SPIRITUS MUNDISupportESEN

WORK

Sacred Geometry

Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code · Geometría sagrada: descifrar el código

inglés; el cuerpo transcribe en alfabeto latino los términos griegos, latinos, hebreos, árabes y chinos que trata (tetractys, quadrivium, vesica piscis, hsueh, feng shui) y no imprime ninguno en su escritura propiala página de derechos imprime «Published in 2006 by Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.», «Copyright © 2006 by Octopus Publishing Group Ltd» y «Text copyright © 2006 Stephen Skinner» (p. 8); la misma plana declara la edición británica anterior —«First published in the UK by Gaia Books»— sin darle fecha propia, de modo que 2006 es la única fecha impresa en el volumen

Source entries are currently shown in Spanish; English-first entries arrive with the next cataloguing pass.

Monografía ilustrada de divulgación de Stephen Skinner sobre la geometría sagrada, cuya portada imprime «SACRED GEOMETRY Deciphering the Code Stephen Skinner» «Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 7». La página de derechos declara la cadena editorial entera de la que sale este ejemplar: «Published in 2006 by Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. 387 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016 First published in the UK by Gaia Books A division of Octopus Publishing Group Ltd Copyright © 2006 by Octopus Publishing Group Ltd Text copyright © 2006 Stephen Skinner» «Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 8», y añade el pie de imprenta y los dos ISBN de la tirada estadounidense: «Sterling ISBN-13: 978-1-4027-4129-6 ISBN-10: 1-4027-4129-4» «Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 8».

El libro define su objeto por la etimología y lo parte en dos: «Geometry is a Greek word that literally means the ‘measurement of the earth.’ Long before it was committed to paper, geometry was concerned with the measurement of the land, a practice we today call surveying. Subsumed under geometry is the measurement and construction of buildings and the determination of the boundaries between one man’s land and another's. At a more exalted level, geometry distinguishes between the domain of the sacred and the profane.» «Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 10». Y acota de entrada el alcance del adjetivo: «Of course, not all geometry is sacred. Geometry was seen as being useful to site and construct buildings beneficial to those who inhabited them. When it was pleasing to the gods, it became ‘sacred.’» «Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 10».

El programa del volumen lo enuncia Skinner en primera persona: «In this book I propose to search for those specific measurements that are sacred exactly because they help to hallow or make sacred such buildings: from Iron Age megalithic rings, through ancient Greek and Egyptian temples and Renaissance cathedrals to the very latest modern organic constructions.» «Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 10». El recorrido va en tres partes —la aritmética y la geometría puras de Pitágoras y Euclides, la geometría de la naturaleza (fractales, cristales, espirales de crecimiento, copos de nieve, ADN) y la geometría del mundo construido (paisaje y líneas ley, arquitectura y arte)—, con una condición declarada para todo lo sagrado del libro: «The purpose of a temple, church or mosque is to provide a sacred space for people to communicate with and worship their gods. By being sacred the space is closer to god, facilitates prayer and is a locus for priests. The space is truly sacred when it is sufficiently pure and correct in its structure for the god to indwell.» «Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 14».

La conclusión vuelve a Pitágoras y deja la tesis del volumen en condicional: «Pythagoras said that whole numbers have a reality beyond their utility as counting sticks. He saw them as noumenal, or the form (or ideal) behind physical reality, and maintained that they had a hand in the creation of the physical or phenomenal world. He thought that proportion, number and harmony were necessary to bring to fruition this beautiful universe, about which we still know relatively little.» «Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 156».

El ejemplar del corpus es la tirada de Sterling en un ejemplar de préstamo público: la portada lleva el sello «_ SAN RAFAEL PUBLIC LIBRARY 1100 E STREET SAN RAFAEL, CA 94901» «Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 7» y la plana 3 es la papeleta «DATE DUE» «Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 3». Es un libro ilustrado: tres planas del troceo (18, 64 y 92) son láminas a plana entera sin capa de texto, declaradas en Notas de carga, y buena parte del cuerpo son pies de figura que el OCR entrevera con el texto corrido.

648 claims · 2 sources · 1 attribution

Attribution

recorded, never asserted
DECLARED
la portada imprime «SACRED GEOMETRY Deciphering the Code Stephen Skinner» (p. 7); la página de derechos registra «Text copyright © 2006 Stephen Skinner» (p. 8), distinguiéndolo del copyright del conjunto, que es de Octopus Publishing Group Ltd; y el cuerpo habla en primera persona —«In this book I propose to search for those specific measurements that are sacred»— (p. 10)
per Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)
«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 7»

The chain of the work

the processed witness, in emerald
EDITION
Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006), ed. inglés 2006
inglés · 2006 · el volumen declara solo «First published in the UK by Gaia Books A division of Octopus Publishing Group Ltd» (p. 8): ni ciudad, ni ISBN, ni fecha propia de esa tirada. El año que trae esta ficha es el del copyright del conjunto, impreso en la misma plana · Gaia Books (imprimio)
EDITION · PROCESSED
Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006), ed. inglés 2006
inglés · 2006 · Nueva York — Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 387 Park Avenue South, NY 10016, con «Printed in China» y los dos ISBN de la tirada, «Sterling ISBN-13: 978-1-4027-4129-6 ISBN-10: 1-4027-4129-4» (p. 8); la misma plana declara la distribución canadiense por Canadian Manda Group. El ejemplar del corpus es de préstamo público: la plana 7 lleva el sello «SAN RAFAEL PUBLIC LIBRARY 1100 E STREET SAN RAFAEL, CA 94901» y la plana 3 es la papeleta DATE DUE · derives from Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006), ed. inglés 2006 · Sterling Publishing (imprimio)

Claims

648 entries — the work's own voice, with its passage

«What Euclid wrote in Elements on plane geometry is still completely valid and has not been superseded even dfter 2,000 years.»Skinner sostiene que lo que Euclides escribió sobre geometría plana en los Elementos sigue enteramente válido y no ha sido superado; el troceo imprime *dfter* donde la frase pide *after*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 10»

«What other type of geometry, perhaps more secret or sacred, might have survived hidden in the form of buildings or in the handiwork of nature?»la pregunta con que Skinner abre el libro: si no habrá sobrevivido, escondida en los edificios o en la obra de la naturaleza, otra geometría más secreta o sagrada

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 10»

«A temple, for example, may be hallowed if it is constructed according to certain sacred proportions and orientated in a specific direction. Such concerns with proportion and direction are so universal across so many cultures that they must reflect a reality.»el criterio de Skinner para lo sagrado en arquitectura —proporción y orientación— y el argumento con que lo sostiene: que esas dos preocupaciones sean universales en tantas culturas indica, dice, que responden a algo real

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 10»

«Just as numbers were sacred for the Pythagoreans, so geometry was sacred for all ancient Greeks because it was the most concrete and yet the most abstract form of reasoning.»Skinner traza el paralelo del que arranca todo: como los números lo eran para los pitagóricos, la geometría era sagrada para todos los griegos antiguos por ser a la vez la forma más concreta y la más abstracta de razonar

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 10»

«Geometry, as we will see, is the archetypal patterning of many things, perhaps even all things, be they noumenal (something whose experience may be felt but not proved), conceptual, mathematical, natural or architectural.»la definición que Skinner adelanta —la geometría como patrón arquetípico de muchas cosas, quizá de todas— va acotada por su propio *perhaps*, y de lo nouménico da esta glosa: aquello cuya experiencia puede sentirse pero no probarse

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 10»

«Almost all ancient peoples created their temples and other sacred spaces with careful reference to the correct numbers, geometry and proportion. Geometry governed the very movement of the heavenly bodies and the seasons.»según Skinner, casi todos los pueblos antiguos levantaron sus templos y demás espacios sagrados con referencia cuidadosa a los números, la geometría y la proporción correctos, y la geometría gobernaba el movimiento mismo de los cuerpos celestes y las estaciones

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 10»

«Geometry in its purest, simplest form is sacred. Yet it is founded on ordinary geometry and the geometric figures of Euclid—circles, triangles, squares—as well as ratios and harmonics.»la fórmula con que Skinner acota lo sagrado: la geometría en su forma más pura y simple lo es, pero descansa sobre la geometría ordinaria y las figuras de Euclides —círculos, triángulos, cuadrados— y sobre razones y armónicos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 10»

«Just as growth is expressed by repeating patterns, so art and virtuosity in architecture are often expressed by harmony.»la homología que Skinner propone entre crecimiento y arte: los dos se expresan por repetición de patrones, y a eso en arquitectura se le llama armonía

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 10»

«The proportions that are sacred are governed by certain numbers, such as phi, ®, (also called the Golden Mean). They occur again and again in the work of the ancient Greeks as well as the Gothic architects of the Middle Ages, and also in the growth of living things.»según Skinner, las proporciones sagradas las gobiernan ciertos números —phi, el llamado Número de Oro— que reaparecen en los griegos antiguos, en los arquitectos góticos de la Edad Media y en el crecimiento de los seres vivos; el troceo imprime el signo de phi como *®*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 11»

«Through these numbers the sacred geometry of living things and the perspectives of art and architecture coincide.»la tesis de convergencia de Skinner: por esos números coinciden la geometría sagrada de lo vivo y las perspectivas del arte y de la arquitectura

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 11»

«This knowledge was preserved by the Arab world during the early Middle Ages, and then started to return to western Europe in the 12th century with the appearance of translations of Arabic and Greek texts into Latin.»la cadena de transmisión que traza Skinner: el mundo árabe preserva el saber geométrico durante la alta Edad Media, y regresa a Europa occidental en el siglo XII con las traducciones al latín de textos árabes y griegos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 12»

«In the Middle Ages the basic university curriculum was called the trivium, which focused on grammar, rhetoric and logic. The more advanced course, however, was called the guadrivium (literally ‘four subjects’) and reflected the importance of geometry. It consisted of geometry, arithmetic, astronomy and music.»Skinner sitúa la geometría en el quadrivium medieval, por encima del trivium de gramática, retórica y lógica; el troceo imprime *guadrivium* en esta primera mención y *quadrivium* más abajo en la misma plana

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 12»

«Music was seen as a matter of arithmetic—the precise arithmetic divisions between adjacent musical notes defined harmony and so formed an arithmetic you could hear.»la fórmula con que Skinner explica la música del quadrivium: divisiones aritméticas precisas entre notas contiguas, es decir, una aritmética que se oye

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 12»

«I propose to examine some of the secrets of the quadrivium, which is no longer taught and to a large extent no longer appreciated.»el segundo enunciado de programa del libro, en primera persona: examinar algunos secretos del quadrivium, que ya no se enseña ni se aprecia

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 12»

«Of course, the study of sacred geometry has attracted some pretty strange theories and theorists, particularly in the last 30 years. As the internationally renowned astrophysicist Dr Mario Livio wrote in his book The Golden Ratio, it is possible to draw all sorts of geometric figures over any site plan, but if the major vertices of these do not fall on an actual physical point, intersection or corner, the conclusions drawn from such a figure are at best arbitrary and at worst nonsense.»Skinner marca distancia de la literatura del ramo de los últimos treinta años y se apoya en el astrofísico Mario Livio y su libro The Golden Ratio: sobreponer figuras geométricas a cualquier plano es fácil, y si los vértices mayores no caen en un punto, una intersección o una esquina reales, las conclusiones son arbitrarias en el mejor de los casos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 12»

«Egyptian and ancient Greek civilizations used the circle, ellipse, triangle, square, and rectangle to derive harmonious proportions for their tombs and temples. Their geometers were interested in Pythagorean right-angled triangles (for a variety of reasons), the associated square roots, the relationship of a circle to a square, exact whole number ratios of sacred numbers such as 9 (particularly unitary fractions that have 1 as the numerator), and the relationships between the volumes of different buildings.»el inventario que Skinner atribuye a egipcios y griegos: círculo, elipse, triángulo, cuadrado y rectángulo para derivar proporciones armoniosas, con interés por los triángulos rectángulos pitagóricos, las raíces cuadradas asociadas, la relación del círculo con el cuadrado y las razones en números enteros; el troceo parte *numerator* en *num-erator*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 12»

«At all times, from the pyramids of ancient Egypt to the Gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages, the emphasis was on whole number dimensions that were easily measurable.»según Skinner, de las pirámides de Egipto a las catedrales góticas el énfasis estuvo siempre en dimensiones de número entero y fácilmente medibles

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 12»

«To a much lesser extent, they used irrational ratios such as the Golden Section (known by the Greek letter phi, ®, and the same as the Golden Mean), which generates the logarithmic spiral, one of the basic curves of life and growth.»la acotación con que Skinner limita el peso de lo irracional: la Sección Áurea se usó mucho menos, y de ella deriva la espiral logarítmica, una de las curvas básicas de la vida y del crecimiento

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 12»

«Pythagoras showed how whole numbers are basic to creation because of the way they define harmony, both in music and the heavenly spheres. We had to wait for»según Skinner, Pitágoras mostró que los números enteros son básicos para la creación por el modo en que definen la armonía, tanto en la música como en las esferas celestes; la frase sigue en la misma plana con Kepler

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 13»

«Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) to discover the exact ratios between the period and diameter of planetary orbits to see this confirmed. The architect Sir Christopher Wren helped to prove the astronomical»Skinner data en Kepler la confirmación de esa armonía —las razones exactas entre periodo y diámetro de las órbitas planetarias— y le adjudica a Wren haber ayudado a probar las razones astronómicas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 13»

«Plato (427-347 Bc) believed that all things grew from forms, simple 3-D geometry and immutable patterns that shape the backbone of reality.»la posición que Skinner atribuye a Platón: todas las cosas crecen de formas, geometría tridimensional simple y patrones inmutables que forman el espinazo de lo real; el troceo imprime *Bc* por *BC*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 13»

«For too long his ideas were considered mystical, but the physical importance of simple forms and numbers is now being confirmed by physicists and biologists who have discovered essentially simple formulae, such as the structure of DNA (based on the geometry of the helix and the pentagon) and the pattern of leaf growth in plants (based on a fixed geometric angle).»Skinner señala que las ideas de Platón se tuvieron demasiado tiempo por místicas y que físicos y biólogos han hallado fórmulas simples —la estructura del ADN, basada en la geometría de la hélice y del pentágono; el patrón de crecimiento de las hojas, basado en un ángulo geométrico fijo— que él lee como confirmación

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 13»

«The Roman architect Vitruvius (first century BC) articulated mathematical proportion and harmony in building construction. When the details of his work were rediscovered in Europe they set the stage for the buildings of the Renaissance»según Skinner, Vitruvio articuló la proporción matemática y la armonía en la construcción, y el redescubrimiento de su obra en Europa preparó el terreno para los edificios del Renacimiento

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 13»

«Sacred geometry was also very much alive in the Islamic world where the representation of human and animal forms was forbidden. Tile patterns, tessellations and timeless architectural features—the cupola, half-dome, tunnel vault, horseshoe arch and pendant stalactite forms—became the concrete mode of geometric expression.»Skinner sostiene que la geometría sagrada estuvo muy viva en el mundo islámico justamente porque la representación de formas humanas y animales estaba prohibida: los alicatados, las teselaciones, la cúpula, la media cúpula, la bóveda de cañón, el arco de herradura y las mocárabes fueron su modo concreto de expresión

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 13»

«Gothic architecture absorbed elements of both Greek geometry and Vitruvian proportion. Master masons injected geometric and numerical symbolism into their buildings. Unexpectedly, the circle, rather than the triangle or the square as is often asserted, became the basic controlling device for Gothic cathedral design. Numerical symbolism was rife, and circles, rectangles and other polygons were generated with harmonious and ‘heavenly’ proportions.»la tesis de Skinner sobre lo gótico: absorbe geometría griega y proporción vitruviana, los maestros canteros inyectaron simbolismo geométrico y numérico en sus edificios, y —contra lo que suele afirmarse— fue el círculo, no el triángulo ni el cuadrado, el dispositivo rector del diseño de las catedrales

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 13»

«Thinkers such as Leonardo viewed art, architecture and anatomy in the same light, utilizing one in pursuit of the others. Architectural harmony and proportion could be based on human form or the projective geometry of perspective.»según Skinner, Leonardo y los suyos miraban arte, arquitectura y anatomía bajo la misma luz, y la armonía arquitectónica podía fundarse en la forma humana o en la geometría proyectiva de la perspectiva

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 14»

«Michelangelo (1475-1564) said that knowledge of the human figure was vital to a comprehension of architecture. Leon Alberti (1404-1472) remarked that a building must appear whole like an organism.»las dos sentencias que Skinner recoge del Renacimiento: Miguel Ángel, que el conocimiento de la figura humana era vital para comprender la arquitectura, y Leon Alberti, que un edificio debe aparecer entero como un organismo

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 14»

«Practical as always, Leonardo made his famous drawing of Vitruvius’ homo quadratus to see if the cubit was a valid measure.»el hallazgo que Skinner adjudica al dibujo del homo quadratus: Leonardo lo hizo, dice, para comprobar si el codo era una medida válida

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 14»

«Repeating patterns and forms in nature, such as the helix and logarithmic spiral, the geometry of plant growth and the fractal, are products of the internal geometry of growth.»la tesis de Skinner sobre lo vivo: hélice, espiral logarítmica, geometría del crecimiento vegetal y fractal son productos de la geometría interna del crecimiento, no adornos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 14»

«His namesake, Leonardo of Pisa (c.1170-c.1240) had discovered a series of numbers that would become known as the Fibonacci series—its application in charting the repeating patterns of natural growth took a long time to materialize.»Skinner data en Leonardo de Pisa el descubrimiento de la serie que llevaría el nombre de Fibonacci, y señala que su aplicación al trazado de los patrones repetidos del crecimiento natural tardó mucho en llegar

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 14»

«Organic forms inspired architecture, such as Antonio Gaudi’s cathedral in Barcelona, as well as artistic styles such as art nouveau and surrealism. They culminated in the complex geometry of structures, such as the Goetheanum in Switzerland and the Sydney Opera House, where culture has to an extent replaced religion as the patron of sacred geometry.»el arco que Skinner tiende hasta hoy: las formas orgánicas inspiran la catedral de Gaudí en Barcelona, el art nouveau y el surrealismo, y culminan en el Goetheanum y la Ópera de Sídney, donde —dice— la cultura ha sustituido en parte a la religión como patrona de la geometría sagrada

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 14»

«With the Renaissance came a renewed and voracious interest in Classical theories. Aristotle’s works formed the basis of the most heated debates, as theologians attempted to reconcile his experimental approach to the world with the received and fixed cosmological doctrines of»el cuadro que traza Skinner del debate renacentista: el interés renovado por las teorías clásicas y los teólogos intentando conciliar el enfoque experimental de Aristóteles con las doctrinas cosmológicas fijas de Ptolomeo; la frase se corta en el fin de plana y sigue en la siguiente con el nombre de *Ptolemy*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 13»

«The prime conditions of a sacred space have always been a suitably proportioned architecture, situated on the right spot and»las tres condiciones que Skinner exige a un espacio sagrado —proporción, sitio y orientación—; la tercera queda del otro lado del corte de plana, donde el texto sigue con *facing in the right direction*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 14»

«Strangely, it was not Christian doctrine versus Greek philosophy, but Greek (Ptolemy championed by the»la corrección que Skinner introduce: no fue doctrina cristiana contra filosofía griega, sino griego contra griego; el tramo se corta en el fin de plana y sigue en la siguiente con *Christian Church) against Greek (Aristotle championed by the Humanists)*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 13»

«Hermetic texts and Greek and Arabic translations of more practical works leavened the intellectual ferment.»el papel que Skinner asigna a los textos herméticos y a las traducciones del griego y del árabe de obras más prácticas: levadura del fermento intelectual del Renacimiento

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 14»

«The direction faced has always been a key issue: mosques face Mecca, while Hindu temples (mostly) and Christian cathedrals (on the whole) face east. There are notable exceptions, such as Chartres Cathedral in France, which faces northeast. Megalithic monuments, such as Stonehenge in England (which also faces northeast), have distinct orientations: they are orientated to other nearby monuments via ley lines and often incorporate astronomical alignments related to the Sun and the Moon. Sacred geometry is needed to locate and align such sacred structures.»el inventario de orientaciones que da Skinner: las mezquitas hacia La Meca, los templos hindúes y las catedrales cristianas hacia el este, con excepciones declaradas como Chartres, que mira al noreste, y los monumentos megalíticos orientados entre sí por líneas ley y por alineaciones astronómicas del Sol y de la Luna

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 15»

«In the past it was of the greatest importance to site churches, temples and megalithic standing stones on a ‘location of power’. In imperial China (and increasingly again in our own times) the practice of feng shui has been used to find the hsueh, or dragon point, to provide maximum energy to important buildings, especially palaces, temples and tombs.»según Skinner, situar iglesias, templos y megalitos en un sitio de poder fue asunto de la mayor importancia, y en la China imperial —dice que otra vez hoy— el feng shui sirve para hallar el *hsueh* o punto del dragón que da máxima energía a palacios, templos y tumbas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 15»

«The early Christian Church went as far as to issue directives that, in every case possible, new churches should be sited on old pagan ‘power spots’. This, of course, was considered desirable for three reasons: the priestly geometricians of the church would harness the power, worshippers of the old religion would continue to come to the site, and the original pagan artefacts would be destroyed. This has interesting implications when we come to look at the geometry of ley lines.»la política que Skinner atribuye a la Iglesia cristiana primitiva —levantar las iglesias nuevas sobre los antiguos sitios de poder paganos— y las tres razones que le adjudica: aprovechar la fuerza del lugar, retener a los fieles de la religión vieja y destruir los objetos paganos originales

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 15»

«dimensions of King Solomon’s original Temple in Jerusalem were recorded in at least two places in the Bible, and the subsequent rebuilding (twice) of this Temple has occasioned further discussion of the sacred geometry of the building. In fact, in Victorian times people, such as Sir William Stirling, wrote whole volumes about the sacred dimensions of the Temple. The architecture of Gothic cathedrals were, in turn, based on these recorded dimensions.»la cadena que traza Skinner del Templo de Salomón: sus dimensiones consignadas al menos dos veces en la Biblia, las dos reconstrucciones que multiplicaron la discusión, los volúmenes victorianos sobre las dimensiones sagradas del Templo —nombra a Sir William Stirling— y la arquitectura de las catedrales góticas fundada, dice, en esas dimensiones consignadas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 16»

«The Greeks, as the inventors of the main body of geometry, applied it in detail when they constructed their temples. Greek architecture was not always based on the vaunted Golden Section but, as is the case with the Parthenon, based on unitary fractions and volumes. In Egypt the sacred geometry of the Great Pyramid is dependent more upon seked measure (see page 117) than the Golden Mean, although the latter does occur. Rather surprisingly, the sacred geometry of the Hebrews, Greeks and Egyptians ratios has measuring units in common.»la corrección que Skinner hace al lugar común del Número de Oro: la arquitectura griega no siempre se basó en él —el Partenón va por fracciones unitarias y volúmenes— y en Egipto la geometría de la Gran Pirámide depende más de la medida *seked* que de la Media Áurea, aunque esta también aparezca; y añade que las razones de hebreos, griegos y egipcios tienen unidades de medida en común

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 16»

«Of course, sacred geometry is also sacred because it is often the pattern behind God’s handiwork—from the structure of crystals and the water flow in a river to the way a palm frond unfurls or an ammonite grows its shell—or just simply in the process of growth itself.»el segundo sentido en que Skinner llama sagrada a la geometría: no solo por lo construido, sino por ser el patrón detrás de la obra de Dios —cristales, flujo del agua en un río, fronda de palma que se despliega, concha del amonites— o simplemente del proceso de crecimiento

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 16»

«In the last several hundred years many attempts have been made to retro-fit sacred geometry to the Great Pyramid in Egypt, including totally contorted interpretations of the Bible based on pyramid dimensions measured in fractions of an inch. Only in the late 20th century»la reserva con que Skinner mira la literatura piramidológica: siglos de intentos de calzarle geometría sagrada a la Gran Pirámide, con interpretaciones bíblicas del todo contorsionadas a partir de dimensiones medidas en fracciones de pulgada; la frase se corta en el fin de plana y sigue en la siguiente

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 16»

«was it realized that the dimensions expressed in whole royal cubits conform to simple Euclidean geometry. Likewise the careful study and measurement of European megalithic structures—dating back easily as far as the pyramids of ancient Egypt—and the ley lines connecting them also relied upon a very distinct sacred geometry measured in whole numbers of megalithic yards.»lo que Skinner data en el siglo XX tardío: que las dimensiones expresadas en codos reales enteros se ajustan a geometría euclidiana simple, y que las estructuras megalíticas europeas y las líneas ley que las unen se midieron en yardas megalíticas enteras

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 17»

«The message that comes through loud and clear is that ancient man was every bit as clever as modern man. The geometry he used in his buildings (which have lasted thousands of years, rather longer than the average life of 100 years for a modern structure) is still not fully appreciated, understood or utilized by modern man. This geometry, which Euclid enunciated so many millennia ago, is only now being seen as part of the forms behind the fabric of life and as an integral part of the constructional method of the Great Geometer.»la tesis de la introducción, dicha sin matiz: el hombre antiguo era tan hábil como el moderno, la geometría de sus edificios sigue sin apreciarse ni usarse, y esa geometría empieza a verse como parte de las formas que hay tras el tejido de la vida y del método constructivo del Gran Geómetra

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 17»

«The subtleties of number and the absoluteness of geometry were part of the noumenal world, the hidden structure behind physical matter.»la tesis con que Skinner nombra el objeto del libro: las sutilezas del número y lo absoluto de la geometría pertenecen al mundo nouménico, la estructura oculta detrás de la materia física

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 19»

«Geometry and numbers are sacred because they codify the | hidden order behind creation. They are the instruments | used to create the physical universe.»la formulación más escueta de la tesis del volumen: geometría y números son sagrados porque codifican el orden oculto detrás de la creación, y son los instrumentos con que se crea el universo físico

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 19»

«The Greeks were the first to codify geometry. For them it was a pure abstract science akin to logic, based on underlying truths, unlike the practical science favoured by the Egyptians. Geometry provided the Greeks with an absolute truth that could be proved over and over again with the simplest of tools—a compass and a straight-edged ruler.»la apertura de la parte primera: Skinner opone la geometría griega —ciencia abstracta y pura, semejante a la lógica, fundada en verdades subyacentes— a la ciencia práctica que atribuye a los egipcios, y subraya que esa verdad absoluta se probaba una y otra vez con las herramientas más simples, compás y regla

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 19»

«The Greeks conceived the creator of the universe in terms | of absolute truth, not in terms of handed-down dogma, | received wisdom or religious belief. They deduced that | form and number were essential to the universe and that creation proceeded from abstract forms—things that could be intellectually appreciated, but not grasped or perceived by the five senses—to physical reality.»según Skinner, los griegos concibieron al creador del universo en términos de verdad absoluta y no de dogma heredado ni de creencia religiosa, y dedujeron que forma y número son esenciales al universo y que la creación procede de formas abstractas —inteligibles pero no perceptibles por los cinco sentidos— hasta la realidad física; el OCR de esta plana intercala barras verticales entre renglones y van dentro de las comillas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 19»

«Pythagoras takes pride of place as the first major philosopher to state clearly that numbers in themselves are sacred and exist in their own right. He made distinctions between various types of number, separating the prime numbers and the perfect numbers from the rest. His division of numbers into odd and even created the lambda, x, a figure whose properties still stimulate modern mathematicians and physicists to discover new things about the periodic table of elements and the universe.»el lugar que Skinner le da a Pitágoras: primer filósofo mayor en declarar que los números son sagrados en sí mismos y existen por derecho propio, autor de la distinción entre primos y perfectos y de la división en pares e impares que dio la lambda

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 20»

«Pythagoras’ discovery that whole numbers governed musical harmonies convinced him that harmony and planning lay behind the complex universe. He reasoned that if whole numbers created harmonious sounds, as distinct from discordant ones, numbers must be behind the harmony of the universe at every level, from the paths of the planets to the strings of a lyre.»el razonamiento que Skinner le atribuye: si los números enteros producen sonidos armoniosos y no discordantes, los números tienen que estar detrás de la armonía del universo en todos sus niveles, de las órbitas de los planetas a las cuerdas de una lira

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 20»

«For archaeologists to determine the important numbers that helped to create the measurements of a particular building, they have to know what special units the original architects used. Finally, we look at phi, a most intriguing number and one that generates the self-replicating Golden Mean, which is found again and again, both in nature and in the sacred geometry of many buildings.»la condición metodológica que Skinner pone al arqueólogo: para dar con los números que fijaron las medidas de un edificio hay que saber primero qué unidades usaron sus arquitectos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 20»

«Pythagoras declared that numbers themselves were sacred—they had a separate and real existence and were not just convenient counting markers. The regularities derived from such numbers, be they musical, astronomical or architectural, were also sacred. This idea is at the root of sacred geometry. | In fact, Pythagoras could be called the ‘father of sacred geometry.’»la tesis con que abre el capítulo: Pitágoras declaró sagrados a los números mismos —existencia separada y real, no marcas de conteo— y sagradas también las regularidades derivadas de ellos, sean musicales, astronómicas o arquitectónicas; de ahí que Skinner proponga llamarlo padre de la geometría sagrada

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 21»

«was born on the island of Samos in the Aegean Sea. He also lived in the Greek colony of Croton in southern Italy and spent as many as 20 years in Egypt where he learned both mathematics and philosophy. He may even have been to Babylon, where he would have encountered Babylonian mathematics.»la biografía que Skinner da de Pitágoras: nacido en Samos, residente en la colonia griega de Crotona, veinte años en Egipto aprendiendo matemáticas y filosofía, y quizá en Babilonia; el troceo imprime el nombre de la entrada como *aeeeors (569- c.475 BC)*, corrupción del OCR sobre la capitular

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 21»

«Pythagoras is undoubtedly the foremost among those who investigated the sacred and mystical properties of numbers, but he also strayed into geometry. He probably learned the theorem named after him in Egypt or Babylon. Pythagoras’ Theorem defined the lengths of the sides of any right-angled triangle (see pages 44-45). He proved that the length of the side (hypotenuse) opposite the right (90degree) angle was, if squared, equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.»Skinner mantiene la reserva sobre el teorema: Pitágoras es sin duda el primero entre quienes investigaron las propiedades sagradas y místicas de los números, pero el teorema que lleva su nombre probablemente lo aprendió en Egipto o en Babilonia; el troceo parte *90-degree* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *90degree*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 21»

«Thus, arithmetic and geometry are inextricably linked. If you measure the sides of a number of right-angled triangles you will soon find that there is a range of typical whole-number dimensions that fit this theorem and that are therefore called Pythagorean Triplets.»el nudo del capítulo: aritmética y geometría quedan inextricablemente ligadas, y de medir triángulos rectángulos sale el repertorio de dimensiones en números enteros que llamamos ternas pitagóricas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 21»

«Pythagorean Triplets were seen as significant magical numbers. They can be found listed on Babylonian tablets dating as far back as 1600 Bc.»según Skinner, las ternas pitagóricas se tuvieron por números mágicos significativos y aparecen listadas en tablillas babilonias que él data hacia 1600 a. C.; el troceo imprime *Bc*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 22»

«Pythagoras reasoned that if numbers can perfectly represent the harmonies of music, they could also represent the harmonies of the cosmos itself. Further confirmation came from the mathematical (although complex) regularity of the movements of the planets and other heavenly bodies (although Pythagoras did not actually compute these orbits as ellipses). Pythagoras also equated the notes of the nine Greek Muses with the movements and sounds of the nine heavenly bodies (the seven planets, the sphere of the fixed stars and a strange concept called counter-Earth).»el segundo razonamiento que Skinner le atribuye —si los números representan las armonías de la música, representan también las del cosmos— con dos acotaciones suyas dentro del mismo párrafo: que Pitágoras no calculó las órbitas como elipses, y que equiparó las notas de las nueve Musas con los nueve cuerpos celestes, contando entre ellos la Contratierra

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 22»

«An example of the way in which the regularities of numbers become sacred can be found in the fetractys, in which the Pythagoreans displayed the first four numbers (1, 2, 3, 4) in a triangular form. Triangles are the most stable of geometric figures. The base of this triangle consists of the number 4 (the number of justice and order as far as the Pythagoreans were concerned). This figure was referred to as the holy tetractys and reputedly contained the password by which Pythagoreans recognized one another.»lo que Skinner cuenta de la tetractys: los cuatro primeros números dispuestos en triángulo, la base con el 4 —número de la justicia y el orden para los pitagóricos—, y la especie de que la figura contenía la contraseña con que los pitagóricos se reconocían entre sí; el troceo imprime *fetractys*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 22»

«Adding up all the numbers in each line of the fetractys (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) generates the decad (10), which was considered to be the completion of a full cycle. Indeed, it is in the decimal system, the Kabbalah, the Heavenly Stems of the Chinese and in a number of other traditions.»el alcance que Skinner le da a la década: sumadas las líneas de la tetractys da 10, el cierre de un ciclo completo, y lo halla en el sistema decimal, en la Cábala, en los Troncos Celestes chinos y en otras tradiciones

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 22»

«The twelfth letter of the Greek alphabet is lambda, X, which is a bit like an upside down V. The Pythagoreans inscribed seven numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 and 27) in the shape of lambda (see page 19). This Pythagorean lambda symbolizes many things, such as:»la lambda pitagórica según Skinner: la duodécima letra griega con siete números inscritos —1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 y 27— como una V invertida

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 22»

«Even numbers (with the exception of 1, which might more properly be on the apex itself) are arrayed down the left side of the lambda. These are referred to as female numbers, as they include duality and therefore have the potential to split and reproduce. The female has traditionally been associated with the left side in most cultures.»la primera lectura que Skinner da de la lambda: el flanco izquierdo lleva los números que llama femeninos porque incluyen la dualidad y por tanto pueden partirse y reproducirse, y recuerda que lo femenino se ha asociado tradicionalmente a la izquierda; el troceo imprime aquí *Even numbers* donde el sentido y el renglón siguiente piden los pares del lado izquierdo

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 22»

«Odd numbers down the right side are male. The ancient Chinese also held the same view that creation began with the number one (which for them was male), which split into two (yin and yang) and progressed with an even balance of the sexes.»la contraparte: los impares del flanco derecho son masculinos, y Skinner apoya la lectura en la cosmogonía china —el uno masculino que se parte en dos, yin y yang, y avanza con equilibrio de los sexos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 22»

«Plato, in his Timaeus, used the lambda to explain musical scales»el uso de la lambda que Skinner atribuye a Platón en el Timeo: explicar con ella las escalas musicales

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 23»

«The lambda was of great importance in the Renaissance. The illustration on page 20, dating from 1525, shows the different types of arithmetic. The central female figure is meant to be Arithmetic herself. Around her head (in a Renaissance cartoon style) is the banner Typus arithmeticae, in other words the types of arithmetic symbolized by the two men sitting at their desks. The figure on the right is Pythagoras (look closely at his banner) using pebbles to calculate. The figure on the left is Boethius using the new Arabic/Hindu numerals to calculate. The lambda appears in the middle of the female figure’s skirt, unifying both styles of arithmetic.»la lectura que Skinner hace del grabado de 1525: la Aritmética personificada con el estandarte *Typus arithmeticae*, Pitágoras calculando con guijarros a un lado y Boecio con los nuevos numerales arábigo-hindúes al otro, y la lambda en la falda de la figura femenina, unificando los dos estilos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 23»

«During the Renaissance, many thinkers attempted to synthesize the elements of Classical Greek culture, which arrived in Europe at the end of the first millennium via translations of Greek works into Arabic. The Greek originals had been swept away by the tide of barbarism and Christian zeal that spread over Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire.»la vía de transmisión que Skinner declara para la cultura griega clásica: llegó a Europa a fines del primer milenio por traducciones al árabe, porque los originales griegos —dice— los había barrido la marea de barbarie y de celo cristiano posterior al derrumbe del Imperio romano

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 23»

«In the illustration below you can see how the lambda is correlated with intervals of the musical scale in the engraving from Francesco Giorgi’s (1466-1540) book De harmonia mundi (Of the Harmony of the World) published in 1525, which ties together the lambda, Pythagoras’ numbers and the musical scale.»la fuente iconográfica que Skinner nombra: el grabado de *De harmonia mundi* de Francesco Giorgi, publicado en 1525, que ata la lambda, los números de Pitágoras y la escala musical

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 23»

«Anyone who looks at the lambda will eventually ask, why did Pythagoras stop at just seven numbers? Was it because seven was a magical number? Perhaps he, like the clever teacher he was, wanted us to ask what comes next, although it is fairly obvious that the answer on each leg is 16 and 81.»la pregunta que Skinner deja abierta sobre la lambda —por qué Pitágoras se detuvo en siete números, y si fue por ser siete número mágico— con su propia respuesta al siguiente término de cada brazo: 16 y 81

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 24»

«The number 16—the next number on the left side of the Jambda—tigures in the hexadecimal system that runs computers (now doubled and redoubled to 64 to give faster 64-bit computing). The number 16 has also formed the basis of the secondmost popular system of divination in Europe during the Renaissance and later. I refer, of course, to the system of geomancy, the 16 geomantic figures from via to laetitia, which was second only to astrology in importance in Europe. It disappeared until its resurrection by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn at the end of the 19th century.»la genealogía que Skinner traza del 16: el sistema hexadecimal de las computadoras y las dieciséis figuras geománticas, de *via* a *laetitia*, que llama el segundo sistema adivinatorio de Europa después de la astrología, desaparecido hasta su resurrección por la Orden Hermética de la Golden Dawn a fines del siglo XIX; el troceo parte *second-most* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *secondmost*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 24»

«Geomancy is, strictly speaking, a system of divination by dots or sand marking, resulting in 16 binary figures. It has absolutely nothing to do with the Chinese practice of feng shui. Despite this, around 1870 the Reverend Yates, an English missionary, struggling to find an equivalent word for the Chinese characters feng shui, seized upon ‘geomancy’ because his dictionary happened vaguely to mention ‘earth’ and ‘divination’. He did not pause to think that the word actually referred to a completely unrelated and already existing European practice. As a result, the word stuck as a translation of feng shui.»la negativa que Skinner ficha con nombre y fecha: la geomancia, adivinación por puntos o marcas en arena que da dieciséis figuras binarias, no tiene nada que ver con el feng shui, y el uso de la palabra viene de que hacia 1870 el reverendo Yates, misionero inglés, echó mano de *geomancy* por lo que su diccionario decía de tierra y adivinación

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 24»

«Many of the investigators of ley lines and other Iron Age geometrical landscape features (see pages 102-105) started to draw parallels with feng shui and, unfortunately, began to refer to their own ley-line research as ‘geomancy.’»la consecuencia que Skinner señala de aquella traducción: muchos investigadores de las líneas ley empezaron a trazar paralelos con el feng shui y a llamar geomancia a su propia pesquisa

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 24»

«Its importance is foreshadowed by IAO, the Gnostic name of God, whose letters add together to 81. This value is calculated with the system of Greek isopsephy (or to use the Kabbalistic term, gematria), which was common even before Pythagoras’ time by assigning numbers to letters:»el valor que Skinner adjudica al 81: lo prefigura IAO, el nombre gnóstico de Dios, cuyas letras suman 81 por isopsefía griega —o, dice, gematría en término cabalístico—, sistema que data anterior al propio Pitágoras

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 25»

«The modern Pythagorean Dr. Peter Plichta has rediscovered several of the secrets of the lambda and applied them to modern chemistry. Dr. Plichta is a polymath with degrees in chemistry and physics, yet he thinks like a Pythagorean and accepts that numbers are real and separately existing parts of the framework behind the physical universe.»la voz contemporánea que Skinner incorpora: el químico y físico Peter Plichta, a quien llama pitagórico moderno porque acepta que los números son partes reales y separadamente existentes del armazón que hay detrás del universo físico

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 25»

«So, in fact, there are exactly 81 stable elements, the number of IAO and the key lambda number. Another strange Pythagorean fact is that elements can have up to 10 variant forms (or isotopes) but never any more. As Pythagoras had declared, 10 is the number of completion.»el remate del argumento tal como Skinner lo consigna: hay exactamente 81 elementos estables —el número de IAO y el de la lambda—, y ningún elemento pasa de diez isótopos, que es el número de la compleción según Pitágoras

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 25»

«Dr. Plichta is fascinated by prime numbers. Why, for example, do they appear randomly in the number series as we count from 1 onward and not in some regular order? In fact, they get rarer as we progress.»la pregunta de la que Skinner dice que parte Plichta: por qué los primos aparecen sin orden regular al contar desde 1 y por qué se vuelven más raros conforme se avanza

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 25»

«which indicated that the decrease in the frequency of prime numbers popping up in the number sequence from | to infinity was related to Euler’s number, the natural logarithm e = 2.718. He realized that this number also governed various natural laws, such as radioactive disintegration and escape velocity, and wondered if the prime numbers also governed nature in a similar way.»el argumento que Skinner reporta de Plichta a partir de la Ley de los Números Primos de Hadamard, que el troceo fecha en 1896: el enrarecimiento de los primos va ligado al número de Euler, el logaritmo natural, que gobierna también la desintegración radiactiva y la velocidad de escape; de ahí la pregunta de si los primos gobiernan la naturaleza del mismo modo. El tramo se corta antes de la fecha entre paréntesis, que dispara la guarda anticosido

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 25»

«We hear sound, and therefore music, by sensing vibrations in air.»la definición física con que abre el capítulo: oímos el sonido, y por tanto la música, al sentir vibraciones en el aire; el renglón siguiente del troceo lo interrumpe el pie de la lámina de Fludd, y el tramo se corta ahí

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 26»

«(how high or low a sound is) reflects the vibration’s ‘speed’ or frequency. Stringed instruments allow more than one note to be played at a time, and notes that are played simultaneously on an instrument can sound harmonious or discordant. Surprisingly, this ts not dependent on your musical preferences but on an objective, arithmetic order that underlies vibrating strings and all music.»la continuación de esa apertura, después de la interrupción del pie de figura: el tono refleja la frecuencia de la vibración, y que dos notas simultáneas suenen armoniosas o discordantes no depende —dice Skinner— de la preferencia musical de quien oye sino de un orden aritmético objetivo. El troceo imprime *ts* por *is*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 26»

«What is remarkable is that.only whole number ratios produce harmonious»lo que Skinner declara notable: solo las razones de números enteros dan resultado armonioso. El troceo imprime *that.only* sin espacio y entrevera esta columna con el grabado de Fludd, de modo que el tramo se corta aquí

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 26»

«If the ratios of the strings . were altered to, say, 4.2 or 3.7 patie units in length, the result ash 3\ would be dissonant. This ao discovery confirmed [ Pythagoras’ belief that there :| is something special, even ;| ‘/#/ sacred, in whole numbers.»el remate del argumento: alteradas las razones a 4.2 o 3.7 unidades el resultado sería disonante, y ese hallazgo —dice Skinner— confirmó a Pitágoras que hay algo especial, incluso sagrado, en los números enteros. El OCR de esta plana intercala renglones del grabado de Fludd, que van dentro de las comillas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 26»

«Musicians use the character of different scales and cadences to demonstrate the profound emotional potential deriving from Pythagoras’ underlying arithmetic. For him, musical harmony was further confirmation that whole numbers and unitary fractions are sacred while inexact fractions are not.»lo que Skinner deriva de las cadencias: el potencial emocional profundo de las escalas sale de la aritmética subyacente de Pitágoras, y para este la armonía musical confirmaba que los números enteros y las fracciones unitarias son sagrados mientras que las fracciones inexactas no lo son

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 27»

«Non-European cultures have different musical scales—for example, the Chinese use pentatonic scales and Indians 22 notes, as in one Persian scale—but the principle of whole number ratios always holds good.»la acotación intercultural de Skinner: los chinos usan escalas pentatónicas y los indios veintidós notas, como en cierta escala persa, pero el principio de las razones en números enteros —dice— se sostiene siempre

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 27»

«Likewise architecture, as in the Parthenon, drawn from sacred numbers and their combinations, has a beauty that we can feel instinctively, but may not have realized is based firmly on the underlying sacred arithmetic and geometry.»la extensión que Skinner hace a la arquitectura: la belleza del Partenón se siente por instinto, y descansa —sostiene— en la aritmética y la geometría sagradas que no se advierten

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 27»

«In the past people used to count in 12s or 60s and divide these numbers by 2, 3, 4 or another number in their head. It was easier to work with 12 or 60 because they can be divided evenly by many other numbers. Ten cannot be so divided. The whole essence of counting boils down to calculating fractions of a whole and the proportions of its parts.»la tesis del capítulo de las fracciones: se contaba en doces y sesentas porque se dividen parejo entre muchos números, cosa que el diez no hace, y toda la esencia del contar se reduce a calcular fracciones de un todo y proporciones de sus partes

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 28»

«A hundred years ago it would be natural to think of seven eggs in a box holding a dozen eggs as %2 of the contents of the box. Modern mathematics demands a decimal answer of 0.5833333. No ancient civilization would have dreamed of using 0.5833333 for such a simple thing—they would have used simple fractions. Many fractions or relationships can be neatly represented by one whole number divided by another such as % or % (rather than 0.6666666). Such a system can also express fractions as ratios. So %2 is the same as 7:12 and % is the same as 2:3. Fractions are more memorable, easier to deal with and more often the exact value that needs to be expressed.»el contraste que Skinner arma entre dos modos de decir lo mismo: siete huevos de una docena eran siete doceavos, y la matemática moderna pide 0.5833333, cifra que ninguna civilización antigua —dice— habría soñado usar; las fracciones son más memorables, más manejables y más veces el valor exacto

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 28»

«The choice of the divisor (or denominator, the lower part of the fraction) is of great importance, so we need to discover what divisors were used by any particular group of architects, builders or civilization. Once we have established that, we can translate all of the modern precise measurements made in meters, yards, feet, and inches into the system used by the original builders. Once those whole numbers are available, then the picture becomes much clearer and we can set about examining the symbolism, the meaning and the use of the buildings.»el método que Skinner propone: averiguar qué divisores usó cada grupo de arquitectos, traducir a ese sistema las medidas modernas en metros, yardas, pies y pulgadas, y solo entonces examinar el simbolismo, el sentido y el uso del edificio

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 28»

«the Sun (666 is a solar symbolic number) or even with the Beast of Revelations. If it measured 1,811.5367 feet (552.1563 m) you would make no such deduction. I have used a symbolic number that most readers should recognize just to make the point. So in this book I will try to give both the modern measure and, where possible, the ancient unit figures as well. The logic of such measurements will enable us to say a lot more about the sacred geometry of the building.»el ejemplo con que Skinner ilustra el método —un edificio de 666 unidades frente a otro de 1,811.5367 pies— y el compromiso editorial que de ahí saca: dar en el libro la medida moderna y, donde se pueda, la cifra en la unidad antigua

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 29»

«When we are working out conversion factors between modern and ancient measures it soon becomes apparent that different peoples, places and civilizations of the ancient world shared the same specific units. It also becomes clear that there were definite connections between measures of apparently disparate things, such as length, weight, volume and even time. This unity seems to corroborate the presence of real and meaningful ancient measures.»el argumento de unidad con que Skinner defiende las medidas antiguas: pueblos, lugares y civilizaciones distintos comparten unidades específicas, y hay conexiones definidas entre medidas de cosas dispares —longitud, peso, volumen y hasta tiempo—; esa unidad, dice, parece corroborar que las medidas antiguas eran reales y significativas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 29»

«One significant set of decimals is expressed much more easily as ninths, which are particularly important in Greek measurements ("% is the conversion factor between the standard Greek foot and th antique one):»la nota de Skinner sobre los novenos: un conjunto de decimales que se expresa mejor como novenos, importantes en las medidas griegas, con el factor de conversión entre el pie griego estándar y el antiguo; el troceo corta *the* en *th*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 29»

«Much of what modern science lays claim to was, in fact, discovered ABOVE Eratosthenes, the man who measured the circumference of the world more than 22 centuries ago using just basic geometry and observation. BELOW An obelisk at Alexandria whose shadow changed in length over the year. This might have suggested the method to Eratosthenes. — thousands of years ago, then lost during the Middle Ages. One of these facts is that the Earth is spherical, and the geometer concerned actually measured the circumference of the Earth to an incredible degree of accuracy ... using just two Sticks.»la tesis con que abre el capítulo de Eratóstenes: mucho de lo que la ciencia moderna reclama se descubrió hace milenios y se perdió en la Edad Media, entre ello la esfericidad de la Tierra y la medida de su circunferencia con notable exactitud, hecha —dice— con solo dos palos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 30»

