The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens

«Oftentimes the information available does not permit us to assert positively that a toxic or narcotic plant employed in a primitive society is used because of hallucinatory effects. In other instances, the data at hand seem to indicate that the use is for the purpose of inducing hallucinations, yet we know of no psychotomimetic constituent in the plant. In a few cases, both the utilization of a plant for psychoactive effects and its chemical composition are equally doubtful or uncertain.» — los autores declaran los tres grados de incertidumbre con que trabajan: uso sin efecto alucinatorio probado, efecto buscado sin constituyente conocido, y casos donde ambas cosas son dudosas.

«Believing that the purposes of future investigations are better served by including rather than excluding these borderline examples, we have set them apart in a section of the book separate from the well known, adequately understood hallucinogenic plants, the use of which is based definitely upon the search for visual and/or other types of hallucinations.» — la razón que dan para incluir los casos fronterizos y apartarlos en secciones propias: incluir sirve más a la investigación futura que excluir. Es la regla que separa los capítulos IV, V y VI.

«In the section of this book dealing with plants of doubtful hallucinogenic properties, no chemical formulae are given. The constituents of such plants are mentioned only by their names, while reference to their chemistry is made in bibliography. Chemical compounds with nonspecific hallucinogenic activity (e.g. ibogaine), of which the hallucinogenic property is only a side effect of other main pharmacological activities, are characterized by . their structural formulae, but without description of their synthesis, which is referred to only in the bibliography. Detailed chemistry will be reported only for the specific hallucinogens.» — la política química del libro, declarada por los autores: sin fórmulas para las plantas dudosas, fórmula estructural sin síntesis para los compuestos de actividad alucinógena inespecífica como la ibogaína, y química detallada solo para los alucinógenos específicos.

«Throughout the book, we have employed the term hallucinogen or psychotomimetic to mean either the active chemical principles or the plant containing them, or crude extracts of such plants.» — la definición operativa que los autores adoptan: alucinógeno o psicotomimético nombra a la vez el principio químico activo, la planta que lo contiene y sus extractos crudos.

«Our reason for not reserving these terms merely for chemical compounds is simply that, in primitive societies especially, where these psychoactive agents find their primary use, rarely if ever are the responsible chemical constituents isolated from the plant» — la razón del uso amplio del término: en las sociedades donde estas sustancias se usan, rara vez se aísla el constituyente químico; el tramo se corta al cruzar de plana.

«The normal procedure amongst aborigines is the employment of the crude plant in its natural state or, at best, as a crude decoction, infusion, or powder of the vegetal material. It is only rarely and in sophisticated western cultures that purified chemical compounds are isolated and taken for hallucinogenic purposes.» — los autores describen el modo habitual de empleo —la planta cruda, o a lo sumo decocción, infusión o polvo— y reservan el compuesto purificado a las culturas occidentales; el término *aborigines* va tal cual lo imprime el libro.

«we have, in discussing the major hallucinogenic plants, felt constrained to present very briefly basic information on each family and genus considered and a rather detailed description of the species involved.» — la forma expositiva que los autores anuncian para el capítulo IV: información básica de familia y género, y descripción detallada de la especie.

«Sometimes-as with the sacred hallucinogenic mushrooms of Mexico and the myristicaceous snuffs of the Amazon-a number of closely related species are employed, and in these cases we have offered a description of only one species, choosing what appears to be the most important species.» — los autores declaran el recorte: cuando se usan varias especies próximas, como en los hongos sagrados de México o los rapés de mirísticas del Amazonas, describen solo la que juzgan principal.

«One of the contributions of our book which, we believe, many colleagues may find most useful is the bibliography. Consequently, we have aimed towards a rather comprehensive and inclusive list of references. It remains, however, perfectly obvious that a complete bibliography of such a fast moving field'is not possible. We have, therefore, had occasionally to exercise our judgment as to what to include and what to exclude in accordance with the aim of our book.» — los autores señalan la bibliografía como la aportación que creen más útil, y a la vez declaran imposible que sea completa en un campo que se mueve rápido.

