y le atribuyen cualidades mentales altas.

«The method of preparation from the dried fruit is apparently remembered only by the very old.» — fila del cuadro sobre el Maquira, con el saber de la preparación reducido a los más viejos.

«Although Reed Grass was familiar to writers of antiquity, its psychoactive use is very recent.» — fila del cuadro sobre el Phalaris: planta antigua y uso psicoactivo declarado muy reciente.

«There are many varieties of the genus Ta be rnaemontana in Africa and South America. Especially in Africa, some varieties seem to have been used for a long time in shamanic or traditional medicine practices.» — fila del cuadro sobre la Tabernaemontana, con el uso africano en la medicina chamánica y tradicional dicho en potencial; el escaneo parte el nombre del género.

«Although all three species of Heimia are important in Mexican folk medicine, mainly H. sa/icifolia has been valued for its hallucinogenic properties.» — fila del cuadro sobre el sinicuiche, que reparte los usos entre las tres especies.

«P harmala is valued today from Asia Minor across to India with extraordinary esteem, suggesting former religious use as a hallucinogen.» — fila del cuadro sobre la ruda siria: el volumen lee el aprecio actual como indicio de un uso religioso anterior, y lo dice como sugerencia.

«Mexican natives report that Sinicuichi possesses supernatural virtues, but the plant does not appear to be taken ritually or ceremonially.» — fila del cuadro sobre el sinicuiche, con la virtud sobrenatural atribuida y a la vez sin marco ritual.

«Some natives assert that it helps them clearly to recall happenings of long ago—even prenatal events.» — sigue la fila, con el recuerdo de hechos remotos y hasta prenatales atribuido al sinicuiche por quienes lo usan.

«Known to be employed as a hallucinogen, it has been suggested that Pernetlya has played a role in magico-religious ceremonies in South America—a still unproven claim.» — fila del cuadro sobre la Pernettya, y el volumen califica de no probada la tesis del uso mágico-religioso que acaba de consignar.

«The beverage induces giddiness, a darkening of the surroundings, shrinkage of the world around, and a pleasant drowsiness. Auditory hallucinations may occur with voices and distorted sounds that seem to come from far away.» — fila del cuadro sobre el sinicuiche, con la fenomenología del efecto: el mundo que se encoge y las voces que llegan de lejos.

«The Sen Indians of Sonora consider Saguaro efficacious against rheumatism.» — fila del cuadro sobre el Saguaro, con el uso medicinal sonorense; el escaneo imprime el nombre del pueblo abreviado.

«The use of I pachanoi appears to be primarily for divination, diagnosis of disease, and to make oneself owner of another's identity.» — fila del cuadro sobre el San Pedro, con los tres fines del uso, el tercero de los cuales el volumen dice como hacerse dueño de la identidad ajena.

«Shang-la is a well-known medicinal plant in China. It was reportedly used by sorcerers, who valued its hallucinogenic effects.» — fila del cuadro sobre la Phytolacca, con el uso chino por hechiceros dicho como cosa reportada.

«The toxicity and hallucinogenic effects of Shang-la are commonly mentioned in Chinese herbals.» — sigue la fila, con los herbarios chinos como fuente del dato.

«Antifatigue medicine; also used against toothache, Chewing of the rootstalk. The active principles are a-asarone and 3-asarone. In large doses, visual hallucinations and other efheadache, and asthma.» — fila del cuadro sobre el Acorus calamus, con los cuatro usos medicinales que el volumen enumera.

«In the Gulanas, Takini is a sacred tree.» — fila del cuadro sobre el Helicostylis; el escaneo corrompe el topónimo, que se lee *Guianas*.

«Mushroom worship seems to be rooted in centuries of native Indian tradition of Middle America.» — fila del cuadro sobre el teonanácatl, con el culto de los hongos dicho con su matiz: *seems to be rooted*.

«Reportedly employed by the Algonquin and others. Ingredient of the witches' brews of medieval Europe.» — fila del cuadro sobre el Datura stramonium, que lo pone a la vez entre los algonquinos y en los brebajes de brujas europeos.

«Used in both the Old and New World, the geographic origin of Jimsonweed is uncertain.» — sigue la fila, con el origen geográfico declarado incierto.

«Recognizing L. tupa as toxic, the Mapuche Indians of Chile value the leaves for their intoxicating properties. Other Andean Indians take it as an emetic and purgative.» — fila del cuadro sobre la Lobelia tupa, con el uso mapuche y el andino repartidos.

«In Africa, a number of varieties of the genus Voacanga have been used as hallucinogens, aphrodisiacs, and medicines.» — fila del cuadro sobre la Voacanga, con sus tres usos africanos.

«Seems to be used only by the Chontal Indians of Oaxa-Ca, even though it ranges from Mexico to Costa Rica.» — fila del cuadro sobre la Calea zacatechichi, con el uso acotado a un solo pueblo pese al área ancha de la planta.

«Eating substantial amounts of the nuts is said to cause an "outbreak of irrational behavior" known as Karuka madness among local people.» — fila del cuadro sobre el Pandanus, con el nombre local del trastorno que el volumen consigna entre comillas.

«The Siberian Motherwort has been used medicinally» — fila del cuadro sobre el Leonurus sibiricus, que remonta su uso medicinal al principio mismo de la medicina china; el escaneo entrevera aquí la columna de los nombres y el tramo se corta ahí.

«The Wood Rose has been used since ancient times in» — fila del cuadro sobre la Argyreia nervosa, que la remonta a la medicina ayurvédica; el escaneo entrevera aquí la columna de los nombres.

«Ayurvedic medicine. A traditional use as a hallucinogen has been discovered in Nepal.» — continuación de esa fila, y aquí el volumen sí registra un uso alucinógeno tradicional, en Nepal, frente a la negativa que da la entrada del léxico.

«Tagetes is used by the Huichol of Mexico and valued» — fila del cuadro sobre el yauhtli, con el uso huichol y el valor ceremonial que el renglón siguiente le atribuye, al otro lado de la columna entreverada.

«The seeds of various Voacanga varieties are taken by The seeds or the bark of various Voacanga varieties Many varieties of Voacanga contain psychoactive in-African magic men to create visual hallucinations,» — fila del cuadro sobre la Voacanga, con el uso por los magos africanos para producir alucinaciones visuales.

«Deep sleep, during which a person is said to travel great distances, and brilliant colors characterize the intoxication.» — fila del cuadro sobre la Mammillaria, con el viaje a distancia dicho de oídas y el color como rasgo del efecto.

«Of the ninety-seven hallucinogens in the lexicon, the most important are discussed in detail in the ensuing chapters.» — marco del bloque de monografías: los autores declaran que de las noventa y siete entradas del léxico tratarán en detalle unas pocas.

«Several reasons underlie our selection. Most of these plants are or have been so culturally and materially important in aboriginal societies that they cannot be overlooked. A few are of special botanical or chemical interest. Others are of great antiquity. Still others have recently been discovered or identified. And the use of one has spread throughout the modern world and is now of vital importance.» — sigue el marco, con los cinco criterios de selección declarados: peso cultural, interés botánico o químico, antigüedad, hallazgo reciente y difusión mundial.

«The use of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii), of great antiquity, has now spread from its original Mexican homeland to Texas in the United States, where it is the basis of a new Indian religion. Its main psychoactive alkaloid, mescaline, is utilized in psychiatry.» — marco del capítulo del peyote: el volumen llama nueva religión india a lo que se formó en Texas, y pone la mescalina en la psiquiatría.

«The religious use of mushrooms— known as Teonanácatl—in Mexico and Guatemala is ancient and was firmly established among the Aztec Indians at the time of the Conquest.» — marco del capítulo de los hongos, que los da por firmemente establecidos entre los aztecas al tiempo de la Conquista.

«Of similar importance, and as ancient, are the seeds of several Morning Glories. Their use has persisted until the present in southern Mexico. Of great chemo-taxonomic interest, their psychoactive constituents are found only in an unrelated group of fungi, containing Ergot, which may have been hallucinogenically important in ancient Greece.» — marco del capítulo del ololiuqui, que enlaza sus principios con los del cornezuelo y deja en potencial la importancia de este en la Grecia antigua.

«Deadly Nightshade, Henbane, and Mandrake were the main ingredients of the witches' brews of medieval Europe, where they long exerted a great cultural and historical influence.» — marco del capítulo de las solanáceas europeas, con las tres plantas dadas por ingredientes principales de los brebajes de brujas medievales.

«The most significant African hallucinogen is Iboga, employed in initiation rituals and to communicate with ancestors. Spreading today in Gabon and the Congo, it is a unifying culture trait deterring the intrusion of foreign customs from Western society.» — marco del capítulo de la iboga, que la declara rasgo cultural unificador y freno a la intrusión de costumbres occidentales.

«The intoxicating drink prepared from Banisteriopsis holds a place of cultural primacy throughout the western Amazon. Known in Peru as Ayahuasca of the soul"), it allows the soul to leave the body and wander freely, communicating with the spirit world.» — marco del capítulo de la ayahuasca, con la primacía cultural en el Amazonas occidental y la salida del alma del cuerpo.

«Cannabis, an ancient Asiatic hallucinogen, is now used in nearly all parts of the world. An understanding of its roles in primitive societies may help elucidate its popularity in Western culture.» — marco del capítulo del cáñamo, y el volumen propone entender su papel en las sociedades primitivas para explicar su éxito occidental.

«A long chapter could well be written about any of the more than ninety species which have been enumerated in the plant lexicon. But in the interest of space, the following have been treated in greater detail for the reasons outlined.» — cierre del marco, que declara lo que queda fuera y por qué: el espacio.

«The Greek lecythus isa sacramental vessel filled with fragrant oils and placed next to a death bed or grave.» — pie de lámina sobre el lecito griego; el escaneo pega el verbo al artículo.

«On this lecythus (450—425 B. c.), a crowned Triptolemus holds the Eleusinian grain, a grass probably infected with Ergot; while Demeter or Persephone pours a sacred libation, prepared presumably from the infected grain.» — sigue el pie, y las dos identificaciones —el grano infectado de cornezuelo y la libación hecha con él— van dichas en potencial: *probably*, *presumably*.

«Page 80: Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum), "the man-like plant," has a complex history of usage. In Europe, it was employed as a stupefacient in addition to being one of the strongest ingredients added to the brews concocted by witches of the Middle Ages.» — pie de lámina sobre la mandrágora, que el volumen llama la planta con forma de hombre.

«The root of the Mandrake was likened to the form of a man or woman, and according to superstition, if the plant were pulled from the earth, its shrieks could drive the collectors mad.» — sigue el pie, con el chillido de la raíz consignado como superstición y no como dato.

«This image of Mandragora was engraved by the well-known artist MatthSus Merian in the early eighteenth century.» — cierre del pie, que atribuye el grabado a Matthäus Merian; el escaneo corrompe el nombre.

«Page 83 right: Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) is found around the world and is associated nearly everywhere with fairy worlds, alternative realities, and shamanic practices.» — pie de lámina, que asocia la Amanita en casi todo el mundo con los mundos feéricos, las realidades alternas y la práctica chamánica.

«Siberian shamans use elaborate symbolic costumes and decorated drums in their ceremonies.» — pie de lámina sobre el atuendo y el tambor de los chamanes siberianos.

«Soma, the god-narcotic of ancient India, attained an exalted place in magico-religious ceremonies of the Aryans, who 3,500 years ago swept down from the north into the Indus Valley, bringing with them the cult of Soma.» — arranque del capítulo del Soma: los autores lo sitúan entre los arios que bajaron al valle del Indo hace tres mil quinientos años.

«These early invaders of India worshiped the holy inebriant and drank an extract of it in their most sacred rites. Whereas most hallucinogenic plants were considered merely as sacred mediators, Soma became a god in its own right.» — la distinción de rango vuelve aquí: mediador sagrado en los demás casos, dios él mismo en el del Soma.

«An ancient Indian tradition recorded in the Rig-Veda asserts that "Parjanya, the god of thunder, was the father of Soma» — los autores citan el Rig-Veda por la filiación divina del Soma, con el dios del trueno por padre.

«Of the more than 1,000 holy hymns in the Rig-Veda, 120 are devoted exclusively to Soma, and references to this getal sacrament run through many of the other hymns.» — los autores miden el peso del Soma en el Rig-Veda por el número de himnos que se le dedican.

«The cult was suppressed, and the original holy plant was forgotten; other plant surrogates—with little or no psychoactivity—were substituted.» — los autores consignan la pérdida: culto suprimido, planta olvidada y sustitutos sin actividad.

«Yet the identity of Soma remained one of the enigmas of ethnobotany for two thousand years. Only in 1968 did the interdisciplinary research of Gordon Wasson provide persuasive evidence that the sacred narcotic was a mushroom, Amanita muscaria, the Fly Agaric.» — los autores fechan en 1968 y atribuyen a Gordon Wasson la evidencia que llaman persuasiva de que el Soma era la Amanita; el grado es *persuasive*, no concluyente.

«Amanita niuscaria may be the oldest of the hallucinogens and perhaps was once the most widely used.» — la doble afirmación va en potencial doble —*may be*, *perhaps*—; el escaneo corrompe el nombre del género.

«The curious hallucinogenic use of Amanita muscaria has been documented since 1730. It was then that a Swedish military officer, a prisoner of war in Siberia for twelve years, reported that primitive tribesmen there employed the Fly Agaric as a shamanistic inebriant.» — los autores fechan en 1730 la primera documentación y la atribuyen a un oficial sueco prisionero de guerra en Siberia durante doce años.

«Contacts with Christianity or modern ideas do not» — fila del cuadro sobre el teonanácatl: el volumen sostiene que ni el cristianismo ni las ideas modernas alteraron el espíritu de reverencia del rito de los hongos, y el tramo se corta donde el escaneo entrevera las tres columnas.

«Enter into the heart of Indra, receptacle of Soma, like rivers into the ocean, thou who pleasest Mitra, Varuna, Vaya, mainstay of heaven! . . . Father of the gods, progenitor of the moving force, mainstay of the sky, foundation of the earth.» — himno del Rig-Veda que el volumen reproduce, con el Soma llamado sostén del cielo y cimiento de la tierra, de donde sale el título del capítulo; el escaneo imprime el himno en renglones cortos de verso.

«Vahiyinin spat upon the earth, and little white plants—the wapaq spirits—appeared: they had red hats and Vahiyinin's spittle congealed as white flecks.» — sigue la leyenda, con el origen del hongo en el escupitajo del dios y las motas blancas del sombrero explicadas por él.

«When he had eaten wapaq, Big Raven became exceedingly strong, and he pleaded: "0 wapaq, grow forever on earth." Whereupon he commanded his people to learn what wapaq could teach them. Wapaq is the Fly Agaric, a gift directly from Vahiyinin.» — cierre de la leyenda: el mandato de aprender lo que el hongo enseña, y la Amanita como don directo del dios.

«These Siberian mushroom users had no other intoxicants, until the Russians introduced alcohol.» — los autores consignan que el alcohol llegó a Siberia con los rusos y que antes no había otro embriagante.

«When the mushroom was swallowed as a solid, it was first moistened in the mouth, or a woman rolled it in her mouth into a moistened pellet for the men to swallow.» — la preparación siberiana que los autores describen, con la mujer que humedece la pella para que la traguen los hombres.

«An early account, referring to the Koryak, reported that "they pour water on some of the mushrooms and boil them. They then drink the liquor, which intoxicates them; the poorer sort, who cannot afford to lay in a store of the mushrooms, post themselves on these occásions round the huts of the rich and watch the opportunity of the guests coming down to make water and then hold a wooden bowl to receive the urine, which they drink off greedily, as having still some virtue of the mushroom in it, and by this way, they also get drunk.» — testimonio antiguo que el volumen reproduce sin nombrar autor: los pobres esperan a la puerta de los ricos para recoger la orina de los invitados.

«The Rig-Veda definitely refers to urinedrinking in the Soma ritual: "The swollen men piss the flowing Soma. The lords, with full bladders, piss Soma quick with movement.» — los autores no matizan aquí —*definitely*— y apoyan el paralelo en el propio Rig-Veda.

«The priests impersonating Indra and Vayu, having drunk Soma in milk, urinate Soma.» — sigue el paralelo, con los sacerdotes que personifican a los dioses.

«In the Vedic poems, urine is not offensive but is an ennobling metaphor to describe rain: the blessings of rain are likened to showers of urine, and the clouds fertilize the earth with their urine.» — los autores previenen contra la lectura moderna: en los poemas védicos la orina es metáfora ennoblecedora de la lluvia.

«He wrote that the "Fly Agaric produces intoxication, hallucinations, and delirium. Light forms of intoxication are accompanied by a certain degree of animation and some spontaneity of movements.» — testimonio de un viajero entre los koriakos a principios del siglo XX, que el volumen reproduce sin nombrarlo.

«Many shamans, previous to their séances, eat Fly Agaric to get into ecstatic states» — sigue el testimonio: los chamanes comen el hongo antes de la sesión para entrar en éxtasis.

«Under strong intoxication, the senses become deranged, surrounding objects appear either very large or very small, hallucinations set in, spontaneous movements and convulsions. So far as I could observe, attacks of great animation alternate with moments of deep depression.» — sigue el testimonio, con la macropsia y la micropsia y la alternancia de animación y abatimiento.

«The active principle of Amanita muscaria was thought once, a century ago, to have been muscarine when Schmiedeberg and Koppe isolated this substance. This belief has been proved erroneous.» — recuadro de química: los autores consignan la atribución antigua a la muscarina y que ya no se sostiene, nombrando a quienes la aislaron.

«Recently Eugster in Switzerland and Takemoto in Japan isolated ibotenic acid and the alkaloid muscimole as being responsible for the Fly Agaric's psychotropic effects.» — sigue el recuadro, con los dos investigadores a quienes el volumen atribuye el hallazgo del ácido iboténico y el muscimol.

«The drying process induces the chemical transformation of ibotenic acid to muscimole, the most active constituent.» — cierre del recuadro, que explica por qué el hongo se toma seco.

«Right: The Fly Agaric is often and falsely feared as being a poisonous mushroom; nevertheless, it is gladly used for luck-bringing candy.» — pie de lámina sobre la supervivencia doméstica del hongo en Europa, con el dulce de la buena suerte.

«Below right: It is possible that Fly Agaric is identical to the Vedic wonder-drug Soma. Today Ephedra (Ephedra gerardiana) is called somalata, "soma plant." In Nepal Ephedra is not hallucinogenic or psychedelic but is a very strong stimulant.» — pie de lámina que deja la identificación del Soma en potencial y consigna al lado que en Nepal se llama planta del soma a una Ephedra que no es alucinógena.

«The Fly Agaric was apparently employed hallucinogenically in Mesoamerica. It occurs naturally in highland areas in southern Mexico and Guatemala.» — los autores extienden el uso a Mesoamérica con su *apparently* dentro.

«The Maya of highland Guatemala, for example, recognize Amanita muscaria as having special properties, for they call it Kakuljá-ikox ("lightning mushroom"), relating it to one of the gods, Rajaw Kakuljá or Lord of Lightning.» — los autores apoyan esa extensión en el nombre maya del hongo, que lo liga al dios del rayo.

«It is this god who directs the operating of chacs, dwarf rain-bringers now usually known by their Christian designation, angelitos.» — sigue el pasaje: los enanos de la lluvia que hoy se nombran con una designación cristiana.

«The Quiche name of the Amanita muscaria, Kaquljá, refers to its legendary origin, whereas the term Itzelo-cox refers to its sacred power as "evil or diabolical mushroom.» — los autores reparten los dos nombres quichés entre el origen legendario y el poder sagrado.

«Thunder and lightning have widely and anciently been associated with mushrooms, in both hemispheres, especially with Amanita muscaria.» — los autores generalizan la asociación del rayo con el hongo a los dos hemisferios.

«The first settlers of the Americas came from Asia, slowly crossing the region of the Bering Strait. Anthropologists have found many Asia-related or remnant culture traits that persist in the Americas.» — los autores apoyan la continuidad del uso en el poblamiento de América desde Asia.

«A young neophyte reported that whatever the shaman had done to him, "he had snatched me. I had no volition, I had no power of my own. I didn't eat, didn't sleep, I didn't think— I wasn't in my body any longer.» — testimonio de un neófito que el volumen reproduce, con la pérdida de voluntad y de cuerpo.

«His first mushroom experience represented dismemberment; his second, meeting with the spirit.» — la lectura que los autores hacen de esos dos testimonios, con el esquema chamánico clásico.

«More recently, the religious use of Amanita muscaria as a sacred hallucinogen has been discovered in an ancient annual ceremony practiced by the Ojibwa Indians or Ahnishinaubeg who live on Lake Superior in Michigan. The mushroom is known in the Ojibwa language as Oshtimisk Wajashkwedo ("Red-top mushroom» — los autores registran el hallazgo entre los ojibwa del lago Superior y dan el nombre en su lengua.

«Left: A Kamtchatka shaman implores the Fly Agaric, her ritual substance, to assist her in traveling to other realms.» — pie de lámina, con la chamana que ruega a su sustancia ritual que la lleve a otros mundos.

«Above right: The Spirit of the Fly Agaric in Japan is the long-nosed, red-faced Tengu. Whoever eats Beni-Tengu-Dake (Red Tengu mushroom) will encounter the lively entity.» — pie de lámina, con el espíritu japonés del hongo y su nombre.

