SPIRITUS MUNDISupportESEN

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Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion II: Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual

Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual · Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion, vol. 6, II · Inconsistencias en la religión griega y romana II

inglés; imprime el griego en alfabeto griego y en transliteración, y cita el latín, el alemán, el francés, el italiano y el neerlandés en su grafía dentro del cuerpo y sobre todo en las notas, que el prefacio dice ser la única parte del libro sin traducción de todas las citas en lengua extranjera (p. 13)1993 — la portada imprime «E.J. BRILL / LEIDEN • NEW YORK • KOLN / 1993» (p. 4) y la página de derechos «© Copyright 1993 by E.]. Brill, Leiden, The Ndherlands» (sic, por «The Netherlands»; p. 5). Varios capítulos vienen de ensayos anteriores reescritos, dos de ellos en neerlandés (p. 12)

Source entries are currently shown in Spanish; English-first entries arrive with the next cataloguing pass.

El volumen es la segunda entrega de *Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion* y arranca de la tesis que ya sostenía la primera: «Culture is a categorical construct. As a corollary, it cannot but provoke numerous and disquieting contradictions, anomalies, ambiguities and paradoxes-in short, all those inconsistencies which threaten to make the world a jelly» «Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 18». El OCR rinde con guion simple las rayas del impreso.

Lo que aquí se añade es la salida colectiva a esas contradicciones: «What the first volume did not discuss becomes the central issue of the second: Mary Douglas' fifth and last provision for dealing with ambiguous events» «Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 20» — mitos y rituales que exponen en palabra o en acción las anomalías de la naturaleza y de la sociedad en vez de taparlas.

De ahí el recorte del libro: «These strategies prevail especially in two types of festivals: festivals of licence, such as the Saturnalia and carnival; and rituals of initiation. Both carry the notion of 'transition'; both are marked by signs of reversal. The present volume discusses some focal issues connected with the relevant myth and ritual» «Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 20». Cinco capítulos: la historia del debate sobre mito y rito, Kronos y las Kronia, Saturno y las Saturnalia, Bona Dea frente a las Tesmoforias, y Apolo y Marte cien años después de Roscher.

La regla de lectura que el libro se impone es no alisar la contradicción: «The thesis that these internal contradictions should not be smoothed over or-worse- explained away, for instance by assuming a fusing of traditions (an overworked panacea in classical scholarship), is advanced in chapter II, on Kronos and the Kronia» «Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 21».

Y la regla de método, dicha en primera persona contra cualquier exclusividad de escuela: «In my view, the three types of interpretation should be put to the test in any issue, for they say different things about religion, myth and ritual» «Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 30» — el sustantivo de Tylor, el funcional de Durkheim y el simbólico-cultural de Geertz, probados los tres en cada caso.

1816 claims · 1 source · 1 attribution

Attribution

recorded, never asserted
DECLARED
la portada imprime «INCONSISTENCIES IN GREEK AND ROMAN RELIGION II / TRANSITION AND REVERSAL / IN / MYTH AND RITUAL / BY / H.S. VERSNEL» (p. 4); la ficha de la Library of Congress encabeza el conjunto «Versnel, H. S. Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman religion» y desglosa «2. Transition and reversal in myth and ritual» (p. 5); el prefacio y la introducción hablan en primera persona (pp. 12, 30)
per Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)
«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 4»

The chain of the work

the processed witness, in emerald
EDITION · PROCESSED
Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)
inglés · 1993 · Leiden / Nueva York / Colonia, E. J. Brill, en la serie «STUDIES / IN GREEK AND ROMAN / RELIGION / EDITED BY H.S. VERSNEL / IN CO-OPERATION WITH F.T. VANSTRATEN / VOLUME 6, II» (p. 3). La lista de la serie al final del volumen registra esta entrega como «6,11. Versnel, H.S. Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion II. Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual. 1993. ISBN 90 04 09267 6» (sic, «6,11» por «6,II»; p. 372). La página de derechos imprime ISSN 0169-9512 y los ISBN «90 04 09267 6 (vol. 6, II)», «90 04 09266 8 (vol. 6, I)» y «90 04 09268 4 (set)», con la ficha CIP «BL722.V47 1990 292 90-2301» y «PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS» (p. 5). La dedicatoria imprime «FOR HADEWYCH / the second» (p. 6) y el epígrafe unos versos neerlandeses de Anton Korteweg, «Stand van zaken, Amsterdam 1991 (met een kleine aanpassing)» (p. 7) · E J Brill (imprimio) · H S Versnel (edito) · F T Van Straten (edito)

