SPIRITUS MUNDISupportESEN

WORK

Witchcraft Today

inglés1954 (Rider & Co., Londres)Wicca

Source entries are currently shown in Spanish; English-first entries arrive with the next cataloguing pass.

El libro con que la brujería moderna sale a la luz pública, publicado en 1954 justo después de derogadas las leyes inglesas contra la brujería. Gardner escribe como informante: dice haber sido admitido en un aquelarre que practica un culto antiguo y superviviente, y publicar con permiso y con reservas —«I have told you things of which, although you have heard them, you cannot know the meaning» «Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 5»—. Él mismo se plantea la objeción que le harán después, y la formula con nombre propio: «The only man I can think of who could have invented the rites was the late Aleister Crowley» «Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 40».

430 claims · 1 source · 1 attribution

Attribution

recorded, never asserted
DECLARED
firma el libro y escribe en primera persona sobre los aquelarres que dice haber frecuentado; la nota biográfica de la edición lo da además bajo el seudónimo «Scire»
per Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)
«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 159»

The chain of the work

the processed witness, in emerald
EDITION · PROCESSED
Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)
inglés · 1954 · Londres

Claims

430 entries — the work's own voice, with its passage

«The only man I can think of who could have invented the rites was the late Aleister Crowley»Gardner plantea él mismo la hipótesis de invención y la nombra: si los ritos fueran inventados, solo Crowley habría podido hacerlo. La consigna para descartarla; queda registrada porque es la objeción que la crítica posterior le devolverá.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 40»

«Listen to the words of the Great Mother, who of old was also called among men Artemis, Astarte, Dione, Melusine, Aphrodite»la apertura de lo que después se conocerá como la Exhortación de la Diosa, con su lista de nombres equivalentes.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 34»

«Souls are not annihilated, but pass after death from one body to another»la doctrina de la reencarnación, que atribuye al culto.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 28»

«The law always has been that power must be passed from man to woman or from woman to man»la regla de transmisión del poder por alternancia de sexo, uno de los pocos preceptos que da como invariable.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 63»

«The essence of magic is usually to raise power, then to use or control it»su definición operativa de la magia: levantar poder y luego usarlo o controlarlo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 98»

«Power flashes forth from newly shed blood, but the use of an animal, for instance, is hateful and cruel»consigna la creencia sobre la sangre y, en la misma frase, el rechazo del sacrificio animal.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 137»

«The modern popular idea that a witch was always a hideous spiteful old hag is entirely erroneous»contra la figura popular de la bruja.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 142»

«The Little People were vivid, emotional, thriftless; the Saxons were stolid, hardworking, religious and respectable»su hipótesis de que las hadas son el recuerdo de un pueblo real desplazado, y que de ahí salen las brujas. El contraste está trazado en términos de carácter racial, propios de su época y de la antropología de la que bebe.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 59»

«Robin Hood, therefore, though he probably had a historical existence also, was a mythical form into which a witchleader could easily transform»la lectura de Robin Hood como figura en la que podía encarnar un jefe de aquelarre.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 60»

«the greatest heresy is not to believe in witchcraft»la fórmula de los perseguidores que él recoge: la herejía mayor era no creer en la brujería.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 103»

«So after some argument as to exactly what I must not reveal, I am permitted to tell much that has never before been made public concerning their beliefs, their rituals and their reasons for what they do; also to emphasise that neither their present beliefs, rituals nor practices are harmful»declara la condición del libro: publica con permiso negociado y con veto previo sobre lo que no puede revelar, y se propone a la vez sostener que nada de lo que describe es dañino.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 5»

«I write only of what takes place in the North, South, East, and West of England today in covens which I know»acota el alcance de su testimonio a los aquelarres de Inglaterra que dice conocer, no a la brujería en general.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 5»

«I can only repeat the words of Lucius Apuleius in the Metamorphoses, XL, 23, who wrote a long account of his own initiation into the mysteries in cryptic language, saying: 'I have told you things of which, although you have heard them, you cannot know the meaning»se ampara en Apuleyo para anunciar que lo dicho no se entenderá del todo: la reserva de sentido es parte declarada del libro, no un descuido.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 5»

«The Museum of Magic and Witchcraft at Castletown is the only one in the world devoted to magic and witchcraft. I have the materials here to prove what I say»ofrece su propio museo de Castletown como respaldo material de lo que afirma; él mismo lo dirige, según la firma del prólogo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 5»

«I wish to thank Mr. Ross Nichols, editor of Christian's History and Practice of Magic, for supplying me with supplementary information and for his many useful suggestions and comments»agradece a Ross Nichols, editor de la Historia de la magia de Christian, información suplementaria y sugerencias; es la única colaboración que declara en el prólogo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 5»

«In this book Dr. Gardner states that he has found in various parts of England groups of people who still practise the same rites as the so-called 'witches' of the Middle Ages, and that the rites are a true survival and not a mere revival copied out of books»de la introducción de Margaret Murray, NO de Gardner: resume la tesis del libro como supervivencia verdadera y no como reavivamiento copiado de libros. La distinción entre survival y revival es de ella, y es el punto exacto que la crítica posterior disputa.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 6»

«Though the ritual of Europe is now consonant with modern civilisation, the feeling which underlies both the primitive and the civilised is the same: gratitude to the Creator and hope for the Constance of His goodness»Murray, en la introducción, equipara el sentimiento que subyace al rito primitivo y al civilizado: gratitud al Creador y esperanza en la constancia de su bondad.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 6»

«Personal worship may take any form, but a group of persons worshipping together always devise some form of ritual, especially when the worship takes the form of a dance»Murray sostiene que el culto en grupo genera siempre alguna forma de ritual, y con más razón cuando toma forma de danza.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 6»

«This stage is often regarded by the worshippers as a special divine favour, denoting the actual advent of the Deity into the body of the worshipper»Murray describe el estado que los propios fieles interpretan como favor divino y advenimiento de la deidad al cuerpo del oficiante.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 7»

«Dr. Gardner has shown in his book how much of the so-called 'witchcraft' is descended from ancient rituals, and has nothing to do with spell-casting and other evil practices, but is the sincere expression of that feeling towards God which is expressed, perhaps more decorously though not more sincerely, by modern Christianity in church services»Murray adjudica al libro haber mostrado la ascendencia ritual antigua de lo que se llama brujería, y la separa de los sortilegios y de las prácticas malignas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 7»

«But the processional dances of the drunken Bacchantes, the wild prancings round the Holy Sepulchre as recorded by Maundrell at the end of the seventeenth century, the jumping dance of the mediaeval 'witches', the solemn zikr of the Egyptian peasant, the whirling of the dancing dervishes, all have their origin in the desire to be 'Nearer, my God, to Thee', and to show by their actions that intense gratitude which the worshippers find them selves incapable of expressing in words»Murray alinea en una sola serie las danzas de las bacantes, las de los peregrinos del Santo Sepulcro que registra Maundrell, las de las brujas medievales, el zikr egipcio y los derviches giróvagos, todas con el mismo origen.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 7»

«Mr. Hughes in his most scholarly book on witchcraft has, I think, clearly proved what many knew: that the Little People of the heaths, called fairies or elves at one period, were called witches in the next, but to my mind all these books have one fault»atribuye a Pennethorne Hughes la identificación de las hadas de los brezales con las brujas del periodo siguiente, y en la misma frase le pone reparo a todos esos libros. El reclamo es de Hughes; la objeción, suya.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 8»

«For after all, a witch's opinions should have some value, even though they may not fit in with preconceived opinions»reclama valor de testimonio para la opinión de una bruja, aunque no encaje con lo que ya se cree.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 8»

«Now I am an anthropologist, and it is agreed that an anthropologist's job is to investigate what people do and believe, and not what other people say they should do and believe»se presenta como antropólogo y define su tarea como investigar lo que la gente hace y cree, no lo que otros dicen que debería hacer y creer. Es la credencial con que autoriza el libro.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 9»

«Anthropologists may draw their own conclusions and advance any theories of their own, but they must make it clear that these are their own conclusions and their own theories and not proven facts»fija el límite del método que se aplica a sí mismo: el antropólogo puede proponer teorías propias, pero debe dejar claro que son suyas y no hechos probados.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 9»

«Here I must say that, though I believe in reincarnation, as most people do who have lived in the East, I do not remember any past lives, albeit I have had curious experiences»declara su propia creencia en la reencarnación y a la vez su ausencia de recuerdo de vidas pasadas; la reserva va dentro de la misma frase.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 9»

«So when people, for example, ask me: 'Why do you say that witches work naked?' I can only say: 'Because they do.'»responde a la pregunta por la desnudez ritual con la sola constatación de que así lo hacen: su garantía declarada es la observación, no la doctrina.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 10»

«But I think the witches' own explanation is the best: 'Because only in that way can we obtain power.'»prefiere, entre las explicaciones posibles, la que dan las propias brujas: solo así se obtiene poder. La adjudica a ellas y la califica de mejor, no de probada.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 10»

«Witches are taught and believe that the power resides within their bodies which they can release in various ways, the simplest being dancing round in a circle, singing or shouting»expone la doctrina del poder alojado en el cuerpo y liberado por medios simples —danza en círculo, canto, grito—, y la enuncia como enseñanza recibida, no como hallazgo suyo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 10»

«In dealing with such matters it is, of course, difficult to say how much is real and how much imagination»declara la dificultad de deslindar lo real de lo imaginado en esta materia, y la deja sin resolver.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 11»

«All we can be sure of is that in ancient times it was recognised that witches did so and even journeyed to their meetings in that costume; but in later times the Church, and more especially the Puritans, tried to hush this up and invented the story of the foul old woman on a broomstick, to replace the story told at so many witch trials of wild dances in the moonlight by beautiful young witches»adjudica a la Iglesia y sobre todo a los puritanos la invención de la vieja fea sobre la escoba, sustituyendo el relato de los procesos: danzas a la luz de la luna.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 11»

«Personally I am inclined to believe that while allowing for imagination there is something in the witches' belief»fija su grado de certeza propio: descontada la imaginación, cree que algo hay en lo que las brujas creen.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 11»

«They say that witches by constant practice can train their wills to blend this, nerve force, or whatever it is, and that their united wills can project this as a beam of force, or that they can use it in other ways to gain clairvoyance, or even to release the astral body»reproduce lo que ellas dicen —la voluntad entrenada proyectada como haz de fuerza, para la clarividencia o para desprender el cuerpo astral— y lo mantiene en boca ajena con un they say.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 11»

«At the same time one might heed the witches' dictum: 'You must be this way always in the rites, 'tis the command of the Goddess.'»cita el dictamen de las brujas sobre la desnudez ritual como mandato de la Diosa.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 12»

«Those who attended these meetings he dismisses in the following way (page 131): 'Some were perhaps dissipated perverts and had shame or guilty pride; some were just members of a primitive stock, already disappearing, but still following the ways of their fathers, knowing the Church disapproved yet finding physical and psychological satisfaction»cita a Pennethorne Hughes —página 131 de su libro— describiendo a los asistentes como pervertidos disipados o restos de una estirpe primitiva; la caracterización es de Hughes y Gardner la reproduce para objetarla en la página siguiente.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 13»

«I have attended many of these cult rites, and I declare that most of what he says is simply not true»opone a Hughes su propia condición de asistente: dice haber estado en muchos de esos ritos y declara falso casi todo lo que aquél sostiene. El grado de certeza que reclama es el del testigo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 14»

«There may be a fertility dance, but the other rites are simple, and with a purpose, and in no way resemble those of the Roman Catholic or any other Church that I know»admite la danza de fertilidad y niega el resto: describe los ritos como simples, con propósito, y sin parecido con los de la Iglesia católica ni con ninguna otra que conozca.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 14»

«Nor do I think it fair to call witches disappointed perverts»rechaza la etiqueta de pervertidos frustrados, y lo formula como cuestión de justicia, no de prueba.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 14»

«If I were permitted to disclose all their rituals, I think it would be easy to prove that witches are not diabolists; but the oaths are solemn and the witches are my friends»condiciona la demostración a un permiso que no tiene: si pudiera revelar los rituales cree que sería fácil probar que no son diabolistas, pero los juramentos son solemnes y las brujas son sus amigas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 15»

«For one reason or another they keep the names of their god and goddess a secret»consigna el secreto de los nombres del dios y la diosa, sin dar la razón: dice que por un motivo u otro los guardan.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 15»

«To them the cult has existed unchanged from the beginning of time, though there is also a vague notion that the old people came from the East, possibly as a result of the Christian belief that the East is the holy place whence everything came»registra cómo el culto se data a sí mismo —inalterado desde el principio de los tiempos— y le pone él mismo una sospecha de préstamo: la vaga idea de que los antiguos vinieron del Este podría venir de la creencia cristiana. Es un punto donde relativiza la antigüedad que en otras páginas sostiene.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 15»

«witches start in the East when forming the circle, and the representative of the god or goddess usually stands in the East»registra la práctica de formar el círculo empezando por el Este, con el representante del dios o la diosa de pie en ese punto.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 15»

«This may simply be because the sun and moon rise in the East, because of the position of the altar, or for some unknown reason, since actually the main invocations are towards the North»enumera explicaciones posibles del Este —el sol y la luna que salen ahí, la posición del altar, alguna razón desconocida— y deja ver la tensión: las invocaciones principales van al Norte.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 15»

«It is worth noting, too, that Scandinavian mythology makes the North the dwelling-place of the gods, and that in Gaelic myth the South, often camouflaged as 'Spain', is evil or hell»apoya el Norte en la mitología escandinava, que lo hace morada de los dioses, y en el mito gaélico, donde el Sur, camuflado como España, es infierno.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 15»

«I have seen one very interesting ceremony: the Cauldron of Regeneration and the Dance of the Wheel, or Yule, to cause the sun to be reborn, or summer to return»declara haber presenciado el Caldero de la Regeneración y la Danza de la Rueda, o Yule, para hacer renacer el sol o volver el verano.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 15»

«Then the small ceremony Is performed (sometimes called 'Drawing down the Moon') so that the High Priestess is regarded as the incarnation of the goddess»describe la ceremonia menor por la que la suma sacerdotisa pasa a ser tenida por encarnación de la diosa, y da su nombre: Drawing down the Moon.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 16»

«The circle is usually nine feet in diameter, unless made for some very special purpose»fija la medida del círculo en nueve pies de diámetro, salvo propósito muy especial.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 17»

«It Is necessary to distinguish this clearly from the work of the magician or sorcerer, who draws a circle on the ground and fortifies it with mighty words of power and summons (or attempts to summon) spirits and demons to do his bidding, the circle being to prevent them from doing him harm, and he dare not leave it»separa el círculo de las brujas del círculo del mago o hechicero, que conjura espíritus y demonios y se encierra para que no le hagan daño. La distinción es doctrinal, no de detalle.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 17»

«I have never seen such things; but they tell me that in the old days sometimes, when the High Priest was not present, a skull and crossbones was used to represent the god, death and resurrection (or reincarnation)»marca el límite de su propio testimonio: dice no haber visto nunca la calavera con las tibias en lugar del dios, y lo consigna como lo que le contaron de los viejos tiempos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 18»

«But I have never heard that so doing made diem witches, and I do not think that witches ever do it or did it»niega que profanar la hostia haga brujas a quienes lo hacen, y niega también que las brujas lo hagan o lo hayan hecho; la primera parte va como lo que nunca oyó, la segunda como lo que piensa.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 19»

«On the other hand, there have been many instances of consecrated hosts being made use of in unorthodox ways by people who were not witches; to stop fires or volcanic eruptions, for instance, or to wear round the neck as personal charms, to bring good fortune, avert evil and, especially, to checkmate attacks by vampires; but all this was done by believers»consigna el uso heterodoxo de hostias consagradas —contra incendios, erupciones, vampiros— y adjudica esos usos a creyentes, no a brujas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 19»