«Below left: The myth of Soma still lives on. Here it is the name of a bar in a luxury hotel in Delhi.» — pie de lámina, y el volumen registra la pervivencia del nombre en el bar de un hotel de Delhi.

«A Koryak legend tells us that the culture hero, Big Raven, caught a whale but was unable to put such a heavy animal back into the sea.» — los autores reproducen la leyenda koriaka: el héroe cultural atrapa una ballena y no puede devolverla al mar; el escaneo parte el nombre del dios en dos renglones.

«The ceremonial use of the Fly Agaric developed a ritualistic practice of urinedrinking, since these tribesmen learned» — los autores ligan la práctica ritual de beber orina a lo que esos pueblos aprendieron del hongo; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

«Recent discoveries have uncovered vestiges of the magico-religious importance of the Fly Agaric that have indeed survived in North American cultures.» — los autores declaran halladas en Norteamérica las supervivencias del uso mágico-religioso de la Amanita.

«Cleansed and ripe for vision, I rise, a bursting ball of seeds in space . . . I have sung the note that shatters structure. And the note that shatters chaos, and been bloody I have been with the dead and attempted the labyrinth.» — segundo testimonio del mismo neófito, que el volumen imprime en renglones cortos y lee enseguida como encuentro con el espíritu.

«told him to eat wapaq spirits to get the strength that he needed.» — sigue la leyenda koriaka, con el mandato del dios de comer los espíritus wapaq para tener la fuerza que hacía falta.

«that the psychoactive piinciples of the mushroom pass through the body unmetabolized, or in the form of still active metabolites—most unusual for hallucinogenic compounds in plants.» — continuación al otro lado del corte de plana: el principio pasa el cuerpo sin metabolizar, cosa que el volumen llama insólita; el escaneo dobla la i de *principles*.

«hallucinogenic use of the Fly Agaric have been discovered among the Dogrib Athabascan peoples, who live on the Mackenzie Mountain range in northwestern Canada. Here Ainanita muscaria is employed as a sacrament in shamanism.» — los autores localizan entre los dogrib atabascanos del noroeste de Canadá un uso que llaman sacramental; el tramo continúa una frase que el escaneo parte en la plana anterior.

«Since antiquity several members of the Nightshade family have been associated with witchcraft in Europe.» — arranque del capítulo de las hierbas de hechizo: los autores atan varias solanáceas a la brujería europea desde la Antigüedad.

«These plants enable witches to perform feats of occult wonder and prophecy, to hex through hallucinogenic communication with the supernatural and transport themselves to far-off places for the practice of their nefarious skills.» — sigue el arranque, con las cuatro cosas que el volumen atribuye a esas plantas: prodigio oculto, profecía, hechizo y traslado a sitios lejanos; el adjetivo con que califica esas artes es del propio volumen.

«All four species have long histories of use as hallucinogens and magic plants connected with sorcery, witchcraft, and superstition.» — los autores reúnen las cuatro especies bajo una misma historia de magia, brujería y superstición.

«The extraordinary reputation of these plants is due primarily to the bizarre psychoactivity that they possess. Their similarity in effects is the result of similarity in chemical constitution.» — los autores explican la reputación por la psicoactividad y la semejanza de efecto por la de composición.

«It is apparently scopolamine, not atropine or hyoscyamine, that produces the hallucinogenic effects. It induces an intoxication followed by narcosis in which hallucinations occur during the transition state between consciousness and sleep.» — los autores adjudican el efecto alucinógeno a la escopolamina y sitúan la alucinación en el tránsito entre la vigilia y el sueño.

«Atropine has served chemists as a model for the synthesis of several hallucinogenic compounds. Their effects— and those of scopolamine—differ from those of the usual natural hallucinogens: they are extremely toxic; and the user remembers nothing experienced during the intoxication, losing all sense of reality and falling into a deep sleep like an alcoholic delirium.» — los autores separan estas sustancias de los alucinógenos habituales por dos rasgos: la toxicidad alta y el olvido de lo vivido.

«Hyoscyamus has been known and feared from earliest classical periods, when it was recognized that there were several kinds and that the black variety was the most potent, capable of causing insanity.» — los autores registran el saber clásico sobre el beleño, incluida la distinción entre variedades.

«The ancient Egyptians recorded their knowledge of Henbane in the Ebers Papyrus, written in 1500» — los autores remontan el saber sobre el beleño al Papiro Ebers y lo fechan; el tramo se corta antes de la cifra de la era, que el escaneo pone en otro renglón.

«Homer described magic drinks with effects indicative of Henbane as a major ingredient.» — los autores leen las bebidas mágicas de Homero como beleño, y lo dicen por sus efectos y no por su nombre.

«In ancient Greece it served as a poison, to mimic insanity, and to enable man to prophesy.» — los tres oficios del beleño en Grecia que el volumen enumera: veneno, simulación de locura y profecía.

«It has been suggested that the priestesses at the Oracle of Delphi made their prophetic utterances while intoxicated with the smoke from Henbane seeds.» — la tesis sobre las profetisas de Delfos vuelve aquí, y sigue dicha como sugerencia ajena.

«thirteenth century, Bishop Albcrtus the Great reported that Henbane was employed by necromancers to conjure up demons.» — los autores atribuyen a Alberto Magno el reporte del beleño entre los nigromantes; el escaneo corrompe el nombre, que se lee *Albertus*.

«From earliest times, the painkilling properties of Henbane have been recognized, and it has been employed to relieve the suffering of those sentenced to torture and death.» — los autores registran el uso del beleño para aliviar a los condenados a tormento y muerte.

«Its great advantage lies in its ability not only to allay pain but also to induce a state of complete oblivion.» — sigue el pasaje, y lo que el volumen llama la gran ventaja del beleño es el olvido completo.

«Henbane is best known as an ingredient of the so-called "witch's salve.» — los autores dan el ungüento de bruja por el uso más conocido del beleño, y entrecomillan el nombre.

«When young people were to be inducted into membership in groups dedicated to witchcraft, for example, they were often given a drink of Henbane so that they could easily be persuaded to engage in the sabbat rituals preparatory to the acceptance officially of a place in witchcraft circles.» — los autores describen el beleño como medio de persuasión en la incorporación de los jóvenes al sabbat.

«Those experiencing intoxication with Henbane feel a pressure in the head, a sensation as if someone were closing the eyelids by force; sight becomes unclear, objects are distorted in shape, and the most unusual visual hallucinations are induced.» — la fenomenología del beleño que los autores consignan, del peso en la cabeza a la deformación de los objetos.

«Above left: The yellow blossom of the rare variety of Atropa belladonna var. lutea. The yellow Deadly Nightshade is regarded as particularly potent for magic and witchcraft.» — pie de lámina, con la variedad amarilla de la belladona tenida por especialmente potente para la magia y la brujería.

«Page B7above right:The flowers of the Black Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) have a characteristic coloring and an unforgettable pattern on the petals. In earlier times, it was thought to be the eye of the devil.» — pie de lámina, con la flor del beleño negro tomada antaño por ojo del diablo; el escaneo pega las palabras del encabezado del pie.

«three solanaceous plants Atropa, Hyoscyamus, and Mandragoracontain the same active principles: primarily the alkaloids hyoscyamine, atropine, and scopolamine. The difference is only one of relative concentration.» — recuadro de química: los tres géneros comparten principios y solo difieren en concentración; el escaneo se come el artículo inicial.

«The alkaloids are found in the entire plant, with the highest concentration in the seeds and roots. The hallucinogenic effects are due essentially to scopolamine. Atropine and hyosyamine are less active under these circumstances.» — sigue el recuadro, con el reparto del alcaloide por partes de la planta y la escopolamina como responsable del efecto.

«Left: According to this illustration from the Juliana Codex, the Greek herbalist Dioscorides received the Mandrake plant from Heuresis, goddess of discovery, illustrating the belief that this medicine was a plant of the gods.» — pie de lámina sobre el Códice Juliana, con Dioscórides recibiendo la mandrágora de la diosa del hallazgo; el volumen lo lee como figura de la creencia que da título al libro.

«The Mandrake is the 'Tree of Knowledge' and the burning love ignited by its pleasure is the origin of the human race.» — epígrafe que el volumen atribuye a Hugo Rahner y a su libro sobre los mitos griegos en sentido cristiano.

«Above: The ancient goddess of witches, Hecate, lords over the psychoactive and magical herbs, particularly those in the Nightshade family.» — pie de lámina, con Hécate señoreando las hierbas mágicas y en especial las solanáceas.

«In this colored print by William Blake, she is depicted with her shamanic animals.» — sigue el pie, que atribuye la estampa a William Blake y llama chamánicos a los animales de la diosa.

«Other species of Hyoscyamus have similar properties and are occasionally used in similar ways. Indian Henbane or Egyptian Henbane, or H. muticus, occurring from the deserts of Egypt east to Afghanistan and India, is employed in India as an intoxicant, the dried leaves being smoked.» — los autores extienden el uso a otro beleño, del desierto egipcio a la India.

«The Bedouins particularly employ this intoxicant to become drunk, and in some parts of Asia and Africa it is smoked with Cannabis as an inebriant.» — sigue el pasaje, con el uso beduino y la mezcla con cáñamo en Asia y África.

«Its generic name, Atropa, comes from the Greek Fate Atropos, the inflexible one who cuts the thread of life.» — los autores derivan el nombre del género de la Moira que corta el hilo de la vida.

«The specific epithet, meaning "beautiful lady," recalls the use of sap of the plant to dilate the pupils of the eyes among the fine ladies of Italy who believed that the dreamy, intoxicated stare thus produced was the height of fetching beauty.» — sigue la etimología, con la dilatación de la pupila por savia entre las damas italianas y la mirada embriagada como canon de belleza.

«Many vernacular names of the plant refer to its intoxicating properties: Sorcerer's Cherry, Witch's Berry, Devil's Herb, Murderer's Berry, Dwaleberry (dwale in English deriving from the Scandinavian root meaning "trance» — los autores leen los nombres vulgares de la belladona como testimonio de su efecto: cereza del hechicero, baya de bruja, hierba del diablo.

«The maenads of the orgies of Dionysus in Greek mythology dilated their eyes and threw themselves into the arms of male worshipers of this god or, with "flaming eyes," they fell upon men to tear them apart and eat them.» — los autores traen a las ménades dionisiacas con los ojos dilatados y en llamas.

«Another belief from classical times maintained that Roman priests drank Belladonna before their supplications to the goddess of war for victory.» — los autores consignan como creencia antigua que los sacerdotes romanos bebían belladona antes de pedir la victoria.

«It was during the early Modern period, however, that Belladonna assumed its greatest importance in witchcraft and magic.» — los autores fechan en la primera Edad Moderna el apogeo de la belladona en la brujería y la magia.

«One such potent mixture, containing Belladonna, Henbane, Mandrake, and the fat of a stillborn child, was rubbed over the skin or inserted into the vagina for absorption.» — los autores describen la mezcla y sus dos vías de absorción, por la piel y por la vagina; entre los ingredientes consignan la grasa de un niño nacido muerto.

«The familiar witch's broomstick goes far back in European magic beliefs.» — los autores remontan la escoba de la bruja a creencias mágicas antiguas de Europa, antes de documentarla.

«Later, in the fifteenth cenulry a similar account stated: "But the vulgar believe and the witches confess, that on certain days and nights they anoint a staff and ride on it to the appointed place or anoint themselves under the arms and in other hairy places and sometimes carry charms under the hair.» — segundo testimonio que el volumen reproduce, y su valor está en que distingue lo que cree el vulgo de lo que confiesan las acusadas; el escaneo corrompe la palabra *century*.

«Porta, a contemporary of Galileo, wrote in 1589 that under the effects of a potion of these solanaceous plants a "man would seem sometimes to be changed into a fish; and flinging out his arms, would swim on the ground; sometimes he would seem to skip up and then to dive down again.» — los autores citan a Porta por la metamorfosis en pez que decía producir la pócima de solanáceas, y lo sitúan como contemporáneo de Galileo.

«Another would believe himself turned into a goose and would eat grass, and beat the ground with his teeth like a goose; now and then sing and. . . clap his wings.» — sigue la cita de Porta, con la metamorfosis en ganso.

«Mandrake became famous in magic and witchcraft because of its powerful narcotic effects and the bizarre form of its root.» — los autores reparten la fama de la mandrágora entre el efecto y la forma de la raíz.

«It would be difficult to find a better example of the application of the philosophy of the Doctrine of Signatures.» — los autores hacen de la mandrágora el ejemplo mayor de la Doctrina de las Signaturas.

«This extraordinary resemblance led early to the belief that it exercised great supernatural powers over the human body and mind, even though actually its chemical composition gave it no greater psychoactivity than some other solanaceous species.» — y en la misma frase la acotan: la semejanza explica la creencia en el poder, y la química no le da más actividad que a otras solanáceas.

«Theophrastus in the third century c. wrote that collectors of medicinal plants drew circles around Mandrake, and they cut off the top part of the root while facing west; the remainder of the root was gathered after the collectors had performed certain dances and recited special formulas.» — los autores citan a Teofrasto por el protocolo de recolección: los círculos trazados, el corte mirando al poniente, las danzas y las fórmulas.

«Two centuries earlier, the Greek Pythagoras had described Mandrake root as an anthropomorph, or tiny human being.» — los autores atribuyen a Pitágoras la descripción de la raíz como hombrecillo.

«In Roman times that magic began extensively to be associated with the psychoactive properties of the plant.» — los autores fechan en época romana el enlace amplio de esa magia con la psicoactividad de la planta.

«It was physically dangerous to pull the plant from the earth, but a dog, tied to the root, was employed to extract the root, after which, according to belief, the animal usually died.» — sigue el relato, con el perro atado a la raíz que la arranca y muere.

«The myths surrounding Mandrake grew, until it was said that the plant hid by day but shone like a star at night, and that when being pulled from the ground the plant let out such unearthly shrieks that whoever heard the noise might die.» — los autores marcan el crecimiento del mito: la planta que brilla como estrella y el chillido que mata a quien lo oye.

«Eventually, only black dogs—a color denoting evil and death—were employed.» — sigue el relato, y el volumen glosa el color del perro como marca de lo maligno y de la muerte.

«Early Christians believed that the Mandrake root was originally created by God as an experiment before he created man in the Garden of Eden.» — los autores consignan la creencia cristiana temprana de la mandrágora como ensayo de Dios antes del hombre.

«When, later in the Dark Ages, Mandrake began to be cultivated in central Europe, it was thought that the plant would grow only under gallows where urine or semen from the condemned man fell—hence the common German names meaning "gallows man" and "dragon doll.» — los autores explican por esa creencia los nombres alemanes de la planta, el hombre de la horca y la muñeca del dragón.

«The apogee of Mandrake's fame seems to have occurred in the late sixteenth century. At this time, the herbalists began to doubt many of the tales associated with the plant.» — los autores fechan el apogeo a fines del siglo XVI y en el mismo momento el comienzo de la duda de los herbolarios.

«As early as 1526 the English herbalist Turner had denied that all Mandrake roots had a human form and protested against the beliefs connected with its anthropomorphism.» — los autores fechan en 1526 la objeción del herbolario inglés Turner a la forma humana de la raíz.

«Another English herbalist, Gerard, for example, wrote in 1597: "All which dreams and old wives tales you shall henceforth cast out of your books and memory; knowing this, that they are all and everie part of them false and most untrue.» — los autores citan a Gerard, que manda echar fuera de los libros y de la memoria los cuentos de viejas sobre la mandrágora.

«But many superstitions surroundiii-; Mandrake persisted in European full lore even into the nineteenth century.» — y los autores cierran acotando el alcance de esa objeción: la superstición siguió viva en el folclor europeo hasta el siglo XIX; el escaneo corrompe el final del renglón.

«Top: Amphibians, especially frogs (which often produce poisons in their bodies), have always been connected with witchcraft and magic in the Old as well as the New World.» — pie de lámina, con los anfibios ligados a la brujería y la magia en los dos hemisferios.

«Above left: The delightfully scented fruit of the Mandrake (Mandragora officinarurn) are also called Apples of Love and are identical to the golden apples of Aphrodite.» — pie de lámina, con el fruto de la mandrágora identificado con las manzanas de oro de Afrodita.

«Above right: White or yellow Henbane (Hyoscyamus albus) was consecrated to the god of oracles, Apollo.» — pie de lámina, con el beleño blanco consagrado al dios de los oráculos.

«Above left: In the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, the "navel of the world," the Sibyl and prophetess informed the Pythia of her oracle after she had inhaled the smoke of Henbane.» — pie de lámina, que da por hecho lo que el cuerpo dice como sugerencia: la Sibila informa a la Pitia tras inhalar humo de beleño.

«Above right: The Ginseng's (Panax ginseng) root is not only similar to the Mandrake, but in Korea, Ginseng root is also attributed with secret and magical powers.» — pie de lámina, que pone la raíz de ginseng al lado de la de mandrágora por forma y por poder atribuido en Corea.

«Be/ow right: Witches" persecuted during the Inquisition were often accused of using hallucinogenic plants of the Nightshade family, in particular, Henbane and Mandrake. For this many were tortured, murdered, and burned.» — pie de lámina, y el volumen dice acusadas de usar solanáceas, no que las usaran; el escaneo parte la primera palabra y deja una comilla suelta.

«of Bacchanals was possibly adulterated with juice of the Nightshade.» — la adulteración del vino de las bacanales con jugo de solanácea va dicha en potencial; la frase arranca en la plana anterior, donde el escaneo la parte.

«An investigation into witchcraft in 1324 reported that "in rifleing the» — los autores fechan en 1324 el acta de una investigación por brujería; el tramo se corta donde el escaneo cambia de plana.

«closet of the ladie, they found a Pipe of ointment, wherewith she greased a staffe, upon which she ambled and galloped through thick and thin, when and in what manner she listed.» — continuación del acta de 1324 al otro lado del corte de plana: el bote de ungüento y el palo untado sobre el que la acusada cabalgaba.

«In the first century A. D., Josephus Flavius wrote that there grew a plant in the Dead Sea area that glowed» — los autores citan a Flavio Josefo por la planta del mar Muerto que brillaba de noche; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

«red at night and that it was difficult to approach the plant, which hid when a man drew near it; but it could be tamed if urine and menstrual blood were sprinkled on it.» — continuación del relato de Flavio Josefo al otro lado del corte: la planta que huye del hombre y se amansa con orina y sangre menstrual.

«Tradition in India maintains that the gods sent man the Hemp plant so that he might attain delight and courage, and have heightened sexual» — arranque del capítulo del cáñamo: la tradición india que los autores recogen hace de la planta un envío de los dioses; el tramo se corta donde el escaneo parte la frase.

«When nectar or Amrita dropped down from heaven, Cannabis sprouted from it.» — sigue el mito: el cáñamo nacido del néctar caído del cielo.

«Another story tells how, when the gods, helped by demons, churned the milk ocean to obtain Amrita, one of the resulting nectars was Cannabis.» — segunda versión del mito, con el batido del océano de leche; el volumen consigna las dos sin armonizarlas.

«It was consecrated to Shiva and was Indra's favorite drink.» — los autores adjudican el cáñamo a dos dioses del panteón védico y puránico.

«demons attempted to gain control of Amrita, but the gods were able to prevent this seizure, giving Cannabis the name Vijaya ("victory") to commemorate their success.» — sigue el mito, con el nombre de victoria dado al cáñamo en memoria del triunfo de los dioses sobre los demonios; la frase abre con *After the churning of the ocean,* y el OCR mete entre esas palabras y el resto un pie de lámina y el folio.

«Ever since, this plant of the gods has been held in India to bestow supernatural powers on its users.» — la consecuencia que el mito deja, dicha por los autores con la fórmula del título del libro.

«The partnership of Cannabis and man has existed now probably for ten thousand years—since the discovery of agriculture in the Old World.» — los autores fechan la sociedad entre el cáñamo y el hombre en el origen mismo de la agricultura, y lo dicen con *probably*.

«Unusual things happen to plants after long association with man and agriculture. They are grown in new and strange environments and often have opportunities to» — los autores abren una digresión sobre lo que la agricultura le hace a una especie; el tramo se corta donde el escaneo entrevera el pie de lámina.

«hybridize that are not offered in their native habitats. They escape from cultivation and frequently become aggressive weeds. They may be changed through human selection for characteristics associated with a specific use. Many cultivated plants are so changed from their ancestral types that it is not possible to unravel their evolutionary history.» — sigue la digresión al otro lado del pie intercalado: la hibridación, la escapada del cultivo y la historia evolutiva que se vuelve ilegible.

«Such is not the case, however, with Cannabis. Yet despite its long history as a major crop plant, Cannabis is still characterized more by what is not known about its biology than by what is known.» — y los autores rematan con una declaración de ignorancia sobre la biología del cáñamo pese a su larga historia como cultivo.

«Below left: The blue-skinned Hindu god Shiva takes great pleasure in Hemp. Because of this, it is a sacred plant of the gods and is used for rituals and Tantric practices.» — pie de lámina, que liga el cáñamo a Shiva y a las prácticas tántricas.