«Anew unit of measurement is often related to some naturally occurring phenomenon. The most obvious standards are the human body (cubit, palm, finger), astronomical (day, year) or the Earth (length of a degree of longitude). We cannot say with certainty what was used to create all the ancient standards of length, weight or time, but we know such measures were considered sacred.»la reserva que Skinner mantiene sobre el origen de las unidades: los patrones evidentes son el cuerpo humano, lo astronómico y la Tierra, pero no se puede decir con certeza cuáles fundaron cada patrón antiguo; lo que sí afirma es que tales medidas se tuvieron por sagradas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 30»

«When the French decided in the early 19th century to create the meter as their standard of length they based it upon one40,000,000th of the circumference of the Earth. How were they going to measure this? They followed a method that was no more sophisticated than the method of Eratosthenes (c.275—-194 Bc), a Greek geometer living in Egypt more than 2,000 years previously.»el paralelo que Skinner traza: al fijar el metro en la diezmillonésima parte del cuadrante terrestre, los franceses del siglo XIX siguieron un método no más sofisticado que el de Eratóstenes, geómetra griego residente en Egipto dos mil años antes; el troceo parte *one-40,000,000th* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *one40,000,000th*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 30»

«Eratosthenes reasoned that, as the Earth was a sphere, he could use the Sun and the geometry of parallel lines to help measure the circumference of the Earth. He (or his assistants) travelled to the city of Syene (near modern-day Aswan in Egypt) and found the spot where, exactly at noon on the summer solstice (about 21st June in the Northern Hemisphere), the Sun would be directly overhead. This is the moment when the Sun reaches its most northerly point in the year (it is marked by the Tropic of Cancer on modern maps) and a vertical rod casts»el razonamiento de Eratóstenes según Skinner: siendo esférica la Tierra, el Sol y la geometría de las paralelas bastan; de ahí el viaje a Siena, donde al mediodía del solsticio de verano el Sol queda en el cenit y una vara vertical no da sombra. El tramo se corta en el renglón y remata con *no shadow*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 30»

«At exactly the same moment, he _ measured the angle of the shadow cast by a rod in Alexandria, the northernmost city in Egypt where he was head librarian of the great library. The angle was 7 degrees 12 minutes.»la segunda mitad de la medición: en el mismo instante, Eratóstenes midió en Alejandría —donde era bibliotecario mayor— el ángulo de la sombra de una vara, que da 7 grados 12 minutos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 30»

«When we look at ancient structures and the sacred geometry embodied within them we should think as the original builders did and work with the units of measurement they used rather than with our modern units.»la regla de lectura que Skinner fija para el resto del libro: ante una estructura antigua hay que pensar como sus constructores y trabajar con sus unidades, no con las nuestras

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 32»

«If we knew the original unit of measurement that was used to construct an ancient stone circle, such as Stonehenge, we could understand the structure in more depth. The inside diameter of a stone circle might read 97.3186 feet (29.663 m) on our modern decimal tape measure, but if we discovered the original unit of measurement we could say the diameter was a whole number, such as 36 megalithic yards. The figure 36 clearly says something about the symbolism of the circle, whereas 29.663 definitely does not.»el segundo ejemplo: el diámetro interior de un círculo de piedras da 97.3186 pies en cinta decimal moderna y 36 yardas megalíticas en la unidad original, y el 36 —dice Skinner— dice algo del simbolismo del círculo mientras que 29.663 no dice nada

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 32»

«over a tuned metal plate sprinkled with light powder (lycopodium powder is best), the grains line up in complex patterns.»el experimento con que Skinner pasa del sonido a la figura: sobre una placa metálica afinada y espolvoreada de licopodio, los granos se alinean en patrones complejos. La cláusula que abre la frase —*If you draw the bow of a violin*— la imprime el troceo más abajo, en la otra columna de la plana

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 27»

«but these notes also numbers to certain patterns of notes and hence to certain geometrical patterns, and these patterns are beautiful.»la conclusión que Skinner saca de la figura de Chladni: los números sagrados no solo gobiernan órbitas y armonía musical, sino que esas notas llevan a ciertos patrones geométricos, y esos patrones son bellos. La columna aparece entreverada en el troceo y el tramo va tal cual

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 27»

«This is an experiment = 5000 stadia, then 360 degrees that any of us could in (the Earth’s circumference) theory do today, but its = 5000 x 360 / 7.2 = 250,000 stadia essence lies in accurate measurement and a knowledge 250,000 stadia is 24,461 miles of basic geometry. The French»lo que Skinner saca del cálculo de Eratóstenes: cualquiera podría repetirlo hoy, y su esencia está en la medición precisa y en el conocimiento de la geometría básica. El OCR de esta plana entrevera renglón a renglón las dos columnas, de modo que dentro de las comillas caen intercalados el resultado en estadios y millas y la estimación media moderna; va tal cual y no se reordena

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 31»

«measurement, incidentally, was slightly | accurate measurement to have calculated wrong as they did not take into account : . j % ; E 5 ABOVE A rare colonial for a man with two sticks anda measuring the slight flattening of the Earth at the»la objeción de Skinner a la medición francesa del meridiano: no tomó en cuenta el ligero achatamiento de la Tierra en los polos. El tramo queda igualmente entreverado con la otra columna y el sujeto —*The French*— está del otro lado de la intercalación, junto con un pie de figura y una cifra suelta que el detector de folio marca y que es residuo de esa misma intercalación

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 31»

«Wien they were setting out the building’s dimensions, the original designers of sacred structures and temples often used units consisting of whole numbers that had a magical quality. For example, the height of the Great Pyramid, Egypt, is 481.654 feet (146.808 m) with a base of 765.8756 feet (233.439 m). How much clearer it becomes when we say it is 280 cubits high with a base of 440 cubits.»el ejemplo con que Skinner muestra su regla: los diseñadores de templos usaban unidades de números enteros con cualidad mágica, y la Gran Pirámide, que en pies da 481.654 de alto por 765.8756 de base, en las unidades originales queda en 280 codos por 440; el troceo imprime *Wien* por *When*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 32»

«using the original whole numbers and simple fractions we can begin to analyse the sacred proportions and associated geometry embodied in these magnificient and enduring structures.»lo que Skinner dice que habilita el cambio de unidad: solo con los números enteros y las fracciones simples originales puede analizarse la proporción sagrada y la geometría asociada de esas estructuras; el tramo arranca después del corte de chunk, que parte *By using*, y el troceo imprime *magnificient*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 32»

«If original units of measurement are not easy to apply, a good alternative is to use ratios. A building, such as the Parthenon, Stonehenge or the Great Pyramid, can still be measured with modern metric units, but the ratios of the measurements can reveal more meaningful results. These ratios so often turn out to be simple whole-number fractions or ‘magic numbers’, such as the Golden Mean (see pages 34-39). A ratio, of course, is the same, no matter what units are used.»la alternativa que Skinner ofrece cuando no hay unidad original: medir en unidades métricas modernas y trabajar con las razones, que suelen dar fracciones simples de números enteros o números mágicos, y que no cambian con la unidad

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 33»

«Finally, the use of original units of measurement gives us the chance to micro-correct faulty measurements and make them more accurate—by this I don’t mean taking liberties with the figures. The stones of all ancient monuments have been damaged, moved or eroded, so even the best survey often cannot deduce the exact original length. If you measure 765.8756 feet (233.439 m) then you have no way of checking it, but a measure of 439.78 cubits is more than likely to have originally been 440 cubits exactly.»el uso que Skinner reivindica para la unidad original —microcorregir medidas dañadas por el tiempo— con la reserva puesta en la misma frase: no se trata de tomarse libertades con las cifras

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 33»

«So although I don’t hold with tampering with the figures to get the ‘right’ answers, I do think that the use of original units of measurements can often point up very small discrepancies caused by the passage of time or the use of a limp tape measure.»Skinner fija su propio límite: no comulga con manipular las cifras para obtener la respuesta correcta, pero sostiene que la unidad original señala discrepancias mínimas causadas por el tiempo o por una cinta floja

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 33»

«Why are units of measurement so important? In any culture there is a preference for round numbers, and this will often be a clue. A designer or architect is more likely to specify that something is 6.5616 feet (2 m) long rather than 6.385 feet (1.946 m) long: this is basic human nature.»el argumento de Skinner sobre por qué importa la unidad: toda cultura prefiere números redondos, y un arquitecto especificará antes dos metros que 1.946, lo que él llama naturaleza humana básica

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 33»

«For many structures—particularly religious or sacred ones—the choice of units for a dimension will not just be a whole number but often a magical or sacred number. A temple is more likely to be 60 or 64 units long rather than 63 units long, with subsidiary measurements in whole-number ratios (or V2 or V3) of the main dimensions. Why? Because our subconscious ideas of beauty, which we refer to as proportion, are dependent on proportional geometric division.»la tesis con que Skinner liga medida y belleza: en lo religioso la unidad no solo será número entero sino número mágico o sagrado —un templo de 60 o 64 unidades antes que de 63—, porque las ideas inconscientes de belleza que llamamos proporción dependen de la división geométrica proporcional

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 33»

«in the case of pre-literate megalithic monuments we can only infer which unit was used by measuring many structures and correlating our findings. Two such ancient measures are the so-called megalithic yard and the cubit. The cubit is well documented, but the megalithic yard has been derived by retro-fitting.»la distinción de estatuto que Skinner marca entre sus dos medidas antiguas: el codo está bien documentado, mientras que la yarda megalítica se ha derivado por ajuste retrospectivo a partir de muchas estructuras medidas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 34»

«Although it initially seems unlikely, the evidence suggests that a uniform system of measurement extended across a wide variety of cultures. Researchers, including Professor Alexander Thom and John Michell, have concluded that one particular unit of measurement was used by the ancient architects of megalithic structures across much of Europe.»lo que Skinner reporta de Alexander Thom y John Michell: que un sistema uniforme de medida se extendió por culturas muy distintas y que una unidad concreta sirvió a los arquitectos megalíticos de buena parte de Europa

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 34»

«Thom called this theoretic unit of measurement used on the megalithic sites the megalithic yard and equated it with 2.717 feet (0.8296 m).»la definición que Skinner atribuye a Thom: llamó yarda megalítica a esa unidad teórica y la equiparó a 2.717 pies. La llama *theoretic*, no medida

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 34»

«We have to be careful not to allow modern thinking to color our view of the past. Although the French devisers of the meter defined it in terms of the circumference of the Earth, we cannot therefore assume that our predecessors had necessarily hit upon the same idea. So, for example, Michael Behrend (author of The Landscape Geometry of Southern Britain, a monograph) in 1976 suggested that an ancient unit used by megalithic surveyors (968.9 feet or 295.32 m) was formed from the equatorial radius of the Earth divided by 6 x 60 x 60, derived from just six measurements.»la cautela metodológica que Skinner enuncia y el ejemplo con que la ilustra: que los franceses definieran el metro por la circunferencia terrestre no autoriza a suponer que los antiguos hicieran lo mismo, y cita a Michael Behrend derivando en 1976 una unidad megalítica del radio ecuatorial dividido entre 6 × 60 × 60 a partir de solo seis medidas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 34»

«The difficulty with such statements is that even if our remote ancestors knew the precise diameter or circumference of the Earth, would they have necessarily used it as a measurement baseline? I think not. With such a difference in magnitude between the Earth’s dimensions and a unit ruler, it is always easy to figure out or fudge a suitable ratio. The Greeks had already worked out the circumference of the Earth (see pages 26-27), but their standard of measurement predated that discovery by some considerable time.»la objeción de Skinner, en primera persona: aun si los antepasados remotos hubieran sabido el diámetro de la Tierra, no se sigue que lo tomaran por base de medida —*I think not*—, porque con esa diferencia de magnitud siempre es fácil forzar una razón; y añade que el patrón griego era anterior al cálculo griego de la circunferencia

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 34»

«I doubt if any civilization, except the French, ever based its units of measurement on a calculation of the Earth’s circumference. Units were derived from immediately observable and common things such as the (standardized) length of an arm or the weight of a wheat seed. The only system to have started from what it thought to be the size of the Earth was the French metric system, and they got this original measurement wrong anyway.»la duda que Skinner deja dicha como tal: duda que civilización alguna, salvo la francesa, basara sus unidades en un cálculo de la circunferencia terrestre; las unidades salían de cosas observables —el largo de un brazo, el peso de un grano de trigo— y el único sistema que partió del tamaño de la Tierra erró la medida original

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 35»

«A more fruitful approach has been employed by the authors of Civilization One, Christopher Knight and Alan Butler. They appear to have discovered that surprisingly many apparently modern systems of measurement have probably been derived from the original megalithic yard. This seems a more promising route, and so I have modified their approach slightly to use the megalithic yard, which almost miraculously provides many sites with whole numbers for their key dimensions, and consequently in many cases magical or sacred numbers appear with much greater than statistical regularity.»lo que Skinner toma de Civilization One, de Christopher Knight y Alan Butler, y lo que le modifica: que muchos sistemas de medida aparentemente modernos deriven de la yarda megalítica le parece ruta prometedora, y dice haber ajustado su enfoque para que los sitios den números enteros en sus dimensiones clave

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 35»

«We know these to be absolutely precise because the Egyptians had standardized metal rulers showing these divisions and so there is no question of miscalculation.»el criterio de certeza que Skinner invoca para el codo egipcio: existían reglas metálicas estandarizadas con esas divisiones, de modo que no hay lugar a error de cálculo

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 35»

«The megalithic yard was, however, not directly related to the cubit, as much as our sense of neatness might like it to be.»la negativa que Skinner ficha contra su propio gusto: la yarda megalítica no guarda relación directa con el codo, por mucho que el sentido de pulcritud lo quisiera

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 35»

«Prime numbers are rather mysterious, and to this day mathematicians have tried in vain to discover some order in their sequence. Prime numbers grow erratically, like weeds, among the composite numbers. They seem to obey no other law than that of chance and no one has so far been able to predict where the next one will appear.»la apertura del capítulo de los primos, y una negativa consignada como tal: hasta hoy los matemáticos han buscado en vano un orden en la sucesión, que crece de modo errático, como maleza, entre los compuestos, sin obedecer más ley que el azar

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 36»

«In fact, primes are very important commercially— programmers are constantly striving to devise prime factorization algorithms that can generate the prime factors of any given integer. A fundamental theorem states that any positive integer can be represented in exactly one way as a product of primes. Many of the commercial banking and Internet codes we use today depend upon the difficulty of factorizing primes. If someone were able to devise a general method of factoring primes, they would render the vast majority of encryption schemes in current use easily breakable. So you can see that the arithmetic of prime numbers is not just a Pythagorean pastime but serious business.»el giro con que Skinner saca a los primos del anaquel: la banca y los códigos de internet dependen de la dificultad de factorizarlos, y quien diera con un método general volvería fácilmente rompible la mayoría de los esquemas de cifrado; la aritmética de los primos, concluye, no es pasatiempo pitagórico sino asunto serio

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 36»

«Prime numbers are, therefore, numbers that cannot be factored, and they may in a sense be considered the building blocks of all composite numbers.»la definición que Skinner deja asentada: los primos son los números que no pueden factorizarse, y en cierto sentido cabe considerarlos los ladrillos de todos los compuestos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 36»

«We know that the Ancients were fascinated by prime numbers and by fractions, so what about prime numbers used as the denominator of fractions? Let us try expanding some unitary prime fractions:»la pregunta con que Skinner entra a las firmas de los primos: sabiendo que los antiguos se fascinaban con primos y fracciones, qué pasa al usar un primo como denominador

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 37»

«If we take just the 7ths we can develop this even further. You see the same group of six digits repeating endlessly but starting at a different point each time. It is almost as if 142857 was a sort of ‘signature’ of the prime number 7.»lo que Skinner llama firma de un primo: en los séptimos se repite el mismo grupo de seis dígitos empezando cada vez en otro punto, casi como si 142857 fuera la firma del 7

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 37»

«Continue until you have crossed out all numbers divisible by Vn (the highest number you are interested in). The numbers remaining are primes.»el cierre del procedimiento: seguir tachando hasta los divisibles por la raíz del número mayor, y lo que quede son primos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 37»

«Eratosthenes (c.275-194 Bc) developed a sieve technique for discovering all the prime numbers. The procedure is as follows:»el recuadro de la criba: Skinner atribuye a Eratóstenes una técnica de cribado para hallar todos los números primos; el troceo imprime *Bc*

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«Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) called the Golden Section ‘one of the two _ great treasures of geometry,’ and it was likened by him rather poetically to Da precious jewel. In the 16th century it was called the Divine Proportion and in the 19th century it was given the title Golden Number or Golden Ratio or Golden Section. We will call it the Golden Mean.»la historia del nombre según Skinner: Kepler llamó a la Sección Áurea uno de los dos grandes tesoros de la geometría y la comparó con una joya; en el siglo XVI se le dijo Divina Proporción y en el XIX Número, Razón o Sección de Oro

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«The common Greek letter for the Golden Mean used to be tau, which comes from the Greek word ‘to cut’ or ‘section’. Since the early 20th century it has been expressed as phi, ®, which is the first letter of the name of the most famous Greek sculptor Phidias (490-430 Bc), as a commemoration of its occurrence in various beautiful forms.»el cambio de letra que Skinner data: la Media Áurea se marcaba con tau, del griego *cortar*, y desde principios del siglo XX con phi, inicial de Fidias, en conmemoración de su aparición en formas bellas

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«It can be used to divide a line or rectangle into two unequal parts, so that the proportion of the two new parts is the same as the proportion of the larger part to the original line. Lateral thinking shows that division by this number is like cell division: the division of the line in this proportion causes the creation of another line proportionately identical to the original line. You could think of this produced line as the ‘child’ of the original line. The fact that ® enables this process to continue indefinitely suggests its involvement in replication and hence in growth.»la lectura que Skinner hace de phi como principio de crecimiento: dividir una línea en esa proporción engendra otra proporcionalmente idéntica —la llama *child* de la original—, y que el proceso pueda seguir indefinidamente sugiere, dice, su implicación en la replicación

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«This decimal recurs forever, so its value cannot ever be expressed perfectly in decimal form. It is therefore an ‘irrational number’. Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be expressed by either an ending or a regularly repeating pattern of numbers after the decimal point. Another irrational number is pi, 7 (3.1415926 ...).»la definición de número irracional que Skinner deja asentada, con pi como segundo ejemplo; el troceo imprime el signo de pi como *7*

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«Even though it is an irrational number, ® in its relationship with itself can form whole rational numbers. In geometry, it is an integral part of the generation of many polyhedra (see pages 56-57), and many sources show this as it is used extensively in nature to construct life forms.»la paradoja que Skinner subraya: siendo irracional, phi en relación consigo mismo da números racionales enteros, y es parte integral de la generación de muchos poliedros

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«To cut any target line into the Golden Mean proportions you can use the Pythagorean triangular method as follows: 1. Label the line AB. 2. Draw a line at right angles from B and label its end C—make this line half the length of the target line AB. 3. Draw a line connecting A and C. You have now constructed a Pythagorean right-angled triangle. 4. Put the point of a compass in C and, with radius CB, draw an arc cutting AC at point X. 5. Put the point of a compass in A and, with radius AX, draw an arc cutting AB at point Y. Y now divides the target line AB in the proportion of the Golden Mean.»el procedimiento con regla y compás que Skinner da para cortar una línea en proporción áurea, apoyado en el triángulo rectángulo pitagórico

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«As we have seen, the Ancients always preferred numbers that could be expressed as whole numbers or fractions (such as %, %, %, %) and preferably unitary fractions, which are fractions with 1 as the»la preferencia que Skinner atribuye a los antiguos: números expresables como enteros o como fracciones, y de preferencia fracciones unitarias; el tramo se corta en el renglón y sigue con *numerator*

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«® is now expressed entirely in terms of 5, so it should not come as a surprise that ‘fiveness’ is a quality of ® and that ® occurs in the proportions of the pentagon (a five-sided figure) and of the pentagram (a five-pointed figure).»la consecuencia que Skinner extrae de escribir phi en términos de raíz de cinco: la *cualidad de cinco* es propia de phi, y de ahí su aparición en las proporciones del pentágono y del pentagrama

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«However, in its decimal form phi never ends. Numbers that are never-ending, and cannot be exactly expressed, are called incommensurate where they cannot be constructed with basic Euclidean geometry using a compass and a straightedge.»la definición de número inconmensurable que Skinner da: los que no terminan ni pueden expresarse con exactitud, y que no se construyen con geometría euclidiana básica de compás y regla

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«Iamblichus of Chalcis (AD 245-325) stated that the Pythagoreans built a tomb for whoever discovered incommensurability, signifying that he must forever depart from the life and fellowship of Pythagorean society.»lo que Skinner reporta de Jámblico de Cálcide: que los pitagóricos levantaban tumba a quien descubriera la inconmensurabilidad, en señal de que debía apartarse para siempre de la vida y de la compañía de la sociedad pitagórica

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«The Golden or Sublime Triangle is an isosceles triangle with both base angles of 72 degrees and the third angle of 36 degrees. When the base angles are bisected (cut in half) the two new triangles produced are also Golden»la definición del Triángulo Áureo o Sublime: isósceles con ángulos de base de 72 grados y tercer ángulo de 36, que al bisecar los de base produce dos triángulos áureos nuevos; el tramo se corta en el fin de plana y sigue con *Triangles*

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«A regular pentagram circumscribed by a circle consists of an inverted pentagon plus five triangles. Each of these triangles, like CKD in the illustration, is a Golden Triangle because they each have base angles of 72 degrees and a vertex angle of 36 degrees. If you take their sides as 1 unit, their base is 0.618 ... units long, or to put it another way, the ratio of the side to the base is ® or 1.618 ....»la anatomía del pentagrama según Skinner: inscrito en un círculo se descompone en un pentágono invertido y cinco triángulos áureos, y la razón del lado a la base de cada uno es phi

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«The pentagram, or five-pointed star, has long been considered magical. In the West it is often used specifically as a protection against evil, with the single point upwards. When the double point is upwards the pentagram is construed as an evil sign.»el uso que Skinner consigna del pentagrama: figura tenida por mágica desde antiguo y usada en Occidente como protección contra el mal con la punta hacia arriba, mientras que con la doble punta arriba se interpreta como signo maligno

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«Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, used it to devise a Banishing Ritual of the Pentagram to help disperse undesirable entities. It is therefore not surprising that this figure also has some special geometry.»el dato de uso moderno que Skinner aporta: la Orden Hermética de la Golden Dawn, que llama la fraternidad mágica más célebre de los últimos siglos, ideó con el pentagrama un Ritual de Destierro para dispersar entidades indeseables

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«If the sides of the five triangular points are one unit in length, then the base of these triangles (or the side of the pentagon) is 0.618. Interestingly, 1/0.618 is M. Or, to put it yet another way, if you divide the sides of the triangle by the base of the triangle you get ®. In short the regular pentagram is made up of five Golden Triangles, touching each other around a pentagon.»el resultado aritmético que Skinner saca del pentagrama regular: cinco triángulos áureos tocándose alrededor de un pentágono, con la base a 0.618 del lado

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«Leonardo of Pisa had the reputation of bringing the mathematical arts from Arabia to Italy, in other words, translating key mathematical texts from Arabic into Latin. He collected these during his extensive travels to traditional centers of learning, including Egypt, Syria, Greece, Sicily, and Provence. Sicily (together with Toledo) played an especially important role in the transmission of Arabic science to the West as it had been captured by the Saracens in 827, before the Norman knights drove them out between 1060 and 1092. The result, in Leonardo of Pisa’s lifetime, was a good mixture of Greek, Latin and Arabic culture and knowledge»la vía de transmisión que Skinner adjudica a Leonardo de Pisa: traer las artes matemáticas de Arabia a Italia traduciendo del árabe al latín textos reunidos en viajes por Egipto, Siria, Grecia, Sicilia y Provenza, con Sicilia y Toledo como puntos clave del paso de la ciencia árabe a Occidente

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«Each term is the sum of the previous two terms, so the series effectively ‘grows’ by always referring back to its immediately previous ‘parent’ numbers. It is an ordinary-looking series until you start to examine the relationship between each number and its successor. This grows more interesting if you divide each number by its immediate predecessor»la mecánica de la serie según Skinner: cada término es la suma de los dos anteriores, de modo que crece refiriéndose siempre a sus números padre inmediatos; el interés empieza al dividir cada número entre su antecesor

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«The ancient Greek and Renaissance architects very effectively used phi as a way of establishing some of the most visually pleasing ratios for the dimensions of a building, even sometimes down to the proportion of individual windows and doors. You need only to compare a building from either of those two periods with, say, a piece of modern architecture produced in Britain during the 1960s to arbitrary and ‘socially conscious’ dimensions to realize that ® is more than just an arithmetical concept—it is part of the very root of beauty.»el juicio con que Skinner remata: griegos y renacentistas usaron phi para fijar las razones más gratas a la vista, hasta en ventanas y puertas, y comparar esos edificios con la arquitectura británica de los años sesenta de dimensiones arbitrarias muestra —dice— que phi es más que un concepto aritmético

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«One rather florid story relates that when Hippasus of Metapontum»la anécdota que Skinner llama florida y de la que se desmarca enseguida: la que cuenta lo ocurrido cuando Hípaso de Metaponto dio con la inconmensurabilidad. El tramo se corta antes de la fecha entre paréntesis, que dispara la guarda anticosido

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«discovered that the Golden Mean can never be expressed as a fraction or a ratio between two whole numbers, his fellow Pythagoreans were so shocked they were said to have sacrificed 100 oxen. I think this is probably an exaggeration, given that Pythagoreans were vegetarians, but it shows the degree of their veneration for whole numbers and their rational relationships as expressed as rational fractions.»el remate de esa anécdota y la reserva de Skinner: que los pitagóricos sacrificaran cien bueyes al saber que la Media Áurea no se expresa como fracción ni como razón entre enteros le parece probablemente exagerado, dado que eran vegetarianos, aunque muestre el grado de su veneración por los números enteros y sus relaciones racionales

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«Although Leonardo da Vinci is world famous, it is another Leonardo who contributed one of the main discoveries that lie at the heart of sacred geometry. In 1202 Leonardo of Pisa or Fibonacci (c.1170-c.1240) published his Liber abaci»la corrección de atribución con que Skinner abre el apartado: el Leonardo que aporta uno de los descubrimientos centrales de la geometría sagrada no es el de Vinci sino el de Pisa, que publicó el Liber abaci en 1202. El tramo se corta donde el OCR mete los renglones del diagrama de la serie

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«‘The Book of Calculations’. In its 15 chapters he explained the basic operations of arithmetic, especially the theory of prime numbers, fractions and Euclid. Then, only as a minor mathematical diversion, almost an afterthought, he came up with the idea of the Fibonacci series.»lo que Skinner dice que contiene el Liber abaci: quince capítulos sobre las operaciones básicas de la aritmética, con la teoría de los números primos, las fracciones y Euclides, y solo como digresión menor, casi de remate, la serie de Fibonacci

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«Dan Brown works the Fibonacci series into his The Da Vinci Code right at the beginning, as the sequence scrawled on»el uso contemporáneo que Skinner registra: Dan Brown mete la serie de Fibonacci al principio de El código Da Vinci; el tramo se corta en el fin de plana, donde el texto sigue con el suelo en que la garabatea el curador moribundo

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«Each successive division dodges around a bit, then stabilizes to become 1.6180339887... . This magic number has been expressed by the Greek letter phi»el hallazgo aritmético que Skinner subraya: las divisiones sucesivas de la serie oscilan y se estabilizan en 1.6180339887, el número que se expresa con la letra phi

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«Using the ratio 1 and 1.618 to form the sides of a rectangle makes it become a Golden Rectangle that is derived ABOVE The shells of the nautilus and the ammonite from the Golden Mean. It has long been | recognized that the number phi, ©, is adopt the same geometric form, spiralling out at an ever increasing rate that is governed by this geometry. definitely part of the underlying structure of the universe and can therefore rightly be called ‘sacred’.»el paso de la aritmética a la geometría y la tesis que de ahí saca Skinner: con 1 y 1.618 por lados sale el Rectángulo Áureo, y phi —sostiene— está reconocido desde hace mucho como parte de la estructura subyacente del universo, por lo que puede llamarse sagrado con derecho

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«the floor by the dying curator Sauniere, and later by using it as a code in the bank deposit box security number.»la continuación de ese registro: en la novela la serie es el garabato del curador moribundo Sauniere y después la clave de una caja de seguridad bancaria

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«of a burgeoning rabbit population, assuming certain reproductory rules, beginning with a single pair of rabbits.»el contraste que Skinner marca con el origen: Leonardo de Pisa ideó la serie como divertimento matemático para calcular el crecimiento de una población de conejos a partir de una sola pareja, con reglas de reproducción supuestas. El corte de chunk parte la frase y el tramo arranca después de él

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«Greek geometers, the greatest of whom was Euclid, saw the perfection of geometry as a reflection of the mind of the creator. To further distance geometry from the physical world, they used only a straightedge (not a ruler with marked divisions) and a compass to draw and prove their theorems.»la apertura del capítulo de geometría pura: según Skinner, los geómetras griegos —el mayor, Euclides— vieron la perfección de la geometría como reflejo de la mente del creador, y para alejarla aún más del mundo físico se limitaron a la regla sin divisiones y al compás

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«Of all the possible 3-D figures, only five (Plato’s solids) were considered perfect, while a further 13 (associated with Archimedes) were also important. In addition, the Greeks also discovered the fascinating properties of the cone and conceived a number of curves, including the logarithmic curve, which plays such a large part in the geometry of life.»el reparto que Skinner anuncia: de todas las figuras tridimensionales solo cinco —los sólidos de Platón— se tuvieron por perfectas, y otras trece asociadas a Arquímedes por importantes, además del cono y de las curvas, entre ellas la logarítmica

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«The Greek geometers devised geometric figures that embodied the irrational numbers, which were looked upon with horror because of their supposed imperfection. These numbers, particularly the square roots of 2, 3 and 5, play a big part in sacred geometry as they often form the length of diagonals of squares and rectangles made from small whole numbers.»el lugar que Skinner da a los irracionales: los griegos idearon figuras que los encarnaban y los miraron con horror por su supuesta imperfección, y sin embargo las raíces de 2, 3 y 5 pesan mucho en geometría sagrada porque dan las diagonales de cuadrados y rectángulos de números enteros pequeños

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«of geometry, or indeed the whole of mathematics, is Elements by Euclid. Only the Bible has sold more copies in Europe, at least until the 20th century brought us huge bestsellers such as The Lord of the Rings, The Da Vinci Code and the book series about Hogwarts and Harry Potter.»la medida de difusión que Skinner usa para los Elementos: solo la Biblia ha vendido más ejemplares en Europa, al menos hasta los grandes éxitos del siglo XX; el tramo arranca después de la capitular perdida, que el troceo imprime como *Tre best-known book in the history*

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«Euclid probably first studied mathematics in Athens with some of Plato’s students. He also wrote almost a dozen other books on topics, such as music, mechanics and optics, although only four survive. One of them, Optics, contains some of the earliest studies of perspective»lo que Skinner dice y no dice de la biografía de Euclides: probablemente estudió matemáticas en Atenas con discípulos de Platón y escribió casi una docena de libros más, de los que solo sobreviven cuatro, entre ellos una Óptica con estudios tempranos de perspectiva

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«Theon of Alexandria wrote a revised version of Elements in the fourth century AD and this served as the basis of all translations until the 19th century, when a manuscript containing a somewhat different text was discovered in the Vatican Library.»la historia textual que Skinner traza: la versión revisada de los Elementos por Teón de Alejandría sirvió de base a todas las traducciones hasta el siglo XIX, cuando apareció en la Biblioteca Vaticana un manuscrito con texto algo distinto

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«In the Middle Ages Elements was translated into Arabic at least three times. An English Benedictine monk, Adelard of Bath (c.1070-1145), who was traveling in Spain disguised as a Muslim student, acquired an Arabic text of Elements and completed the translation into Latin around 1120. This translation became the basis of all editions in Europe until the 16th century when, in 1570, Sir Henry Billingsley translated Elements into English. Dr John Dee (see pages 93-95) wrote the preface and considered that a basic knowledge of Euclid would be of great advantage in the study of optics and in building and architecture.»la cadena de traducciones que Skinner consigna: al árabe al menos tres veces en la Edad Media; al latín hacia 1120 por Adelardo de Bath, monje benedictino inglés que viajaba por España disfrazado de estudiante musulmán; y al inglés en 1570 por Sir Henry Billingsley, con prefacio de John Dee, que tenía a Euclides por ventaja para la óptica, la construcción y la arquitectura

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«The ancient Greeks were interested in the elegant solution of a geometric problem for its own sake. Their geometry has underpinned the calculations of harmony that go to make up sacred geometry, and its step-by-step logic is the basis of modern scientific reasoning. They created ideals of classical beauty (especially sculpture), stunning architecture (via the Greek and Roman Renaissance) and the logical scientific approach to solving problems. These ideals of beauty were accompanied by a knowledge of form and proportion that are the bedrock of sacred geometry.»lo que Skinner atribuye al interés griego por la solución elegante: su geometría sostiene los cálculos de armonía de la geometría sagrada, su lógica paso a paso es la base del razonamiento científico moderno, y los ideales de belleza que crearon venían acompañados de un saber de forma y proporción

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«Euclid codified geometry and Pythagoras explained the inherent sacredness of numbers, but many Greek geometers helped to build the strong foundations of architecture, astronomy, mechanics and optics, and their work is still at the heart of Western science today.»el reparto de papeles con que Skinner cierra: Euclides codificó la geometría y Pitágoras explicó la sacralidad inherente de los números, pero muchos otros geómetras griegos cimentaron arquitectura, astronomía, mecánica y óptica

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«The 13 books of Elements encompass most of the geometric knowledge of Euclid’s time. They contains almost all we know about plane (flat surface) geometry and much that we know about the geometry of spheres, cones and other 3-D figures. Euclidean | geometry needs only a compass and a straightedge. A ruler with marked divisions is not strictly necessary because Euclid’s theorems work regardless of scale. The following checklist of the books of | Elements will help locate the source of many of Euclid’s more important theorems and ideas:»la descripción que Skinner da de los Elementos: trece libros con casi todo el saber geométrico de su tiempo, y una geometría que solo necesita compás y regla sin divisiones porque los teoremas valen sea cual sea la escala

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«gives an extensive account of the work on proportion that originated with Eudoxus of Cnidus (c.408-355 Bc). This volume is of | particular importance to the study of sacred geometry.»lo que Skinner subraya del libro V de los Elementos: recoge el trabajo sobre la proporción que arranca en Eudoxo de Cnido, y lo declara de particular importancia para el estudio de la geometría sagrada

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«demonstrates the construction of the five Platonic solids and is mostly derived from the work of Theaetetus. This volume is also of particular importance to sacred geometry.»lo mismo con el libro XIII: la construcción de los cinco sólidos platónicos, derivada en su mayor parte de Teeteto, y también de particular importancia para la geometría sagrada

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«Sometimes called the ‘father of deductive reasoning’, Thales was one of the first to bring the science of geometry from Egypt to Greece—three centuries before Euclid.»la entrada de Tales de Mileto en el repertorio de geómetras: padre del razonamiento deductivo y uno de los primeros en traer la geometría de Egipto a Grecia, tres siglos antes de Euclides

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«Plato founded an Academy in 387 BC that flourished until AD 529. Plato’s book Phaedo supported Pythagoras by attempting to prove that numbers and figures are the perfect noumenal forms behind manifested reality.»la entrada de Platón: fundó una Academia que duró hasta el 529 de nuestra era, y su Fedón —dice Skinner— apoyó a Pitágoras intentando probar que números y figuras son las formas nouménicas perfectas detrás de la realidad manifestada

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«all be obtained simply by cutting a cone obliquely at different points. Kepler used his work to determine the elliptical orbits of the planets»lo que Skinner adjudica a Menecmo y su consecuencia: fue el primero en mostrar que elipses, parábolas e hipérbolas salen de cortar un cono en distintos puntos, y Kepler usó ese trabajo para determinar las órbitas elípticas

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«He formalized the geometry of simple devices by comparing the radius of a curve with the angle made with its origin, which is the key to understanding logarithmic curves (see pages 48-51). Archimedes discovered 13 semi-regular, 3-D solids»la entrada de Arquímedes: formalizó la geometría de los dispositivos simples comparando el radio de una curva con el ángulo de su origen —clave, dice Skinner, de las curvas logarítmicas— y descubrió trece sólidos semirregulares

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«He published the first trigonometric tables and may even have invented trigonometry. Interestingly, the tables were based on dividing a circle into Hipparchus of Rhodes (190-120 Bc) EUCLID: THE FATHER OF GEOMETRY | _ 360 degrees (for the first time), with each degree divided into 60 minutes—an idea he borrowed from the Babylonians.»la entrada de Hiparco de Rodas: publicó las primeras tablas trigonométricas y quizá inventó la trigonometría, y sus tablas dividen el círculo en 360 grados y cada grado en 60 minutos, idea que Skinner dice tomada de los babilonios

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«Ptolemy wrote the Almagest (13 books), which remained the standard work on astronomy until his theories were overturned by Copernicus and Kepler (see pages 75-79). He provided the essential mathematics for the geocentric theory of planetary motion.»la entrada de Claudio Ptolomeo: el Almagesto fue la obra estándar de astronomía hasta que sus teorías quedaron atrás con Copérnico y Kepler, y aportó las matemáticas esenciales de la teoría geocéntrica

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«The daughter of Theon of Alexandria, Hypatia embodied the connection between philosophy and geometry. She edited a new version of Euclid’s Elements and, in about AD 400, became head of the last Platonist school at Alexandria.»la entrada de Hipatia de Alejandría: hija de Teón, encarna para Skinner la conexión entre filosofía y geometría, editó una versión nueva de los Elementos y hacia el año 400 quedó al frente de la última escuela platónica de Alejandría

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«Triangles are one of the fundamental figures in geometry. There are millions of possible triangles, but we will focus on just three: right-angled, equilateral and isosceles triangles. These special triangles form some of the building blocks of sacred geometry and have been used at different times in the construction of sacred buildings.»la apertura del capítulo de los triángulos: de los millones posibles, Skinner se queda con tres —rectángulo, equilátero e isósceles— por ser ladrillos de la geometría sagrada usados en la construcción de edificios sagrados

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«A straight line has an angle of 180 degrees. Three straight lines linked together create a triangle—a three-angled and three-sided figure that is perhaps the most stable figure in all of geometry. Because of its stability it was used for triangulation in land surveying and mapping. The triangle owes its stability to the fact that the sum of its three internal angles always equals 180 degrees, exactly half a full circle.»lo que Skinner dice del triángulo: quizá la figura más estable de toda la geometría, y por eso usada en triangulación para agrimensura y cartografía, con su estabilidad debida a que sus tres ángulos internos suman siempre 180 grados

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«responsible for assembling almost all the world’s knowledge of flat-plane and 3-D geometry in one book. His work, together with the work of Pythagoras, forms the basis of all sacred geometry. It is only in the last few centuries that any new and significant geometry has been added to what Euclid laid down 2,300 years ago.»la valoración con que Skinner abre el capítulo: Euclides reunió en un libro casi todo el saber del mundo sobre geometría plana y tridimensional, su obra junto con la de Pitágoras es la base de toda la geometría sagrada, y solo en los últimos siglos se le ha añadido geometría nueva significativa. El sujeto de la frase —*Euclid (325-265 Bc), who is known as the father of geometry, is*— queda en el renglón anterior, separado por dos pies de figura que el troceo intercala

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«point. When two points are connected a straight line forms. Curved lines create figures such as a circle, ellipse and parabola. Two straight lines create an angle, which is measured in degrees and minutes using a sexagesimal notation—counting based on 60s—which the Babylonians invented thousands of years ago. It is infinitely more flexible in handling fractions than the base 10 system we use today. The Babylonians divided the circle into 360 degrees, each degree into 60 minutes and each minute into 60 seconds.»la genealogía de la medida angular según Skinner: dos puntos dan una recta, dos rectas un ángulo, y el ángulo se mide en notación sexagesimal inventada por los babilonios, infinitamente más flexible con las fracciones que la base diez. El tramo se corta en el límite de chunk, donde sigue el cálculo de la precisión

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«that they could achieve a precision to 1 part in 1.3 million (as 360 x 60 x 60 = 1,296,000).»el remate de ese cálculo: la división sexagesimal del círculo permitía una precisión de una parte en 1.3 millones

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«Egyptians used to lay out their fields. A rope with 12 knots, marking 12 units of equal length, was strung tight to form a perfect right-angled triangle, with sides ‘of 3+ 4 +5 = 12 units.»el instrumento que Skinner atribuye a los agrimensores egipcios: una cuerda de doce nudos que marcan doce unidades iguales, tensada para formar un triángulo rectángulo perfecto de lados 3, 4 y 5

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«Another example is the so-called Great Pyramid triangle (see pages 117-119), a special triangle, which has sides of 1, Vo (1.273 ...) and ® (1.618).»el segundo triángulo que Skinner destaca: el llamado triángulo de la Gran Pirámide, con lados 1, raíz de phi y phi

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«The next most important triangle is the equilateral triangle, which has sides of the same length and angles of the same size (60 degrees), no matter how long the sides are. Six equilateral triangles placed side by side will fit into a complete circle (6 X 60 = 360) and will make a hexagon.»lo que Skinner dice del triángulo equilátero: lados y ángulos iguales sea cual sea su tamaño, y seis de ellos llenan el círculo completo y dan un hexágono

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«Squaring the circle, duplicating a cube and trisecting an angle are three famous geometrical problems that puzzled the Ancients. Solving these problems had to be accomplished with only a compass and a straightedge.»los tres problemas clásicos que Skinner enuncia —cuadrar el círculo, duplicar el cubo y trisecar el ángulo— con la condición que los define: resolverlos solo con compás y regla sin divisiones

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«This problem arose because of the need to calculate the area of a circle. The solution was to find a formula or geometric construction that would enable someone easily to draw a square with an area that exactly corresponded to the area of a particular circle. The difficulty of this problem has led many people to use the phrase ‘squaring the circle’ as a euphemism for something that was almost impossible yet mystical.»el origen práctico que Skinner da al problema de la cuadratura —calcular el área del círculo— y el uso figurado que de él salió: *squaring the circle* como eufemismo de lo casi imposible y a la vez místico

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«The ancient Egyptians identified certain pairs of whole numbers (8 and 9 are most often quoted) that came fairly close to squaring the circle. A circle with a diameter of 9 units (any unit) almost corresponds in area to a square with sides of 8 units:»la solución aproximada que Skinner atribuye a los egipcios: pares de números enteros, y sobre todo el 8 y el 9, con el círculo de nueve unidades de diámetro casi igual en área al cuadrado de ocho de lado

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«Nearly correct, but still 0.56 per cent out. The ratio 8:9 is interesting because it corresponds to the second musical note»la acotación con que Skinner cierra la aproximación egipcia —queda 0.56 por ciento fuera— y el puente que tiende con la música: la razón 8:9 corresponde a la segunda nota de la escala

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«In 1872, the German mathematician Ferdinand von Lindemann (1852-1939) proved that 7 was a transcendental number, finally showing that it was not possible to square the circle using only a compass and a straightedge.»la negativa que Skinner ficha con fecha y nombre: en 1872 Ferdinand von Lindemann estableció que pi es número trascendente, con lo que no cabe cuadrar el círculo solo con compás y regla

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«However, one of the other close approximations to circle squaring involves constructing a square with sides of 3.14164. This number is calculated from: 6 (1 + ®)/5 = 3.141640. This is particularly interesting as it shows there is an almost exact relationship between 7(3.1415925) and ® (the Golden Mean, or 1.618).»la relación que Skinner declara interesante: una de las aproximaciones a la cuadratura da un cuadrado de lado 3.14164, cifra que sale de una fórmula con phi, lo que muestra una relación casi exacta entre pi y la Media Áurea

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«The second problem was how to produce a cube that was exactly double the volume of another cube. At first sight you might be inclined simply to double the length of each side, but this results in a volume 2 x 2 X 2 = 8 times the original volume.»el enunciado del segundo problema y la trampa que Skinner señala: duplicar el lado del cubo no duplica el volumen sino que lo multiplica por ocho

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«The solution involves using cube roots, which by their very nature cannot be constructed with purely Euclidean geometry. This problem is also extremely practical as it relates to the construction of standard measuring devices for liquids and grain. It was also a key to constructing the Parthenon—double the volume of the previous temple»la razón por la que el problema resiste y su alcance práctico según Skinner: las raíces cúbicas no se construyen con geometría puramente euclidiana, y de ese cálculo dependían los recipientes patrón para líquidos y grano y el Partenón, que dobló el volumen del templo anterior

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«The third problem involves dividing an angle into three equal angles without using a protractor. Certain angles, such as 135 degrees or 90 degrees, can be trisected using a compass and straightedge, but very few others.»el tercer problema según Skinner: dividir un ángulo en tres iguales sin transportador, cosa posible con compás y regla para algunos ángulos —135 o 90 grados— y muy pocos más

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«A circle is said to be a perfect image of God, but it is also closed and static. By contrast, a spiral is a dramatic image of life, with a starting point yet no closure and no end, so it can extend itself forever. It is the irrepressible force of life or, as the poet Dylan Thomas put it, ‘the force that through the green fuse drives the flower.’»la oposición con que Skinner abre el capítulo de las curvas: del círculo se dice que es imagen perfecta de Dios, pero es cerrado y estático, mientras que la espiral es imagen dramática de la vida, con principio y sin cierre; y cita el verso de Dylan Thomas sobre la fuerza que impulsa la flor por el fusible verde

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«What all spirals have in common is expansion and growth. There are many types of spiral: flat spirals, 3-D spirals, right-handed spirals, left-handed spirals, equi-angular spirals, geometric spirals, logarithmic spirals and rectangular spirals.»lo común a todas las espirales según Skinner —expansión y crecimiento— con el inventario de tipos que distingue

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«A logarithmic or equi-angular spiral is generated when phi (the Golden Mean) is used as its key number. The logarithmic spiral is formed by means of ‘whirling squares’ growing in phi-controlled harmonic progression from the center»la definición de espiral logarítmica que da Skinner: se genera con phi por número clave, por cuadrados que giran creciendo en progresión armónica controlada por phi desde el centro; el tramo se corta en el renglón y sigue con *outwards*

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«It is interesting to note that as logarithmic spirals increase in size by a geometric rate, the radii drawn from the centre to a point on the spiral form a geometric progression. The logarithmic spiral is the only curve that does not alter its shape as it grows.»la propiedad que Skinner subraya: al crecer la espiral logarítmica en progresión geométrica, los radios del centro a un punto forman progresión geométrica, y es la única curva que no altera su forma al crecer

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«The logarithmic spiral was later studied by that arch-logician René Descartes (1596-1650) and the mathematician Jakob Bernoulli (1654-1705). Bernoulli realized the spiral held the potential for growth and so requested one be engraved on his tombstone, together with the words eadem mutata resurgo (I shall arise transmuted).»el episodio que Skinner consigna de Jakob Bernoulli: vio en la espiral el potencial del crecimiento y pidió que se grabara en su tumba con las palabras *eadem mutata resurgo*

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«Start with a square with sides of one unit (be it inches, centimetres or whatever, it does not matter) and call it ABCD. Mark the midpoint of DA with an X (see diagram 1). | 2 Anchor the compass at X and, with radius BX, drawn an arc. It will cut DA extended at point E. Use point E to construct a new rectangle, EFBA (see diagram 1). This construction produces a Golden Rectangle EFCD, and has resulted in several magical results. For example, DE is now cut by A in the Golden Mean»el arranque de la construcción paso a paso de la espiral logarítmica: un cuadrado de lado unitario, el arco de compás que extiende el lado y el Rectángulo Áureo que de ahí sale, con el lado cortado en proporción áurea

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«If you now draw the diagonals BE and Degas | DF they will always meet at right angles (see diagram 2). This is why the particular logarithmic spiral generated from this is called a right-angled logarithmic spiral.»el detalle que da nombre a la figura: las diagonales de los dos rectángulos se cortan siempre en ángulo recto, y por eso la espiral que de ahí sale se llama logarítmica rectangular

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«parabolic-shaped walls at either end will transmit the sound of a whispered conversation from the focus of one parabola to the focus of the other, even though there are other noises. Such rooms can be found in the Exploratorium in San Francisco in California and the Statutary Hall in the US House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.»el ejemplo con que Skinner muestra la propiedad de la parábola: salas con muros parabólicos en ambos extremos que llevan un susurro del foco de una al foco de la otra, como en el Exploratorium de San Francisco y el Statuary Hall del Capitolio

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«The ellipse is important because it is the geometric figure that governs the orbits of the planets round the Sun. Although the Greek geometers knew of the ellipse, Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) was the first to apply it to the orbit of the planets.»el lugar que Skinner da a la elipse: la figura que gobierna las órbitas planetarias, conocida por los geómetras griegos pero aplicada a las órbitas por primera vez por Kepler