«I believe, however, that sometimes the Black Mass is performed»concede que la Misa Negra se celebra a veces; la concesión es suya y va en primera persona.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 19»

«I think it was probably a show put on for the tourists, though I was assured by responsible people that it was not»registra una celebración que le aseguraron auténtica y que él tiene por espectáculo para turistas: la conjetura queda marcada con probably.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 19»

«In short, I believe that people may perform Black Masses at times for a thrill, or with evil intent; but I do not believe that these people are witches, or know anything about witchcraft»separa las dos cosas: puede haber Misas Negras por emoción o por intención maligna, pero quienes las hacen no son brujas ni saben de brujería.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 19»

«Being initiated into the witch cult does not give a witch supernatural powers as I reckon them, but instructions are given, in rather veiled terms, in processes which develop various clairvoyant and other powers, in those who naturally possess them slightly»acota lo que da la iniciación: no poderes sobrenaturales, sino instrucciones en términos velados que desarrollan facultades clarividentes en quien ya las posee un poco.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 20»

«I do not say that these processes are the only way to develop these powers»añade el límite de esa afirmación en la frase siguiente: no sostiene que esos procesos sean el único camino.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 20»

«Although most of their activities have been for good, or have at least been harmless, certain aspects gave the Church in England and the Puritans the chance to accuse them of all kinds of immoralities, Devil-worship and cannibalism, as I have shown»adjudica a los aspectos censurables del culto el pretexto que la Iglesia y los puritanos usaron para acusarlo de inmoralidad, adoración del Diablo y canibalismo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 21»

«The fact that witches were often people of some property worth looting supplied the incentive; rack and branding-iron did the rest»añade el móvil material: las brujas solían tener bienes que valía la pena saquear, y el potro y el hierro candente hicieron lo demás.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 21»

«The chief priest of the tribal cult was dominant when he attended their meetings, but in his absence the priestess ruled»describe el reparto de mando: el sumo sacerdote domina cuando asiste, y en su ausencia gobierna la sacerdotisa.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 23»

«According to your merits you may be reincarnated in time, and take your chance where and among whom this takes place; but the god has a special paradise for his worshippers, who have conditioned their bodies and natures on earth, who enjoy special advantages and are prepared more swiftly for reincarnation which is done by the power of the goddess in such circumstances as to ensure that you will be reborn into your own tribe again»expone la escatología del culto: reencarnación según los méritos, con un paraíso propio del dios y una preparación acelerada que asegura renacer en la propia tribu.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 23»

«It would seem to involve an unending series of reincarnations; but I am told that in time you may become one of the mighty ones, who are also called the mighty dead»consigna la excepción a la serie infinita de reencarnaciones como algo que le contaron: llegar a ser uno de los poderosos, también llamados los muertos poderosos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 23»

«It was generally thought that their powers were hereditary, or that the craft was apt to run in families»registra la creencia en la herencia del poder, o al menos en que el oficio corre por familias.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 22»

«The Bible tells us of the poor persecuted Witch of Endor, working in secret when all other witches had been driven out of the land»toma a la bruja de Endor como caso bíblico de bruja perseguida trabajando en secreto cuando las demás habían sido expulsadas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 24»

«This meant that many women resented this subjugation, and a secret religion, where woman was important and which made sexual activity a proud mystery instead of a drudgery, was made»propone el móvil de la religión secreta: el resentimiento de las mujeres ante su sujeción, y un culto donde la mujer importa y la actividad sexual es misterio en vez de servidumbre.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 24»

«from an early date recruits were admitted only from people who were of the blood; that is, from a witch family»data la endogamia del culto sin fecha precisa: desde temprano solo se admitió a gente de la sangre, es decir, de familia de brujas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 24»

«In Palestine and other countries there are two kinds of witches: the ignorant herbalist and charmseller, and the witch who is a descendant of a line of priests and priestesses of an old and probably Stone Age religion, who have been initiated in a certain way (received into the circle) and become the recipients of certain ancient learning»distingue dos clases de brujas, la herbolaria ignorante y la descendiente de una línea sacerdotal iniciada en el círculo, y data esa línea en una religión probablemente de la Edad de Piedra.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 25»

«At times the Church ignored the witch; but when the Papacy became firmly established the priests treated the cult as a hated rival and tried to persecute it out of existence»data el cambio de actitud eclesiástica: la Iglesia ignoró a la bruja hasta que el papado se afirmó y trató al culto como rival odiado.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 25»

«Now no witch ever flew through the air on a broomstick or on anything else, at least not until aeroplanes came in»niega el vuelo en escoba sin matices y con una broma sobre los aeroplanos; es de las pocas negaciones que formula sin reserva.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 26»

«In early trials witnesses speak of seeing the accused riding on poles, or brooms, across the fields (not through the air), and this was often accepted as the evidence that they were practising fertility magic, which became a penal offence»reinterpreta el testimonio de los procesos: los testigos hablaban de cabalgar palos o escobas por los campos, no por el aire, y eso se tomó como prueba de magia de fertilidad.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 26»

«It is unlikely that any of these old women were real witches, that is, that they had been initiated into the circle; but doubtless some of them knew many old wives' cures»niega la condición de brujas iniciadas a las viejas de los procesos, y les concede el saber de remedios caseros.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 27»

«The religion of the ancient Celts was quite different from the Scandinavian, but the Druids were, priests, doctors and teachers causing good or bad harvests, making women and cattle fruitful, and causing a magic (hypnotic) sleep»describe a los druidas como sacerdotes, médicos y maestros que causaban cosechas buenas o malas, fecundaban mujeres y ganado y provocaban un sueño mágico, que él glosa entre paréntesis como hipnótico.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 28»

«Pliny the Elder tells us that Britain 'might have taught magic to Persia'»cita a Plinio el Viejo para datar la magia británica por encima de la persa; la frase es de Plinio y Gardner la trae como autoridad.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 28»

«We know little of their teachings but they believed in reincarnation»declara el poco saber disponible sobre las enseñanzas druídicas y retiene de ellas un solo punto: creían en la reencarnación.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 28»

«Caesar tells us they held the following belief: 'Souls are not annihilated, but pass after death from one body to another...by this teaching men are much encouraged to valour, through disregarding the fear of death.'»cita a César sobre la creencia de los DRUIDAS en la transmigración de las almas; la frase es de César y se refiere a los druidas, no a un texto del culto de brujas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 28»

«There was also a class of diviners called Druidesses and mentioned by Caesar in his De Bella Gallica, who were looked on as even more ancient than the Druids; they were shape-changers and seem to have had all the characteristics of witches»registra la clase de adivinas que César llama druidesas, tenidas por más antiguas que los druidas, y les adjudica los rasgos de las brujas: cambiaban de forma.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 28»

«If we only knew really what the Druids believed and taught, whether there was only one form of belief and whether they had various sects among them, it would be easier to say whether there»pone por escrito lo que le falta para decidir: si supiéramos qué creían y enseñaban los druidas, y si había una sola forma de creencia o sectas, sería más fácil resolverlo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 28»

«My own impression is that it was thought of as the religion of the pre-Celtic peoples with their own gods, and the Druids thought it good and right that people should have and worship their own gods»da su propia impresión, marcada como tal, sobre qué era el culto: la religión de los pueblos precélticos con sus dioses, tolerada por los druidas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 29»

«After the Saxon invasion there probably was an influx of Roman-British nominal Christians, who entered the witch-cult thinking that the invasion was a punishment for deserting the old gods, and that the witches' gods were the true ancient gods with other names»propone, con un probably dentro de la frase, la entrada de cristianos romano-británicos al culto tras la invasión sajona, leída por ellos como castigo por abandonar a los dioses antiguos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 29»

«At their meetings the women were always naked, but wore either a necklace or a short cape (women witches in Europe lay great stress on necklaces)»consigna el atuendo de las reuniones: las mujeres desnudas pero con collar o capa corta, y anota que en Europa las brujas dan gran importancia al collar.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 29»

«It may seem impossible to some that any cult could have preserved its identity and teachings for so long; yet you must remember that it is not merely the religious legend which is preserved but also the rite, the conditioning and the effect that it produces»responde a la objeción de la larga duración con su argumento central de transmisión: no se conserva solo la leyenda religiosa sino el rito, el acondicionamiento y el efecto que produce.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 30»

«The religion may change, the race may change, the language may change, but the cause and effect remain, and it is this which tends to keep the legend unchanged»cierra ese argumento: pueden cambiar la religión, la raza y la lengua, y persisten la causa y el efecto, que son los que mantienen inalterada la leyenda.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 30»

«Exactly what the present-day witch believes I find it hard to say, I know one who goes to church at times, though she is, at best, only an occasional conformist»declara la dificultad de fijar qué cree hoy una bruja, y da como muestra a una que va a la iglesia siendo, a lo sumo, conformista ocasional.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 32»

«But, to begin with, the belief in many different heavens, each with their different god, is not unusual»registra como poco insólita la creencia en muchos cielos distintos, cada uno con su dios.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 32»

«The Myth of Witchcraft seems to be the story of the goddess here quoted. I am forbidden to give her name, so I will call her G»identifica el mito central del culto con la leyenda de la diosa que va a reproducir, y en la misma frase declara la prohibición que lo obliga a llamarla solo G. El seems y la abstención del nombre están dentro de la cita.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 32»

«Now G. had never loved, but she would solve all mysteries, even the mystery of Death, and so she journeyed to the nether lands»apertura de la Leyenda del Descenso de la Diosa, que Gardner REPRODUCE como texto del culto, no como prosa suya: G. no había amado nunca y viaja al mundo inferior para resolver el misterio de la Muerte.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 33»

«Age causes all things to wither; but when men die at the end of time, I give them rest and peace and strength so that they may return»del mismo texto del culto, en boca de la Muerte: la vejez marchita todas las cosas, y él da descanso, paz y fuerza para que puedan volver.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 33»

«It is very easy to say this is only the story of Istar descending into hell, but the point of the story is different»se adelanta a la reducción del mito al descenso de Istar y objeta que el punto del relato es otro; consigna el paralelo sin aceptarlo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 34»

«Again you can say it is simply Siva, the god of Death and Resurrection; but here again the story is different»hace lo mismo con Siva, dios de muerte y resurrección: reconoce el parecido y sostiene que el relato es distinto.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 34»

«My own theory is, as I said before, that it is a Stone Age cult of the matriarchal times, when woman was the chief; at a later time man's god became dominant, but the woman's cult, because of the magical secrets, continued as a distinct order»repite su propia teoría, marcada dos veces como suya: culto de la Edad de Piedra de tiempos matriarcales, que sobrevivió como orden distinta cuando el dios del varón se volvió dominante, por causa de los secretos mágicos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 36»

«But although woman can on occasion take man's place, man can never take woman's place»fija la asimetría de la regla: la mujer puede ocupar en ocasiones el lugar del hombre, y el hombre nunca el de la mujer.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 36»

«It is a direct descendant of the circles used in the prehistoric cave magic, though of course it may have come»deriva el círculo de los usados en la magia prehistórica de las cuevas, y en la misma frase deja la puerta abierta a otra procedencia.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 36»

«To say it is 'proof because many witches were tortured until they admitted repudiating Christianity' is like saying that similar testimony is proof that they flew through the air on broomsticks»objeta el argumento que toma por prueba las confesiones bajo tortura, y lo equipara al que probaría el vuelo en escoba: la tortura no distingue entre lo cierto y lo absurdo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 36»

«My opinion is that in the early days everyone was of the old faith and regularly worshipped the old gods before they were initiated»da su opinión, declarada como tal, sobre los primeros tiempos: todos eran de la fe antigua y adoraban a los dioses viejos antes de iniciarse.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 35»

«When the persecution grew fierce, the cult dived underground and practically only children, born and bred into the cult, were ever initiated»explica el cierre del culto por la persecución: pasó a la clandestinidad y prácticamente solo se iniciaba a hijos nacidos y criados dentro.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 35»

«Not by any means did all these people 'belong', as the witches phrase it - they speak merely of 'belonging', never adding to what - but these were the classes of folk who chiefly attended the sabbats of the men of the heaths; and some of them at least were initiated into the mysteries»consigna el uso lingüístico del culto: sus miembros hablan de pertenecer sin decir nunca a qué, y describe la clase social que asistía a los aquelarres de los brezales.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 38»

«The great question which people ask is: 'How do you know the cult is old?'»formula la pregunta que el libro entero se propone contestar —cómo sabe que el culto es antiguo— y la pone en boca del público.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 39»

«But I am familiar with most forms of ritual including Kabbalistic magic, and they all have certain things in common and work by calling up a spirit or intelligence and commanding it to do their will»declara conocer la mayoría de las formas rituales, incluida la magia cabalística, y les atribuye un rasgo común: llaman a un espíritu o inteligencia y le ordenan cumplir su voluntad.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 39»

«Now if anyone in the last two hundred years had tried to make up a rite they would have used one of these methods or something resembling them...But the English witches' method is entirely different»fija el argumento por contraste: quien hubiera inventado un rito en los últimos doscientos años habría usado esos métodos, y el de las brujas inglesas es enteramente distinto. Es la forma exacta del reclamo de antigüedad que la crítica posterior disputa.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 39»

«The only man I can think of who could have invented the rites was the late Aleister Crowley. When I met him he was most interested to hear that I was a member, and said he had been inside when he was very young, but would not say whether he had rewritten anything or not»la página clave del libro, con su contexto entero: nombra él mismo al único candidato posible a inventor de los ritos, y a continuación cuenta su encuentro con Crowley, que se interesó al saberlo miembro, dijo haber estado dentro de muy joven y NO quiso decir si había reescrito algo. La objeción que se le devolverá después está formulada aquí por el propio Gardner, y con un testimonio que él mismo deja sin cerrar.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 40»

«But the witch practices are entirely different in method from any kind of magic he wrote about, and he described very many kinds»descarta a Crowley en la frase siguiente por comparación de método: las prácticas brujas difieren de toda magia que él describió, y describió muchas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 40»

«There are indeed certain expressions and certain words used which smack of Crowley; possibly he borrowed things from the cult writings, or more likely someone may have borrowed expressions from him»concede lo que hay de Crowley —expresiones y palabras sueltas— y deja abiertas las dos direcciones del préstamo, sin decidir cuál.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 40»

«The only other man I can think of who could have done it is Kipling; but the cult writings are so alien to his ideas and expressions that I am sure he had nothing to do with writing them, though I fancy from some of his works that he knew something about them»da el segundo y último candidato, Kipling, y lo descarta con el modal puesto: está seguro de que no escribió los textos del culto porque le son ajenos, y sospecha por algunas de sus obras que sabía algo de ellos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 40»

«There is much evidence that in its present form the rites were worked long before Kipling and Crowley were born»afirma que hay mucha evidencia de que los ritos, en su forma presente, se practicaban mucho antes de que nacieran Kipling y Crowley, sin decir cuál es esa evidencia.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 40»

«The people who certainly would have had the knowledge and ability to invent them were the people who formed the Order of the Golden Dawn about eighty years ago, but knowing their aims and objects I think it is about the last thing they would have done»descarta a la Golden Dawn no por incapacidad sino por propósito: tenían el saber y la habilidad para inventarlos, y conociendo sus fines cree que es lo último que habrían hecho.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 40»

«Hargrave Jennings might have had a hand in them, but his writings are so involved that I hardly think he could have devised anything so simple and clear-cut»descarta a Hargrave Jennings por estilo: sus escritos son tan enrevesados que no lo cree capaz de idear algo tan simple y nítido.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 40»