«Right: The long-haired Sadhus or "holy men" of India devote their lives to the god Shiva. They have no property and practice yoga and meditation.» — pie de lámina sobre los sadhus consagrados a Shiva, sin propiedad y dados al yoga y la meditación.

«The botanical classification of Cannabis has long been uncertain. Botanists have not agreed on the family to which Cannabis belongs: early investigators put it in the Nettle family (Urticaceae);» — los autores consignan el desacuerdo botánico sobre la familia del cáñamo sin arbitrarlo.

«One of our oldest cultivars, Cannabis has been a five-purpose plant: as a source of hempen fibers; for its oil; for its akenes or» — los autores cuentan el cáñamo entre los cultivos más antiguos y empiezan a enumerar sus cinco usos; el tramo se corta donde el escaneo entrevera las columnas de la plana.

«There has even been disagreement as to how many species of Cannabis exist:» — los autores consignan también el desacuerdo sobre cuántas especies de cáñamo hay; el tramo se corta donde el escaneo mete el pie de lámina.

«whether the genus comprises one highly variable species or several distinct species. Evidence now strongly indicates that three species can be recognized: C. indica, C. ruderalis, and C. sativa.» — continuación de ese desacuerdo al otro lado del pie intercalado, con las tres especies que el volumen dice fuertemente indicadas.

«Although all species possess cannabinols, there may possibly be significant chemical differences, but the evidence is not yet available.» — los autores dejan abierta la cuestión química y declaran que la evidencia falta.

«The Zend-Avesta of 600 B. C. mentions an intoxicating resin, and the Assyrians used Cannabis as an incense as early as the ninth century B. C.» — los autores fechan dos testimonios tempranos, el del Zend-Avesta y el incienso asirio.

«Inscriptions from the Chou dynasty in China, dated 700—500 B.C., have a "negative" connotation that accompanies the ancient character for Cannabis, Ma, implying its stupefying properties.» — los autores leen el carácter chino antiguo del cáñamo como marca de sus propiedades estupefacientes.

«Since this idea obviously predated writing, the Pen Tsao Ching, written in A. D. 100 but going back to a legendary emperor, Shen-Nung, 2000 B. C., maybe taken as evidence that the Chinese knew and probably used the psychoactive properties at very early dates.» — los autores razonan la antigüedad del saber chino y lo dicen con su *probably* dentro.

«It was said that Ma-fen ("Hemp fruit") "if taken to excess, will produce hallucinations [literally, "seeing devils"]. If taken over a long term, it makes one communicate with spirits and lightens one's body.» — los autores citan el herbario chino por el doble efecto del fruto del cáñamo: ver demonios en exceso y tratar con los espíritus a la larga.

«A Taoist priest wrote in the fifth century B. c. that Cannabis was employed by "necromancers, in combination with Ginseng, to set forward time and reveal future events.» — los autores citan a un sacerdote taoísta por el uso del cáñamo con ginseng entre los nigromantes, para adelantar el tiempo y revelar lo por venir.

«In these early periods, use of Cannabis as a hallucinogen was undoubtedly associated with Chinese shamanism» — los autores ligan sin reservas ese uso temprano al chamanismo chino.

«but by the time of European contact 1,500 years later, shamanism had fallen into decline, and the use of the plant for inebriation seems to have ceased and been forgotten.» — y consignan la pérdida: caído el chamanismo, el uso embriagante se acaba y se olvida.

«There was, however, a continuous record of Hemp cultivation in China from Neolithic times, and it has been suggested that Cannabis may have originated in China, not in central Asia.» — los autores dejan la cuestión del origen abierta entre China y Asia central, con la segunda hipótesis dicha como sugerencia.

«About 500 B. C. the Greek writer Herodotus described a marvelous steam bath of the Scythians, aggressive horsemen who swept out of the Transcaucasus eastward and westward.» — los autores fechan en Heródoto el testimonio del baño de vapor escita.

«Only recently, archaeologists have excavated frozen Scythian tombs in central Asia, dated between 500 and 300 B.C., and have found tripods and pelts, braziers, and charcoal with remains of Cannabis leaves and fruit.» — los autores ponen el hallazgo arqueológico al lado del texto: trípodes, pieles, braseros y restos de cáñamo en tumbas escitas heladas.

«It has generally been accepted that Cannabis originated in central Asia and that it was the Scythians who spread the plant westward to Europe.» — la tesis va dicha como aceptación general y no como hallazgo propio.

«While the Greeks and Romans may not generally. have taken Cannabis for inebriation, they were aware of the psychoactive effects of the drug.» — los autores separan el conocimiento del efecto de la práctica del uso entre griegos y romanos.

«Democri— tus reported that it was occasionally drunk with wine and myrrh to produce visionary states, and Galen, about A. D. 200, wrote that it was sometimes customary to give Hemp to guests to promote hilarity and enjoyment.» — los autores apoyan esa distinción en Demócrito y en Galeno; el escaneo parte el nombre de Demócrito.

«Cannabis arrived in Europe from the north. The Roman writer Lucilius mentioned it in 120 B. C. Pliny the Elder outlined the preparation and grades of hempen fibers in the first century A. D., and hempen rope was found in a Roman site in England dated A.D. 140—180.» — los autores trazan la entrada del cáñamo en Europa con tres testimonios fechados, de Lucilio a la cuerda romana de Inglaterra.

«Whether or not the Vikings used Hemp rope is not known, but palynological evidence indicates that Hemp cultivation had a tremendous increment in England from the early Anglo-Saxon period to late Saxon and Norman times—from 400 to 1100.» — la ignorancia declarada y el dato polínico van en la misma frase.

«Henry VIII fostered the cultivation of Hemp in England. The maritime supremacy of England during Elizabethan times greatly increased the demand.» — los autores ligan el cultivo inglés al poder marítimo isabelino.

«Hemp cultivation began in the British colonies in the New World: first in Canada in 1606, then in Virginia in 1611; the Pilgrims took the crop to New England in 1632. In pre-Revolutionary North America, Hemp was employed even for making work clothes.» — los autores fechan la llegada del cultivo a las colonias británicas, plaza por plaza.

«Hemp was introduced quite independently into Spanish colonies in South America: Chile, 1545; Peru, 1554.» — y consignan aparte la entrada en las colonias españolas, con sus dos fechas.

«There is no doubt that hempen fiber production represents an early use of Cannabis, but perhaps consumption of its edible akenes as food predated the discovery of the useful fiber.» — los autores proponen que el uso alimentario pudiera ser anterior al de la fibra, y lo dicen con *perhaps*.

«Archaeological finds of Hemp akenes in Germany, dated at 500 B. C., indicate the nutritional use of these plant products. From early times to the present, Hemp akenes have been used as food in eastern Europe, and in the United States as a major ingredient of bird food.» — el apoyo arqueológico de ese uso y su continuidad hasta el alpiste de hoy.

«The folk-medicinal value of Hemp— frequently indistinguishable from its psychoactive properties—may even be its earliest role as an economic plant.» — los autores declaran que en el cáñamo lo medicinal y lo psicoactivo no se dejan separar.

«The earliest record of the medicinal use of the plant is that of the Chinese emperor-herbalist Shen-Nung who, five thousand years ago, recommended Cannabis for malaria, ben-ben, constipation, rheumatic pains, absent-mindedness, and female disorders.» — los autores atribuyen el registro médico más antiguo a Shen-Nung y dan su lista de indicaciones.

«Hoa-Glio, another ancient Chinese herbalist, recommended a mixture of Hemp resin and wine as an analgesic during surgery.» — sigue el pasaje, con la mezcla de resina y vino como analgésico quirúrgico atribuida a otro herbolario chino.

«It was in ancient India that this "gift of the gods" found excessive use in folk medicine. It was believed to quicken the mind, prolong life, improve judgment, lower fevers, induce sleep, cure dysentery.» — los autores llevan el uso medicinal a la India antigua y enumeran lo que se le atribuía.

«Because of its psychoactive properties it was more highly valued than medicines with only physical activity.» — la jerarquía que los autores consignan: lo psicoactivo valía más que lo meramente físico.

«The Bharaprakasha, of about A.D. 1600, described it as antiphlegmatic, digestive, bile affecting, pungent, and astringent, prescribing it to stimulate the appetite, improve digestion, and better the voice.» — los autores citan el Bharaprakasha y lo fechan hacia 1600, con las virtudes que atribuye al cáñamo.

«In parts of Africa, it was valued in treating dysentery, malaria, anthrax, and fevers.» — los autores siguen la fama médica del cáñamo hasta África.

«Even today the Hottentots and Mfengu claim its efficacy in treating snakebites, and Sotho women induce partial stupefaction by smoking Hemp before childbirth.» — sigue el pasaje, con el uso vivo que el volumen atribuye a esos pueblos y la estupefacción parcial antes del parto.

«Medieval herbalists distinguished "manured hempe" (cultivated) from "bastard hempe" (weedy), recommending the latter "against nodes and wennes and other hard tumors," the former for a host of uses from curing cough to jaundice.» — los autores registran la distinción de los herbolarios medievales entre el cáñamo cultivado y el silvestre, y el uso de cada uno.

«They cautioned, however, that in excess it might cause sterility, that "it drieth up the seeds of generation" in men "and the milke of women's breasts.» — sigue el pasaje, con la advertencia de los herbolarios sobre la esterilidad, dicha en su propia letra.

«An interesting use in the sixteenth century— source of the name Angler's Weed in England—was locally important: "poured into the holes of earthwormes [it] will draw them forth and. .. fishermen and anglers have used this feate to baite their hooks.» — el uso del cáñamo para sacar lombrices, que dio a la planta su nombre inglés de hierba del pescador.

«The value of Cannabis in folk medicine has clearly been closely tied with its euphoric and psychoactive properties; knowledge of these effects may be as old as its use as a source of fiber.» — los autores atan el valor medicinal del cáñamo a lo psicoactivo y ponen ese saber a la par de la fibra en antigüedad.

«Right: There are countless strains of Hemp that contain barely any THC, the intoxicating and euphoric constituent. These species are used in the production of fiber, but are not suited for personal consumption, as the warning sign in the botanical gardens in Bern, Switzerland, states: "This industrial Hemp is useless for the production of drugs because of its lack of active properties.» — pie de lámina, que reproduce el letrero del jardín botánico de Berna sobre el cáñamo industrial sin principios activos.

«Above: The Chinese emperor Shen-Nung is said to have discovered the medicinal properties of many plants. His pharmacopoeia, believed to have been first compiled in 2737 B.C., notes that Cannabis sativa has both male and female plants.» — pie de lámina, que fecha la farmacopea atribuida a Shen-Nung y consigna lo que dice del cáñamo.

«The Indian vedas sang of Cannabis as one of the divine nectars, able to give» — los autores remiten a los vedas por el cáñamo como néctar divino; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

«man anything from good health and long life to visions of the gods.» — continuación de esa frase al otro lado del corte de plana, con lo que los vedas atribuyen al cáñamo, de la salud a la visión de los dioses.

«reported that "they make a booth by fixing in the ground three sticks inclined toward one another, and stretching around them woollen pelts which they arrange so as to fit as close as possible:» — los autores reproducen el pasaje de Heródoto sobre la tienda escita; la frase arranca en la plana anterior y el tramo se corta antes del segundo tramo del pasaje.

«inside the booth a dish is placed upon the ground into which they put a number of red hot stones and then add some Hemp seed . . . immediately it smokes and gives out such a vapor as no Grecian vapor bath can exceed» — sigue el pasaje de Heródoto, con las piedras al rojo, la semilla de cáñamo y el vapor que supera a cualquier baño griego.

«the Scyths, delighted, shout for joy.» — cierre del pasaje de Heródoto, con el grito de gozo de los escitas.

«The spectrum of medicinal uses in India covered control» — los autores abren la lista ancha de usos medicinales indios; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

«dandruff and relief of headache, mania, insomnia, venereal disease, whooping cough, earache, and tuberculosis!» — continuación de la lista india de usos medicinales al otro lado del corte de plana, cerrada con un signo de admiración que es de los autores y no de la fuente.

«materials as food, must have known the ecstatic euphoria-inducing effects of Hemp, an intoxication introducing him to an otherworldly plane leading to religious beliefs.» — los autores conjeturan el descubrimiento del efecto por el hombre primitivo y lo ligan al nacimiento de la creencia religiosa; la frase arranca en la plana anterior.

«Thus the plant early was viewed as a special gift of the gods, a sacred medium for communion with the spirit world.» — la conclusión que los autores sacan, con la fórmula del título del libro y la comunión con el mundo de los espíritus.

«Although Cannabis today is the most widely employed psychoactive substance, its use purely as a narcotic, except in Asia, appears not to be ancient.» — los autores acotan la antigüedad: el uso puramente narcótico del cáñamo, fuera de Asia, no les parece antiguo.

«In classical times its euphoric properties were, however, recognized. In Thebes, Hemp was made into a drink said to have opium-like properties. Galen reported that cakes with Hemp, if eaten to excess, were intoxicating.» — y en la misma frase consignan lo contrario para el mundo clásico, con Tebas y Galeno como testigos.

«The use as an inebriant seems to have been spread east and west by barbarian hordes of central Asia, especially the Scythians, who had a profound cultural influence on early Greece and eastern Europe.» — los autores adjudican la difusión del uso embriagante a los escitas y les reconocen influencia cultural profunda sobre Grecia.

«And knowledge of the psychoactive effects of Hemp goes far back in Indian history, as indicated by the deep mythological and spiritual beliefs about the plant.» — los autores toman la hondura mitológica india como indicio de la antigüedad del saber sobre el efecto.

«One preparation, Bhang, was so sacred that it was thought to defer evil, bring luck, and cleanse man of sin.» — los autores consignan las tres virtudes atribuidas al bhang: apartar el mal, traer suerte y limpiar de pecado.

«Those treading upon the leaves of this holy plant would suffer harm or disaster, and sacred oaths were sealed over Hemp.» — sigue el pasaje, con el daño a quien pisa la hoja y el juramento sellado sobre la planta.

«The favorite drink of Indra, god of the firmament, was made from Cannabis, and the Hindu god Shiva commanded that the word Ghangi be chanted repeatedly in hymns during sowing, weeding, and harvesting of the holy plant.» — los autores reparten el cáñamo entre dos dioses y consignan el mandato de cantar un nombre en la siembra, la escarda y la cosecha.

«Knowledge and use of the intoxicating properties eventually spread to Asia Minor. Hemp was employed as an incense in Assyria in the first millennium B. C., suggesting its use as an inebriant.» — los autores leen el incienso asirio como indicio de uso embriagante, y lo dicen como sugerencia.

«While there is no direct mention of Hemp in the Bible, several obscure passages may refer tangentially to the effects of Cannabis resin or Hashish.» — la negativa se consigna como dato y el resto va en potencial: no hay mención directa en la Biblia y algunos pasajes oscuros podrían aludir a la resina.

«It is perhaps in the Himalayas of India and the Tibetan plateau that Cannabis preparations assumed their greatest importance in religious contexts.» — los autores sitúan con un *perhaps* el mayor peso religioso del cáñamo en el Himalaya y la meseta tibetana.

«Bhang is a mild preparation: dried leaves or flowering shoots are pounded with spices into a paste and consumed as candy—known as maa-jun—or in tea form.» — los autores describen la preparación del bhang y sus dos formas de consumo.

«Ganja is made from the resin-rich dried pistillate flowering tops of cultivated plants that are pressed into a compacted mass and kept under pressure for several days to induce chemical changes» — sigue la descripción, con la ganja prensada y guardada bajo presión para que cambie químicamente.

«The Tibetans considered Cannabis sacred. A Mahayana Buddhist tradition maintains that during the six steps of asceticism leading to his enlightenment, Buddha lived on one Hemp seed a day.» — los autores atribuyen a una tradición budista mahayana el ayuno del Buda con una sola semilla de cáñamo al día.

«He is often depicted with "Soma leaves" in his begging bowl and the mysterious god-narcotic Soma has occasionally been identified with Hemp.» — sigue el pasaje, con la identificación del Soma con el cáñamo dicha como cosa hecha por otros y solo a veces.

«Buddhism of the Himalayas of Tibet, Cannabis plays a very significant role in the meditative ritual used to facilitate deep meditation and heighten awareness.» — los autores dan al cáñamo un papel en el ritual meditativo del budismo tántrico del Himalaya; la frase arranca en la plana anterior, donde el escaneo la parte.

«Both medicinal and recreational secular use of Hemp is likewise so common now in this region that the plant is taken for granted as an everyday necessity.» — y en la misma frase consignan el uso secular corriente en esa misma región.

«Folklore maintains that the use of Hemp was introduced to Persia by an Indian pilgrim during the reign of Khursu (A.D. 53 1—579), but it is known that the Assyrians used Hemp as an incense during the first millennium B. C.» — los autores separan lo que dice el folclor de lo que se sabe, y ponen el segundo dato como más firme.

«Although at first prohibited among Islamic peoples, Hashish spread widely west throughout Asia Minor.» — los autores registran la prohibición inicial y la difusión posterior del hachís por el mundo islámico.

«In 1378, authorities tried to extirpate Hemp from Arabian territory by the imposition of harsh punishments.» — los autores fechan en 1378 un intento de erradicación en territorio árabe.

«Cannabis extended early and widely from Asia Minor into Africa, partly under the pressure of Islamic influence, but the use of Hemp transcends Islamic areas.» — los autores atribuyen en parte la difusión africana a la presión islámica y en parte la sacan de ese marco.

«It is widely believed that Hemp was introduced also with slaves from Malaya.» — la segunda vía de entrada en África va dicha como creencia extendida y no como hecho.

«The Hottentots, Bushmen, and Kaffirs used Hemp for centuries as a medicine and as an intoxicant.» — los autores cuentan siglos de uso medicinal y embriagante del cáñamo en el sur de África.

«In an ancient tribal ceremony in the Zambesi Valley, participants inhaled vapors from a pile of smoldering Hemp; later, reed tubes and pipes were employed, and the plant material was burned on an altar.» — los autores describen la ceremonia del valle del Zambeze y su evolución técnica, hasta el altar.

«The Kasai tribes of the Congo have revived an old Riamba cult in which Hemp, replacing ancient fetishes and symbols, was elevated to a god—a protector against physical and spiritual harm.» — los autores registran en el Congo un culto donde el cáñamo desplaza a los fetiches antiguos y es elevado a dios protector.

«Treaties are sealed with puffs of smoke from calabash pipes.» — sigue el pasaje, con el humo como sello de los tratados.

«Hemp has spread to many areas of the New World, but with few exceptions the plant has not penetrated significantly into many Native American religious beliefs and ceremonies.» — los autores acotan el alcance americano del cáñamo: apenas entró en la creencia y la ceremonia indígenas.

«There are, however, exceptions, such as its use under the name Rosa Maria, by the Tepecano Indians of northwest Mexico, who occasionally employ Hemp when Peyote is not available.» — la primera excepción que los autores registran, con el cáñamo como suplente del peyote entre los tepecanos.

«It has recently been learned that Indians in the Mexican states of Veracruz, Hidalgo, and Puebla practice a communal curing ceremony with a plant called Santa Rosa, identified as Cannabis sativa, which is considered both a plant and a sacred intercessor with the Virgin.» — la segunda excepción: el cáñamo llamado Santa Rosa, tenido a la vez por planta y por intercesor ante la Virgen.

«Although the ceremony is based mainly on Christian elements, the plant is worshiped as an Earth deity and is thought to be alive and to represent a part of the heart of God.» — sigue el pasaje, y el volumen consigna la mezcla sin arbitrarla: marco cristiano y planta adorada como deidad de la tierra.

«The participants in this cult believe that the plant can be dangerous and that it can assume the form of a man's soul, make him ill, enrage him, and even cause death.» — sigue el pasaje, con el reverso de esa creencia: la planta que toma la forma del alma de un hombre y puede matarlo.

«Sixty years ago, when Mexican laborers introduced the smoking of Marijuana to the United States, it spread across the South, and by the 1920s its use was established in New Orleans, confined primarily among the poor and minority groups.» — los autores fechan y localizan la entrada de la mariguana fumada en los Estados Unidos.

«The continued spread of the custom in the United States and Europe has resulted in a still unresolved controversy.» — y dejan la controversia declarada como no resuelta, sin tomar partido.

«It is no longer an official drug, although research in the medical potential of some of the cannabinolic constituents or their semi-synthetic analogs is at present very active, particularly in relation to the side effects of cancer therapy.» — sigue el pasaje, con la investigación médica en curso sobre los cannabinoides.

«The psychoactive effects of Cannabis preparations vary widely, depending on dosage, the preparation and the type of plant used, the method of administration, the personality of the user, and the social and cultural background.» — los autores enumeran las seis variables de que depende el efecto, y entre ellas la personalidad y el trasfondo cultural.

«Perhaps the most frequent characteristic is a dreamy state. Long forgotten events are often recalled and thoughts occur in unrelated sequences.» — la fenomenología del cáñamo que los autores consignan, con el recuerdo de lo olvidado y el pensamiento sin secuencia.

«Perception of time, and occasionally of space, is altered. Visual and auditory hallucinations sometimes follow the use of large doses. Euphoria, excitement, inner happiness—often with hilarity and laughter—are typical. In some cases, a final mood of depression may be experienced.» — sigue la fenomenología, cerrada con el abatimiento como desenlace posible.