Claims

1816 entries — the work's own voice, with its passage

«This is the keynote of Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion as expounded in the introduction to the first volume.»Versnel remite la clave del conjunto al primer tomo: la inconsistencia cultural es el tema de toda la serie, expuesto ya en aquella introducción

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 18»

«In that introduction I also sketched-heavily leaning on Mary Douglas' theories of cultural ambiguities and Leon Festinger's analyses of cognitive dissonance-the universal feelings of discomfort induced by disturbances of the cultural universe among such divergent categories as adolescents, adults-both Western and non-Western-scholars, theologians, politicians, and idiotai, with a special focus on historians' aversion to the paradoxical.»Declara de dónde toma el marco —las teorías de Mary Douglas sobre la ambigüedad cultural y los análisis de disonancia cognitiva de Leon Festinger— y dónde puso el foco: la aversión de los historiadores a lo paradójico

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 18»

«Numerous and varied are the prevailing strategies to escape from unbearable clashes or to cope with irritating ones. One, for instance, is to reduce or deny the ambiguity by a deliberate choice for one of two contradictory options. The inherent rejection of the other option can take the form of abominating, tabooing, destroying, forbidding, but also of various types of denial. Denying the existence-or at least the relevance-of one of two conflicting options is a prevailing course of action.»Enuncia la primera familia de estrategias ante el choque insoportable: reducir o negar la ambigüedad eligiendo deliberadamente una de las dos opciones, y rechazar la otra abominándola, tabuándola, destruyéndola, prohibiéndola o negándola

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 18»

«More interesting, however, and less researched is the strategy of keeping the inconsistency from the retina altogether, for instance, by a virtuoso winking process, which enables the subject to save two conflicting realities or convictions by keeping them radically apart»Y la que le interesa: mantener la inconsistencia fuera de la retina mediante un parpadeo virtuoso que salva las dos realidades en conflicto manteniéndolas radicalmente aparte

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 18»

«The pervasive influence of this strategy in history, especially in the history of religions, and the fierce resistance of modern historians to perceiving, accepting or appreciating it2 was the theme of the first chapter of the first volume: the curious Hellenistic paradox of simultaneously embracing both absolute freedom and total submission in relation to kings and gods.»Sitúa el tema del primer capítulo del primer tomo: la paradoja helenística de abrazar a la vez la libertad absoluta y la sumisión total ante reyes y dioses, y la resistencia de los historiadores modernos a percibirla

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 19»

«For all that, sooner or later such inconsistencies will attract attention, if not generally, then at least in more critical circles. Even then, the two conflicting elements are sometimes saved, for instance, through the development of new hermeneutic systems. The inconsistency appears to be no inconsistency after all: the submission to a fatherly and righteous ruler is the highest form of democratic freedom, as second-century political philosophers contend; or the service of the Lord is the most sublime form ofliberation, as the apostle Paul taught.»Describe la tercera salida: cuando la inconsistencia ya no se puede ignorar, un sistema hermenéutico nuevo la disuelve —según Versnel, así los filósofos políticos del siglo II hacen de la sumisión al gobernante paternal la forma más alta de libertad, y así enseña el apóstol Pablo que el servicio del Señor es la liberación más sublime

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 19»

«Finally, however, it also happens that people maintain two conflicting elements, while simultaneously acknowledging their incompatibility and the impossibility of denying or eliminating either of them. The aporia lies in the nature (or culture) of things.»Y la cuarta, la que el libro persigue: sostener los dos elementos en conflicto reconociendo a la vez su incompatibilidad y la imposibilidad de negar o eliminar cualquiera de ellos, porque la aporía está en la naturaleza —o la cultura— de las cosas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 19»