«Grandfathers and grandmothers have told folk still living of meetings they attended about a hundred and forty years ago, when the cult was thought to have existed from all time»apoya la antigüedad en testimonio oral de tercera mano: abuelos que contaron a gente aún viva reuniones de hace unos ciento cuarenta años, cuando el culto se tenía por existente desde siempre.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 40»

«It is quite possible that the main parts of the cult might have been brought over from Italy about the time of the Renaissance or even later; but if they were, it would have been as a fully developed witch cult, which was then joined on to the local covens»admite como posible una importación italiana en el Renacimiento o después, con la condición de que ya viniera como culto plenamente formado.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 41»

«At one time I believed the whole cult was directly descended from the Northern European culture of the Stone Age, uninfluenced by anything else; but I now think that it was influenced by the Greek and Roman mysteries which originally may have come from Egypt»registra el cambio de su propia posición: antes creía el culto descendiente directo y sin mezcla de la Edad de Piedra del norte de Europa, y ahora lo cree influido por los misterios griegos y romanos, quizá de origen egipcio.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 41»

«If this was the case, I think it would certainly have shown in the rites or the teaching; but these all run as if the practicers had never heard of either, which points to its being at least pre-Christian»responde a la hipótesis del invento antipapista con un argumento de silencio: los ritos corren como si nunca hubieran oído hablar de la Iglesia, lo que para él apunta a que son al menos precristianos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 41»

«Possibly the Great God, the Protector, the giver of rest and peace, slowly came to be thought of only in his function as god of death and so became more or less identified with the Devil»propone, con un possibly delante, el mecanismo por el que el Gran Dios protector acabó identificado con el Diablo: se lo fue pensando solo en su función de dios de la muerte.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 42»

«The Church had never taken much notice of sorcery as it was not a rival in the way that witchcraft was, and many Popes and prominent Churchmen were said to practise it»distingue hechicería de brujería por la reacción de la Iglesia: la hechicería no era rival y muchos papas y eclesiásticos notorios pasaban por practicarla.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 42»

«They doubtless caused the killing of nearly all the remaining witches and many others, some of whom were not of the cult, until there remained only those who were of families too high to meddle with and possibly some of those who were too poor to be worth looting»adjudica a los cazadores de brujas la matanza de casi todas las que quedaban, y observa quiénes sobrevivieron: los de familias demasiado altas para meterse con ellas y los demasiado pobres para saquearlos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 44»

«Witches would become good Church members to avoid persecution; after all, they had Biblical authority for bowing the head to Rimmon, and it is possible some of these repudiated Christianity at their initiation»propone que las brujas se hicieran buenas feligresas para evitar la persecución, con precedente bíblico, y admite como posible que algunas repudiaran el cristianismo en su iniciación.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 44»

«It was probably about this time that the practice of witches keeping records became common as the regular priesthood no longer existed and the rites were only occasionally performed»data con probably el origen de los libros de brujas: cuando ya no había sacerdocio regular y los ritos se hacían solo de cuando en cuando.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 44»

«there is this warning, usually on the first page: Keep a book in your own hand of write»reproduce la advertencia que dice hallarse en la primera página de esos libros, con su ortografía: guarda un libro de tu propia letra.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 44»

«Each should guard his own writings and destroy them whenever danger threatens»continúa la instrucción del mismo texto: cada quien guarda lo suyo y lo destruye en cuanto amenaza el peligro.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 44»

«If your book be found on you, it is clear proof against you; you may be tortured»del mismo texto: el libro encontrado encima es prueba clara contra su dueño y le vale la tortura.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 45»

«If you betray aught - THERE is NO HELP FOR YOU IN THIS LIFE, OR IN THAT WHICH IS TO COME»del mismo texto, la sanción del juramento en versalitas: no hay ayuda en esta vida ni en la venidera para quien delate.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 45»

«If you go steadfast to the pyre, DRUGS WILL REACH YOU and you will feel naught, but will go to death and what lies beyond, the Ecstasy of the Goddess»del mismo texto, la contrapartida: quien vaya firme a la hoguera recibirá drogas, no sentirá nada y pasará a lo que hay más allá, el Éxtasis de la Diosa.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 45»

«Never boast, never threaten, never say you wish ill to anyone»del mismo texto, el precepto de conducta: nunca alardear, nunca amenazar, nunca decir que se desea mal a nadie.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 45»

«It shows one thing: that the craft was powerful»extrae del texto una sola conclusión y la enuncia con esa parquedad: muestra que el oficio era poderoso.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 46»

«They could bribe jailers to smuggle drugs in to the poor wretches»da el correlato material de la promesa de las drogas: podían sobornar carceleros para introducirlas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 46»

«I have never known witches anoint themselves all over, but I have been shown a recipe for an anointing oil»marca de nuevo el borde de su testimonio: dice no haber conocido brujas que se unten entero, y haber visto una receta de aceite de unción.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 47»

«One of the charges against witches was that they went invisible by night, and, it may be noted, vervain was at one time thought to confer invisibility»registra la acusación de volverse invisibles de noche y le pone al lado un dato de herbolario: a la verbena se le atribuyó conferir invisibilidad.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 47»

«Another thing was that they found that the soldiers would usually let a naked girl go, but would take a clothed one prisoner»da una explicación práctica de la desnudez en fuga: los soldados solían dejar ir a una muchacha desnuda y llevaban presa a la vestida.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 47»

«After I had written this I received a letter dated September 29, 1952, telling me of a meeting held in a wood in the south of England about two months before, in the traditional nude (luckily the weather was warm). They cast the circle with the Athame, did the fertility dances on broomsticks, performed the proper seasonal as well as other rites, and had some of the old dances»fecha su prueba más reciente en una carta del 29 de septiembre de 1952, que le refiere una reunión en un bosque del sur de Inglaterra: círculo trazado con el athame, danzas de fertilidad sobre escobas y los ritos estacionales. El testimonio es de tercero y llega por correo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 48»

«What interests me is the fact that numbers of people meet every year and perform witch rites because they believe in them»acota lo que a él le importa de ese testimonio, y es lo único que reclama como hecho: que hay gente que se reúne cada año y hace ritos de brujas porque cree en ellos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 48»

«A critic has suggested to me: 'These people are not witches; they only do witch rites because it gives them pleasure»reproduce la objeción de un crítico —esa gente no son brujas, hacen los ritos porque les da placer— para responderla en las líneas siguientes; la frase continúa en la plana siguiente añadiendo que además son supersticiosos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 48»

«If that is to be the touchstone, is not a superstition a belief?»devuelve la pregunta sobre el criterio con que se separa superstición de creencia, sin contestarla.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 49»

«Is a Christian who believes in his religion, and also obtains pleasure and comfort from performing its religious rites, not therefore a Christian»cierra la respuesta con la simetría que reclama: si el criterio vale, tampoco sería cristiano quien cree y a la vez obtiene placer y consuelo de sus ritos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 49»

«I believe in the Little People who used to live in the Isle of Man; but they were not really fairies»declara su creencia en el Pequeño Pueblo de la Isla de Man y en la misma frase le quita lo feérico: no eran hadas de verdad.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 50»

«She was good and beautiful, but dangerous, and you must not beat her or she would run back to her people taking her children and her dowry of fairy cattle with her»describe a la esposa feérica de los relatos —buena, hermosa y peligrosa— con la condición que la retiene: no golpearla, o vuelve con los suyos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 51»

«Usually she exacted a promise not to tell of her fairy origin; therefore she must have been of such a size as to be taken for a mortal»convierte un rasgo del relato en argumento antropológico: si exigía no revelar su origen feérico, debía tener talla suficiente para pasar por mortal.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 51»

«This fairy wife was obviously a woman of the small race, who was nevertheless large enough to have a number of children, whose descendants are alive now»cierra ese razonamiento: la esposa feérica era obviamente una mujer de la raza pequeña, con hijos cuyos descendientes viven hoy.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 51»

«It is certain that at times they would have a watchman on the roof of this house, which would look exactly like a conical hill, and as it is almost as certain that this watchman would go up by a ladder and out by this smoke-hole instead of going all the way to the door and climbing all the way up the hill again, others would also be likely to go out this way»explica la salida por el agujero de humo de la casa cónica por economía del vigía, no por magia.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 52»

«Visitors of the larger races might note this, to them, curious habit of going in and out by the smokehole, and it is possible that a confused memory of this led to the story that witches had a habit of leaving and returning by the chimney»deriva de ahí, con un it is possible dentro de la frase, la leyenda de que las brujas entran y salen por la chimenea: un recuerdo confuso de esa costumbre.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 52»

«This cell is built of stone and is two feet five inches high and three feet wide; evidently the sentry was of the Little People!»da la medida de una celda de centinela —dos pies cinco pulgadas de alto por tres de ancho— y saca de ella su conclusión con signo de admiración.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 52»

«These Picts of Orkney were only a little exceeding pygmies in stature and worked wonderfully in the construction of their cities evening and morning, but at midday they hid themselves in little underground houses, fearing light»cita la descripción de los pictos de Orkney apenas superiores a pigmeos, que trabajaban de mañana y de tarde y a mediodía se escondían bajo tierra por temor a la luz.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 53»

«Sir Walter Scott refers to the aboriginal or servile clans, and describes them as 'half naked, stunted in growth and miserable in aspect'»cita a Walter Scott sobre los clanes aborígenes o serviles, medio desnudos y de crecimiento atrofiado.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 53»

«All these peoples seem to be remembered by the same characteristics: good friends but dangerous enemies, very strong, able to disappear at will, having great festivals at night and making use of poisoned arrows»reúne los rasgos con que se recuerda a esos pueblos: buenos amigos y enemigos peligrosos, muy fuertes, capaces de desaparecer, con fiestas nocturnas y flechas envenenadas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 54»

«Scottish witch trials seem to think of witches and fairies as being the same people»observa que los procesos de brujería escoceses parecen tomar por la misma gente a brujas y hadas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 54»

«This latter may have been a misunderstanding of the Picts' practice of painting themselves with woad and lime, which makes the famous Lincoln green, the recognised fairy colour»propone que el verde de las hadas venga de la costumbre picta de pintarse con glasto y cal, y da el nombre del color: el famoso verde de Lincoln.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 54»

«During the action he killed the opposing leader, Sir Lachlan Mor Maclean, with an arrow which was afterwards found to be an Elf-bolt or stoneheaded fairy arrow»registra el caso de Du-Sith, tenido por hada, que mató a Sir Lachlan Mor Maclean en Islay en 1598 con una flecha que después se identificó como saeta de elfo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 54»

«Unfortunately the conquerors, such as Harold Haarfaga, exterminated most of them and reduced the others to a servile state living on the heaths as 'heathens', or else they intermarried with their conquerors and merged into the general population»explica la desaparición del Pequeño Pueblo por exterminio y absorción, y de ahí saca la etimología que sostiene todo el capítulo: los reducidos a servidumbre vivían en los brezales como heathens.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 55»

«This increased their size somewhat, and when persecuted their descendants denied being fairies or 'heathens' and would point to their size to back them up, saying: 'Fairies are small, but we are big.'»cierra con la respuesta que sus descendientes daban al ser perseguidos, y que apoyaban en su propia talla: las hadas son pequeñas y nosotros somos grandes.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 55»

«The French are not a race of giants, so there must have been some reason for this belief»razona a partir de la creencia francesa en la fuerza de esos hombres: los franceses no son raza de gigantes, así que algún motivo debía de haber.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 55»

«A large number of Manxmen did distinguished service in the Navy at this time, and it was said that the Manx regiments (Fencibles) covered more ground on parade than any other British regiment, on account of the remarkable width of their shoulders»da su ejemplo moderno: los regimientos manxeses ocupaban más terreno en formación que ningún otro británico, por la anchura de sus hombros.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 55»

«The Little People had goddesses who were identified with Diana and Aphrodite, so it would be only natural for Romans who wished to worship their own old gods, who had no temples, to call on and worship these»explica la entrada de romanos al culto del Pequeño Pueblo por identificación de diosas: las suyas se identificaban con Diana y Afrodita, y los romanos sin templos podían invocarlas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 56»

«William the Conqueror's father was Robert the Devil and he was credited with witchcraft»registra que al padre de Guillermo el Conquistador, Roberto el Diablo, se le acreditaba brujería.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 57»

«The heathens, the people who lived in the wilds, were few and inaccessible, and it was difficult to force them to pay taxes or give any feudal dues and so they managed to live more or less independently»describe a los habitantes de los yermos como pocos e inaccesibles, difíciles de gravar o someter a cargas feudales, y por eso más o menos independientes.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 57»

«They were thought of by the people from towns as uncanny folk addicted to magic»da el modo en que la gente de las ciudades los veía: gente inquietante, dada a la magia.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 57»

«more than likely that the heathens were at first rather pleased to see their Saxon conquerors so discomforted and were quite willing at times to enter into relations with the Normans, giving service as hunters and possibly as miners, in return for exemption from all taxation»propone, marcado como conjetura, un pacto entre los heathens y los normandos: servicio de cazadores y quizá de mineros a cambio de exención de impuestos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 57»

«That there were such cults is proved by manuscripts of the Church Coureans in France which tell how the ladies of the nobility used to ride to the nocturnal revelries or Sabbats of Bensozia, the Diana of the ancient Gauls, also called Nocticula, Herodias and the Moon»apoya la existencia de cultos análogos en Francia en manuscritos eclesiásticos que cuentan cómo las damas nobles cabalgaban a los aquelarres de Bensozia, la Diana de los antiguos galos, llamada también Nocticula, Herodías y la Luna.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 57»

«It was also well known that at times six thousand people were present at one sabbat»consigna como bien sabido que a veces hubo seis mil personas en un solo aquelarre, sin decir de dónde toma la cifra.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 58»

«This, however, is simply my theory; I cannot give any proof of it»pone el límite de todo el capítulo dentro de la propia frase: es su teoría y no puede dar prueba de ella.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 59»

«are apt to be hereditary, but the witches have formulae for producing this form of autointoxication, of escape into the world of faery»describe las fórmulas de las brujas para producir esa forma de autointoxicación, la evasión al mundo de las hadas, y la separa de la disposición hereditaria.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 59»

«But in 1318, and again in 1320, Pope John XXII issued ferocious Bulls against witchcraft pronouncing it to be heresy»data el giro persecutorio en las bulas de Juan XXII de 1318 y 1320, que declararon herejía la brujería.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 61»

«In many cases it was the parish priest who had led the fertility rites, and the people said they had not been told it was wrong; in fact the priest said it was right»adjudica a los propios párrocos la conducción de los ritos de fertilidad en muchos casos, y recoge la defensa de la gente: nadie les había dicho que estuviera mal.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 61»

«At first only penances and fines were imposed, but as the Church grew stronger torture and fire were used»marca la escalada: primero penitencias y multas, y tortura y fuego a medida que la Iglesia se hacía fuerte.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 61»

«but it was one where they had to work, as only initiates could obtain the required learning which took them to a paradise where they were rested and refreshed, till they were ready to be reincarnated on earth again»contrapone la promesa del culto a la cristiana: había que trabajarla, porque solo los iniciados obtenían el saber que lleva al paraíso donde se descansa hasta volver a nacer.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 62»

«Christianity at first promised what has been irreverently called 'salvation on the cheap'»llama a la promesa cristiana, con una fórmula que declara irreverente y ajena, salvación barata.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 62»

«Her companion Margery, the Witch of Eye, was burned alive and Roger Witche (note the name) or Bolingbroke, a clerk and churchman, was drawn from the Tower of London to Tyburn and there hanged, beheaded and quartered»registra el caso de Margery, la Bruja de Eye, quemada viva, y el de Roger Bolingbroke, clérigo, arrastrado a Tyburn y ahorcado, decapitado y descuartizado.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 63»