«Hemp is the 'giver of joy,' 'heaven's pilot,' 'the heavenly guide,' 'the heaven of the poor man,' 'the soother of sorrows.' No god, no man is as good as the religious hemp drinker.» — epígrafe que el volumen atribuye al informe de la Hemp Drug Commission, con los cinco nombres del cáñamo y la sentencia final.

«Whereas the psychoactive principles of most hallucinogenic plants are alkaloids, the active constituents of Cannabis are non-nitrogenous and occur in a resinous oil.» — recuadro de química: los autores separan el cáñamo del resto por no ser alcaloide su principio.

«The highest concentration is found in the resin of the unfertilized pistillate inflorescence. Even though less potent, the dried leaves are also employed for their psychoactive effects.» — sigue el recuadro, con la concentración mayor en la resina de la inflorescencia sin fecundar.

«Page 97above left: The Cora Indians of the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico smoke Cannabis in the course of their sacred ceremonies.» — pie de lámina, con los coras que fuman cáñamo en ceremonia sagrada; el escaneo pega las palabras del encabezado.

«Rarely is an introduced foreign plant adopted and used in indigenous religious ceremonies, but it seems that the Cora of Mexico and the Cuna of Panama have taken up the ritual smoking of Cannabis, notwithstanding the fact that, in both areas, it was brought in by the early Europeans.» — sigue el pie, y el volumen subraya lo raro del caso: una planta traída por los europeos adoptada en el rito indígena.

«This marvelous experience often occurs as if it were the effect of a superior and invisible power acting on the person from without» — epígrafe que el volumen atribuye a Charles Baudelaire y a Los paraísos artificiales, con la experiencia sentida como obra de un poder exterior.

«This delightful and singular state gives no advance warning. It is as unexpected as a ghost, an intermittent haunting from which we must draw, if we are wise, the certainly of a better existence.» — sigue el epígrafe de Baudelaire, con el estado que llega sin aviso como un fantasma; el escaneo imprime *certainly* donde se lee *certainty*.

«This acuteness of thought, this enthusiasm of the senses and the spirit must have appeared to man through the ages as the first blessing.» — cierre del epígrafe de Baudelaire, con la agudeza del pensamiento como primera bendición.

«Above: In the nineteenth century, a select group of European artists and writers turned to psychoactive agents in an attempt to achieve what has come to be regarded as "mind-expansion» — pie de lámina, con los artistas y escritores europeos del siglo XIX vueltos a los psicoactivos.

«In fact, Baudelaire wrote vivid descriptions of his personal experiences under the influence of Cannabis.» — sigue el pie, con las descripciones que Baudelaire dejó de su propia experiencia.

«Left: In Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, the encounter between Alice and the languorous caterpillar is as follows: "She stretched herself up on tiptoe, and peeped over the edge of the mushroom, and her eyes immediately met those of a large blue caterpillar that was sitting on the top, with its arms folded, quietly smoking a long hookah» — pie de lámina, que reproduce el encuentro de Alicia con la oruga del narguile.

«Below: Gustave Doré's painting 'Composition of the Death of Gerard de Nerval," for which he may have used Cannabis and Opium for inspiration.» — pie de lámina, y el uso de cáñamo y opio por Doré va dicho en potencial: *he may have used*.

«Cannabis sativa was officially in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia until 1937, recom» — los autores fechan en 1937 la salida del cáñamo de la farmacopea oficial estadounidense; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana, que el escaneo llena con dos planas de láminas.

«mended for a wide variety of disorders, especially as a mild sedative.» — continuación de esa frase al otro lado de las planas de lámina, con el sedante suave como indicación principal.

«The ancient testimony about Eleusis is unanimous and unambiguous. Eleusis was the supreme experience in an initiate's life. It was both physical and mystical: trembling, vertigo, cold sweat, and then a sight that made all previous seeing seem like blindness, a sense of awe and wonder at a brilliance that caused a profound silence, since what had just been seen and felt could never be communicated; words were unequal to the task.» — pasaje sobre Eleusis que el volumen reproduce entrecomillado y sin nombrar a su autor: la iniciación como experiencia suprema, física y mística, que las palabras no alcanzan.

«These symptoms are unmistakably the experience induced by a hallucinogen. Greeks, and indeed some of the most famous and intelligent among them, could experience and enter fully into, such irrationality.» — sigue el pasaje citado, que lee esos síntomas como los de un alucinógeno y subraya que quienes los vivían eran los griegos más célebres.

«Eleusis was different from the convivial inebriation of friends . . . In their various ways, other Greek cults too enacted aspects of the ancient communion practiced between gods and men, between the living and the dead, but it was at Eleusis alone that the experience occurred with overwhelming finality» — sigue el pasaje citado, que separa Eleusis de la embriaguez convivial y de los demás cultos griegos.

«Thus in an interdisciplinary study based on three different approaches, ethnomycology, classical studies, and chemistry, the secret rites of ancient Greece, which have remained a puzzle for four thousand years, are associated with intoxication caused by the fungus Claviceps, which grows parasitically on certain cereals.» — los autores nombran las tres disciplinas del estudio que asocia los misterios de Eleusis con el cornezuelo, sin nombrar a sus autores.

«It is now believed that the intoxicant underlying the ecstasy experienced in the mysteries was induced by Claviceps paspali, and possibly other species, growing on various Loliums and other cereal grasses native to Greece.» — la identificación de la especie va dicha como creencia corriente y con un *possibly* para las demás.

«The reasons for considering the Eleusian mysteries to be associated with the use of Claviceps are long and complex, but the arguments are most convincing and apparently from several disciplines sound.» — los autores califican los argumentos de convincentes y aparentemente sólidos, y con eso los dan por no cerrados.

«By far the most important species of Claviceps is C. purpurea, the Ergot of rye (Secale cereale). This hard, brown or purplish black sclerotium of a fungus originating in the caryopsis of rye is exceedingly common in Europe.» — los autores sitúan el cornezuelo del centeno como la especie de mayor peso en Europa.

«Ergot, the French word for "spur" of a cock, now generally employed in numerous languages, was first applied to the fungus in a region not far from Paris.» — los autores dan la etimología de *ergot* y localizan el primer uso del término para el hongo.

«There are, however, two dozen other words for the sclerotium in French; sixty-two vernacular names in German, Mutterkorn being the most commonly used. There are twenty-one in Dutch, fifteen in the Scandinavian languages, fourteen in Italian, and seven in English in addition to the borrowed word Ergot.» — el censo de nombres vulgares del cornezuelo por lengua, que los autores levantan uno a uno.

«This proliferation of vernacular terminology indicates the importance of the fungus in European countries.» — y la lectura que los autores hacen de ese censo: tantos nombres miden el peso del hongo en Europa.

«Although its medicinal use was unknown in classical times, it was early recognized as a poison. As far back as 600 B. C., the Assyrians called the spurlike growth or Ergot a "noxious pustule in the ear of the grain.» — los autores fechan hacia el 600 antes de nuestra era el reconocimiento asirio del cornezuelo como veneno.

«The sacred books of the Parsees (about 350 B. C.) reported: "Among the evil things created by Angro Maynes are noxious grasses that cause pregnant women to drop the womb and die in childbed.» — los autores citan los libros sagrados de los parsis por las hierbas nocivas que hacen abortar.

«Although the ancient Greeks apparently employed the fungus in their religious rituals, they did not eat rye because of the "black malodorous produce of Thrace and Macedonia.» — los autores registran la paradoja con su *apparently* dentro: los griegos usaban el hongo en el rito y no comían centeno.

«Rye was not introduced into classical Europe until the beginning of the Christian era, so Ergot poisoning did not enter into Roman pharmaceutical literature.» — y de ahí explican la ausencia del envenenamiento por cornezuelo en la literatura farmacéutica romana.

«These epidemics manifested themselves in two forms: those with nervous convulsions and epileptic symptoms; those with gangrene, mummifications, atrophy, and occasional ioss of extremities—noses, earlobes, fingers, toes, and feet.» — las dos formas del ergotismo que los autores distinguen, la convulsiva y la gangrenosa.

«An early European visitation of ergotism described it as "a great plague of swollen blisters {that] consumed the people by a loathsome rot.» — testimonio europeo antiguo que el volumen reproduce, con la plaga de ampollas y la podredumbre.

«St. Anthony, after whom the "fire" was named, lived as a religious hermit in Egypt; he died at the age of 105 in A.D. 356. He is the protecting saint against fire, epilepsy, and infection.» — los autores dan la noticia del santo que da nombre al mal y los tres males de que protege.

«During the Crusades, the knights brought back his remains to Dauphiné, in France, for burial. It was here in Dauphiné that the earliest recognized plague of "Holy Fire" occurred in 1039.» — los autores enlazan el traslado de las reliquias con la primera plaga reconocida, fechada en 1039.

«Thus it was that in this French town a hospital to care for sufferers was founded and the Order of St. Anthony was also established.» — y de ese voto los autores hacen salir el hospital y la Orden de San Antonio.

«A pilgrimage to shrines consecrated to St. Anthony was believed to cure the disease. But a change in diet—bread free of Ergot—may have had a beneficial effect.» — los autores consignan la creencia en la peregrinación curativa y ponen al lado, en potencial, la explicación por el cambio de pan.

«It was not until 1676—some five hundred years after the height of St. Anthony's fire—that the real cause of ergotism was discovered, whereupon measures of control were set up.» — los autores fechan el hallazgo de la causa cinco siglos después del apogeo del mal.

«Millers in the Middle Ages frequently kept clean rye flour for the affluent, selling flour made from "spurred rye"—that infected with Ergot—to poorer customers.» — los autores consignan el reparto social del daño: harina limpia para los pudientes y harina de centeno espolonado para los pobres.

«Even today, however, there are occasional outbreaks of epidemics in which whole villages are affected. The most notorious recent attacks have occurred in France and Belgium in 1953 and in the Ukraine and Ireland in 1929.» — los autores fechan brotes recientes de ergotismo, con sus lugares.

«There are suggestions that the alleged outbreaks of witchcraft in colonial New England, especially in Salem, Massachusetts, may have been due to Ergot poisoning.» — la hipótesis sobre Salem va doblemente acotada: son sugerencias y los brotes de brujería se dicen alegados.

«European midwives had long known that Ergot could aid in cases of difficult childbirth and had used the fungus for that purpose.» — los autores ponen el saber de las parteras antes que el de los médicos.

«The earliest medical report of the obstetric value of Ergot was published in 1582 by Lonicer of Frankfurt, who stated that Ergotparasitized rye is of sovereign efficiency in pregnancy pains.» — los autores fechan y nombran el primer reporte médico del uso obstétrico.

«Although widely employed by midwives, Ergot was first employed by a physician when Desgranges of Lyons experimented with it and published his observations in 1818.» — y consignan la distancia entre el uso de las parteras y el primer experimento médico, más de dos siglos.

«The Swiss botanist Bauhin described Ergot in 1595, and his son later produced the first illustration of Ergot in 1658. In 1676, the French physicianbotanist Dodart added much scientific knowledge to the story of Ergot.» — los autores trazan la cadena de los que describieron el cornezuelo, con sus fechas.

«But even as late as 1750, botanists still were uncertain how Ergot grew and why it was toxic.» — los autores marcan cuánto duró la ignorancia sobre la naturaleza del hongo.

«Only in 1764 did the German botanist von Münchhausen declare that Ergot was a fungal infection, but his opinion was not accepted until the famous botanist A. P. de Candolle proved it in 1815.» — los autores fechan la propuesta y su aceptación con medio siglo de distancia.

«It was not, however, until the 1920s that the active principles of Claviceps purpurea were known: ergotamine in 1921; ergonovine in 1935.» — los autores fechan el aislamiento de los dos alcaloides principales del cornezuelo.

«Even though this dangerous infection of rye never had a major magico-religious role in European culture, it did earn a special place as a plant having connections with spiritual forces—a kind of malevolent plant of the gods.» — cierre del capítulo, y es el volumen mismo el que llama al cornezuelo planta maligna de los dioses, con la fórmula de su título dada la vuelta.

«Above left: Persephone, the Queen of the Dead, making an offering of shafts of is enthroned beside her husband, Hades, Lord of the Underworld. Originally a goddess associated with grain, she was abducted to the Underworld by Hades, and her return from the realm of the dead was connected with symbolic rebirth experiences in the Eleusinian mysteries, where the worshipers believed that the restoration of the goddess to the upper world ensured the faithful a resurrection.» — pie de lámina, con el rapto de Perséfone y el regreso del reino de los muertos leído como renacimiento simbólico en los misterios.

«It is possible that these amazing events in Persephone's life might have been linked with intoxication from Ergot, since Greek sophistication in the chemical properties of plants was well developed.» — sigue el pie, con el enlace entre el mito y el cornezuelo dicho en potencial y apoyado en el saber químico de los griegos.

«Page 103 left: Fruiting bodies of C/a viceps purpurea. The specific name of this fungus means purple," a color that in antiquity was linked with powers of the underworld.» — pie de lámina, que lee el epíteto del hongo, púrpura, como color ligado en la Antigüedad a los poderes del inframundo.

«Ergot from wild grasses, however, contains essentially simple lysergic acid amides, ergine, and lysergic acid-hydroxyethylamide (found only in traces in Ergot of rye). These psychotropic alkaloids may have played a role in the convulsive form of ergotism.» — recuadro de química: los autores atribuyen en potencial la forma convulsiva del ergotismo a los alcaloides simples del cornezuelo de las gramíneas silvestres.

«For close on to two thousand years, a few of the ancient Greeks passed» — cierre del pasaje citado sobre Eleusis: dos mil años de iniciados que cruzaron sus puertas; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

«each year through the portals of Eleusis. There they celebrated the divine gift to mankind of the cultivated grain, and they were also initiated into the awesome powers of the nether world» — continuación del pasaje al otro lado del corte, con el don del grano cultivado y la iniciación en los poderes del inframundo.

«The earliest undoubted reports of Ergot poisoning appeared during the Middle Ages, when bizarre epidemics broke» — los autores fechan en la Edad Media los primeros reportes ciertos de envenenamiento por cornezuelo; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

«out in various parts of Europe, taking thousands of lives and causing untold agony and suffering.» — continuación de esa frase al otro lado del corte, con el saldo de las epidemias europeas.

«A wealthy citizen, Gaston, and his son were among the afflicted, and Gaston» — los autores cuentan el caso del ciudadano rico afligido con su hijo; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana, que el escaneo llena con pies de lámina.

«promised to give all his wealth to aid other victims if St. Anthony would cure him and his son.» — continuación del relato al otro lado de las planas de lámina: el voto de dar toda su hacienda a cambio de la curación.

«The Divine Ones called the plant 'a'neglakya' after the boy's name. The original plant has many children scattered over the earth; some of the blossoms are tinged with yellow, some with blue, some with red, some are all white—the colors belonging to the four cardinal points.» — cierre del mito zuñi que el volumen reproduce: la planta lleva el nombre del muchacho y sus hijas reparten los colores por los cuatro puntos cardinales.

«Their undoubted danger as potent narcotics, however, has never been challenged, even from earliest times.» — y en la misma frase consignan que el peligro nunca se puso en duda.

«long history as a medicine and sacred hallucinogen, although the genus has apparently never enjoyed the ceremonial role that it has had in the New World.» — los autores reparten el peso de la Datura entre los dos mundos: medicina y alucinógeno sagrado en el Viejo, papel ceremonial en el Nuevo.

«It was undoubtedly this species that the Arabian doctor Avicenna reported in the eleventh century under the name Jouzrnathal ("metel nut"); this report was repeated in Dioscorides' writings.» — los autores identifican la nuez de metel de Avicena con la Datura metel y siguen la noticia hasta Dioscórides.

«The name metel is taken from this Arabic term, while the generic epithet Datura was adapted to Latin by Linnaeus from the Sanskrit Dhatura.» — los autores dan la doble etimología del nombre botánico, la árabe y la sánscrita, esta última por vía de Linneo.

«In China, the plant was considered sacred: when Buddha was preaching, heaven sprinkled the plant with dew or raindrops.» — los autores consignan la tradición china que liga la planta a la prédica del Buda.

«A Taoist legend maintains that Datura metel is one of the circumpolar stars and that envoys to earth from this star carry a flower of the plant in their hand.» — leyenda taoísta que el volumen recoge: la planta es una de las estrellas circumpolares, de donde sale el título del capítulo.

«Several species of Datura were introduced into China from India between the Sung and Ming dynasties—that is, between A. D. 960 and 1644—so they were not recorded in earlier herbals.» — los autores fechan la entrada de las daturas en China y explican por qué no salen en los herbarios anteriores.

«The herbalist Li Shih-chen reported the medicinal uses of one of the species known as Man-t'o-lo in 1596: the flowers and seeds were employed to treat eruptions on the face, and the plant was prescribed internally for colds, nervous disorders, and other problems. It was taken together with Cannabis in wine as an anesthesia for minor surgical operations.» — los autores fechan en 1596 el reporte de Li Shih-chen y dan sus indicaciones, incluida la anestesia con cáñamo y vino.

«Its narcotic properties were known to the Chinese, for Li Shih-chen personally experimented on himself and wrote: "According to traditions, it is alleged that when the flowers are picked for use with wine while one is laughing, the wine will cause one to produce laughing movements; and when the flowers are picked while one is dancing, the wine will cause one to produce dancing movements.» — los autores citan a Li Shih-chen, que reproduce la creencia de que el vino reproduce el gesto con que se cortó la flor.

«In India, it was called tuft of Shiva, the god of destruction.» — los autores dan el nombre indio de la planta y el dios al que la adscriben.

«Dancing girls sometimes drugged wine with its seeds, and whoever drank of the potion, appearing in possession of his senses, gave answers to questions, although he had no control of his will, was ignorant of whom he was addressing, and lost all memory of what he did when the intoxication wore off.» — los autores describen el uso como droga de sumisión: el bebedor responde con apariencia de cordura y sin voluntad ni memoria.

«For this reason, many Indians called the plant "drunkard," "madman," "deceiver," and "foolmaker.» — y leen los cuatro nombres indios de la planta como testimonio de ese efecto.

«The British traveler Hardwicke found this plant common in mountain villages in India in 1796 and reported that an infusion of the seeds was used to increase the intoxication from alcoholic drinks.» — los autores fechan en 1796 el testimonio de un viajero británico sobre la semilla que refuerza la embriaguez del alcohol.

«valued Datura metel for treating mental disorders, various fevers, tumors, breast inflammations, skin diseases, and. diarrhea.» — la lista de indicaciones médicas indias de la Datura metel; la frase abre con *During the Sanskritic period, Indian medicine* y el folio 108 cae en medio; el tramo cruza el corte de plana.

«Even today, seeds or powdered leaves of this plant are often mixed with Cannabis or Tobacco and smoked in Indochina.» — los autores registran el uso vivo en Indochina, mezclado con cáñamo o tabaco.

«The English herbalist Gerard believed that Datura was the Hippomanes that the Greek writer Theocritus mentioned as driving horses mad.» — los autores atribuyen a Gerard la identificación de la Datura con el hipómanes de Teócrito.

«In Tanzania, it is added to Pombe, a kind of beer, for its inebriating» — los autores registran el uso tanzano de la Datura en la cerveza local; el tramo se corta donde el escaneo entrevera las columnas.

«A common medical use in Africa is smoking the leaves to relieve asthma and pulmonary problems.» — el uso médico africano de la hoja fumada contra el asma.

«In the New World, the Mexicans call Datura Toloache, a modern version of the ancient Aztec Toloatzin (that is, "inclined head," in reference to its nodding fruit).» — los autores derivan el nombre mexicano del náhuatl y lo explican por la inclinación del fruto.

«Writing shortly after the conquest of Mexico, Hernández mentioned its medicinal value but warned that excessive use would drive patients to madness with "various and vain imaginations.» — los autores citan a Hernández, que reconoce el valor medicinal y advierte del exceso.

«Neither its magico-religious nor its therapeutic use has diminished in Mexico. Among the Yaqui, for example, it is taken by women to lessen the pain of childbirth.» — los autores dan por vivos los dos usos en México y ponen el caso yaqui del parto.

«It is considered so powerful that it can be handled only by "someone of authority.» — sigue el pasaje, con la restricción de manejo que los propios usuarios imponen.

«One ethnobotanist wrote: "My collecting these plants was often accompanied with warnings that I would go crazy and die because I was mistreating them. Some Indians refused to talk to me for several days afterward.» — testimonio de un etnobotánico que el volumen reproduce sin nombrarlo: recoger la planta le valió advertencias y silencio.

«Toloache is rather widely added to mescal, a distilled liquor from A gave, or to Tesguino, a fermented maize drink, as an added intoxicant—"as a catalyst and to induce a good feeling and visions.» — los autores registran el toloache añadido al mescal y al tesgüino, con la razón que dan los usuarios.

«Some Mexicans prepare a fatty ointment containing seeds and leaves of Toloache, which is rubbed over the abdomen to induce visual hallucinations.» — y consignan el ungüento graso frotado en el vientre, que es la misma técnica del ungüento de brujas europeo sin que el volumen los enlace aquí.

«The Zuñis believe that the plant belongs to the Rain Priest Fraternity and rain priests alone may collect its roots.» — los autores adscriben la planta a la cofradía zuñi de los sacerdotes de la lluvia, que tienen su recolección reservada.