«A GENTS THAT CAUSE VISUAL, auditory, tactile, taste, and olfactory hallucinations or that induce artificial psychoses have been known undoubtedly since earliest human experimentation with the vegetal environment.» — la definición con que los autores abren el capítulo I, por el efecto sobre los cinco sentidos y por la antigüedad del uso; la A capitular queda suelta en el OCR.

«Their use goes so far back into prehistory that it has been suggested that even the idea of the deity may have arisen as a result of their physiological effects ( LaBarre, 1972; Wasson, 1958). Although man in all primitive cultures tried to find direct palliatives or cures for his ills» — los autores recogen, atribuyéndola a LaBarre y a Wasson, la sugerencia de que la idea misma de la deidad haya nacido de los efectos fisiológicos de estas plantas.

«since in most, if not all, primitive cultures, sickness and death itself are usually attributed to supernatural forces entering the body. Witchcraft, aided by communion with spirit forces, was the principal tool in diagnosing and treating disease ( Schultes, 1970» — los autores explican el peso del efecto psíquico sobre el físico por la atribución de la enfermedad a fuerzas sobrenaturales, y dan la brujería por herramienta principal del diagnóstico, con remisión a Schultes.

«What easier way to contact the spirit world than by use of plants with strange, unearthly, psychic effects capable of freeing man from the prosaic confines of this mundane environment and carrying him temporarily to fascinating worlds of indescribably ethereal wonder? Primitive man sought after these plants and put an extraordinary value on them. Narcotics, especially those now called hallucinogens, were his medicine par excellence and became fast fixtures of his magic and religion, the bases of his medical practices ( Soderblom, 1968).» — los autores enuncian el porqué del valor extraordinario que atribuyen a estas plantas en las sociedades que llaman primitivas: medicina por excelencia y pieza fija de la magia y la religión, con remisión a Söderblom.

«Man saw, experimented with, and came to know the thousands of different plants in his surroundings. He tried ingesting them all. Most were innocuous; a few pleased his taste; some nourished him; a goodly number of them made him ill; sundry ones relieved pain and suffering; a few killed him outright; but a very few had weird and unearthly» — el relato de ensayo y error con que los autores explican el hallazgo de las plantas activas; el tramo se corta al cruzar de plana.

«His only plausible explanation of such strangely unreal, psychic powers ascribed to these species a resident divinity or spirit. The plants were exalted to a highly sacred place and usually were reserved for a sacred role in magico-religious rites» — los autores dan la divinidad o espíritu residente por la única explicación plausible que el hombre halló para esos efectos, y de ahí el lugar sagrado y el uso ritual.

«While some of these sacred hallucinogens have become more or less secularized and are on occasion employed by the general adult male populations without strict ritualistic control, most of them are still taken or administered by priests, shamans, medicine» — los autores registran la secularización parcial de algunos alucinógenos sagrados frente al control sacerdotal o chamánico que sigue rigiendo en la mayoría; el tramo se corta al cruzar de plana.

«As a consequence, field research by anthropologists and botanists must of necessity be carried out in collaboration with these usually powerful members of primitive societies.» — la consecuencia metodológica que los autores extraen: la investigación de campo ha de hacerse con los especialistas rituales, a quienes llaman miembros poderosos de esas sociedades.

«Modern man now knows that these "resident divinities" are chemical substances. During the last eighty years-but more particularly during the last two decades-pharmaceutical research has uncovered an astonishing array of chemical compounds, many from plant sources, capable of extraordinarily af» — los autores traducen la divinidad residente a sustancia química y fechan en los últimos ochenta años, y sobre todo en las dos últimas décadas, el hallazgo farmacéutico; el tramo se corta al cruzar de plana.

«draughts of a tea prepared from leaves of a species of the solanaceous Brugmansia. Sibundoy, Putumayo, Colombia. Photograph by R. E. Schultes.» — el pie de una lámina fotografiada por Schultes en Sibundoy, Putumayo, Colombia: la infusión de hojas de una Brugmansia solanácea.