«They were attacked suddenly and their destruction by fire and torture brought enormous amounts of loot into the hands of State and Church»da el móvil que atribuye a la destrucción de los Templarios: fuego y tortura repentinos, y un botín enorme para el Estado y la Iglesia.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 63»

«The witches tell me: 'The law always has been that power must be passed from man to woman or from woman to man, the only exception being when a mother initiates her daughter or a father his son, because they are part of themselves.'»cita a las brujas enunciando la regla de transmisión del poder por alternancia de sexo, con su única excepción: madre a hija, padre a hijo, porque son parte de sí mismos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 63»

«They go on to say: 'The Templars broke this age-old rule and passed the power from man to man: this led to sin and in so doing it brought about their downfall.'»continúa la cita: los Templarios rompieron esa regla pasando el poder de hombre a hombre, y de ahí vino su caída. La explicación es de ellas, no suya.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 63»

«If this story was not merely invented to explain the fall of the Order, it would seem that the Templars may have known and used some of the old magic»pone su propia reserva a ese relato: si no fue inventado para explicar la caída de la Orden, parecería que los Templarios conocían y usaban parte de la magia antigua.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 63»

«the witches think they recognise indications that the Templars conditioned their bodies in the way they themselves do to produce magic; how they do so, however, I am forbidden to mention»consigna que las brujas creen reconocer en los Templarios el acondicionamiento del cuerpo que ellas practican, y declara que le está prohibido decir cómo lo hacen.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 63»

«Though they do not deny Christ or the sacraments, witches generally do not believe in them, which was at least 'unusual' at that date»marca la diferencia entre negar y no creer: las brujas no niegan a Cristo ni los sacramentos, pero por lo general no creen en ellos, lo que a esa altura ya era al menos inusual.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 63»

«Another charge was that the Templars worshipped a head, variously described as having sometimes three faces, sometimes simply a human skull or death's-head: that they believed that this head had the power to make them rich, cause the trees to flourish and the earth to become fruitful»enumera el cargo de la cabeza adorada por los Templarios, a veces de tres caras y a veces calavera, con poder de enriquecer y de hacer fructificar árboles y tierra.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 64»

«Actually, I think there is no doubt that it was a case of 'here are wealthy people whom we can loot', and advantage was taken of the fact that some of these Knights were suspected of being followers of an old religion»da su lectura del proceso: gente rica a la que saquear, aprovechando la sospecha de que algunos caballeros seguían una religión antigua.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 66»

«For instance, the Romans accused the early Christians of being cannibals, because it was said that at their meetings they ate the body and drank the blood of their God!»ilustra la acusación por malentendido ritual con los romanos que tomaron por caníbales a los primeros cristianos, por lo que se decía que comían y bebían en sus reuniones.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 66»

«But though the Inquisitors may have been scoundrels, they were certainly not fools»concede a los inquisidores inteligencia mientras les niega honradez, y de ahí saca su lectura del cargo del cordón.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 66»

«The Chronicle of St. Denis states very emphatically: 'In these girdles was their mahommerie.'»cita la Crónica de Saint-Denis sobre los cíngulos templarios, con la palabra que discutirá enseguida: en esos cinturones estaba su mahommerie.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 66»

«It has been said that this meant that they were secretly Mohammedans; but to charge them with embracing Mohammedanism would have been the most damning charge, and it was never even hinted at»objeta la lectura de mahommerie como mahometismo secreto con un argumento de silencio: ése habría sido el cargo más demoledor y no se insinuó nunca.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 66»

«In those times, a Mammot was used to denote a doll or an idol and Mahommerie would mean 'having to do with idols'»propone su propia lectura filológica de la palabra: mammot valía por muñeco o ídolo, y mahommerie querría decir cosa de ídolos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 66»

«Now all this might apply to the consecrated cord which witches possess and use in many ways»conecta el cargo con el cordón consagrado que las brujas poseen y usan de muchas maneras.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 67»

«I am forbidden to tell of the uses a witch makes of her cord, and I doubt whether the Church knew, or they might have mentioned it at the trials»declara la prohibición que le impide seguir: no puede contar los usos del cordón, y duda de que la Iglesia los conociera.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 67»

«It must be remembered that novices were forbidden to speak of anything which occurred at their initiations, even to another member»recuerda la regla de silencio de los novicios, que no podían hablar de su iniciación ni con otro miembro.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 67»

«Witches teach that to work magic you must start with a couple, a male and a female intelligence being necessary, and they must be in sympathy with each other»enuncia la regla operativa que atribuye a la enseñanza de las brujas: para obrar magia hacen falta una inteligencia masculina y una femenina en simpatía mutua.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 69»

«For this reason, they say, the goddess has strictly forbidden a man to be initiated by or to work with a man, or a woman to be initiated by or to work with a woman»da la prohibición correspondiente como mandato de la diosa: hombre con hombre y mujer con mujer quedan excluidos tanto para iniciar como para trabajar.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 69»

«They think that the Templars broke this law and worked magic, man with man, without knowing the way to prevent love; so they sinned, and the curse of the goddess came upon them»cierra la explicación de las brujas sobre los Templarios: rompieron esa ley sin saber prevenir el enamoramiento, y sobre ellos cayó la maldición de la diosa.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 69»

«To my own knowledge, using these witch methods is very apt to cause a fondness which could lead to an 'affair' if it were not suppressed from the start»ofrece su propia experiencia como apoyo del riesgo que la regla previene, y lo dice a media voz: los métodos brujos tienden a producir un afecto que hay que reprimir desde el principio.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 69»

«The most curious of the charges against the Templars, and one which seems to have some foundation, was that of trampling or spitting on the Cross and the denial of Christ»señala el cargo que le parece con más fundamento de todos los hechos a los Templarios: pisotear o escupir la cruz y negar a Cristo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 70»

«Petrus Picardi told the Inquisitors that it was a test of fidelity, and had he been brave enough to refuse to do as he was told he would have been sent at once to the Holy Land; but this also proves that he and others were threatened with death if they did not do it»registra la declaración de Petrus Picardi ante los inquisidores —era una prueba de fidelidad— y de ella infiere lo contrario de lo que el declarante quería: que los amenazaban de muerte si no obedecían.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 70»

«It is said that this is simply because the Templar cross had eight points; but could it not be that they revered the number eight and therefore gave their cross its eight points?»invierte la explicación corriente de la cruz templaria de ocho puntas: en vez de derivar el ocho de la cruz, propone que reverenciaban el ocho y por eso la cruz lo lleva.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 71»

«Another great Templar 'hallow' was the Chalice, the Cup. As I have said, the witch also reveres the Cup, which seems to date back to the old fertility cults»empareja el Cáliz templario con la Copa que las brujas reverencian, y data ese objeto en los viejos cultos de fertilidad.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 71»

«The original versions appeared about 1175 to 1225; then the source of supply seems to have been cut off»fecha las versiones originales del ciclo del Grial entre 1175 y 1225 y observa que después la fuente parece cortarse.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 71»

«Can it be that the Church brought pressure to bear?»convierte ese corte en pregunta, que deja abierta: si la Iglesia habrá presionado.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 71»

«It has many forms, but it is always a fertility- and a food-providing object»define el Grial por su función y no por su forma: adopta muchas formas y es siempre objeto de fertilidad y proveedor de alimento.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 72»

«The High History of the Holy Grail says that the Grail appeared in five several manners that none ought not to tell, for the secret things of the Sacrament ought none to tell openly but he unto whom God hath given it»cita La alta historia del Santo Grial sobre las cinco maneras en que el Grial se apareció, que a nadie le está permitido contar.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 72»

«Does not this point to there being an inner meaning to the Grail story, that the meaning of the sacred object varied, according to the understanding of the initiate, or shall we say that different explanations of the meanings of an object were given in higher grades of initiation, and that the outermost explanation was the Chalice, but that in all there was the 'feeding'»propone leer eso como sentido interior graduado: explicaciones distintas del mismo objeto según el grado de iniciación, con el Cáliz como la más externa.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 72»

«There are indications that the Church knew of or suspected some secret rite among the Templars and that it was of a phallic nature, for with fiendish cruelty they attached heavy weights to that organ when torturing the unfortunate Knights, as if to say: your rites centre round that member, so we torture you there to extract the most damning evidence»lee la forma de la tortura como indicio de lo que la Iglesia sospechaba: pesos colgados de ese órgano, como diciendo que ahí estaba el centro del rito.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 72»

«On the Stone appear written the names of these guardians when they are yet children (does this not point to novices being initiated into a cult while still children, as in the witch cult?)»anota entre paréntesis, como pregunta, el paralelo con la iniciación infantil: los nombres de los guardianes aparecen escritos cuando aún son niños.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 73»

«The High History also says: 'After this came two priests to the cross, and the first ordered Sir Perceval to withdraw from the cross'; and when he had done so, 'the priest kneeleth before the cross and adoreth it, and boweth down and kisseth it more than a score of times and manifesteth the most joy in the world»cita el episodio de los dos sacerdotes ante la cruz de La alta historia: el primero manda a Perceval apartarse, se arrodilla y la besa más de veinte veces.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 73»

«It has occurred to me the witches have a rite which involves kissing and then beating an object, with the intention of charging it with power»conecta ese episodio con un rito de brujas que dice conocer: besar y luego golpear un objeto con intención de cargarlo de poder.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 74»

«The alleged Templar rite of defiling the cross only became known to the world during the persecution and trial of 1307, ninety years after the High History was written»fecha el desfase que sostiene su argumento: el supuesto rito templario de profanar la cruz solo se conoció en el proceso de 1307, noventa años después de escrita La alta historia.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 74»

«Jaffet, a knight from the south of France, deposed that at his reception he was shown a head or idol and told: 'You must adore this as your saviour and the saviour of the Order of the Temple,' and he was made to worship this head by kissing its feet and saying»cita la deposición de Jaffet, caballero del sur de Francia, a quien en su recepción se le mostró una cabeza o ídolo y se le mandó adorarla como salvador suyo y de la Orden.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 74»

«Whether there is really any good proof that these are the Templar gods I cannot say»pone el límite de todo el capítulo: no puede decir si hay prueba buena de que ésos sean los dioses templarios.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 75»

«I think it may be far-fetched to suggest any connection between the Templars' alleged practice of crossing their legs and the skull and bones, because many tombs of the period show knights with their legs crossed, including some who were not Templars and who were never in the Holy Land»descarta él mismo el paralelo entre las piernas cruzadas y la calavera con tibias, y da la razón: muchas tumbas de la época muestran caballeros con las piernas cruzadas que no eran templarios ni estuvieron en Tierra Santa.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 76»

«I had always believed that witches belonged to an independent Stone Age cult whose rites were a mixture of superstition and reality and had no connection with any other system»declara cuál era su posición antes del viaje: creía a las brujas un culto independiente de la Edad de Piedra sin conexión con ningún otro sistema.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 77»

«But during my short stay in New Orleans, though I did not succeed in getting into Voodoo, I noticed some suspicious resemblances which made me think that Voodoo was not solely African in origin but had been compounded in America out of European witchcraft and African mythology; and when I visited the Villa of the Mysteries at Pompeii I realised the great resemblance to the cult»cuenta el hallazgo que le hizo cambiar de idea: en Nueva Orleans no logró entrar al vudú pero notó parecidos, y en la Villa de los Misterios de Pompeya reconoció la semejanza con el culto.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 77»

«I know, of course, that ancient and modern writers have agreed that the Greek mysteries of Dionysus, Zeus, Orpheus, Zagreus and Eleusis were similar; therefore since each mystery had different rites and myths but was the same, this must mean that they had some inner secret»deriva de la coincidencia entre los misterios griegos —Dioniso, Zeus, Orfeo, Zagreo, Eleusis— la existencia de un secreto interior común, ya que los ritos y los mitos diferían.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 77»

«The mystery is a special form of religion which existed amongst all ancient peoples, and among primitive peoples still preserves very considerable importance. Its essence is the mystic palingenesis, that is to say, a regeneration brought about by suggestion. In its most perfect stage this palingenesis is a veritable substitution of personality: the man is invested with the personality of a god, a hero or an ancestor, repeating and reproducing the gestures and actions attributed to him by tradition»del profesor Vittorio Macchioro, La Villa de los Misterios, citado por Gardner y NO voz suya: define el misterio por la palingenesia mística, una sustitución de personalidad en que el hombre queda investido de la personalidad de un dios, un héroe o un antepasado.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 77»

«It was not an objective but a subjective drama, its essence being the repetition of that which according to tradition had been wrought by God»de Macchioro, en la misma cita: el drama de los misterios no es objetivo sino subjetivo, y consiste en repetir lo que según la tradición obró el dios.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 78»

«At first the mystery was a purely magical ceremony, but with time it acquired a spiritual and moral content»de Macchioro: el misterio empezó como ceremonia puramente mágica y con el tiempo adquirió contenido espiritual y moral.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 78»

«Theologians said that it was the Titanic nature innate in the body from which man must free himself to reunite with the Dionysiac nature through the agency of the mysteries»de Macchioro: los teólogos ponían en el cuerpo la naturaleza titánica de la que el hombre debe liberarse para reunirse con la dionisíaca por medio de los misterios.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 79»

«Thus the Orphic Mystery took a lofty moral and spiritual significance and exercised great influence on lofty souls such as Heraclitus, Pindar and Plato, and when Christianity spread it was Orphism that gave the fundamentals to the Pauline theology»de Macchioro, la adjudicación más fuerte de toda la cita: el orfismo influyó en Heráclito, Píndaro y Platón, y dio los fundamentos a la teología paulina.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 79»

«Protected by the state, glorified by artists and poets, they were the centre of Greek life and flourished uninterruptedly from the eighth century B.C. to the year A.D. 396 when Eleusis was destroyed by mobs of monks»de Macchioro: los misterios eleusinos florecieron sin interrupción desde el siglo VIII a.C. hasta el 396 d.C., cuando Eleusis fue destruida por turbas de monjes.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 79»

«The secrets, protected by law, were respected; we know as little of the Lesser Mysteries as we do of the Greater, that supreme vision which crowned the series of ceremonies on the last day»de Macchioro: la ley protegió los secretos y se respetaron, de modo que se sabe tan poco de los Misterios Menores como de los Mayores.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 79»

«Now as the sacramental drama consisted in the repetition of the actions of the god to obtain by this imitation communion with him, this explains why the neophyte, or the youth on her behalf, gazes on the mirror as Dionysus did so as to become as Dionysus and die with him»de Macchioro, sobre la escena del espejo: como el drama sacramental consistía en repetir los actos del dios, la neófita mira el espejo como Dioniso para llegar a ser Dioniso y morir con él.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 82»

«'6. The neophyte after receiving the annunciation would now become the mystical bride of Dionysus, and to signify symbolically this wedlock she is about to uncover a huge phallus which she has brought in a sacred basket»de Macchioro, escena 6: la neófita pasa a ser la novia mística de Dioniso y descubre el falo que ha traído en un cesto sagrado.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 82»

«Physically she does not die, but she passes symbolically through death and dies mystically as the stigmatists die crucified in Christ»de Macchioro, sobre la flagelación ritual: la neófita no muere físicamente, pasa simbólicamente por la muerte y muere místicamente como los estigmatizados mueren crucificados en Cristo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 82»

«'8. Dead with Zagreus, she is now born again with him; that is to say, she has become a bacchante and is no more a woman but a divine human being»de Macchioro, escena 8: muerta con Zagreo renace con él, se vuelve bacante y deja de ser mujer para ser un ser humano divino.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 82»

«Man has become God, and Dionysus is present unseen at the miracle»de Macchioro, el remate de la serie: el hombre se ha hecho Dios, y Dioniso asiste invisible al milagro.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 82»