«These priests put the powdered root into their eyes to commune with the Feathered Kingdom at night, and they chew the roots to ask the dead to intercede with the spirits for rain.» — sigue el pasaje, con las dos vías de uso sacerdotal y el trato con los muertos como intercesores.

«The Yokut, who call the plant Tanayin, take the drug only during the spring, since it is considered to be poisonous in the summer; it is given to adolescent boys and girls only once in a lifetime to ensure a good and a long life.» — los autores registran la restricción estacional yokut y el uso único en la vida.

«Boys and girls of the Tubatulobal tribe drink Datura after puberty to "obtain life," and adults use it to obtain visions.» — los autores reparten el uso tubatulabal entre la pubertad y la edad adulta.

«If an animal—an eagle, a hawk, for example—is seen during the visions, it becomes the child's "pet" or spiritual mascot for life: if "life" is seen, the child acquires a ghost.» — sigue el pasaje, con el animal de la visión convertido en compañero de por vida.

«The ghost is the ideal object to appear, since it cannot die.» — sigue el pasaje, y la razón que se da de la preferencia es que el fantasma no muere.

«Children never may kill the animal "pet" that they see in their Datura vision, for these "pets" may visit during serious illness and effect a cure.» — cierra el pasaje con la prohibición y su motivo: el animal visita en la enfermedad grave y cura.

«The Yuman tribes believe that the reaction of braves under the influence of Toloache may foretell their future. These people use the plant to gain occult power.» — los autores registran el uso adivinatorio yumano y la obtención de poder oculto.

«The Navajo take Datura for its visionary properties, valuing it for diagnosis, healing, and purely intoxicating use. Navajo use is magic-oriented.» — los autores reparten el uso navajo en tres y declaran que su orientación es mágica.

«Visions induced by this drug are especially valued, since they reveal certain animals possessing special significance. Upon learning from these visions the cause of a disease, a chant may be prescribed.» — sigue el pasaje, con la visión que revela la causa de la enfermedad y el canto que de ahí se receta.

«If a man be repulsed in love by a girl, he seeks revenge by putting her saliva or dust from her moccasins on a Datura, then the singing of a chant will immediately drive the girl mad.» — el maleficio navajo que el volumen consigna, con la saliva o el polvo del calzado puestos sobre la planta.

«Datura stramonium is now believed to be native to eastern America, where the Algonquins and other tribes may have employed it as a ceremonial hallucinogen.» — los autores dan por nativa del este de América la Datura stramonium y ponen el uso algonquino en potencial.

«Indians of Virginia used a toxic medicine called wysoccan in initiatory rites: the Huskanawing ceremony. The active ingredient was probably Datura stramonium.» — los autores nombran el rito de iniciación de Virginia y dan su ingrediente activo con un *probably*.

«Youths were confined for long periods, given "no other substance but the infusion or decoction of some poisonous, intoxicating roots" and "they became stark, staring mad, in which raving condition they were kept eighteen or twenty days.» — testimonio del rito que el volumen reproduce, con el encierro y la locura sostenida durante casi tres semanas.

«Page 108 bottom right: The opening blossom of a Datura innoxia. The Mayans call it xtohk'uh, 'toward the gods:' and still use it for shamanic purposes such as divination and medicinal healing.» — pie de lámina, con el nombre maya de la planta que el volumen traduce como hacia los dioses.

«Above middle: Many species of Datura have played a vital medicinal and inebriant role in Mexico since early times. This page from the "Badianus Manuscripr' (Codex Berberini Latina 241, Folio 29) depicts two species of Datura and describes their therapeutic uses. This document of 1542 is the first herbal to be written in the New World.» — pie de lámina sobre el Manuscrito Badiano, que el volumen fecha en 1542 y declara el primer herbario escrito en el Nuevo Mundo.

«I ate the thorn apple leaves And the leaves made me dizzy. I ate the thorn apple, leaves And the leaves made iiae dizzy. I ate the thorn apple flowers And the drink made me stagger. The hunter's bow remaining He overtook and killed me. Cut and threw my horns away, The hunter, reed remaining. He overtook and killed me Cut and threw my feet away. Now the flies become crazy And drop with flapping wings. No drunken butterflies sit» — canto de caza pima que el volumen atribuye a F. Russel, con el venado que come toloache y se marea; el escaneo imprime el canto en renglones cortos de verso y corrompe alguna palabra.

«Right: A purple variety of the Datura mete!, better known as Datura fastuosa. In particular, this plant is used in Africa as an inebriant in initiation rites.» — pie de lámina, con la Datura usada en África como embriagante en ritos de iniciación.

«have long been employed as sacred hallucinogens, especially in Mexico and the American Southwest, and have played major roles in native medicine and magico-religious rites.» — los autores sitúan a las daturas entre los alucinógenos sagrados de México y el suroeste norteamericano; la frase arranca en la plana anterior, donde el escaneo la parte.

«such movements will be produced when one becomes half-drunk with the wine and someone else laughs or dances to induce these actions.» — enmienda de Li Shih-chen sobre experimento propio: el movimiento lo induce quien ríe o baila al lado, no la flor; la frase arranca en la plana anterior.

«for a great variety of medicinal uses, especially when applied to the body to relieve rheumatic pains and to reduce swellings.» — continuación de esa lista al otro lado del tramo entreverado, con el uso externo contra el reuma y las hinchazones.

«and begin manhood by losing all memory of ever having been boys.» — cierre del testimonio sobre el rito de Virginia: los muchachos entran en la edad adulta perdiendo toda memoria de haber sido niños.

«Known as Torna Loco ("maddening plant"), it is powerfully narcotic. In ancient Mexico, it was considered "sister of Ololiuqui" and was held in great veneration.» — los autores dan el nombre mexicano de esa Datura acuática y consignan que en el México antiguo se la tenía por hermana del ololiuqui.

«The effects of all species are similar, since their constituents are so much alike. Physiological activity begins with a feeling of lassitude and progresses into a period of hallucinations followed by deep sleep and loss of consciousness.» — los autores describen la secuencia del efecto de las daturas, de la laxitud a la pérdida de consciencia.

«So potent is the psychoactivity of all species of Datura that it is patently clear why peoples in indigenous cultures around the world have classed them as plants of the gods.» — cierre del capítulo, con los autores derivando de la potencia misma la clasificación que da título al libro.

«Right: A magician of Kuma in northeast Africa leads entranced women in a ritual dance. The substance that they ingest consists of a secret mixture of many different plants, most ot which are unknown. Evidence suggests that Datura is among them.» — pie de lámina, y la presencia de la Datura en la mezcla secreta va dicha como indicio y no como dato.

«The women are possessed by the spirits who use them as their medium.» — sigue el pie, con las mujeres poseídas como médium de los espíritus.

«Left: The illustration from the early writings of Sahagun, the Spanish friar who wrote shortly after the conquest of Mexico, pictures the utilization of an infusion of Datura to relieve rheumatism. This use is still found recommended in modern pharmacopoeias.» — pie de lámina, que enlaza el uso de la Datura contra el reuma en Sahagún con la farmacopea moderna.

«Zame ye Mebege [the last of the creator gods] gave us Eboka. One day. . . he saw... the Pygmy Bitamu, high in an Atanga tree, gathering its fruit. He made him fall. He died, and Zame brought his spirit to him. Zame cut off the little fingers and the little toes of the cadaver of the Pygmy and planted them in various parts of the forest. They grew into the Eboka bush.» — mito de origen de la iboga que el volumen reproduce: el arbusto nace de los dedos del pigmeo muerto plantados en la selva.

«Iboga is basic to the Bwiti cult and other secret societies in Gabon and Zaire.» — los autores sitúan la iboga en el centro del culto Bwiti y de otras sociedades secretas.

«The drug is taken in two ways: regularly in limited doses before and in the early part of the ceremonies, followed after midnight by a smaller dose; and once or twice during the initiation to the cult in excessive doses of one to three basketfuls over an eightto twenty-four-hour period, to CC break» — los autores distinguen las dos pautas de uso, la ceremonial y la iniciática; el escaneo corrompe el arranque de la cita que sigue.

«open the head," thus inducing a contact with the ancestors through collapse and hallucinations.» — continuación de esa frase al otro lado del tramo entreverado: la fórmula nativa de abrir la cabeza para el contacto con los antepasados.

«According to the natives, the initiate cannot enter the cult until he has seen Bwiti, and the only way to see Bwiti is to eat Iboga.» — los autores ponen en boca de los propios miembros la condición de entrada al culto.

«Sorcerers take the drug to seek information from the spirit world, and leaders of the cult may consume Iboga for a full day before asking advice from ancestors.» — los autores reparten el uso dentro del culto entre hechiceros y dirigentes.

«Iboga is intimately associated with death: the plant is frequently anthropomorphized as a supernatural being, a "generic ancestor," which can so highly value or despise an individual that it can carry him away to the realm of the dead.» — los autores consignan la antropomorfización de la planta como antepasado genérico que puede llevarse al usuario.

«There are sometimes deaths from the excessive doses taken during initiations, but the intoxication usually so interferes with motor activity that the initiates must sit gazing intently into space,» — y consignan las muertes por sobredosis en las iniciaciones sin adorno.

«During this almost comatose period, the "shadow" (soul) leaves the body to wander with the ancestors in the land of the dead.» — los autores dan el término nativo para el alma y su viaje con los antepasados; la frase arranca en la plana anterior.

«A dead relative came to me in my sleep and told me to eat it"; "I was sick and was counseled to eat Iboga to cure myself"; wanted to know God—to know things of the dead and the land beyond"; "I walked or flew over a long, multicolored road or over many rivers which led me to my ancestors, who then took me to the great gods.» — testimonios de iniciados que el volumen reproduce en serie, cada uno con su motivo para comer la planta.

«Iboga may act as a powerful stimulant, enabling the partaker to maintain extraordinary physical exertion without fatigue over a long period.» — los autores registran el efecto estimulante que permite el esfuerzo físico prolongado.

«The body may feel lighter, and levitation—a feeling of floating—is often experienced.» — sigue la fenomenología, con la sensación de flotar.

«Spectrums or rainbowlike effects are seen in surrounding objects, indications to the banzie that the initiate is approaching the realms of the ancestors and of the gods.» — sigue la fenomenología, y los propios iniciados leen el arcoíris como señal de que se acercan al reino de los antepasados.

«The body is seen as detached: one user reported, "Here I am, and there is my body going through its action.» — testimonio de un usuario que el volumen reproduce, con el cuerpo visto desde fuera.

«Large doses induce auditory, olfactory, and gustatory synesthesia. Mood may vary greatly from fear to euphoria.» — los autores registran la sinestesia y el vaivén del ánimo.

«An Englishman writing on Gabon mentioned "Eroga" under "fetish plants" as early as 1819. Describing it as a "favorite but violent medicine," he undoubtedly saw it powdered and assumed that it represented a charred fungus.» — los autores fechan en 1819 la primera mención inglesa y explican el error de identificación de aquel testigo.

«French and Belgian explorers encountered this remarkable drug and the cults using it a little over a century ago. They stated that the drug greatly increased muscular strength and endurance and that it had aphrodisiac properties.» — los autores registran lo que los exploradores europeos dijeron de la iboga, sin suscribirlo.

«An early report, in 1864, insisted that Iboga is not toxic except in high doses, that "warriors and hunters use it constantly to keep themselves awake during night watches» — los autores fechan en 1864 el reporte que acota la toxicidad a las dosis altas.

«In the 1880s, the Germans met it in Cameroon (northern Gabon), and in 1898 it was reported that the root had an "exciting effect on the nervous system so that its use is highly valued on long, tiring marches, on lengthy canoe voyages, and on difficult night watches.» — los autores siguen la cadena de reportes europeos hasta 1898, todos sobre el efecto estimulante y ninguno sobre el visionario.

«The earliest report of its hallucinogenic effects dates from 1903, with the description of the experiences of an initiate under high dosage of the drug: "Soon all his sinews stretch out in an extraordinary fashion. An epileptic madness seizes him, during which, unconscious, he mouths words which, when heard by the initiated ones, have a prophetic meaning and prove that the fetish has entered him.» — los autores fechan en 1903 el primer reporte del efecto alucinógeno y reproducen su descripción, con las palabras proféticas del iniciado.

«Other plants of reputed narcotic properties are involved in the Iboga cults, sometimes used alone, sometimes as admixtures with Tabernanthe iboga itself.» — los autores abren el inventario de las plantas que acompañan a la iboga en el culto.

«Another euphorbiaceous plant—Ayan-beyem or Elaeophorbia be taken during Bwiti initiations, when Alan is slow to take effect; the latex is applied directly to the eyes with a parrot feather, affecting the optical nerve and inducing visions.» — sigue el inventario, con el látex aplicado al ojo con pluma de loro cuando la otra planta tarda en obrar.

«The Bwiti cult has been growing in number of converts and in social strength, not waning, in recent decades.» — los autores declaran el culto en crecimiento y no en decadencia.

«It represents a strong native element in a changing society being rapidly engulfed in foreign cultural influences.» — la lectura que los autores hacen del culto: elemento nativo fuerte frente a una sociedad que se disuelve en lo ajeno.

«They consider that the drug and its associated cults enable them more easily to resist the vertiginous transition from the individualism of traditional tribal life to the collectivism and loss of identity in the encroaching Western civilization.» — y la razón va puesta en boca de los propios miembros: resistir el paso del individualismo tribal al colectivismo y la pérdida de identidad.

«As one initiate stated: "Catholicism and Protestantism is not our religion. I am riot happy in the mission churches.» — testimonio de un iniciado que el volumen reproduce; el escaneo imprime *riot* donde se lee *not*.

«The cultural importance of the drug is everywhere seen. The name Iboga is used for the whole Bwiti cult; ndziebolea ("eater of Iboga") means a member of the cult; nyiba-eboka signifies the religion surrounding the narcotic plant.» — los autores miden el peso cultural de la iboga por el vocabulario del culto, que se construye sobre su nombre.

«Iboga in every sense of the term is indeed a plant of the gods. It appears to be here to stay in the native cultures of west-central Africa.» — cierre del capítulo, con el volumen firmando la fórmula de su título para la iboga.

«Iboga roots contain an alkaloid known as ibogaine. This substance was first introduced in the 1 960s by the Chilean psychiatrist Claudio Naranjo as a "fantasy-enhancing drug" for psychotherapy.» — recuadro sobre la ibogaína, que el volumen atribuye al psiquiatra chileno Claudio Naranjo y fecha en los años sesenta.

«Today, ibogaine is in the spotlight of neuropsychological research, which has shown that the alkaloid can ease drug addiction (to such drugs as heroin and cocaine) and make way for a cure.» — sigue el recuadro, con la investigación reciente sobre la ibogaína y la adicción.

«The chiropractor Karl Naeher says that "lbogaine, when taken in one high dose by an opiate addict, drastically reduces withdrawal symptoms and, at the same time, causes a 'trip' that reveals such deep insights into the personal causes of the addiction that the majority of those who undergo this type of therapy can go for months without a relapse.» — el recuadro cita a Karl Naeher por el doble efecto de la ibogaína en el adicto: corta el síndrome de abstinencia y da un viaje que revela las causas de la adicción.

«But several additional sessions are required before a lasting stabilization is evident» — sigue la cita de Naeher con su límite dentro: hacen falta más sesiones para una estabilización duradera.

«Research into the potential use of ibogaine as a treatment for substance abuse is being carried out by Deborah Mash and her team in Miami.» — cierre del recuadro, que nombra a Deborah Mash y su equipo como responsables de la investigación en curso.

«Left: The roots of the Iboga bush are ritually eaten by the Bwiti cult in order to call forth the ancestors.» — pie de lámina, con el fin declarado del uso ritual: llamar a los antepasados.

«Page 115 right: Music plays a central role in the Bwiti cult. The harp player not only allows the strings to resonate, but also sings liturgies in which the cosmology and woridview of the tribe are expressed.» — pie de lámina, con el arpista del culto que canta las liturgias donde se expresa la cosmología.

«Time perception is altered; time is lengthened, and initiates» — los autores registran la dilatación del tiempo bajo la iboga; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana, que el escaneo llena con recuadros y pies de lámina.

«feel that their spiritual trip has taken many hours or even days.» — continuación de esa frase al otro lado del corte, con el viaje que se siente de horas o de días.

«Alan, the euphorbiaceous Aichornea floribz4nda, is often consumed in large amounts to help produce the collapse experienced» — sigue el inventario de las plantas del culto, con la que ayuda a producir el colapso de la iniciación; el escaneo corrompe el nombre botánico y el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

«in Bwiti initiations; in southern Gabon, it is mixed with Iboga.» — continuación al otro lado del corte, con la mezcla del sur de Gabón.

«In the beginning, the Sun created various beings to serve as intermediaries between Him and Earth. He created hallucinogenic snuff powder so that man could contact supernatural beings.» — mito de origen que abre el capítulo del yopo: el Sol crea el rapé alucinógeno como intermediario entre él y la tierra.

«The Sun had kept this powder in His navel, but the Daughter of the Sun found it. Thus it became available to man—a vegetal product acquired directly from the gods.» — sigue el mito, y los autores lo glosan con la fórmula de su título: un producto vegetal recibido directamente de los dioses.

«As far back as 1496, an early Spanish report mentioned that the Taino of Hispaniola inhaled a powder called Cohoba to communicate with the spirit world.» — los autores fechan en 1496 el reporte español del rapé taíno.

«Mainly because of the disappearance of aboriginal peoples in the West Indies, this snuff is no longer employed anywhere in the Antilles.» — los autores declaran el uso antillano extinguido y dan su causa.

«In 1916, ethnobotanical research established the identity of this Cohoba—quite generally until then thought to have been a very potent kind of Tobacco snuff» — los autores fechan en 1916 la identificación del cohoba y consignan de paso lo que se creía antes.

«The center of use of this snuff is and probably always has been the Orinoco.» — los autores sitúan el centro del uso en el Orinoco, con un *probably* para el pasado.

«It is very probable that the custom of snuffing the drug, as well as the tree itself, was introduced by invaders from the Orinoco area.» — la hipótesis de la llegada antillana por invasión sudamericana va dicha como muy probable y no como hecho.

«It is now suspected that Yopo was used much more widely in earlier periods. There is evidence that in pre-Hispanic times, this snuff was used by Chibchan tribes from the Colombian Andes east across the Ilanos, or plains, to the upper Orinoco.» — los autores ensanchan en potencial el área antigua del yopo, del Ande colombiano al alto Orinoco.

«In 1560 a missionary in the Colombian lianos wrote that the Indians along the Rio Guaviare "are accustomed to take Yopa and Tobacco, and the former is a seed or pip of a tree.» — los autores fechan en 1560 el testimonio misionero sobre el yopo del río Guaviare.

«drowsy while the devil, in their dreams, shows them all the vanities and corruptions he wishes them to see and which they take to be true revelations in which they believe, even if told they will die. This habit of taking Yopa and Tobacco is general in the New Kingdom.» — sigue el testimonio, y la voz es la del misionero: lo que los indios toman por revelación él lo atribuye al demonio.

«Yopo was so important in pre-Conquest Colombia that Indians of the highlands, where the tree will not grow, traded the drug up from the tropical lowlands» — los autores miden la importancia del yopo por el comercio que lo subía de la tierra caliente al altiplano.

«Jop: herb of divination, used by the mojas or sun-priests in Tunja and Bogo» — los autores citan a un historiador español temprano por el uso adivinatorio muisca.

«will not travel nor wage war nor do any other thing of importance without learning beforehand what will be the outcome, or this they try to ascertain with two herbs which they consume, called Yop and Osca.» — sigue la cita, con el saber previo del desenlace como condición de todo acto importante.

«Another chronicler wrote in 1599: "They chew Hayo or Coca and Jopa and» — los autores fechan en 1599 otro testimonio de cronista; el tramo se corta donde el escaneo entrevera las columnas.

«Yopo snuff may sometimes, as among the Guahibo, be taken daily as a stimulant.» — los autores registran el uso cotidiano como estimulante entre los guahibos.

«There has been a long and complicated confusion between the hallucinogenic snuff prepared from Anadenanthera and that from Virola and other plants.» — los autores declaran la confusión entre dos rapés distintos como problema de la literatura.

«Consequently, the numerous distribution maps in anthropological literature showing immense areas of South American using Anade— nanthera-derived snuff must be used with due caution.» — y sacan de ahí una advertencia sobre los mapas de distribución de la literatura antropológica.

«In 1741, the Jesuit missionary Gumil-Ia, who wrote extensively on the geography of the Orinoco, described the use of Yopo by the Otomac: "They have another abominable habit of intoxicating themselves through the nostrils with certain malignant powders which they call Yupa which quite takes away their reason, and they will furiously take up arms.» — los autores fechan en 1741 el testimonio del jesuita Gumilla sobre el yopo de los otomacos, con su lenguaje de condena.

«Following a description of the preparation of the snuff and a custom of adding lime from snail shells, he reported that "before a battle, they would throw themselves into a frenzy with Yupa, wound themselves and, full of blood and rage, go forth to battle like rabid jaguars.» — sigue el testimonio de Gumilla, con el uso guerrero del rapé.