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«The lune is a moon-shaped figure that is bounded by two intersecting circles of different radii. Hippocrates of Chios (460-380 Bc) investigated lunes as a possible (but unsuccessful) means of squaring the circle»la lúnula según Skinner: figura en forma de luna acotada por dos círculos de radios distintos, investigada por Hipócrates de Quíos como vía —fallida, dice— para cuadrar el círculo

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«This natural curve can be seen in the curve of an eagle’s beak, the dorsal fin of a shark and the tip of some palm fronds. It is best understood as the curve made by a rope as it unwinds from a cylinder.»la evoluta según Skinner: curva natural del pico del águila, la aleta dorsal del tiburón y la punta de algunas frondas de palma, y la describe como la que traza una cuerda al desenrollarse de un cilindro

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«In the 17th century, many mathematicians and philosophers, including Galileo, Pascal, Descartes, Leibniz and Newton, fell under the spell of the cycloid. It was called ‘the Helen of geometry’,»el nombre que Skinner consigna para la cicloide: en el siglo XVII cayeron bajo su hechizo Galileo, Pascal, Descartes, Leibniz y Newton, y se la llamó la Helena de la geometría

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«provided the closest solution DAB. Likewise, if the dotted line is two-thirds to two of these three geometrical problems down the square, the angle formed DAY will be when he discovered the curve called the two-thirds of DAB. quadratrix. This curve is generated inside a»lo que Skinner adjudica a Hipias de Élide, nombrado en el renglón anterior: la solución más cercana a dos de los tres problemas geométricos clásicos, con el descubrimiento de la curva llamada cuadratriz. El OCR entrevera renglón a renglón el recuadro con la explicación de la figura, y dentro de las comillas caen intercaladas las instrucciones sobre el ángulo DAB; va tal cual y no se reordena. El tramo arranca después de la fecha entre paréntesis, que dispara la guarda anticosido

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«The area under the arch of any cycloid is exactly three times the area of the rotating circle that makes it. ¢ The cycloid is a very rational figure, which is produced from a circle whose dimensions are themselves irrational (because p7 is irrational).»las dos propiedades de la cicloide que Skinner destaca: el área bajo su arco es exactamente el triple de la del círculo que la genera, y es figura muy racional producida por un círculo de dimensiones irracionales; el troceo imprime *p7* donde el texto pide el signo de pi

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«is said to have discovered the conchoid curve and to have used it to solve two of the classic problems that straightedged Euclidean geometry could not—duplicating a cube and trisecting an»lo que Skinner atribuye a Nicomedes en modo reportado —*is said to have*—: descubrir la concoide y usarla para resolver dos de los problemas clásicos que la geometría euclidiana de regla no podía

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«A conchoid has the shape of a shell and is constructed by the interaction between a fixed line and a fixed point. Call the fixed point P and draw a series of rays from P so that they cross the fixed line. As you draw different rays, the distance from P to the line will change. You need to be aware of the length of these rays on the same side as P, as compared with their length on the opposite side of the line. As you draw each ray you must use a rule to determine just how long each will be, and in so doing, just how far each ray will project beyond the fixed line. The conchoid is the curve that joins up all the ends of the rays.»la construcción de la concoide según Skinner: un punto fijo y una recta fija, una serie de rayos desde el punto que cruzan la recta y una regla que fija cuánto se prolonga cada rayo; la curva une los extremos

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«For modern mathematicians irrational numbers are those that cannot be pinned down to a few digits. They are, in fact, repeating decimals that go on forever. Examples include \2, \3 and V5. V1 and V4 are not included because they are the whole numbers 1 and 2 respectively. But for the Ancients they were most useful numbers.»la oposición con que Skinner abre el capítulo de los irracionales: para el matemático moderno son decimales que no acaban, y para los antiguos eran números utilísimos

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«However, a triangle is much more foolproof, because once you establish one side of the triangle, the other two can meet at only one point. If you take this further and use three lengths of knotted cord (as the ancient Egyptians did) you can rapidly mark out a triangle from a baseline, with very little chance of error.»el argumento práctico de Skinner a favor del triángulo en agrimensura: fijado un lado, los otros dos solo pueden encontrarse en un punto, y con tres cuerdas anudadas se marca de prisa y casi sin error

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«The Egyptians often had to resurvey the land yearly, after each Nile inundation had obliterated the old field markers, and so they became experts at it.»la razón que Skinner da de la pericia egipcia: había que volver a medir la tierra cada año, después de que la crecida del Nilo borrara los mojones

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«Long before Pythagoras, the Egyptians knew that triangles with sides comprised of certain numbers (such as 3, 4, 5 or 17, 144, 145) would always create a right-angled triangle. These special whole numbers were later called Pythagorean Triplets. Their surveying ropes were knotted in such a way as to produce triangles of sides that were always Pythagorean Triplets or generators of right-angled triangle. Of course, not every triangle was so convenient in its lengths, and right-angled triangle that were not composed of a Pythagorean Triplet combination always produced an irrational hypotenuse, or long side.»la anterioridad que Skinner declara: mucho antes de Pitágoras los egipcios sabían que ciertos tríos de números dan siempre triángulo rectángulo, y anudaban sus cuerdas para producirlos; los triángulos rectángulos que no salen de una terna, añade, dan siempre hipotenusa irracional

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«Right-angled triangles are therefore either made of Pythagorean Triplets or generate irrational numbers. This is why such ‘irrational numbers’ were very precious, so the ancient Egyptians devised a geometric way to generate them using ‘root rectangles.’»la disyuntiva con que Skinner cierra el apartado y su consecuencia: o terna pitagórica o número irracional, y por eso los irracionales eran preciosos y los egipcios idearon un modo geométrico de generarlos con rectángulos raíz

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«This is how our ancestors measured and generated these irrational numbers. As you can see these numbers are ‘irrational’ only if you insist upon using the decimal system. Geometrically, they are much more straightforward, being basically the diagonals of simply constructed rectangles.»la corrección de perspectiva con que Skinner cierra los rectángulos raíz: esos números solo son irracionales si se insiste en el sistema decimal, porque geométricamente son sin más las diagonales de rectángulos de construcción sencilla

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«Regular polygons are multisided figures than can be inscribed within a circle so that all their vertices (corners) touch that circle. Likewise, regular solid polygons may be inscribed within a sphere, with all vertices touching its surface. Their faces are made up of regular polygons.»la definición con que Skinner abre el capítulo de los sólidos platónicos: polígonos regulares inscribibles en un círculo con todos sus vértices en él, y sólidos regulares inscribibles en una esfera del mismo modo; el troceo imprime *than* por *that*

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«These five solids became an important part of both practical and mystical geometry, although Plato was not the first to think of them: the first three belong to Pythagoras and the last two to Theaetetus (in the fourth century BC).»la corrección de atribución que Skinner introduce: los cinco sólidos pesaron en la geometría práctica y en la mística, pero Platón no fue el primero en pensarlos —los tres primeros, dice, son de Pitágoras y los dos últimos de Teeteto

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«Millions of shapes are composed of irregular polygons, but only five solids can be made up of regular polygons. Because of this rarity, Aristotle and Plato assumed they formed the building blocks of matter and so matched the five solids with the four classical elements plus ether.»el argumento que Skinner atribuye a Aristóteles y Platón: como solo cinco sólidos pueden componerse de polígonos regulares, esa rareza los llevó a suponerlos ladrillos de la materia y a emparejarlos con los cuatro elementos clásicos más el éter

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«The five Platonic solids are ‘pure’ and contain only one type of polygon. Archimedes (c.287—-212 Bc) described 13 additional solids that contain two or more different types of polygons.»la definición de los sólidos arquimedianos que da Skinner por contraste: los platónicos son puros y llevan un solo tipo de polígono, mientras que los trece que describe Arquímedes llevan dos o más

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«the topic have been lost. During the Renaissance all but one of the solids were gradually rediscovered, until Johannes | Kepler (1571-1630), in his quest to find the solution to the sacred numbers behind the planetary orbits (see pages 78-79) finally reconstructed the entire set.»la historia textual que Skinner traza: los escritos originales de Arquímedes sobre el asunto se perdieron, en el Renacimiento se fueron redescubriendo todos menos uno, y fue Kepler —buscando los números sagrados detrás de las órbitas— quien reconstruyó el conjunto entero

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«Each face of the 13 Archimedean solids is a symmetrical, regular polygon. The polygons are all built from the basic Euclidean building blocks. Around every vertex (corner) of a solid, the same polygons always appear in exactly the same sequence. For example, in the truncated tetrahedron, each vertex ‘hosts’ a hexagon-triangle—hexagon sequence.»la regla que ordena los sólidos arquimedianos según Skinner: cada cara es un polígono regular simétrico y alrededor de cada vértice se repiten siempre los mismos polígonos en la misma secuencia

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«With only one exception, the icosidodecahedron, the vertices are all multiples of 12.»el patrón que Skinner señala en la tabla: salvo el icosidodecaedro, los vértices de los sólidos arquimedianos son todos múltiplos de doce

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«The five solids form two pairs of elements, duals, plus ether. The cube (earth) and the octahedron (air) are geometric ‘duals,’ meaning that one can be created inside the other by connecting the midpoints of all the faces. So you can generate a cube inside an octahedron, inside a cube, inside an octahedron and so on, forever.»la simetría que Skinner describe entre los sólidos: cubo y octaedro —tierra y aire— son duales geométricos, cada uno construible dentro del otro uniendo los puntos medios de las caras, y el proceso no tiene fin

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«Likewise the other two elements represented by the tetrahedron (fire) and the icosahedron (water) are duals and can»la segunda pareja: tetraedro e icosaedro, fuego y agua, también duales; el tramo se corta donde el troceo mete el pie de figura a media frase

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«LEFF The five Platonic generate each other. solids were associated So there is perfect symmetry between with the four ancient the two pairs of elements, earth—air and igen ta aL Ai ; upper air) and are fire-water. The dodecahedron is a dual to the only perfectly pure itself, therefore ether can generate itself.»el remate de la simetría —perfecta entre tierra y aire y entre fuego y agua, con el dodecaedro dual de sí mismo, de modo que el éter se genera a sí mismo— junto con el pie de figura que asocia los cinco sólidos a los cuatro elementos antiguos. El OCR entrevera renglón a renglón el pie y el cuerpo, y las dos voces caen intercaladas dentro de las comillas; va tal cual y no se reordena. El troceo imprime *LEFF*

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«Snub is a process of surrounding each with an octagonal face (eight edges), polygon with a border of triangles—for | giving octagons instead of squares. example, deriving the snub cube from the | Two of the Archimedean solids (the cube. The resulting spaces are then filled small rhombicosidodecahedron and with a chain of equilateral triangles.»el segundo procedimiento, el chato: rodear cada polígono de un borde de triángulos y llenar los huecos con una cadena de equiláteros. El OCR de esta plana entrevera renglón a renglón las dos columnas de texto y el pie de figura, y los tres caen intercalados dentro de las comillas; va tal cual y no se reordena

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«Fractals belong to a non-Euclidean way of looking at the universe. They are geometric shapes or patterns that help to describe the forces of growth and are therefore a part of sacred geometry. Fractals now have applications in astronomy, economics, meteorology and also in special effects used in cinematography.»el lugar que Skinner da a los fractales: pertenecen a una manera no euclidiana de mirar el universo, describen las fuerzas del crecimiento y por eso —sostiene— son parte de la geometría sagrada, con aplicaciones hoy en astronomía, economía, meteorología y efectos especiales

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«Mandelbrot defined fractals as objects that do not lose their detail or their proportions when they are magnified or shrunk, even to the microscopic level. This property is highly reminiscent of phi (the Golden Mean, or 1.618), where the same essential and sacred proportion is retained every time you cut the line or the rectangle (see pages 34-39). In fact, the qualities of both fractals and phi are concerned with growth.»la definición de Mandelbrot tal como Skinner la reporta —objetos que no pierden detalle ni proporción al ampliarse o reducirse— y el paralelo que él tiende con phi, donde la misma proporción sagrada se conserva en cada corte: las dos cualidades, dice, tienen que ver con el crecimiento

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«There are two different types of fractal, the geometric fractal and the random fractal. The snowflake is an example of a geometric fractal that grows (in the simplest terms) by the addition of equilateral triangles in specific patterns. Random fractals are computer generated, in both modelling and games.»la distinción que Skinner traza entre fractal geométrico y fractal aleatorio, con el copo de nieve como ejemplo del primero

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«Some ferns are classic natural examples of a fractal, with each section (pinna) of leaf being a miniature replication of the whole leaf. A single pinna if magnified looks like a whole leaf. In addition, in some species, their buds unfold in the shape of a logarithmic spiral. This means that nature does not have to redesign the leaf at every stage of its growth, but the initial design just keeps on replicating.»el ejemplo con que Skinner muestra la economía del crecimiento: en algunos helechos cada pinna repite en miniatura la hoja entera y los brotes se despliegan en espiral logarítmica, de modo que la naturaleza no rediseña la hoja en cada etapa sino que el diseño inicial se replica

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«One thing that is sometimes overlooked is that natural fractals, as distinct from theoretical and mathematically generated ones, do have an end. The fractal that describes the map of the coast of the Britain can be examined under greater and greater magnification until you reach, say, the configuration of the grains of sand on a beach. You cannot go into a finer molecular degree of detail and expect the pattern to repeat, as you could with a purely mathematical fractal.»la acotación que Skinner subraya contra el entusiasmo fractal: los fractales naturales, a diferencia de los matemáticos, tienen un final —la costa de Gran Bretaña se deja ampliar hasta los granos de arena y no más

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«Fractals are popularly supposed to be associated with the mathematics of chaos, but they are, in fact, very ordered—just millions of interlocking, self-replicating, natural objects. They only look chaotic yet are governed by a definite geometry.»la corrección que Skinner hace al lugar común: se supone a los fractales ligados a la matemática del caos y son, dice, muy ordenados; solo parecen caóticos y los gobierna una geometría definida

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«A case in point is the movement of clouds, which are definitely fractal in nature: their outline looks chaotic but is actually a fractal controlled by the inherent properties of the interaction of water vapor with air and dust particles.»el ejemplo que da: el movimiento de las nubes, de contorno aparentemente caótico y en realidad fractal controlado por las propiedades de la interacción del vapor de agua con el aire y el polvo

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«The essence of measuring or describing a fractal is to isolate the basic pattern—what is called its initial recursive mathematical function. Interestingly, the Fibonacci series is one such recursive function.»el método que Skinner resume para medir un fractal —aislar el patrón básico, su función recursiva inicial— y el puente que tiende: la serie de Fibonacci es una de esas funciones

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«The numbers venerated by Pythagoras and the geometry enunciated by Euclid are reflected in nature. Documenting the mathematics of the growth of living creatures is difficult, but it can be seen in the forms of shells or horns— the concrete traces of growth. In the nautilus and in fossil ammonites we can clearly see the geometry of successive chambers adhering very closely to the geometry of the logarithmic spiral. In the horns of animals we can see similar spirals governed by other geometric formulae.»la apertura de la parte segunda: Skinner sostiene que los números de Pitágoras y la geometría de Euclides se reflejan en la naturaleza, y que documentar la matemática del crecimiento de lo vivo es difícil pero se ve en conchas y cuernos, trazas concretas del crecimiento

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«In plant life the easiest numbers to measure are those of seeds in a flower or the angles at which successive leaves or branches grow from a central stem. Both these occurences are found to follow the Fibonacci series, and there are fixed angles of generation.»lo que Skinner declara medible en las plantas: las semillas de una flor y los ángulos de brotación de hojas o ramas, que según dice siguen la serie de Fibonacci; el troceo imprime *occurences*

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«In the mineral world the huge array of crystals utilizes only seven different geometric forms. The structure, properties and qualities of that universal solvent and support of life, water, in both its liquid and snow forms, subscribe to the same geometry. Finally, at the molecular level lies the subtle geometry of DNA—a double helix surrounding a double pentagonal structure. Truly, the geometry of nature is sacred.»el cierre de la apertura y la tesis de la parte segunda: los cristales usan siete formas geométricas, el agua en líquido y en nieve se somete a la misma geometría, y en lo molecular está la doble hélice del ADN con su estructura pentagonal doble; de ahí que Skinner declare sagrada la geometría de la naturaleza

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«Because geometry forms the ground plan behind the physical universe, we might expect to find it also in the design of both animate and inanimate natural things. This chapter looks at the geometry found in nature, especially in patterns of growth, and relates it to the curves and spirals discussed in Part 1. The emphasis is on a pattern that is either repeatable or can be duplicated. For all nature’s apparent richness, the pattern is, like the fractal, amazingly complex but based on very simple building blocks.»el supuesto con que Skinner abre el capítulo de la geometría de la naturaleza: si la geometría es el plano de fondo del universo físico, cabe esperarla también en lo animado y lo inanimado, y el patrón —como el fractal— es complejísimo pero descansa en ladrillos muy simples

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«At the ‘hard end’ of the scale we have the structure of crystals, which are formed under intense temperature and pressure according to just seven simple types of geometric shape. Each mineral usually follows one of these patterns. The mineralized shell of some animals, such as the nautilus bivalve, extend themselves using the geometry of the logarithmic spiral, as do the horns of some sheep. Plants also use replication of different numerical scales as their means of growth. Even water responds to geometric forms in its helical flow along a riverbed or the structure of its form as snowflakes, which can be described in terms of fractals.»el recorrido que Skinner anuncia: los cristales formados bajo presión y temperatura según siete tipos geométricos, la concha mineralizada del nautilo y los cuernos de algunas ovejas por espiral logarítmica, las plantas por replicación de escalas numéricas y el agua en su flujo helicoidal y en el copo de nieve

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«The growth of living things consists of replicating patterns. A plant produces leaves that conform to the pattern inherent in its specie-—they grow out from a stem at geometrically predictable intervals.»la tesis del capítulo del crecimiento vegetal: la planta produce hojas conformes al patrón propio de su especie y brotadas del tallo a intervalos geométricamente predecibles

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«Simson realized that Fibonacci’s series (see pages 38-39) governed the growth pattern of many plants. Essentially it maps the geometry of growth—the equi-angular spiral and phi (Golden Mean, see pages 34-39) are found in the spacing of leaves on a stem, in petal numbers and in the arrangement of seedheads.»lo que Skinner adjudica al botánico escocés Robert Simson: haber advertido que la serie de Fibonacci gobierna el patrón de crecimiento de muchas plantas, con la espiral equiangular y phi en el espaciado de las hojas, el número de pétalos y la disposición de las semillas

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«Look down on a straight plant stem from above and you will see that the leaves protrude from the stem in a spiral pattern. This gives each leaf (or branch) access to the maximum amount of sun or rain.»la razón funcional que Skinner da del espaciado en espiral: así cada hoja o rama tiene el máximo acceso al sol y a la lluvia

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«This calculation often comes out to exactly 137 degrees, 30 minutes and 27 seconds, which equals 360/phi?. The angle is sometimes called the Golden Angle.»la cifra que Skinner llama Ángulo Áureo: el ángulo de la espiral de crecimiento da a menudo 137 grados, 30 minutos y 27 segundos, igual a 360 dividido entre phi al cuadrado

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«One result of the plant using this angle is that the leaves that protrude directly above the first one are leaves 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 ... It’s that familiar sequence again. In true Fibonacci form, the alignment is not perfect (out by 0.06, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01 ...) but gradually converges on perfection.»la consecuencia que Skinner extrae del Ángulo Áureo, con su desvío dicho dentro: las hojas que quedan justo encima de la primera son la 5, la 8, la 13, la 21, la 34, y la alineación no es perfecta sino que converge poco a poco hacia la perfección

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«The clearest visual examples of the presence of Fibonacci’s numbers are sunflowers and pine cones. The sunflower seedhead consists of two interlocking spirals—one left-handed and one right-handed. There may be eight right-handed spirals and 13 left-handed spirals, each seed belonging to both. Other pairs include 34 and 55, or 55 and 89.»los ejemplos visuales más claros según Skinner: el girasol y la piña, con dos espirales entrelazadas, una a izquierdas y otra a derechas, en pares de números de Fibonacci

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«The number of petals never reaches 144—a number that is often found to be limiting in other examples of the Fibonacci series in nature.»el límite que Skinner señala en el conteo de pétalos: nunca se llega a 144, número que dice encontrarse como tope en otros ejemplos de la serie en la naturaleza

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«The hermetic axiom ‘as above, so below’ can be extended to read ‘as in the | RIGHT Halite crystals follow a cubic crystal formation, | with a second similar | formulation impinging at an angle. atoms so in the outer structure,’ at least in the case of crystalline minerals. Under ideal conditions, crystals form perfect structures that reflect the arrangement of their atoms. Geologists group crystals into seven orders according to their geometry.»el uso que Skinner hace del axioma hermético: lo extiende a *as in the atoms so in the outer structure* para el caso de los minerales cristalinos, donde el cristal forma en condiciones ideales estructuras perfectas que reflejan la disposición de sus átomos, agrupadas por los geólogos en siete órdenes. El troceo mete el pie de figura de la halita a media frase del cuerpo y va dentro de las comillas

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«In 1912 the German physicist Max von Laue passed X-rays through a crystal ball on to an unexposed photographic plate. When the plate was developed he saw dark points arranged in perfect symmetry. His technique of X-ray crystallography enabled scientists to work out the geometric structure of crystals of various minerals. At the same time, the vibration of crystals was used for receiving radio waves—in old-fashioned crystal radio sets a polyhedron crystal created, or responded to, a particular frequency.»el episodio que Skinner data en 1912: Max von Laue pasó rayos X por una bola de cristal sobre una placa fotográfica y vio puntos oscuros en simetría perfecta, técnica que permitió establecer la estructura geométrica de los cristales

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«Crystals naturally grow in the shape of polyhedra—that is, as solid shapes whose faces are polygons. They are the closest physical representations of Plato’s solids, although not as perfectly formed as his ideal forms (see pages 54-55). Crystals of a specific substance will always adopt the same shape: they can be formed of regular or irregular polyhedra, but not both. The simplest example is probably ordinary table salt (sodium chloride), which, if mixed in a very concentrated solution with hot water, will crystallize out in a series of six-sided, cube-like crystals on cooling. A chrome alum solution, on the other hand, naturally forms octahedral (eight-sided) crystals.»lo que Skinner dice de la forma cristalina: los cristales crecen como poliedros y son la representación física más cercana a los sólidos de Platón, aunque no tan perfectamente formados como sus formas ideales

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«Crystals build up in a similar manner to the growth of living forms: the process of crystallization consists of the creation of tiny duplicates of the original form, which are then ‘stacked’ together to form a much larger version of exactly the same shape. Of course, in nature perfect forms are rare, and the end result is often affected by being jostled by adjacent structures during growth.»la homología que Skinner traza entre cristal y ser vivo: la cristalización crea duplicados diminutos de la forma original que se apilan hasta dar una versión mucho mayor de la misma figura, con la reserva de que en la naturaleza las formas perfectas son raras

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«Seven of the 13 Archimedean solids can derived from the basic five Platonic solids. solids are made up of a . be obtained by truncating one of the The remaining two solids, the snub rmocture ef regular faces, | Platonic solids. Truncation is the process cube and snub dodecahedron, can be mcd ay | of cutting off the corners of an existing obtained by moving the faces of a cube | solid, resulting in a new face for each and dodecahedron outward while giving | previously existing vertex. For example,»el procedimiento que Skinner llama truncamiento: siete de los trece sólidos arquimedianos salen de cortar las esquinas de un sólido platónico, con lo que cada vértice previo da una cara nueva; y los dos restantes, el cubo y el dodecaedro chatos, salen de mover las caras hacia fuera dándoles un giro. El OCR de esta plana entrevera renglón a renglón las dos columnas y el pie de figura, y los tres caen intercalados dentro de las comillas; va tal cual y no se reordena

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«There are seven orders of crystals, each distinguished from the next by just one change in the structure. Analyzing a particular crystal’s geometry, and measuring the angle between its planes as well as the relationship of one axis to another, will determine the group to which it belongs.»el criterio de clasificación cristalográfica que Skinner expone: siete órdenes, cada uno separado del siguiente por un solo cambio de estructura, y la pertenencia se determina midiendo el ángulo entre planos y la relación de los ejes

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«The Cube of Space is the image used by the earliest Kabbalistic text, the Sepher Yetzirah, to describe the initial structure of the whole of creation. It has six directions and can be visualized as a basic cubic crystal.»el puente que Skinner tiende entre cristalografía y cábala: el Cubo del Espacio, imagen con que el Sepher Yetzirah —al que llama el texto cabalístico más antiguo— describe la estructura inicial de toda la creación, tiene seis direcciones y puede verse como un cristal cúbico básico

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«Hexagonal crystals These are the most complex. They have four axes, three of which are of equal length and lie on the same plane with an angle of 120 degrees (the angle of junction) between them. The fourth axis is perpendicular to the three and can be of any length. Examples include calcite, tourmaline and beryl.»el séptimo orden según Skinner: los cristales hexagonales, los más complejos, con cuatro ejes, tres iguales en un mismo plano a 120 grados y el cuarto perpendicular y de cualquier longitud

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«Geometry governs the growth of many creatures, especially in the sea, where pentagonal shapes are very common. The logarithmic spiral 1s also instrumental in the growth of other living things (such as the fetal development of many animals), but it is most obvious where a concrete form like a shell is left behind. The spiral whorls of many seashells or the Dall sheep's horns are a case in point.»la tesis del capítulo del crecimiento animal: la geometría gobierna el crecimiento de muchas criaturas, sobre todo marinas, donde las formas pentagonales abundan, y la espiral logarítmica se ve mejor donde queda una forma concreta como la concha; el troceo imprime *1s* por *is*

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«Art imitates nature, and Leonardo da Vinci's bust of Scipio Africanus features a helmet whose main ornamentation is a shell cast in a classic spiral form.»el ejemplo con que Skinner pasa de la naturaleza al arte: el busto de Escipión el Africano de Leonardo, con un yelmo cuyo ornamento principal es una concha en espiral clásica

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«The geometry inherent in animal life is also exhibited by the patterns spiders use when spinning their webs. These patterns follow a number of mathematical models, including logarithmic spirals. The shape of an egg, designed to easily be laid, without breaking, is an example of ovoid geometry in life. Other natural occurences said to utilize this geometry include the wings of butterflies and the calico surfperch also conforms to these spirals. Even at the microscopic level, spiral forms of protozoa have been discovered. Bees construct the cells of their hive using the hexagon as their model.»el repertorio que Skinner reúne: las telas de araña siguen modelos matemáticos entre ellos espirales logarítmicas, el huevo es ejemplo de geometría ovoide, se dice que también las alas de las mariposas y el pez perca, hay formas espirales en los protozoos y las abejas construyen sus celdas sobre el hexágono; el troceo imprime *occurences*

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«We have seen that the growth patterns and structure of mineral crystals, BELOW Water flowing down a geometrically designed flowform, which improves its quality and oxygen content. plants and animals are governed by simple geometry. It is perhaps hard to believe that anything that is as simple or as fluid as water can be conditioned by geometry—but it is!»el paso que Skinner anuncia al capítulo del agua: cuesta creer que algo tan simple y tan fluido pueda estar condicionado por la geometría, y él afirma que lo está

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«Water is, of course, anything but pure and simple. It is an almost universal solvent and makes up more than 60 percent of our bodies. We wouldn’t last a week without it. A drop in temperature of a few degrees from 4°C (39°F) to just below 0°C (32°F), when energy is actually removed from it, turns water from a totally pliable liquid into a solid that is capable of breaking metal pipes.»lo que Skinner subraya del agua: disolvente casi universal, más del sesenta por ciento del cuerpo, y una caída de pocos grados la vuelve de líquido dócil en sólido capaz de romper tuberías metálicas

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«After the Second World War Schauberger developed vortex action (rather than the usual turbine design) as a means of generating power from water. In 1958, promises of funding attracted him to the United States, but he ended up losing his writings, prototypes and rights. Five days after returning home to Austria he died.»el final que Skinner consigna de Schauberger: desarrolló la acción de vórtice como modo de generar energía del agua, viajó a Estados Unidos en 1958 atraído por promesas de financiamiento y acabó perdiendo escritos, prototipos y derechos; murió cinco días después de volver a Austria

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«His son founded the Pythagoras—Kepler System Institute in Lauffen, near Salzburg, which still exists today. It is very revealing that the names chosen for his institute were two of the key names in the history of sacred geometry.»el detalle que Skinner llama revelador: el hijo de Schauberger fundó cerca de Salzburgo un instituto que lleva los nombres de Pitágoras y Kepler, dos de los nombres clave —dice— de la historia de la geometría sagrada

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«The natural geometry of a river (particularly on a gentle incline) is the side-toside meander, with a regular mathematical alternation of shallows and deep pools, if the quality of the underlying sediment is the same. As part of this geometry, the river generates currents, which also alternate between scouring deep pools at bends and depositing the scoured material on the opposite bank further downstream. The whole shape of the meander consequently moves sideways, like a giant sine wave, slowly downstream.»la geometría fluvial que Skinner describe: el meandro de lado a lado con alternancia matemática regular de vados y pozas, y corrientes que excavan en las curvas y depositan en la orilla opuesta aguas abajo, de modo que la figura entera se desplaza de lado como una onda senoidal; el troceo parte *side-to-side* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *side-toside*

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«Man’s misguided attempts to straighten meandering river flows, or fix them with stone and concrete banks, has inflicted real damage. The geometry of meandering is adapted to cope with differing volumes, according to the level of rainfall in the headwaters of the rivers. Artificially straightening the channels alters the speed of flow and causes more frequent and more extreme floods to occur.»la objeción que Skinner levanta contra la ingeniería fluvial: enderezar los cauces o fijarlos con piedra y concreto ha hecho daño real, porque la geometría del meandro está adaptada a volúmenes cambiantes y su rectificación altera la velocidad y provoca crecidas más frecuentes y extremas

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«One experimenter who has taken Schauberger’s theories a step further is Englishman John Wilkes, who has invented a type of water flow that spins water from side to side, or in a figure of eight, as it descends a series of specially designed pottery or concrete ‘flowforms’. These bowls or dishes mimic the shape of the flow that is created when one stream of water pours into another—a sort of natural ‘wake’ similar to the ones that fascinated Leonardo da Vinci.»lo que Skinner consigna del inglés John Wilkes: un tipo de flujo que hace girar el agua de lado a lado o en ocho al descender por una serie de *flowforms* de barro o concreto que imitan la estela que se forma al verterse un chorro en otro

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«These flowforms stimulate a more extreme version of the movements that a healthy river would make and, according, to its inventor, measurably improves the quality of the water so treated. So here we have a delightful combination of aesthetics, geometrical design and a real change in the quality of the water brought about by that geometry.»lo que Skinner atribuye a esos flowforms nombrando la fuente: según su inventor, mejoran de modo medible la calidad del agua tratada, y de ahí él saca una combinación de estética, diseño geométrico y cambio real en la calidad del agua

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 73»

«A special form of the helix, the spiral, is intimately linked with the movements of water, as shown in whirlpools or, on a smaller scale, in your bath as the bath water disappears down the plughole. Air, like water, is a fluid, and so tornados, hurricanes and whirlwinds also adopt the same geometry.»el recuadro sobre los flujos en espiral: la hélice está ligada al movimiento del agua en remolinos y en el desagüe de la tina, y el aire, siendo fluido, adopta la misma geometría en tornados, huracanes y torbellinos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 73»

«such variety, the geometry that governs the growth of one of a snow-flake’s branches will also govern the growth of its other branches. It is almost as if some strange geometric coordination is happening. No matter what scale is used to view the final product, the pattern is seen to be the same. However, such figures do not have the smoothness of Euclidean geometry, where everything is either a straight line, a circle or a smooth curve that can be generated by slicing through a cone (the so-called conic sections).»lo que Skinner destaca del copo: la geometría que rige el crecimiento de un brazo rige el de los demás, casi como si hubiera una coordinación geométrica extraña, y el patrón se ve igual a cualquier escala, sin la suavidad de la geometría euclidiana

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 74»

«In fact, it can be shown mathematically that the area of the snowflake will never exceed % or 1.6 times the area of the original generating triangle. There are those Fibonacci numbers again! Effectively, the area of the snowflake is finite while the perimeter is (potentially, as least) infinite—this is a characteristic of all fractal geometric objects.»el resultado que Skinner reporta: el área del copo nunca pasa de 1.6 veces la del triángulo generador —otra vez, dice, los números de Fibonacci—, de modo que el área es finita y el perímetro potencialmente infinito, rasgo de todo objeto fractal

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 74»

«The reason why the Koch figure starts as a hexagram is because in nature the geometry of snowflake bonds is bound up with the angle of 60 degrees. We know there are very few shapes that will neatly cluster around a point. One such shape is formed of six equilateral triangles whose angles are 60 degrees. As 6 X 60 = 360, the resulting structure will be hexagonal.»la razón geométrica que Skinner da del hexágono: los enlaces del copo van con el ángulo de 60 grados, y como seis por sesenta da 360, la figura que se agrupa en torno a un punto sale hexagonal

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 74»

«The most often quoted examples are the chamber, the nautilus fills the old living nautilus and the fossil ammonite. chamber with gas and closes it off with a BRLOWSA hecatiiut Both are or were soft-bodied creatures perfect layer of nacre (mother of pearl). It nautilus shell showing its constricted inside rigid shells. Unable occupies only the outermost chamber, but successively developed to grow bigger like mammals, they»el caso que Skinner desarrolla: nautilo y amonites, criaturas de cuerpo blando constreñidas en conchas rígidas e incapaces de crecer como los mamíferos. El OCR de esta plana entrevera renglón a renglón tres columnas —el cuerpo, el recuadro del nautilo y el pie de figura—, y las tres caen intercaladas dentro de las comillas; va tal cual y no se reordena

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 70»

«constantly build new and larger shell back to its tiny original chamber. Each than but as perfectly oe j : proportioned as the chambers around themselves, rather additional chamber is exactly proportional previous one. than, say, expanding in a straight line.»la salida que Skinner describe: construyen sin parar cámaras nuevas y mayores alrededor de sí, en vez de expandirse en línea recta. El OCR de esta plana entrevera renglón a renglón tres columnas —el cuerpo, el recuadro del nautilo y el pie de figura—, y las tres caen intercaladas dentro de las comillas; va tal cual y no se reordena

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 70»

«to the previous smaller chambers—a feat of biological engineering that uses the logarithmic spiral (see pages 48-51), a geometric shape that retains a constant angle with respect to its original center. This allows maximum room for additional growth for the minimum of labor—it is obviously a winning formula, as the nautilus species has been around for millions of years.»la ingeniería que Skinner atribuye al nautilo: cada cámara nueva es exactamente proporcional a las anteriores por la espiral logarítmica, que conserva ángulo constante respecto de su centro original y da el máximo espacio de crecimiento con el mínimo de trabajo; fórmula ganadora, dice, porque la especie lleva millones de años

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 70»

«Apart from being symptomatic of growth by replication, the spiral also has the shock-absorbing properties of a spring, which would be of advantage in the design of horns meant for the clash of battle.»la segunda función que Skinner atribuye a la espiral del cuerno: amortigua como un resorte, cosa ventajosa en cuernos destinados al choque

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 71»

«Interestingly, the domesticated varieties of horned animals show a completely different geometric twist structure from their wild cousins. This structure is based on the direction of twist, and the horns are called homonymous. These horns exhibit a right-hand spiral twist in the horn on the right side of the animal’s head and a leftturning spiral of the horn on the left side of the animal’s head. This homonymous formation is found in the horns of all domesticated animals but not in any wild animals of the same or similar species.»la observación que Skinner registra y no explica: los animales domésticos tienen un giro geométrico distinto del de sus parientes salvajes —cuernos homónimos, con espiral a derechas en el lado derecho y a izquierdas en el izquierdo—, formación que no aparece en ninguna especie silvestre; el troceo parte *left-turning* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *leftturning*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 71»

«One of the unsung heroes of 20th-century science, Victor Schauberger (1885-1958) realized that at 4°C (39°F) water is at its densest and can float materials that it could not ordinarily support. So, in his native Austria, Schauberger built temperature-controlled flumes (water shutes or slides) to carry larger pieces of timber much longer distances than could normally be expected.»lo que Skinner reporta de Victor Schauberger, a quien llama héroe no cantado de la ciencia del siglo XX: advirtió que a cuatro grados el agua está en su máxima densidad y flota materiales que normalmente no sostendría, y construyó en Austria canales de temperatura controlada para transportar maderos más grandes y más lejos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 72»

«In fact, slight changes in the geometry of a river could make the water deposit silt or, conversely, scour and deepen the riverbed. Schauberger devised a means of embedding geometrically curved blades in the bed of a river to drive the water into a helical spin. The results were remarkable and life-giving: his methods cleared previously stagnant pools, leading to a measurable increase in the amount of oxygen the water absorbed and leading to a rapid rise in the concentration of fish life.»la intervención que Skinner le adjudica: álabes curvos incrustados en el lecho del río para dar al agua un giro helicoidal, con lo que se limpiaron pozas antes estancadas, subió el oxígeno absorbido y creció la población de peces

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 72»

«The structure of a snowflake is one of the clearest manifestations of fractals»la tesis con que abre el capítulo del copo: su estructura es de las manifestaciones más claras del fractal en la naturaleza; el troceo corta aquí para meter dos pies de figura

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«in nature. This may be because it forms when water falls freely through the atmosphere without interference from adjacent objects. No other substance crystallizes in so many different ways.»la explicación que Skinner propone, en condicional: el copo se forma al caer libremente por la atmósfera sin interferencia de objetos vecinos, y ninguna otra sustancia cristaliza de tantas maneras

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 74»

«The Chinese also had a numerical explanation for the qualities of the snowllake. Perhaps the earliest reference was in 135 Bc when Han Ying wrote: “Flowers of plants and trees are generally five-pointed, but those of snow ... are always six-pointed.” The scholar T’ang Chin was reasoning like a Pythagorean when he explained that “since six is the true number of water, when water congeals into flowers (snowflakes) they must be six-pointed.”»los dos testimonios chinos que Skinner consigna sobre el copo: Han Ying, a quien data en 135 a. C., diciendo que las flores de plantas y árboles son de cinco puntas y las de la nieve siempre de seis, y el letrado T'ang Chin razonando —dice Skinner que como un pitagórico— que siendo seis el número verdadero del agua sus flores han de tener seis puntas; el troceo imprime *snowllake* y *Bc*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 75»

«Centuries later, it was Johannes Kepler who in 1611 asked “why always six-sided?” and attempted to work out the geometry. It was not until the English polymath Robert Hooke (1635-1703) looked at them through a microscope in the 1600s—and then made sketches— that their form was fully appreciated in the West. Hooke also contribued to our understanding of the harmonic motion of springs, and anticipated several of Newton's discoveries.»la cronología occidental que Skinner traza: Kepler preguntó en 1611 por qué siempre seis lados e intentó la geometría, y solo con el microscopio y los dibujos de Robert Hooke se apreció la forma en Occidente; el troceo imprime *contribued*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 75»

«An interesting light is thrown on the geometry of the formation of ice crystals by the strange behavior of freezing water. Water reaches its maximum density at just below 4°C (39°F). Below this temperature water actually becomes less dense as it freezes, and so ice floats. The hexagonal form of snowflakes reasserts itself in ice, as each water molecule is hydrogenbonded in an arrangement that displays hexagonal symmetry. It therefore seems likely that the structure of snow-flakes is affected by molecular bonding, or, as the ancient Chinese scientist has it, “Six is the true number of water.”»lo que Skinner saca de la conducta del agua al helarse: por debajo de los cuatro grados se vuelve menos densa y el hielo flota, y la forma hexagonal del copo reaparece en el hielo porque cada molécula queda enlazada por hidrógeno en simetría hexagonal; de ahí que parezca probable —dice— que el enlace molecular determine la estructura, o, como lo pone el antiguo científico chino, que seis sea el número verdadero del agua; el troceo parte *hydrogen-bonded* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *hydrogenbonded*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 75»

«In 1904 the mathematician Helge von Koch (1870-1924) devised a mathematical model that produces just one snowflake design. It begins with a single equilateral triangle. To generate this snowflake curve: 1. Begin with an equilateral triangle. 2. Superimpose a second reversed equilateral triangle on it to form a hexagram. 3. Take each triangular vertex and convert it into an equilateral triangle pointing outwards, then draw the reverse equilateral triangle over it. 4. Delete that part of this hexagram that lies in the old triangle. 5. Continue this process with each point of the initial hexagram. 6. Repeat, fractally, at finer and finer levels of detail.»el modelo de Koch tal como lo imprime el recuadro: un triángulo equilátero, un segundo invertido encima para formar un hexagrama, cada vértice convertido en triángulo equilátero hacia fuera, y el proceso repetido fractalmente a niveles de detalle cada vez más finos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 75»

«The helix is a 3-D spiral that ts closely related to growth. Common ABOVE The caduceus wand was the symbol of Hermes, the messenger of the gods in Greek mythology. BELOW The perfect spiral or helix governs the structure of this shell. examples in the living world are seen in the growth of climbers, especially honeysuckle, morning glory and bindweed, and in the horns of antelopes, rams and narwhals. The spiral staircase, twisted steel cable, wood screws, telephone cables, springs and the corkscrew are all manmade helices.»la definición con que Skinner abre el capítulo de la hélice: espiral tridimensional ligada al crecimiento, visible en las trepadoras y en los cuernos de antílopes, carneros y narvales, y replicada por el hombre en la escalera de caracol, el cable trenzado, el tornillo y el sacacorchos; el troceo imprime *ts* por *is*. El pie de figura del caduceo queda intercalado a media frase y va dentro de las comillas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 76»

«The double helix is an even more interesting shape. Long before the discovery of DNA, the standard symbol for medicine was a double helix of two serpents coiled around a wand. This is actually the caduceus or magic wand of the Greek god Hermes (Roman equivalent of Mercury), messenger of the gods, purveyor of (magical) incantations, conductor of the dead and protector of merchants, tricksters and thieves. Alchemists were referred to as the ‘sons of Hermes’ and as practitioners of the hermetic arts. There are clear occult associations with the caduceus, too.»la genealogía simbólica que Skinner traza para la doble hélice: mucho antes del ADN el símbolo estándar de la medicina eran dos serpientes enroscadas en una vara, el caduceo de Hermes, y a los alquimistas se les llamaba hijos de Hermes y practicantes de las artes herméticas; también hay, dice, asociaciones ocultas claras con el caduceo

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 76»

«In 1953 Dr James Watson and Dr Francis Crick discovered the structure of this double helix and, with Dr Maurice Wilkins, received the 1962 Nobel Prize for ‘their discoveries of the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.’ By ‘information transfer’ they meant genetic inheritance.»el dato científico que Skinner consigna con fecha y nombres: Watson y Crick establecieron en 1953 la estructura de la doble hélice y recibieron con Maurice Wilkins el Nobel de 1962 por el descubrimiento de la estructura molecular de los ácidos nucleicos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 76»

«DNA combines into strands called chromosomes. Different species have a different number of chromosomes: humans have 46 (23 pairs). One curious coincidence is that if you use Greek isopsephy to add the value of the letters in Adam, our biblical genetic ancestor, they come to 46.»la coincidencia que Skinner declara curiosa y deja como tal: los humanos tienen 46 cromosomas, y por isopsefía griega las letras de Adán, el ancestro genético bíblico, suman también 46

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 76»

«The DNA double helix requires ten rungs pentagons and again in the relationship to make a complete turn—the Kabbalistic between the pentagons. The simplest | Tree of Life also has a ladder of ten rungs, geometric pattern of the DNA axial view | and ten was Pythagoras’ number of reveals three major double pentagons. | completion.»la correspondencia que Skinner propone: la doble hélice del ADN necesita diez peldaños para dar una vuelta completa, el Árbol de la Vida cabalístico tiene también una escalera de diez, y diez era el número de la compleción para Pitágoras. El OCR entrevera renglón a renglón las dos columnas de la plana, y dentro de las comillas caen intercaladas las frases sobre los pentágonos dobles; va tal cual y no se reordena

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 77»

«Every living cell is made of just six pentagons. In other words, these f elements—carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, intersections are loaded with the Golden phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulphur, which Mean buried in the axial structure of that have almost adjacent atomic numbers 1, singular molecule, the DNA double helix. 5, 6, 7, 15, and 16. Together they weave one of the most complex and self-replicating patterns.»el inventario que Skinner da de lo vivo: seis elementos —carbono, hidrógeno, oxígeno, fósforo, nitrógeno y azufre— de números atómicos casi contiguos tejen uno de los patrones autorreplicantes más complejos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 77»

«The rungs of the DNA ladder are composed of molecules called nucleotides, of which there are four types. Each type is linked to one of the strands with a sugar phosphate molecule. The details of the structure are complicated, yet the system has a simple modular pattern. In fact, modern gene research regularly engineers this structure and can modify or replace modules at will in the laboratory. Like the logarithmic spiral, the geometry can be easily replicated (but better packed), and its facility for self-replication and growth is built into the geometry of the DNA molecule.»lo que Skinner subraya del ADN: pese a lo complicado del detalle, el sistema tiene un patrón modular simple, y como en la espiral logarítmica la facilidad de autorreplicación y de crecimiento está incorporada en la geometría misma de la molécula

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 77»

«The geometry that governs this spiral can best be seen if you look vertically down the spiral, as it were. What you will see is a structure that is reminiscent of phi, ® (the Golden Mean): a series of double pentagons that make up the composite axial view of the DNA double helix.»la figura que Skinner declara ver en el ADN mirado a lo largo del eje: una serie de pentágonos dobles que recuerdan a phi, con diez moléculas de azúcar-fosfato por vuelta completa

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 77»

«The expression ‘harmony of the spheres’ sums up the early conviction that there are strict mathematical and geometric relationships between the orbits of the planets—this was later proved to be correct by Kepler. Even if early astronomers, such as Ptolemy, were wrong about the central position of the Earth, they still generated geometric models of great complexity that did explain the apparently eccentric movement of the planets. Johannes Kepler even utilized the geometry of the five Platonic solids in his early attempts to establish the geometry of planetary orbits around»la apertura del capítulo de astronomía: para Skinner la armonía de las esferas resume la convicción temprana de relaciones matemáticas estrictas entre las órbitas, y aunque Ptolomeo errara en la posición central de la Tierra sus modelos geométricos explicaban el movimiento aparente; el tramo se corta en el renglón y sigue con el nuevo centro, el Sol

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 78»

«The Ancients measured the positions and movements of the stars by their rising and setting points, as marked on the horizon. These points— particularly for the Sun and Moon— became important in the construction of the megalithic monuments, whose alignments on Earth reflected the alignments in the heavens.»el método que Skinner atribuye a los antiguos: medir las posiciones de los astros por sus puntos de orto y ocaso en el horizonte, puntos que pesaron en la construcción de los monumentos megalíticos, cuyas alineaciones en la Tierra reflejaban las del cielo

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 78»

«The geometry of the heavens is also reflected in the geographic geometry of the Earth. Attempts to map both the heavens and the Earth made it necessary to define a starting point meridian for the lines of longitude. Even if now Greenwich is universally accepted as this line, as late as the early 20th century the Paris meridian held considerable sway.»el paso que Skinner anuncia del cielo a la Tierra: cartografiar uno y otra obligó a fijar un meridiano de origen, y aunque hoy sea Greenwich, todavía a principios del siglo XX pesaba mucho el de París

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 78»

«The Ancients understood the celestial mechanics behind the nightly display ABOVE Johannes Kepler marks the turning point between heliocentric and earth-centerd astronomy. of stars and planets, and they applied this knowledge to the sacred geometry they used in the construction of their temples.»la tesis del capítulo del cielo nocturno: los antiguos entendían la mecánica celeste del desfile de estrellas y planetas y aplicaron ese saber a la geometría sagrada de sus templos. El pie de figura sobre Kepler queda intercalado a media frase y va dentro de las comillas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 79»

«As the Earth orbits around the Sun it rotates on its axis, which is tilted at 23.5 degrees to the plane of that orbit. This axis of rotation always points to the same star, the Pole Star, no matter where the Earth is in its progression around the Sun. The Ancients, especially the Chinese, thought that the Pole Star was a very important part of the machinery of the universe, perhaps more important than the Sun, although nowadays most urban dwellers would be hard pressed even to identify it.»el lugar que Skinner da a la Estrella Polar: el eje terrestre, inclinado 23.5 grados, apunta siempre a ella, y los antiguos, en especial los chinos, la tuvieron por pieza importantísima de la maquinaria del universo, acaso más que el Sol, mientras que hoy pocos habitantes de ciudad sabrían identificarla