«The Orphic Mysteries were as we know prohibited by the Senatus Consultum (De Bacchanalibus) after they had given rise to scandals; but the most curious point is that according to Livy these scandals happened precisely in Campania and the initiations were by women and took place by day»de Macchioro, el argumento con que cierra: según Livio los escándalos que provocaron la prohibición ocurrieron precisamente en Campania, con iniciaciones de mujeres y de día, y el fresco muestra una mujer iniciada con una ventana enorme que acredita la luz diurna.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 83»

«More recent investigations have shown that this villa belonged to some of the Imperial family and the high priestess in the frescoes has been identified as a portrait of the owner, though her name has not yet been ascertained»ya en voz de Gardner, tras cerrar la cita: investigaciones recientes dan la villa a la familia imperial y la sacerdotisa del fresco por retrato de la dueña, cuyo nombre no se ha determinado.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 83»

«I showed a picture of these frescoes to an English witch, who looked at it very attentively before saying: 'So they knew the secret in those days»pone el reconocimiento en boca de una bruja inglesa a la que dice haber mostrado el fresco. La identificación entre el culto y los misterios antiguos la sostiene aquí ella, no él.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 83»

«I think all priests in ancient times were regenerated, made holy by some such means, and at times laymen also; whether this made them minor priests or not I do not know»conjetura, con dos abstenciones seguidas, que todos los sacerdotes antiguos se regeneraban por algún medio así, y a veces también legos, sin saber si eso los hacía sacerdotes menores.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 83»

«In Athens we know that practically all the Greek population were initiated, including the slaves, and that the State paid the fees of the poor; but no foreigner»da el dato ateniense: se iniciaba prácticamente a toda la población, esclavos incluidos, con el Estado pagando la cuota de los pobres.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 83»

«Though some may pay more honour to the Virgin and the Saints than others, and the people who thus worship are on the whole good and worthy people and obviously would not so worship if the religion were evil, so when we find that the greatest and best men of the ancient world belonged to the initiates, we may be sure the mysteries were not just orgies»argumenta desde la calidad de los iniciados: como los mejores hombres del mundo antiguo estaban entre ellos, podemos estar seguros de que los misterios no eran solo orgías.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 84»

«Lewis Spence in his Occult Encyclopaedia says: 'Pictures, mosaics and sculptures show the initiates as naked, one carrying corn, another fire, some sacred baskets with serpents, women, or goddesses, initiating men...these were secret cults into which only certain people were admitted after preliminary»cita a Lewis Spence y su Occult Encyclopaedia sobre las imágenes de iniciados desnudos con espigas, fuego y cestos con serpientes, y mujeres o diosas iniciando a hombres.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 84»

«I think it is at least plausible to believe that all this was not playacting, but that there was a serious reason behind it»declara plausible que todo aquello no fuera representación sino que tuviera una razón seria detrás, y lo enuncia como creencia y no como hecho.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 85»

«Again I repeat that I do not say that they could in fact do all this; but I do say that witches believe that they themselves can»repite la distinción que sostiene todo el libro: no dice que puedan hacer todo eso, dice que las brujas creen que ellas mismas pueden.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 85»

«I expect many people will attack this view and I only hope that they will»invita a que ataquen su tesis: espera que muchos lo hagan.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 85»

«That at them there were orgies at times is common knowledge; no one attempts to deny the facts; but whether they were much more than beanfeasts is a moot point»concede sin regatear que hubo orgías en los misterios y deja abierto lo demás: nadie niega el hecho, pero es discutible que fueran mucho más que comilonas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 86»

«When the mysteries came to Rome it is true that the local criminals infiltrated into them and there was trouble; these being removed the cult went on happily»explica los escándalos romanos por infiltración de delincuentes locales, y sostiene que al removerlos el culto siguió en paz.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 86»

«Many have the fire indeed, without the power to discover it': that is, 'All are not true initiates»recoge el dicho sobre los portadores del tirso y lo glosa dentro de la misma línea: muchos tienen el fuego sin poder descubrirlo, es decir, no todos son iniciados verdaderos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 87»

«Who can question the extraordinary power of woman over man? Whether questioned or reasoned about, it always remains the irresistible factor of life. This power is a divine gift and therefore induces more than merely sex attraction. With any woman, young, beautiful and vivacious, her influence for good or evil is overwhelming. When moved by high principle and purpose, womankind can elevate and ennoble man.' - A Suggestive Inquiry, etc., by A.J. Attwood»cita el pasaje sobre el poder de la mujer sobre el hombre como don divino, y lo atribuye a A Suggestive Inquiry de A.J. Attwood. La obra es la Suggestive Inquiry into the Hermetic Mystery de Mary Anne Atwood; las iniciales impresas aquí no son las suyas y la atribución se consigna tal como el libro la imprime.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 87»

«all the ancient peoples were happy and involved feasting, dancing in the gods' honour and rejoicing generally, with the exception of the later Jews and possibly of the Egyptians»generaliza el carácter festivo del culto antiguo —banquete, danza en honor de los dioses y alegría— y pone sus dos excepciones: los judíos tardíos y quizá los egipcios. La frase arranca en la plana anterior, donde dice que esto vale no solo para los sacrificios a los dioses generativos sino para el culto de todo dios.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 88»

«It is highly probable that the early Jewish rites were festive also, though reformers constantly strove to abolish all mention of this, and there is no doubt that the Bible has been tampered with to this end»extiende esa tesis a los ritos judíos primitivos con un highly probable, y añade sin reserva que la Biblia fue manipulada para borrar el rastro.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 88»

«Studies of the magic and ritual of Africa have in the last few years established with some certainty that all the systems for the disturbance of consciousness practised by the African Negro are derived from ancient Egypt»de Pennethorne Hughes, página 23 de su libro, citado por Gardner y NO voz suya: los sistemas africanos para perturbar la consciencia derivarían todos del antiguo Egipto.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 89»

«The ritual of the Druids is said to copy that of Osiris; Odin himself is believed to be merely a frosty version of Osiris»de Hughes, en la misma cita: el ritual de los druidas copiaría el de Osiris, y Odín sería una versión helada de Osiris.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 89»

«Witchcraft almost everywhere had two main derivatives to which its other formative influences became attached; the fertility cults persisting from the indigenous inhabitants of any area, and the latter "magical" practices derived through direct or distorting channels from the centralising Egyptian source»de Hughes: la brujería tendría dos derivaciones principales, los cultos de fertilidad indígenas y las prácticas mágicas venidas de la fuente egipcia.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 89»

«I have seen seven witches' swords; of these, four had apparently been made for sorcerers, according to the pattern prescribed in the Key of Solomon, with Hebrew inscriptions on hilt and blade»da su propio dato de museo: de siete espadas de brujas que dice haber visto, cuatro parecían hechas para hechiceros según el patrón de la Clavícula de Salomón, con inscripciones hebreas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 90»

«The statement that all the systems for the disturbance of consciousness used by African Negroes are derived from ancient Egypt is extremely interesting, as is the natural suggestion that they took these powers with them to America»marca como extremadamente interesante la tesis de Hughes y le añade la sugerencia natural: que esos poderes viajaran con ellos a América.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 90»

«I was also told that it had been clearly proved that Voodoo was not African but was compounded in the French West Indies by French half-castes, from European magic, inverted Roman Catholicism and mixed memories of different African religions»consigna la versión contraria que le contaron en Nueva Orleans: que el vudú no es africano sino compuesto en las Antillas francesas con magia europea, catolicismo invertido y memorias africanas mezcladas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 91»

«I cannot say if this is right; but if some of these French half-castes had a witch tradition this would account for all the resemblances»se abstiene de decidir entre las dos versiones y ofrece la condición que reconciliaría la suya: si esos mestizos franceses tenían tradición de brujas, quedarían explicados los parecidos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 91»

«I think Pythagoras, who is generally credited with bringing the mysteries to Greece, was not the sort of man who would have had anything to do with blood sacrifices or other objectionable practices»separa a Pitágoras de los sacrificios de sangre por carácter, no por documento: no le parece hombre que hubiera tenido que ver con eso.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 91»

«The writings of witches speak with horror of the practice of sorcerers using blood to gain power»cita el horror con que los escritos de las brujas hablan de los hechiceros que usan sangre para ganar poder.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 91»

«The mysteries, in Greece and Rome at least, were secret cults to which only the initiated were admitted after being prepared and purified and passing ordeals to prove their worth»define los misterios griegos y romanos por el filtro de entrada: cultos secretos donde solo se admitía a los iniciados tras prepararse, purificarse y superar pruebas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 91»

«As the late Dean Inge said: 'What has the religion of the Greeks to teach us that we are in danger of forgetting? In a word, it is the faith that Truth is our friend and that knowledge of Truth is not beyond our reach.'»cita al deán Inge sobre lo que la religión griega enseña y estamos en peligro de olvidar: la fe en que la Verdad es amiga nuestra y su conocimiento no está fuera de alcance.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 92»

«We see the Roman priest in his temple crudely and literally emasculating his followers»traza el paralelo con que cierra el capítulo, entre el sacerdote romano que emasculaba literalmente a sus fieles y la autoridad moderna que hace lo mismo por medios más suaves.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 93»

«The Bishop of Ossory charged her with witchcraft under the new Bulls issued by Pope John XXII, and she was tried in 1324»data el proceso de Alice Kyteler en 1324 y lo pone bajo las bulas nuevas de Juan XXII, con el obispo de Ossory como acusador.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 94»

«The court obviously believed she had been practising witchcraft, but saw no particular harm in it»lee el fallo como indicio de la actitud de la época: el tribunal creía que había practicado brujería y no le veía particular daño.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 94»

«Again he could not obtain a conviction; the nobles protected her and she got away to England»registra el desenlace: el obispo no logró condena, los nobles la protegieron y ella escapó a Inglaterra.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 94»

«In Lady Kyteler's case there was sufficient evidence to prove the existence of witchcraft and of a coven of thirteen»toma el caso como evidencia de dos cosas a la vez: la existencia de la brujería y la de un aquelarre de trece.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 95»

«The second charge against her was that 'she was wont to offer sacrifices to devils, live animals which she and her company tore limb from limb, and made oblation by scattering them at the crossways to a certain demon called Robin, son of Artes, or Robinartison'»cita el segundo cargo del proceso: sacrificios de animales vivos descuartizados y esparcidos en las encrucijadas para un demonio llamado Robin, hijo de Artes.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 95»

«There was another charge of sacrificing red cocks to Robin, who is described as being 'Aethiopian' - in other words, a Negro»añade el cargo de los gallos rojos y la descripción del tal Robin como etíope, que él traduce a su propio término.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 95»

«Thus we may presume that a witch cult which had some resemblance to the cult of Dionysus was in full swing at that date and consisted of both Irish and English members»deriva del caso, con un thus we may presume, un culto con parecidos al de Dioniso activo en esa fecha y compuesto por irlandeses e ingleses.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 95»

«Mr. Hughes mentions that the municipal archives of Exeter show that in 1302 the Grand Jury found that 'Dionysia Baldwyn does often receive John and Agnes de Wormhille and Joan de Cornwale of Taignmouth who are witches; and the said Dionysia consorts with them.'»trae de Hughes el registro municipal de Exeter de 1302, con nombres propios: Dionysia Baldwyn recibiendo a tres personas tenidas por brujas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 95»

«Actually in those days the courts seem to have believed that there was no harm in witchcraft»generaliza la actitud judicial de la época: los tribunales parecen haber creído que la brujería no hacía daño.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 96»

«The Sites Partidas of Castille, circa 1260, says it should be punished if it causes harm, but that it is thought valuable for curing diseases»cita las Partidas de Castilla, hacia 1260, que mandan castigarla si causa daño y la tienen por valiosa para curar enfermedades.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 96»

«I have been told of a witch cult in Southern Ireland practising nowadays, but I have not been able to contact it»declara el límite de su información sobre el culto irlandés vivo: le hablaron de él y no logró contactarlo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 96»

«It is said that part of the initiation ceremony of the man is called Diana's Hunt, when all the single and unattached girls chase the initiate and whoever catches him beats him and then takes him under her guidance, it having usually been arranged beforehand who should catch him»describe de oídas la Cacería de Diana, la parte de la iniciación masculina en que las muchachas persiguen al iniciado, con el detalle de que suele estar arreglado de antemano quién lo atrapa.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 96»

«The problem in investigating such a case is to find out whether the cult is an ancient one or whether it is of recent origin»formula el problema de método que el caso plantea: averiguar si el culto es antiguo o de origen reciente.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 96»

«The name Diana sounds a little like a modern invention; but from the Renaissance onwards there have been many classical scholars who might have applied this name to an ancient goddess»sospecha del nombre Diana por moderno, y en la misma frase se lo concede a los eruditos posteriores al Renacimiento que pudieron aplicárselo a una diosa antigua.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 97»

«The people I know are taught never to use blood or to make sacrifices; but the Irish coven seemingly use them and they are used in Voodoo»opone las dos prácticas sin armonizarlas: a los suyos les enseñan a no usar nunca sangre ni sacrificios, y el aquelarre irlandés al parecer los usa, igual que el vudú.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 98»

«Mr. Hughes says: 'Witchcraft proper only exists where the powers called upon are consciously felt to be evil ones, and those concerned in the operation are seeking aid from some force exterior to accepted conditions and beliefs.'»cita la definición de brujería de Hughes —solo la hay donde los poderes invocados se sienten conscientemente como malignos— para volverla contra él.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 99»

«If this is true, then the witches of whom I have been speaking are not witches at all»saca la consecuencia de esa definición ajena: si es cierta, las brujas de las que habla no son brujas en absoluto.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 99»

«They are the people who call themselves the Wida, the 'wise people', who practise the age-old rites and who have, along with much superstition and herbal knowledge, preserved an occult teaching and working processes which they themselves think to be magic or witchcraft»da entonces el nombre que ellas se dan —la capa de texto imprime Wida, los sabios— y les atribuye una enseñanza oculta conservada junto con superstición y saber de hierbas. Dieciséis líneas después el mismo pasaje imprime Wica, así que una de las dos grafías es ruido de OCR y se cita como viene, sin corregir.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 99»

«These Wica generally work for good purposes and help those in trouble to the best of their ability»la segunda grafía del mismo nombre, Wica, con lo que atribuye a ese grupo obrar por lo general para bien y ayudar al que está en apuros. Ninguna de las dos veces el texto de 1954 escribe Wicca con doble c: esa forma solo aparece en el aparato editorial de la reedición.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 99»

«I think the answer to this statement lies in the Jesuits' reported dictum: 'Evil deeds are always permissible for a good purpose, or when they are to the benefit of the Order' - which is also a matter for the theologians»responde a Hughes con el dictamen que atribuye a los jesuitas —los actos malos son lícitos para un buen fin— y le devuelve la cuestión a los teólogos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 99»

«In the Middle Ages whenever typhus fever broke out, as it did very frequently, it was a stock thing to say the witches or the Jews had poisoned the wells»registra el lugar común medieval que emparejaba a brujas y judíos como envenenadores de pozos cada vez que estallaba el tifus.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 100»

«The most obvious form of doing evil is by sympathetic magic, the making of images»nombra la forma más obvia de hacer daño según él: la magia simpatética, la fabricación de imágenes.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 100»

«if the victim knows it is being done and firmly believes that it will kill him, then he can frighten himself to death»da su explicación del mecanismo, dentro de una condicional: si la víctima sabe que se hace y cree firmemente que la matará, puede morirse de miedo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 100»

«In 1318 the Bishop of Troyes was tried, the evidence showing that he had made a wax image of the Queen of France, and that after doing various indignities to it, burned it, and so the Queen died!»trae el caso del obispo de Troyes, juzgado en 1318 por hacer una imagen de cera de la reina de Francia y quemarla, con el remate en signo de admiración.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 100»