«Humboldt, quite erroneously, believed that "it is not to be believed that the pods are the chief cause of the. . . effects of the snuff . . . These effects are due to the freshly calcined lime.» — los autores marcan el error de Humboldt y reproducen su frase: atribuía el efecto a la cal y no a la semilla.

«Later, Spruce offered an extremely detailed report on the preparation and use of Yopo among the Guahibo of the Orinoco. He collected a complete set of ethnographic material connected with the substance, and seeds that he collected for chemical study in 1851 were chemically analyzed only in 1977.» — los autores miden la distancia entre la colecta de Spruce y su análisis químico: ciento veintiséis años.

«A wandering horde of Guahibo Indians. . . was encamped on the savannas of Maypures, and on a visit to their camp I saw an old man grinding Niopo seeds, and purchased of him his apparatus» — los autores reproducen el relato de Spruce sobre la compra del utillaje del rapé.

«The seeds, being first roasted, are powdered on a wooden platter. . . It is held on the knees by a broad thin handle, which is grasped in the left hand, while the fingers of thç right hold a small spatula or pestle . . . with which the seeds are crushed» — sigue el relato de Spruce, con la descripción del plato y la mano de moler.

«The snuff is kept in a mull made of a bit of the leg-bone of the jaguar. . . For taking the snuff, they use an apparatus made of the leg bones of herons or other long-shanked birds put together in the shape of the letter Y» — cierre del relato de Spruce, con el recipiente de hueso de jaguar y el tubo doble de hueso de garza.

«A contemporary observer described the effects of Yopo snuffing as follows: "His eyes started from his head, his mouth contracted, his limbs trembled. It was fearful to see him. He was obliged to sit down or he would have fallen. He was drunk but only for about five minutes; he was then gayer.» — testimonio de un observador contemporáneo que el volumen reproduce, con la brevedad del efecto.

«There is appreciable variation from tribe to tribe and from one area to another in the preparation of Yopo. The seeds are usually toasted and pulverized.» — los autores declaran la variación de la preparación de un pueblo a otro.

«It appears that other plant admixtures are never employed with Anadenanthera snuff.» — la negativa va dicha con su matiz —*it appears*— y separa a este rapé del de la Virola.

«There is evidence that, a century ago, it was cultivated in more localities outside of its natural range than at present.» — los autores registran una retracción del cultivo respecto de hace un siglo.

«Before snuffing Yopo, the Waiká shamans gather and chant, invoking the Hekula spirits with whom they will be communicating during the ensuing intoxication.» — pie de la secuencia fotográfica, con la invocación de los espíritus Hekula antes de aspirar el rapé.

«This period quickly gives way to one in which the shamans begin to prance, gesticulating and shrieking violently, calling on the Hekula.» — sigue el pie, con la fase de gesticulación y grito.

«The expenditure of energy lasts from half an hour to an hour; eventually, fully spent, they fall into a trancelike stupor, during which visions are experienced.» — cierre del pie, con el estupor final donde se tiene la visión.

«Right: Baron Alexander von Humboldt and his co-collector Aimé Bonpland carefully explored the flora of the Orinoco River, the frontier between Colombia and Venezuela, and while there they encountered the preparation and use of Yopo snuff in 1801.» — pie de lámina, que nombra a Humboldt y a Bonpland y fecha su encuentro con el yopo.

«Below right: Over 125 years ago, the English explorer Richard Spruce collected on the Orinoco these artifacts associated with the preparation and use of Yopo snuff. They are still preserved in the museum at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.» — pie de lámina, con el paradero actual de los objetos que Spruce recogió en el Orinoco.

«In the Atacama Desert of northern Chile there is an oasis called San Pedro de Atacama. The art historian and archaeologist C. Manuel Torres excavated and studied over six hundred prehistoric graves there. The results were astonishing. Nearly every interred person was accompanied for the last journey by numerous tools dedicated to the ritual sniffing of Cebli.» — arranque del capítulo del cebil: los autores atribuyen a C. Manuel Torres la excavación de más de seiscientas tumbas y el hallazgo del utillaje del rapé en casi todas.

«Numerous ceramic pipes have been discovered in certain caves of this region. Occasionally the bowls of the pipe still contain Cebil seeds.» — sigue el pasaje, con las pipas de cerámica que conservan la semilla dentro.

«The psychoactive use seems in particular to have influenced the culture of Tiahuanaco (literally, "City of the Gods» — los autores ligan el uso del cebil a la cultura de Tiahuanaco con su *seems* dentro, y traducen el nombre del sitio.

«The Tiahuanaco culture is the "mother" of Andean civilizations. All subsequent high cultures of the region have been influenced by it.» — sigue el pasaje, con Tiahuanaco puesto como matriz de las civilizaciones andinas.

«Many examples of pre-Columbian snuff paraphernalia (snuff tablets, snuff pipes) displaying the iconography of the Tiahuanaco culture have been found in Puna and the Atacama Desert. They appear to be significantly inspired by the visions of the CebIl seeds.» — y la lectura que los autores hacen de la iconografía de ese utillaje va dicha en potencial: *they appear to be*.

«The use of CebIl as a snuff powder in the southern Andean region is first mentioned in 1580 by the Spanish chronicler Cristobal de Albornoz in his work Relacion.» — los autores fechan en 1580 la primera mención del cebil como rapé y nombran al cronista y su obra.

«Above from left to right: The Mataco use a decoction of fresh (still green) Cebit pods as a head wash for headaches.» — pie de lámina, con el uso medicinal mataco de la vaina verde del cebil.

«It was so strong that those who took it lost consciousness; when the stupefying action began to wane, the arms and legs» — sigue el reporte de 1496 sobre el cohoba taíno, con la pérdida de consciencia; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

«became loose and the head nodded, and almost immediately they believed that they saw the room turn upside-down so that men were walking with their heads downward.» — continuación de ese reporte al otro lado del corte, con la inversión del cuarto y los hombres que caminan cabeza abajo.

«But it is more commonly employed by payés (shamans) to induce trances and visions and communicate with the» — los autores ponen el uso chamánico por delante del cotidiano; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

«Hekula spirits; to prophesy or divine; to protect the tribe against epidemics of sickness; to make hunters and even their dogs more alert.» — continuación al otro lado del corte, con los cuatro fines del uso chamánico, hasta la agudeza de los perros de caza.

«The first scientific report of Yopo was made by the explorer Baron von Humboldt, who botanically identified the source and reported that the Maypure Indians of the Orinoco, where he witnessed the preparation of the drug in» — los autores atribuyen a Humboldt el primer reporte científico del yopo; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

«1801, broke the long pods, moistened them, and allowed them to ferment; when they turned black, the softened beans were kneaded into cakes with cassava flour and lime from snails. These cakes were crushed to• make snuff.» — continuación al otro lado del corte, con la preparación que Humboldt presenció: fermentación, amasado con harina de yuca y cal de caracol.

«In the Puna region of northwest Argentina is the oldest archaeological proof of the ritual or shamanic use of CebIl. They have been smoked there for over 4,500 years.» — los autores señalan en la puna argentina el testimonio arqueológico más antiguo del uso ritual del cebil, con más de cuatro mil quinientos años de antigüedad.

«The shamans of the Wichi (Mataco Indians) of northwest Argentina still use a snuff made of CebIl today. The shamans of the Mataco smoke the dried or roasted seeds, preferably in a pipe or rolled in a cigarette.» — los autores registran el uso vivo del cebil entre los wichís y sus dos vías.

«The CebIl seeds are for them a means to enter and influence another reality. CebIl is, in a manner of speaking, a gateway to a visionary world; this is how the shaman Fortunato RuIz expresses it.» — los autores ponen la fórmula en boca del chamán Fortunato Ruiz, nombrado: la semilla como puerta a un mundo visionario.

«He smokes the seeds with tobacco and Aromo—just as his ancestors did five thousand years ago.» — sigue el pasaje, con la continuidad de cinco mil años afirmada por el propio chamán.

«As some Matacos have converted to Christianity in recent years, they have come to identify CebIl with the biblical Tree of Knowledge.» — los autores registran la identificación que hacen los matacos conversos entre el cebil y el árbol del conocimiento.

«But they do not see CebIl as a "forbidden fruit"; rather, they see it as the fruit of a holy tree, which is used by shamans for healing.» — y consignan enseguida el giro que le dan: no fruto prohibido sino fruto de un árbol santo.

«The hallucinations triggered by CebIl seem to have been very influential in the iconography of the so-called Tiahuanaco Style.» — los autores ligan las visiones del cebil al estilo de Tiahuanaco con su *seem* dentro.

«The iconography of artist ChavIn de Huantar is full of similar motifs: intertwined snakes coming out of the head of the oracle god are clearly Cebil hallucinations.» — y en la frase siguiente la afirmación se endurece —*clearly*— para las serpientes que salen de la cabeza del dios oracular de Chavín de Huántar.

«The vision-inducing effects of CebIl snuff last for roughly twenty minutes and include strong hallucinations, which are often only black and white, and seldom in color.» — los autores describen la visión del cebil en blanco y negro, contra lo que suele decirse de los alucinógenos.

«They are not (or are only very rarely) geometric in nature, but are strongly flowing and "decentralized." They are very reminiscent of the images produced by the pre-Columbian Tiahuanaco culture.» — sigue la descripción, con el carácter fluido y descentrado de la visión y el paralelo con las imágenes de Tiahuanaco.

«The effects begin with a feeling of heaviness in the body. After five to ten minutes, visual hallucinations begin with the eyes closed, often featuring worm- and snakelike images flowing into one another.» — la secuencia del efecto del cebil fumado, con las imágenes de gusanos y serpientes.

«Sometimes geometric, symmetrical, or crystallographic hallucinations can occur, but very seldom are there any strong visions of a realistic nature (such as the experience of flying, traveling in another world, transforming into an animal, contact with helping spirits, and so on).» — los autores acotan lo que el cebil NO suele dar: la visión realista de volar, viajar a otro mundo o transformarse en animal.

«In the colonial literature of New Spain, there are. numerous references to the psychoactive use of certain seeds or fruits that were known variously as Huilca, Huillca, Vilca, Vilcas, Vilica, Wil'ka, Willca, or Wilika.» — recuadro sobre el vilca, con las ocho grafías del nombre que la literatura colonial registra.

«Villca was of great ritual and religious significance in Peru in the time before the arrival of the Spaniards, and was known to the Incan high priests and soothsayers (umu) as Viica or V/I/ca camayo.» — sigue el recuadro, con el vilca entre los sacerdotes y adivinos incas.

«A holy Indian relic (huaca) was known as Villca or Vi/cacona and an especially holy mountain is known as Villca Coto. On the peak of Villca Coto, it is said that a couple of humans saved themselves during the primeval deluge.» — sigue el recuadro, con el nombre aplicado a la reliquia y al monte donde una pareja se salvó del diluvio.

«Vilica seeds had a ceremonial significance for the Incas as a psychoactive subsitute for beer. The "juice" of Villca was added to a fermented corn beverage and taken by the soothsayer, who would then be able to look into the future.» — sigue el recuadro, con el jugo del vilca añadido a la chicha para que el adivino viera el porvenir.

«Villca was also the name for enemas, which were used for medicinal or shamanic purposes.» — cierre del recuadro, con el mismo nombre aplicado a las lavativas rituales.

«Below:The German artist Nana Nauwald depicted her experience with Cebli seeds in a painting in 1996. The picture bears the title "Nothing is separate from me" and shows the typical "worm-like" visions.» — pie de lámina, con la pintura que una artista alemana hizo de su propia experiencia con el cebil.

«Above: The northwest Argentinian region of Puna is the area in which the longest continued use of visionary and shamanic plants can be proved. In this region the CebIl seeds have been smoked or sniffed for 4,500 years for healing ceremonies.» — pie de lámina, que repite la antigüedad del uso del cebil en la puna y la liga a ceremonias de curación.

«There is a magic intoxicant in northwesternmost South America that the Indians believe can free the soui from corporeal confinement, allowing it to wander free and return to the body at will.» — arranque del capítulo de la ayahuasca: los autores ponen la creencia en boca de los indios y no la firman.

«The soul, thus untrammeled, liberates its owner from the realities of everyday life and introduces him to wondrous realms of what he considers reality and permits him to communicate with his ancestors.» — sigue el arranque, con la liberación del alma y el trato con los antepasados.

«The Quechua term for this inebriating drink—Ayahuasca ("vine of the soul")—refers to this freeing of the spirit.» — los autores derivan el nombre quechua de esa liberación del espíritu.

«The plants involved are truly plants of the gods, for their power is laid to supernatural forces residing in their tissues, and they were divine gifts to the earliest Indians on earth.» — y aquí los autores firman la fórmula del título, apoyándola en la creencia que acaban de exponer.

«Ayahuasca has many native names: Caapi, Dápa, Mihi, Kahf, Natema, Pindé, Yajé.» — el reparto de nombres de la bebida que los autores levantan.

«The drink, employed for prophecy, divination, sorcery, and medical purposes, is so deeply rooted in native mythology and philosophy that there can be no doubt of its great age as a part of aboriginal life.» — los autores infieren la antigüedad de la ayahuasca de su hondura mitológica y filosófica.

«Many plants of diverse families are often added to the basic drink to alter the intoxicating effects.» — los autores abren el inventario de los aditivos de la ayahuasca.

«The natives often have special names for diverse "kinds" of Ayahuasca, although the botanist frequently finds them all representative of the same species. It is usually difficult to understand the aboriginal method of classification» — los autores consignan el desajuste entre la clasificación nativa y la botánica sin resolverlo a favor de ninguna.

«The natives assert that these "kinds" have a variety of effects, and it is conceivable that they may actually have different chemical compositions.» — y dejan abierta la posibilidad de que la clasificación nativa responda a composiciones distintas.

«This possibility is one of the least investigated yet most significant aspects in the study of Ayahuasca.» — los autores señalan ese punto como el menos investigado y de los más significativos del asunto.

«Among the Tukano of the Colombia Vaupés, for example, six "kinds" of Ayahuasca or Kahi are recognized. Botanical identification has not yet been possible in all cases, but the "kinds" have definite native names.» — los autores registran las seis clases tukanas de ayahuasca y la falta de identificación botánica de varias.

«Kahi-riáma, the strongest, produces auditory hallucinations and announces future events. It is said to cause death if improperly employed.» — la primera clase tukana, con la alucinación auditiva y el anuncio del porvenir.

«The second strongest, Mené-kahI-má, reputedly causes visions of green snakes. The bark is used, and it is also said to cause death, unless cautiously taken.» — la segunda clase, con las visiones de serpientes verdes dichas de oídas.

«The third in strength is called Suána-KahI-má ("KahI of the red jaguar"), producing visions in red. KahI-vaI Bucura-rijomá ("KahI of the monkey head") causes monkeys to hallucinate and howl.» — la tercera y la cuarta clase tukanas, con la visión en rojo y los monos que alucinan.

«Although not so famous as Peyote or the sacred Mexican mushrooms, Ayahuasca has received popular attention because of news articles extolling the so-called telepathic powers of the drink.» — los autores explican la fama moderna de la ayahuasca por la prensa y ponen lo telepático en boca ajena.

«In fact, in the chemical investigation of Banisteriopsis, the first alkaloid isolated was named telepathine.» — y consignan que esa fama dejó huella en el nombre del primer alcaloide aislado.

«Ayahuasca, medicine, enrapture me fully! Help me by opening your beautiful world to me! You also are created by the god who created man! Reveal to me completely your medicine worlds. I shall heal the sick bodies: These sick children and this sick woman shall I heal by making everything good!» — canto shipibo de la ayahuasca que el volumen reproduce, con la planta declarada criatura del mismo dios que creó al hombre.

«Above right: Among the Kofán of Colombia and Ecuador, special medicine men prepare Curare and Yajé. There is an association between these two plant products, and Yajé is taken before hunting in the belief that the visions will reveal the hiding places of the animals to besought.» — pie de lámina, con el yajé tomado antes de la cacería para que la visión revele el escondite de los animales.

«Page 127 left: The numerous Tukanoan tribes of the Vaupés River basin in Colombia and Brazil practice a maleoriented ancestor ceremony. The Yurupari dance, in which Caapi is a major element, enables the participants to communicate with spirits of the dead.» — pie de lámina, con la danza del Yuruparí como ceremonia de antepasados en que el caapi es elemento mayor.

«Above left: The British plant explorer Spruce collected the first botanical specimens of Banisteriopsis caapiin 1851. He sent material from the same plant for chemical analysis. The material was located in the Museum at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in 1969.» — pie de lámina, que fecha la colecta de Spruce y el hallazgo de su material en Kew más de un siglo después.

«stance cited in sources from colonial times called Vilica is possibly identical to CebIl.» — los autores dejan en potencial la identificación del vilca de las fuentes coloniales con el cebil; la frase arranca en la plana anterior, donde el escaneo la parte a media palabra.

«The effects of the drink vary according to the method of preparation, the setting in which it is taken, the amount ingested, the number and kinds of admixtures, and the purposes for which it is used, as well as the ceremonial control exercised by the shaman.» — los autores enumeran las seis variables del efecto de la ayahuasca, y la última es el control ceremonial del chamán.

«Ingestion of Ayahuasca usually induces nausea, dizziness, vomiting, and leads to either a euphoric or an aggressive state.» — la secuencia física del efecto que los autores consignan sin adorno.

«Frequently the Indian sees overpowering attacks of huge snakes or jaguars. These animals often humiliate him because he is a mere man.» — los autores registran la aparición de la serpiente y el jaguar y la humillación del hombre ante ellos.

«It is understandable that these animals play such a role, since they are the only beings respected and feared by the Indians of the tropical forest; because of their power and stealth, they have assumed a place of primacy in aboriginal religious beliefs.» — la explicación que los autores dan de esa recurrencia: son los únicos seres respetados y temidos en la selva.

«In many tribes, the shaman becomes a feline during the intoxication, exercising his powers as a wild cat.» — los autores registran la transformación felina del chamán como cosa de muchos pueblos.

«Tukano Ayahuasca-takers may experience nightmares of jaguar jaws swallowing them or huge snakes approaching and coiling about their bodies. Snakes in bright colors climb up and down the house posts.» — la fenomenología tukana que los autores consignan, con las fauces del jaguar y las serpientes de colores.

«Shamans of the Conibo-Shipibo tribe acquire great snakes as personal possessions to defend themselves in supernatural battles against other powerful shamans.» — los autores registran la serpiente como posesión personal del chamán para la batalla sobrenatural.

«The drug may be the shaman's tool to diagnose illness or to ward off impending disaster, to guess the wiles of an enemy, to prophesy the future.» — los cuatro oficios del chamán que la bebida sirve.

«But it is more than the shaman's tool. It enters into almost all aspects of the life of the people who use it, to an extent equaled by hardly any other hallucinogen.» — y los autores ensanchan enseguida el alcance: la ayahuasca entra en casi toda la vida del pueblo que la usa.

«Ayahuasca is, above all, a medicine— the great medicine.» — la definición que los autores ponen por delante de todas las demás.

«The Ayahuasca leader among the Campa of Peru is a religious practitioner who, following a strict apprenticeship, maintains and increases his shamanistic power through the use of Tobacco and Ayahuasca.» — los autores describen al especialista campa como practicante religioso formado en aprendizaje estricto.

«The Campa shaman under Ayahuasca acquires an eerie, distant voice and a quivering jaw that indicates the arrival of good spirits who, splendidly clad, sing and dance before him; the shaman's singing is merely his own voice echoing their song.» — sigue el pasaje, y la explicación del canto la dan los propios campas: la voz del chamán es el eco de la de los espíritus.

«During the singing, his soul may travel far and wide—a phenomenon not interfering with performance of the ceremony nor with the shaman's ability to communicate the wishes of the spirits to participants.» — sigue el pasaje, con el viaje del alma que no estorba la ejecución de la ceremonia.

«Among the Tukano, the partaker of the drug feels himself pulled along by powerful winds that the leading shaman explains as a trip to the Milky Way, the first stop on the way to heaven.» — los autores registran el viaje tukano a la Vía Láctea tal como lo explica el chamán que conduce.

«Similarly, the Ecuadorean Zaparo experience a sensation of being lifted into the air.» — el paralelo ecuatoriano que los autores ponen al lado.

«The souls of Peruvian Conibo-Shipibo shamans fly about in the form of a bird; or shamans may travel in a supernatural canoe manned by demons to reconquer lost or stolen souls.» — sigue el pasaje, con el alma del chamán vuelta pájaro o embarcada en canoa sobrenatural para recobrar almas robadas.

«The effects of the drink are greatly altered when leaves of Diploterys cabrerana or of Psychotria are added.» — los autores declaran que el aditivo cambia el efecto de la bebida en grado alto.

«Length and vividness of the visual hallucinations are notably enhanced when these additives are present. Whereas visions with the basic drink are seen usually in blue, purple, or gray, those induced when the tryptaminic additives are used may be brightly colored in reds and yellows.» — y dan el cambio medido en color: de azul, púrpura y gris a rojo y amarillo.

«The Ayahuasca intoxication may be a very intense experience with visions of light setting in with the eyes closed after a period of giddiness, nervousness, profuse sweating, and sometimes nausea.» — los autores describen el arranque del efecto con los ojos cerrados.