«Two literary genres in particular have the natural mission of questioning, problematising and challenging society by tearing away the covers that hide such inconsistencies, and thus disclosing tensions and dissonances in religious, cultural and social life. These are tragedy and comedy, whose task is to explore, analyse and finally to communicate these fundamental tensions to their contemporaries.»Asigna a la tragedia y a la comedia la misión de cuestionar a la sociedad arrancando las tapas que ocultan esas inconsistencias, y de comunicar a sus contemporáneos las tensiones que así quedan a la vista

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 19»

«Collective myths and rituals are often created and performed in order to expose in word or action anomalies and paradoxes of nature or society, thus reducing the threat of their inherent tensions. Both myth and ritual may even go further and devise a non-realistic, paradoxical and internally contradictory imagery in order to show what happens if one ventures outside the borders of orderly society.»La tesis que abre el segundo tomo: mitos y ritos colectivos se hacen y se ejecutan para exponer en palabra o en acción las anomalías y paradojas de la naturaleza o de la sociedad, y llegan a montar una imaginería no realista y contradictoria para mostrar qué pasa si uno se sale de los bordes de la sociedad ordenada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 20»

«By way of introduction, the first chapte~ presents a survey of the history and development of the myth and ritual debate. One of its objects is to discover why this debate started in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and why it was revived in the last quarter of the twentieth.»Declara el objeto del capítulo I: un repaso de la historia del debate sobre mito y rito y la pregunta de por qué empezó en el último cuarto del siglo XIX y por qué revivió en el último cuarto del XX. El OCR corta *chapter* en *chapte~*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 20»

«Another purpose is to show that the two shifting paradigms, so conspicuous here, naturally exploited the same dramatic material of 'dying and rising heroes' . The reason is that the two festive types under discussion-the New Year festival and the rites of initiation-both involve the notion of transition as their central feature. The former type was discovered and researched in the framework of the 'fertility paradigm', the latter in that of the social interpretation of religion.»El segundo propósito del capítulo: mostrar que los dos paradigmas sucesivos explotaron el mismo material dramático de héroes que mueren y resucitan, porque los dos tipos de fiesta —el año nuevo y los ritos de iniciación— tienen por rasgo central la transición; el primero se investigó en el paradigma de la fertilidad y el segundo en el de la interpretación social de la religión

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 20»

«They are neither able nor expected to offer»Acota lo que la tragedia y la comedia pueden dar: ni pueden ofrecer soluciones ni se espera que lo hagan. La frase se corta al pie de la plana y sigue en la siguiente, *solutions*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 19»

«The second chapter of the first volume treats Euripides' tragedy the Bacchae, staging the insoluble paradox between the totalitarian demands of a tyrannical god and the no less totalitarian claims of society. The third chapter illuminates the impossible consequences, indeed the absurdity, of divine praise when applied to a human being, as seen through the eyes of the satirist Martial.»Resume los dos capítulos del primer tomo: las *Bacantes* de Eurípides, que escenifican la paradoja insoluble entre las exigencias totalitarias de un dios tiránico y las no menos totalitarias de la sociedad, y el absurdo del elogio divino aplicado a un hombre, visto por el satírico Marcial

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 20»

«Myth and ritual of transition and reversal: even the outsider will expect an occasional paradox or inconsistency here. Yet it appears that many scholars, especially those of a previous generation, are unwilling to accept the internal inconsistencies in the myths and rituals of reversal. Once more, the 'strain towards congruence' (Q. Skinner) makes itself manifest.»Señala la resistencia que encuentra: hasta el profano espera aquí alguna paradoja, y sin embargo muchos estudiosos, sobre todo de la generación anterior, no aceptan las inconsistencias internas de los mitos y ritos de inversión; lo llama, con la expresión de Q. Skinner, la *strain towards congruence*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 21»