«Figure 3. Barasana shaman under the influence of caapi, the hallucinogenic drink prepared from Banisteriopsis caapi. Rio PiraparanL, Vaupks, Colombia. Photograph by R. E. Schultes.» — el pie de la lámina del chamán barasana bajo el efecto del caapi, la bebida preparada con Banisteriopsis caapi; el OCR imprime *PiraparanL* por Piraparaná y *Vaupks* por Vaupés.

«The discovery of these new and potent psychotropic compounds created a new field of medical science that has come to be known as psychopharmacology.» — los autores hacen nacer la psicofarmacología del hallazgo de los compuestos psicotrópicos potentes.

«In 1855, Ernst Freiherr von Bibra published the first book of its kind, Die narkotischen» — los autores abren su historia de la disciplina con von Bibra en 1855; el tramo se corta al cruzar de plana.

«Genussmittel und der Mensch, in which he considered some seventeen plant narcotics and stimulants, urging chemists to study assiduously a field so promising for research and so fraught with enigmas.» — continuación de la entrada de von Bibra: diecisiete narcóticos y estimulantes vegetales, y la exhortación a los químicos a trabajar el campo.

«In the same year, an interesting interdisciplinary textbook appeared: James I?. Johnston's T h e Chemistry of Common Life. Most of the second volume is dedicated to psychoactive plants, stating that "the narcotics we indulge in" . . . present "us with an aspect of the human constitution which, both chemically and physiologically, is more mysterious and wonderful than any other aspect of pIant use we are yet acquainted with.» — los autores traen el segundo volumen de The Chemistry of Common Life, de quien llaman James I?. Johnston —el OCR corrompe la inicial P—, y citan su frase sobre lo misterioso del uso de los narcóticos.

«In 1860, Mordecai Cubit Cooke, a British mycologist, wrote a fascinating interdisciplinary work entitIed The Seven Sisters of Sleep, discussing the "seven prevailing narcotics of the world.» — los autores registran The Seven Sisters of Sleep, de Mordecai Cubit Cooke, y su fórmula de los siete narcóticos dominantes del mundo.

«Emil Kraepelin, who, in his monograph Ueber die Beeinflussung einfacher psychkcher Vorgange durch einige Arxneimittel published in 1892, delineated much of what later led to psychopharmacology.» — los autores fechan en 1892 la monografía de Kraepelin sobre la influencia de algunos fármacos en procesos psíquicos simples y la ponen en el origen de la psicofarmacología; los títulos alemanes van sin diéresis, tal cual el OCR.

«another outstanding book appeared in 1911: C. Hartwich's Die menschlichen Genusmittel. This extensive volume considered at great length and with interdisciplinary emphasis about thirty vegetal narcotics and stimulants and mentioned others in passing.» — los autores datan en 1911 Die menschlichen Genusmittel de C. Hartwich y le cuentan unos treinta narcóticos y estimulantes vegetales; el título va como lo imprime el troceo, con una sola s.

«he optimistically maintained that, by 1911, such studies were either well under way or had already been completed.» — los autores recogen el balance optimista de Hartwich: lo que en 1855 apenas había empezado estaba, según él, encaminado o cumplido en 1911.

«Thirteen years later, in 1924, perhaps the most influential figure in psychopharmacology, Louis Lewin, published a book of extraordinary interdisciplinary depth: Phantastica-Die betaubenden und erregenden Genussmittel ( Lewin, 1924). It was shortly translated into several languages, the earliest English edition (Phantastica: Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs-Their Use and Abuse) appearing in 1931, with a new edition coming out in 1964.» — los autores dan a Louis Lewin por la figura más influyente de la psicofarmacología y datan Phantastica en 1924, con edición inglesa en 1931 y otra en 1964.