«Mr. Hughes goes on to say (page 146): 'Witches cast spells, they raised havoc, they poisoned, they aborted cattle and inhibited human beings, they served the Devil, parodied Christian practices, allied themselves with the King's enemies, they copulated with other witches in male and female form whom they took to be incubi or succubi, they committed abuses with domestic animals»cita la lista de cargos de Hughes, página 146, con toda su extensión: sortilegios, veneno, aborto del ganado, servicio al Diablo, parodia del cristianismo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 100»

«I presume he thinks he knows what he is talking about, so let me reassure him that to the best of my knowledge most of these accusations are false»responde a esa lista con la fórmula que usa en todo el libro: hasta donde sabe, casi todas esas acusaciones son falsas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 101»

«Witches did cast spells, to stop Hitler landing after France fell»concede el único sortilegio que sostiene como hecho, y lo fecha: las brujas obraron para impedir el desembarco de Hitler tras la caída de Francia.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 101»

«I doubt if witches ever raised havoc; at least I've never heard of their doing so, and I and they do not know how they would set about it; I would like information on the subject - dates and places, please?»pide datos a su adversario en vez de negar de plano, y deja constancia de su propia ignorancia: ni él ni ellas sabrían cómo hacerlo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 101»

«I cannot say no witch ever inhibited any human beings, or aborted cattle, any more than I can say no Bishop ever killed anyone by magic or poison»marca la simetría del argumento: no puede afirmar que ninguna bruja lo hiciera, como tampoco que ningún obispo matara por magia o veneno.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 101»

«It is certain that from the orgy of persecution, as in the earlier cases of persecutions against the various sects of heretics, someone obtained enormous loot, and, of course, it is true that these people were guilty of worshipping their own god in their own way»separa dos cosas en la misma frase: alguien obtuvo un botín enorme de la persecución, y es cierto que esa gente adoraba a su propio dios a su manera.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 102»

«The important resemblances are not in the stock charges, but in little, unimportant things, and many of these resemble what is still done today in Africa, America and Madagascar, of which the Inquisitors had no knowledge»da su argumento contra la tesis de las listas dictadas: los parecidos que importan no están en los cargos de repertorio sino en detalles menores que coinciden con lo que hoy se hace en África, América y Madagascar, y que los inquisidores no conocían.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 102»

«Paul Carus in The History of the Devil, page 323 (Archives of the International Folk Lore Association), calls the Malleus Maleficarum, or Witch-Hammer, the most infamous work ever written»cita a Paul Carus, La historia del Diablo, llamando al Malleus Maleficarum la obra más infame jamás escrita.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 103»

«It advises beginning a trial with the question 'whether or not the person on trial believes in witchcraft', and adds: 'mind that witches generally deny the question.'»reproduce de Carus la instrucción del manual: empezar preguntando si el reo cree en la brujería, advirtiendo que las brujas suelen negarlo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 103»

«If the culprit denies, then the inquisitor continues: 'Well then, whenever witches are burnt, they are innocently condemned.'»reproduce la trampa completa: si niega, el inquisidor replica que entonces las brujas quemadas fueron condenadas siendo inocentes.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 103»

«To plead ignorance was of no avail, for the refusal of a confession was counted a crime under the name maleficium taciturnitatis»da el nombre técnico del callejón: negarse a confesar era en sí delito, el maleficium taciturnitatis.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 103»

«The average person conveniently forgets that this was done, if indeed he ever knew; but witches do not forget that this or similar treatment was meted out to their ancestors, and the days of persecution are not over, at least in many places, so the witch still keeps underground»da la razón que atribuye a la clandestinidad presente: las brujas no olvidan lo que se hizo a sus antepasados y los días de persecución no han terminado en muchos sitios.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 105»

«When a poor wretch was tortured enough, they would dictate to him what to say, and whom to implicate»describe el procedimiento que vuelve inútil la confesión como prueba: al torturado se le dictaba qué decir y a quién implicar.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 105»

«Aldous Huxley in his most enlightening book The Devils of Loudun tells (page 177) of the tortures and death of one Grandier in 1634 on the charge of bewitching some nuns. The particulars are taken from the Court Records and are authentic: 'In the presence of two apothecaries and several doctors Grandier was stripped, shaved all over and then systematically pricked to the bone with a long, sharp probe»cita a Aldous Huxley, Los demonios de Loudun, página 177, sobre la tortura y muerte de Grandier en 1634 por embrujar a unas monjas, y hace notar que los detalles vienen de las actas del proceso.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 105»

«The judges saw the defendant only three times in all. Then, after the usual pious preliminaries they rendered their decision; it was unanimous»sigue con Huxley: los jueces vieron al acusado tres veces en total y dictaron sentencia unánime.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 106»

«He was finally burnt alive, care being taken to see that his death was a most painful one»cierra el caso: fue quemado vivo, con cuidado de que la muerte fuera lo más dolorosa posible.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 107»

«How far they, or some of them, were technically guilty is ground for dispute, but very many were doubtless innocent of any conscious heresy»pone el matiz sobre los perseguidos en conjunto: hasta qué punto algunos eran culpables es discutible, y muchísimos eran sin duda inocentes de herejía consciente.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 107»

«Mr. Hughes goes on to say that the witch cult conducted a Black Mass where Christian practices were ridiculed and the Devil received homage and praise»recoge de Hughes el cargo de que el culto celebraba una Misa Negra donde se ridiculizaba lo cristiano y se rendía homenaje al Diablo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 107»

«the 'cakes and wine' which may be an imitation of the ancient Christian Agape, the love feast, though I think it is much older»ofrece a cambio lo único que puede parecerse: los pasteles y el vino, que a su juicio son mucho más antiguos que el ágape cristiano al que podrían imitar.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 108»

«I do not say that the Black Mass has never been celebrated, but I do say that it is not done by witches, to the best of my knowledge»separa una vez más la existencia del hecho de su atribución: no dice que la Misa Negra no se haya celebrado nunca, dice que no la hacen las brujas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 108»

«We must accept the fact that, though the cult is very interesting and in part extremely fine, it is primitive, and when people 'let loose' in any community, then things are bound to happen and they do things which they would not normally do on their own»admite el carácter primitivo del culto y lo que se sigue de ello cuando la gente se suelta, sin defenderlo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 108»

«We talk a great deal of religious freedom, of our rights, and the liberty of the subject, but we still deny all liberty to witches»formula el reclamo político del libro: hablamos de libertad religiosa y seguimos negándosela por entero a las brujas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 108»

«This was SIN to what Chesterton called 'that gang of revolting Calvin-ists', though St. Thomas Aquinas only says: 'All dancers are not necessarily damned.'»cita a santo Tomás para desactivar la condena puritana de la danza: no todos los danzantes están necesariamente condenados.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 108»

«I am told that in the olden days witches had knowledge of a herb called Kat which, when mixed with incense, would release the»registra de oídas la hierba llamada Kat, que mezclada con incienso liberaría el poder, y en la línea siguiente admite que ya no saben cuáles eran esas hierbas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 108»

«The story of these pacts is rather naive, but there was a belief in them, and Grimoires, textbooks of semi-Black Magic, were printed, professing to tell one how to raise the Devil and conclude a pact with him, and at the same time to trick him»describe los grimorios como manuales de magia semi-negra impresos para enseñar a alzar al Diablo, pactar con él y engañarlo a la vez.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 110»

«Now each coven is independent, and during the fierce persecution the members of some of them may have used some sort of pact to bind them together; but this would not have had any»concede como posible que durante la persecución algunos aquelarres usaran alguna forma de pacto para ligarse entre sí, y lo separa del pacto diabólico.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 110»

«as they interested Aleister Crowley fifty years ago. He belonged to the witch cult; he certainly knew about it and he may have had some hand in reconstructing rituals»afirma sin reserva que Crowley pertenecía al culto de las brujas y que ciertamente lo conocía, y le concede con un may haber tenido parte en la RECONSTRUCCIÓN de rituales. Es la contraparte de la p. 40, donde lo descarta como inventor: aquí lo pone dentro del culto y cerca del texto.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 111»

«If he did, he kept his oaths of secrecy and never gave a hint of it away in any of his many writings»añade la razón por la que eso no puede comprobarse en sus escritos: guardó sus juramentos y nunca dio indicio de ello.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 111»

«In ancient times probably many magicians, amongst the scholars and learned men, before and during the fall of Byzantium, came West and many may have made contact with the cult; also men who read forbidden books would be apt to come to the only places where they could meet people with free minds, the houses of the witches»propone el contacto entre magos y culto por la vía de la libertad de palabra: quienes leían libros prohibidos irían a los únicos lugares donde podía hablarse con mente libre, las casas de las brujas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 111»

«There are resemblances to Freemasonry in certain parts of the rites which I think can-not be due to chance, so I think the one influenced the other»declara que los parecidos entre partes del rito y la masonería no pueden ser casuales, y de ahí concluye que uno influyó en el otro sin decir cuál.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 111»

«And it is probable that all these people may have brought some new ideas into the cult; but I think the only great changes were made in Roman times when contact was made with the mysteries, although this is all guesswork on my part»pone el límite del capítulo entero en la misma frase en que fecha los grandes cambios en época romana: todo eso es conjetura suya.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 111»

«The numbers 3, 5, 8, 13 and 40 are thought good or lucky and all these numbers have significance attached to them»da los números del culto —3, 5, 8, 13 y 40— como buenos o afortunados, con significado atribuido a cada uno.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 111»

«Because three and five make eight, many things must be in eights; but eight and five make thirteen, so thirteen is another good number; but since five eights, or three covens and a leader, make forty, forty is a good number and certain things must be forty»expone la aritmética que sostiene esa numerología: tres y cinco dan ocho, ocho y cinco dan trece, y cinco ochos, o tres aquelarres y un jefe, dan cuarenta.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 112»

«The leader may be a man or a woman, but a high priestess (whom they may borrow from another coven, if they have not got one of their own available) must be present to celebrate the rites»da la regla de composición del aquelarre: el jefe puede ser hombre o mujer, pero para celebrar los ritos tiene que estar presente una suma sacerdotisa, prestada de otro aquelarre si hace falta.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 112»

«But unless you undergo the marriage or baptismal rites you are not married or baptised; neither does knowing how a marriage is performed give you power to marry someone else»marca la diferencia entre saber y estar investido: conocer cómo se celebra un rito no da poder para celebrarlo, igual que con el matrimonio o el bautismo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 112»

«It is certain that long ago there was some sort of central authority, exercised by a common leader, whom the Church called the Devil, but they know nothing of this nowadays and would not know how to recognise him if he turned up»sostiene que hubo hace mucho una autoridad central, a la que la Iglesia llamó el Diablo, y añade que hoy no saben nada de ella ni sabrían reconocerla.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 114»

«In Italy witches are said to say 'six and seven' as a password, because it would be dangerous to say thirteen; these numbers of course add up to thirteen»registra el santo y seña italiano de seis y siete en lugar de trece, con la razón: decir trece sería peligroso.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 114»

«They have no regular system of passwords, that I could discover, to recognise each other by»declara no haber podido descubrir ningún sistema regular de contraseñas para reconocerse entre ellos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 114»

«Perhaps they did not recognise where one began and the other ended, but they used them all together and called and thought of them all as 'the craft', or magic»describe la indistinción con que sus practicantes usaban religión, magia y saber de hierbas: quizá no distinguían dónde acababa una y empezaba otra, y a todo lo llamaban el oficio.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 116»

«This knowledge of poisons, as I have said, is not necessarily evil; it is how that knowledge is used that matters»repite sobre el saber de venenos la fórmula con que trata todo poder: no es malo en sí, importa el uso.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 116»

«That it was not done on any large scale is proved by the fact that there was no large death-roll among the active persecutors of the witches»da un argumento por ausencia de cadáveres: que no se hiciera a gran escala se ve en que no hubo gran mortandad entre los perseguidores activos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 116»

«When the State religion became officially and truly Christian, and the Church had obtained real power, these goings-on were frowned upon; all respectable folk were expected to conform to Christian principles, at least in public, and slowly this came to pass»fecha el cambio en el momento en que el Estado se hace cristiano de verdad y la Iglesia tiene poder real: entonces se esperó de todos la conformidad, al menos en público.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 116»

«It is said that King Edward III saved one witch from certain torture at that famous incident to which the origin of the Order of the Garter was ascribed»registra el relato de que Eduardo III salvó a una bruja de la tortura en el incidente al que se atribuye el origen de la Orden de la Jarretera.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 117»

«The nobles probably protected those whom they could, but many nobles were themselves attacked and convicted, as was the Duchess of Gloucester and Margery Jourdemain, the Witch of Eye»anota que muchos nobles fueron ellos mismos atacados y condenados, y nombra a la duquesa de Gloucester y a Margery Jourdemain, la Bruja de Eye.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 117»

«Froissart's words imply that Edward perfectly understood the underlying meaning of the Garter, for he says: 'The King told them it should prove an excellent expedient for uniting not only his subjects one with another but all foreigners conjunctively with them in the bonds of amity and peace.'»cita a Froissart sobre las palabras de Eduardo, y las lee como prueba de que el rey entendía el sentido subyacente de la Jarretera.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 118»

«It is noteworthy also that the Black Book containing the institution of the Garter was taken away and destroyed not long after his death»hace notar la desaparición del Libro Negro con la institución de la Jarretera, retirado y destruido poco después de su muerte.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 118»

«All this may be purely coincidence, and coincidence killed the Professor»se ríe de su propio método con una fórmula que deja escrita la objeción: todo puede ser coincidencia, y la coincidencia mató al profesor.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 119»

«But if no one mentions coincidences, there is little chance of finding further facts; and there is the undoubted fact that the garter is a badge of rank among witches, and further there is a prehistoric rock drawing in France supposed to represent a magical witch ceremony, twelve women dancing round a man who is stark naked except for garters»da a pesar de eso sus dos hechos: la liga es insignia de rango entre las brujas, y hay un dibujo rupestre francés con doce mujeres danzando en torno a un hombre desnudo salvo las ligas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 119»

«A very common but untrue charge against witches was that initiates were required to abjure Christianity»niega el cargo de abjuración obligatoria del cristianismo en la iniciación, y lo llama común y falso a la vez.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 119»

«The pact with the Devil is nonsense; the only promise is one of secrecy and to help one's brothers and sisters when in need»reduce el pacto a dos promesas: secreto, y ayuda a los hermanos y hermanas en necesidad. El pacto con el Diablo lo llama sin más un disparate.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 119»

«It is possible that the grandfathers of some of these people may have called their leader the Devil in the days when it was considered rather advanced to talk of the Devil»concede como posible que los abuelos de algunos llamaran Diablo a su jefe en los días en que hablar del Diablo resultaba avanzado.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 120»

«Recent experiments by the Nazis have proved that people can be made to say anything under torture»apoya su argumento sobre las confesiones en un dato contemporáneo suyo: los experimentos nazis mostraron que bajo tortura puede hacerse decir cualquier cosa.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 120»

«It is noticeable that much of what our witches confessed to is borne out by the practices of the West Indian and Congo witches of today, and that things told by Arabian writers of long ago are practised by witches in Madagascar today»da su prueba de continuidad transcultural: lo que confesaron las brujas inglesas coincide con lo que hoy practican las del Caribe y el Congo, y lo que contaron autores árabes con lo que hoy se hace en Madagascar.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 120»

«In early days very many children were brought up as witches»fecha la crianza dentro del culto en los primeros tiempos: muchísimos niños fueron criados como brujas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 120»

«Most of them were born into the cult, but sometimes outsiders were recruited from those wishing to gain occult powers»matiza esa regla en el mismo párrafo: la mayoría nacía dentro, pero a veces se reclutaba a extraños que buscaban poderes ocultos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 121»