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 79»

«Of the many star groups, or constellations, the Ancients chose 12 to be special markers, and these became the 12 signs of the Zodiac.»el origen que Skinner da al zodiaco: de los muchos grupos de estrellas, los antiguos escogieron doce como marcadores especiales, y esos fueron los doce signos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 79»

«The Zodiac is the band of stars that stretches 8 degrees either side of the Sun’s apparent path through the sky. This path is called the ecliptic, and the Zodiac is wide enough to also accommodate the paths of the Sun, the Moon and all the planets. It is therefore a key part of the geometry of the heavens.»la definición que da del zodiaco: la banda de estrellas que se extiende ocho grados a cada lado de la eclíptica, ancha bastante para alojar los recorridos del Sol, la Luna y los planetas, y por eso pieza clave de la geometría del cielo

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 79»

«Modern man, if asked, will say without thinking that the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. In fact, this happens only on precisely two days of the year.»la corrección que Skinner hace al lugar común: el Sol sale por el este y se pone por el oeste solo dos días del año, y el resto del tiempo su punto de salida migra a lo largo del horizonte oriental

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 79»

«portrayed the stars as fixed to the inside surface of a large sphere, which turned around the Earth and pivoted on the Pole Star. This is a much clearer image than any modern description.»el juicio que Skinner emite sobre la imagen antigua: las estrellas fijas a la cara interior de una gran esfera que gira en torno a la Tierra y pivota sobre la Polar le parece imagen mucho más clara que cualquier descripción moderna; el corte de chunk parte la frase y el tramo arranca después de él

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 79»

«In the Middle East the standard has always been the cubit, a measure dependent on the length of an adult man’s forearm. There are, however, two different cubits—the royal and the standard. Each royal cubit was divided into seven smaller units called palms, which corresponded to the width of a hand. A standard cubit was divided into six palms. These two measures were used for different types of structures so their difference never»la anatomía del codo según Skinner: medida del antebrazo de un hombre adulto, con dos formas —real y estándar—, la primera dividida en siete palmos y la segunda en seis, usadas en tipos distintos de construcción; el tramo se corta antes del folio y del encabezado corrido, que el troceo mete a media frase

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«became a problem. The palm was further subdivided into four fingers, giving 24 or 28 fingers per cubit, both eminently divisible numbers.»la continuación, después del encabezado corrido: el palmo se subdivide en cuatro dedos, lo que da 24 o 28 dedos por codo, números —dice Skinner— eminentemente divisibles

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«The Sun reaches its most northerly point (appearing closest to Polaris) on about 21 June in the Northern Hemisphere, when it is in the Zodiacal sign of Cancer: at noon on that day it is directly overhead on the Tropic of Cancer, at precisely 23.5 degrees north of the Equator. This is the piece of information that Eratosthenes used to measure the circumference of the Earth (see pages 26-27). This fact will also become important when we look at the geometry of Stonehenge (see pages 110-111), which is oriented to the rising point of the sun at midsummer.»el dato solar del que Skinner cuelga dos capítulos: el 21 de junio el Sol queda en el cenit del Trópico de Cáncer, a 23.5 grados al norte del ecuador, y ese es el dato que usó Eratóstenes y el que gobierna la orientación de Stonehenge al orto solar del solsticio

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 80»

«The Ancients also knew that the Moon orbits the Earth once every 29.531 days, with the plane of its orbit tilted at 5 degrees to the plane of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. The Moon appears to follow a much more complicated dance than the Sun because it also revolves round the Earth, yet it still rises and sets. Its movements have long been important in measuring the passage of time»lo que Skinner atribuye al saber lunar antiguo: la Luna orbita la Tierra cada 29.531 días con su plano inclinado cinco grados respecto de la eclíptica, y su danza parece más complicada que la del Sol porque además gira alrededor de la Tierra

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«The cycles of the Moon also affect the tides (important for fisherman and sailors), sowing (important for farmers), magic (important for magicians and priests) and menstrual cycles (important for women and, therefore, for everyone).»el inventario de efectos lunares que Skinner enumera sin jerarquizarlos: mareas, siembra, magia y ciclos menstruales, cada uno con el grupo a quien importa, incluidos magos y sacerdotes

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 80»

«Fixing a point on a moving target (the fixed stars) in the middle of the sky was difficult without precision sighting tubes that had adequate calibration. So the Babylonians and Egyptians figured that it was much simpler to map the point and the time when a particular heavenly body rose above the eastern horizon or set below the western horizon. These sighting points formed the basis of the whole of»la razón técnica que Skinner da del método antiguo: sin tubos de puntería calibrados era difícil fijar un punto en medio del cielo, y a babilonios y egipcios les resultó más simple cartografiar el punto y la hora del orto y del ocaso sobre el horizonte; el tramo se corta en el fin de plana

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 80»

«early astronomy (mapping the stars), astrology (interpreting the stars), magic (manipulating the intelligences behind the stars) and religion (venerating the gods and goddesses associated with the stars).»el reparto de cuatro oficios con que Skinner define el uso antiguo de los puntos de orto y ocaso: astronomía como cartografía de las estrellas, astrología como su interpretación, magia como manipulación de las inteligencias que hay detrás de ellas, y religión como veneración de los dioses asociados a ellas

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«The geometry determining and connecting these sighting points was heavenly and therefore regarded as sacred in a very real sense. The Babylonians were probably the first people to measure and record the constellations, although this knowledge was available at a very early time to both the Egyptian and Greek civilizations.»la razón por la que Skinner llama sagrada a esta geometría: la que determina y conecta los puntos de observación es celeste, y por eso se la tuvo por sagrada en un sentido muy real; añade que los babilonios fueron probablemente los primeros en medir y registrar las constelaciones

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«Incidentally, astrologers were originally concerned with the overall changes in the fabric of the heavenly pattern that in turn affected everybody, rather than being particularly interested in the fate of individuals.»la corrección histórica que Skinner introduce sobre la astrología: en su origen a los astrólogos les importaban los cambios de conjunto en el tejido del cielo, que afectaban a todos, y no particularmente el destino de los individuos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 81»

«So they developed constellation groupings to describe the different parts of the heavens and then mapped the stars and planets in relation to these. They measured the relationships between the stars rather than a specific, one-time, positional reference. This was an improvement on merely noting the rising and setting times on the horizon.»el método que Skinner reconstruye: ante la imposibilidad de medir siempre en el mismo instante, los antiguos agruparon constelaciones y mapearon estrellas y planetas en relación con ellas, midiendo las relaciones entre estrellas y no una referencia posicional única

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 81»

«Accurate mapping was important, which is why such huge efforts were put into building astronomically aligned structures in imperishable stone. Examples of these structures include the relatively modern Jantar Mantar in Delhi, the pyramids of ancient Egypt (see pages 117-119) and the huge system of stone and wood circles of ancient Britain and their closely associated ley lines (see pages 96-101), all of which relate to star positions.»la razón que Skinner da del esfuerzo constructivo: hacía falta cartografía precisa, y de ahí las estructuras alineadas astronómicamente en piedra imperecedera —el Jantar Mantar de Delhi, las pirámides de Egipto y el sistema de círculos de piedra y madera de la Britania antigua con sus líneas ley

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 81»

«From an early age the Ancients identified heavenly bodies that moved around the sky in complex paths. These ‘wandering stars’ are, in fact, the planets, and the ancients knew of five: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. They move through the constellations of the Zodiac and, like the Earth, follow elliptical orbits around the Sun. However, their paths appear to be complex because we watch them while standing on a planet that is also moving. As a result, they sometimes seem to go backwards.»lo que Skinner dice de los planetas: los antiguos identificaron cinco estrellas errantes —Mercurio, Venus, Marte, Júpiter y Saturno— que recorren las constelaciones del zodiaco y siguen órbitas elípticas, con trayectorias que parecen complejas porque se las mira desde un planeta que también se mueve

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 82»

«Polish astronomer-monk Nicholaus Copernicus (1473-1543) argued in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium that the planets and the Earth orbited around the Sun. This was a major breakthrough, but Copernicus proposed circular orbits for the planets following Ptolemy’s spheres because he considered the sphere to be a perfect figure and therefore the one God was most likely to choose. Accurate astronomical observations soon began to show that this was not strictly accurate.»la acotación con que Skinner presenta a Copérnico: sostuvo en el De revolutionibus que los planetas y la Tierra giran en torno al Sol, pero les propuso órbitas circulares siguiendo las esferas de Ptolomeo porque tenía la esfera por figura perfecta y por tanto la más probable elección de Dios

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«Of his seven astronomical postulates, the two most important are: e “The centre of the Earth is not the center of the world [universe], but only of the heavy bodies [the four elements] and of the lunar orb [the Moon].” e “Every motion that seems to belong to the firmament does not arise from it, but from the [movement of the] Earth. Therefore, the Earth with the elements in its vicinity accomplishes a complete rotation around its fixed pole, while the firmament ... remains motionless.”»los dos postulados de Copérnico que Skinner transcribe: que el centro de la Tierra no es el centro del universo sino solo el de los cuerpos pesados y el de la órbita lunar, y que todo movimiento aparente del firmamento no nace de él sino del movimiento de la Tierra

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«Copernicus still thought in terms of the elements and Aristotle’s revolving orbs. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), a student of one of Copernicus’ disciples, established that the paths of the planets are actually ellipses in 1609. But even Kepler harked back to the sacred geometry of the five Platonic solids (see pages 54-55) in order to calculate the distances between the orbits of the planets.»el límite que Skinner le marca a Copérnico y el que le marca a Kepler: el primero seguía pensando en elementos y orbes giratorios aristotélicos, y el segundo, que estableció en 1609 que las trayectorias son elipses, volvía todavía a los cinco sólidos platónicos para calcular las distancias entre órbitas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 82»

«He drew elaborate diagrams of a succession of spheres enclosing each of the Platonic solids, finally enclosing the Earth. Kepler’ could thus see a way of reconciling Pythagoras with the latest planetary observations, and in a way it was a new version of the old nested-orb theories. He also revived the theory of the harmony of the spheres by associating musical notes with the planetary orbits (see pages 22-23). Like Leonardo da Vinci, Kepler was truly a Renaissance man as well as being a skillful technical astronomer, who wanted to see the geometry of the Ancients still fit with the universal scheme.»lo que Skinner ve en el procedimiento de Kepler: diagramas de esferas sucesivas que encierran cada sólido platónico hasta la Tierra, un modo de reconciliar a Pitágoras con las observaciones nuevas y una versión nueva de las viejas teorías de orbes anidados; además revivió la armonía de las esferas asociando notas musicales a las órbitas

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«In 1600 Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) invited Kepler to work with him in Prague under Rudolph I of Bohemia, whose court sponsored the largest collection of astronomers, astrologers, alchemists, and magicians in Europe, including Dr. John Dee (see pages 93-95). Brahe provided the data that Kepler needed to test his theories.»el contexto que Skinner describe para el trabajo de Kepler: Tycho Brahe lo invitó en 1600 a Praga, bajo Rodolfo de Bohemia, cuya corte patrocinaba la mayor colección de astrónomos, astrólogos, alquimistas y magos de Europa, John Dee incluido, y Brahe le dio los datos con que probar sus teorías

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 83»

«In his first law Kepler showed that a planet moves in an elliptical orbit that has the Sun as one of its two foci. His second law, showed that a line joining a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times, as the planet charts its orbit.»las dos primeras leyes de Kepler tal como Skinner las enuncia: el planeta se mueve en órbita elíptica con el Sol en uno de los focos, y la línea que lo une al Sol barre áreas iguales en tiempos iguales

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«In 1619 Kepler finally figured out that there is just one ‘magic’ number that gave the answer to both orbit size and timing. His third law states that the ratio of the square of a planet’s orbital time is proportional to the cube of its mean distance from the sun:»la tercera ley según Skinner, dicha como hallazgo de un número mágico único: la razón del cuadrado del tiempo orbital es proporcional al cubo de la distancia media al Sol

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«Amazingly, even the outer planets that were discovered long after Kepler’s death, vary by only a maximum of 0.24 per cent (in the case of Pluto) from this median value. Strangely, you can measure the period and radius in any units you want, as long as you keep them consistent for the whole calculation.»lo que Skinner destaca de esa constante: hasta los planetas exteriores descubiertos mucho después de la muerte de Kepler se apartan del valor mediano un máximo de 0.24 por ciento, el de Plutón, y periodo y radio pueden medirse en cualesquiera unidades mientras se mantengan consistentes

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 83»

«This rule works for the Earth and the outer planets. Again, we have a confirmation that the laws behind the universe are reducible to simple geometry (the ellipse) and simple arithmetic (Kepler’s constant).»la conclusión con que Skinner cierra el capítulo: otra confirmación, dice, de que las leyes que hay detrás del universo se reducen a geometría simple y aritmética simple

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«Among the myriad of stars in the heavens, several key marker stars— $3 ABOVE The precession of the Zodiac means that the last 2,000 years (the Age of Pisces) have now given way to the Age of Aquarius. Polaris, Sirius and the Big Dipper—were identified by the Ancients and used by them for orientation and timing.»las tres marcas celestes que Skinner destaca: Polaris, Sirio y el Carro, identificadas por los antiguos y usadas para orientarse y para medir el tiempo. El pie de figura sobre la precesión del zodiaco queda intercalado a media frase y va dentro de las comillas

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«However, over a very long period of time the Earth ‘wobbles’ as it spins—like a spinning top. Every 26,000 years it appears that the location of celestial north traces out a rough circle in the sky, a process called precession. This effectively means that the identity of the Pole Star changes very slowly during this time from one star to another nearby star.»la precesión según Skinner: la Tierra se bambolea como un trompo y cada 26,000 años el norte celeste traza un círculo aproximado en el cielo, de modo que la identidad de la Estrella Polar cambia muy despacio

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«If we divide the 26,000 years of this precession of the Pole Star by 12 (the 12 Zodiacal signs) we get a period of approximately 2,166 years. This has prompted astrologers to divide the precession into 12 ‘ages’—the last 2,000+ years were designated the Age of Pisces, and at present we are witnessing the dawning of the Age of Aquarius, much heralded by hippies and esotericists alike. This has also been seized upon to explain the rise and fall of particular religions. Cultural traces of this precession include the fish as an early symbol of Christianity (Age of Pisces) and the ram as symbolic of the Age of Aries before to the birth of Christ.»lo que Skinner consigna de las eras astrológicas: dividida la precesión entre doce salen periodos de unos 2,166 años, y de ahí la Era de Piscis que termina y el amanecer de la de Acuario, muy anunciado —dice— por hippies y esoteristas por igual, con el pez y el carnero como huellas culturales de esas eras

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«This precession means that we can date buildings and historical events by identifying which star was the Pole Star for the cultures of the period. British astronomer Sir John Herschel put forward this suggestion in the middle of the 19th century, and Robert Bauvel developed it in his book The Orion Mystery published in 1994 in relation to the pyramids.»el método de datación que Skinner reporta y su linaje: identificar qué estrella era la Polar en cada cultura, propuesto por Sir John Herschel a mediados del siglo XIX y desarrollado por Robert Bauvel en The Orion Mystery

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«In an article published in Nature in 2000 Dr Kate Spence, an Egyptologist from the University of Cambridge’s Faculty of Oriental Studies, England, attempted to steal the limelight by fixing the precise date of the commencement of the construction of Khufu’s Great Pyramid as 2480 Bc, about 75 years more recently than was previously thought.»lo que Skinner reporta de la egiptóloga Kate Spence, con el verbo de intención dentro: publicó en Nature en 2000 fijando el comienzo de la Gran Pirámide de Keops en 2480 a. C., unos 75 años más tarde de lo que se creía, y Skinner dice que con ello intentaba robar cámara

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«Sirius (or O-Canis Majoris) is without doubt the brightest star in the sky and one of the closest to Earth. Otherwise known as the dog star after the name of its constellation (Canis), it was especially significant for the ancient Egyptians because its heliacal rising heralded the inundation of the Nile and the beginning of the year.»el lugar que Skinner da a Sirio: la estrella más brillante del cielo y de las más cercanas, llamada del perro por su constelación, y significativa para los egipcios porque su orto helíaco anunciaba la crecida del Nilo y el comienzo del año; el troceo imprime la letra griega del nombre como *O*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 84»

«term heliacal rising refers to the appearance of the star in the few minutes before dawn, before the Sun (Helios) rises and obscures the light of the stars.»la definición de orto helíaco que da Skinner: la aparición de la estrella en los pocos minutos anteriores al alba, antes de que Helios salga y borre la luz de las estrellas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 85»

«This constellation, sometimes called the Plough, is close to the Pole Star and in fact points to it. Named after a ladle, not the fairground ride, the Big Dipper is always visible at night in the Northern Hemisphere. It never actually sets below the horizon, but circles around the Pole Star like the hands of a huge clock. Its rotational path can actually be used to tell the time at night or the season of the year. The ancient Chinese venerated this constellation as a time-keeper and polepointer, as the home of the nine flying stars of classical feng shui and the dark god of the north.»lo que Skinner reúne sobre el Carro: apunta a la Estrella Polar, no se pone nunca en el hemisferio norte y gira en torno a ella como las manecillas de un reloj enorme, de modo que sirve para saber la hora de la noche o la estación; y los chinos antiguos lo veneraron como guardián del tiempo, morada de las nueve estrellas volantes del feng shui clásico y del dios oscuro del norte; el troceo parte *pole-pointer* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *polepointer*

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«Cartography, or mapmaking, depends on spherical and projective geometry ABOVE A mariner's brass sextant, which is used to fix the altitude of a heavenly body (Sun, Moon or star) above the horizon. BELOW The map grid applied to the globe. The main latitudinal lines are named, while longitude has only one named meridian, 0 degrees Greenwich. in order to solve the seemingly insoluble problem of accurately transferring a spherical shape on to a flat representation.»el problema que Skinner pone en el centro de la cartografía: trasladar con exactitud una forma esférica a una representación plana, cosa que depende de la geometría esférica y de la proyectiva. El pie de figura del sextante queda intercalado a media frase y va dentro de las comillas

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«Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598) and Gerard Mercator (1512-1594) were among the first scientific mapmakers of the 16th century. They consulted mathematicians such as John Dee (see pages 93-95) to help them. To accomplish the transfer from a sphere to a flat surface, they divided the Earth vertically with lines called meridians of longitude and horizontally by lines called parallels of latitude. This meant enclosing every part of the surface of the world in a slightly warped square that could then be replicated on paper. The smaller the square, the more accurate the transference.»lo que Skinner cuenta de los primeros cartógrafos científicos del siglo XVI: Ortelius y Mercator consultaron a matemáticos como John Dee, y resolvieron el traslado dividiendo la Tierra en meridianos de longitud y paralelos de latitud, con lo que cada parte de la superficie queda encerrada en un cuadrado algo alabeado

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«The parallels of latitude are, as their name suggests, parallel with each other— 90° Greenwich meridian they simply become shorter as they approach the poles. Latitude is simply measured from zero degrees at the Equator to 90 degrees at the poles, using an imaginary right angle at the center of the Earth. As a result, navigators used a sextant and the stars to easily determine the parallel of latitude on which their ship was located.»la asimetría que Skinner explica, primera mitad: los paralelos son paralelos y solo se acortan hacia los polos, y la latitud se mide del ecuador a los polos con un ángulo recto imaginario en el centro de la Tierra, de modo que con sextante y estrellas el navegante la determinaba con facilidad

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 86»

«However, the lines of longitude all converge on the North and South Poles, getting closer together as they do so. This makes longitude much more difficult to measure. The problem of how far around the Earth you had sailed was extremely important for navigators, and many prizes were offered for its solution (a story well documented in Dava Sobel’s Longitude).»la segunda mitad de esa asimetría: los meridianos convergen en los polos y por eso la longitud es mucho más difícil de medir, problema tan importante para la navegación que se ofrecieron muchos premios por resolverlo, historia que Skinner remite al libro Longitude de Dava Sobel

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«Various suggestions for the prime meridian of longitude were made, such as the longitude of Jerusalem, which would have pleased Christian, Jewish and Islamic astronomers, cartographers and geometricians. But there was no logical equivalent of the Equator, which is the position of zero degrees latitude.»la razón por la que el meridiano de origen era arbitrario según Skinner: se propuso el de Jerusalén, que habría complacido a astrónomos y cartógrafos cristianos, judíos e islámicos, pero no había equivalente lógico del ecuador

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«In 1884, at the International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C., the Greenwich meridian was adopted as the prime meridian of the world. France abstained. To this day some French cartographers continue to indicate the Paris Meridian (see below) on some maps. The French finally accepted the Greenwich meridian in 1911 (or 1914 for navigation).»el desenlace que Skinner data: en 1884 la Conferencia Internacional del Meridiano adoptó el de Greenwich, Francia se abstuvo, algunos cartógrafos franceses siguen marcando el de París, y Francia lo aceptó en 1911

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 87»

«In 1666 Louis XIV authorized the building of an Observatory in Paris to measure longitude. In the early 1800s the Paris meridian was recalculated by the astronomer Francois Arago (1786-1853), whose name appears on the 135 plaques that trace its route though Paris.»lo que Skinner consigna del meridiano de París: Luis XIV autorizó en 1666 el Observatorio para medir la longitud, y a principios del siglo XIX lo recalculó François Arago, cuyo nombre figura en las 135 placas que trazan su recorrido por la ciudad; el troceo imprime *though* por *through*

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«The line in St. Sulpice, made famous by Dan Brown, is about 91 yards (100 m) from the actual meridian, which passes through the center of the Louvre and its inverted pyramid. The St. Sulpice line is just a gnomon, or shadow line, placed in the church by English clockmaker Henry Sully in 1727 to enable the priest to precisely determine the summer solstice and so calculate the correct date for the celebration of Easter.»la corrección que Skinner hace a la novela: la línea de Saint-Sulpice está a unos cien metros del meridiano real, que pasa por el centro del Louvre, y no es meridiano sino gnomon colocado en 1727 por el relojero inglés Henry Sully para que el sacerdote determinara el solsticio de verano y con él la fecha de Pascua

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«In fact, St. Sulpice was the focus of various occult Catholic movements at the end of the 19th century, and was the centerpoint of Joris Karl Huysmans’ occult novel La-bas. It is also where the real priest, Sauniere, went to try to find help to MAPPING THE WORLD LEFT The Rose Line on the floor of St Sulpice, Paris, is not a meridian, not even the old Paris meridian. elucidate the parchments he found in his»lo que Skinner sí concede a Saint-Sulpice: fue foco de varios movimientos católicos ocultistas a fines del siglo XIX, centro de la novela ocultista Là-bas de Joris Karl Huysmans, y el sitio adonde acudió el sacerdote real, Sauniere, buscando ayuda para los pergaminos. El pie de figura sobre la Línea Rosa queda intercalado a media frase y va dentro de las comillas; el tramo se corta en el fin de renglón, donde sigue con su iglesia de Rennes-le-Château

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«Henry Lincoln, in his book The Holy Place, argues unconvincingly that various ancient structures near Rennes-le-Chateau are aligned according to the Paris meridian, including medieval churches that were built long before the meridian was even thought of, let alone established. The meridian passes some distance west of the site of the so-called Poussin tomb, an important location in the Rennes-le-Chateau legend»la objeción que Skinner levanta contra Henry Lincoln y The Holy Place, con la calificación dentro: sostiene de modo poco convincente, dice, que varias estructuras antiguas cerca de Rennes-le-Château se alinean con el meridiano de París, incluidas iglesias medievales construidas mucho antes de que el meridiano existiera

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«Time has always been measured in terms of the movement of heavenly bodies, specifically the Sun and the Moon in relation to the Earth. Since the invention of clocks we have become less aware of this.»la tesis del capítulo del tiempo: el tiempo se ha medido siempre por el movimiento de los cuerpos celestes, y desde la invención del reloj se ha perdido conciencia de ello

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«In Western cultures that rely on tabulated material, such as calendars, people seldom view the Moon as a way of checking the time of the month. In cultures with functional lunar calendars people often go outside their homes to check the phase of the Moon to determine their activities, such as when to plant, pray or break their fast.»el contraste que Skinner marca: donde se vive del calendario tabulado casi nadie mira la Luna para saber en qué punto del mes está, y donde el calendario lunar funciona la gente sale a ver su fase para decidir cuándo sembrar, rezar o romper el ayuno

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 88»

«There are various ways of measuring the lunar cycle. One ‘moon’ was always taken to be roughly 29.5 days. In fact, the mean lunar month is 29.531 mean solar days —this is known as the synodical lunar month. However, the lunar month known as the sidereal period (as measured from the stars) is 27.32 days. These two periods are sometimes confused.»la distinción que Skinner subraya porque suele confundirse: el mes lunar sinódico es de 29.531 días solares medios y el sidéreo, medido desde las estrellas, de 27.32

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 88»

«Let us use the synodical lunar month of 29.531 days. Twelve such months make 354.372 days, not the 365.256 days of the solar year. Herein lies one of the major calendrical problems of the ancient world and indeed the modern world as well. The Romans tried to solve the problem by stretching the months by various lengths to produce months of 30 or 31 days, thereby filling the year, but getting hopelessly out of step with the actual phases of the moon in the sky.»el desajuste que Skinner pone como problema calendárico mayor del mundo antiguo y del moderno: doce meses sinódicos dan 354.372 días frente a los 365.256 del año solar, y los romanos lo resolvieron estirando los meses a 30 o 31 días, con lo que perdieron el paso de las fases lunares

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«The Chinese and the Arabs solved the problem by keeping the months tied to the actual observable phases of the moon, with a spare intercalary, or inserted, month every so often just to keep the lunar months roughly in line with the years without reconciling the time periods measured by the Sun and the Moon.»la otra solución que Skinner consigna: chinos y árabes mantuvieron los meses atados a las fases observables y metieron un mes intercalar de cuando en cuando, sin reconciliar los periodos del Sol y de la Luna

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«The Chinese have perhaps come up with the most practical solution, using two separate calendars that work along side each other: a solar calendar to measure agricultural changes, seasons and feng shui; and a lunar calendar to govern magical, ritual and religious concerns.»la solución que Skinner llama la más práctica: dos calendarios chinos en paralelo, el solar para los cambios agrícolas, las estaciones y el feng shui, y el lunar para lo mágico, lo ritual y lo religioso

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«The prize for the most logical calendar must go to the ancient Egyptians, whose year began with the heliacal rising of Sirius (the day of the first appearance of Sirius at dawn with Helios, the Sun) and had 12 months of exactly 30 days, making 360 days, with 5 days of holiday to make up the full year to 365 days.»el premio que Skinner concede al calendario más lógico: el egipcio, con el año abierto por el orto helíaco de Sirio y doce meses de treinta días exactos más cinco de fiesta

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«Near enough, but still not adequate for measuring really long periods of time. The history of the adjustments that man has made to try to force these two incommensurable numbers into the same calender is complex. Suffice it to say, the geouncity pitherevolghnts-Ol thes’ two ABovE An engraving of the astronomer Johann Adam Schall von Bell heavenly bodies is at the root of all the (1591-1666), showing him using Western methods of determining time at problems of calculating time.»la acotación con que Skinner cierra: el ajuste metónico es bastante cercano y no basta para periodos largos, y la historia de los ajustes es compleja; la inconmensurabilidad de las dos revoluciones está, dice, en la raíz de todos los problemas de cálculo del tiempo. El troceo imprime el renglón corrompido *geouncity pitherevolghnts-Ol thes' two*

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«Astronomically, the problem is that the revolutions of the Moon around the Earth do not arithmetically mesh with the revolutions of the Earth around the Sun.»el nudo astronómico que Skinner enuncia: las revoluciones de la Luna en torno a la Tierra no encajan aritméticamente con las de la Tierra en torno al Sol

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«The ancient Greeks almost solved the problem by suggesting a metonic time period of 19 years during which the Sun and the Moon catch up with each other»el intento griego según Skinner: el periodo metónico de diecinueve años, tras el cual el Sol y la Luna se alcanzan; el tramo se corta en el fin de renglón y sigue con el comienzo de otro ciclo

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«Units of measurement, whether of time or of length, can be derived from nature, astronomy or some other standard. The best and most successful | ones are those that are repeatable and easily observed.»el criterio con que Skinner juzga toda unidad: las mejores son las repetibles y fáciles de observar, se deriven de la naturaleza, de la astronomía o de otro patrón

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«Galileo made the extraordinary | 26-27). In fact, this measure is more of a and counter-intuitive observation that | hypothetical calculated one, rather than pendulums of the same length will always an physical measure, even today. It is also take the same amount of time to execute | very difficult to replicate. Inspired by one swing (this is independent of its the statement of Aristotle that the weight, the force applied to it or the | geometry of its arc). This hidden connection between time and length is easy to measure and simple to replicate anywhere—in fact, it has all the attributes of a suitable international standard.»la observación que Skinner atribuye a Galileo y lo que saca de ella: los péndulos de igual longitud tardan siempre lo mismo en cada oscilación, con independencia del peso, de la fuerza aplicada y de la geometría del arco, y esa conexión oculta entre tiempo y longitud es fácil de medir y de replicar en cualquier sitio. El OCR de esta plana entrevera renglón a renglón las dos columnas, y dentro de las comillas caen intercaladas las frases sobre la circunferencia terrestre y sobre Aristóteles; va tal cual y no se reordena

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«In the early 13th century, the authorities in England established a long list of definitions of measurement that were to be used throughout the country. This extremely successful standardization lasted for nearly 600 years, despite a bewildering»la estandarización inglesa que Skinner data en el siglo XIII: una larga lista de definiciones de medida para todo el país que duró casi seiscientos años; el tramo se corta en el fin de plana, donde sigue el inventario de subdivisiones extrañas

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«The architect and mathematician Sir Christopher Wren (see pages 136-1 37) who was well aware of sacred geometry, proposed a new system based on the yard, which he defined as the length of a pendulum swing beating at the rate of one per second. The pendulum was applied as a physical timer mechanism in clocks beginning in 1656, although Galileo had already suggested this use as early as 1582.»lo que Skinner adjudica a Christopher Wren: consciente de la geometría sagrada, propuso un sistema basado en la yarda definida como el largo del péndulo que bate un segundo; y data el uso del péndulo como temporizador en los relojes en 1656, con la sugerencia de Galileo ya en 1582

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«In France there was no standardization. In fact, the French had approximately 800 different names for measures and, taking into account their different values in different towns, around 250,000 differently sized units.»la cifra con que Skinner mide el desorden francés: unos 800 nombres de medidas y, contando sus valores distintos por ciudad, alrededor de 250,000 unidades de tamaños diferentes

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«In an effort to sort this out, Charles de Talleyrand put to the National Assembly in March 1790 a suggestion that a new measurement system be adopted based on a length from nature. The system should have decimal subdivisions, and all measures of area, volume and weight should be linked to the fundamental unit of length. Like Wren, he suggested the basic length should be the length of a pendulum that swings at the rate of one swing per second. This was highly significant because here, in one device, was a standard for both length and time. The proposal was adopted.»la propuesta que Skinner data en marzo de 1790: Talleyrand llevó a la Asamblea Nacional un sistema decimal derivado de una longitud natural, con área, volumen y peso ligados a la unidad de longitud, y —como Wren— con el péndulo de un segundo por base; y subraya que ahí había, en un solo dispositivo, patrón de longitud y de tiempo

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«However, this proposal was overturned erroneous calculation of the circumfer-ABOVE Galileo observed, by soon after and the opportunity for ence of the Earth. Britain and Germany eas Dore E oes . : * < antern a e santa Maria establishing a truly international standard were hostile to the meter and preferred Ciisal Phe the taeal was lost. In the event, the French settled a standard based on the pendulum, and a pendulum’s oscillation on the meter, which was fixed to an so went their own way.»el desenlace que Skinner lamenta: la propuesta se revocó poco después y se perdió la ocasión de un patrón verdaderamente internacional; Francia se quedó con el metro fijado a un cálculo erróneo de la circunferencia terrestre, y Gran Bretaña y Alemania, hostiles al metro, prefirieron el péndulo. El OCR entrevera aquí las dos columnas con el pie de figura sobre Galileo y la lámpara de Santa María del Fiore, y los tres van dentro de las comillas

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«For thousands of years, architects of sacred structures, such as megalithic circles, Egyptian pyramids and Greek temples, have endeavored to use particular dimensions in their design. These dimensions are whole numbers, geometrically constructable and numerically significant or symbolic. Temples, to whatever god or gods, were conceived as a bridge between man and the deities.»la apertura de la parte tercera: durante milenios los arquitectos de estructuras sagradas buscaron dimensiones que fueran números enteros, geométricamente construibles y numéricamente significativas o simbólicas, y los templos se concibieron como puente entre el hombre y las deidades

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«Ancient megalithic monuments, SAC RE D such as Stonehenge, show how the geometry of the heavens and sacred GEOMETRY AND Sisctnesencn wereton applied‘to the construction of some | THE L ANDSC APE oi man’s most impressive temples.»la apertura del capítulo del paisaje: los monumentos megalíticos muestran, según Skinner, cómo la geometría del cielo y la geometría sagrada se aplicaron a la construcción de algunos de los templos más imponentes del hombre; el encabezado corrido de la parte —*SACRED GEOMETRY AND THE LANDSCAPE*— cae partido y entreverado renglón a renglón dentro de las comillas, junto con un residuo ilegible del rótulo, y va tal cual

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«This chapter looks at how the ley system links many megalithic forts, temples and settlements by accurately sighted straight alignments. The study of the relationship between the archaeology of such ancient sites and the astronomical observations et _ they encapsulate has generated a —s comp lettelly new science, that of astro-archaeology.»el objeto que Skinner anuncia: cómo el sistema de leyes enlaza fuertes, templos y asentamientos megalíticos por alineaciones rectas medidas con precisión, y cómo el estudio de esa relación ha generado una ciencia nueva, la astroarqueología; el troceo imprime *comp lettelly*

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«We examine the changing popular conception of megalithic sites, of which there are thousands scattered across Britain and Europe. Farmers formerly viewed them as a nuisance, then the Romantics saw them as Druidic temples, and in the modern era they are considered by some to be sophisticated observatories, and even predictors, of heavenly phenomena.»la historia de la mirada que Skinner resume: los campesinos vieron los megalitos como estorbo, los románticos como templos druídicos, y hoy algunos los tienen por observatorios sofisticados y hasta predictores de fenómenos celestes

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«Dr. John Dee, an early supporter of the restoration of megalithic sites, was also instrumental in translating Euclid into English and in promoting the geometric study of optics that helped to develop the artistic portrayal of perspective.»el papel que Skinner asigna a John Dee en esta parte: defensor temprano de la restauración de los sitios megalíticos, artífice de la traducción de Euclides al inglés y promotor del estudio geométrico de la óptica que ayudó a desarrollar la perspectiva

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«Space 1s sacred when the geometry of its design depends on ratios that are either whole numbers or special, such as the Golden Mean. Sacred space looks and feels harmonious but also has an objective quality, which can be measured and which makes it suitable for a temple.»la definición operativa de espacio sagrado con que Skinner abre el capítulo: lo es cuando la geometría de su diseño depende de razones que son números enteros o especiales como la Media Áurea, y tiene además una cualidad objetiva medible; el troceo imprime *1s* por *is*

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«Greeks were in no doubt that when they built a temple the measurements had to be consistent with each other and were often round number measures, such as 100 Greek feet or regular submultiples of nine. The volume of the space enclosed was very important, too.»lo que Skinner atribuye a egipcios y griegos sin sombra de duda: al construir un templo las medidas tenían que ser consistentes entre sí y solían ser números redondos —cien pies griegos, submúltiplos regulares de nueve— y el volumen del espacio encerrado importaba también

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«The writings of the Roman Vitruvius, which encapsulated these traditions of building. influenced the later Renaissance building boom. They were, in turn, handed on by architects such as Palladio, who inspired a whole generation of English architects, who produced lovely buildings, such as Chiswick House.»la cadena que traza Skinner de Vitruvio a Inglaterra: sus escritos condensaron esas tradiciones, influyeron en el auge constructivo renacentista y pasaron por arquitectos como Palladio a una generación entera de arquitectos ingleses; el troceo imprime un punto donde el texto pide coma, *of building. influenced*

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«The study of sacred geometry has, however, attracted some pretty strange theories and theorists. As Mario Livio points out in The Golden Section, it is possible to draw all sorts of geometric figures over any site plan or any map, but if the major vertices of these do not even fall on actual physical points, intersections or corners, then the conclusions drawn from such a figure are at best arbitrary and at worst complete nonsense. This type of ‘unanchored geometry’ is particularly popular among many ‘New Age’ books on sacred geometry.»la objeción que Skinner repite aquí apoyándose otra vez en Mario Livio: sobreponer figuras geométricas a un plano o a un mapa es posible siempre, y si los vértices mayores no caen en puntos, intersecciones o esquinas reales las conclusiones son arbitrarias en el mejor caso; a eso llama *unanchored geometry* y dice que abunda en los libros de la Nueva Era

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«Unanchored geometry is where unfettered creativity has been used to produce geometric constructions with little of no relevance to the underlying»la definición que Skinner da de geometría sin anclaje: creatividad desatada que produce construcciones con poca o ninguna relación con la estructura subyacente; el troceo imprime *of* por *or* y el tramo se corta en el fin de plana

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«structure. Three examples of unanchored geometry spring to mind. First, the geometric analysis of the Glastonbury Abbey site by a very prolific author: in this construction the line drawn from Dod Lane through the centre of the Abbey and terminating in another church is an obviously valid axis line (and would have been intentional), but the other major vertices all fall on points of little or no significance. For example, one falls just inside the edge of a pond, two appear in private houses, one on Magdalene Street, and one in the middle of a field—none of these are or were significant points.»el primero de los tres ejemplos con que Skinner ilustra la geometría sin anclaje: el análisis del sitio de la abadía de Glastonbury por un autor muy prolífico, donde el eje de Dod Lane es válido y los demás vértices caen en el borde de un estanque, en casas particulares, en una calle y en medio de un campo

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«Second, an elaborate construction of lines and curves producing a vesica pisces (see pages 130-131) and other figures (many with their vertices well beyond the structure) have been drawn round the Parthenon (see page 91). Most of the ZB \ Ws ed £2 \ KON NY; BN church Ty IGE ers at yee V px Keres NP EZ, SE he! VAL WY See SN] | SS MA, NES construction points are in mid-air beyond the platform on which the Parthenon was built, and so cannot have been actually used by the original architect.»el segundo ejemplo: la construcción de líneas y curvas que produce una vesica pisces alrededor del Partenón, con la mayoría de los puntos de construcción en el aire, más allá de la plataforma sobre la que se levantó el edificio; dentro de las comillas caen entreverados el encabezado corrido de la plana y una ristra ilegible de la lámina del Partenón, y van tal cual, sin reconstruir

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«Third, the geometric analysis by Lucie Lamy on a plan of the Osirion, which is basically a regular rectangular mortuary temple discovered at Abydos, Egypt, by Flinders Petrie. The geometry is simply that of a rectangular hall with ten square pillars, but a construction of six pentagons inscribed within six circles, diminishing in a wedge shape, has been projected upon it. Of the almost 40 points plotted, only two coincide with a wall and two with a pillar. The rest of the geometry has no connection whatsoever with the structure it purports to interpret. There is no way that the original architect used this fantastic construction to either plan or build the Osirion.»el tercer ejemplo, con el conteo dentro: el análisis de Lucie Lamy sobre el plano del Osirion, seis pentágonos inscritos en seis círculos proyectados sobre una sala rectangular de diez pilares, de los que solo dos de casi cuarenta puntos coinciden con un muro y dos con un pilar

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«Englishman John Dee was such a Renaissance man that his expertise overlapped many fields—he was a mathematician, geometer, Greek scholar, antiquarian, spy, and sorcerer. He was also involved with the first English translation of Euclid’s geometry.»el retrato con que Skinner abre el capítulo de John Dee: hombre del Renacimiento cuya pericia cruzaba campos —matemático, geómetra, helenista, anticuario, espía y hechicero—, e implicado en la primera traducción inglesa de la geometría de Euclides

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«A frequent traveller between London and Worcester, Dee and his skryer (someone who can see spirits in the crystal), Edward Kelley, became familiar with many of the megalithic sites of southern England—standing stones, ancient stone rings, tumuli barrows and hillforts (Iron Age settlements). In particular he knew in detail Old Sarum (see pages 106-109) and Stonehenge»lo que Skinner dice del trato de Dee con los megalitos: viajero frecuente entre Londres y Worcester, él y su *skryer* Edward Kelley —a quien define como el que ve espíritus en el cristal— conocieron muchos sitios megalíticos del sur de Inglaterra, y en particular Old Sarum y Stonehenge

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«The geometry and the key numbers are not the same in a Gothic cathedral and a Greek temple, but the intention was the same. Some rules of harmony, such as those incorporated into Gothic cathedrals, were dimensions derived from biblical sources. Proportions were specifically intended to bring God closer to human beings.»lo que Skinner declara constante y lo que declara variable: geometría y números clave difieren entre una catedral gótica y un templo griego, pero la intención era la misma; algunas reglas de armonía góticas derivaban de fuentes bíblicas, y las proporciones buscaban expresamente acercar a Dios al ser humano

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«In art the geometry of perspective led to the great paintings of the Renaissance, in which the structure of the painting is as carefully planned as that of a building. In the last century the building of harmonic buildings has partially passed from the sacred to the secular.»el arco que Skinner tiende hasta hoy: la geometría de la perspectiva llevó a las grandes pinturas del Renacimiento, donde la estructura del cuadro está tan planeada como la de un edificio, y en el último siglo la construcción armónica ha pasado en parte de lo sagrado a lo secular

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«Greek very rapidly, becoming a reader (lecturer) in Greek at Trinity College Cambridge in 1546. His fascination with geometry led him to urge Sir Henry Billingsley to complete the first English translation of the Greek text of Euclid’s Elements in 1570, to which he added a weighty Preface. The volume was a monumental 928 folio pages and included all the important commentaries on Euclid, from Proclus to Dee himself. It introduced Greek geometry to the English reading public for the first time. In the Preface Dee contends that these arts are based in nature and are therefore sacred, rather than being arbitrary inventions of man.»lo que Skinner consigna del Euclides inglés: Dee instó a Henry Billingsley a completar la primera traducción inglesa de los Elementos en 1570 y le añadió un prefacio de peso en un volumen de 928 folios con los comentarios desde Proclo; y en ese prefacio, dice, Dee sostiene que estas artes se fundan en la naturaleza y por eso son sagradas, no invenciones arbitrarias del hombre. El corte de chunk parte la frase y el tramo arranca después de él

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«During Henry VIU’s dissolution of the English and Welsh monasteries between 1536 and 1540 some of the finest libraries of manuscripts were destroyed and many stones from these buildings were pillaged. In January 1556 John Dee’s passion for preserving the ancient monuments of England prompted him to write a submission to Mary I requesting that she take steps towards, and provide funds for, the preservation of ancient monuments and the manuscripts that had been ‘liberated’ from the monasteries.»lo que Skinner cuenta de Dee anticuario: durante la disolución de los monasterios ingleses y galeses entre 1536 y 1540 se destruyeron bibliotecas de manuscritos, y en enero de 1556 Dee pidió a María I fondos para preservar los monumentos antiguos y los manuscritos liberados; el troceo imprime *Henry VIU*

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«He was also conscious that the far older standing stones of pre-Christian Britain (such as Stonehenge) were also disappearing from the landscape and subject to acts of pious destruction by bigoted hammer-wielding clerics.»la segunda mitad de esa petición: Dee era consciente, dice Skinner, de que las piedras erguidas precristianas como Stonehenge también desaparecían del paisaje por actos de destrucción piadosa de clérigos fanáticos con martillo

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«circumference of the Earth was 400,000 Some of the most notable methods of stadia, it became an article of faith among establishing units of measurement are: members of the French Académie des sciences | in the 18th century that ancient linear _ e From natural sources: examples include measures were all derived directly from the size of a barley grain (the kush, a fractions of the Earth’s circumference and . Babylonian unit of volume) and the that therefore they should do the same.»el episodio que Skinner consigna sobre la Académie des sciences del siglo XVIII: por la cifra de 400,000 estadios que Aristóteles daba a la circunferencia terrestre, sus miembros tuvieron por artículo de fe que todas las medidas lineales antiguas derivaban de fracciones de esa circunferencia y que ellos debían hacer lo mismo. La cláusula que abre la frase —*Inspired by the statement of Aristotle that the*— la imprime el troceo más abajo, en la otra columna, y dentro de las comillas caen intercalados los renglones de la columna vecina

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«trace Queen Elizabeth’s (and his own) genealogies back to King Arthur. In 1586 Dee’s friend William Camden (1551-1623) published his very significant volume Britannia, a topographical and historical survey of all the British Isles. Camden’s stated intention was ‘to restore antiquity to Britaine, and Britaine to its antiquity.’ It is a work of chorography: a study that relates landscape, geography, antiquarianism and history.»lo que Skinner consigna del círculo de Dee: en 1586 su amigo William Camden publicó Britannia, estudio topográfico e histórico de las islas británicas cuya intención declarada era restituir la antigüedad a Britania y Britania a su antigüedad, obra de corografía que liga paisaje, geografía, anticuarismo e historia

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«Dee’s interest in antiquities was more than academic. On 22 March, 1583 Edward Kelley brought him a ‘treasure map’ (left) showing sketches of ten ancient sites, with their names in code. After a few weeks, Dee broke the cipher, and he and Kelly planned to set out with the intention of recovering some»el episodio que Skinner data el 22 de marzo de 1583: Edward Kelley llevó a Dee un mapa del tesoro con diez sitios antiguos y sus nombres en clave, y Dee rompió el cifrado en unas semanas; el tramo se corta donde el troceo entrevera la otra columna

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«At Hewitt’s Cross, near Northwick, south Gloucestershire, Kelley is reputed to have found a ‘red powder’, which he and Dee later used to make gold, under wellattested circumstances, in one of the castles of Count Rosenberg near Trebona.»lo que Skinner reporta con verbo de decir y a la vez con una fórmula de certeza: en Hewitt's Cross se dice que Kelley halló un polvo rojo que él y Dee usaron después para hacer oro, en circunstancias que él llama bien atestiguadas, en uno de los castillos del conde Rosenberg cerca de Trebona; el troceo parte *well-attested* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *wellattested*

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«Kelley also found an alchemical book and a scroll said to be by St Dunstan, ‘by spiritual direction’—in other words, at the instruction of a spiritual creature. Dee was referring to an angel or a spirit, but often he was unsure of the exact nature of the entity communicating through his crystal, or shewstone.»lo que Skinner consigna del hallazgo y de la reserva de Dee: Kelley encontró también un libro alquímico y un rollo atribuido a San Dunstan por dirección espiritual, y Dee se refería a un ángel o a un espíritu aunque a menudo no estaba seguro de la naturaleza exacta de la entidad que le hablaba por el cristal

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 99»

«The introduction to the treasure map, which was written in Latin in cipher, and says that the manuscript is the map of treasure buried by Menabon of the Gordanigi (or Menabani of Gordania), who was possibly the chief of a raiding Danish tribe. Glastonbury was actually ravaged by the Danes in the ninth century AD, so this is indeed possible.»lo que dice la introducción cifrada del mapa según Skinner: que el manuscrito es el mapa de un tesoro enterrado por Menabon de los Gordanigi, acaso jefe de una tribu danesa saqueadora, y él señala que Glastonbury fue en efecto asolada por los daneses en el siglo IX, de modo que la cosa es posible

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 99»

«Perhaps the most revealing of all of these locations is the central circle marked ‘Mounteagles arnid’. This undoubtedly refers to Lord Mounteagle’s land, which included Brierley (near Pontefract in South Yorkshire) and Hornby near Lancaster. In 1580, just a few years before this treasure map was found and on the death of William Stanley, the third Lord Mounteagle, their Brierley—Hornby estate was sold. Only the castle and Hornby remained with the Mounteagles, while the Earl of Shrewsbury bought Brierley House for his son, Edward Talbot.»el sitio que Skinner llama el más revelador de los diez: el círculo central marcado *Mounteagles arnid*, tierra de lord Mounteagle, cuyo patrimonio de Brierley y Hornby se vendió en 1580, con Brierley House comprada por el conde de Shrewsbury para su hijo Edward Talbot

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 99»