«A period of lassitude initiates the play of colors—at first white, then mainly a hazy, smoky blue that later increases in intensity; eventually sleep, interrupted by dreams and occasional feverishness, takes over.» — sigue la descripción, con el juego de colores que va del blanco al azul de humo.

«Serious diarrhea, which continues after the intoxication, is the uncomfortable effect most frequently experienced.» — los autores no omiten el efecto incómodo y lo dan por el más frecuente.

«The famous YuruparI ceremony of the Tukanoans is an ancestor-communication ritual, the basis of a man's tribal society and an adolescent male initiation rite.» — los autores definen el Yuruparí por sus tres caras: comunicación con los antepasados, base de la sociedad tribal y rito de iniciación.

«Its sacred bark trumpet, which calls the YuruparI spirit, is taboo to the sight of women; it symbolizes the forces to whom the ceremony is holy, favorably influencing fertility spirits, effecting cures of prevalent illnesses, and improving the male prestige and power over women.» — sigue el pasaje, con la trompeta tabú para las mujeres y lo que la ceremonia busca, incluido el poder de los varones sobre ellas.

«The YuruparI ceremony is now little practiced.» — los autores consignan que la ceremonia apenas se practica hoy.

«A deep booming of drums from within the maloca heralded the app earance of the mystic YuruparI horns. With only very slight urging from one of the older men, all females from babes in arms to withered, toothless hags betook themselves to the fringing forest, to hear only from afar the deep, mysterious notes of the trumpets, sight of which is believed to spell certain death for any woman» — relato de una danza reciente que el volumen reproduce sin nombrar a su autor, con la retirada de las mujeres al bosque.

«Payés shamans and older men are not above aiding the workings of the mystery by the judicious administration of poison to any overcurious female.» — sigue el relato, y el testigo consigna que el misterio se sostiene también con veneno.

«Four oldsters, with perfect rhythm and dramatic timing, paraded through the maloca, blowing the newly decorated horns, advancing and retreating with short dancing steps. At intervals, a couple danced out of the door, their horns raised high, and returned after a brief turn, the expanding and contracting feather ruffs producing a beautiful burst of translucent color against the stronger light.» — sigue el relato, con los cuatro ancianos y las gorgueras de plumas en la puerta de la maloca.

«Younger men were beginning the first of the savage whippings, and the master of ceremonies appeared with the red, curiously• shaped clay jar containing the powerful narcotic drink called Caapi.» — sigue el relato, con los azotes y la entrada del caapi en la jarra de barro.

«The thick, brown, bitter liquid was served in pairs of tiny round gourds; many drinkers promptly vomited» — sigue el relato, con las calabacitas y el vómito inmediato.

«Whipping proceeded by pairs. The first lashes were applied to the legs and ankles, the whip flung far back in a deliberately calculated dramatic gesture; the blows resounded like pistol shots.» — sigue el relato, con el orden de los azotes.

«Soon the whips were being freely applied, and all the younger men were laced with bloody welts on all parts of the body. Tiny lads not more than six or seven years old would catch up the abandoned whips, merrily imitating their elders.» — sigue el relato, con los niños que imitan a los mayores.

«About a dozen of the older men were outfitting themselves with their finest diadems of resplendent guacamayo feathers, tall, feathery egret plumes, oval pieces of the russet skin of the howler monkey, armadillo-hide disks, prized loops of monkey-hair cord, precious quartzite cylinders, and jaguar-tooth belts.» — sigue el relato, con el inventario del atavío ceremonial.

«Leading the group was the ancient payé, blowing Tobacco smoke in benediction on his companions from the huge cigar in its engraved ceremonial fork, while his long, polished rattle-lance vibrated constantly.» — sigue el relato, con el chamán viejo que bendice con humo de tabaco.

«The familiar, dignified CachirI ceremonial chant was intoned by the group; their deep voices rose and fell, mingling with the mysterious booming tones of the YuruparI horns.» — cierre del relato, con el canto y las trompetas mezclados.

«There lived among these early Tukano a woman—the first woman of creation—who "drowned" men in visions.» — sigue el mito, con la primera mujer que ahogaba a los hombres en visiones.

«Tukanoans believe that during coitus, a man "drowns"—the equivalent of seeing visions.» — y los autores dan la equivalencia que hacen los propios tukanos entre ahogarse en el coito y ver visiones.

«Practically all decorative elements . . . are said . to be derived from hallucinatory imagery.» — epígrafe que el volumen atribuye a G. Reichel-Dolmatoff: el arte decorativo derivado de la imagen alucinatoria.

«When asked about these paintings, the Indians simply reply: 'This is what we see when we drink Yajé.» — sigue el epígrafe de Reichel-Dolmatoff, con la respuesta que dan los propios indios sobre sus pinturas.

«In the belief that they were new discoveries, the first alkaloids isolated from Banisteriopsis were called telepathine and banisterine. Further chemical investigations revealed that these preparations were identical with the alkaloid harmine, previously isolated from Syrian Rue, Peganum harmala.» — recuadro de química: los autores cuentan cómo los nombres de los primeros alcaloides resultaron ser el de la harmina ya conocida.

«The drink made from Ayahuasca is a unique pharmacological combination of Banisteriopsis caapi, a lana that contains harmaline, and Chacruna (Psychotria viridia) leaves, which contain DMT.» — sigue el recuadro, con la combinación de liana y arbusto que hace a la bebida.

«Harmaline is an MAO inhibitor; it reduces the body's production and distribution of monoamine oxidase (MAO). MAO normally breaks down the vision-inducing ingredient DMT before it can cross the blood-brain barrier into the central nervous system. Only with this combination of ingredients can the drink have its consciousness-expanding effects and trigger visions.» — sigue el recuadro, con la explicación farmacológica de por qué hacen falta las dos plantas.

«Left: A beer mug of the Conibo-Shipibo Indians that has been completely painted with the Ayahuasca pattern.» — pie de lámina, con el motivo de la ayahuasca pintado en la cerámica.

«Page 128 above: The mural in the Cuzco Airport (Peru) reveals the visionary world of Ayahuasca.» — pie de lámina, y el volumen registra el motivo en un mural de aeropuerto.

«The Tukano believe that when, at the time of creation, humans arrived to populate the Vaupés region, many extraordinary happenings took place. People had to endure hardship before settling the new regions. Hideous snakes and» — los autores exponen el mito tukano de poblamiento del Vaupés; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

«dangerous fish lived in the rivers; there were spirits with cannibalistic proclivities; and the Tukano received in trepidation the basic elements of their culture.» — continuación del mito al otro lado del corte, con los espíritus caníbales y la cultura recibida con temor.

«The Caapi-child lived to be an old man zealously guarding his hallucinogenic powers. From this aged child, owner of Caapi or the sexual act, the Tukanoan men received semen.» — sigue el mito tukano, con el niño Caapi hecho viejo y el semen recibido de él.

«For the Indians, wrote Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff, "the hallucinatory experience is essentially a sexual one . . . to make it sublime, to pass from the erotic,» — los autores citan a Reichel-Dolmatoff por su nombre: para los tukanos la experiencia alucinatoria es esencialmente sexual; el tramo se corta donde el escaneo entrevera la columna.

«the sensual, to a mystical union with the mythic era, the intrauterine stage, is the ultimate goal, attained by a mere handful but coveted by all.» — continuación de la cita de Reichel-Dolmatoff al otro lado del tramo entreverado, con la unión mística como meta que pocos alcanzan.

«Many of the complicated rock engravings in the river valleys of the Vaupés region are undoubtedly based upon drug experiences. Likewise, the stereotyped paintings on the bark wall of Tukanoan communal houses represent themes from Ayahuasca hallucinations.» — los autores derivan de la experiencia con la bebida los grabados rupestres y las pinturas murales del Vaupés, y aquí sin matizar: *undoubtedly*.

«Pictures and decorations on pots, houses, basketry, and other household objects fall into two categories: abstract design and figurative motifs.» — los autores reparten en dos clases la decoración tukana.

«The Indians know the difference between the two and say that it is due to Caapi intoxication.» — y consignan que la distinción la hacen los propios indios y la atribuyen a la bebida.

«Someone watching a man at work or finding a drawing would say: 'This is what one sees after three cups of Yajé,' occasionally specifying the kind of plant that had been used and thus giving an indication of the nature of the narcotic effects they attributed to different concoctions," speculated G. Reichel-Dolmatoff.» — cita de Reichel-Dolmatoff, marcada por los autores como especulación suya: el dibujo se lee como registro de cuántas copas y de qué planta.

«It would seem that such an important drug would have attracted the attention of Europeans at a very early date. Such was not the case.» — los autores señalan la tardanza europea en reparar en la ayahuasca.

«In 1851, however, the English botanist Spruce, who was collecting among Tukanoan tribes in the Rio Vaupés region of Brazil, met with Caapi and sent material for chemical study to England.» — los autores fechan en 1851 el encuentro de Spruce con el caapi y su envío a Inglaterra.

«Three years later, he observed Caapi use again among the Guahibo Indians along the upper Orinoco. Later, he encountered Ayahuasca among the Zaparo of Ecuador and identified it as the same hallucinogen as Caapi.» — sigue el itinerario de Spruce, hasta la identificación de la ayahuasca ecuatoriana con el caapi brasileño.

«In the course of the night," Spruce wrote of Caapi, "the young men partook of Caapi five or six times, in the intervals between the dances; but only a few of them at a time, and a very few drank of it twice.» — los autores reproducen el relato de Spruce sobre la noche de la ceremonia.

«The cup-bearer—who must be a man, for no woman can touch or taste Caapi—starts at a short run from the opposite end of the house, with a small calabash containing about a teacupful of Caapi in each hand, muttering 'Mo-mo-mo-mo-mo' as he runs, and gradually sinking down until at last his chin nearly touches his knees, when he reaches out one of his cups to the man who stands ready to receive it» — sigue el relato de Spruce, con el copero que ha de ser varón y su carrera murmurada.

«In two minutes or less after drinking it, the effects begin to be apparent. The dian turns deadly pale, trembles in every limb, and horror is in his aspect.» — sigue el relato de Spruce, con la palidez y el temblor del primer momento.

«Suddenly contrary symptoms succeed; he bursts into perspiration and seems possessed with reckless fury, seizes whatever arms are at hand . . . and rushes to the door, while he inflicts violent blows on the ground and doorposts, calling out all the while: 'Thus would I do to mine enemy [naming him by name] were this he!» — sigue el relato de Spruce, con el furor y los golpes en la puerta, y el nombre del enemigo dicho en voz alta.

«In about ten minutes, the excitement has passed off, and the Indian grows calm but appears exhausted.» — cierre del relato de Spruce, con la calma y el agotamiento.

«Since Spruce's time, this drug has been mentioned often by many travelers and explorers, but little has been accomplished until recently.» — los autores miden la distancia entre las menciones y el trabajo hecho.

«In fact, it was not until 1969 that, chemical analysis of Spruce's material, collected for such examination in 1851, was carried out.» — y la cifran en ciento dieciocho años entre la colecta de Spruce y su análisis.

«Much remains to be learned about Ayahuasca, Caapi, Yajé. There is little time before increasing acculturation and even extinction of whole tribes will make it forever impossible to learn about these age-old beliefs and uses.» — cierre del capítulo, con la urgencia declarada frente a la aculturación y la extinción de pueblos enteros.

«The caji plants (Ayahuasca) reveal themselves to the experiencer, it grows, becomes green, blooms, and ultimately vanishes. The moment of the blossoming is valued as the apex of the experience.» — epígrafe que el volumen atribuye a Florian Deltgen y fecha en 1993: la planta que se revela, florece y se desvanece, con el florecer como cima de la experiencia.

«Above: A Barasana Indian traces in sand near his maloca patterns seen during the course of Caapi intoxication. It has been suggested that many of the design motifs induced by Caapi are, on the one hand, culture-bound and, on the other hand, controlled by specific biochemical effects of the active principles in the plant.» — pie de lámina, y la doble determinación de los motivos —cultural y bioquímica— va dicha como sugerencia.

«Left: This beautiful engraving on a granite rock at Nyl on the lower Piraparaná River in Colombia is obviously ancient. The rapids at this point on the river are at the earth's equator, a zone vertically related to the rising and setting constellations. It has been suggested that this turbulent area of the river was the place where the Sun Father married Earth Mpther to create the first Tukanoans. The Indians interpret the triangular face as a vagina and the stylized human figure as a winged phallus.» — pie de lámina, con el grabado del Piraparaná y la lectura que de él hacen los propios indios.

«The pharmacological agent that has been identified in Ayahuasca can be imitated in plants with similar active ingredients DMT/5-MeO-DMT). Nontraditional combinations of plants with these ingredients are today known as "Ayahuasca analogs" or Anahuasca. Combinations made of the isolated of synthesized ingredients are called "pharmahuasca.» — los autores definen los análogos de la ayahuasca y separan los hechos con plantas de los hechos con principios aislados.

«Jonathan Ott, a chemist specializing in natural substances, writes: "Psychonautic pharmahuasca research is so distant from the scientific mainstream that it took nearly three decades of no one supporting, or independent scientists doing 'underground' research before the enzyme inhibitor theory of Ayahuasca pharmacology was put to the test.» — los autores citan por su nombre al químico Jonathan Ott, que sitúa la investigación de la farmahuasca fuera de la corriente principal y fecha en tres décadas su desamparo.

«Paradoxically, this research can rightfully claim that is stands exactly in the center of the research on the biochemistry of consciousness and the genetics of pathological brain functions!» — sigue la cita de Ott, con la paradoja que él mismo señala entre la marginalidad de esa investigación y su centralidad.

«Ayahuasca research is not just on the vertex of neuro-scientific research, but it is possible that the reversible MAO-inhibiting effects of Ayahuasca could present a practical, less toxic alternative to the harmful substances that are finding medical uses!» — sigue la cita de Ott, con la alternativa menos tóxica dicha en potencial.

«The value of these Ayahuasca analogs lies in the entheogenic effects that lead to a deeper spiritual ecology and an all-encompassing mystical insight.» — y aquí el volumen usa por su cuenta el adjetivo *entheogenic*, ligado a una ecología espiritual y a una intelección mística.

«Ayahuasca and its analogs bring about—but only with the right dosage—a shamanic ecstasy:» — los autores condicionan a la dosis el éxtasis chamánico que atribuyen a la ayahuasca y a sus análogos.

«Shamanic ecstasy is the true ancient religion, of which modern churches are merely pale imitations.» — pasaje que el volumen reproduce entrecomillado y sin firmar, con el éxtasis chamánico declarado la religión antigua verdadera.

«Our ancestors discovered in many places, and at many times, that suffering humanity could find in ecstatic entheogenic experiences the reconciliation between the cultivated intelligence that separates each human being from other creatures and even from other humans, and the wild, untamed, magnificent animal physicality that we all possess» — sigue el pasaje citado, con la reconciliación entre la inteligencia cultivada y la animalidad como obra de la experiencia enteógena.

«It is not necessary to have faith because the ecstatic experience in and of itself gives one the belief in the true unity and integrity of the universe, and in ourselves as an integral part of the whole.» — sigue el pasaje citado, que releva a la fe por la experiencia misma.

«Ecstatic experience is what reveals to us the sublime grandeur of our universe and the fluctuating, shimmering alchemical wonder that constitutes our everyday consciousness.» — sigue el pasaje citado, con la consciencia diaria llamada maravilla alquímica.

«Entheogens such as Ayahuasca could be the appropriate medicine for hypermaterialistic humanity on the threshold of the new millennium, where it will be decided if our way will be continuing to grow and progress or if we will be destroyed in a massive biological holocaust unparalleled by anything that has happened in our realm in the last 65 million years» — sigue el pasaje citado, con los enteógenos propuestos como medicina de una humanidad hipermaterialista en el umbral del milenio.

«The entheogenic reformation is our greatest hope for healing our dear Mother Gaia, because it is bringing about a true religious revival that will help to bring in the new millennium.» — cierre del pasaje citado, con una reforma enteógena puesta como esperanza de sanar a la Madre Gaia.

«All formulas for Ayahuasca analogs must contain an MAO inhibitor and a DMT supplier.» — la regla de composición de los análogos que los autores enuncian.

«Until now, most experiments have been with Banisteriopsis caapi, Banisteriopsis spp., and Peganum harmala. But there are other MAO inhibitors in nature, such as caltrop (Tribulus terrestris).» — los autores inventarían los inhibidores de la monoaminoxidasa usados y los que quedan por probar.

«3: For many Indians, the Kapok tree (Ce/ba pentandra) is the world tree.» — pie de lámina, con la ceiba como árbol del mundo para muchos pueblos indígenas; el escaneo corrompe el nombre botánico, que se lee *Ceiba pentandra*.

«6:The Palo de Borracho "tree of drunkenness" (Choris/a insignis) is a world tree in the cosmology of the shaman. Its astringent bark is added to Ayahuasca.» — pie de lámina, con otro árbol del mundo de la cosmología chamánica cuya corteza entra en la bebida.

«In addition to the true shamanic use of Ayahuasca, recently various syncretic churches have been established that also use Ayahuasca as part of their religious rituals.» — recuadro sobre las iglesias de la ayahuasca, que el volumen llama sincréticas y distingue del uso chamánico propiamente dicho.

«The Santo Daime cult as well as the Ayahuasca church, União do Vegatal, hold regular meetings in which the members—the great majority of whom are mestizos from the lower classes—drink Ayahuasca together and sing pious songs.» — sigue el recuadro, con los dos cultos brasileños nombrados y la extracción social de sus miembros.

«Led by a priest, the group travels to the spirits of the trees as well as to the Christian holy spirits.» — sigue el recuadro, con el viaje conducido por un sacerdote a los espíritus de los árboles y a los cristianos.

«Many cult members discover a new meaning to life and find healing for the soul.» — sigue el recuadro, con lo que los propios miembros dicen ganar.

«For the members of these Brazilian churches, which have also made headway in Europe, the use of this magic potion is just as legal as it is for the shamans of the jungle.» — sigue el recuadro, con la equiparación legal entre el culto y el chamán.

«Santo Daime, the ritual drink of a cult, and hoasca, the sacrament of another church, are both made according to an original Indian recipe in which the Banisteriopsis caapi vine and the leaves of the charcruna shrub (Psychotria viridis) are boiled to make an extremely psychedelic mixture.» — sigue el recuadro, con la receta india declarada base de las dos bebidas rituales.

«The Santo Daime cult also has missionaries active in Europe, and this Brazilian group has been especially successful in Germany and the Netherlands. In Amsterdam, they have their own church.» — sigue el recuadro, con la misión europea del culto y su iglesia en Ámsterdam.

«Also in the Netherlands, the potential use of Ayahuasca to treat addictions is being tested.» — cierre del recuadro, con el ensayo terapéutico en curso.

«After 45 to 60 minutes—often after brief nausea or vomiting—the visions begin. They often take the form of fireworks or kaleidoscope-like designs, flashing colors, fantastic mandalas, or travels to another world. The effects are equal to the effects of the Ayahuasca preparations from the Amazon.» — recuadro de la receta del análogo, con la fenomenología de la visión y la equivalencia declarada con la ayahuasca amazónica.

«The Guambjano of southern Colombia say of Brugmansia vulcanicola: "H pleasant is the perfume of the long, bell-like flowers of the Yas, as one inhales it in the afternoon . . . But the tree has a spirit in the form of an eagle which has been seen to come flying through the air and then to disappear» — los autores reproducen el dicho guambiano sobre el espíritu en forma de águila del árbol; el escaneo corrompe el nombre del pueblo y recorta el arranque de la cita.

«The spirit is so evil that if a weak person stations himself at the foot of the tree, he will forget everything, ... feeling up in the air as if on wings of the spirit of the Yas» — sigue el dicho guambiano, con el olvido y la sensación de volar.

«If a girl . . . sits resting in the tree's shade, she will dream about men of the Paez tribe, and later a figure will be left in her womb which will be borne six months later in the form of pips or seeds of the tree.» — cierre del dicho guambiano, con la preñez atribuida a la sombra del árbol.

«Brugmansia in the past has usually been considered to represent a section of the genus Datura. Thorough studies of the biology of these plants have shown that they deserve to be classified in a distinct genus.» — los autores consignan el cambio de clasificación y en qué se apoya.

«The behavior of the species—as well as their location—indicates long association with man.» — los autores leen la conducta y la distribución de las especies como indicio de antigua asociación con el hombre.

«The hallucinogenic use of Brugmansia may have come from knowledge of the closely related Datura, knowledge that proto-Indian Mongoloids brought to the New World in late Paleolithjc and Mesolithic times.» — la hipótesis del traslado del saber desde Asia va dicha en potencial; el escaneo corrompe el nombre del periodo.

«As they migrated southward, they encountered other species of Datura, especially in Mexico, and bent them to shamanic use. Upon arriving in the Andes of South America, they recognized the resemblance of the Brugmansias to Datura and found their psychoactive properties very similar.» — sigue la hipótesis, con el reconocimiento andino de la semejanza entre los dos géneros.

«At any rate, everything about the use of Brugmansia bespeaks great antiquity.» — y los autores cierran la hipótesis sin cerrarla: sea como fuere, todo indica gran antigüedad.