«Membership of the cult meant torture and death if discovered, but it promised certain times of happiness»pone la balanza del ingreso en una sola frase: pertenecer significaba tortura y muerte si te descubrían, y prometía ciertos tiempos de felicidad.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 121»

«The faith of the cult is summed up in a witch's book I possess which states that they believed in gods who were not all-powerful»cita el libro de una bruja que posee, y la doctrina que resume: creían en dioses que no eran todopoderosos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 121»

«These rites were based on sympathetic magic, the idea that like attracts like»da el principio operativo de esos ritos: magia simpatética, la idea de que lo semejante atrae a lo semejante.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 121»

«Now I freely admit that there have been some cases of suspected poisoning, where witchcraft was also alleged»admite libremente los casos en que hubo sospecha de envenenamiento junto con la acusación de brujería.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 122»

«I think that I must make it clear that, as far as my experience goes, while the coven should traditionally have six couples and a leader in the circle, nowadays it may often have less»acota la composición del aquelarre a su propia experiencia: tradicionalmente seis parejas y un jefe en el círculo, y hoy a menudo menos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 123»

«Also, though the witch ideal is to form perfect couples of people ideally suited to each other and so in perfect sympathy, and to cause people to be suited to each other, nowadays this is not always possible»declara el ideal de las parejas perfectamente compenetradas y admite en la misma frase que hoy no siempre es posible.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 123»

«Another matter I must explain. At first I was puzzled by the absence of the Cup from the witches' working tools and the inclusion of the unimportant pentacle»registra su propio desconcierto inicial ante la ausencia de la Copa entre las herramientas de trabajo y la inclusión del pentáculo, que le parecía sin importancia.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 123»

«Witches are constantly accused of raising storms»consigna la acusación constante de levantar tormentas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 124»

«My informants simply do not know how to and, by the system of magic they use, I do not see how they could, except of course by asking their gods»responde con la ignorancia de sus informantes y con la suya propia sobre el método: no ve cómo podrían, salvo pidiéndoselo a sus dioses.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 124»

«Undoubtedly in the old days part of the witches' job was to work the weather, but this seems to have been done on witchdoctor lines: by their clairvoyant powers and observation they knew»reinterpreta el oficio antiguo de trabajar el tiempo como trabajo de observación: por clarividencia y observación sabían lo que venía.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 124»

«If fine harvesting weather could be expected, they told the farmer to let the crops ripen; if rain was coming, to call all hands to get the crops in and to get the roofs ready in case of impending storm»detalla ese servicio meteorológico: decir al granjero si dejar madurar la cosecha o llamar a todas las manos para recogerla y asegurar los techos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 125»

«During the Renaissance witchcraft might have been expected to revive; but at that time, though men's minds had suddenly become freer, they had also turned to Kabbalistic types of magic, and learning had suddenly discovered many new types of poison»explica por qué la brujería no revivió en el Renacimiento pese a la libertad de las mentes: se volcaron a la magia cabalística, y el saber descubrió muchos venenos nuevos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 126»

«After someone made a wax image of her and stuck pins in it, Elizabeth was persuaded that a witch or sorcerer had done it and passed a law against witchcraft and magic»da el origen que atribuye a la ley isabelina contra la brujería: alguien hizo una imagen de cera de la reina con alfileres y se la persuadió de que había sido un brujo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 126»

«It is said that the Great Rebellion was largely fomented because Charles I objected to people being condemned to death for witchcraft with no evidence, or against all evidence (vide Four Centuries of Witch Beliefs, by Mervyne Peake)»recoge la tesis de que la Gran Rebelión se fomentó en parte porque Carlos I se opuso a las condenas a muerte sin pruebas o contra ellas, y remite a Four Centuries of Witch Beliefs. El nombre de autor que la capa de texto imprime para ese libro queda pendiente de verificar contra el facsímil.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 127»

«I have heard it said: 'I'd simply love to bring Diana in, she would adore it and she has the powers, I know; but suppose in some unguarded moment she let it out at school that I was a witch?»cierra el capítulo con la voz de una bruja explicando por qué no inicia a su hija: el miedo a que lo diga en la escuela.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 127»

«In practice it appears to me that in summer the goddess takes precedence, riding on a broom (or other) stick before the god if he is present; but in winter he is not superior but merely her equal; they both ride side by side»describe la precedencia estacional entre diosa y dios tal como le parece verla en la práctica: en verano ella va delante, en invierno él es su igual y cabalgan a la par.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 128»

«It is true, of course, that in summer the main prayers are to the goddess, while in winter it is chiefly the god who is prayed to»da el correlato en las oraciones: en verano se dirigen sobre todo a la diosa, en invierno sobre todo al dios.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 128»

«Now the god is represented by the high priest (if there is one) and it is he who was called the Devil in the old days»hace la identificación central del capítulo: el dios está representado por el sumo sacerdote, y a ése lo llamaban el Diablo en los viejos tiempos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 128»

«Though members of the cult never use and, indeed, dislike the term, they knew what I meant and said: 'You know 'him, the leader. He is the high priest, the high priestess's husband.'»registra el rechazo de los propios miembros a ese término y la explicación que le dieron: es el jefe, el sumo sacerdote, el marido de la suma sacerdotisa.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 128»

«In practice, she always appoints her husband if he has sufficient rank; but she may appoint anyone who is eligible, including herself; she belts on a sword and acts as a man»da la potestad de la suma sacerdotisa para designar: en la práctica nombra a su marido si tiene rango, pero puede nombrar a cualquiera elegible, incluida ella misma, ciñéndose la espada y actuando como hombre.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 129»

«He was the horned god, received divine honours and possibly took precedence of the high priestess; but when the people of the mixed races became strong in the cult, I think there came a time when the masked (unknown) man took his place, and he was most likely a Norman manorial lord or local churchman who protected the cult in secret»propone su reconstrucción histórica del cargo: el dios cornudo tribal desplazado por un enmascarado desconocido, probablemente un señor normando o un eclesiástico local que protegía al culto en secreto.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 129»

«The Church called him the 'devil' and he became known as such»cierra la reconstrucción: a ése la Iglesia lo llamó el diablo y así se le conoció.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 129»

«The Devil is, or rather was, an invention of the Church»da la fórmula más rotunda del capítulo, sin modales: el Diablo es, o más bien era, una invención de la Iglesia.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 130»

«Witches found that the popular view that Satan was one of them added to their power, arid rather adopted it, though they never called him by that name»matiza esa rotundidad en la frase siguiente: las brujas vieron que la creencia popular en Satán aumentaba su poder y la adoptaron, aunque nunca lo llamaron por ese nombre.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 130»

«The isolated heads were found with human thigh-bones crossed under the chins, and one at least of the skeletons had such bones under its chin; this is still to be seen at Rushen Abbey»describe los enterramientos de la Isla de Man con cabezas separadas y fémures cruzados bajo el mentón, que dice que aún pueden verse en Rushen Abbey.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 130»

«It is fascinating but improbable to think that cult of Osiris could have reached the Isle of Man at this early date, and I would suggest that it has been sold by some unscrupulous pilgrim as the figure of a saint, if it were not for these reasons»pone su propia objeción a la lectura egipcia del hallazgo —fascinante pero improbable— y ofrece la alternativa del peregrino sin escrúpulos que lo vendería como santo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 131»

«But the skull and crossbones was not adopted by pirates until the seventeenth century, in spite of what movies or boys' books say»corrige de paso la cronología popular: los piratas no adoptaron la calavera con las tibias hasta el siglo XVII, digan lo que digan el cine y los libros para muchachos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 131»

«Professor Varley himself has no idea of the reason for or the meanings of these burials, and was interested to know of their occurring elsewhere»declara que el propio profesor Varley no tiene idea del motivo ni del sentido de esos enterramientos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 131»

«But cannibals would not fetch other bones to bury with the heads, and they usually split all the big bones to get the marrow, and these thigh-bones are all intact»descarta la explicación caníbal con dos observaciones materiales: no habrían traído otros huesos para enterrarlos con las cabezas, y suelen partir los huesos grandes para el tuétano.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 132»

«When I was made a Mason I was told the skull and crossbones represented 'death' and the blazing star 'resurrection'»declara su propia iniciación masónica y lo que ahí se le enseñó: la calavera con las tibias representa la muerte y la estrella flamígera la resurrección.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 132»

«Now a witch has eight working tools. Of these, five are used only for special purposes; but there are three that she must have in every operation, and cords are among these three»da el sistema de las herramientas: ocho en total, cinco para usos especiales y tres imprescindibles en toda operación, entre ellas los cordones.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 133»

«J.S.M. Ward in Who Was Hirim Abif? quotes the legends of the Jews, which give the twenty-two questions with which Balkis»nombra la fuente de las veintidós preguntas con que la reina de Saba probó a Salomón: J.S.M. Ward citando las leyendas de los judíos. La cadena de atribución es doble —las leyendas, según Ward, según Gardner— y la frase se corta en el cambio de plana, donde añade que esas preguntas remitirían a las ceremonias secretas de iniciación de Astarté y Tammuz.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 133»

«Which are the three that neither die, nor do they have bread put into them, yet they save lives from death?' Solomon: 'The Staff, the Cord, and the Ring»cita la pregunta novena y su respuesta —el Báculo, el Cordón y el Anillo—, que es el pasaje con el que enlaza las herramientas de la bruja.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 133»

«The Staff is the 'Wand' of the conductor of souls who conducts one through the Underworld»glosa el Báculo como la vara del conductor de almas que guía por el inframundo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 133»

«The Cord is the 'Cable Tow' with which the candidate is bound, a willing victim properly prepared for sacrifice»glosa el Cordón como la cuerda masónica con que se ata al candidato, víctima voluntaria preparada para el sacrificio.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 133»

«The 'Ring' symbolises the 'Vesica piscis' of rebirth»glosa el Anillo como la vesica piscis del renacimiento.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 133»

«Witches believe that much of their knowledge came from the East and they think there are witch practices described in the Kabbala, notably verses 964-969 of the Greater Holy Assembly of the Book of Zohar and elsewhere»atribuye a las brujas la creencia de que su saber vino de Oriente y la localización de prácticas suyas en el Zohar, con capítulo y versículos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 133»

«but I think it must have been a Kabbalist who pointed these passages out to them»pone su propia reserva a esa localización: cree que fue un cabalista quien les señaló esos pasajes, no ellas quienes los hallaron.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 133»

«The old superstition was that Woden was hunting and that no one could look on a god unharmed; he would be killed or blinded at the least»recoge la superstición de la Cacería de Woden y la sanción de mirar: nadie podía ver a un dios sin daño, y quien lo hiciera moría o quedaba ciego.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 134»

«Many people say: 'We have lived in England all our lives and have never seen a witch, so we don't believe they exist.' I can only say: 'I have been to Rome many times, but, though I've never had the pleasure of seeing the Pope, I do not doubt that he exists.'»responde al argumento de que nadie ha visto una bruja con la analogía del Papa: ha ido muchas veces a Roma sin verlo y no duda de que existe.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 136»

«Many people say: 'Witches use blood and all sorts of nasty things in their rites.' All I can say is: 'I have never seen it done, and my friends say they do not use them.'»responde a la acusación del uso de sangre con los dos grados de certeza separados: no lo ha visto hacer, y sus amigos dicen que no lo usan.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 136»

«Their writings forbid them to use blood or anything that can cause pain or fright, while admitting that freshly shed blood can give power, the actual words being»presenta la prohibición como texto escrito de ellos y anuncia que dará las palabras exactas, que admiten a la vez que la sangre recién vertida da poder.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 136»

«'I doubt whether performing a series of magical experiments to observe the result for the sake of psychic research would ever work»cita la respuesta de UNA bruja amiga a un miembro de la Sociedad de Investigación Psíquica, no un texto del culto: duda de que una serie de experimentos mágicos hechos para observar el resultado llegara a funcionar.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 137»

«Before you can do any harm to your enemy by means of a wax image you must be in a genuine and spontaneous rage, as you would need to be before you knocked him down physically»de la misma informante, la condición emocional del maleficio: hay que estar en cólera genuina y espontánea antes de dañar a nadie con una imagen de cera, como haría falta para derribarlo a golpes.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 137»

«These states of mind cannot be switched on and off at will to please the S.P.R»de la misma informante, la consecuencia: esos estados de ánimo no se encienden y apagan a voluntad para complacer a la Sociedad de Investigación Psíquica. Gardner añade después que es la opinión de una sola bruja, aunque la cree muy compartida.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 137»

«If you see anyone behaving as an animal, they have become an animal»cita lo que, según las brujas, se les decía en el tiempo de las hogueras: quien se comporta como animal se ha vuelto animal. La fórmula es de ellas y sirve para dar apariencia de verdad bajo tortura.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 138»

«Our gods are not all-powerful, they need our aid»de una bruja informante, la fórmula que define su teología frente a la cristiana: nuestros dioses no son todopoderosos, necesitan nuestra ayuda.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 138»

«When we die we go to the gods' domain, where having rested a while in their lovely country we are prepared to be born again on this earth»de la misma informante, el ciclo entero: al morir se va al dominio de los dioses, se descansa en su hermoso país y se queda dispuesto a nacer de nuevo en esta tierra.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 138»

«Being reborn again we ever progress, but to progress we must learn, and to learn ever means suffering»de la misma informante, el precio del progreso: se avanza renaciendo, y para aprender hay que sufrir siempre.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 139»

«We worship the divine spirit of Creation, which is the Life-Spring of the world and without which the world would perish»de la misma informante, el objeto del culto: el espíritu divino de la Creación, manantial de vida del mundo, sin el cual el mundo perecería.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 139»

«We only seek to live quietly and worship our gods in our own way and enjoy ourselves in our own fashion and be content and at peace»de OTRA informante, a la que Gardner cita a continuación: seleccionan a quienes tienen algo de poder innato y los enseñan, y solo buscan vivir en paz y adorar a sus dioses a su manera.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 139»

«Remember this: you will never advance if your blood is not stirred and quickened, for truly 'the Blood is the Life'»la fórmula sobre la sangre, con la cita bíblica dentro: no se avanza si la sangre no se agita, porque la Sangre es la Vida. El texto no marca de quién es la voz —viene tras el discurso de una informante y sin comillas—, y aquí no se le adjudica dueño.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 140»

«The late Aleister Crowley used occasionally to perform a ceremony, gashing his breast and using his blood, and it is quite possible some witches do this. All I can say is, I have no knowledge of its being done»registra que Crowley se sajaba el pecho para usar su propia sangre y concede como bastante posible que algunas brujas lo hagan, cerrando enseguida con su abstención habitual: no le consta. Es el tercer punto del libro donde acerca a Crowley a la práctica del culto.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 137»

«The fact is that the rites do affect many, if not all, of the people in a curious way, and they usually feel very much better after performing them»da el efecto observable que sí sostiene en voz propia: los ritos afectan de un modo curioso a muchos, si no a todos, y suelen quedar mucho mejor después.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 140»

«This is not merely suggestion, as initiates who know nothing about it feel just the same»añade el control que a su juicio descarta la sugestión: iniciados que no saben nada de ello sienten lo mismo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 140»

«I said: 'It is just suggestion,' but they insisted it was something more - that it was an old secret and could be used to make men fighting mad before a charge»cierra con el desacuerdo sin resolverlo: él lo llamó sugestión y ellos insistieron en que era algo más, un viejo secreto capaz de enardecer a los hombres antes de una carga.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 141»

«As Dr. Murray so forcibly stresses, and as I have endeavoured to tell in this book, witches were a very good and useful class of people»se apoya en Margaret Murray para el juicio de conjunto del libro: las brujas eran gente muy buena y útil.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 143»