«Now this is a curious coincidence, as Dee’s main skryer called himself Edward Talbot when he first met Dee, before confessing that his name was really Edward Kelley. I suspect that either Kelley worked for the Mounteagles (and adopted JOHN DEE: RENAISSANCE MAN the son’s name at Oxford in order to gain admission) or that maybe he really was the disgraced son of the Earl of Shrewsbury.»la hipótesis que Skinner formula en primera persona y como sospecha: el principal *skryer* de Dee se hacía llamar Edward Talbot antes de confesar que se llamaba Edward Kelley, y él sospecha que Kelley trabajó para los Mounteagle y adoptó ese nombre, o que era de veras el hijo caído en desgracia del conde de Shrewsbury; el encabezado corrido de la plana —*JOHN DEE: RENAISSANCE MAN*— cae a media frase dentro de las comillas y va tal cual

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 99»

«Although these ten locations are supposed to be treasure sites, they also show Dee's interest in local monuments, especially the stone crosses, which are often found marking ley lines. Of course, much of Dee’s motivation was treasure seeking rather than for scholarly or code-breaking reasons, as he was often short of funds.»lo que Skinner concede sobre el motivo de Dee: los diez sitios muestran su interés por los monumentos locales, sobre todo las cruces de piedra que suelen marcar líneas ley, pero buena parte de su móvil era la busca de tesoro y no el estudio ni el descifrado, porque andaba a menudo corto de fondos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 99»

«Much has been written about ley lines, but even their modern discoverer BELOW Line and cup marks (which may be a sort of ley map) on the pancake stone, at a ley focus on Rombald’'s Moor, Yorkshire, England. oo” Alfred Watkins was unable to say what they are. In 1983 British author, visionary and astro-archeologist John Michell wrote: “Photographic aerial surveys have now been made over much of Britain, and anyone who studies the prints must be struck by the vast number and extent of the regular geometrical lines to be seen both in crop marks and in existing tracks and boundaries.»la apertura del capítulo de las líneas ley, con la negativa puesta primero: ni siquiera Alfred Watkins, su descubridor moderno, supo decir qué son; y Skinner cita a John Michell en 1983 sobre el número y la extensión enormes de líneas geométricas regulares visibles en las fotografías aéreas de Britania. El pie de figura de la piedra del panqué queda intercalado a media frase y va dentro de las comillas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 100»

«Anyone who has ridden or wandered around the English countryside, away from the main roads and motorways, will be struck by the meandering pathways and apparent confusion of Victorian village streets, lanes, field boundaries and paths. What Watkins saw was exactly the opposite: he saw straight alignments cutting across the landscape regardless of obstacles. He saw a geometry that no one had seen for hundreds, perhaps thousands of years.»el contraste con que Skinner explica el hallazgo: donde cualquiera ve senderos serpenteantes y confusión de callejas victorianas, Watkins vio alineaciones rectas que cruzan el paisaje sin atender a los obstáculos, una geometría que nadie había visto en cientos o quizá miles de años

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 100»

«He found that by using large-scale Ordnance Survey maps (and later aerial photographs) he could connect many monuments, churches, cairns, notches cut in the ridges, old high places, holy wells, village ponds, mountain peaks, and Iron Age hillforts along relatively exact alignments. Furthermore, these connected sites turned out to be sites of a specific type—sites that had ancient and pre-Roman pagan significance.»el método de Watkins según Skinner: con mapas de gran escala del Ordnance Survey y después fotografía aérea enlazó monumentos, iglesias, majanos, muescas en las crestas, altozanos, pozos sagrados, charcas, cumbres y castros por alineaciones relativamente exactas, y esos sitios resultaron ser de un tipo específico, de significación pagana antigua y preromana

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 100»

«Often, eight or nine sites would line up on just one sheet of a 1:25,000 Ordnance Survey map. Further confirmation of these lines came from aerial photographs, which showed confirmatory marks in crop fields that were not visible from the ground. (These marks can also show up potential archaeological sites and should not be confused with crop circle patterns.) Actually walking along one of these lines often brings to light additional stone markers, ancient earthworks and other features that may not have been recorded on the Ordnance Survey maps.»lo que Skinner reporta de la verificación: ocho o nueve sitios se alinean a menudo en una sola hoja del mapa 1:25,000, las fotografías aéreas muestran marcas en los cultivos invisibles desde el suelo —que él distingue expresamente de los círculos de las cosechas— y caminar la línea saca a la luz marcadores y terraplenes no registrados

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 101»

«Consistent naming of the places along the lines indicate that they were of human construction rather than natural phenomena. Place names tended to repeat certain syllables in a way that was well beyond statistical chance: villages, features or farms commonly had endings such as ‘cole’ or ‘—cold’ or ‘dod’, ‘—leigh’ or ‘ley.’ Because of this last, Alfred Watkins named them ley lines.»el argumento onomástico con que Skinner defiende el origen humano de las líneas: los topónimos repiten ciertas sílabas muy por encima del azar —*cole*, *cold*, *dod*, *leigh*, *ley*—, y por esta última Watkins las llamó líneas ley

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 101»

«These alignments, these old straight tracks, as Watkins called them, had been overgrown by later additions, cut through by roads, hidden by the creation of village by-pass roads and so on. He was perplexed that even churches seemed to be part of the pattern, until he realized that, as was»lo que Skinner dice del estado de las alineaciones y del desconcierto de Watkins: cubiertas por añadidos posteriores, cortadas por carreteras y ocultas por las circunvalaciones, y con las iglesias formando parte del patrón; el tramo se corta en el fin de plana, donde sigue la explicación

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 101»

«the custom, they had for the most part been built upon older pagan stone circles or groves.»la explicación que Skinner atribuye a Watkins para las iglesias: en su mayor parte se habían levantado, como era costumbre, sobre círculos de piedra o bosquecillos paganos anteriores

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 102»

«The best Watkins could do was to suggest that they represented old trackways. This theory is untenable because these alignments often led straight through churches, standing stones, across bogs and up gradients that definitely would not have been sensible, or even practical, walking or riding routes.»la objeción que Skinner levanta contra la única explicación que Watkins pudo dar: la teoría de las viejas sendas es insostenible, dice, porque las alineaciones atraviesan iglesias y piedras erguidas, cruzan ciénagas y suben pendientes que no serían rutas sensatas ni practicables

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 102»

«Other cultures, such as the Inca, had amazingly straight roads, which the king’s foot messengers used. The Tibetan lung-gom-pas runners also covered long stretches of road at amazing speed. But these should not be confused with leys, any more than feng shui dragon veins should be confused with leys.»la doble negativa que Skinner ficha: ni los caminos rectísimos de los incas ni los corredores tibetanos *lung-gom-pa* deben confundirse con las leyes, como tampoco las venas del dragón del feng shui

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 102»

«The ley lines included not only sacred and legendary sites but also high places where beacon fires were lit. The leys were, in fact, lines of sight. They were meant to connect visually the main human settlements and religious and defensive centres of the country to stone circles and Iron Age forts via fairy rings, marker stones and circles built over by churches.»la definición que Skinner propone: las leyes eran líneas de vista, destinadas a conectar visualmente los asentamientos principales y los centros religiosos y defensivos con los círculos de piedra y los castros, pasando por corros de hadas, piedras marcadoras y círculos cubiertos por iglesias

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 102»

«Modern ley hunters tend to accumulate lists of sites along each ley, often trying to extend it as far as possible. However, it is important instead to discover a ley’s limits and identify the focus site or terminal point. These focus sites tend to be very obvious at the end of well-marked leys and are often Iron Age forts (but not burial barrows).»la corrección de método que Skinner propone a los cazadores de leyes: en vez de alargar la línea todo lo posible, hay que hallar sus límites y el sitio focal o terminal, que suele ser un castro de la Edad del Hierro y no un túmulo funerario

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 102»

«Some of the major leys often take key astronomical bearings from their focus site. For example, the ley that links Grovely Castle, Stonehenge and Sidbury Camp exits out of Stonehenge along the Avenue on the alignment that marks the most northerly rising of the Sun on midsummer day. This tells us that the leys were sometimes an extension of the astronomical geometry of these great stone circles and definitely a product of advanced astronomical measurement and engineering.»el ejemplo con que Skinner liga ley y astronomía: la línea que une Grovely Castle, Stonehenge y Sidbury Camp sale del círculo por la Avenida en la alineación del orto más septentrional del Sol en el solsticio de verano, prueba para él de que las leyes fueron a veces prolongación de la geometría astronómica de esos círculos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 102»

«The so-called Glastonbury Zodiac is often proposed as an example of sacred geometry, and some say that John Dee was the first to make this suggestion. However, despite a supposed quote in Richard: Deacon's biography, Dee did not put forward the theory (subsequently promoted by Kathryn Maltwood in 1929) that the outlines of a zodiac were marked out on the ground within a 16 kilometer (10-mile) radius of Glastonbury.»la negativa que Skinner ficha contra una atribución corriente: pese a una cita supuesta en la biografía de Richard Deacon, Dee no propuso la teoría del Zodiaco de Glastonbury —que las siluetas de un zodiaco estuvieran trazadas en el suelo en diez millas a la redonda—, promovida después por Kathryn Maltwood en 1929

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 98»

«Kathryn Maltwood's interpretation of arbitrary map lines is more that of an artist, whose imagination enabled her to evoke complete images from just the sketchiest of detail than that of a scholar or astronomer. Her theory was a sensation in its day, but enthusiasm for it now is much reduced.»el juicio de método que Skinner emite sobre Maltwood: su lectura de líneas arbitrarias de mapa es más de artista capaz de evocar imágenes completas desde el detalle más tenue que de estudiosa o astrónoma, y el entusiasmo por la teoría, dice, está hoy muy reducido

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 98»

«On one hot summer afternoon, 20 June 1921 to be exact, travelling merchant Alfred Watkins (1855-1935) stood on a hilltop at Blackwardine in England and gazed out over the Herefordshire countryside. Suddenly, in a flash of inspiration, he perceived a pattern in the apparently random stretches of roads, field boundaries, rivers, villages and churches— a vast network of what appeared to be straight trackways, linking significant ancient monuments, hillforts, old churches, wayside crosses, hill beacons and manmade dew ponds. He later commemorated this vision in his classic book»la escena fundacional que Skinner data el 20 de junio de 1921: el comerciante ambulante Alfred Watkins, en una colina de Blackwardine, percibió de golpe un patrón en los caminos, linderos, ríos, aldeas e iglesias —una red de sendas rectas que unían monumentos antiguos, fuertes, iglesias viejas, cruces de camino, atalayas y charcas de factura humana—; el tramo se corta antes del año entre paréntesis del título, que dispara la guarda anticosido

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 100»

«Some people think that ley lines might simply be an accidental set of coincidental alignments. They believe these chance alignments are what you would expect from the random connection of many thousands of possible points to be found on an Ordnance Survey map or, indeed, in any piece of long-inhabited countryside. This explanation can soon be dismissed by anyone who walks along these ley lines or trackways—they will see a number of additional markers on the exact alignment»la objeción del azar y la primera respuesta de Skinner: hay quien tiene las leyes por un conjunto casual de alineaciones coincidentes, como las que cabría esperar de conectar al azar miles de puntos de un mapa, y él responde que quien camina la línea ve marcadores adicionales en el trazo exacto

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 102»

«Alternatively, by applying statistical mathematics (which incidentally includes the use of phi) to the alignments that just include major structures, the major ley alignments are shown to be well beyond what you might expect from statistical chance.»la segunda respuesta de Skinner: aplicada la matemática estadística —que, anota, incluye el uso de phi— a las alineaciones que solo comprenden estructuras mayores, estas quedan muy por encima de lo esperable por azar

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 102»

«We know the ancient Egyptians built amazingly sophisticated structures 4,500 years ago, so why is it so hard to accept that the inhabitants of Britain were almost equally skilled? From my geographical background I can assure you that the required surveying was perfectly possible, needing only to use basic equipment, sighting from one wooden staff to another, together with the application of simple geometry, principally the technique of triangulation; see page 100). In fact, there is at least one ancient megalithic alignment from Old Sarum (see pages 106-109) that is so accurate that the modern Ordnance surveyors used this ley line as a baseline to help them correct their readings.»la respuesta que Skinner da a la objeción de la pericia, avalada por su propia formación: dice que desde su base geográfica puede asegurar que la agrimensura requerida era posible con equipo básico —visuales de un jalón de madera a otro y triangulación—, y añade que hay al menos una alineación megalítica desde Old Sarum tan exacta que los agrimensores modernos del Ordnance Survey la usaron de línea base para corregir sus lecturas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 103»

«Some commentators believe that leys involve similar energies to those of the mei lung, or dragon veins, of classical Chinese feng shui. This cannot be true, because dragon veins pass deep within the Earth and are curved by definition: the ch7 energy that travels through the dragon veins must never travel in straight lines but must be nurtured and accumulated by using circuitous paths. Moreover, none of the typical feng shui configurations of either water or mountain are found at or near ley termini.»la negativa que Skinner ficha contra la equiparación de ley y feng shui: las venas del dragón pasan hondo dentro de la tierra y son curvas por definición, porque el *chi* no debe viajar nunca en línea recta sino acumularse por caminos sinuosos, y ninguna de las configuraciones típicas de agua o montaña aparece en los términos de las leyes; el troceo imprime *mei lung* y *ch7*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 103»

«An unproven but beguiling explanation is that ley lines are like power-line connections between ancient sacred sites or pagan energy connections. According to the author Paul Devereux, it was the occultist Dion Fortune in her 1936 novel The Goat-Foot God who first invented or»la explicación que Skinner declara no probada y seductora, con su fuente nombrada: según Paul Devereux, fue la ocultista Dion Fortune quien en su novela The Goat-Foot God, de 1936, inventó o popularizó la idea de las leyes como líneas de poder; el tramo se corta en el fin de plana

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 103»

«Some researchers have identified long, countrywide alignments, but I do not believe these are leys. They are more like corridors than lines and are not nearly as precise as leys, sometimes missing their supposed nodal points by a mile or more. One researcher, Major Tyler, after checking the evidence suggested that it may be best ‘to discard the idea of continuous alignments running for long distances’ no matter how attractive the idea is.»la negativa que Skinner opone a las alineaciones larguísimas, en primera persona: no cree que sean leyes, las llama más corredores que líneas y les reprocha errar sus nodos supuestos por una milla o más; y cita al mayor Tyler proponiendo descartar la idea de alineaciones continuas de larga distancia por atractiva que sea

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 104»

«I believe that ley lines are manmade alignments radiating out from major stone circles and earthwork-ringed settlements. They are not natural alignments (as natural features tend to be curved) and are not associated with feng shui, UFOs, crop circles or Roman roads (except coincidently). They do not just occur ad hoc in the middle of the countryside but were imposed on the British landscape in pre-Roman, possibly Iron Age, times by a culture that could move and erect huge stones and could create large earthworks and ditches. It was a culture that left no written record and few traces of its wooden domestic dwellings.»la tesis propia de Skinner sobre las leyes, dicha en primera persona y con sus negativas dentro: alineaciones de factura humana que irradian de los grandes círculos de piedra y de los asentamientos con anillo de terraplén; no naturales, porque lo natural tiende a ser curvo, y sin relación con el feng shui, los ovnis, los círculos de las cosechas ni las calzadas romanas salvo por coincidencia, impuestas al paisaje británico en tiempos preromanos por una cultura sin registro escrito

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 104»

«The practical limit of a ley is the visible horizon and at most about 35 kilometres (22 miles). Anyone wishing to be convinced that leys once radiated from the sites of stone circles, rather than simply passing through them, should study the Ordinance Survey map showing the landscape north-northwest of the circle at map reference NT 972 205 fora very clear example.»el límite práctico que Skinner fija a una ley —el horizonte visible, unos 35 kilómetros a lo sumo— y el caso que aduce: la hoja del Ordnance Survey al nornoroeste del círculo en la referencia NT 972 205 como ejemplo claro de leyes que irradian desde un círculo en vez de solo atravesarlo

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 105»

«Effectively, the leys formed an intricate and sacred geometry—the geometry of individual sites is related to horizon points that were determined by the rising and setting points of the Moon and the Sun. This geometry creates the magic that ties together the whole land, under the control of one chief, king or priesthood. If this sounds too mystical, then add the additional function of allowing rapid military communication along lines of sight using beacons.»la lectura con que Skinner cierra el capítulo, con su propia salvedad dentro: las leyes formaban una geometría sagrada intrincada ligada a los puntos del horizonte fijados por los ortos y ocasos de la Luna y del Sol, y esa geometría crea la magia que ata la tierra entera bajo un jefe, un rey o un sacerdocio; y si eso suena demasiado místico, añade, súmese la función de permitir comunicación militar rápida por líneas de vista con almenaras

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 105»

«An ancient civilization that flourished in Britain and western Europe in pre-Roman times created megalithic sites, such as Avebury and Stonehenge. The word megalithic literally means ‘big stones’ and does | not indicate an historical period. Archaeologists disagree about the dating | of such sites, with many of the ley termini designated as either Iron Age or | sometimes from the Neolithic period (40,000-—2500 Bc).»la apertura del capítulo de astroarqueología, con el desacuerdo consignado sin armonizar: *megalítico* quiere decir piedras grandes y no señala un periodo histórico, y los arqueólogos discrepan sobre la datación de los sitios, con muchos términos de ley asignados a la Edad del Hierro o al Neolítico

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 106»

«Romans made good use of the ready-Perhaps first and foremost was Professor made defenses of megalithic sites and the straight chariot tracks between them, but Alexander Thom (see page 105), who probably made the largest number of measurements, but others included Sir Norman Lockyer (see pages 104-105), Gerald Hawkins (1928-2003), the unsung but influential C. A.Newham until the 16th century stone circles were nothing more than miscellaneous collections of stones—or else the work of giants or magicians.»lo que Skinner dice de la mirada anterior al siglo XVI: los romanos aprovecharon las defensas ya hechas de los sitios megalíticos y las pistas rectas entre ellos, pero hasta entonces los círculos de piedra no eran más que montones misceláneos de piedras, u obra de gigantes o de magos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 106»

«We still don’t know everything about megalithic sites and the patterns existing between them, despite detailed Ordnance Survey maps, aerial photographs and the diligence of a small band of dedicated astroarchaeologists who, over the course of the 20th century, plotted and measured at least the largest and better known of these monuments.»la ignorancia que Skinner consigna como estado del asunto: seguimos sin saberlo todo sobre los sitios megalíticos y los patrones que hay entre ellos, pese a los mapas detallados, la fotografía aérea y la diligencia de un grupo pequeño de astroarqueólogos; el troceo parte *astro-archaeologists* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *astroarchaeologists*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 106»

«The work done by these researchers showed conclusively that the megalithic sites were constructed with a detailed appreciation both of geometry and of astronomical alignments. The arrangement of the stones plotted the changing positions of both the Sun and the Moon over the course of the year—in the case of Stonehenge, first the lunar positions, then later the solar rising and setting positions.»la conclusión que Skinner atribuye a esos investigadores: los sitios megalíticos se construyeron con aprecio detallado de la geometría y de las alineaciones astronómicas, y la disposición de las piedras trazaba las posiciones cambiantes del Sol y de la Luna, en Stonehenge primero las lunares y después las solares

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 106»

«Thom particularly provided a body of careful measurements from hundreds of such sites from Callanish in the northern isles of Scotland to Brittany in France. And so the new science of astro-archaeology was born.»lo que Skinner adjudica a Alexander Thom: un cuerpo de mediciones cuidadosas de cientos de sitios, de Callanish en las islas del norte de Escocia a Bretaña, y con ello el nacimiento de la astroarqueología

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 106»

«When John Aubrey (1626-1697) realized that standing stones, particularly those at Avebury (near where he was born in Wiltshire), were laid out in a geometrical manner he set about recording and mapping the huge structures.»lo que Skinner cuenta de John Aubrey: al advertir que las piedras erguidas de Avebury estaban dispuestas de manera geométrica se puso a registrarlas y a levantar su plano

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 107»

«Aubrey’s most important contribution to the study of British antiquities was Monumenta Britannica, which surprisingly remained unpublished until the 1980s. It contains the results of Aubrey’s fieldwork at Avebury and Stonehenge as well as notes on many other ancient sites. The original title of his manuscript was Templa Druidum, or the ‘Druid’s Temples,’ reflecting Aubrey’s romantic conviction (now seen as incorrect) that the Druids built these megalithic temples.»lo que Skinner consigna del Monumenta Britannica y de su título primero: recoge el trabajo de campo de Aubrey en Avebury y Stonehenge y no se publicó hasta los años ochenta, y se iba a llamar Templa Druidum, reflejo de la convicción romántica de Aubrey —hoy tenida por incorrecta, dice— de que los druidas construyeron esos templos megalíticos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 107»

«Triangulation is the use of triangles by surveyors to map areas accurately. To begin, surveyors measure a certain length exactly to provide a baseline, AB. From each end of this line they measure the angle to a distant point, C, using a surveying instrument called a theodolite, which consists of a small telescope mounted on a plane | table designed to measure angles. The surveyor stands at A and measures the angle CAB, and then stands at B to measure the angle CBA.»el recuadro de la triangulación, primera mitad: se mide con exactitud una línea base y desde cada extremo se toma con teodolito el ángulo a un punto distante

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 104»

«They now have a triangle in which they know the length of one side and the two adjacent angles. By simple trigonometry they can work out the lengths of the other | two sides and hence the exact position of C. To make a complete survey of the region, they repeat the process, using triangles whose base is the side of the previous triangle. By building on the first triangle they can be sure of each length without having to measure it.»la segunda mitad: con un lado y los dos ángulos adyacentes, la trigonometría simple da los otros dos lados y la posición exacta del punto, y repitiendo sobre la base del triángulo anterior se cubre la región sin volver a medir nada

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 104»

«popularized the idea that ley lines were ‘lines of power’ linking prehistoric sites. Dion, in fact, lived part of the time at the foot of Glastonbury Tor and so had the opportunity to examine alignments at first hand at a time when many of the old landscape features still remained.»lo que Skinner concede a Dion Fortune: vivió parte del tiempo al pie del Tor de Glastonbury y pudo examinar de primera mano las alineaciones cuando aún quedaban muchos rasgos del paisaje viejo

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 104»

«Glastonbury was, and still is, an undoubtedly spiritual center that it is the focus of several leys. Although the Tor is geographically very arresting, inasmuch as it is a solitary and steep hill amid the surrounding low-lying and waterlogged levels, to quote John Michell, from his book The New View Over Atlantis: “Yet we still do not know why it is that certain spots on the earth’s surface are by general agreement more inspiring than others or how it happens that these very places so often coincide with the centers of prehistoric sanctity.”»la pregunta que Skinner deja abierta con palabras de John Michell en The New View Over Atlantis: seguimos sin saber por qué ciertos puntos de la superficie terrestre son por acuerdo general más inspiradores que otros, ni cómo coinciden tan a menudo con los centros de santidad prehistórica

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 104»

«considerable debt to Dr. John Dee (see pages 93-95), William Camden, John Aubrey and the Reverend William Stukeley (see page 104), who restored the vision of megalithic stones as a significant part of British heritage.»la deuda que Skinner declara: con John Dee, William Camden, John Aubrey y el reverendo William Stukeley, que restituyeron la visión de las piedras megalíticas como parte significativa del patrimonio británico; el sujeto de la frase —*We owe a*— queda del otro lado del pie de figura que el troceo intercala

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 106»

«These holes, being twice 28 in number, almost certainly relate to the lunar cycle of 28 days, or the 28 mansions of the Moon. They belong to the earliest first phase of construction when Stonehenge was made of timber rather than the stone megaliths.»la correspondencia que Skinner propone para esos hoyos: siendo dos veces 28, casi con certeza se relacionan con el ciclo lunar de 28 días o con las 28 mansiones de la Luna, y pertenecen a la primera fase de construcción, cuando Stonehenge era de madera

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 107»

«from 2500 Bc. The village of Avebury was built on the crossroads in the middle of the site without respect to the original stones, which were often reused in walls or else destroyed.»lo que Skinner dice de Avebury: se data hacia 2500 a. C., y la aldea se levantó en el cruce de caminos del centro sin respeto por las piedras originales, reutilizadas en muros o destruidas; el corte de chunk parte la frase y el tramo arranca después de él

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 107»

«Aubrey is also remembered for his early plan of Stonehenge (see left), in which he identified a series of slight depressions immediately inside the outer earthworks. These 56 holes were identified between»lo que Skinner consigna del plano de Aubrey: identificó una serie de depresiones leves justo dentro de los terraplenes exteriores; el tramo se corta antes del pie de lámina que el troceo intercala

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 107»

«1921 and 1925 by the Society of Antiquaries as holes cut in the chalk to hold timber pillars, and were named ‘Aubrey Holes’ in honor of his early»la continuación, después del pie intercalado: la Society of Antiquaries reconoció esos 56 hoyos entre 1921 y 1925 como cortados en la creta para sostener pilares de madera, y los bautizó con el nombre de Aubrey; el tramo se corta en el renglón

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 107»

«deep, and a bank about 0.25 miles (400 m) in diameter. I speculate that this was initially intended to hold water, although it is now dry after being breached long ago. This ditch encloses an outer circle of large standing stones, which has entrances at four points that roughly align with the cardinal points of north,»lo que Skinner describe de Avebury, con su conjetura marcada como tal: especula que el foso se pensó al principio para contener agua, hoy seco tras romperse hace mucho, y encierra un círculo exterior de piedras grandes con entradas que se alinean aproximadamente con los puntos cardinales

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 108»

«Inside the outer circle are two smaller inner circles, both about 340 feet or 125 megalithic yards (103.6 m) in diameter. The northern inner circle consisted of two concentric circles— the inner one had 12 stones (for solar measurement) and the outer one had 27 stones (possibly for lunar measurement)— surrounding three very large central stones. At the center of the southern inner circle stood a tall stone over 20 feet (6.1 m) in height, which was destroyed at some time in the last two centuries.»la lectura numérica que Skinner da de los círculos interiores de Avebury: el septentrional tenía doce piedras para la medición solar y veintisiete, posiblemente lunares, en torno a tres piedras centrales muy grandes, y en el meridional hubo una piedra de más de seis metros destruida en los dos últimos siglos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 108»

«The New Age Druid movement owes much of its origins to his romantic tales.»la filiación que Skinner traza: el movimiento druídico de la Nueva Era debe buena parte de su origen a los relatos románticos de Stukeley

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 108»

«Sir Norman Lockyer (1836-1920) was the world’s first professor of astronomical physics at the Royal College of Science, London, which is now part of Imperial College. He also founded and edited the prestigious scientific journal Nature. Lockyer was interested in the measurement and alignment of temples of many cultures, not just Britain’s.»la credencial que Skinner da a Norman Lockyer: primer catedrático de física astronómica del mundo en el Royal College of Science, fundador y editor de Nature, e interesado en la medición y la alineación de templos de muchas culturas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 108»

«In 1890 Lockyer noticed that numerous ancient Greek temples were aligned along a generally east-west axis. He worked with F.C. Penrose, who made the most precise measurements of the Parthenon (see pages 124-127), and investigated potential alignments with the position of sunrise on specific days. In Egypt he found»el hallazgo que Skinner data en 1890: Lockyer advirtió que numerosos templos griegos se alineaban en un eje general este-oeste, trabajó con F. C. Penrose, autor de las mediciones más precisas del Partenón, e investigó posibles alineaciones con el orto solar de días señalados; el tramo se corta en el fin de plana

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 108»

«alignments connected with the star Sirius (see pages 80-81), whose heliacal rising heralded the beginning of the Egyptian year. He published these theories in The Dawn of Astronomy in 1894.»lo que Skinner consigna del trabajo egipcio de Lockyer: alineaciones ligadas a Sirio, cuyo orto helíaco anunciaba el comienzo del año egipcio, publicadas en The Dawn of Astronomy en 1894

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 109»

«At Stonehenge Lockyer assumed that the Sun at midsummer must originally have risen over the marker called the Heel Stone, and he calculated this date—and hence the date when Stonehenge was built—using current astronomical data. He extended these ideas to other megalithic sites and published his conclusions in Stonehenge and Other British Monuments Astronomically Considered in 1906. As a result, he is sometimes called the ‘father of archaeo-astronomy.’»el procedimiento de Lockyer en Stonehenge, con su supuesto declarado: asumió que el Sol del solsticio debía salir originalmente sobre la Heel Stone y calculó con datos astronómicos actuales esa fecha y con ella la de construcción del monumento, de donde le viene el nombre de padre de la arqueoastronomía

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 109»

«As a professor of civil engineering, Alexander Thom (1894-1985) was accustomed to precision measurement, and he used the statistical results from hundreds of sites to validate his theories. Thom’s data are still accepted, but his conclusions are controversial.»la distinción que Skinner marca en el caso de Alexander Thom, y que es la clave de su tratamiento: sus datos se siguen aceptando y sus conclusiones son controvertidas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 109»

«In 1934 Alexander Thom became interested in megalithic circles and their astronomical alignments. He understood that the engineers who raised such huge structures must have been well versed in astronomy and geometry as well as inengineering. Thom set about accurately surveying and measuring megalithic sites throughout Britain and published the initial results in 1955 in The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.»lo que Skinner data del arranque de Thom: en 1934 se interesó por los círculos megalíticos y sus alineaciones, entendiendo que quienes levantaron esas estructuras tenían que saber de astronomía y geometría además de ingeniería, y publicó sus primeros resultados en 1955; el troceo imprime *inengineering*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 109»

«His most startling conclusion was that the megalithic rings had been laid out according to a standard unit of measurement that he called the megalithic yard. - -ASTRO-ARCHAEOLOGY ABOVE The megalithic stones of Callanish on the Isle of Lewis in Scotland, where Alexander Thom had his first taste of stone circle surveying. He estimated that this unit was equivalent to 2.72 feet (0.83 m). In his book Megalithic Sites in Britain he shows the results of his surveys of some 300 megalithic circles, alignments and isolated standing stones.»la conclusión que Skinner llama la más sorprendente de Thom: los anillos megalíticos se trazaron según una unidad estándar que llamó yarda megalítica y estimó en 2.72 pies, con los resultados de unos trescientos sitios reunidos en Megalithic Sites in Britain. El pie de figura sobre Callanish queda intercalado a media frase y va dentro de las comillas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 109»

«The megalithic yard relates to the ‘measuring rod,’ a very old British unit of length. Also known as the pole or perch, the rod measures 16.4 feet (5 m). This is slightly more than 6 mega-lithic yards (2.722 x 6 = 16.332 feet). Interestingly, the square rod measures an area of 6 X 6 megalithic yards. Could it be that the rod is the last remaining trace of the megalithic yard used by the megalithic builders as a standard measure?»la pregunta que Skinner deja formulada y sin responder: la vara o pértiga británica mide 16.4 pies, algo más de seis yardas megalíticas, y la vara cuadrada da un área de seis por seis yardas megalíticas; podría ser, dice, el último rastro de la unidad megalítica

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 109»

«Although not everyone is satisfied with Thom’s values, there can be no doubt that complex geometry and standardized measurements were key in the construction of these huge monuments.»la acotación con que Skinner cierra el capítulo, con el desacuerdo dentro: no todos están conformes con los valores de Thom, y aun así no cabe duda —dice— de que la geometría compleja y las medidas estandarizadas fueron clave en la construcción de esos monumentos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 109»

«The keys to the meaning and disposition of ley lines are the nodes from BELOW A cathedral was originally built on Old Sarum, before its destruction caused its relocation to Salisbury, which is still on the same ley line. which they radiate. Often, however, there will be one prime meridian ley among a number radiating from a particular site. One good example is the leys that radiate from Old Sarum in the English county of Wiltshire.»la clave de lectura que Skinner propone para las leyes: sus nodos, de los que irradian, y entre las que irradian de un sitio suele haber una ley meridiana principal, como en Old Sarum

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 110»

«Sarum is a flat-topped earthwork with a commanding view of Salisbury Plain and the River Avon, which cuts through the plain and flows towards it. The main earthworks and ley alignments were constructed in pre-Roman times. Old Sarum has been the focus for settlement for a long time—first as an Iron Age hillfort, a Roman encampment and then a medieval walled city.»lo que Skinner describe de Old Sarum: terraplén de cima plana con vista dominante sobre la llanura de Salisbury y el Avon, con terraplenes y alineaciones construidos en tiempos preromanos y una ocupación larga como castro, campamento romano y ciudad amurallada medieval

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 110»

«In 1070, William the Conqueror’s troops disbanded here after their conquest, prompting the bishop of St Osmund to build a new cathedral at Old Sarum, which was consecrated in 1092. But the pagan energies of the place reasserted»el episodio que Skinner data en 1070 y 1092: tras disolverse aquí las tropas del Conquistador, el obispo Osmundo levantó una catedral nueva en Old Sarum; el tramo se corta en el fin de plana, donde el texto continúa diciendo que las energías paganas del lugar se reafirmaron

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 110»

«themselves, and, just five days later, a great storm gathered and the building was largely destroyed by lightning. Despite its subsequent reconstruction, the cathedral Was never very successful and was finally relocated to nearby Salisbury in 1220, but still on the same ley alignment.»el desenlace que Skinner consigna: cinco días después de la consagración una tormenta destruyó en buena parte el edificio con un rayo, y la catedral, poco afortunada tras su reconstrucción, se trasladó a Salisbury en 1220, sobre la misma alineación de ley

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 111»

«All the main leys associated with Old Sarum radiate to the north, fanning out to the northeast and northwest. One ley, perhaps the most famous of them, passes through Stonehenge and then continues to the south through Salisbury Cathedral, Clearbury Ring and Frankenbury Camp (both Iron Age hillforts).»la disposición que Skinner describe: todas las leyes principales de Old Sarum irradian al norte abriéndose al noreste y al noroeste, y una de ellas, quizá la más célebre, pasa por Stonehenge y sigue al sur por la catedral de Salisbury, Clearbury Ring y Frankenbury Camp

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 111»

«This particular ley runs for at least 17.3 miles (27.8 km) north-northwest to south-southeast. Some researchers have suggested also that it continues to the south coast of England. It is certainly the prime meridian ley through Old Sarum, and it was originally noticed by Sir Norman Lockyer»la medida que Skinner da de esa ley —al menos 17.3 millas de nornoroeste a sursureste— con la propuesta ajena de que siga hasta la costa sur consignada como sugerencia de otros, y la atribución del hallazgo a Norman Lockyer

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 111»

«The ley line may originate in the tumuli at Durrington Down before running through the center of Stonehenge and Old Sarum to the rebuilt spire of Salisbury Cathedral, located to the south of its original site at Old Sarum. Strangely (according to Guy Underwood, a prolific British author on ley lines) this tower marks a blind spring that seems to attract unnaturally large swarms of insects and birds, a phenomenon often associated with a ley focus.»el trazo que Skinner propone en condicional y el dato que atribuye por su fuente: la ley podría nacer en los túmulos de Durrington Down y correr por Stonehenge y Old Sarum hasta la aguja de la catedral de Salisbury, cuya torre —según Guy Underwood, a quien llama autor prolífico sobre líneas ley— marca un manantial ciego que atrae enjambres de insectos y aves fuera de lo común

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 111»

«The line then crosses old Harnham bridge over the River Avon and passes precisely through a major crossroads (A338 and A354), both common ley line features. It then passes down the old ____OLD_ SARUM: THE FOCUS OF MANY LEY LINES straight Odstock road and on to Clearbury Ring, which is a wooded, Iron Age camp that can be seen from miles around. The ley then passes the remains of the 12th-century priory of Breamore and terminates in the Iron Age Frankenbury Camp (near Fordingbridge), interestingly a site where much UFO activity has been sighted in the recent past.»la continuación del trazo con sus rasgos de ley: el puente viejo de Harnham sobre el Avon, un cruce de carreteras principal, el camino recto de Odstock, Clearbury Ring, las ruinas del priorato de Breamore, y el término en Frankenbury Camp, sitio donde —anota Skinner— se ha visto mucha actividad ovni en el pasado reciente

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 111»

«There are nine other major leys radiating to the North of Old Sarum, but none of these has southwards extensions. It is almost as if Old Sarum was meant to be in command of the whole Salisbury Plain to its north, in either a religious or military sense. This example well illustrates how leys relate to surrounding features.»la lectura que Skinner hace del conjunto: otras nueve leyes mayores irradian al norte sin extensión al sur, casi como si Old Sarum estuviera destinado a mandar sobre toda la llanura de Salisbury, en sentido religioso o militar

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 111»

«The key to the original use of the leys probably lies in understanding what their terminals were. If these terminals were only forts, it strongly suggests a military communication function, such as beacon lines of sight. If, however, these forts were also busy trading settlements, then a travelers’ line of sight function is a possibility, even if the road did not always follow it. Lastly, if they were religious sites, then we have seriously to consider a deliberate geometrical interlocking of spiritual energy points.»el criterio que Skinner propone para decidir el uso original de las leyes, con sus tres salidas abiertas: si los términos eran solo fuertes, apunta a comunicación militar por almenaras; si eran asentamientos de comercio, a líneas de vista para viajeros; y si eran sitios religiosos, hay que considerar en serio un entrelazado geométrico deliberado de puntos de energía espiritual

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 111»

«Dr William Stukeley (1687-1765) was inspired by John Aubrey’s discoveries but his romanticism furthered the Druid association with megalithic sites and added the fantasy of a supposed dragon or serpent cult. During his many visits, he saw the destruction of numerous standing stones by farmers using large hammers and fire, intent on either clearing the land or destroying pagan remains.»el juicio que Skinner emite sobre Stukeley: inspirado por Aubrey, su romanticismo llevó más lejos la asociación druídica de los sitios megalíticos y le añadió la fantasía de un supuesto culto al dragón o a la serpiente; y consigna lo que Stukeley vio en sus visitas, la destrucción de piedras erguidas por campesinos con mazo y fuego, por limpiar la tierra o por acabar con restos paganos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 108»

«The titles of his best-known books, Stonehenge, a Temple Restored to the British Druids (1740) and Avebury, a Temple of the British Druids (1743), clearly show his Druidic focus.»el argumento con que Skinner sostiene ese juicio: los títulos mismos de los dos libros mayores de Stukeley —uno sobre Stonehenge y otro sobre Avebury como templos de los druidas británicos— declaran el foco druídico. El tramo lleva dentro los años de edición entre paréntesis, que disparan la guarda anticosido; se releyó entero en el crudo y va con guarda desactivada

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 108»

«Stonehenge may be the most famous megalithic circle in Britain, but only UStonehenge: (he Grossinc a two major leys pass through it (although Alexander Thom has suggested a third). These two leys are clearly marked by physical features at Stonehenge, the Avenue and two isolated stones.»la acotación con que Skinner abre el capítulo de Stonehenge: es el círculo megalítico más célebre y solo pasan por él dos leyes mayores, aunque Alexander Thom haya sugerido una tercera, y las dos están marcadas por rasgos físicos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 114»

«Stonehenge is, in fact, a completely different type of structure from, and much smaller in size than, Old Sarum. At its simplest, the basic orientation of Stonehenge is northeast, looking between the Heel Stone and another missing stone, up the Avenue (a processional way) towards Sidbury Camp, some 7.75 miles (12.4 km) away.»la distinción que Skinner marca entre los dos sitios: Stonehenge es un tipo de estructura por completo distinto de Old Sarum y mucho menor, con orientación básica al noreste entre la Heel Stone y otra piedra perdida, Avenida arriba hacia Sidbury Camp

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 114»

«The second defining ley passes through Stonehenge at grid bearing 49 degrees. Its entry point is clearly marked by the Avenue. It links Stonehenge with Castle Ditches (a large Iron Age hillfort and settlement) and Grovely Castle (an Iron Age monument) to the southwest and Sidbury Camp (an Iron Age monument) to the northeast. The direction of this ley closely approximates the northeasterly position of sunrise on the longest day of the year (midsummer), a popular time for people to gather at the stones.»la segunda ley definitoria según Skinner: entra por la Avenida a 49 grados y liga Stonehenge con Castle Ditches y Grovely Castle al suroeste y con Sidbury Camp al noreste, en una dirección que se aproxima mucho al orto solar del solsticio de verano

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 114»

«This ley line was originally pointed out by Sir Norman Lockyer (see pages 104-105) and is 22 miles (35.2 km) long, making it one of the longest genuine leys. Colonel Johnstone, previously director general of Ordnance Survey, pointed out that he used this ancient alignment as a baseline with which to improve the accuracy of the Ordnance Survey maps.»el aval que Skinner aporta para esa ley: la señaló Norman Lockyer, mide 22 millas —de las leyes genuinas más largas— y el coronel Johnstone, antes director general del Ordnance Survey, declaró haberla usado de línea base para mejorar la exactitud de los mapas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 114»

«The two leys intersect at exactly the centre of the Sarsen circle at Stonehenge. The so-called Slaughter stone is located just inside where the ‘ghost path’ and the ley (see right) enters the earthwork enclosure of Stonehenge. Likewise, the horseshoe-shaped group of 10 trilithons faces receptively towards this northeast entrance. Whatever its purpose, Stonehenge was definitely focused along the northeasterly Avenue, either from the King Barrows or from the River Avon.»el punto que Skinner destaca: las dos leyes se cruzan exactamente en el centro del círculo de sarsen, la Slaughter Stone queda justo dentro de donde la ley entra al recinto y la herradura de diez trilitos mira receptiva a esa entrada nordeste

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 114»

«The Avenue leads out of Stonehenge at a 49-degree grid angle (northeast) and proceeds for roughly 4,700 feet (1,432 m) where it crosses at right angles the highly significant King Barrows ridge. It then proceeds for another 4,700 feet (1,432 m) to the banks of the River Avon, changing»el trazo de la Avenida que Skinner mide: sale a 49 grados, corre unos 4,700 pies hasta cruzar en ángulo recto la cresta de los King Barrows y otros 4,700 hasta el Avon; el tramo se corta en el fin de plana, donde sigue el cambio de rumbo

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 114»

«It is possible that the path of the Avenue mimics the movement of the Sun through the year, rising in the northeast at midsummer, then east during spring and autumn and finally southeast at midwinter. So the apparent bent shape may have a clear geometric link with the perceived movement of the position where the Sun rises throughout the year.»la hipótesis que Skinner formula como posible: el trazo quebrado de la Avenida imitaría el movimiento anual del Sol —noreste en el solsticio de verano, este en los equinoccios, sureste en el de invierno—, de modo que su forma tendría un vínculo geométrico claro con el punto de orto a lo largo del año; el troceo parte *mid-winter* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *midwinter*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 115»

«The significant thing is that this ghost path was exactly bisected at right angles by the burial feature of the King Barrows. Admittedly, it is only one of many burial barrows in this area, but its name suggests a certain precedence—it also runs north-south across the Avenue rather than in the more usual east—west direction of a burial barrow.»el detalle que Skinner llama significativo, con su concesión dentro: la senda fantasma queda bisecada en ángulo recto por los King Barrows, y aunque admite que es solo uno de muchos túmulos de la zona, el nombre sugiere precedencia y corre norte-sur en vez del este-oeste habitual

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«If you compare Stonehenge’s layout with the rules of the Chinese practice of feng shui, you will see that it has entrances rather like the gates of feng shui. These are usually listed as northeast, the Gate of Ghosts or ancestors, northwest, the Gate of Heaven, southwest, the Gate of Man and southeast, the Gate of Earth. These are “located at each of the intercardinal points. In the context of Stonehenge, the Avenue is the main entrance, and it coincides with the Gate of Ghosts.»la correspondencia que Skinner propone entre Stonehenge y el feng shui: las cuatro puertas intercardinales —Puerta de los Fantasmas al noreste, del Cielo al noroeste, del Hombre al suroeste y de la Tierra al sureste—, y la Avenida, entrada principal, coincidiendo con la Puerta de los Fantasmas

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«It seems to me that apart from the undoubted astronomical alignments of the geometry of Stonehenge, one of the basic uses might have been as a ritual or sacred space for the living to meet with the dead, or their honored ancestors.»la lectura que Skinner declara suya y en condicional: además de las alineaciones astronómicas, uno de los usos básicos de Stonehenge pudo ser el de espacio ritual o sagrado para que los vivos se encontraran con los muertos o con sus ancestros honrados

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«Labyrinths and mazes are often confused as the terms are not used RIGHT A medieval drawing of the classical unicursal labyrinth, with Theseus and the Minotaur battling at its center. consistently. Labyrinth implies a permanent structure, usually with a specific or symbolic purpose, while mazes tend to be more temporary, lifesize structures often constructed of hedge or fences.»la distinción terminológica con que Skinner abre el capítulo: *labyrinth* implica estructura permanente con propósito específico o simbólico, mientras que los *mazes* suelen ser estructuras más temporales a tamaño real, hechas de seto o de vallas. El pie de figura del laberinto medieval queda intercalado a media frase y va dentro de las comillas; el troceo parte *life-size* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *lifesize*

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«Hedge mazes are fairly recent 17th century introductions and some remain at English stately homes, such as Chatsworth and Longleat. Once the playthings of the landed gentry, mazes became tourist attractions and are proliferating. Longleat is home to no fewer than seven mazes, and the famous Hampton Court maze boasts 300,000 annual visitors.»lo que Skinner data de los laberintos de seto: introducción bastante reciente del siglo XVII, juguete de la nobleza terrateniente vuelto atracción turística, con siete en Longleat y 300,000 visitantes anuales en el de Hampton Court

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«It is said that Daedalus built the first labyrinth for King Minos of Crete as a prison for the Minotaur, a half-bull, halfhuman creature. Minos demanded the regular tribute of 14 youths from Athens to be sacrificed to the Minotaur. However, Theseus hit upon a plan to slaughter the Minotaur and release the Athenians from this grisly tribute. The palace at Knossos has, because of its complex honeycomb architecture, sometimes been identified with the labyrinth, but there are much older examples.»el relato que Skinner consigna con verbo de decir: se dice que Dédalo construyó el primer laberinto para Minos como prisión del Minotauro, y el palacio de Cnosos se ha identificado a veces con él por su arquitectura de panal, aunque hay ejemplos mucho más antiguos; el troceo parte *half-human* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *halfhuman*

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«A possible derivation of the word ‘labyrinth’ is from the word Jabrys, a double-headed ritual axe found in the Minoan ruins of Knossos. But this structure bears little relationship to what is today referred to as a unicursal (single line) labyrinth, which does not require any great thought to negotiate—it is a ‘walk-through,’ single-passageway maze with no junctions or decision points.»la etimología que Skinner da como posible y la salvedad que le pone: *labyrinth* vendría de *labrys*, el hacha ritual de doble filo hallada en Cnosos, pero esa estructura poco tiene que ver con lo que hoy se llama laberinto unicursal, que se recorre sin decisiones ni bifurcaciones

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«Until about AD1000 just one archetypal ee ¥ a LABYRINTHS AND MAZES _. unicursal labyrinth design prevailed throughout Europe, which is (probably incorrectly) referred to as the Cretan type. It is an interesting piece of geometry and consists of seven annular (ring) paths contained within eight barrier lines, looping backwards and forwards within four quarters created by the original central cross. It is quite possible that these seven layers corresponded to the seven spheres of the classical planets radiating out from the Earth at the center.»la descripción geométrica que Skinner da del laberinto unicursal llamado cretense —siete sendas anulares dentro de ocho líneas de barrera, en cuatro cuartos creados por la cruz central— y la correspondencia que propone en condicional: esos siete niveles podrían corresponder a las siete esferas de los planetas clásicos irradiando desde la Tierra

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«Unicursal labyrinths can also be found with square, round or octagonal outlines. They were even found as floor motifs in a number of late medieval French churches. However, all such examples have been destroyed or covered up, with the exception of the one at Chartres Cathedral (see pages 134-135). Here it still functions as a symbol or practical test of Christian penitential devotion but is also walked by an increasing number of New Age seekers. Christian church labyrinths tended to have 11 rings rather than the classical seven.»lo que Skinner consigna de los laberintos de iglesia: los hubo como motivo de piso en varias iglesias francesas bajomedievales, todos destruidos o cubiertos salvo el de Chartres, que sigue funcionando como símbolo o prueba de devoción penitencial cristiana y lo caminan cada vez más buscadores de la Nueva Era; y anota que los cristianos solían tener once anillos y no los siete clásicos

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«Interest in mazes and labyrinths has accelerated since the 1970s, and New Age enthusiasts create mazes and unicursal labyrinths—often drawn on floorcloths, cut into turf or made of stones—and walk around them, an act said to generate particular spiritual benefit.»el uso contemporáneo que Skinner registra atribuyéndolo a quien lo dice: desde los años setenta los entusiastas de la Nueva Era trazan laberintos en lienzos, en el césped o con piedras y los caminan, acto del que se dice que genera un beneficio espiritual particular

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«In August 1980 the first crop circle was discovered in Wiltshire, England, although some researchers report that the phenomenon existed before that date. It was 60 feet (18.3 m) in diameter and based entirely on Euclidean geometry, as indeed are most crop circles.»la apertura del capítulo de los círculos de las cosechas, con el desacuerdo consignado: el primero se descubrió en Wiltshire en agosto de 1980, aunque algunos investigadores reporten el fenómeno antes de esa fecha, medía dieciocho metros y se basaba enteramente en geometría euclidiana, como la mayoría