«It presented the total story of some twenty-eight plants and a few synthetic compounds which are employed around the world for their stimulating or inebriating properties, emphasizing their importance to research in botany, ethnobotany, chemistry, pharmacology, medicine, psychology, psychiatry, as well as to ethnology, history, and sociology.» — el alcance que los autores atribuyen a Phantastica: veintiocho plantas y unos pocos compuestos sintéticos, con importancia declarada para una lista larga de disciplinas.

«In the years between the works of Hartwich and Lewin, an American ethnobotanist, William E. Safford, began to focus scientific attention on the wealth of narcotic plants employed in primitive societies of the New World. Calling attention to numerous enigmas in the botanical identification of some of the hallucinogens of ancient American cultures, he must be credited with pioneering research into the rich field of narcotics in the western hemisphere,» — los autores adjudican a William E. Safford, etnobotánico estadounidense, la apertura del campo de los narcóticos del Nuevo Mundo y la atención a los enigmas de identificación botánica.

«even though several of his own attempts at identifying them later were shown to be erroneous» — los autores acotan el mérito de Safford en la misma frase: varias de sus identificaciones se tuvieron después por erróneas.

«During the 1920s and 1930s, BIas Pablo Reko, an Austrian physician practicing in Mexico, assiduously collected plants, especially in Oaxaca, and became deeply interested in native ethnopharmacology, publishing a number of papers with important original field observations. His great contribution was focussing research attention on the rich Mexican ethnobotanical heritage» — la entrada de Blas Pablo Reko, médico austriaco en México, a quien los autores adjudican haber puesto la mira en la herencia etnobotánica mexicana; el OCR imprime *BIas* con i mayúscula.

«From the point of view of physiology and psychology, perhaps one of the most influential books, and one that has indeed been a milestone in psychopharmacology, is Kurt Beringer's Der Meskalinrausch, published in 1927.» — los autores dan Der Meskalinrausch de Kurt Beringer, de 1927, por hito de la psicofarmacología desde la fisiología y la psicología.

«It is in many ways difficult, often impossible, to delimit accurately what we mean by hallucinogens, primarily because their biological activity is so diverse and complex.» — la abstención que los autores declaran de entrada: delimitar con exactitud qué es un alucinógeno les resulta difícil o imposible por la diversidad de la actividad biológica.

«Lewin grouped psychoactive plants in five categories: excitantia, inebriantia, hypnotica, euphorica, and phantastica. None has stirred deeper interest than the phantastica-the drugs that produce hallucinations. Unfortunately, this term has not been generally adopted; in fact, in English-speaking countries, it is unknown.» — los autores recogen la clasificación quíntuple de Lewin y registran que el término phantastica no cuajó en el mundo anglófono.

«They have variously been called deliriants, delusionogens, eidetics, hallucinogens, misperceptinogens, mysticomimetics, phanerothymes, phantasticants, psychotics, psychoticants, psychogens, psychosomimetics, psychodysleptics, psychotaraxics, psychotogens, psychotomimetics, and schizogens among other epithets. Most recently, the term psychedelics has found wide acceptance in the United States.» — el inventario de nombres que los autores levantan para estos agentes, con psychedelics como el de mayor aceptación en los Estados Unidos.

«It was meant to signify ''mind manifesting" and was intended to convey the fact that the pattern of effects of these compounds is determined not so much by the pathological components as by a general activation and manifestation of psychic phenomena, which in no way may be considered entirely morbid and negative.» — los autores explican qué se quiso decir con psychedelic: manifestador de la mente, y una pauta de efectos que no se juzga enteramente mórbida.

«However, the term psychedelic has now acquired secondary and even tertiary meanings in certain sections of modern society and, for this reason if for no other, has no value in scientific language. Furthermore, it is etymologically unsound.» — la objeción de los autores al término psychedelic: significados secundarios adquiridos en ciertos sectores y, además, etimología defectuosa.

«Even Lewin, when he coined the term phantmtica, was not completely satisfied with it, complaining that it "does not cover all that I should wish it to convey» — los autores citan la insatisfacción del propio Lewin con el término que acuñó.