«Robert Graves in his novel Seven Days in New Crete shows us an ideal world where people daringly experimented in all kinds of government and decided to go back to the type enjoyed by the people of ancient Crete, where they had a king to govern and carry out orders who was however 'removed' occasionally, while the whole running of the country was entrusted to witches, who took their responsibilities seriously, no politics being allowed»trae la novela de Robert Graves, Siete días en Nueva Creta, donde el gobierno del país se confía a las brujas y no se permite la política.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 143»

«It is believed by witches that by acting a part you really take on the nature of the thing you imitate»enuncia la doctrina de la imitación que sostiene el rito: representando un papel se asume realmente la naturaleza de lo imitado.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 144»

«That these beliefs may seem rather like children's games to some, does not alter the fact that primitive men do behave like this, and so do the witches»acepta que eso parezca juego de niños y no lo retira: los hombres primitivos se comportan así, y las brujas también.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 144»

«They reply: 'We quite agree; suggestion or the subconscious mind are simply some of the tools which we use to help to open the Door.'»pone en boca de ellas la respuesta a la objeción psicológica: aceptan que sean sugestión o subconsciente, y los llaman herramientas para abrir la Puerta.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 144»

«When you have experienced it, you don't believe, you KNOW»da la fórmula epistemológica del culto, con la mayúscula dentro: cuando lo has experimentado no crees, SABES.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 145»

«A quiet knowledge that you will do it, and a steady and regular performance of the rites, are all that is really necessary, although other things help»reduce el método a dos cosas: una certeza tranquila de que va a ocurrir y una ejecución regular y constante de los ritos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 145»

«There are a number of spiritual powers which many people do not recognise as such, e.g. the various forms of inspiration, music and poetry, clairvoyance and magical awareness; but the greatest of all these is love»jerarquiza los poderes espirituales que la gente no reconoce como tales —inspiración, música y poesía, clarividencia, conciencia mágica— y pone el amor por encima de todos.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 145»

«The first witches I met denied ever using blood in any way and I think they were speaking the truth according to their lights»acota la negación del uso de sangre a las primeras brujas que conoció y a su propia lectura de ellas: cree que decían la verdad según su entender.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 145»

«Of course the old stock charge of killing unbaptised babies is ridiculous; it was only invented to scare people into having their babies baptised and paying the fees»descarta el cargo de matar niños sin bautizar y le adjudica un móvil económico: se inventó para asustar a la gente y que bautizaran pagando las tasas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 146»

«I asked my friends what was the real meaning of the Sabbath and they don't know»declara la ignorancia de sus propios informantes sobre el sentido de la palabra Sabbath, tras habérselo preguntado.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 146»

«Plutarch in Synus, Vol. IV, 6, says that the Jews worship Dionysus and that their Sabbath was so named after Sabazius, which was one of his forms»trae a Plutarco, que da a los judíos por adoradores de Dioniso y hace venir su Sabbath de Sabazius, una de sus formas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 146»

«There would be no resident priests in the 'outlands', the witch districts, and services of the revival meeting type would be held by strolling priests, possibly on Sundays, and the phrase 'Sabbath Meetings' would become attached to them»ofrece su alternativa filológica: sacerdotes ambulantes celebrando reuniones de reavivamiento en los distritos de brujas, de donde el nombre quedaría pegado.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 146»

«But my friends do not say that this is necessarily gospel truth, it is only their own theory as to how it might have occurred»marca el estatuto de lo que acaba de contar: sus amigos no lo dan por verdad de evangelio, es solo su teoría de cómo pudo haber ocurrido.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 147»

«Witches have many formulae for making all sorts of charms, though few use them nowadays»registra la abundancia de fórmulas para hacer amuletos y, en la misma frase, su desuso: pocas las usan hoy.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 147»

«Myself, I think that there must be some story to the effect that the goddess always wore a necklace; I believe that Astarte always wore one and was known as the Goddess of the Necklace, being otherwise 'sky-clad', as they say in India»propone la razón del collar en un rasgo de la diosa: cree que Astarté lo llevaba siempre y era conocida como la Diosa del Collar, yendo por lo demás vestida de cielo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 149»

«I have known one or two witches who wear talismans on their necklaces, but these are mainly astrological, being made for the owner only, and they bear no witch signs, so that I am inclined to think that the necklace itself is the important thing[11]»separa el collar de los talismanes que algunas cuelgan de él: aquéllos son astrológicos y personales, sin signos brujos, de donde infiere que lo importante es el collar mismo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 149»

«There are no witch's supply stores, so a poor witch usually has to make or improvise her own tools»da la razón material de la improvisación: no hay tiendas de suministros para brujas, así que cada una hace o improvisa sus herramientas.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 149»

«Old tools are always preferred, as they are supposed to have Power»consigna la preferencia por las herramientas viejas y el motivo que se les atribuye: se supone que tienen Poder.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 149»

«An Athame (witch's knife), a censer, some cord and one or two other tools are quite enough to work with»enumera el equipo mínimo de trabajo: un athame, un incensario, cordón y una o dos herramientas más.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 149»

«For initiations the whole battery of tools has, of course, to be present; but these usually belong to the coven»distingue el equipo completo, necesario para las iniciaciones, que suele pertenecer al aquelarre y no a la persona.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 149»

«though it has never had any effect on me - or at least none that I noticed»declara sobre sí mismo el efecto nulo del aceite de unción, con la reserva puesta: ninguno que él notara.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 150»

«It is a powerful smell, and I think that, like the incense, it can have some effect on you if you are suggestible, which I am not; but part of the intention is to cause a shifting of the centres»explica el efecto del olor por sugestión, se excluye a sí mismo de los sugestionables y añade el propósito declarado: desplazar los centros.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 150»

«Of this 'exstasis', the best English translation is 'taking one out of oneself, taking him into communion with the god. But to attain this state lustration is at least advisable»traduce exstasis como sacarse a uno de sí mismo y llevarlo a comunión con el dios, y añade la condición previa: la lustración es al menos aconsejable.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 150»

«may the trance state be induced, though there are other methods, all to the end of escaping temporarily from the yoke of tradition, to make the soul free; in other words, it gives one something new to live for»define la finalidad del trance: escapar temporalmente del yugo de la tradición, liberar el alma, y en sus palabras dar algo nuevo por lo que vivir.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 150»

«Many people attempt this by drugs, or more crudely by alcohol. But these have extremely bad effects on the body, and any results are at the best often illusions»descarta drogas y alcohol como vías al mismo estado por sus efectos sobre el cuerpo y porque los resultados suelen ser ilusiones.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 150»

«It is estimated that about nine million people died by torture in one way or another during the persecution, and that quite possibly as»da la cifra que estima de muertos por tortura durante la persecución: unos nueve millones. Es una estimación que consigna sin fuente.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 150»

«Superstition is believing without evidence; science is testing a thing and only believing it when you obtain adequate proof»define su criterio de demarcación en una línea: la superstición cree sin evidencia y la ciencia somete a prueba y solo cree cuando obtiene prueba adecuada.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 151»

«Nowadays, however, many scientific men believe that living tissues emanate their own radiations in conformity with their cellular structure»apoya lo que sigue en lo que dice creer hoy muchos hombres de ciencia: que los tejidos vivos emiten radiaciones propias conformes a su estructura celular.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 151»

«It is what used to be called dowsing when used only to find water, and is probably the force behind table-turning»identifica la radiestesia con lo que se llamaba zahorí cuando solo buscaba agua, y le atribuye ser la fuerza detrás de las mesas giratorias.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 152»

«As textbooks say, you need enthusiasm and optimism; if you think it is all rot, or only a child's game, you will at best get childish results»cita el requisito que ponen los manuales —entusiasmo y optimismo— y su contrapartida: quien lo tenga por juego infantil obtendrá resultados infantiles.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 152»

«We all know that wireless works, and this seems a sort of natural wireless»da la analogía que sostiene todo el capítulo: sabemos que la radio funciona, y esto parece una especie de radio natural.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 152»

«I simply think that this is the force that witches use when they speak of raising Power or Magic»hace la identificación central: cree que ésta es la fuerza a la que las brujas llaman levantar Poder o Magia.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 152»

«Witches were taught that magic was contagious, that what you did to a material object which had formed part of a man's body, or»enuncia la doctrina del contagio mágico tal como se enseñaba a las brujas: lo hecho a un objeto que fue parte del cuerpo de alguien le alcanza.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 152»

«They also believe it is possible to form a mental link without having any material object; but, as Kipling says, that is another story»registra que creen posible el vínculo mental sin objeto material y corta ahí con una fórmula de Kipling, sin desarrollarlo.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 153»

«The basis of Medical Radiesthesia is that the pendulum held over a healthy organ gives one reaction, while over an unhealthy one it gives the opposite reaction, which is, we might say, the diagnosis »expone la base de la radiestesia médica: el péndulo reacciona de un modo sobre el órgano sano y del contrario sobre el enfermo, y eso hace de diagnóstico.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 153»

«I cannot verify all these claims of course, but I have had a blood spot taken and was given remedies which did me a great deal of good»pone su propio testimonio con su límite dentro: no puede verificar esas afirmaciones, y de una gota de sangre le dieron remedios que le hicieron mucho bien.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 153»

«I was much interested in Mr. Pennethorne Hughes's theory, vide page 23 of his book, that magic was evolved by the Egyptian priests, that one branch of this knowledge came to Europe, becoming witchcraft, the other going to West Africa and thence to America, becoming Voodoo»resume la teoría de Pennethorne Hughes, página 23, sobre la magia inventada por los sacerdotes egipcios y ramificada en brujería europea y vudú americano, y declara el interés que le despierta.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 154»

«As the Magic was only done to show me, I cannot say whether it works or not; they assure me, however, that it does»acota su testimonio sobre la magia africana: como se hizo para mostrársela, no puede decir si funciona; le aseguran que sí.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 155»

«It is quite possible that there were established native states of which we know nothing, and that they may have had some communications with Egypt by sea through the Carthaginians and others; but there is no proof of this»deja abierta la comunicación antigua entre estados africanos y Egipto por mar, y cierra con el límite: no hay prueba de ello.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 155»

«as far as I am concerned it is 'NOT PROVEN'»dicta su propio veredicto sobre esa cadena de derivaciones, con la fórmula escocesa y en versalitas: no probado.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 156»

«They often use blood, skulls and other nasty things for this purpose»separa de los suyos a quienes usan sangre, calaveras y otras cosas desagradables para ese fin.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 156»

«As the witch told the psychical research man: 'To do magic you must work yourself into a frenzy; the more intense you feel, the more chance of success»cita a la bruja respondiendo al investigador psíquico: para hacer magia hay que llevarse a uno mismo al frenesí, y cuanto más intenso el sentir, más probabilidad de éxito.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 157»

«but as a witch said when they told her this: 'I suppose Napoleon said it in Corsican when we put it into his brain it is impossible to cross the English Channel»recoge la réplica de una bruja a la máxima de Napoleón sobre lo imposible, con la que ella se atribuye haberle puesto en la cabeza la imposibilidad de cruzar el Canal. La atribución es de ella y va como broma.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 157»

«Now I have seen things I'm forbidden to talk about, and quite admittedly I'm superstitious because of what I have seen of witches' powers. Also it is easy to see where this superstition could lead to and I know I'm going to be laughed at. I can take it»se declara supersticioso por lo que dice haber visto, admite que no puede contarlo, ve adónde puede llevar esa superstición y acepta de antemano que se rían de él.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 157»

«I have told you before how the witches performed certain rites and believe they succeeded in influencing the minds of people who controlled the invasion barges»recuerda el caso que ya dio antes: los ritos con que las brujas creen haber influido en las mentes de quienes mandaban las barcazas de invasión.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 157»

«It is purely my own theory, and admittedly founded on superstition, but I think they could perform similar rites to influence the brains of those who may control the Hydrogen Bomb»declara el estatuto de su última idea y su fundamento en la misma frase: es teoría suya y admitidamente fundada en superstición, y consiste en que las brujas podrían obrar ritos para influir en los cerebros de quienes controlan la bomba de hidrógeno.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 158»

«Having said all I am permitted to say, I must now finish. I hope that this book will have been of interest to you, the reader, and as the witches say to each other - Blessed Be»cierra el libro con la misma reserva con que lo abrió —ha dicho todo lo que le está permitido— y con la fórmula de saludo del culto.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 158»

«Witches are as often men as women, but in English a witch is always called 'she', so I will use that word, and the reader must understand it to mean either male of female»da la razón gramatical del femenino que usa en todo el libro: hay tantos brujos como brujas, pero en inglés a una bruja se le dice siempre ella.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 160»

«But in the Ancient World there seems to have been a widespread idea that a living person must be bound to enter the presence of the Lords of Death»registra la idea antigua y extendida de que una persona viva debía ir atada para entrar en presencia de los Señores de la Muerte.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 160»

«[8] Iamblichus, in his Mysteries, says: 'If one knows how, he can set in motion mysterious forces that are capable of contacting the will of another, directing his emotions as the operator desires; this may be done by the spoken word. Ceremonies properly performed, or which proceed from an object properly charged with the power, we call magical»cita a Jámblico y sus Misterios definiendo lo mágico por el procedimiento: fuerzas puestas en movimiento por la palabra o por un objeto debidamente cargado, capaces de tocar la voluntad ajena. La nota va con su número porque esta edición la imprime DOS VECES, como nota 8 y como nota 10, con el mismo texto.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 161»

«When the ritual objects are being set out for a meeting, a number of strings of beads are put handy, so that if any witch hasn't brought a necklace, she promptly borrows one for the occasion»da el detalle práctico del collar: al preparar la reunión se dejan a mano sartas de cuentas para que la bruja que no trajo la suya la pida prestada.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 162»

«They cannot give me any other reason than that a witch must wear a necklace that is obvious»cierra con la única razón que le supieron dar del collar, y con ella el límite de todo lo que pudo averiguar: es obvio que una bruja tiene que llevar collar.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 162»

About the work

4 entries — what the apparatus and scholarship say about it

«Witchcraft Today offered the world a new religion, Wicca»de la contratapa de la reedición, NO de Gardner: el paratexto editorial afirma que el libro *ofreció* una religión nueva. Es exactamente lo contrario de lo que sostiene el texto, que dice describir un culto ya existente.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 2»

«the author, Gerald Gardner, was writing about a small, secret coven of hereditary Witches»del mismo paratexto, que a la vez conserva la versión de Gardner: escribía sobre un aquelarre pequeño y secreto de brujas hereditarias.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 2»

«He was instrumental in bringing the Contemporary Pagan religion of Wicca to public attention»de la nota biográfica de la edición.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 159»

«Write and tell people we are not perverts»lo que, según el prólogo, le pidieron los propios miembros del aquelarre al autorizarle a publicar. Es la razón declarada del libro.

Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954)«Gardner — Witchcraft Today (1954) · p. 5»

Concepts treated

Iniciación (recepción por grados / metamorfosis del ser)La transmisión del poder exige alternancia de sexo entre quien inicia y quien es iniciado.

gardner-witchcraft-today · p. 63

Secreto (lo que se jura no fijar por escrito)El juramento se sostiene con amenaza de condena en esta vida y en la venidera; el autor declara publicar solo lo permitido.

gardner-witchcraft-today · p. 45

Círculo mágico (circulus)El aquelarre se limita a trece iniciados dentro del rito; los demás quedan fuera mirando.

gardner-witchcraft-today · p. 123

Transvection (el traslado corporal por seres demoníacos)Niega explícitamente el vuelo sobre escobas, que da por invención de los perseguidores.

gardner-witchcraft-today · p. 47

Imaginación (phantasia)La danza rítmica y la repetición inducen el estado en que opera el rito.

gardner-witchcraft-today · p. 7

Works cited

Conversation

what readers say — distinct from what is recorded in the entry, which carries a citation