«The utopian imagery of the Golden Race under king Kronos is reflected in the affluence and euphoria of the Attic festival of the Kronia; the dystopian traits of despotism, cruelty, savagery-in short, the radical abolition of moral standards-, which are another recurring characteristic of the mythical Kronos, can be recognized in some (alleged) Kronian cults and sacrifices.»Enuncia la contradicción que trabajará el capítulo II: la imaginería utópica de la Raza de Oro bajo el rey Kronos se refleja en la abundancia y la euforia de las Kronia áticas, mientras los rasgos distópicos del Kronos mítico —despotismo, crueldad, salvajismo, abolición radical de las normas morales— se reconocen en algunos cultos y sacrificios kronios

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 21»

«It is argued that the stark contradictions in these complexes of myth and ritual reveal the very essence of their function and message.»Y la lectura que propone: esas contradicciones descarnadas no son ruido, sino la esencia misma de la función y del mensaje del complejo de mito y rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 21»

«The third chapter5 has a similar objective with respect to the closely related Roman myth and ritual of Saturnus and the Saturnalia. Fortunately, the evidence here permits us to cast glances both backward and forward in time. Accordingly, there is an attempt to discover the origins of the Saturnalian festival and one of Saturn us' early functions, including the nature of the goddess Lua Saturni.»Anuncia el capítulo III sobre Saturno y las Saturnalia: allí la documentación permite mirar hacia atrás y hacia adelante, y se intenta dar con los orígenes de la fiesta, con una de las funciones tempranas de Saturno y con la naturaleza de la diosa Lua Saturni. El troceo mete la llamada a nota pegada a *chapter*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 21»

«On the other hand, the Saturnalian imagery provides an ideal opportunity for demonstrating how the contradictory-utopian and dystopian-components could be (and were) still eagerly exploited in the early imperial period.»El otro filo del mismo capítulo: la imaginería saturnal deja ver cómo los componentes contradictorios —utópico y distópico— se seguían explotando con avidez en el imperio temprano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 21»

«Their continuing power becomes apparent in expressions illustrating the reigns of two emperors: they give voice to the high expectations of the reign of Augustus and to the disillusion after the disconcertingly 'Saturnalian' emperor»Y dónde lo mide: en las expresiones sobre los reinados de dos emperadores, las altas expectativas puestas en el de Augusto y la desilusión posterior con Claudio. El tramo se corta al pie de la plana y el nombre del emperador queda en la siguiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 21»

«Finally, there is a sketch of the revival of Saturnian myth and ritual in the late Roman empire.»Cierra el anuncio del capítulo III con el renacer del mito y del rito saturnales en el imperio romano tardío

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 22»

«In chapter IV the Roman festival of Bona Dea is compared with the Greek Thesmophoria6. Both are women's festivals displaying a reversal of roles and, more generally, a suspension of normal routine.»Anuncia el capítulo IV: la fiesta romana de Bona Dea comparada con las Tesmoforias griegas, las dos fiestas de mujeres con inversión de papeles y suspensión de la rutina

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 22»

«Here a focal problem emerges: how do we explain the paradox that, on the one hand, matrons celebrate their basic procreative qualities in rites that focus on sexual symbolism, while, on the other, they are rigorously prevented by antaphrodisiac symbolism from satisfying their erotic desires?»Plantea el problema del capítulo como paradoja: las matronas celebran sus cualidades procreativas en ritos de simbolismo sexual y a la vez un simbolismo antiafrodisíaco les impide con rigor satisfacer su deseo erótico

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 22»

«It can even be argued that matrons were temporarily reduced to the status of virgins during these festivals. In both cases the concomitant myths help us to explain the ritual paradox in the light of the contrasting functions and images of matrons and virgins in ancient society. The conclusion is that, if there is a necessary return to 'pre-cultural' circumstances during these festivals, matrons cannot continue to act as matrons. They must once again assume the status of maidens on the brink of marriage.»Y adelanta la salida que propondrá: durante esas fiestas las matronas quedan reducidas temporalmente al estado de vírgenes, porque si hay un retorno necesario a circunstancias preculturales no pueden seguir actuando como matronas y han de volver a ser doncellas en vísperas de boda