«This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced in any manner without written permission from the publisher.» — la página de derechos del ejemplar troceado, en la voz del editor comercial.

«With THOMAS BOOKS careful attention is given to aW details of manufacturing and design. It is the Publisher's desire to present books that are satisfactoy as to their physical qualities and artistic possibilities and appropriate for their particular use. THOMAS BOOKS will be true to those laws of quality that assure a good name and good will.» — la declaración de principios de la casa editora impresa en la misma plana; el OCR imprime *aW* donde el impreso dice all, y *satisfactoy* por satisfactory.

«UR LIVING CHEMISTRY SERLES was conceived by Editor and Publisher to advance the newer knowledge of chemical medicine in the cause of clinical practice.» — I. Newton Kugelmass, editor de la serie, declara para qué se concibió la colección; el OCR imprime *SERLES* por SERIES y la inicial capitular O del arranque aparece como cero.

«Dr. Schultes of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Dr. Hofmann of Basel, Switzerland, combine their botanical and chemicaI knowledge to integrate interdisciplinary knowledge and international wisdom about powerful alkaloids from primitive cultures to modern times.» — Kugelmass presenta a los dos autores por su ciudad y su disciplina, y describe el libro como cruce de botánica y química; el OCR imprime *chemicaI* con i mayúscula final.

«There are only 120 species of hallucinogens out of about 600,000 plant species with an unexplained concentration in the New World, with many hallucinogenic plants in both hemispheres never used as narcotics.» — la cifra que Kugelmass da en su prólogo: 120 especies alucinógenas sobre unas 600 000 de plantas, concentradas sin explicación en el Nuevo Mundo.

«It is an authoritative work designed as an introduction to research and as a guide to doctors to use hallucinogens effectively. Once chemical understanding is clear, clinical application is usually easy.» — Kugelmass fija el destinatario que la serie le supone al libro: una guía para médicos, no un manual de consulta.

«Naturally occurring hallucinogens have been used in religious practices for centuries and in psychiatric practice since the beginning of the century; artificial hallucinogens have come into use during this generation.» — Kugelmass separa tres tiempos de uso: el religioso de siglos, el psiquiátrico desde principios del siglo XX y el de los alucinógenos artificiales, de su propia generación.

«They produce extraordinary disturbances of perception-disordered sense of time, visual hallucinations, mystical experiences, and even transcendental sensationsall disrupting the function of the ego. Unlike barbiturates, none depresses brain functions.» — la descripción de efectos que da Kugelmass, con el guion de corte de renglón unido por el programa en *disturbances* y en *hallucinations*.

«But do the construction potentials of hallucinogens outweigh their admitted hazards? There are really no safe hallucinogens; there are only safe physicians.» — Kugelmass deja la pregunta por el saldo entre potencial y riesgo sin responderla, y la remata con la fórmula sobre la seguridad del médico.

«Schultes, Richard Evans. The botany and chemistry of hallucinogens. (American lecture series; publication no. 1025) Bibliography: p. 369 Includes index.» — la ficha de catalogación de la Library of Congress encabeza el volumen por Schultes y lo inscribe en la serie; la bibliografía se anuncia en la página impresa 369, que es la plana 396 del troceo.

«I am somewhat reluctant to undertake such a task since the subject of hallucinogens is related to one of the most complex and difficult subjects-the world of hallucinations and other subjective phenomena.» — Heinrich Klüver abre su prólogo declarando reticencia, y sitúa el asunto del libro junto al de las alucinaciones y los fenómenos subjetivos.

«previous investigators have left us with categories and terms such as positive and negative hatlucinutions, pseudohallucinations, ddid vu phenomena, derealizatwn phenomena, illusions, visualizations, dreams, dreamy states, eidetic images, eidetic images with reality character, hypnugogic images, memory-images, projected memory-images, memoryafter-images, pseudo-memory-images, ccphantastic visual phenomena," re-perceptions, and Sinnengediichtnis, to name only a few of the technical terms used in these researches.» — el inventario de categorías con que Klüver describe la herencia terminológica del asunto; el OCR deshace varios términos —*hat-lucinutions* por hallucinations, *ddid vu* por déjà vu, *derealiza-twn* por derealization, *hypnugogic* por hypnagogic, *ccphantastic* por phantastic y *Sinnengediichtnis* por Sinnengedächtnis— y se citan tal cual; el troceo parte *memory-after-images* a fin de renglón y el programa borra ese guion.