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«A year later, another three circles appeared. From then on the number and complexity of such circles has increased almost exponentially, with 120 circles recorded between 1980 and 1987, and 112 in 1988 alone. At its peak, there were over 1,000 reported in 1990—whatever causes crop circles was very busy that year.»el conteo que Skinner da del crecimiento: 120 círculos entre 1980 y 1987, 112 solo en 1988 y más de mil reportados en el pico de 1990; y lo que causa los círculos, dice sin nombrarlo, anduvo muy ocupado ese año

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«Most crop circles were simple circular designs until 1990 when they became more elaborate, and complex crop patterns with intelligent pictograms emerged. The geometry involved in many of the crop circle designs is as complicated as any sacred geometry, either manmade or occuring in nature.»el juicio de Skinner sobre la complejidad: los diseños fueron simples hasta 1990 y después aparecieron patrones elaborados con pictogramas inteligentes, con una geometría tan complicada como cualquier geometría sagrada, hecha por el hombre o dada en la naturaleza; el troceo imprime *occuring*

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«Many theories have tried to explain the phenomenon of crop circles. These include aliens in UFOs, drunken midnight revellers and descending electrically charged whirlwinds. Of course, there have been obviously hoax copies, but the fact remains that these are highly sophisticated geometrical formations and they are often generated in the course of a single night. Some of the geometry is very advanced and unlikely to have been known to hoaxers, unless they were also university maths lecturers.»cómo trata Skinner la cuestión de la causa: enumera las teorías —alienígenas en ovnis, juerguistas de medianoche, torbellinos cargados de electricidad—, concede que ha habido copias fraudulentas evidentes, y deja el hecho que le parece en pie: son formaciones geométricas muy sofisticadas producidas a menudo en una sola noche, con geometría avanzada y poco probable en falsificadores que no fueran además profesores universitarios de matemáticas

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«Sadly, after 15 years of enthusiasm and varied fortunes, the Center for Crop Circle Studies (CCCS) closed itself down for good in October 2005. It passed its considerable archive of records covering most of the history of crop circle research to that worthy Victorian body, the Society for Psychical Research. It is interesting that it did not pass its records to the Meteorological Office or some other purely scientific body.»el detalle institucional que Skinner declara interesante: el Center for Crop Circle Studies cerró en octubre de 2005 y pasó su archivo a la Society for Psychical Research y no a la Oficina Meteorológica ni a otro cuerpo puramente científico

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«Crop seed samples taken from circles tend to germinate more vigorously than seeds from the rest of the field, and the bend in the stalks seem to be altered at a cellular level rather than being crudely broken as they would by a prankster’s walkboard.»el dato material que Skinner aporta: las semillas tomadas de los círculos germinan con más vigor que las del resto del campo, y la curvatura de los tallos parece alterada a nivel celular y no rota como lo haría la tabla de un bromista

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«One Sunday afternoon in July 1996, within a 45-minute period, a huge 915 feet (279 m) wide spiral consisting of 151 circles appeared in full view of the busy A303 road, opposite Stonehenge in Wiltshire. | A pilot flying over, a gamekeeper and a security guard all confirmed | that it had not been there before 5.30pm, yet by 6pm this massive | formation was spotted by passing tourists. This proves that not all | crop circles are made overnight and that, in this case at least, the | circle was constructed much faster than any pranksters could possibly have managed with walkboards.»el caso que Skinner presenta como prueba: en julio de 1996 apareció en 45 minutos, frente a Stonehenge y a la vista de la carretera A303, una espiral de 279 metros con 151 círculos, confirmada por un piloto, un guarda y un vigilante como inexistente antes de las cinco y media

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«Probably the oldest labyrinth was to be found in Egypt, near Crocodilopolis (Arsinoe). Herodotus (Book 2:148) described it: “I have personally seen it, and it defies description ... the labyrinth outstrips even the pyramids.»el laberinto que Skinner tiene por probablemente el más antiguo, en Egipto cerca de Crocodilópolis, con el testimonio de Heródoto: dice haberlo visto personalmente, lo declara indescriptible y por encima de las pirámides

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«It has twelve roofed courtyards, six in a row to the north and six with their entrances directly opposite them ... the labyrinth has rooms on two levels—an underground level and an above-ground level on top of it—and there are three thousand rooms in all ... the upper rooms, which I personally saw, seem almost superhuman edifices. For instance, the corridors from chamber to chamber and the winding passages through the courtyards are so complicated that they were a source of endless amazement.”»el resto de la descripción de Heródoto que Skinner transcribe: doce patios techados, seis al norte y seis enfrentados, dos niveles —uno subterráneo y otro encima— y tres mil cámaras en total, con corredores y pasajes tan enredados que asombraban sin fin

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«Sadly, this structure has not been definitely located by modern Egyptologists, although it could be the mortuary temple of Amenemhet II at Hawara near Fayyum. Pliny confirms that it was the pattern for the Cretan one: “There is no doubt that Daedalus adopted»la negativa que Skinner ficha y el testimonio que le sigue: los egiptólogos modernos no han localizado con certeza esa estructura, aunque podría ser el templo funerario de Amenemhat en Hawara, y Plinio sostiene que fue el modelo del cretense; el tramo se corta en el fin de plana

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«it as the model for the labyrinth built by him in Crete, but that he reproduced only a hundredth part of it containing passages that wind, advance and retreat ina bewilderingly intricate manner.”»la continuación del testimonio de Plinio, ya en la plana siguiente: Dédalo lo tomó por modelo del laberinto de Creta pero reprodujo solo la centésima parte, con pasajes que giran, avanzan y retroceden de modo desconcertante

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«Crop circles have to be viewed from above to appreciate the designs. The basic form is created by bending over (often without breaking) the stalks of a cereal crop in such a way as to leave no trace.»la descripción física que Skinner da: hay que verlos desde arriba para apreciar el diseño, y la forma básica se hace doblando los tallos, a menudo sin romperlos, de modo que no quede rastro

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«been associated with the sites of crop circles. These include magnetic anomalies, interference with electrical equipment, such as video recorders and phones, and high-pitched sounds. Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire is home to both a number of military installations (suggesting a human but high-technology cause) and is also the site of many ancient stone circles and precision ley lines (see pages 96-101). This suggests an origin connected to the ancient ley energies of the area.»los fenómenos que Skinner asocia a los sitios de los círculos —anomalías magnéticas, interferencia con grabadoras y teléfonos, sonidos agudos— y la doble lectura que de ahí saca: la llanura de Salisbury alberga instalaciones militares, lo que sugiere causa humana de alta tecnología, y también círculos de piedra y leyes de precisión, lo que sugiere un origen ligado a las viejas energías de ley de la zona. El corte de chunk parte la frase y el tramo arranca después de él

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«The stalks inside a crop circle are typically bent into a swirl pattern that spins either clockwise or counterclockwise.»el detalle del remolino: los tallos del interior se doblan en un patrón que gira a derechas o a izquierdas

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«and another counterclockwise. Even a single circle may contain two ‘layers’ of stalks, each spinning in a different direction.»la variante que Skinner registra, después del recuadro que el troceo intercala: en los patrones de varios círculos uno gira a derechas y otro a izquierdas, y hasta un solo círculo puede llevar dos capas de tallos girando en sentidos distintos

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«Crop circles can range in size from a metre to a few hundred meters across.»la escala que Skinner da: los círculos van de un metro a unos cientos de metros de ancho

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«This chapter surveys some of the major buildings that incorporate sacred geometry, such as the Egyptian pyramids and Solomon’s Temple. The classical lines of the Parthenon embody a geometry so complex that its builder felt the need to write a book about it and yet so simple that it is summed up in just a few numbers.»la apertura del capítulo de arquitectura: Skinner anuncia las pirámides egipcias y el Templo de Salomón, y describe la geometría del Partenón como tan compleja que su constructor sintió la necesidad de escribir un libro sobre ella y a la vez tan simple que se resume en unos pocos números

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«We look at how the Romans carried on the tradition of sacred geometry and how the real nature of Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian man was simply an exercise in determining the relationship between the cubit and the dimensions of the perfect man.»la tesis que Skinner adelanta sobre el hombre de Vitruvio: la naturaleza real del dibujo de Leonardo era simplemente un ejercicio para determinar la relación entre el codo y las dimensiones del hombre perfecto

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«The dimensions of Solomon’s Temple discovered by the crusaders inspired the construction of Gothic cathedrals across Europe. We look in detail at the geometry of Chartres Cathedral, with its symbolic floor labyrinth, and at designs drawn for the facade of Milan Cathedral that are based on a series of concentric circles spaced at even and significant intervals.»la cadena que Skinner anuncia: las dimensiones del Templo de Salomón que descubrieron los cruzados inspiraron la construcción de las catedrales góticas de Europa, entre ellas Chartres con su laberinto de piso y Milán con su fachada trazada sobre círculos concéntricos a intervalos regulares y significativos

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«In England, Sir Christopher Wren constructed St. Paul’s Cathedral, incorporating archetypal solar numbers, such as 666 and 365, into its structure. Finally, the movement to make buildings from more organic shapes has passed the torch of sacred construction from religious bodies back to secular architecture.»lo que Skinner anuncia del cierre del capítulo: Wren incorporó a San Pablo números solares arquetípicos como 666 y 365, y el movimiento hacia formas más orgánicas ha pasado la antorcha de la construcción sagrada de los cuerpos religiosos a la arquitectura secular

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«The subject of pyramids makes most people think only of the Great Pyramid and its immediate neighbors. In fact, the Great Pyramid is simply the largest of a succession of more than 35 pyramids, stretching over a long period of Egyptian history.»la corrección de escala con que Skinner abre el capítulo: la Gran Pirámide es solo la mayor de una sucesión de más de treinta y cinco pirámides repartidas por un periodo largo de la historia egipcia

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«the apparent similarity between pyramids, there has been some experimentation in slope, height and base length. One pyramid, the Bent Pyramid, even changes its slope half way up. Modern figures for the height of a pyramid are sometimes speculative because calculating the height and gradient of a structure that has lost its capstone and much of its casing appears geometrically simple but can in practice be problematical. Where there is some uncertainty I have provided the closest round number of royal cubits, while staying within the margin of accuracy defined by the modern surveyor.»la reserva de método que Skinner declara sobre las alturas: pese a la semejanza aparente hubo experimentación en pendiente, altura y base —la Pirámide Acodada cambia de pendiente a media altura—, y las cifras modernas son a veces especulativas porque falta el piramidión y el revestimiento; donde hay incertidumbre, dice, da el número redondo de codos reales más próximo dentro del margen del agrimensor moderno

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«It seems from the Egyptian Rhind mathematical papyrus that there were a number of basic arithmetic problems, including calculating the gradient (or seked) of a pyramid. One such problem was:»la fuente que Skinner invoca para el seked: el papiro matemático Rhind, del que parece desprenderse una serie de problemas aritméticos básicos, entre ellos el cálculo del gradiente de una pirámide

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«The seked of a pyramid is a measure of gradient or the inclination of any one of its four triangular faces to the horizontal plane of its base. For this exercise we will use a royal cubit where: 1 royal cubit = 7 palms = 28 fingers The seked is usually expressed as so many horizontal palms per one vertical cubit rise— in modern geometric parlance, the cotangent of the angle of slope of the triangular faces.»la definición del seked que Skinner da: medida del gradiente o inclinación de cualquiera de las cuatro caras triangulares respecto del plano de la base, expresada en palmos horizontales por codo vertical, lo que en lenguaje moderno es la cotangente del ángulo de pendiente

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«This figure is the correct answer given in the papyrus. Three other problems in the same papyrus were based on the same 5.25 seked ratio, demonstrating its importance in the pyramid design.»el argumento con que Skinner muestra la importancia del seked de 5.25: es la respuesta correcta del papiro, y otros tres problemas del mismo documento se basan en esa misma razón

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«These two sekeds are based on simple, whole-figure ratios: seked 5.25 is based on a height:base ratio of 2:3; and seked 5.50 is based on a height:base ratio of 7:11. All sekeds are based on such straightforward, whole-figure ratios.»el hallazgo que Skinner extrae de su tabla: el seked 5.25 sale de una razón altura-base de 2:3 y el 5.50 de una de 7:11, y todos los sekeds se basan en razones de números enteros así de directas

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«These sekeds are neither arbitrary nor approximate. Therefore, it is useful to ‘back engineer’ the height of some of these pyramids using the exact seked and the base measurement (which is usually more precise to measure than the height). ¢ The seked of 5.25 was based on the Pythagorean triangle with sides of 3:4:5 (see page 17). e The seked of 5.50 is based on the geometry of the circle.»lo que Skinner declara de los sekeds y lo que hace con ellos: no son arbitrarios ni aproximados, de modo que sirven para reconstruir hacia atrás la altura a partir de la base; y adjudica el 5.25 al triángulo pitagórico 3:4:5 y el 5.50 a la geometría del círculo

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«The division of a royal cubit into 7 x 4 = 28 digits is a parallel to the 28 lunar mansions. However, as 7 is a prime and a magical number it seems rather strange to use it as a measurement of length because it cannot be divided evenly by any other number. In other measurement systems lengths are usually divided by, for example, 2, 4, 8, 10, or 12. With such systems it is easier to divide up things into halves or thirds. But the ancient Egyptian royal cubit has no such simple division. We shall see why in a minute.»la extrañeza que Skinner plantea antes de resolverla: dividir el codo real en 28 dedos es paralelo a las 28 mansiones lunares, pero usar el 7, primo y número mágico, como medida de longitud resulta extraño porque no se deja dividir parejo, al revés de los sistemas por 2, 4, 8, 10 o 12

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«It is said that the distance around the base of the Great Pyramid exactly equals the circumference of a circle whose radius is the height of the pyramid. Let's do the problem in cubits: Distance round base (ABCD) = 4x sides = 4 x 440 = 1760 Circumference of a circle = 2 7x r = 2 Mx height = 2 x 22/7 x 280 = 1760»la igualdad que Skinner consigna con verbo de decir y luego rehace en codos: se dice que el perímetro de la base de la Gran Pirámide equivale exactamente a la circunferencia de un círculo cuyo radio es su altura, y las dos cuentas dan 1760

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«Therefore, a circle with a radius of 7 cubits = 7 X % = 44 cubits circumference. Which means (dividing both sides of the equation by 7), a circle with radius of 1 cubit has a circumference of 44 palms. From this it is easy to calculate the circumference of any circle of any number of cubits radius giving an answer in palms. For example, 3 cubits = 3 x 44 = 132 palms circumference. All this is done with nice whole numbers and no nasty repeating decimals.»la razón práctica que Skinner descubre tras el 7: con pi como 22 séptimos, un círculo de un codo de radio da 44 palmos de circunferencia, y de ahí se calcula cualquier círculo en palmos con números enteros y sin decimales periódicos

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«Now you can see why the Egyptians chose to divide their royal cubit by 7— to make circular measure very simple. In the light of the above two points, it becomes apparent why the Egyptians adopted a seked of 5.5 for many of their pyramids. Because the corresponding ratio of 7:11 already contains the numeric elements of 1 (7 and 22) there is a direct relationship between the main elements of the architecture of the pyramid: the square (base), the triangular (side) and the circle (the perfect figure). The numbers 7 and 11 are found in other aspects of the Great Pyramid—for example, there are 7 corbels counterbalanced on each side of»la respuesta que Skinner da a su propia extrañeza: los egipcios dividieron el codo real entre 7 para simplificar la medida circular, y por eso adoptaron el seked de 5.5 en muchas pirámides, ya que la razón 7:11 contiene los elementos numéricos de pi y liga directamente el cuadrado de la base, el triángulo del lado y el círculo; el tramo se corta en el fin de plana

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«Often called the father of history, Herodotus of Halicarnassus (fifth century BC) wrote a book called Histories, which included information about the Egyptian pyramids that he had gathered mainly from first-hand observation and discussion with Egyptian priests.»la fuente que Skinner reivindica en este capítulo: Heródoto, llamado a menudo padre de la historia, cuyas Historias traen información sobre las pirámides recogida sobre todo de observación directa y de conversaciones con sacerdotes egipcios

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«academics have largely disregarded Herodotus’ views on the pyramids. Recently, however, they have begun to take notice because many of this ancient historian’s writings about Greek and other history have been confirmed by archaeology.»el cambio de estatuto que Skinner reporta: los académicos han desatendido en buena medida lo que Heródoto dice de las pirámides, y han empezado a atenderlo porque la arqueología ha confirmado mucho de lo que escribió sobre historia griega y de otros pueblos; el troceo imprime la capitular perdida como *eenite this*

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«So what did he say about the geometry of the pyramids? He gave the dimensions of its height as 8 plethra (which is 32.38 yards or 29.608 meters). If we convert this to a modern measure we get: 8 X 32.38 = 259.04 yards = 777.12 feet or 8 X 29.608 = 236.864 meters This number is far too large. But if we divide Herodotus’ figure by ® (1.6180339887...) we get exactly 480.28 feet or 146.39 meters. Now, according to the best estimates, the height of the Great Pyramid was 480.62 feet or 146.53 m, almost exactly right.»la operación con que Skinner rescata la cifra de Heródoto: los 8 pletros que da de altura resultan demasiado grandes, y divididos entre phi dan 480.28 pies, casi exactamente la mejor estimación moderna de la altura de la Gran Pirámide

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 124»

«Herodotus is often criticized for gross inaccuracy, but I believe that in this case the priests had told him the absolutely correct figure, but he omitted to add that this delightful round figure of 8 had to be divided by ® to obtain Greek plethra. This is possible because Herodotus was talking to the priest via a translator.»la defensa que Skinner hace de Heródoto en primera persona: cree que los sacerdotes le dieron la cifra absolutamente correcta y que él omitió decir que ese redondo 8 había que dividirlo entre phi para obtener pletros griegos, cosa posible porque hablaba con el sacerdote por medio de un traductor

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 124»

«Alternatively, the Egyptians may have used the term plethron to indicate a unit that was ® times smaller than the common Greek usage of the word, in which case an Egyptian plethora exactly equals 35 royal cubits.»la alternativa que Skinner deja abierta: que los egipcios usaran *plethron* para una unidad phi veces menor que la griega corriente, en cuyo caso el pletro egipcio equivale exactamente a 35 codos reales

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«Herodotus reminds us that the pyramids were, in his time, still faced with polished limestone, which therefore made accurate measurements easier. He also quotes at length from what was written on the casing stones—these were sadly stripped in the Islamic era (seventh century) and taken to Cairo to build mosques.»lo que Skinner recoge de Heródoto sobre el revestimiento: en su tiempo las pirámides seguían recubiertas de caliza pulida, lo que facilitaba medirlas, y cita largamente lo escrito en las losas de revestimiento, arrancadas en la época islámica y llevadas a El Cairo para construir mezquitas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 124»

«by the ancient Egyptians is the calculation of the seked. If you check the seked for all the pyramids you will find a range of values, from 3.5 (Iput I) to 7.7 (Senusret II), but two groups clearly stand out: those pyramids with a seked of exactly 5.25 and those with a seked of exactly 5.5. It is interesting that pyramids with the same seked are also geographically close.»el resultado que Skinner obtiene al medir el *seked* de todas las pirámides: un rango de 3.5 a 7.7 del que sobresalen dos grupos, los de 5.25 exacto y los de 5.5 exacto, y anota que las pirámides de un mismo seked están además geográficamente próximas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 121»

«Using the same illustration used to demonstrate calculating the seked (see page 117), look at the vertical triangle HEF formed by slicing into the Pyramid halfway along one face. Now we will calculate what has been called the ‘Great Pyramid Triangle’ with the cubit dimensions of 280 for HE (height) and 220 for FE (half of the base length of 440 cubits).»el cálculo que Skinner llama Triángulo de la Gran Pirámide: el triángulo vertical que sale de cortar la pirámide a media cara, con 280 codos de altura y 220 de media base

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 123»

«By dividing both dimensions by 220 we reduce the base to unity, and the result is: Height: 280/220 = 1.2727’ (’ indicates that the 2727 repeats infinitely) = Vo Base: 220/220 = 1 Therefore, the hypotenuse HF? = (V@)?+ 12=0+4+1 Therefore, the hypotenuse HF = V0 +V1 (by square rooting both sides) = ® (which is a special case for ®) And so, if you consider that there is a special relationship between ® and growth, perhaps the Great Pyramid had more to do with fertility and growth than with death and the afterlife.»el resultado y la lectura que Skinner cuelga de él en condicional: reducida la base a la unidad, la altura da la raíz de phi y la hipotenusa da phi; y si se acepta que hay una relación especial entre phi y el crecimiento, dice, quizá la Gran Pirámide tenga más que ver con la fertilidad y el crecimiento que con la muerte y el más allá

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 123»

«Isopsephy is the Greek word for numerology—the equating of letters with numbers. The practice was endemic in Greek culture. It is therefore interesting, but perhaps coincidental, that the cubit dimensions of the Great Pyramid yield some pretty interesting isopsephy.»la definición de isopsefía que da Skinner y la reserva con que la aplica: equiparar letras con números era práctica endémica en la cultura griega, y él llama interesante —pero quizá coincidente— que las dimensiones en codos de la Gran Pirámide den isopsefías así

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 125»

«The Egyptian word for pyramid translates as ‘horizon’. So, as a speculative description of a pyramid, ‘the foundation of the perfect temple mountain which stretches to the horizon (everywhere), ’ is not a bad interpretation.»la lectura que Skinner declara especulativa: la palabra egipcia para pirámide se traduce como *horizonte*, y sumadas las equivalencias sale *la fundación de la montaña-templo perfecta que se extiende hasta el horizonte*, que no le parece mala interpretación

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 125»

«Using the same method, the height dimension has a monotheistic ring: Height = 280 = gou = ‘unto thee’ = wo& = one This is suggestive but not conclusive.»la segunda isopsefía y el límite que Skinner le pone con todas las letras: la altura de 280 codos da un eco monoteísta, y él lo llama sugerente pero no concluyente

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«key to their location and extent is bound up in the simple Euclidean geometry that relates the Sphinx to the nearby pyramids and that it is only a matter of time before they are discovered. Herodotus makes a point of saying that there is no network of underground chambers under Kephren’s pyramid»la conjetura de Skinner sobre las cámaras subterráneas de Giza, dicha en primera persona: cree que la clave de su ubicación y su extensión está en la geometría euclidiana simple que relaciona la Esfinge con las pirámides vecinas, y que es cuestión de tiempo que se descubran; y anota que Heródoto insiste en que bajo una de las pirámides no hay red de cámaras

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 125»

«In speaking about another pyramid Herodotus says (2:148) that “the approach to the pyramid has been built underground.” This suggests that the real entrance to the Great Pyramid is probably in the underground complex, which may open some distance from the pyramid. The modern entrance is simply something that has been cut and blasted into the side of the pyramid by would-be tomb robbers and archaeologists. Even today nobody knows the location of the real entrance.»lo que Skinner deduce de un pasaje de Heródoto: si el acceso a la pirámide se construyó bajo tierra, la entrada real de la Gran Pirámide está probablemente en el complejo subterráneo, y la entrada moderna es un boquete abierto por saqueadores y arqueólogos; hoy, dice, nadie sabe dónde está la verdadera

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 125»

«Solomon's reputation for wisdom is celebrated in Judaism, Christianity BELOW An old engraving of Jerusalem showing an imaginative drawing of Solomon's Temple at the center, which bears little relation to its biblical description. and Islam. So when he designed a temple for the Lord, we can safely assume he used the best and most sacred geometry. Fortunately, the Bible has left us with a detailed description of the temple's dimensions.»el supuesto con que Skinner abre el capítulo del Templo: la fama de sabiduría de Salomón se celebra en el judaísmo, el cristianismo y el islam, de modo que puede darse por seguro que al diseñar un templo usó la mejor y más sagrada geometría, y la Biblia dejó una descripción detallada de sus dimensiones. El pie de figura del grabado de Jerusalén queda intercalado a media frase y va dentro de las comillas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 126»

«Solomon turned to the old cultures of Phoenicia and Tyre to find the architects, masons, builders, craftsmen and even the materials he needed to build his Temple and erect a permanent sanctuary for the Ark of the Covenant. At that time, the Temple of Melquart in Tyre was one of the most magnificent temples in the region, and it is extraordinary how closely its plan mirrors the Temple of Solomon, which therefore probably followed the traditional Phoenician design: an outer hallway (ulam), a central open courtyard (heikal) and an inner holy of holies (debir).»la filiación arquitectónica que Skinner propone: Salomón recurrió a Fenicia y Tiro para arquitectos, canteros y materiales, y el plano del templo de Melqart en Tiro es tan cercano que el de Salomón probablemente siguió el diseño fenicio tradicional de *ulam*, *heikal* y *debir*

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«Two large pillars stood outside the front entrance (perhaps in the style of an Egyptian-style pylon gate). They were each 35 cubits (60 feet or 18.3 meters) high and draped with 100 golden pomegranates and wreathed with ornate gold chains.»las dos columnas del frente según Skinner: de 35 codos de alto, colgadas de cien granadas de oro y ceñidas de cadenas áureas labradas, quizá al modo de un pilono egipcio

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 126»

«The Temple was made of stone and lined with cedar panelling overlaid with gold. The innermost room, the Holy of Holies, was a cube of exactly 20 cubits (34.4 feet or 10.5 meters) and partitioned off from the main body of the Temple.»las dimensiones del sanctasanctórum según Skinner: un cubo de exactamente veinte codos, separado del cuerpo principal, en un templo de piedra revestido de cedro y recubierto de oro

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 126»

«However, the dimensions of the temple itself are still a matter of debate, for if we take the biblical dimensions at face value, the Temple was quite a modest size. Yet, the second rebuilding of the Temple used truly huge stones in its foundations— these can be seen in Jerusalem today in the Wailing Wall, which is hundreds of meters long. The paved area on top, which might reasonably be expected to correspond with the ground plan of the original temple, is huge.»el desacuerdo que Skinner consigna sin armonizar: las dimensiones del templo siguen en disputa, porque tomadas al pie de la letra dan un edificio modesto y la segunda reconstrucción usó piedras enormes en cimientos que hoy se ven en el Muro de las Lamentaciones, con una explanada muy grande encima

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«The biblical dimensions are given in old cubits. Therefore, if we assume that these are the same as royal cubits (20.620 inches or 52.55 centimeters), the dimensions reveal a very small temple, but one that is astonishingly six times higher than it is wide:»lo que sale de tomar los codos bíblicos por codos reales según Skinner: un templo muy pequeño y, a la vez, asombrosamente seis veces más alto que ancho

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«These are the exact same dimensions that the Templars took back to Europe and that subsequently influenced the building of the marvellous high-ceilinged Gothic cathedrals that date from this period»la cadena de transmisión que Skinner declara: esas mismas dimensiones son las que los templarios llevaron de vuelta a Europa y las que influyeron después en la construcción de las catedrales góticas de techos altísimos del periodo

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«I believe the only logical explanation is that the dimensions were at some stage inadvertently swapped. If so, this would make for original temple dimensions of: Length = 120 old cubits = 206.2 feet (62.8 m) Breadth = 60 old cubits = 103.1 feet (31.4 m) Height = 20 cubits = 34.36 feet (10.5 m) This is a handsomely proportioned building. Notice that all the dimensions are multiples of each other and of the Holy of Holies. The numbers are right; it may just be their order that is in question.»la solución que Skinner propone en primera persona: la única explicación lógica le parece que las dimensiones se intercambiaran en algún momento, con lo que el templo original queda bien proporcionado y todas las medidas resultan múltiplos entre sí y del sanctasanctórum; los números, dice, están bien y lo dudoso es su orden

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«If we calculate the volume of the building, using these or the original figures, we get 60 x 20 x 120 = 144,000 cubic cubits. This is a significant number, as it is the number of the elect who will be saved at the end of time according to Revelations, as well as a number relating to the 12 tribes of Israel.»la cifra que Skinner extrae del volumen: 144,000 codos cúbicos, número que él señala como el de los elegidos que se salvarán al fin de los tiempos según el Apocalipsis y como número ligado a las doce tribus de Israel

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«The best-known temple of ancient Greece, the Parthenon was constructed in Athens between 447 and 438 sc to replace the old temple of Athena, which the Persians had destroyed. The new temple was built almost exclusively of marble—22 thousand tons of it.»los datos con que Skinner abre el capítulo del Partenón: construido en Atenas entre 447 y 438 para reemplazar el viejo templo de Atenea destruido por los persas, casi enteramente de mármol, veintidós mil toneladas; el troceo imprime *sc* por *BC*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 128»

«Parthenon is built on a huge platform (stylobate) and faces roughly East. This eastern face is eight columns wide and there are 17 columns along each flank. The actual temple (cella), which stands inside the columns on the stylobate, is divided into two: one is dedicated to Athena Polias and the other to Athena Parthenos (the virgin) from which the building gets its name.»la descripción que Skinner da del edificio: sobre el estilóbato, mirando aproximadamente al este, con ocho columnas al frente y diecisiete por flanco, y la cela partida en dos advocaciones de Atenea, una de ellas la virgen que le da nombre

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 128»

«The Parthenon is a sacred precinct built by some of the finest minds of the Greek culture that invented geometry, and it is therefore the archetypal example of sacred geometry applied to architecture. We know that this geometry was complex and deliberate because its architect Iktinos wrote a whole book explaining his work, which has been lost.»la razón por la que Skinner lo llama ejemplo arquetípico: recinto sagrado levantado por las mejores mentes de la cultura que inventó la geometría, y sabemos que esa geometría era compleja y deliberada porque su arquitecto Iktinos escribió un libro entero explicándola, hoy perdido

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«The actual front rectangular dimensions of the Parthenon usually quoted are 101.25 feet wide by 45.08 feet high (30.86 m by 13.7 m). Dividing one by the other we get 2.25, which is nowhere near the value of ® (1.618 ...), but it is the square of % or the ratio 9:4. We will see that 9 plays a much larger part than ® in the dimensions of the Parthenon.»la cuenta con que Skinner sostiene la objeción: las dimensiones del frente dan 2.25, nada cerca de phi, y sí el cuadrado de tres medios o la razón 9:4; el 9, anuncia, pesa mucho más que phi en el Partenón

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 128»

«The altar for animal sacrifice in front of the temple entrance was huge: 20 cubits (34.4 feet or 10.5 meters) square and 10 cubits (17 feet or 5.2 meters) high.»el altar de sacrificio del atrio según Skinner: veinte codos en cuadro y diez de alto

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«Also in front of the temple stood a huge brass cauldron full of water, which is translated in the King James’s Version of the Bible as a ‘sea.’ This is usually described as a laver, or washing place, but its huge size suggests to me instead that it helped Solomon restrain the demons he was reputed to have used in the construction of the Temple. It was 10 cubits (17 feet or 5.2 meters) across, 5 cubits (8.5 feet or 2.6 meters) high and slightly over 30 cubits (51 feet or 15.6 meters) in circumference, supported on 12 outwardfacing oxen made of bronze.»la lectura propia que Skinner desliza sobre el mar de bronce: el enorme caldero de agua que la Biblia del rey Jacobo traduce como *sea* suele describirse como pila de abluciones, y su tamaño le sugiere a él que servía más bien para contener a los demonios que se decía que Salomón empleó en la construcción del Templo, sostenido sobre doce bueyes de bronce; el troceo parte *outward-facing* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *outwardfacing*

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«So it is no surprise to learn that since the end of Turkish control of Greece in 1830 many attempts have been made to deduce the mathematical rules governing the perfection of its proportions. The Golden Mean and ® have, of course, featured in these attempts, and many books categorically state that the beauty of the dimensions of the Parthenon comes from its use of ®, as if that was a fact.»el estado de la cuestión que Skinner describe: desde el fin del control turco sobre Grecia en 1830 se ha intentado muchas veces deducir las reglas matemáticas de la perfección del Partenón, y muchos libros afirman categóricamente que su belleza viene del uso de phi como si fuera un hecho

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 128»

«Unfortunately, it isn’t. Often this ‘fact’ is asserted without even quoting the dimensions on which the author bases these claims; sometimes it is supported by quoting the wrong dimensions (length instead of width); and sometimes it is supported just by drawing fanciful rectangles on oblique photographs of the Parthenon. In the most egregious case, this drawing is not even anchored by the key points of the geometry to the actual architectural features. Geometry, however, is nothing if not precise.»la objeción con que Skinner responde: el aserto suele ir sin las dimensiones en que se apoya, o con las dimensiones equivocadas —largo en vez de ancho—, o sostenido por rectángulos caprichosos dibujados sobre fotografías oblicuas y ni siquiera anclados a los puntos clave de la arquitectura; la geometría, dice, o es precisa o no es nada

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 128»

«In fact, if we look at the precise measurements (see table) we find that the sacred geometry of the Parthenon depends almost entirely on whole numbers, such as 9 and its sub-multiples, and does not need to be forced into artificial contortions to produce ®.»la conclusión del capítulo: las medidas precisas muestran que la geometría sagrada del Partenón depende casi enteramente de números enteros como el 9 y sus submúltiplos, sin necesidad de contorsiones artificiales para producir phi

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 128»

«wide by 33.75 feet high (30.86 m by 10.286 m) we get exactly 3.0, which is a much more interesting whole number.»el remate de la cuenta: tomando solo la altura de las columnas, la razón da exactamente 3.0, número entero que a Skinner le parece mucho más interesante; el corte de chunk parte la frase y el tramo arranca después de él

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 128»

«Vitruvius explains that the outer ring of columns, the peripteros (walkway), is simply a sort of arcade around the inner temple itself (cella). Essentially, the peripteros is a place where devotees could shelter from the frequent Mediterranean rainstorms. The front (or eastern end) of this walkway was called the pronaos (‘in front of the naos’), the naos being the holy area of the temple itself. The dimensions of the cella were 140 feet long by 70 feet wide (42.67 m by 21.34 m), giving an exact ratio of 2:1.»lo que Skinner toma de Vitruvio sobre el Partenón: el anillo exterior de columnas o *peripteros* es una arcada alrededor de la cela, y servía de abrigo contra los aguaceros mediterráneos; y las dimensiones de la cela dan una razón exacta de 2:1

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 130»

«The stylobate is the base of the temple. Measured at the top step, the dimensions of the Parthenon are 225 feet by 101.25 feet (68.58 m by 30.86 m). Dividing one by the other, we again get 2.2222 ... or, as the ancient Greeks would have seen it, 7%.»la medida del estilóbato según Skinner: 225 por 101.25 pies, que dividida da 2.2222, o, como lo habrían visto los griegos, veinte novenos; el troceo imprime la fracción como *7%*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 130»

«I have reserved the real key to the dimensions of the Parthenon to last. After the Persians destroyed the old temple, the architect Iktinos’ remit was to build a new temple exactly twice the size and twice as splendid. However, this is not as simple as it sounds. By simply doubling all dimensions you finish up with eight times the volume— not the required dimensions.»lo que Skinner llama la clave verdadera de las dimensiones del Partenón: el encargo a Iktinos era construir un templo exactamente del doble de tamaño y del doble de esplendor que el destruido por los persas, y doblar todas las medidas multiplica el volumen por ocho

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 130»

«Like the ancient Egptians, the ancient Greeks were very interested in the cubic measure of their buildings, and they planned to exactly double the volume of their old destroyed temple. Doubling the cube If s is the original side length of the old temple then its volume v is expressed as: v=s To double this volume we get: i= Lee So to get the new length n we need to calculate: n=¥V (2x83) =V2xs=1.26xs Therefore, to double the volume, all sides should be increased by a factor of 1.26.»la solución que Skinner reconstruye: griegos y egipcios se interesaban por la medida cúbica de sus edificios, y para doblar el volumen del templo viejo había que aumentar todos los lados por un factor de 1.26, que es la raíz cúbica de dos; el troceo imprime *Egptians*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 130»

«Note that the number 9 figures throughout the whole constructions, and that proportions of 9 always produce intriguing self-repeating decimals that are ‘pure’ numbers.»lo que Skinner destaca del 9 en el Partenón: aparece en todas las construcciones, y las proporciones de nueve dan siempre decimales autorrepetidos que él llama números puros

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«These all form repdigits. (A repdigit is a number consisting of a single, repeated, non-zero digit, such as 11 or 22 or 555555.) Indeed, the two measures that have been used on the Parthenon—the imperial foot and the Greek trimmed foot —relate to each other in an exact ratio of»la definición de repdígito que da Skinner —número de un solo dígito no nulo repetido— y el dato que cuelga de ella: las dos medidas usadas en el Partenón, el pie imperial y el pie griego recortado, guardan entre sí una razón exacta; el tramo se corta en el renglón

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 131»

«So there you have it, the key to the sacred geometry of the Parthenon is 9,»la conclusión con que Skinner cierra el capítulo, contra la literatura de phi: la clave de la geometría sagrada del Partenón es el 9

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«One of the unique tricks of geometry incorporated into the Parthenon is a subtle deforming of the dimensions. This used to be taken as evidence of carelessness or subsidence but has now been recognized as deliberate. The corner columns are slightly larger in diameter and all columns bulge slightly as they rise, and curve outwards, in accordance with the ancient rules of perceived perspective.»el cambio de lectura que Skinner consigna: la deformación sutil de las medidas del Partenón se tomaba por descuido o asentamiento y hoy se reconoce como deliberada, con las columnas de esquina algo más gruesas y todas ellas abombadas y curvadas hacia fuera según las reglas antiguas de la perspectiva percibida

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 131»

«The stylobate itself is not flat but has an upward curvature towards its center of 2.36 inches (60 mm) on the east and west ends and of 4.33 inches (110 mm) on the sides. This not only allows rain to run off but also has a more subtle visual effect. The distortions are deliberate and the south side, the west side and the height of the southeast corner were all 0.25 inches or 4s foot (6 mm) greater than their opposite dimension. The usual explanation for this is that the architects knew, about and wanted to compensate, for the viewer's apparent retinal curvature, which causes a slight distortion in the perception of straight lines.»el detalle con que Skinner lo sostiene: el estilóbato no es plano sino que sube hacia el centro, lo que desagua y produce además un efecto visual sutil, y la explicación corriente de esas distorsiones deliberadas es que los arquitectos querían compensar la curvatura retiniana aparente del espectador

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 131»

«Probably the most influential architectural book of all time is the Ten Books of Architecture which were written in the first century Bc by the Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius Pollo. In them he summarized the rules of his Roman and Greek predecessors.»el juicio con que Skinner abre el capítulo de Vitruvio: los Diez libros de arquitectura son probablemente el libro de arquitectura más influyente de todos los tiempos, y en ellos resumió las reglas de sus predecesores romanos y griegos; el troceo imprime *Marcus Vitruvius Pollo* y *Bc*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 132»

«his books were rediscovered about AD1000 they helped trigger the burst of Renaissance architectural splendour that was to produce some of the most beautiful buildings of all time, buildings designed by architects who were also great artists, such as Donato Bramante (1444-1514) and Leone Battista Alberti (1404-1472). The books codified the exact proportions of the different orders of columns—Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. This was geometric knowledge that had been lost to the world since the demise of the Roman Empire.»lo que Skinner atribuye al redescubrimiento de Vitruvio hacia el año mil: contribuyó a disparar el esplendor arquitectónico renacentista, con los libros codificando las proporciones exactas de los órdenes dórico, jónico y corintio, saber geométrico perdido desde la caída del Imperio romano

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 132»

«One of the illustrations that Leonardo da Vinci drew for Luca Pacioli’s book (see pages 144-145) has always been referred to as ‘Vitruvian man’. Its essence was to illustrate Vitruvius’ remark that, with the hands raised above the head, a circle can be inscribed using the navel as the center and a perfect square can be formed by the man with his arms outstretched. This has attracted many interpretations and many ‘interpretative’ geometrical constructions involving the vesica pisces (see pages 130-31), pentagons, various diagonals and so on have been drawn over it in an attempt to elucidate various things. However, accurate measurement dispels many of these interpretations.»lo que Skinner dice del hombre de Vitruvio y de su literatura: ilustra la observación de Vitruvio de que con las manos sobre la cabeza cabe inscribir un círculo centrado en el ombligo y con los brazos extendidos un cuadrado perfecto, y sobre él se han dibujado vesicas pisces, pentágonos y diagonales para dilucidar toda clase de cosas, interpretaciones que —dice— la medición exacta disipa

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 132»

«Let us look at Vitruvian man. Leonardo’s circle is drawn with its center on the navel in accordance with the supposition that the navel divides man’s height according to the phi ratio. Leonardo was nothing if not a good observer and he drew his Vitruvian man from life, but the result was a ratio of 1.656. He soon found that the geometric center of man in fact lies just above the penis and accordingly drew a circumscribing square instead. Its diagonals meet at the key point just at the base of the penis.»la observación con que Skinner enmienda la lectura áurea del dibujo: Leonardo trazó el círculo con centro en el ombligo según el supuesto de que este divide la estatura en razón phi, pero dibujando del natural obtuvo 1.656, y al ver que el centro geométrico del cuerpo cae algo más abajo trazó en cambio un cuadrado circunscrito cuyas diagonales se cortan en ese punto

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 132»

«It seems few commentators have actually read the notes that Leonardo wrote on the same page of his notebook. If they had they would have seen that there is a scale below the picture that is annotated ‘palms.’ There are 6 palms divisions of one standard (non-royal) cubit. If you look at Leonardo’s scale below the drawing you will see that it is in cubits. Each cubit is divided into 6 palms, and the very end palms are even divided into 4 fingers each. There is no doubt that Leonardo was using this illustration simply to experiment with cubit measures applied to the human body, not phi, pentagons or any other elaborate interpretations.»el argumento documental con que Skinner sostiene su lectura: pocos comentaristas han leído las notas que Leonardo escribió en la misma página, donde hay una escala en codos divididos en seis palmos y los palmos extremos en cuatro dedos; no hay duda, dice, de que el dibujo era un experimento con medidas en codos aplicadas al cuerpo humano, y no con phi ni con pentágonos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 133»

«A further refinement to the drawing is the horizontal lines on the face, which embody the dictum that the face divides at the base of the nose halfway between the hairline and the breastbone. I have left the other construction lines unemphasized to show Leonardo’s other construction lines.»el último detalle que Skinner señala: las líneas horizontales del rostro encarnan el dictamen de que la cara se divide en la base de la nariz, a medio camino entre el nacimiento del pelo y el esternón

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 133»

«The vesica piscis (or ichthys) is a symbol made from two circles of the same radius, intersecting in such a way that the center of each circle lies on the circumference of the other. The Latin words literally mean the ‘bladder of the fish.’»la definición de la vesica piscis que da Skinner: dos círculos de igual radio que se cortan de modo que el centro de cada uno cae en la circunferencia del otro, y el latín significa literalmente vejiga del pez

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 134»

«is said that, before Christianity, the vesica piscis also conveyed the meaning of ‘vulva’ or ‘womb.’ The Mother Goddess was often portrayed with pendulous breasts, heavy buttocks and a conspicuous vulva. This is the upright vesica piscis, which Christians later adopted and turned through 90 degrees to serve as their symbol, long before the calvary cross became their prime symbol. It is interesting that a symbol of plenty preceded a symbol of death.»lo que Skinner consigna con verbo de decir sobre la vesica piscis: se dice que antes del cristianismo significaba vulva o matriz, que es la vesica vertical que los cristianos adoptaron girándola noventa grados como símbolo suyo mucho antes de la cruz; y le parece interesante que un símbolo de abundancia precediera a uno de muerte

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 134»

«Early Christians in the Roman Empire had to protect themselves by keeping their meeting places secret. In order to point the way to ever-changing meeting places, they developed the symbol of the vesica piscis with a tail (a fish) that they could chalk on walls in advance of a meeting and remove later.»el uso práctico que Skinner atribuye al pez: los cristianos del Imperio romano tenían que mantener en secreto sus lugares de reunión, y desarrollaron la vesica piscis con cola para marcarla con tiza en los muros antes de una reunión y borrarla después

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 134»

«Use the Pythagorean right-angled triangle | COB and assume the radius = 1. | | Hypotenuse CB? = OB? + CO? | | Therefore OB2 = CB2 - CO? OB? = 12 - (¥)2 | | OB221-%=0.75 OB = VO0.75 = 0.8660254 Therefore, AB = 2 x OB = 2 x 0.8660254 = 1.7320508 . Which just happens to be V3. So the length AB of the vesica piscis is V3.»el cálculo del recuadro: por el triángulo rectángulo pitagórico y con radio unitario, la longitud mayor de la vesica piscis resulta ser la raíz de tres

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 134»

«as the Greeks well knew, is a geometric Rectangular height 49.53 44.58 13.59 figure in its own right and should not be (excluding triangular section) included in the rectangular calculations. Height of triangular section 14.47 3.02 3.97 (Ratios including this triangle are not Tele Hele aay eed Bae A736 significant, but those without it are.)»la regla de cálculo que Skinner fija para el frente del Partenón: el frontón triangular es figura geométrica por derecho propio, cosa que los griegos sabían bien, y no debe entrar en los cálculos del rectángulo, de modo que las razones que lo incluyen no son significativas y las que lo excluyen sí

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 129»

«Now if you look at the arms directly above the cubit divider marks you will see that they are also marked, so I have drawn back in the original vertical cubit divisions from these markings. A vertical drawn from the centre of the hair parting completes the vertical division: Vitruvian man with arms outstretched is exactly 4 cubits wide.»la primera mitad de la comprobación que Skinner describe haber hecho sobre el dibujo: restituidas las divisiones verticales en codos desde las marcas de los brazos y completada la vertical desde la raya del pelo, el hombre de Vitruvio con los brazos extendidos mide exactamente cuatro codos de ancho

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 133»

«Then look carefully at the knees of the centre legs and you will see that Leonardo drew cut marks across them, as he did also at penis and nipple level. If you extend these marks, you will see that Vitruvian man divides exactly into 4 cubits height. This is precisely what Leonardo was seeking to check or prove, rather than the myriad of other more mystical speculations often suggested.»la segunda mitad: extendidas las marcas de corte que Leonardo trazó en rodillas, pene y pezones, la figura se divide también en exactamente cuatro codos de altura, que es —sostiene Skinner— lo que él quería comprobar, y no las especulaciones más místicas que suelen proponerse

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 133»

«The isopsephy (numerical addition) of the Greek letters for fish adds to 1,219. Other Greek phrases that also add up to 1,219 include: ‘The omega,’ a reference to Christ as ‘alpha and omega,’ or the beginning and end. ‘Joy and gladness’ and ‘The logos of the Father’ also add up to this figure.»la isopsefía del pez que Skinner consigna: las letras griegas de *ichthys* suman 1,219, cifra que comparten otras frases griegas como *el omega*, referida a Cristo como alfa y omega, *gozo y alegría* y *el logos del Padre*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 135»

«The length:width ratio of the vesica piscis was expressed by Pythagoras (who considered it a sacred figure) as 153:265, a ratio sometimes known as ‘the measure of the fish.’ In the Bible when Jesus helps his disciples to catch fish, he catches exactly 153 fish. This ratio of 153:265 is sometimes further approximated to 15:26.»la razón que Skinner atribuye a Pitágoras, que tenía la vesica piscis por figura sagrada: 153 a 265, llamada a veces la medida del pez, y anota que en el pasaje bíblico de la pesca milagrosa Jesús saca exactamente 153 peces

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 135»

«Renaissance artists frequently surrounded images of Jesus with the vesica piscis, and it was later also used to frame depictions of the Virgin Mary. It is sometimes seen as almond-shaped, when it is called a mandorla (Italian for almond). In Christian art some haloes appear in the shape of a vertical vesica piscis. The seals of ecclesiastical organizations are often enclosed within a vesica piscis, a format copied by Aleister Crowley. A more modern yet secular version is the ball used in rugby, which resembles a 3-D vesica piscis.»los usos de la vesica piscis que Skinner reúne: los artistas del Renacimiento la pusieron alrededor de Jesús y después de la Virgen, se la llama mandorla cuando se la ve como almendra, aparece como aureola vertical en el arte cristiano, encierra los sellos de las organizaciones eclesiásticas —formato que, anota, copió Aleister Crowley— y sobrevive secularizada en el balón de rugby

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 135»

«The long drawn-out construction of Milan Cathedral saw many changes RIGHT Milan Cathedral today, after many changes | of design. and many new plans. During the rulership of the Duke Francesco Sforza several artists worked on the building, and both Leonardo da Vinci and Bramante were kept busy working out the proportions of the dome.»la apertura del capítulo de Milán: una construcción larguísima con muchos cambios de plan, y bajo Francesco Sforza trabajaron ahí varios artistas, entre ellos Leonardo y Bramante, ocupados en las proporciones de la cúpula