«Little is known, however, of pre-Conquest use of Brugmansia. There are, nevertheless, scattered references to these hallucinogens.» — los autores declaran la escasez de testimonios anteriores a la Conquista.

«The French scientist de Ia Condamine mentioned its use among the Omagua of the Rio Marañon.» — los autores nombran a La Condamine como uno de esos testimonios dispersos.

«The explorers von Humboldt and Bonpiand remarked on Tonga, the red-flowered B. sanguinea, as a sacred plant of the priests in the Temple of the Sun at Sogamoza in Colombia.» — los autores atribuyen a Humboldt y Bonpland la noticia de la Brugmansia como planta sagrada de los sacerdotes del Templo del Sol.

«The seeds are widely employed as an additive to chicha. The crushed leaves and flowers are prepared in hot or cold water to be taken as a tea. Leaves can be mixed with an infusion of Tobacco. Some Indians may scrape off the soft green bark of the stems and soak it in water for use.» — los autores inventarían las formas de preparación andinas de la Brugmansia.

«The Brugmansia intoxication varies but is always characterized by a violent phase.» — los autores no suavizan el efecto: la fase violenta es constante.

«There is probably no more succinct description than that of JohannJ. Tschudi in 1846, who saw the effects in» — los autores fechan en 1846 y atribuyen a Tschudi la descripción que dan por más sucinta; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

«Peru. The native "fell into a heavy stupor, his eyes vacantly fixed on the ground, his mouth convulsively closed, and his nostrils dilated. In the course of a quarter of an hour, his eyes began to roll, foam issued from his mouth, and his whole body was agitated by frightful convulsions. After these violent symptoms had passed, a profound sleep of several hours' duration followed, and when the subject had recovered, he related the particulars of his visit with his forefathers.» — la descripción de Tschudi, con el estupor, las convulsiones y el relato de la visita a los antepasados al despertar.

«At Tunja, among the Muisca, according to a report in 1589, a "dead chief was accompanied to the tomb by his women and slaves, who were buried in different layers of earth . . . of which none was without gold. And so that the women and poor slaves should not fear their death before they saw the awful tomb, the nobles gave them things to drink of inebriating Tobacco and other leaves of the tree we call Borrachero, all mixed in their usual drink, so that of their senses none is left to foresee the harm soon to befall them.» — los autores fechan en 1589 el reporte del entierro muisca, con las mujeres y esclavos embriagados para que no temieran la muerte.

«The species employed were undoubtedly Brugmansia aurea and B. sanguinea.» — y los autores identifican sin matiz las especies de aquel relato.

«Among the JIvaro, recalcitrant children are given a drink of B. scinguinea with parched maize; when intoxicated, the children are lectured so that the spirits of the ancestors may admonish them.» — los autores registran el uso jívaro con los niños díscolos y quién los amonesta durante el efecto.

«In the Chocó, Brugmansia seeds put into magic chicha beer were thought to produce in children an excitement during which they could discover gold.» — los autores registran el uso chocoano con los niños para hallar oro, y lo dan como creencia.

«Indians in Peru still call Brugmansia san guinea by the name Huaca or Huacachaca ("plant of the tomb") from the belief that it reveals treasures anciently buried in graves.» — los autores derivan el nombre peruano de la planta de la creencia en que revela los tesoros de las tumbas.

«Perhaps no locality can equal the Valley of Sibundoy in the Andes of Colombia for Brugmansia use. The Kamsá and Ingano Indians use several species and a number of local cultivars as hallucinogens.» — los autores sitúan con un *perhaps* en el valle de Sibundoy el uso más intenso de la Brugmansia.

«The Indians of this region, especially shamans, have a developed knowledge of the effects of these plants and grow them as private possessions.» — sigue el pasaje, con los cultivares como propiedad privada de chamanes concretos.

«The leaves of Buyés (B. aurea) are employed mainly to relieve rheumatism, an effective medicine with its high concentration of tropane alkaloids.» — los autores recorren los cultivares de Sibundoy uno a uno, empezando por el usado contra el reuma.

«Biangan was employed formerly by hunters: the leaves and flowers were mixed with dogs' food to enable them to find more game.» — sigue el recorrido, con el cultivar que se daba a los perros de caza.

«The extreme in aberration is found in Quinde and Munchira: these two are used as hallucinogens but also in the treatment of rheumatism and as emetics, carminatives, vermifuges, and suppurants; Munchira likewise is employed to treat erysipelas. Quinde is the most widely employed cultivar in Sibundoy; Munchira the most toxic.» — sigue el recorrido, con los dos cultivares más usados y el más tóxico.

«A spirit so evil, our grandparents tell us, was in these trees with flowers like long bells, which give off their sweet perfume in the afternoon, that they were the food of those Indians at whose name people trembled: fierce Pijaos.» — dicho que el volumen reproduce entrecomillado y atribuye a la voz de los abuelos, con el árbol como alimento de un pueblo temido.

«Culebra borrachero is thought by some botanists to be one of those monstrous cultivars. More potent than any of the cultivars of Brugmansia, it is used hallucinogenically for the most difficult cases of divination and as an effective medicine for rheumatic or arthritic pains.» — los autores dan a ese cultivar por más potente que todos y lo reservan para los casos de adivinación más difíciles.

«Above: The seeds of Brugmansia suaveolens are used in Peru as an intoxicating additive to corn beer. They are taken by the shamans in higher doses and often produce a delirium that can last for days with the most powerful of hallucinations.» — pie de lámina, con el delirio de días que el chamán busca en dosis altas.

«Below: The Blood-Red Angel's Trumpet is often planted in sacred places and cemeteries. Here is a large plant growing with an image of the Madonna in southern Chile.» — pie de lámina, con la planta sembrada en lugares sagrados y cementerios.

«Right: The Valley of Sibundoy in southern Colombia is a location of intensive use of Brugmansia. One of the most renowned medicine men of the Kamsá tribe is Salvador Chindoy. Here he is pictured in his ceremonial garb at the beginning of a Brugmansia-induced intoxication for purposes of divination.» — pie de lámina, que nombra a Salvador Chindoy entre los curanderos kamsás más renombrados.

«Left: A young Kamsá Indian boy of Sibundoy, Colombia, holds a flower and leaves of Culebra Borrachera prior to brewing a tea for the purpose of intoxication in preparation for learning the secrets of use of hallucinogens in magic and medicine.» — pie de lámina, con el aprendizaje de los secretos del uso como fin declarado de la embriaguez.

«In Sibundoy only shamans usually take Brugmansia. Most shamans "see" fearful visions of jaguars and poisonous snakes.» — los autores acotan el uso en Sibundoy al chamán y consignan el contenido habitual de la visión.

«Symptoms and unpleasant aftereffects probably have contributed to the limitation of Brugmansia as a hallucinogen.» — los autores explican en potencial el uso limitado de la Brugmansia por lo desagradable de sus efectos.

«The JIvaro believe that normal life is an illusion, that the true powers behind daily life are supernatural. The shaman, with his potent hallucinogenic plants, can cross over into the world of ethereal wonder and deal with the forces of» — los autores ponen en boca de los jívaros la tesis de que la vida normal es ilusión y lo verdadero es lo sobrenatural; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

«A JIvaro boy at the age of six must acquire an external soul, an waleani, the vision-producing soul that can allow him to communicate with ancestors.» — los autores describen el alma externa que el muchacho jívaro debe adquirir a los seis años.

«To get his arutam the boy and his father make a pilgrimage to a sacred waterfall, bathing, fasting, and drinking Tobacco water. Maikoa or Brugmansia juice may also be taken to effect contact with the supernatural during which the boy's arutam appears as jaguars and anacondas and enters his body.» — sigue el pasaje, con la peregrinación a la cascada sagrada y el alma que entra en forma de jaguar o de anaconda.

«The JIvaro frequently take Natema (Ayahuasca) or Banisteriopsis to acquire the arutam, since it is a strong intoxicant, but Brugniansia must be used if Natema is not successful.» — los autores registran la jerarquía jívara entre las dos plantas: primero la ayahuasca y la Brugmansia solo si aquella falla.

«From all viewpoints, species of Brugmansia have had a difficult time of it in spite of their great beauty.» — los autores abren el balance del capítulo con una frase que es suya y no de la fuente.

«They are plants of the gods, but not the agreeable gifts of the gods, like Peyote, the mushrooms, Ayahuasca.» — y fijan un grado dentro de la fórmula del título: hay dones de los dioses que no son agradables.

«Their powerful and wholly unpleasant effects, leading to periods of violence and even temporary insanity, together with their sickening aftereffects, have conspired to put them in a place of second category.» — sigue el balance, con la razón del segundo rango de la Brugmansia.

«They are plants of the gods, true, but the gods do not always strive to make life easy for man—so they gave man the Brugmansias, to which he must on occasion repair. The evil eagle hovers over man, and his Borrachero is an ever-present reminder that it is not always easy to attain an audience with the gods.» — cierre del capítulo, y es de los pasajes donde el volumen habla por su cuenta: los dioses no siempre facilitan la vida al hombre, y el águila maligna recuerda que la audiencia no es fácil.

«Right: The beautiful flowers of the Angel's Trumpet inspired the Symbolists (fabric printed after a design by Alphonse Mucha, Paris 1896; original is in the Wurttemburg State Museum, Stuttgart, Germany).» — pie de lámina, que enlaza la flor con el simbolismo europeo y un diseño de Mucha de 1896.

«Ever since the arrival of the first Europeans in the New World, Peyote has provoked controversy, suppression, and persecution.» — arranque del capítulo del peyote, con la controversia puesta por delante de todo lo demás.

«Condemned by the Spanish conquerors for its "satanic trickery," and attacked again and again by local governments and religious groups, the plant has nevertheless continued to play a major sacramental role among the Indians of Mexico, while its use has spread to the northern tribes in the United States in the last hundred years.» — sigue el arranque, con la condena española y la expansión hacia el norte en el último siglo.

«We might logically call this needleless Mexican cactus the prototype of the New World hallucinogens. It was one of the first to be discovered by Europeans and was unquestionably the most spectacular vision-inducing plant encountered by the Spanish conquerors.» — los autores hacen del peyote el prototipo de los alucinógenos del Nuevo Mundo.

«How old is the Peyote cult? An early Spanish chronicler, Fray Bernardino de Sahagün, estimated on the basis of several historical events recorded in Indian chronology that Peyote was known to the Chichimeca and Toltec at least 1,890 years before the arrival of the Europeans.» — los autores abren la cuestión de la antigüedad del culto y dan primero el cálculo de Sahagún.

«The earliest European records concerning this sacred cactus are those of Sahagün, who lived from 1499 to 1590 and who dedicated most of his adult life to the Indians of Mexico.» — los autores sitúan a Sahagún al principio del registro europeo del peyote.

«His precise, firsthand observations were not published until the nineteenth century. Consequently, credit for the earliest published account must go to Juan Cardenas, whose observations on the marvelous secrets of the Indies were published as early as 1591.» — y distinguen entre el primer observador y el primero en publicar, que dan a Juan Cárdenas.

«There is another herb like tunas [Opuntia spp.] of the earth. It is called peiotl. It is white. It is found in the north country. Those who eat or drink it see visions either frightful or laughable. This intoxication lasts two or three days and then ceases. It is a common food of the Chichimeca, for it sustains them and gives them courage to fight and not feel fear nor hunger nor thirst. And they say that it protects them from all danger.» — los autores reproducen el pasaje de Sahagún sobre el peiotl entre los chichimecas, con las visiones espantosas o risibles y el sustento sin hambre ni sed.

«It is not known whether or not the Chichimeca were the first Indians to discover the psychoactive properties of Peyote. Some students believe that the Tarahumara Indians, living where Peyote grew, were the first to discover its use and that it spread from them to the Cora, the Huichol, and other tribes.» — los autores declaran abierta la cuestión del pueblo descubridor y consignan la hipótesis de otros.

«Since the plant grows in many scattered localities in Mexico, it seems probable that its intoxicating properties were independently discovered by a number of tribes.» — y ponen su propia hipótesis en potencial: descubrimientos independientes en varios pueblos.

«Several seventeenth-century Spanish Jesuits testified that the Mexican Indians used Peyote medicinally and ceremonially for many ills and that when intoxicated with the cactus they saw "horrible visions.» — los autores registran el testimonio jesuita del siglo XVII, con el adjetivo que los misioneros ponen a la visión.

«The first full description of the living cactus was offered by Dr. Francisco Hernández, who as personal physician of King Philip II of Spain was sent to study Aztec medicine.» — los autores atribuyen a Hernández, médico de Felipe II, la primera descripción completa de la planta viva.

«The root is of nearly medium size, sending forth no branches or leaves above the ground, but with a certain woolliness adhering to it on account of which it could not aptly be figured by me.» — los autores reproducen la descripción de Hernández, que confiesa no poder dibujarla.

«Wonderful properties are attributed to this root, if any faith can be given to what is commonly said among them on this point. It causes those devouring it to be able to foresee and to predict things» — sigue la cita de Hernández, con su reserva dentro: atribuye las virtudes a lo que dicen los indios, si se les ha de dar fe.

«In the latter part of the seventeenth century, a Spanish missionary in Nayarit recorded the earliest account of a Peyote ritual» — los autores fechan y sitúan el primer relato de un rito del peyote.

«Close to the musician was seated the leader of the singing, whose business it was to mark time. Each had his assistants to take his place when he should become fatigued.» — los autores reproducen el relato del misionero de Nayarit sobre la ceremonia cora.

«Nearby was placed a tray filled with Peyote, which is a diabolical root that is ground up and drunk by them so that they may not become weakened by the exhausting effects of so long a function» — sigue el relato, con el peyote llamado raíz diabólica por el propio testigo y la razón práctica que da de su uso.

«They would dance all night, from five o'clock in the evening to seven o'clock in the morning, without stopping nor leaving the circle.» — sigue el relato, con la duración de la danza.

«The ceremony among the Cora, Huichol, and Tarahumara Indians has probably changed little in content over the centuries: it still consists, in great part, of dancing.» — los autores declaran en potencial la continuidad de la ceremonia a lo largo de los siglos.

«The modern Huichol Peyote ritual is the closest to the pre-Columbian Mexican ceremonies.» — los autores ponen el rito huichol de hoy como el más cercano a los prehispánicos.

«Sahagdn's description of the Teochichimeca ritual could very well be a description of the contemporary Huichol ceremony, for these Indians still assemble together in the desert three hundred miles northeast of their homeland in the Sierra Madres of western Mexico, still sing all night, all day, still weep exceedingly, and still so esteem Peyote above any other psychotropic plant that the sacred mushrooms, Morning Glories, Datura, and other indigenous hallucinogens are consigned to the realm of sorcerers.» — sigue el pasaje, con la jerarquía huichola que consigna el volumen: el peyote por encima de los hongos, el ololiuqui y la Datura, relegados a la hechicería.

«Most of the early records in Mexico were left by missionaries who opposed the use of Peyote in religious practice. To them Peyote had no place in Christianity because of its pagan associations.» — los autores declaran la parcialidad de la fuente antes de usarla.

«Left: Following visions received during the Peyote ritual, the Huichol bring beaded "Peyote snakes" decorated with designs of the Peyote to remote mountam shrines of Earth Mother as an offering of gratitude.» — pie de lámina, con las serpientes de chaquira llevadas como ofrenda a los santuarios de la Madre Tierra.

«Right:A Huichol yarn painting shows the nurturing and fertile gifts of the Peyote cactus.» — pie de lámina, con el cuadro de estambre que muestra los dones del peyote.

«The persistence and, growth o.f the Peyote cult constitute a fascinating chapter in the history of the New World» — los autores llaman a la persistencia del culto del peyote un capítulo fascinante de la historia americana; el escaneo corrompe la palabra *growth*.

«and their efforts to stamp out this practice drove it into hiding in the hills, where its sacramental use has persisted to the present time.» — continuación de esa frase al otro lado del tramo entreverado: la persecución metió el culto en los montes, donde siguió hasta hoy.

«Then Carl Lumholtz, the Danish ethnologist who did pioneer work among the Indians of Chihuahua,» — segunda estimación de la antigüedad, la de Lumholtz; el OCR mete tras esta cláusula un pie de lámina, el folio y un párrafo ajeno, y la frase sigue con *suggested that the Peyote cult is far old*, cortada ahí por el troceo.

«He showed that a symbol employed in the Tarahumara Indian Peyote ceremony appeared in ancient ritualistic carvings preserved in Mesoamerican lava rocks.» — el apoyo de esa estimación: un símbolo de la ceremonia tarahumara hallado en tallas rituales antiguas.

«More recently, archaeological discoveries in dry caves and rock shelters in Texas have yielded specimens of Peyote.» — tercera estimación, arqueológica, con los especímenes hallados en cuevas secas de Texas.

«Padre Andrea Perez de Ribas, a seventeenth-century Jesuit who spent sixteen years in Sinaloa, reported that Peyote was usually drunk but that its use, even medicinally, was» — los autores nombran a Pérez de Ribas y sus dieciséis años en Sinaloa; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

«forbidden and punished, since it was connected with "heathen rituals and superstitions" to contact evil spirits through "diabolic fantasies.» — continuación al otro lado del corte, con las palabras que los misioneros usaban para justificar la prohibición.

«and a challenge to the anthropologists and psychologists, botanists and pharmaco» — sigue la frase del arranque del capítulo del peyote, con las cuatro disciplinas a las que el asunto desafía; el escaneo entrevera aquí las columnas y el tramo se corta ahí.

«These specimens, found in a context suggesting ceremonial use» — los autores dan el uso ceremonial de los especímenes texanos como sugerencia del contexto; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

«cate that its use is more than seven thousand years old.» — continuación al otro lado del corte, con la cifra de siete mil años para la antigüedad del uso.

«But the Indians were reluctant to give up their Peyote cults established on centuries of tradition.» — los autores consignan la resistencia indígena a abandonar el culto.

«The suppression of Peyote, however, went to great lengths. For example, a priest near San Antonio, Texas, published a manual in 1760 containing questions to be asked of converts. Included were the following: "Have you eaten the flesh of man? Have you eaten Peyote?» — los autores fechan en 1760 el manual de confesión que pone comer peyote al lado de comer carne humana.

«Another priest, Padre Nicolas de Leon, similarly examined potential converts: "Art thou a soothsayer? Dost thou foretell events by reading omens, interpreting dreams or by tracing circles and figures on water? Dost thou garnish with flower garlands the places where idols are kept? Dost thou suck the blood of others? Dost thou wander about at night, calling upon demons to help thee?» — los autores reproducen el interrogatorio de León, donde el peyote aparece en una serie con la adivinación, los ídolos y los demonios.

«Hast thou drunk Peyote or given it to others to drink, in order to discover secrets or to discover where stolen or lost articles were?» — cierre del interrogatorio, con los dos fines que el confesor atribuye al peyote: descubrir secretos y hallar lo robado o perdido.

«During the last decade of the nineteenth century, the explorer Carl Lumholtz observed the use of Peyote among the Indians of the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico, primarily the Huichol and Tarahumara, and he reported on the Peyote ceremony and on various kinds of cacti employed with Lophophora williamsii or in its stead.» — los autores fechan y sitúan la observación de Lumholtz entre huicholes y tarahumaras.

«Left: The earliest known botanical illustration of Lophophora williamsii, published in 1847. It has been found in archaeological sites more than seven thousand years of age. It was probably the first and most spectacular vision-inducing plant encountered by the Spanish conquerors of Mexico.» — pie de lámina, que fecha en 1847 la primera lámina botánica conocida del peyote.

«You see how it is when we walk for the Peyote. How we go, not eating, not drinking, with much will. All of one heart. How one goes being Huichol. That is our unity. That is what we must defend.» — epígrafe que el volumen atribuye a Ramón Medina Silva: la peregrinación como unidad que hay que defender.

«Left: In Huichol geography, Wirikuta, the place of the ancestor-gods, is the locality of the origin of the sacred life of the tribe.» — pie de lámina, con Wirikuta como lugar de origen de la vida sagrada huichola.

«The trip to Wirikuta is long and arduous, with the pilgrims traveling as Ancient Ones. Like the gods, they refrain from food, sex, and sleep during this extraordinary trip.» — sigue el pie, con los peregrinos que viajan como Antiguos y se abstienen igual que los dioses.

«However, no anthropologist ever participated in or observed a Peyote hunt until the 1960s, when anthropologists and a Mexican writer were permitted by Huichols to accompany several pilgrimages.» — los autores fechan en los años sesenta la primera observación antropológica de la cacería del peyote.

«The trek is led by an experienced mara'akame or shaman, who is in contact with Tatewari» — los autores describen quién conduce la peregrinación y con quién está en contacto.

«Tatewari is the oldest Huichol god, also known as Hikuri, the Peyote-god. He is personified with Peyote plants on his hands and feet» — los autores identifican al dios más antiguo del panteón huichol con el propio peyote.

«and he interprets all the deities to the modern shamans, often through visions, sometimes indirectly through Kauyumari (the Sacred Deer Person and culture hero).» — sigue el pasaje, con la vía indirecta del héroe cultural cuando la visión no es directa.

«Tatewari led the first Peyote pilgrimage far from the present area inhabited by the nine thousand Huichols into Wirikuta, an ancestral region where Peyote abounds.» — los autores ponen la primera peregrinación en el tiempo del mito y a cargo del dios.