«Raoul Mourgue, after analyzing some 7,000 publications on the subject of hallucinations, was forced to conclude in 1932, in his Neurobiobgie de Z'Hallucination, that all the facts and observations then available could not furnish an adequate basis for a theory of hallucinations.» — Klüver trae el balance de Raoul Mourgue, que tras unas 7 000 publicaciones sobre alucinaciones concluye en 1932 que no había base para una teoría; el título va como lo imprime el OCR, *Neurobiobgie de Z'Hallucination*, por Neurobiologie de l'Hallucination.

«it is not the aim of the authors to deal with and attempt a resolution of such psychological intricacies; their aim is obviously a more important one: to start at the beginnings by furnishing a detailed presentation of such botanical and chemical facts and considerations as are essential for a scientific study of hallucinogens.» — Klüver fija qué se propone el libro que prologa: no resolver los enredos psicológicos de la alucinación sino asentar primero los hechos botánicos y químicos.

«Only experts in both botanical and chemical matters could deal with all the ramifications and complexities of the problems presented here.» — la razón que Klüver da para la doble firma: hacen falta las dos competencias.

«the authors of this book are unique in the annals of science: the one, Richard Evans Schultes, for remaining in the jungle for some twelve years to acquire the tools of his trade and his facts; the other, Albert Hofmann, for constantly following the trail he discovered on April 16, 1942, a day that was destined to launch, not 1,000 but several, perhaps even 10,000, publications on LSD.» — Klüver presenta a los dos autores por su gesta: doce años de selva en Schultes y, en Hofmann, el rastro abierto el 16 de abril de 1942.

«on an October day in 1925, I introduced myself to the world of hallucinogens by consuming some mescal buttons in one of the laboratory buildings of the University of Minnesota, not for the sake of consciousness expansion or other unique experiences, but to test a new tool possibly useful in studying various problems of the psychology and pathology of perception.» — Klüver cuenta su propio experimento con botones de peyote en la Universidad de Minnesota y declara el motivo: probar un instrumento para la psicología de la percepción, no expandir la consciencia.

«It was a remark found by chance in the literature that Lophophora williamsii would provide the possibility of producing eidetic phenomena in noneidetic individuals ( I happen to be such an individual) that led me to the use of peyote in my 1925 experiment and to the results which I subsequently reported in the literature» — el dato que, según Klüver, lo llevó al peyote: que Lophophora williamsii induciría fenómenos eidéticos en individuos no eidéticos, condición que se adjudica a sí mismo.

«Paul Radin, who had made a special study of the peyote cult, offered to send "Crashing Thunder" for some psychological testing to my laboratory (Crashing Thunder being the Winnebago Indian whose autobiography he had» — Klüver refiere el ofrecimiento de Paul Radin, estudioso del culto del peyote, de mandarle a su laboratorio al winnebago cuya autobiografía había editado; el tramo se corta al cruzar de plana.

«he soon warned me (and any other scientist) against studying unknown drugs by experimenting on oneself.» — la advertencia de Henry Hurd Rusby, del Departamento de Farmacia de Columbia, tal como Klüver la recuerda.

«it was your book on mescal intoxication, read (of all places) in a botany course, that first veered me on to the study of narcotic plants. It has been a field that has brought me unlimited happiness and much satisfaction, and so much of it I owe to your beautifully written book.» — Klüver cita la carta que Schultes le escribió en 1961: la lectura de su monografía sobre la intoxicación por mescal es lo que lo volcó al estudio de las plantas narcóticas.