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 136»

«plans published in 1521 by the architect Caesar Caesariano are often quoted in works on sacred geometry, but they remained theoretical and were not in fact put into practice. The present shape of the Milan Duomo does not correspond with these plans, except in basic components, such as the number of entrance doors. Nevertheless, these plans are an insight into the methods used by the architects of the period.»la acotación con que Skinner acota el valor de esos planos: los de Caesariano, publicados en 1521 y muy citados en la literatura de geometría sagrada, quedaron en teoría y no se llevaron a la práctica, y el Duomo actual no corresponde con ellos salvo en componentes básicos; sirven, dice, como ventana a los métodos de la época

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 136»

«The first thing you notice is the triangular lines drawn from the pinnacle of the tower, which some writers have suggested indicate that the plans are an example of ad triangulum design (design based on the triangle). In fact, this is not the case and the front elevation of the cathedral is based upon a series of concentric circles, spaced 14 units apart.»la corrección que Skinner hace a la lectura corriente del plano de Milán: las líneas triangulares desde el pináculo han hecho hablar de un diseño *ad triangulum*, y no es el caso —el alzado frontal se basa en una serie de círculos concéntricos espaciados catorce unidades

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 136»

«Although Caesariano drew only three circles, it is obvious he used six circles to construct his plan, and I have taken the liberty of drawing the others in accordingly. These circles mark in turn (beginning with the smallest one):»la intervención que Skinner declara haber hecho sobre el plano: Caesariano dibujó solo tres círculos y es obvio que usó seis para construirlo, de modo que él se tomó la libertad de trazar los otros

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 136»

«Caesariano marks two scales at the top of his design, but does not identify their units. The whole plan of the structure is based on these two rulers, HZ and KZ, which each have 64 divisions. These scales enable one to read off all relevant proportions and hence appreciate the harmony of the design.»lo que Skinner dice de las dos reglas del plano de Milán: Caesariano marca dos escalas arriba sin identificar sus unidades, las dos con 64 divisiones, y sobre ellas descansa el plano entero, de modo que permiten leer todas las proporciones

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«Using those rulers, the proportions of the facade can be unravelled. For example, the whole width of the cathedral comes to 144 units, which is a recurring biblical number, used in Revelations for the number of souls who will be saved and for various dimensions of the New Jerusalem:»la cifra que Skinner lee con esas reglas: el ancho total de la catedral da 144 unidades, número bíblico recurrente que el Apocalipsis usa para las almas salvadas y para varias dimensiones de la Jerusalén celeste

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 137»

«So you can see that the modulus for this triangular constructions only come much cathedral is an interplay between 12 and later, based on the circles and horizontal 7, not phi, as every other commentator lines. These are simply the means of fixing seems to remark. Also, it is the interaction the height of the components of the spire. between the circles, whose radius increases The circles are all centered on point C, by 14 (= 7 x 2) at each inscription, that which is a point exactly one-third of the controls the whole geometry;»la conclusión que Skinner opone a los demás comentaristas: el módulo de esta catedral es un juego entre el 12 y el 7, no phi, y lo que gobierna la geometría entera es la interacción de los círculos, cuyo radio crece de catorce en catorce

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 137»

«The circles are all centered on point C, by 14 (= 7 x 2) at each inscription, that which is a point exactly one-third of the controls the whole geometry; the height of the flat roofline. The diameter of horizontal lines generated by these the largest circle is exactly equal to the circles give the vertical proportions. The height of the whole structure.»los dos datos con que Skinner cierra: todos los círculos se centran en un punto situado exactamente a un tercio de la altura de la línea de tejado, y el diámetro del círculo mayor es exactamente igual a la altura de la estructura entera

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 137»

«Part of the rebuilding of Chartres Cathedral was inspired by St Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153), one of the most influential churchmen of his time, and sometimes called “the second founder” of the Cistercian order of monks. Bernard was chosen by the pope to promote the second crusade in 1145 and was responsible for devising the rules of the Knights Templar, whose headquarters were in the ruins of Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem.»el linaje que Skinner traza para Chartres: parte de su reconstrucción la inspiró Bernardo de Claraval, segundo fundador de los cistercienses, encargado por el papa de promover la segunda cruzada en 1145 y autor de la regla de los templarios, cuyo cuartel estaba en las ruinas del Templo de Salomón

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 138»

«seed from which Gothic architecture grew may have been the intense interest in the proportions of the original Temple of Solomon (see pages 122-23), which appeared to specify an extraordinarily high roof. Chartres provided the roots of inspiration and technical know-how for many of the other great Gothic cathedrals, specifically the design of the flying buttress (which is also reflected in the three storeys high rooms propping up either side of Solomon’s Temple). The two towers of Chartres are of very different styles and sizes, and may reflect the Jachin and Boaz pillars of Solomon’s Temple, one representing the Moon and one the Sun, as shown by the sun and moon images on their steeples.»la tesis que Skinner propone sobre el origen de lo gótico, en condicional: la semilla pudo ser el interés intenso por las proporciones del Templo de Salomón, con su techo extraordinariamente alto; y añade que las dos torres desiguales de Chartres pueden reflejar las columnas Jachin y Boaz del Templo, una la Luna y otra el Sol, como muestran las imágenes de sus agujas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 138»

«Chartres is the only remaining cathedral with a labyrinth set in stone in its floor. The custom of putting labyrinths on church floors is very ancient—for example, a labyrinth was constructed in the church of San Vitale at Ravenna as early as the sixth century.»lo que Skinner consigna del laberinto de Chartres: es la única catedral que conserva uno en piedra en el piso, y la costumbre es antiquísima, con un laberinto en San Vitale de Rávena ya en el siglo VI

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 138»

«During the crusades that were promoted in the 11th and 12th centuries, labyrinths began to be used as a substitute pilgrimage for Jerusalem—they were even called chemins de Jerusalem. Christians, unable to travel to Jerusalem, would walk the labyrinths, often on their knees in penance. The paths of the Chartres labyrinth make for a journey of 261 meters (858 feet). An interesting coincidence is that the numerical value of the Greek word muesis, or ‘Initiation,’ is 858.»el uso que Skinner atribuye a los laberintos de iglesia durante las cruzadas: peregrinación sustituta a Jerusalén, llamados *chemins de Jerusalem* y recorridos a menudo de rodillas en penitencia; y anota como coincidencia interesante que el recorrido de Chartres mida 858 pies y que el valor numérico del griego *muesis*, iniciación, sea 858

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 139»

«The Chartres labyrinth is an 11-circuit labyrinth, meaning that from one edge to the center there are 11 circuits, or paths, made by 12 concentric circles. It is unicursal, which means there is only one path through it. The entire symbolism of the labyrinth was reversed by Christian usage: rather than a place to escape from (the lair of the Minotaur), the ABOVE The geometry of the flying buttresses of Chartres Cathedral, which enabled the weight of the stone vaulting to be supported, utilizes circles and vesica pisces. > ( ai. tf no iA a Aue i | il centre became the goal or spiritual»la descripción del laberinto de Chartres y la inversión simbólica que Skinner señala: once circuitos hechos por doce círculos concéntricos, unicursal, y con el uso cristiano el centro deja de ser el lugar del que hay que escapar —la guarida del Minotauro— para volverse la meta. El pie de figura de los arbotantes queda intercalado a media frase y va dentro de las comillas, y el tramo se corta en el renglón, donde remata con *Jerusalem*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 139»

«The outer edge of the labyrinth at Chartres is marked by a circle of crescent shapes called lunations. There are 114 lunations, of which two are only partly present to allow for the entrance. This suggests a lunar symbolism for the labyrinth, as there are 28 lunations to each quarter, and 28 x 4 = 112. The seal of the Knights Templar also featured a large crescent moon.»la lectura lunar que Skinner propone para el borde del laberinto: 114 lunaciones, dos de ellas parciales por la entrada, lo que sugiere simbolismo lunar por haber 28 por cuarto, y anota que el sello de los templarios llevaba también una luna creciente grande

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 139»

«the Great Fire of London in 1666 Wren helped to replan the entire city of London and supervised the rebuilding of no fewer than 51 churches. In 1657 he became Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College, London, and was Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford between 1661 and 1673. It was after this appointment that he made his most important contributions to mathematics.»la carrera de Wren que Skinner resume: tras el gran incendio de Londres de 1666 ayudó a replanear la ciudad y supervisó la reconstrucción de no menos de 51 iglesias, y fue catedrático de astronomía en Gresham y en Oxford

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«Sir Isaac Newton, never one to give excessive praise to others, states in his Principia that he ranks Wren together with John Wallis (1616-1703), an English geometer, cryptographer and mathematician, and Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695), a Dutch mathematician and astronomer who did much work on timekeeping, optics and calculus—as the leading mathematicians of the day.»el aval que Skinner invoca para Wren, con la advertencia dentro: Newton, poco dado a alabar en exceso, lo pone en los Principia junto a John Wallis y Christiaan Huygens entre los matemáticos principales de su tiempo; el troceo parte *time-keeping* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *timekeeping*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 140»

«Wren’s fame in mathematics also stems from results he obtained in 1658 when he found the length of an arc of the cycloid (see pages 50-51), using a proof based on dissections to reduce the problem to summing segments of the chords of a circle that are in geometric progression.»el resultado matemático que Skinner data en 1658: Wren halló la longitud de un arco de cicloide con una prueba por disecciones que reducía el problema a sumar segmentos de cuerdas de un círculo en progresión geométrica

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 140»

«Wren independently proved Kepler’s third law, which links the period it takes for a planet to circle the Sun with its distance from the Sun. This law proves Pythagoras’ contention that there is a ‘music of the spheres,’ or, to put it less poetically, definite mathematical relationships between the orbits and the period of revolution of the planets.»lo que Skinner saca de la prueba independiente de la tercera ley por Wren: esa ley, dice, prueba la afirmación pitagórica de que hay una música de las esferas, o, dicho con menos poesía, relaciones matemáticas definidas entre las órbitas y los periodos de revolución

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 140»

«The geometry of the flying buttresses (see illustration) had to be calculated very carefully to transfer the huge weight of the roof spans downward to the ground rather than outward, which would have destroyed the walls.»la función que Skinner adjudica a la geometría del arbotante: calcularla con cuidado permitía transferir el peso enorme de las bóvedas hacia el suelo y no hacia fuera, lo que habría destruido los muros

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«Skilled in four professions that relate to sacred geometry, Sir Christopher Wren was not only a superb architect but also an accomplished»el retrato con que Skinner abre el capítulo de Wren: diestro en cuatro oficios ligados a la geometría sagrada, arquitecto soberbio y además matemático consumado; el tramo se corta en el renglón, donde el pie sigue con astrónomo y metrólogo

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«mathematician, astronomer and metrologist. He contributed to both Kepler’s work on orbits and to Newton's on gravity.»la continuación del retrato: Skinner le adjudica a Wren contribuciones tanto al trabajo de Kepler sobre las órbitas como al de Newton sobre la gravedad

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«Wren was the first to resolve the problem set by Kepler, in which a semicircle is cut with a line in a given ratio through a given point on its diameter.»el problema que Skinner le adjudica: Wren fue el primero en resolver el planteado por Kepler, cortar un semicírculo en razón dada con una línea que pasa por un punto de su diámetro; el troceo funde *semi-circle* en *semicircle* al unir el guion de fin de renglón

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«This problem was very real one, for it had arisen from Kepler’s work on elliptical»por qué Skinner lo llama problema nada abstracto: venía del trabajo de Kepler sobre órbitas elípticas; el troceo imprime *was very real one* y el tramo se corta donde el pie de figura de Wren queda intercalado

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«orbits (see pages 78-79). Kepler reduced the problem of finding the mean motion of a planet to that of cutting an ellipse in a given ratio with a line through the ellipse focus.»la continuación, después del pie intercalado: Kepler había reducido el hallazgo del movimiento medio de un planeta a cortar una elipse en razón dada por una línea que pasa por su foco

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«Wren was also very much into measurement and was involved in metrology, the science of standardized measurement. In fact, it was he who first proposed in England that the basic unit of length measurement should be derived from time, specifically the length of a pendulum with exactly a one-second swing»lo que Skinner adjudica a Wren en metrología: fue el primero en proponer en Inglaterra que la unidad básica de longitud se derivara del tiempo, y en concreto del largo de un péndulo de un segundo exacto de oscilación

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«Wren’s ground plan for St. Paul’s Cathedral is a prime example of sacred geometry. The length of the building is ‘all fiveness’ at 555 feet (169.16 m), including the impressive entrance steps. This is coincidentally the same as the height of the Washington Memorial, which reputedly has Masonic connections, too. The length is 6,660 inches, definitely a number with inbuilt solar and apocalyptic (the number of the Beast) symbolism.»la lectura numérica que Skinner hace de San Pablo: el largo del edificio es *all fiveness* con 555 pies, la misma cifra que —anota como coincidencia— el Monumento a Washington, del que se dice que tiene conexiones masónicas; y 555 pies son 6,660 pulgadas, número con simbolismo solar y apocalíptico incorporado

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«The use of key numbers does not stop with the plan. The cathedral is built of Portland stone in a late Renaissance style. Its impressive dome (inspired by St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome) rises 365 feet (111 m) to the cross at its summit, marking one foot for each day of the year. Wren placed the main entrance in the west so that the congregation could face the high altar located in the east.»los otros números que Skinner señala en San Pablo: la cúpula, inspirada en San Pedro de Roma, sube 365 pies hasta la cruz, un pie por día del año, y Wren puso la entrada principal al oeste para que la congregación mirara al altar mayor del este

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«Wren’s underlying structure is visible. The building is constructed on a base of concentric circles. The key is to be found in each of the 25 or 29 open spaces in the cathedral where he has inscribed a circle. From the large circle in the center of the cathedral it is possible to mark off seven circles radiating outwards (reminiscent of the Earth plus seven planets, or seven heavens). Each circle touches the curved inner edge of the pillars of each bay. To make the point even more obvious, these pillars are curved to fit his generating circles. The rectangular entrance steps at the western end of the cathedral are outside the circular design.»la estructura que Skinner dice ver bajo el plano de San Pablo: el edificio se levanta sobre círculos concéntricos inscritos en cada espacio abierto, y desde el círculo central pueden contarse siete que irradian —recuerdo, dice, de la Tierra más los siete planetas o de los siete cielos—, con los pilares curvados a propósito para ajustar a esos círculos generadores

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«Some modern architects have created a kind of fluid architecture that BELOW Antonio Gaudis organically structured cathedral The Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, which utilized natural forms in an art nouveau context. rejects the Euclidean geometry of classical building and embraces organic and flowing forms. By bringing the curves of nature back into buildings they have reawakened the idea that a building can echo archetypal shapes rather than just being a cubic accommodation box.»lo que Skinner atribuye a la arquitectura orgánica moderna: rechaza la geometría euclidiana del edificio clásico, abraza formas fluidas y, al devolver las curvas de la naturaleza a la construcción, reaviva la idea de que un edificio puede hacer eco de formas arquetípicas en vez de ser una caja cúbica de alojamiento. El pie de figura de la Sagrada Familia queda intercalado a media frase y va dentro de las comillas

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«This desire to use the sacred geometry of nature in building is both aesthetically gratifying and a realization that it is not just temples that deserve this treatment. With the detailed study of the underlying mathematics of nature’s forms, the use of non-linear geometry and computer modelling, architects are now able to explore an exciting and little-known world of non-linear organic structures. Nature is now viewed as being a mercurial mixture of both order and chaos, pattern and accident, simplicity and complexity. It is not surprising that this has inspired new concepts.»el cambio de mirada que Skinner registra: usar la geometría sagrada de la naturaleza en la construcción es a la vez grato y reconocimiento de que no solo los templos la merecen, y la naturaleza se ve ahora como mezcla mercurial de orden y caos, patrón y accidente, simplicidad y complejidad

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«Probably the first architect to anticipate the surrealists and achieve this on a grand scale was the Spanish architect Antonio Gaudi (1852-1926). Gaudi closely observed natural forms and was a bold structural innovator. He used geometric models made of string and weights to predict the catenary (chain) shape and stresses of his structures. He designed balanced structures that needed no internal bracing or external buttressing,»lo que Skinner adjudica a Gaudí: probablemente el primer arquitecto en anticipar a los surrealistas a gran escala, observador atento de las formas naturales e innovador estructural audaz, que usó maquetas de cuerda y pesos para predecir la catenaria y proyectó estructuras equilibradas sin arriostramiento interno ni contrafuertes externos; el tramo se corta ahí

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«He achieved this by using catenary, hyperbolic and parabolic curves for his arches and vaults, supported by inclined columns and helicoidal (spiral cone) piers.»el recurso geométrico que Skinner le adjudica a Gaudí: curvas catenarias, hiperbólicas y parabólicas para arcos y bóvedas, sostenidas por columnas inclinadas y pilares helicoidales

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«Gaudi designed many other structures— apartment blocks that were covered in melting, organic, art nouveau shapes (some with a strange mix of Catalan and Masonic symbolism), weird pinnacled lodges, serpentine mosaic benches, and winding rustic viaducts. To find equivalent rounded forms you have to go back thousands of years to the strange curved megalithic temples dedicated to the Mother Goddess on Malta.»el resto de la obra de Gaudí según Skinner, con una tradición nombrada dentro: bloques de vivienda cubiertos de formas orgánicas *art nouveau*, algunos con una mezcla extraña de simbolismo catalán y masónico, más logias apinacadas, bancos serpenteantes de mosaico y viaductos rústicos; para hallar formas redondeadas equivalentes, dice, hay que retroceder milenios a los templos megalíticos curvos de Malta dedicados a la Diosa Madre

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«Another strand of the organic tradition had its roots in German culture. The Austrian occultist Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) was so impressed with the studies of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe into morphology and the metamorphosis»la segunda vía de lo orgánico según Skinner: de raíz alemana, con el ocultista austriaco Rudolf Steiner impresionado por los estudios de Goethe sobre morfología; el tramo se corta en el fin de plana

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«of plants and animals that he referred to Goethe as ‘the Galileo of the organic.’ He also applied Goethe’s ideas of metamorphosis to art and architecture, copying the dynamics of form visible in all living organisms, whereby an orderly and cyclic transformation can be traced from seed to calyx to blossom to fruit (and back to seed again). These, together with Goethe’s theory of color, hada deep impact on Steiner’s later life and his anthroposophic architectural theories.»lo que Skinner consigna de Steiner y Goethe: lo llamó el Galileo de lo orgánico y aplicó sus ideas de metamorfosis al arte y a la arquitectura, copiando la dinámica de forma visible en todo organismo vivo —de la semilla al cáliz, a la flor y al fruto—, y eso junto con la teoría del color de Goethe marcó hondo sus teorías arquitectónicas antroposóficas

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«His two Goetheanums were dramatic buildings illustrative of this new style. Such architecture has now grown into an international ‘organic’ movement, with examples in Europe, USA and Australia.»el alcance que Skinner le da a esa vía: los dos Goetheanums ilustran el estilo nuevo, y la arquitectura orgánica es hoy un movimiento internacional con ejemplos en Europa, Estados Unidos y Australia

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«London has generated a large number of organically inspired buildings in the last few decades. Some, such as the Millennium Dome designed by Sir Richard Rogers, have been expensive and flamboyant failures. More successful curvilinear shapes include the bulbous and pompous London mayoral headquarters (designed by Sir Norman Foster), which stares at London Bridge like an indignant eye, and the sleekly surreal Media Centre at Lord’s Cricket Ground (designed by Future Systems, which used boat builders to fabricate the precision parts in order to get the curves right).»el balance que Skinner hace de la arquitectura orgánica londinense, con sus juicios dentro: llama fracasos caros y llamativos al Domo del Milenio de Richard Rogers, describe la sede de la alcaldía de Norman Foster como bulbosa y pomposa, mirando al Puente de Londres como un ojo indignado, y le concede al Media Centre de Lord's ser surrealmente pulido

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«The huge and controversial concrete and ceramic roof of the Sydney Opera House, which was designed originally by Danish architect Jorn Utzon, echoes the natural shells of the nearby sea but also the essence of a complex structural and MODERN ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE geometric problem. The saga of this construction is well known—many compromises had to be made to the original design, but the organic curves of the original concept still show clearly.»lo que Skinner dice de la Ópera de Sídney: su techo enorme y controvertido hace eco de las conchas marinas cercanas y a la vez de un problema estructural y geométrico complejo, y aunque el diseño original sufrió muchos compromisos las curvas orgánicas siguen viéndose claramente; el encabezado corrido de la plana —*MODERN ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE*— cae a media frase dentro de las comillas y va tal cual

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«Paul Ryan’s design for St. Mary’s Cathedral in San Francisco utilizes a hyperbolic paraboloid for the shape of its 200 foot (61 m) high roof. This piece of geometry had not been discovered during the days of the great Gothic cathedrals— perhaps such computergenerated designs are part of the future of sacred geometry.»el ejemplo con que Skinner cierra el capítulo, en condicional: la catedral de Santa María de San Francisco usa un paraboloide hiperbólico para su techo, geometría no descubierta en tiempos de las catedrales góticas, y quizá —dice— los diseños generados por computadora sean parte del futuro de la geometría sagrada; el troceo parte *computer-generated* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *computergenerated*

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«During the Renaissance the same individuals were often responsible for constructing buildings and paintings, which meant that the tradition of sacred geometry was reflected in both art and architecture. Early experiments in optics by Roger Bacon (and later by Leonardo and Albrecht Durer) generated rules of perspective that released artists from the flat 2-D painting of the Middle Ages. At the same time, Greek and Roman architectural ideas, with their associated sacred geometry, fuelled the building boom of the Renaissance.»la apertura del capítulo del arte: en el Renacimiento las mismas personas levantaban edificios y pintaban cuadros, de modo que la tradición de la geometría sagrada se reflejó en las dos artes, y los experimentos ópticos tempranos de Roger Bacon y después de Leonardo y Durero dieron reglas de perspectiva que sacaron a los pintores del plano medieval

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«Perspective created a new field of projective geometry, which enabled map-makers to capture the spherical nature of the Earth’s surface on flat surfaces. The maps, in turn, enabled explorers and sailors to explore the world, creating colonial empires in a way that would not otherwise have been possible.»la consecuencia práctica que Skinner encadena: la perspectiva creó la geometría proyectiva, que permitió a los cartógrafos volcar la esfera terrestre en superficies planas, y esos mapas permitieron a los exploradores recorrer el mundo y crear imperios coloniales de un modo que de otro modo no habría sido posible

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«We look at how paintings such as Leonardo’s Last Supper used the geometry of perspective and also incorporated symbolic numbers (in this case 13 perspectival rays for Christ and his 12 disciples). We also look at how the perfect circle in Poussin’s Les Bergers d’Arcadie encompasses the main figures whose staves create a pair of pentagrams, framing the cryptic motto that inspired several recent best-selling expositions.»lo que Skinner anuncia del capítulo: la Última Cena de Leonardo usando la geometría de la perspectiva e incorporando números simbólicos —trece rayos perspectivos para Cristo y sus doce discípulos— y el círculo perfecto de Los pastores de Arcadia de Poussin, cuyos bastones forman un par de pentagramas enmarcando el lema críptico que inspiró varias exposiciones recientes de gran venta

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«Perhaps the earliest text that relates to perspective in art is Euclid’s book on Optics, but it was the Arab mathematician and physicist al-Haytham or Alhazen (965-1039) who gave the first correct explanation of vision, showing that light is reflected from an object into the eye.»la genealogía que Skinner traza para la perspectiva: quizá el texto más temprano sea la Óptica de Euclides, pero fue al-Haytham quien dio la primera explicación correcta de la visión, mostrando que la luz se refleja del objeto al ojo

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«Haytham studied the complete science of vision, called perspectiva in mediaeval times. He did not apply his ideas to painting, but Renaissance artists later made important use of his optics. Roger Bacon (c.1214—1294) saw that geometry could be applied to optics and, as if to justify his interest, affirmed that mathematics “has always been used by all the saints and sages more than all other science.”»lo que Skinner consigna de la *perspectiva* medieval y de Roger Bacon: al-Haytham estudió la ciencia completa de la visión sin aplicarla a la pintura, y Bacon vio que la geometría podía aplicarse a la óptica y justificó su interés afirmando que las matemáticas las han usado siempre todos los santos y sabios más que ninguna otra ciencia

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«He thought mathematics could be unlocked by what he called the “flower of the whole of philosophy.” This was the science of light, later to be called optics. Bacon correctly thought that all objects gave off rays of reflected light and that the eye was a receptor of images, rather than a sender of images as had previously been thought by medieval theologians. Bacon discovered, after dissecting animal eyes, that rays of light fell perpendicularly on the eyeball, carrying the image with them to receptors at the back of the eye.»el hallazgo que Skinner atribuye a Bacon: llamó flor de toda la filosofía a la ciencia de la luz, pensó correctamente que los objetos emiten rayos reflejados y que el ojo es receptor y no emisor de imágenes, contra lo que sostenían los teólogos medievales, y al disecar ojos de animales vio que los rayos caían perpendicularmente sobre el globo llevando la imagen a los receptores del fondo

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«Both Bacon and Robert Grosseteste (c.1175-1253), his philosophical sparring partner at the University of Paris, embraced the concept of mathematics as the hidden language of nature. They hoped their quest to make science more analytical and experimental would lead to the uncovering of the exact relationships between nature and mathematics via geometry. With the geometry of light (optics and perspective) they thought they had found the study that would unlock some of the major secrets of the universe.»el programa que Skinner atribuye a Bacon y a Robert Grosseteste: los dos abrazaron la idea de las matemáticas como lengua oculta de la naturaleza y esperaban que una ciencia más analítica y experimental descubriera las relaciones exactas entre naturaleza y matemática por la geometría, y creyeron hallar en la geometría de la luz el estudio que abriría algunos de los secretos mayores del universo

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«Bacon believed that geometry could give him access to the archetypal forms behind creation generated by the mind of the creator, and that of these, light (with its parallel Euclidean rays) was the purest expression, and, for him, that was no mere metaphor. According to Genesis (1:3-4): “And God said, Let there be Light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.”»la posición que Skinner adjudica a Bacon, subrayando que no era figura retórica: creía que la geometría le daba acceso a las formas arquetípicas que hay tras la creación, generadas por la mente del creador, y que de ellas la luz, con sus rayos euclidianos paralelos, era la expresión más pura; y cita el Génesis sobre la separación de la luz y las tinieblas

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«Light for Bacon was ‘God in operation,’ the visible manifestation of God’s spiritual power, for had not God made light before anything else in the universe, and confirmed that it was indeed good? Bacon was searching for literal enlightenment.»la fórmula con que Skinner resume la posición de Bacon: la luz era Dios en operación, manifestación visible de su poder espiritual, puesto que Dios la hizo antes que nada y confirmó que era buena; Bacon, dice, buscaba una iluminación literal

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«This kind of hands-on approach earned Bacon the reputation of being the first modern scientist, and when Dr John Dee (see pages 93-95) was engaged on research into Euclid’s Elements, and optics in particular, he looked back to Roger Bacon’s work. The fact that Bacon had also made forays into magic made him the ideal mentor for Dee’s skrying with crystals, as this was for Dee the bridge between the angels, optics and magic.»la filiación que Skinner traza entre Bacon y Dee: el método práctico le valió a Bacon fama de primer científico moderno, y cuando Dee investigaba los Elementos y la óptica volvió a su obra; que Bacon hubiera incursionado además en la magia lo volvía el mentor ideal para el *skrying* con cristales, que era para Dee el puente entre los ángeles, la óptica y la magia

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«The geometry of perspective was.a necessary prerequisite for the production of great art and great architecture. It was not until perspectiva passed into the hands of artists that it was applied at a practical level rather than being purely an object of research.»la tesis con que Skinner abre el capítulo de la perspectiva: fue requisito del gran arte y de la gran arquitectura, y solo al pasar la *perspectiva* a manos de los artistas se aplicó en el plano práctico en vez de quedar como objeto de investigación; el troceo imprime *was.a*

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«have always had a pressing need to present 3-D reality on a flat canvas. Early medieval artists confined themselves to portraiture, or framed and throned saints and Madonnas, with perhaps a few angels or demons hovering nearby. Of course, these were not a problem as angels or demons did not need to fit into the perspective because they were from another dimension.»la observación con que Skinner explica la pintura medieval: los artistas siempre necesitaron presentar lo tridimensional en un lienzo plano, y los medievales se ceñían al retrato o al santo entronizado con ángeles o demonios cerca, que no planteaban problema porque —dice— venían de otra dimensión

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«Early perspectival attempts consisted of placing foreground objects partly in front of distant ones, but the concept that size diminishes at a distance did not impinge, with the result that there were huge distortions of size and distance.»el estado previo que Skinner describe: los primeros intentos ponían los objetos cercanos delante de los lejanos sin que calara la idea de que el tamaño disminuye con la distancia, de donde salían distorsiones enormes

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«By the 13th century Giotto (c.12661337) was painting scenes that created the impression of depth by using a few simple rules. He inclined lines above eye-level he downwards, while lines below eye-level were inclined upwards, as they appeared to move away from the viewer. Similarly, lines to the left or right were inclined towards the center. Although it was not a precise mathematical formu-lation, Giotto managed by this technique to represent depth on a flat surface.»lo que Skinner adjudica a Giotto: creó impresión de profundidad con unas pocas reglas simples —líneas sobre el nivel del ojo inclinadas hacia abajo, las de debajo hacia arriba, las laterales hacia el centro— sin formulación matemática precisa; el troceo parte la horquilla de fechas *c.1266-1337* en el fin de renglón y span() la devuelve fundida como *c.12661337*

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«The person who is credited with the first real formulation of linear perspective (c.1413) is Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446). He invented the idea of a single vanishing point, or focus, to which all parallel lines in the picture should converge. He also devised an exact calculation for the relationship between the actual length of an object and its ‘visual length’ in the picture, which depended on its distance from the viewer.»a quién le acredita Skinner la perspectiva lineal: a Brunelleschi, hacia 1413, por la idea del punto de fuga único al que convergen todas las paralelas del cuadro y por un cálculo exacto de la relación entre la longitud real de un objeto y su longitud visual

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«Then he came up with a brilliant idea to prove the accuracy of his theory. He bored a small hole in the painting of St. John’s at precisely the vanishing point. A spectator was then asked to look through the hole from behind the panel at a mirror that reflected the panel. In this way Brunelleschi controlled precisely the positioning of the spectator’s eye so that the geometry of the vanishing point was guaranteed to be correct.»el experimento con que Brunelleschi probó su teoría según Skinner: perforó el cuadro del baptisterio justo en el punto de fuga y pidió al espectador mirar por el agujero desde atrás hacia un espejo que reflejaba el panel, con lo que controlaba la posición exacta del ojo

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«Unfortunately, these paintings by Brunelleschi have been lost. The great Italian architect Leon Alberti (1404-1472) wrote an explanation of how the rules of perspective work in his treatise On Painting, which he dedicated to Brunelleschi.»la pérdida que Skinner consigna y lo que la suple: los cuadros de Brunelleschi se perdieron, y Leon Alberti explicó cómo funcionan las reglas de la perspectiva en su tratado De la pintura, dedicado a él

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«The most mathematical of all the works on perspective written by Italian Renaissance artists was by Piero della Francesca (c.1420—1492). Piero was one of the leading artists of the period, and he was also the leading mathematician. In Trattato d’abaco Piero included material on arithmetic, algebra and geometry. He illustrated the text with diagrams of solid figures drawn in perspective.»quién es para Skinner el más matemático de los tratadistas italianos de la perspectiva: Piero della Francesca, artista principal y a la vez matemático principal, cuyo Trattato d'abaco reúne aritmética, álgebra y geometría con diagramas de sólidos en perspectiva

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«Piero della Francesca’s works were in turn heavily relied on by Luca Pacioli for his own books (see pages 144-145). Pacioli, developed exact formulae to find the relationship between the distance from the eye to the object, and its size on the canvas.»la dependencia que Skinner declara: Pacioli se apoyó mucho en Piero para sus propios libros, y desarrolló fórmulas exactas para relacionar la distancia del ojo al objeto con su tamaño en el lienzo

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«The classic text of Renaissance geometric proportion was Luca Pacioli’s De BELOW Luca Pacioli, in monk's robes, lecturing. In the foreground and suspended by a string is a glass model of one of Plato's perfect solids. aa divina proportione. Illustrated by none other than Leonardo da Vinci and published in 1509, it was extremely influential.»el lugar que Skinner da al De divina proportione: texto clásico de la proporción geométrica renacentista, ilustrado nada menos que por Leonardo, publicado en 1509 y sumamente influyente. El pie de figura del retrato de Pacioli queda intercalado a media frase y va dentro de las comillas

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«Pacioli (c.1445-1517) lived as a child in Sansepolcro, Italy, where he received part of his education in the studio of the artist Piero della Francesca, who was no stranger to elegant proportion. Pacioli’s writings were strongly influenced by Piero.»la formación que Skinner le atribuye a Pacioli: de niño en Sansepolcro, con parte de su educación en el taller de Piero della Francesca, y con sus escritos fuertemente influidos por él

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«Some time during the next few years, Pacioli became a Franciscan friar, which is why he is dressed in monk’s robes in the famous portrait by Jacopo de’ Barbari (see below left). In this picture he is using a glass, water-filled, Platonic solid in his lecture. The slightly effeminate student beside him has not been identified, but might even be a young Leonardo.»lo que Skinner lee en el retrato de Pacioli por Jacopo de' Barbari: el hábito franciscano, el sólido platónico de vidrio lleno de agua que usa en su lección, y el estudiante a su lado, sin identificar, que —deja abierto— podría ser hasta un Leonardo joven

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«While Pacioli was teaching at the University of Perugia from 1477 to 1480 he wrote a work on arithmetic for his pupils. In 1489, after two years in Rome, Pacioli returned to Sansepolcro and worked on his second most famous book, Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportiont et proportionalita. This contained material on arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and trigonometry and was to provide a basis for the major progress in mathematics that was about to take place in Europe. It featured many thinkers important to sacred geometry, including Euclid, Sacrobosco and Fibonacci.»lo que Skinner dice de la Summa de Pacioli: reúne aritmética, álgebra, geometría y trigonometría, iba a servir de base al avance mayor de las matemáticas en Europa, y recoge a muchos autores importantes para la geometría sagrada, entre ellos Euclides, Sacrobosco y Fibonacci

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«In 1494 Ludovico Sforza (1452-1508), the second son of Francesco Sforza, assumed the title of Duke of Milan. Showing generous patronage to many artists and scholars, he set about making his court in Milan the finest in the whole of Europe. Leonardo da Vinci had entered Ludovico’s service as a court painter and engineer in 1482; around 1496 Luca Pacioli was invited to teach mathematics. Pacioli and Leonardo quickly became close friends, and they undoubtedly discussed mathematics and art at length.»el marco cortesano que Skinner describe: Ludovico Sforza, duque de Milán desde 1494, patrocinó a artistas y estudiosos para hacer de su corte la mejor de Europa, con Leonardo como pintor e ingeniero desde 1482 y Pacioli invitado a enseñar matemáticas hacia 1496; los dos, dice, se hicieron amigos cercanos

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«At this time Pacioli began his most famous work, De divina proportione, and few mathematicians can have had a more talented illustrator for their book! The book focused on the Divine Proportion that was so important in art and architectural design and on Euclid’s theorems that relate to this ratio. It also explored regular and semi-regular polygons»lo que Skinner dice del contenido del De divina proportione: se centra en la Divina Proporción, tan importante para el arte y el diseño arquitectónico, y en los teoremas de Euclides relativos a esa razón, y explora además los polígonos regulares y semirregulares

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«Pacioli and Leonardo fled together to Florence in December 1499, three months after the French captured Milan. Pacioli was appointed to teach geometry at the University of Pisa in Florence in 1500, where he remained, teaching geometry, LUCA PACIOLI AND DIVINE PROPORTION until 1506. During his time in Florence, Pacioli was involved with Church affairs as well as with mathematics. He was elected the superior of his order in Romagna, and, in 1506, he entered the monastery of Santa Croce in Florence.»la cronología que Skinner da del final de Pacioli: huyó con Leonardo a Florencia en diciembre de 1499, tres meses después de la toma francesa de Milán, enseñó geometría en Pisa hasta 1506, fue elegido superior de su orden en Romaña y entró en Santa Croce; el encabezado corrido de la plana —*LUCA PACIOLI AND DIVINE PROPORTION*— cae a media frase dentro de las comillas y va tal cual

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«In 1509, he published his three-volume work De divina proportione, and also a Latin translation of Euclid’s Elements. Some of Pacioli’s critics have claimed that he took many of his ideas on proportion from Piero della Francesca. Despite the lack of originality in Pacioli’s work, his contributions to mathematics and the influence of his books are very important.»el desacuerdo que Skinner consigna sin armonizar: algunos críticos de Pacioli sostienen que tomó muchas de sus ideas sobre la proporción de Piero della Francesca, y él responde que, pese a la falta de originalidad, las contribuciones y la influencia de sus libros son muy importantes

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«Leonardo da Vinci wrote in 1505 that “proportion is found not only in BELOW A less successful perspective machine where coordinates of points on the subject (a lute) were plotted on to the drawing using a string and pulley. I 1467 numbers and measurements but also in sounds, weights, time, positions, and in whatsoever powers there may be.” But proportion was of no use if the perspective was not correct.»la sentencia de Leonardo que Skinner transcribe con su fecha: la proporción no solo se halla en números y medidas sino también en sonidos, pesos, tiempo, posiciones y en cualquier potencia que haya; y él añade que de nada servía la proporción si la perspectiva no era correcta. El pie de figura de la máquina de perspectiva queda intercalado a media frase y va dentro de las comillas

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«machines (perspectographs) were invented—probably by Leonardo— to help an artist view a scene through a wire grid while keeping his head unmoved at a fixed point. The artist draws the squares formed by the grid on to the canvas and attempts to draw inside each square just exactly what he sees, no matter how much it might appear foreshortened and distorted. Albrecht Durer illustrated two such machines, suggesting that he himself used them in his drawing.»el instrumento que Skinner describe y atribuye en condicional: las máquinas de perspectiva, probablemente inventadas por Leonardo, con las que el artista mira la escena por una rejilla de alambre sin mover la cabeza y dibuja en cada cuadro lo que ve, por escorzado y distorsionado que parezca

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«Although much has been made of the groupings of the disciples, you can clearly see if you draw back from the painting and look at the arches, that Leonardo has divided his disciples into four groups of three, in each case drawing them away from the structural pillars running down from the arches supported above (see dotted lines above). This may have been done for aesthetic reasons, but it is likely it was to ensure the future integrity of the surface upon which he was painting.»la observación de composición que Skinner aporta contra la lectura simbólica corriente: mirado de lejos y con los arcos a la vista, Leonardo dividió a los discípulos en cuatro grupos de tres, apartándolos en cada caso de los pilares estructurales, cosa que pudo ser estética pero probablemente buscaba asegurar la integridad futura de la superficie pintada

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«Other artists caught on to perspective, but some, such as the Dutch and Flemish artists with their chess-board tiled floors, carried it to extremes, and as a result, it became an exercise in its own right rather than just a supporting structure.»el límite que Skinner señala en el uso de la perspectiva: otros artistas la adoptaron y algunos, como los holandeses y flamencos de suelos ajedrezados, la llevaron al extremo, con lo que se volvió ejercicio por derecho propio en vez de estructura de soporte

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«Around 1500 the German artist Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) took perspective geometry back to Germany after learning as much as he could from mathematicians»lo que Skinner adjudica a Durero: llevó la geometría de la perspectiva a Alemania hacia 1500 tras aprender cuanto pudo de los matemáticos italianos; el tramo se corta donde el OCR mete los renglones sueltos de la lámina

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«such as Pacioli. In 1525 he published a Pe A\|\ =z) book that contained his theory of shadows y, i 2a : fe and perspective. Geometrically, his theory = : ' We is similar to that of Piero, but he stressed the importance of light and shade in»la continuación: publicó en 1525 un libro con su teoría de las sombras y la perspectiva, geométricamente cercana a la de Piero pero con el acento puesto en la luz y la sombra. El OCR entrevera aquí los renglones de la lámina y van dentro de las comillas

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«Projective geometry grew out of these experiments. It was a branch of geometry that still relied heavily on Euclid but dealt with the problems of perspective, the point of projection, parallel converging lines (a concept that would have been anathema to Euclid because it contradicted one of his postulates) and the vanishing point (see pages 142-143).»la genealogía que Skinner traza de la geometría proyectiva: nació de esos experimentos, siguió apoyada en Euclides y trató la perspectiva, el punto de proyección, las paralelas convergentes —concepto que, anota, habría sido anatema para Euclides porque contradice uno de sus postulados— y el punto de fuga

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«It also opened the way for the geometry that, in the late 1500s, allowed Mercator and other map-makers to draw convincing, usable maps of a round Earth projected on to flat paper. Dr John Dee (see pages 93-95) had considerable practical input with the map-makers because of his experience of translating Euclid into English and his knowledge of Roger Bacon’s work on optics»el papel que Skinner asigna a esa geometría y a John Dee: abrió la vía a los mapas convincentes de una Tierra redonda proyectada en papel plano que trazaron Mercator y otros a fines del siglo XVI, y Dee aportó mucho en la práctica por su traducción inglesa de Euclides y su conocimiento de la óptica de Roger Bacon

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«As a result of these experiments, artists began to collect together the rules of perspective. Foremost among these rules was the idea of vanishing point. This was defined as the point were all the rays of light converge, or as we might express it today, the picture’s (and therefore the artist’s) focus.»la definición de punto de fuga que Skinner consigna: el punto donde convergen todos los rayos de luz, o, dicho a la moderna, el foco del cuadro y por tanto del artista

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«Enthusiastic exponents drew quite precise converging lines before beginning their painting, and this shows up startlingly in Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper, where the lines of the ceiling, walls and windows converge dramatically on a point on Christ’s head. In fact, there are 13 such radiating perspective lines, one for each of the disciples and one for Christ. Even the lines on the tiled floor under the table contribute to this effect.»la lectura que Skinner hace de la Última Cena: los expositores entusiastas trazaban las líneas convergentes antes de pintar, y en Leonardo techo, muros y ventanas convergen dramáticamente en un punto de la cabeza de Cristo, con trece líneas radiantes, una por discípulo y una por Cristo

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«I don’t feel that the Dan Brown’s interpretation in The Da Vinci Code is necessarily the right one though.»el deslinde que Skinner hace de la novela: dice no sentir que la interpretación de Dan Brown en El código Da Vinci sea necesariamente la correcta

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«I think it more likely that the extreme parting of these two figures is probably Leonardo’s revenge for the continual interference in the composition of the figures at the table by the monks for whose refectory he was doing the mural.»la explicación que Skinner declara más probable: la separación extrema de esas dos figuras sería la venganza de Leonardo por la injerencia continua de los monjes del refectorio en la composición de las figuras de la mesa

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«There have been various attempts to discover the underlying geometry of RIGHT Five circles have been used by the artist as the underlying structure of this manuscript illumination from a Bible showing Christ as Geometer. Traces of this construction can still be seen. 14800 paintings. Many paintings do not have an underlying structure, except perhaps for their natural perspective, but those that do often reveal a fascinating geometry. There are four ways of doing this analysis.»la premisa con que Skinner abre el capítulo del análisis geométrico de la pintura: muchos cuadros no tienen más estructura subyacente que su perspectiva natural, y los que la tienen suelen revelar una geometría fascinante, analizable de cuatro maneras. El OCR entrevera renglón a renglón el pie de figura de la iluminación de *Christ as Geometer* y una cifra suelta de la lámina, y los tres caen dentro de las comillas; va tal cual y no se reordena

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«The most relevant are those constructions that actually reflect the original geometric ground plan used by the artist. These are the most successful analyses, in that they reveal his original intention and are in no sense the constructions of the observer. It is sometimes even possible to see the original construction lines underneath the paint. For example, in the portrayal of Christ the Geometer the artist’s original intentions are not only perfectly clear, but many traces of his original silverpoint construction lines are also still apparent.»la primera de las cuatro maneras según Skinner, y la que llama más pertinente: la construcción que reproduce el trazado geométrico original del artista, porque revela su intención y en ningún sentido es construcción del observador; y el caso que aduce, la figura de *Christ the Geometer*, donde aún se ven las líneas de punta de plata

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«The second type is a construction based on easily identifiable perspectival lines ending at a vanishing point. Such self-conscious perspectival lines occur when the vanishing point of a painting is easily identifiable and converging straight lines can be drawn on it with great certainty, usually along lines of actual architectural alignments shown in the painting. Such constructions are not purely imaginative but were most certainly part of the artist’s original planning. In fact, the exact lining up of objects along lines running to a precise vanishing point does not really occur in nature.»la segunda manera: las líneas de perspectiva que rematan en un punto de fuga identificable, que Skinner no tiene por imaginativas sino por parte cierta de la planeación del artista, y el argumento con que lo sostiene, que el alineamiento exacto de objetos sobre líneas que van a un punto de fuga preciso no se da en la naturaleza

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«The third type of construction is what artists usually mean when they talk of the ‘composition’ of a painting. Such composition depends on the relationship between the main elements of the painting or of the figures in it. It is not necessarily dependent upon straight rulings and may be neither strictly geometric nor rigidly perspectival, but nevertheless part of the conscious compositional planning of the artist.»la tercera manera, la que Skinner dice que los pintores llaman *composition*: depende de la relación entre los elementos o las figuras principales, no necesariamente de reglas rectas, y puede no ser ni estrictamente geométrica ni rígidamente perspectívica y seguir siendo planeación consciente

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«An example of this type of painting is Nicolas Poussin’s Les Bergers d'Arcadie (see page 151). There are definite alignments along the shepherd’s staffs, and the figures are consciously grouped, but the analysis will not stand any of the complex constructions sometimes applied to this particular painting—they can also shade into the next category.»el ejemplo que Skinner da de composición, *Les Bergers d'Arcadie* de Poussin: hay alineamientos definidos sobre los cayados de los pastores y las figuras están agrupadas a conciencia, pero él niega que el análisis aguante las construcciones complejas que a veces se le aplican, que pueden derivar en la cuarta categoría

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«The last type of geometric construction is one that imaginatively links up all possible vertices or, in many cases, points in the picture that are not even vertices. These are characterized by a mass of lines connecting everything that might be geometrically relevant. This procedure often produces alignments that the original artist never even considered. Worse, such a mass of lines can often obscure a simple and elegant construction. In some ways this fourth type of construction has more in common with a Rorschach inkblot test than geometry, sacred or otherwise.»la cuarta manera, que Skinner objeta entera: enlazar imaginativamente todos los vértices posibles —y aun puntos que no son vértices—, procedimiento que produce alineamientos que el artista nunca consideró y que puede oscurecer una construcción simple y elegante; tiene más en común, dice, con una prueba de manchas de Rorschach que con geometría, sagrada o no

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«Unfortunately, such geometric analyses are common, and often persist as illustrations from one book of the geometry of art to another. For example, in Dr. Funck-Hellet’s treatment of Leonardo’s Leda and the Swan he anchors his constructions on the picture frame, rather than on any of the main foci of the painting. He has added extra dotted lines at some keys points, where his main constructions miss the mark, while the major intersections of his construction lines simply focus on empty space and are devoid of any thematic significance.»la objeción con nombre propio: Skinner señala que esos análisis se repiten como ilustración de un libro de geometría del arte a otro, y le reprocha al doctor Funck-Hellet que en *Leda and the Swan* ancle sus construcciones en el marco del cuadro y no en sus focos, que añada líneas punteadas donde el trazo falla y que sus intersecciones principales caigan en espacio vacío

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«In fact, in this picture, Leonardo was simply experimenting with one focal point exterior to, and to the right of, the painting. Lines drawn from that focal point faithfully trace significant alignments, such as the swan’s neck, Leda’s arm and head, or her right arm, or pubic mound.»la lectura que Skinner opone en su lugar: Leonardo experimentaba con un punto focal exterior al cuadro y a su derecha, y las líneas trazadas desde ahí siguen alineamientos significativos —el cuello del cisne, el brazo y la cabeza de Leda, su brazo derecho, el pubis—

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«I have added three concentric arcs centered on exactly the same off-canvas focus, which further demonstrate that Leonardo also aligned the curve of her body, Leda’s legs and thighs, with the focus of these arcs. Thus, we can see that a single point is the focus of this painting and that greatness is often derived from simplicity and elegance, rather than from a mass of overly contrived rulings.»la intervención que Skinner declara en primera persona y lo que saca de ella: añadió tres arcos concéntricos centrados en ese mismo foco fuera del lienzo, que muestran la curva del cuerpo, las piernas y los muslos de Leda alineados con él, de donde afianza su regla —un solo punto por foco, y la grandeza que viene de la simplicidad y la elegancia antes que de una masa de trazos rebuscados—

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«Rennes-le-Chateau is a sleepy provincial village at the foot of the Pyrenees in the south of France. Significantly, it lies 25 miles (40 km) from Carcassonne, which was once a stronghold of the heretical Albigensians, who were reputed to have hidden a huge treasure nearby.»la situación que Skinner da al pueblo de Rennes-le-Château al pie de los Pirineos, con el dato que llama significativo: está a 25 millas de Carcasona, plaza fuerte que fue de los albigenses heréticos, de quienes se dice que escondieron cerca un tesoro enorme

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«The village was made famous by the extraordinary behavior of its late 19th-century priest Berenger Sauniere, whose life was investigated by Michael Baigent’s bestseller The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, co-authored with Richard Leigh and Henry Lincoln. This fascinating book suggests that in the 1890s the priest uncovered either a literal treasure or, more likely, some hidden cipher manuscripts within the Visigothic altar pillars of his small village church, and for which he may have been paid a fabulous price.»la fama que Skinner atribuye al pueblo: la conducta del cura Berenger Sauniere a fines del siglo XIX, investigada en el éxito de ventas *The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail* de Michael Baigent con Richard Leigh y Henry Lincoln, libro que sugiere —dice Skinner— que en los años 1890 el cura halló un tesoro literal o, más probablemente, manuscritos cifrados en los pilares visigodos del altar, por los que pudo haber cobrado un precio fabuloso

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«The story unfolds to embrace the literal blood descendants of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene, who allegedly fled from Jerusalem to southern France, where their successors became the early Merovingian kings of France. The secret society, known as the Priory of Sion (Pieure de Sion), was, over the course of centuries, sworn to protect the secret.»el relato que Skinner resume sin suscribirlo: la descendencia de sangre de Jesús y María Magdalena que habría huido de Jerusalén al sur de Francia hasta dar los primeros reyes merovingios, y la sociedad secreta jurada a guardar el secreto durante siglos; el troceo imprime el nombre francés como *Pieure de Sion*

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«This fabulous story became more intriguing when Dan Brown reset it into the even more fictional and even betterselling The Da Vinci Code. The name of the priest Sauniére is re-used for the curator of the Louvre and the real organization Opus Dei is pitted against the rather more shadowy Priory of Sion.»el eslabón moderno que Skinner consigna: Dan Brown reinstaló la historia en una novela aún más ficticia y de más venta, con el nombre del cura Sauniére reutilizado para el conservador del Louvre y el Opus Dei enfrentado al Priorato; el troceo parte *better-selling* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *betterselling*

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«A number of well-known artists and scientists appear on the claimed list of Grand Masters of the Priory of Sion: Nicholas Flamel, Leonardo da Vinci, Robert Fludd, Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton, Victor Hugo, Nicolas Poussin, Claude Debussy, and Jean Cocteau. As the list reaches modern times it begins to read like a “favorite famous Frenchman list” rather than a serious list of secret international Grand Masters. It begins to sound as if the later days of this shadowy organization might have simply been the invention of its alleged Grand Master, Pierre Plantard (1920-2000).»la lista de grandes maestros que Skinner reproduce —Flamel, Leonardo, Fludd, Boyle, Newton, Victor Hugo, Poussin, Debussy, Cocteau— y la salvedad con que la desarma sin nombrar prueba: conforme llega a la época moderna empieza a leerse como una lista de franceses famosos favoritos y a sonar como invención de su presunto gran maestre, Pierre Plantard

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«argue that the Priory of Sion is a modern hoax, the creation of Pierre Plantard and his associates, who hijacked the genuine mystery of the priest of Rennes-le-Chateau.»lo que Skinner recoge de la investigación reciente: varios investigadores modernos sostienen de manera convincente que el Priorato de Sión es un fraude moderno, creación de Pierre Plantard y sus asociados, que se apropiaron del misterio genuino del cura de Rennes-le-Château. El sujeto de la frase —*Indeed, several modern researchers convincingly*— queda en la plana anterior, partido por el salto de plana

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«What has all that got to do with sacred geometry? The geometric key is the painting by Nicolas Poussins Les Bergers d’Arcadie, which is a typically idyllic scene supposedly located near Rennes-le-Chateau. Poussin painted two versions between 1637 and 1642, both showing three youths and a girl, perhaps shepherds, standing around an antique tomb inscribed Et in Arcadia ego (And in Arcadia I [am]). King Louis XIV bought the second painting (painted 1637-1638) and apparently attributed special value to it.»la pregunta con que Skinner devuelve el asunto a su materia y su respuesta: la clave geométrica es *Les Bergers d'Arcadie* de Poussin, escena idílica situada supuestamente cerca de Rennes-le-Château, de la que pintó dos versiones entre 1637 y 1642 con tres jóvenes y una muchacha en torno a una tumba antigua inscrita *Et in Arcadia ego*, y de la que Luis XIV compró la segunda; el troceo imprime *Poussins* sin apóstrofo

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«In Britain in 1974 a BBC 2 Chronicle documentary entitled The Priest, The Painter THE TREASURE OF RENNES-LE-CHATEAU LEFT Nicolas Poussin’s second version of Les Bergers d’Arcadie, whose structure is based on one circle with a centre conveniently pointed to by the two shepherds. Their Staffs form the sides of two pentagrams. and The Devil featured a detailed analysis of Poussin’s Les Bergers d’Arcadie (second version, which is displayed in the Louvre, Paris) by Professor Christopher Cornford.»la procedencia que Skinner da al análisis: un documental de *Chronicle* de la BBC 2 emitido en Gran Bretaña en 1974 con el título *The Priest, The Painter and The Devil*, que llevaba un análisis detallado de la segunda versión del cuadro, la del Louvre, por el profesor Christopher Cornford. El OCR entrevera dentro de las comillas el encabezado corrido de la plana y el pie de la lámina, que atribuye la estructura a un círculo donde el cuerpo del texto habla de dos; va tal cual, no se reordena y el desacuerdo no se armoniza

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 155»

«Formerly of the Royal College of Art, Cornford suggested that the painting was. based upon pentagonal geometry (which relates to the Golden Mean). Although it is easy to draw many meaningless lines on any complex painting, this particular painting is clearly based on two circles and does not lend itself to that kind of construction.»la objeción de Skinner a Cornford, que fue del Royal College of Art: donde este propuso una geometría pentagonal ligada al Número de Oro, Skinner niega que el cuadro se preste a ella —es fácil trazar líneas sin sentido sobre cualquier pintura compleja, y esta está basada con claridad en dos círculos—; el troceo imprime *was.* con punto a media frase

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 155»

«Unfortunately, the tomb the researchers identified from the painting, found near Rennes-le-Chateau, has subsequently been destroyed. Also, the geometry transposed from the painting to the surrounding landscape does not really work, unless you are prepared to accept very large approximations.»los dos reparos con que Skinner cierra el episodio: la tumba que los investigadores identificaron a partir del cuadro, hallada cerca de Rennes-le-Château, fue destruida después, y la geometría trasladada del cuadro al paisaje circundante no funciona de veras si uno no admite aproximaciones muy grandes

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 155»

«Without using a cyclotron, Pythagoras knew that the basic atoms (and their electron shells) must subscribe to a regular, simple and whole number arithmetic—which they do. He would not have been surprised that the universe contained just 81 stable elements, and he would have immediately recognized that number as the perfect 9 squared.»lo que Skinner adjudica a Pitágoras en la conclusión, en contrafáctico: sin ciclotrón sabía que los átomos básicos y sus capas electrónicas habían de sujetarse a una aritmética regular, simple y de números enteros —cosa que hacen, dice—, y no se habría sorprendido de que el universo contenga ochenta y un elementos estables, número en que habría reconocido de inmediato el nueve al cuadrado

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 156»

«This particular piece of geometry—phi and the Golden Mean— is delightfully self-replicating. The ancient Greeks, or at least Plato, would have seen the eternal shape of the nautilus as laid down in the noumenal realm, while the physical construction of the shell simply follows this blueprint. In fact, self-replication is the simplest way to design anything from cell to shell—even the construction of the universe.»la tesis con que Skinner responde a su propia pregunta sobre por qué esta geometría es sagrada: phi y el Número de Oro, ejemplificados en la concha del nautilo, son deliciosamente autorreplicantes, los griegos —o al menos Platón— habrían visto la forma eterna del nautilo asentada en el reino nouménico y la concha física siguiendo ese plano, y la autorreplicación es el modo más simple de diseñar cualquier cosa, de la célula a la concha y aun la construcción del universo. La frase que abre el párrafo se corta en la remisión *(see pages 48-51)*, donde span() trunca, y el tramo arranca después

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 156»

«I suspect that our inability to fully apprehend the universe comes from not being able to see these simple numeric patterns. As Newton, Einstein and their successors were painfully aware, the laws governing the universe are simple.»la sospecha que Skinner declara en primera persona y con reserva: nuestra incapacidad de aprehender el universo del todo vendría de no poder ver esos patrones numéricos simples, siendo que —como Newton, Einstein y sus sucesores sabían con dolor— las leyes que lo gobiernan son simples

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 156»

«You might expect that the formula connecting mass to energy might cover a whole blackboard with algebraic gobble-de-gook. But what could be simpler than the elegant formula e = mc?? Pythagoras might yet have the last laugh, if it is ever discovered that nothing more complex than the ten numbers of the fetractys governs the structure of the universe.»el remate condicional de Skinner: uno esperaría que la fórmula que liga masa y energía llenara un pizarrón de algebraico galimatías, y nada hay más simple que e = mc²; Pitágoras podría reírse el último si alguna vez se descubriera que nada más complejo que los diez números de la tetractys gobierna la estructura del universo; el troceo imprime *e = mc??* por el exponente y *fetractys* por *tetractys*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 156»

«After all, if a falling apple can stimulate Newton to formulate the laws of gravity, why shouldn’t the harmonious sound of plucked strings lead to the discovery of a unified field theory?»la pregunta retórica con que Skinner cierra el volumen: si una manzana que cae pudo llevar a Newton a formular las leyes de la gravedad, por qué el sonido armonioso de unas cuerdas pulsadas no habría de llevar al descubrimiento de una teoría del campo unificado

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 156»

About the work

111 entries — what the apparatus and scholarship say about it

«For centuries, philosophers and scientists have tried to find order in our universe. In this fascinating volume, world-renowned expert Stephen Skinner shows how certain types of geometry and numbers are considered sacred because they codify the hidden order behind creation.»la solapa del sobrecubierta —no voz del autor— presenta el volumen como respuesta a una búsqueda antigua de orden y le adjudica a Skinner la tesis de que ciertas geometrías y ciertos números se tienen por sagrados porque codifican el orden oculto detrás de la creación

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 2»

«He reveals how ancient cultures identified repeating patterns and harmoniously proportioned shapes found in nature as evidence of gods at work and thus deemed them sacred.»sigue la solapa: el argumento que anuncia es que las culturas antiguas leyeron los patrones repetidos y las formas de proporción armoniosa de la naturaleza como señal de dioses en obra

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 2»

«Euclid saw the perfection of this type of math as a reflection of the creator»la solapa resume así la posición que atribuye a Euclides: la perfección de esa matemática como reflejo de la mente del creador. Es texto editorial, y el cuerpo del libro no repite la fórmula

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 2»

«ABOVE Counting leaf growth on the stems of the elm, cherry and pear, each yielding a Fibonacci number. The angles between leaves can be determined by dividing the number of turns (each turn 360 degrees) by the number of leaves sprouted over the distance.»pie de figura de la plana: el conteo del crecimiento foliar en olmo, cerezo y peral, cada uno dando un número de Fibonacci, con la regla para obtener el ángulo entre hojas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 14»

«ABOVE The spires of Chartres Cathedral, symbolizing the Sun and the Moon, are the most obvious of much geometric symbolism embedded in its design.»pie de figura: las agujas de Chartres como símbolo del Sol y de la Luna, y como la parte más visible del simbolismo geométrico que el libro atribuye al diseño

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 15»

«ABOVE The Parthenon, built to embody the most subtle geometry of the ancient Greeks, has stood for more than two thousands years. LEFT The forms of nature, such as the spectacular organic curves of the Sydney Opera House, now form the basis of many»pies de figura de la plana: el Partenón como encarnación de la geometría más sutil de los griegos y las curvas orgánicas de la Ópera de Sídney; el segundo pie se corta en el fin de plana y sigue con *secular buildings*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 17»

«LEFT Thirteenth-century surveyors measuring the land using right-angled triangles and triangulation methods.»pie de la lámina que enfrenta la apertura de la parte primera —plana 18, sin capa de texto—: agrimensores del siglo XIII midiendo la tierra con triángulos rectángulos y triangulación

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 19»

«ABOVE The holy tetractys, a Pythagorean figure showing that numbers 1 to 4 add up to 10, or the decad, the symbol of completion.»pie de figura: la tetractys sagrada como figura pitagórica en que los números del 1 al 4 suman 10, la década, símbolo de la compleción

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 22»

«BELOW A version of the lambda compared with the musical scale, by Francesco Giorgi, a Franciscan friar of Venice. Note that the Z should be read as 2.»pie de figura: la versión de la lambda cotejada con la escala musical, atribuida a Francesco Giorgi, franciscano de Venecia, con la advertencia de que la Z se lea como 2

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 23»

«ABOVE The Nine Spheres descending from Heaven to Earth, with the Nine Muses from Thalia (Earth) through Clio (Moon) to Urania (Apollo enthroned) above the fixed stars.»pie de la lámina: las Nueve Esferas que bajan del Cielo a la Tierra con las nueve Musas, de Talía en la Tierra a Urania con Apolo entronizado sobre las estrellas fijas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 23»

«ABOVE The periodic table of the elements shows just 81 stable elements. The elements shown in yellow are either unstable or do not occur in nature.»pie de figura: la tabla periódica con solo 81 elementos estables, marcados en amarillo los inestables o los que no se dan en la naturaleza

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 25»

«BELOW Robert Fludd’s vision of the monochord dividing up the universe and the musical scale with the same arithmetical»pie de figura: el monocordio de Robert Fludd dividiendo el universo y la escala musical con las mismas divisiones aritméticas; el pie se corta en el fin de renglón y remata con *divisions*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 26»

«LEFT Pythagoras discovers the arithmetical harmony of sound. Note that the hammers, bells, glasses, strings, and flutes are all calibrated 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, and 16.»pie de la lámina: Pitágoras descubriendo la armonía aritmética del sonido, con martillos, campanas, copas, cuerdas y flautas calibrados en 4, 6, 8, 9, 12 y 16

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 27»

«LEFT French clockmakers successfully resisted the decimalization of time, and clocks still measure 60 minutes to the hour rather than 100.»pie de figura: los relojeros franceses resistieron con éxito la decimalización del tiempo, y los relojes siguen midiendo sesenta minutos por hora y no cien

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 29»

«ABOVE Eratosthenes waited until the sun was directly | overhead in Syene on the Tropic of Cancer. By measuring the angle at Alexandria he could calculate the polar circumference of the Earth.»pie de figura: Eratóstenes esperó a que el Sol estuviera en el cenit de Siena sobre el Trópico de Cáncer, y midiendo el ángulo en Alejandría pudo calcular la circunferencia polar

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 31»

«ABOVE Where the capstone is missing from a pyramid, simple geometry can be used to calculate the height of the pyramid. Capstone from the pyramid of Ramose, scribe of the royal tomb of Rameses II, Egypt.»pie de figura: donde falta el piramidión, la geometría simple basta para calcular la altura de la pirámide; el ejemplar es el de la pirámide de Ramose, escriba de la tumba real de Ramsés II

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 32»

«ABOVE Castlerigg Stone Circle, which may date back to 3200 BC, near Keswick, England, showing some of its 38 standing stones, which form a circle 36 megalithic yards across.»pie de figura: el círculo de Castlerigg, cerca de Keswick, que el pie data hacia 3200 a. C., con treinta y ocho piedras erguidas formando un círculo de 36 yardas megalíticas de diámetro

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 33»

«BELOW The cubit was originally devised as a measure from fingertip to elbow, but was later standardised at 44.893 cm (17.674 inches). The royal cubit was»pie de figura: el codo como medida de la yema del dedo al codo, estandarizado después en 44.893 cm, con el codo real más largo; la cifra de esa diferencia queda cortada en el fin de renglón

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 35»

«BELOW Peter Plichta’s prime number circle, showing their regular irregularity.»pie de figura: el círculo de números primos de Peter Plichta, que el pie describe como muestra de su irregularidad regular

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 36»

«ABOVE The center of this daisy is an example of a natural form patterned on two interlocking spirals derived from the Fibonacci series.»pie de figura: el centro de la margarita como forma natural trazada sobre dos espirales entrelazadas derivadas de la serie de Fibonacci

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 38»

«RIGHT The Palazzo Strozzi designed by Leon Battista Alberti and begun in 1489 in Florence, Italy, has one of the most regular and geometric plans governed by the canons of 15th-century architectural proportion.»pie de figura: el Palazzo Strozzi, que el pie atribuye a Leon Battista Alberti y data en 1489, como uno de los planes más regulares regidos por los cánones de proporción del siglo XV

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 39»

«ABOVE One Golden Triangle may be constructed on each of the five sides of a regular pentagon. The Golden Triangle has both base angles of 72 degrees, which can be bisected to form another Golden Triangle and so on forever.»pie de figura: sobre cada uno de los cinco lados de un pentágono regular cabe construir un triángulo áureo, y bisecando sus ángulos de base salen otros sin fin

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 41»

«BELOW The Fibonacci series unfolds by adding each term to the one previous. Natural growth often conforms to the numbers of this series.»pie de figura: la serie de Fibonacci se despliega sumando cada término al anterior, y el crecimiento natural se ajusta a menudo a sus números

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 42»

«ABOVE Leonardo of Pisa, famous for introducing Arabic numbers to Europe, also discovered the Fibonacci series, which was named after him.»pie de figura: Leonardo de Pisa, célebre por introducir los números arábigos en Europa, y descubridor de la serie que lleva su nombre

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 42»

«ABOVE Euclid, considered the father of geometry, was the author of the only body of scientific knowledge that has remained valid and unchanged for more than two millennia.»pie de figura: Euclides como autor del único cuerpo de conocimiento científico que ha permanecido válido e inalterado por más de dos milenios

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 45»

«ABOVE Directional compass with inbuilt sundial, which is calibrated to work accurately at several different latitudes.»pie de figura de la misma plana, intercalado por el troceo a media frase del cuerpo: una brújula direccional con reloj de sol incorporado, calibrada para varias latitudes

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 45»

«LEFT The doubling of the Cube just using geometry was one of the classic problems of antiquity. It can be calculated by multiplying each of the sides by 1.26.»pie de figura: la duplicación del cubo solo con geometría como uno de los problemas clásicos de la antigüedad, resuelta multiplicando cada lado por 1.26

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 51»

«ABOVE The three classic curves, the circle, ellipse and parabola, are generated by cutting a cone at different angles.»pie de figura: las tres curvas clásicas —círculo, elipse y parábola— generadas por cortes del cono en ángulos distintos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 52»

«BELOW The cycloid is formed by plotting a point on the rim of a wheel rolling along a flat plane. It was first defined in 1501 by Charles Bouvelles.»pie de figura: la cicloide como el trazo de un punto del borde de una rueda que rueda sobre un plano, definida por primera vez en 1501 por Charles Bouvelles

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 55»

«ABOVE/RIGHT The use of knotted ropes was a common Egyptian method of rapidly fixing surveying triangles.»pie de figura: las cuerdas anudadas como método egipcio corriente para fijar de prisa los triángulos de agrimensura

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 56»

«ABOVE The composition of a truncated tetrahedron, which is made up of regular hexagonal and triangular faces meeting at 12 vertices.»pie de figura: la composición del tetraedro truncado, de caras hexagonales y triangulares regulares que concurren en doce vértices

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 60»

«RIGHT Each bract on the cone of the pinus nigra pine cone lies on the intersection of two spirals that wind in opposite directions around the cone from pole to pole.»pie de figura: cada bráctea de la piña del pinus nigra se sitúa en la intersección de dos espirales que giran en sentidos opuestos de polo a polo

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 62»

«ABOVE The coastlines of RIGHT Beautifully curving Scotland and Ireland will lines with endless selfretain their fractal nature similarity at any scale are as you get closer and generated by the closer to them.»pie de figura: las costas de Escocia e Irlanda conservan su naturaleza fractal por mucho que uno se acerque; el pie queda entreverado en el troceo con el de la derecha, sobre el conjunto de Mandelbrot; el troceo parte *self-similarity* entre dos columnas y span() funde la mitad con el renglón de la otra columna, dando *selfretain*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 63»

«LEFT Like water, air adopts a spiral form in tornadoes or storms, which shows up clearly on satellite pictures.»pie de la lámina que enfrenta la apertura de la parte segunda —plana 64, sin capa de texto—: como el agua, el aire adopta forma espiral en tornados y tormentas, visible en las fotografías de satélite

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 65»

«The spiral appears in the shape of horns (above), the fossilized chambers of an ammonite (right) and the floating structure of a colony of salps (below).»pie de figura: la espiral en los cuernos, en las cámaras fosilizadas de un amonites y en la estructura flotante de una colonia de salpas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 71»

«ABOVE Even though there are many hexagonal forms, each arm of the same snowflake is symmetrical with its other arms.»pie de figura: pese a la multitud de formas hexagonales, cada brazo de un mismo copo es simétrico con los demás

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 74»

«ABOVE LEFT The path of the sun at different times of the year, showing that it rises and sets at different points on the horizon during the course of the year.»pie de figura: el recorrido del Sol en distintas épocas del año, que sale y se pone en puntos distintos del horizonte

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 80»

«LEFT Artwork by Detlev van Ravenswaay of the 12 zodiac constellations seen as a fixed imaginary belt round the Earth.»pie de figura: las doce constelaciones zodiacales vistas como un cinturón imaginario fijo alrededor de la Tierra, en obra de Detlev van Ravenswaay

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 81»

«ABOVE Kepler tried to use Plato's five perfect solids to determine the spacing of the orbits of the planets, truly applying sacred geometry to astronomy.»pie de figura: Kepler intentando fijar con los cinco sólidos perfectos de Platón el espaciado de las órbitas planetarias, aplicación —dice el pie— de la geometría sagrada a la astronomía

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 83»

«RIGHT The Big Dipper constellation (shown in yellow), is significant because it acts like a huge time piece, swinging around the Pole Star but always pointing to it (see red line).»pie de figura: el Carro actúa como una pieza de relojería enorme que gira alrededor de la Estrella Polar apuntando siempre a ella

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 85»

«An engraving of the astronomer Johann Adam Schall von Bell heavenly bodies is at the root of all the (1591-1666), showing him using Western methods of determining time at problems of calculating time. the Imperial Observatory in Peking (Beijing). (Athanasius Kircher, 1668)»pie de la lámina: un grabado del astrónomo Johann Adam Schall von Bell usando métodos occidentales de medición del tiempo en el Observatorio Imperial de Pekín, tomado de Athanasius Kircher

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 89»

«RIGHT The standard platinum-iridium bar produced by the French government to define | precisely the length of | the meter. Beside it is the standard kilogram weight.»pie de figura: la barra patrón de platino e iridio del gobierno francés que define la longitud del metro, junto al kilogramo patrón

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 90»

«LEFT The main pyramid calculation performed by the ancient Egyptians was the calculation of the seked—a measure of the inclination of any one of a pyramid’s four triangular faces.»pie de la lámina que enfrenta la apertura de la parte tercera —plana 92, sin capa de texto—: el cálculo principal de los egipcios era el del *seked*, medida de la inclinación de cualquiera de las cuatro caras triangulares de la pirámide

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 93»

«BELOW A construction that superimposes a series of unrelated and unanchored vesica pisces on the basic rectangular structure of the Parthenon.»pie de figura: una construcción que superpone una serie de vesica pisces inconexas y sin anclaje a la estructura rectangular básica del Partenón

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 95»

«RIGHT An example of unanchored geometric interpretation, where only the main axis through *: Glastonbury Abbey and Dod Lane relates directly to the architecture.»pie de figura: un ejemplo de interpretación geométrica sin anclaje, donde solo el eje principal que pasa por la abadía de Glastonbury y Dod Lane se relaciona directamente con la arquitectura

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 96»

«ABOVE John Dee holding a compass and globe to demonstrate his longstanding interests in geometry and mapping.»pie de figura: John Dee con compás y globo, para mostrar su interés sostenido por la geometría y la cartografía; el troceo parte *long-standing* en el fin de renglón y span() lo devuelve fundido como *longstanding*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 97»

«RIGHT Glastonbury Abbey, a focus for John Dee's interests in ancient monuments, whose abbot, St Dunstan, wrote the alchemical manuscripts discovered by Edward Kelley, Dee’s skryer.»pie de figura: la abadía de Glastonbury, foco del interés de Dee por los monumentos antiguos, y cuyo abad San Dunstan escribió los manuscritos alquímicos que Edward Kelley descubrió

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 98»

«LEFT Stonehenge showing two of its trilithons, through one of which passes the major ley line to Old Sarum.»pie de figura: Stonehenge con dos de sus trilitos, por uno de los cuales pasa la línea ley mayor hacia Old Sarum

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 101»

«BELOW Glastonbury Tor, standing alone in the middle of low-lying Somerset Levels, in southwestern England.»pie de figura: el Tor de Glastonbury, solo en medio de los llanos bajos de Somerset

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 103»

«RIGHT The huge central mound of Old Sarum, the focus of ten main leys. Around this lies a further and larger circular earthwork covering 30 hectares (75 acres).»pie de figura: el gran túmulo central de Old Sarum, foco de diez leyes principales, rodeado por un terraplén circular mayor de treinta hectáreas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 105»

«BELOW John Aubrey’s plan of Stonehenge, showing the 56 lunar ‘Aubrey Holes’ and the Avenue leading from the northeast to the main entrance.»pie de figura: el plano de Stonehenge de John Aubrey, con los 56 agujeros lunares que llevan su nombre y la Avenida que entra desde el noreste

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 106»

«LEFT William Stukeley’s vision of the ‘great stone serpent’ passing through the stone circle at Avebury.»pie de figura: la visión de William Stukeley de la gran serpiente de piedra que atraviesa el círculo de Avebury

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 107»

«BELOW Eighteenth-century surveyors using a simple theodolite and measuring staff to survey, just as their lron Age predecessors did before them.»pie de figura: agrimensores del siglo XVIII con teodolito y jalón, igual que sus predecesores de la Edad del Hierro; el troceo imprime *lron*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 108»

«LEFT Snow helps to define the ditches and banks surrounding Yarnbury Castle, an Iron Age fort and the terminus of ley (number 7) from Old Sarum.»pie de figura: la nieve realza fosos y taludes de Yarnbury Castle, castro de la Edad del Hierro y término de la séptima ley de Old Sarum

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 112»

«LEFT Map of Old Sarum Stones * showing the ten main ley Earthworks* % Stones lines that fan out over * eM Bartiworks Earthworks 38 Salisbury Plain connecting Cw * Earthworks it with other prominent | sites such as Stonehenge.»pie de figura: el mapa de Old Sarum con las diez leyes principales que se abren en abanico sobre la llanura de Salisbury; el pie queda entreverado con los topónimos del mapa

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 113»

«ABOVE Perspective view of Stonehenge showing the Crossing of its two main leys and their stone markers.»pie de figura: vista en perspectiva de Stonehenge con el cruce de sus dos leyes principales y sus piedras marcadoras

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 115»

«ABOVE The world’s longest hedge maze at Longleat House, Warminster, Wiltshire. It was laid out in 1975 by Greg Bright, with many irregular twists and turns.»pie de figura: el laberinto de seto más largo del mundo, en Longleat House, trazado en 1975 por Greg Bright

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 117»

«ABOVE The pyramids of Khafre (Cheops) and Kephren, two of the pyramids on the Giza plateau. Herodotus said there were tunnels under the former but not the latter.»pie de figura: las pirámides de la meseta de Giza, con la nota de que Heródoto dijo que había túneles bajo una y no bajo la otra; el pie imprime los nombres como *Khafre (Cheops)* y *Kephren*, discrepando del cuerpo, que llama Khufu a la Gran Pirámide

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 123»

«BELOW The head of the enigmatic Sphinx, strangely not mentioned by Herodotus, despite its age.»pie de figura: la cabeza de la Esfinge, que el pie llama enigmática y anota que Heródoto no la menciona pese a su antigüedad

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 124»

«ABOVE Herodotus has given us the oldest and probably»pie de figura: Heródoto como autor de la descripción más antigua y probablemente más clara de la Gran Pirámide tal como estaba en el siglo V a. C.; el corte de chunk parte el pie y el tramo se corta ahí

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 124»

«clearest description of the Great Pyramid as it was in the fifth century BC.»la continuación de ese pie, del otro lado del corte de chunk: la descripción más clara de la Gran Pirámide tal como estaba en el siglo V a. C.

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 124»

«ABOVE The King's Chamber with its strange ‘sarcophagus,’ which probably never held the body of Khafre (Cheops), the king who built the Great Pyramid.»pie de figura: la Cámara del Rey con su extraño sarcófago, que el pie dice que probablemente nunca contuvo el cuerpo del rey constructor; el pie imprime *Khafre (Cheops)* donde el cuerpo llama Khufu a ese faraón

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 125»

«ABOVE The Dome of the Rock mosque, built on the probable courtyard of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem.»pie de figura: la mezquita de la Cúpula de la Roca, levantada sobre el probable patio del Templo de Salomón

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 127»

«ABOVE The goddess Athena Parthenos, the virgin after | whom the temple, the Parthenon, was named.»pie de figura: la diosa Atenea Partenos, la virgen que da nombre al templo

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 128»

«ABOVE A plan of the Parthenon showing the entrance at the east, and the structure of the inner temple (naos) and treasury with dimensions.»pie de figura: plano del Partenón con la entrada al este y la estructura del templo interior y del tesoro, con sus dimensiones

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 130»

«ABOVE A corner column of the Parthenon. The columns were slightly bulbous to allow for the distorting effects of the human eye.»pie de figura: una columna de esquina del Partenón, abombada para compensar los efectos deformantes del ojo humano

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 131»

«RIGHT A self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci, a true Renaissance all-rounder whose discoveries were well ahead of his time, even now.»pie de figura: un autorretrato de Leonardo, al que el pie llama hombre orquesta del Renacimiento cuyos descubrimientos iban muy por delante de su tiempo

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 132»

«ABOVE Leonardo's ‘Vitruvian | man’, whose original purpose was only to show how the cubit measure of ancient Egypt could be applied to the dimensions of man.»pie de figura: el hombre de Vitruvio de Leonardo, cuyo propósito original era solo mostrar cómo la medida en codos del antiguo Egipto podía aplicarse a las dimensiones del hombre

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 133»

«LEFT The modern cover of the Chalice Well near Glastonbury Tor, embodies the vesica piscis, a symbol of both the sacred feminine and early Christianity.»pie de figura: la cubierta moderna del Pozo del Cáliz, cerca del Tor de Glastonbury, que encarna la vesica piscis como símbolo a la vez de lo femenino sagrado y del cristianismo primitivo

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 135»

«ABOVE Sir Christopher Wren, the architect of St. Paul's and many other churches in the City of London, was also a skilled astronomer, polymath and metrologist.»pie de figura: Christopher Wren, arquitecto de San Pablo y de muchas iglesias de la City, y también astrónomo, polímata y metrólogo

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 140»

«ABOVE The original design of Caesar Caesariano (1521), based on a series of evenly spaced concentric circles and a modulus of 12 and 7 units, the Zodiac and the 7 planets.»pie de figura: el diseño original de Caesariano, sobre círculos concéntricos regularmente espaciados y un módulo de 12 y 7 unidades, el Zodiaco y los siete planetas. El pie lleva dentro el año entre paréntesis, que dispara la guarda anticosido; se releyó entero en el crudo y va con guarda desactivada

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 137»

«ABOVE The floorplan of St. Paul's Cathedral, designed around the central dome, with seven radiating circles, symbolic of the seven then known planets.»pie de figura: la planta de San Pablo, diseñada en torno a la cúpula central con siete círculos radiantes, símbolo de los siete planetas conocidos entonces

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 141»

«ABOVE Bacon dissected the eyeball to determine how light rays are translated into ocular vision.»pie de figura: Bacon disecando el globo ocular para determinar cómo se traducen los rayos de luz en visión

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 145»

«ABOVE Filippo Brunelleschi, the formulator of the basic rules of perspective and the discoverer of the vanishing point so successfully used in Renaissance paintings.»pie de figura: Brunelleschi como formulador de las reglas básicas de la perspectiva y descubridor del punto de fuga

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 146»

«ABOVE One of Leonardo's 3-D illustrations of a Platonic solid for Pacioli’s book on divine proportion.»pie de figura: una de las ilustraciones tridimensionales de Leonardo de un sólido platónico para el libro de Pacioli sobre la divina proporción

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 149»

«ABOVE A copy of Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper after restoration showing the 13 vanishing point lines focused on Christ's head, and marked by architectural features, such as floor tiles, roof beams and window lines.»pie de figura: una copia de la Última Cena tras la restauración, con las trece líneas de fuga enfocadas en la cabeza de Cristo y marcadas por rasgos arquitectónicos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 151»

«ABOVE The Flagellation of Christ painted using a strict set of perspectival lines.»pie de figura: *The Flagellation of Christ*, pintada con un juego estricto de líneas de perspectiva

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 153»

«BELOW Leonardo da Vinci experimented with a single focal point outside the frame of the picture in Leda and the Swan.»pie de figura: Leonardo experimentó en *Leda and the Swan* con un punto focal único fuera del marco del cuadro

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 153»

«ABOVE The Magdala Tower, built by the real priest Berenger Sauniere in Rennes-le-Chateau, France, to house his private library.»pie de figura: la Torre Magdala, levantada por el cura real Berenger Sauniere en Rennes-le-Château para alojar su biblioteca privada

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 154»

«Euclid, Elements, Books I-XII, edited by Sir Thomas Heath, Dover, Mineola, 1956.»bibliografía: la edición de los Elementos con que el volumen trabaja no es ninguna de las antiguas que el cuerpo historia, sino la de Dover a cargo de sir Thomas Heath, de 1956

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 157»

«Giorgi, Francesco, Harmonia mundi, Venice 525»bibliografía: la entrada del *Harmonia mundi* de Francesco Giorgi queda sin editorial y con el año mutilado —*Venice 525* donde el impreso pide 1525—, corrupción que el troceo hereda y que aquí se consigna sin enmendar

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 157»

«Kepler, Johannes, The Harmony of the World, Linz, 1619.»bibliografía: Kepler entra por el original, *The Harmony of the World*, Linz, 1619, sin edición moderna interpuesta

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 157»

«Baigent, Michael, Leigh, Richard & Lincoln, Henry, The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, Doubleday, London, 2003.»bibliografía: el libro de Baigent, Leigh y Lincoln que el capítulo de Rennes-le-Château discute entra por la reimpresión de Doubleday de 2003, no por la primera edición de 1982

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 157»

«Livio, Mario, The Golden Section: the Story of Phi, Broadway Books, New York, 2002.»bibliografía: el crítico que el cuerpo invoca contra las lecturas arbitrarias de phi, Mario Livio, entra por *The Golden Section: the Story of Phi*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 158»

«Lawler, Robert, Sacred Geometry Philosophy and Practice, Thames & Hudson, London, 1982.»bibliografía: el manual homónimo del ramo, *Sacred Geometry Philosophy and Practice*, aparece a nombre de *Lawler, Robert*; el apellido del autor de esa obra se imprime en su portada con ele doble, y aquí va tal cual lo trae el troceo, sin cotejo contra el facsímil

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 158»

«Michell, John, City of Revelation, Garnstone, London, 1972. Michell, John, Ancient Metrology, Pentacle, Bristol, 1981. Michell, John, The New View Over Atlantis, Thames & Hudson, London, 1983. Michell, John, The Little History of Astro-Archaeology, Thames & Hudson, London, 2001.»bibliografía: John Michell es el autor con más entradas del listado —cuatro entre 1972 y 2001, de *City of Revelation* a *The Little History of Astro-Archaeology*—, medida de su peso en los capítulos de líneas ley y metrología

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 158»

«Plichta, Peter, God's Secret Formula, Element Books, Dorset, 1997.»bibliografía: la fuente del vínculo entre la lambda, la química y los números primos que el cuerpo atribuye al doctor Peter Plichta

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 158»

«Pacioli, Luca, De divina proportione, 1509. (illustrated by Leonardo da Vinci)»bibliografía: *De divina proportione* entra por el impreso de 1509 y con la ilustración de Leonardo declarada entre paréntesis; el listado suma además la *Summa* de 1494 y la traducción de Abaris Books de 2006

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 158»

«Skinner, Stephen, Living Earth Manual of Feng Shui, RKP, London, 1982. Skinner, Stephen, The Magician's Tables, Golden Hoard, London, 2006.»bibliografía: las dos autocitas de Skinner en su propio listado, el *Living Earth Manual of Feng Shui* de 1982 y *The Magician's Tables* de 2006, que atan este volumen a sus dos oficios anteriores, el feng shui y las tablas de correspondencias mágicas

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 158»

«Thom, Alexander, Megalithic Sites in Britain, OUP, Oxford, 1967.»bibliografía: la fuente del *megalithic yard* que el cuerpo discute, *Megalithic Sites in Britain* de Alexander Thom

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 159»

«Watkins, Alfred, The Old Straight Track, Garnstone, London, 1970.»bibliografía: el origen de las líneas ley que el cuerpo historia, *The Old Straight Track* de Alfred Watkins, por la reimpresión de Garnstone de 1970 y no por la edición de 1925

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 159»

«Stukeley, Rev. W., Stonehenge, a Temple Restored to the British Druids, London, 1740. Stukeley, Rev. William, Avebury, a Temple of the British Druids, London, 1743.»bibliografía: los dos títulos dieciochescos de Stukeley que sostienen el capítulo de Avebury y Stonehenge, de 1740 y 1743, con el nombre del autor abreviado en la primera entrada y entero en la segunda

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 159»

«Vitruvius, Ten Books of Architecture, Dover, New York, 1960.»bibliografía: Vitruvio entra por la edición de Dover de 1960, la misma a que remite el capítulo del Hombre de Vitruvio

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 159»

«Page numbers in italics indicate illustration captions.»rúbrica con que abre el índice onomástico y de materias: los números de plana en cursiva remiten a pies de figura, distinción que el troceo pierde al aplanar la tipografía

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 159»

«geometry 6 Arabs 8 Greeks 7, 15, 40, 41-3 plant growth 63 projective 146 sacred 6-8 unanchored 91-2, 91, 92»índice: la entrada *geometry* y sus siete subentradas, donde la *sacred* y la *unanchored* quedan como dos especies del mismo género y el índice registra así la partición que el cuerpo sostiene

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 160»

«Dee, John 93-5, 95 Euclid 41 mapmakers 82, 146 megalithic sites 90, 102 optics 141 Rudolph II: 79»índice: las seis subentradas de John Dee —Euclides, cartógrafos, sitios megalíticos, óptica y Rodolfo II— miden el lugar que el volumen le da, el más ramificado de sus personajes modernos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 160»

«Golden Angle 63 Golden Mean 8, 34-9, 48, 63, 73 see also phi Golden Number see Golden Mean Golden Pentagram 37-8 Golden Ratio see Golden Mean Golden Section see Golden Mean Golden Triangle 36-7, 37, 45»índice: los cuatro sinónimos del Número de Oro —*Golden Number*, *Golden Ratio*, *Golden Section*— se remiten todos a *Golden Mean*, y este a su vez a *phi*, de modo que el índice declara como una sola la nomenclatura que el cuerpo usa alternada

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 161»

«Michelangelo 10 Micheil, John 96, 100, 102 Milan Cathedral 132-3, 132, 133»índice: el troceo imprime *Micheil, John* por Michell en la entrada del índice, mientras en la bibliografía lo imprime bien; el nombre va aquí tal cual lo trae cada plana, sin armonizar

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 162»

«Priory of Sion 150 Sirius 80-1 projective geometry 146»índice: el troceo entrevera renglón a renglón las dos columnas de la plana, de modo que entre *Priory of Sion* y *projective geometry* cae la entrada de Sirio de la columna vecina; va tal cual y no se reordena

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 163»

«snowllakes 70-1, 70 pyramid 55, 57 snub 57 pyramids (Egyptian) 117-21 snub cube 57 | Pythagoras 9 ; snub dodecahedron 57»índice: la corrupción *snowllakes* que el troceo imprime en la plana 75 reaparece idéntica en la entrada del índice, señal de que viene del OCR de una misma tipografía y no de una errata del impreso en un solo sitio; el entreverado de columnas mezcla aquí las entradas de pirámides y de sólidos chatos

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 163»

«Editor Camilla Davis Executive Art Editor Leigh Jones Project Designer Patrick Nugent Illustration Laurent Brindeau Jen Mexter Picture Research Emma O’Neil Production Simone Nauerth»créditos editoriales de esta edición, que nombran a siete manos además del autor: Camilla Davis como editora, Leigh Jones en dirección de arte, Patrick Nugent en diseño, Laurent Brindeau y Jen Mexter en ilustración, Emma O'Neil en investigación iconográfica y Simone Nauerth en producción; ninguno figura en la portada ni en las atribuciones del frontmatter

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 164»

«Key: t — top, b — bottom, | — left, r— right»clave de los créditos fotográficos, que distingue posición dentro de la plana —arriba, abajo, izquierda, derecha— y explica los sufijos que acompañan a cada número en las entradas siguientes; el troceo imprime la ele de *left* como barra vertical

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 164»

«akg-images 19, 143 t & b, 148, /Pietro Baguzzi 147, /Cameraphoto 129, /Erich Lessing 144, 151»créditos fotográficos: la agencia akg-images encabeza el listado y aporta, entre otras, la lámina del *Harmonia mundi* de la plana 19 y el Poussin de la 151 que sostiene el capítulo de Rennes-le-Château

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 164»

«Skinner Inc. 25, 27 t, 82; Stephen Skinner 19 t, 42, 92, 94 b; Alison Stones 135 t»créditos fotográficos: dos entradas contiguas que no son la misma mano y conviene no confundir —*Skinner Inc.*, la casa de subastas, aporta tres imágenes de instrumentos y mapas, y *Stephen Skinner*, el autor, aporta otras cuatro tomadas por él, entre ellas el Osirion de la plana 92 y los sitios de la 94

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 164»

«Octopus Publishing Group Limited 12 t, 62, 69 b, 70 t, 72 b; Photol2.com 41 t»créditos fotográficos: el propio grupo editorial figura como proveedor de cinco imágenes, entre ellas la del ADN de la plana 72, lo que sitúa parte del material gráfico en el archivo de la casa y no en agencia externa

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 164»

«Continued from front flap both ancient and modern structures, from the Egyptian pyramids to the Sydney Opera House. You'll see how many houses of worship have been designed based on the theory of perspective. When the building is harmoniously proportioned, situated on the right spot, and facing in the proper direction, the space is pleasing for the god to dwell in and is thus sacred. Perspective also plays a role in art, such as in Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper where the lines of the ceiling, walls, and windows converge dramatically on a point on Christ’s head.»solapa trasera del sobrecubierta, que continúa la delantera y resume el volumen en la voz del editor, no en la del autor: de las pirámides a la Ópera de Sídney, la perspectiva en las casas de culto, y la condición que enuncia para lo sagrado —proporción armónica, sitio correcto y orientación adecuada, de modo que el espacio resulte grato para que el dios lo habite—, con la Última Cena como ejemplo del papel de la perspectiva en el arte

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 167»

«This remarkable guide will change your view of the world around you.»el remate promocional de la solapa, que promete al lector cambiarle la visión del mundo; es fórmula de venta del editor y no afirmación del libro

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 167»

«Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. New York Printed in China»pie de la solapa trasera, que repite el sello y la ciudad de la página de derechos y el *Printed in China* de la tirada

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 167»

«Gover photography: Bridgeman Art Library/Archives \.arousse, Paris, France, Lauros/Giraudon front left; 'Photodisc/Siede Preis front right, back.»crédito de la fotografía de cubierta, en la solapa trasera: Bridgeman por la izquierda del frente y Photodisc por la derecha y el dorso; el troceo imprime *Gover* por *Cover* y mutila el nombre del archivo Larousse como *\.arousse*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 167»

«NATURE/SCIENCE R EFERENCE World-renowned expert Stephen Skinner shows aXohnaidelem eXer-Leiavastemet-iaebucmr-Duemr-lelem-Da@elica@aencemts based on an underlying geometry and reveals that»contracubierta: la clasificación comercial del volumen, que el troceo imprime partida en dos como *R EFERENCE* y que el detector de folio lee por eso como encabezado corrido, y el arranque del texto de venta, que llama a Skinner experto de renombre mundial y anuncia una geometría subyacente. El OCR de esta plana es ilegible en su mayor parte y el troceo devuelve una ristra de caracteres sin sentido donde va la segunda línea; va tal cual, sin reconstruir

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 168»

«PART 1 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 PART 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 PART 3 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 MEOIMeMES: Introduction Pure arithmetic Pure geometry THE GEOMETRY OF NATURE Life’s geometry Geometry in astronomy and cosmology THE GEOMETRY OFTHE MANMADE WORLD Sacred geometry and the landscape Sacred geometry in architecture Sacred geometry in art Conclusion Bibliography Index Acknowledgements»índice general del volumen, que da la partición en tres partes y siete capítulos sobre la que se levanta el mapa de bloques de esta ficha: introducción, aritmética pura y geometría pura; la geometría de la vida y la geometría en astronomía y cosmología; y el mundo construido en paisaje, arquitectura y arte, con conclusión, bibliografía, índice y agradecimientos. El OCR desordena la plana —los rótulos de parte y capítulo primero, después los títulos y al final la columna de folios sin pareja—, y el troceo imprime la palabra *CONTENTS* como *MEOIMeMES:*

Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)«Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 9»

Concepts treated

Geometría (la quinta arte liberal, fundamento del oficio)El volumen define su objeto por la etimología —medida de la tierra— y lo escalona: agrimensura, construcción y deslinde de lindes, y en el nivel más alto la distinción entre el dominio de lo sagrado y lo profano; y acota que no toda geometría es sagrada, sino la que resultó grata a los dioses.

skinner-sacred-geometry-deciphering-code · p. 10

Pentagrama (estrella flamígera)El pentagrama sale del pentágono y del triángulo dorado por la razón phi, y Skinner sigue su uso hasta la Orden Hermética de la Golden Dawn, que con él armó un Ritual de Destierro; el índice lo registra como *Golden Pentagram*.

skinner-sacred-geometry-deciphering-code · pp. 40, 41, 42, 161

Caduceo (vara de Mercurio)La vara de caduceo, símbolo de Hermes, se toma como figura antigua de la doble hélice: dos serpientes entrelazadas que fueron el signo estándar de la medicina mucho antes del descubrimiento del ADN.

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Gematría (aritmética de las letras)El cómputo de letras por números entra por su nombre griego, isopsefia, con la equivalencia cabalística declarada en el mismo renglón; se aplica al nombre gnóstico IAO, que suma 81, y a las dimensiones de la Gran Pirámide y a las frases griegas del pez.

skinner-sacred-geometry-deciphering-code · pp. 25, 125, 135

Templo de Salomón (el escenario del oficio)Las dimensiones del Templo se toman de la Biblia y de las fuentes fenicias, con el Santo de los Santos como cubo de veinte codos, el mar de bronce sobre doce bueyes y una permuta de medidas que Skinner propone como única explicación lógica; el capítulo gótico lo pone además como semilla del interés medieval en la proporción.

skinner-sacred-geometry-deciphering-code · pp. 126, 127, 138

Cuatro elementos (fuego, aire, agua, tierra)Los cinco sólidos platónicos se asocian a los cuatro elementos antiguos más el éter, y la dualidad entre ellos da la simetría que Skinner subraya: tierra con aire y fuego con agua, y el dodecaedro dual de sí mismo.

skinner-sacred-geometry-deciphering-code · p. 59

Microcosmos (el hombre-mundo)El axioma hermético se cita para pasar de la forma macroscópica del cristal a su estructura atómica, extendido por Skinner al enunciado de que lo de dentro es como lo de fuera.

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Sefirot (las diez numeraciones)El Árbol de la Vida cabalístico entra por su escalera de diez peldaños, puesta en correspondencia con los diez peldaños que la doble hélice del ADN necesita para dar una vuelta completa.

skinner-sacred-geometry-deciphering-code · p. 77

Works cited

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