«who, together with A. Knauer, had studied the "psychic action" of mescaline with special reference to "the mechanisms of visual hallucinations" in Kraepelin's clinic in Munich. This was no doubt the most thorough experimental study of mescaline effects carried out before World War I, and it was carried out with the methods of experimental psychology,» — Klüver data el estudio de Maloney y Knauer sobre la acción psíquica de la mescalina en la clínica de Kraepelin como el más minucioso anterior a la Primera Guerra.

«Mescal: The "Divine" Plant and Its Psychological Effects, published in 1928 in London (out of print for many years but recently reprinted, with some additions, by the University of Chicago Press under the title Mescal and Mechanisms of Hallucinations)» — Klüver nombra su propia monografía de 1928 y su reimpresión con otro título por la University of Chicago Press; el título vuelve a imprimirse en la plana 13 dentro de la carta de Schultes; el arranque se imprime 2 veces en el volumen (planas 12, 13) y se ancló en la primera.

«These years were happy ones-always running into plants new to science and delving into folk uses of the Plant Kingdom. I never worked with white assistants, always travelled with Indians or mestizo helpers. We never had trouble of any kind with Indians, and now, when I return on short trips to localities where I formerly spent months or even years, it is like an Old Home Sunday Reunion. I realize how fortunate I have been in being able to spend, like Richard Spruce and some of the earlier naturalist-explorers of the Amazon, long periods in the field, for that is the only way that ethnobotanical investigations can be carried out in tropical jungle areas with any assurance of success.» — el balance que Schultes hace de sus años de selva, con Richard Spruce como término de comparación y la declaración de método: la investigación etnobotánica en trópico solo sale con estancias largas.

«It is a kind of "magic circle" that started with the synthesis of various lysergic acid amides and the discovery of the extraordinary psychotomimetic potency of LSD, then led to an investigation of the sacred Mexican mushrooms and the isolation of psilocybin from teonanacatl, ending finally with ololiuqui where, again, lysergic acid amides were encountered-thus clos» — Klüver describe el ciclo de investigación de Hofmann como un círculo mágico: de la síntesis de las amidas del ácido lisérgico y el LSD a los hongos mexicanos y la psilocibina del teonanacatl, y de ahí al ololiuqui, donde vuelven a aparecer amidas lisérgicas.

«But in pursuing this magic circle of research, Hofmann, unusual amongst chemists, insisted on field work in regions where natives were employing the hallucinogenic plants that he was analyzing.» — Klüver señala como excepcional en un químico la insistencia de Hofmann en el trabajo de campo.

«we find him accompanying R. Gordon Wasson, the famous American student of ethnomycology, into the far-off Mazatec Indian country of Oaxaca, Mexico, to study the use of the sacred mushrooms, the psychoactive morning glories, the intoxicating Salvia, and other plants.» — Klüver sitúa a Hofmann acompañando a R. Gordon Wasson al país mazateco de Oaxaca para estudiar los hongos sagrados, las enredaderas psicoactivas y la Salvia embriagante.

«it is easy to understand why LSD should have been called (by A. E. Caldwell) a one-man drug and its discoverer, Albert Hofmann, "a multihallucinogenic man.» — Klüver recoge dos fórmulas ajenas: la de A. E. Caldwell, que llama al LSD droga de un solo hombre, y la que apoda a Hofmann hombre multialucinógeno.

«As Hoffer and Osmond have insisted, it initiated "a revolution in psychiatric thought which still has not completed its course.» — la fórmula de Hoffer y Osmond sobre el LSD que Klüver hace suya: una revolución del pensamiento psiquiátrico aún inconclusa.

«it is apparent that the well nigh frenetic research activities in the field of psychoactive drugs have frequently been pursued without considering recent advances along ethnopharmacological and ethnobotanical lines.» — la objeción de Klüver a la investigación sobre drogas psicoactivas de su tiempo: corre sin cuenta de lo etnofarmacológico ni de lo etnobotánico.

«They may easily avoid, it might be suggested, such a course of events by studying The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens by Richard Evans Schultes and Albert Hofmann before embarking on their researches! This is, I believe, sound advice.» — el cierre del prólogo, con la recomendación de Klüver a los investigadores futuros.

«In 1936, when I was taking the course at Harvard which I am now teaching-"Plants and Human Affairs2'-one of the weekly reading assignments (in the week devoted to narcotics) was your little» — Klüver cede la palabra a Schultes, que fecha en 1936 el curso de Harvard donde leyó aquella monografía; el OCR imprime *Affairs2* por Affairs y cierra el título con comilla simple. El tramo se corta al cruzar de plana y sigue en la 13.

«book Mescal: The "Divine" Plant and Its Psychological Effects. I was so enthralled with peyote, of which I had never heard, that I decided to write my senior honors thesis on the plant. Professor Ames found me finances to visit Oklahoma and partake of peyote in Indian ceremonies. That started my whole career.» — continuación del relato de Schultes en la plana siguiente: el peyote del que nunca había oído lo llevó a la tesis de honores y al viaje a Oklahoma que costeó el profesor Ames, y de ahí a toda su carrera.

«The longer we worked on this new edition, however, the more we were convinced of the wisdom of the publishers in requesting an update of the book.» — Schultes y Hofmann, firmando el prefacio de la segunda edición, dicen haberse persuadido de la conveniencia de actualizar el libro.

«Both the botany and the chemistry of the hallucinogens have progressed at a rapid rate since 1973. Several new hallucinogens have been discovered in this five-year period; many hints of possible hallucinogens have appeared; and additional information on some of the well known drugs has been accumulated through continued field work.» — los autores fechan en 1973 el corte y enumeran lo ganado en cinco años: alucinógenos nuevos, indicios de otros posibles y más datos sobre los ya conocidos.

«The chemistry of many of the hallucinogenic plants has, with the application of modern, sophisticated analytical methods, been elucidated or more thoroughly investigated; new compounds have been discovered; in some cases, chemical examination has clarified native uses.» — los autores atribuyen a los métodos analíticos modernos el esclarecimiento químico de muchas plantas, y señalan que en algunos casos el examen químico ha aclarado los usos nativos.

«We have, furthermore, decided to strengthen the historical background of studies in the chemistry and botany of the hallucinogens and have striven to amplify the information of an ethnophannacoIogica1 nature, realizing that this information is often a significant stimulus to botanical and chemical studies.» — la declaración de método de la segunda edición: reforzar el fondo histórico y ampliar lo etnofarmacológico por su valor de estímulo; el OCR imprime *ethnophannacoIogica1* por ethnopharmacological.

«Several sections are substantially enlarged as a result of research during the past five years: Cannabis and Lophophora are good examples. The number of plants of possible or suspected haIlucinogenic use is much larger than it was five years ago.» — los autores nombran Cannabis y Lophophora como las secciones más crecidas, y declaran mayor el número de plantas de uso alucinógeno posible o sospechado.

«Since the principal hallucinogens are of vegetal origin, their study brings to the fore the almost untouched wealth of biodynamic constituents of potential» — el argumento con que los autores justifican la segunda edición: por ser vegetal el origen de los principales alucinógenos, su estudio pone a la vista la riqueza casi intacta de constituyentes biodinámicos de las plantas; el tramo se corta al cruzar de plana.

«In recent years, botanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological research into this treasury has languished, partly because of the lack of discovery in the past two decades of a "wonder drug" of importance equal to the numerous new medicines-the curare alkaloids, cortisone, reserpine, and many others-which came to light mainly as a result of ethnophannacological leads in the 1930s and 1940s.» — los autores señalan el decaimiento de la investigación botánica, fitoquímica y farmacológica, y lo ligan a que en dos décadas no apareciera un medicamento de la talla de los alcaloides del curare, la cortisona o la reserpina, que vinieron de pistas etnofarmacológicas; el OCR imprime *ethnophannacological* por ethnopharmacological.