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 22»

«Exactly hundred years have passed since Roscher claimed that Apollo and Mars shared so many elements of myth and ritual that they must originally have been identical gods.»Abre el anuncio del capítulo V con la tesis de Roscher, de cien años atrás: Apolo y Marte compartían tantos elementos de mito y de rito que debieron de ser en su origen dioses idénticos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 22»

«In accordance with the prevailing 'meteorological' preoccupations of the time, the gods were considered to be images of the Sun. This theory was sufficiently untenable to be completely discarded soon after its emergence. As a corollary, the similarities in the myth and ritual of Apollo and Mars disappeared from the discussion as well.»Según Versnel, Roscher tenía a los dos por imágenes del Sol, conforme a las preocupaciones meteorológicas de su tiempo; la teoría se descartó pronto por insostenible y con ella desaparecieron de la discusión también las semejanzas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 22»

«Chapter V presents a reconsideration and elaboration of Roscher's arguments for his comparison7. For, as a matter of fact, they appear remarkable enough to require a new analysis and explanation. This explanation is sought in the gods' early roles in the context of initiation.»Lo que el capítulo V hace con eso: reconsidera y elabora los argumentos de Roscher, porque los parecidos le resultan bastante notables como para pedir análisis nuevo, y busca la explicación en los papeles tempranos de ambos dioses en el marco de la iniciación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 22»

«I now argue for a similar function for early Mars, who, as both myth and ritual indicate (and as might be expected), is more directly concerned with the military aspects of Italic initiatory practice.»Declara su propia propuesta para Marte: una función iniciática paralela a la de Apolo, más directamente ligada al aspecto militar de la práctica itálica, según indican tanto el mito como el rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 23»

«Myth and Ritual of transition and reversal cannot but provoke paradoxes, ambiguities, contradictions-in short, inconsistencies; and that is what this book is about.»Enuncia en una línea el asunto del libro: el mito y el rito de transición e inversión no pueden sino provocar paradojas, ambigüedades y contradicciones, en suma, inconsistencias

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 23»

«However, as is evident from the above survey of contents, no chapter can ignore the history of the issue and the shift in the paradigms that form the frame of interpretation; indeed, some chapters actually make it their task to discuss these questions. In other words, this is myth and ritual in transition, which calls for a few further remarks.»Y añade el segundo sentido del título: ningún capítulo puede ignorar la historia del problema ni el desplazamiento de los paradigmas que enmarcan la interpretación, de modo que se trata también de mito y rito *en transición*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 23»

«In a Dutch anthropological periodical8, the Indian anthropologist Rajendra Pradhan analyses a peculiar feature of the Dutch character: the obsession with the weather. In his attempt to detect why this is so, and more especially why this is manifested through frequent conversation on the topic, he distinguishes three types of explanation: a) the physical or climactic; b) the social; and c) the cultural.»Trae como ilustración el artículo del antropólogo indio Rajendra Pradhan sobre la obsesión neerlandesa con el clima, que distingue tres tipos de explicación: la física o climática, la social y la cultural. El troceo pega la llamada a nota al final de *periodical*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 23»

«Talking about weather therefore involves a stark paradox: it functions as an instrument for maintaining social cohesion by the act of not really saying anything.»Según Versnel, hablar del clima encierra una paradoja neta: funciona como instrumento de cohesión social por el acto de no decir realmente nada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 23»

«These two explanations belong to 'native exegesis', to use V. W. Turner's phrase. For this very reason, they are liable to serious suspicion in anthropological circles.»Clasifica las dos primeras explicaciones como *native exegesis*, con la expresión de V. W. Turner, y por eso mismo sospechosas para la antropología

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 23»

«The real solution, he argues, is to be sought in a third option, the cultural explanation, which answers to the demands of the 'collective mentality'»Según Versnel, Pradhan no las descarta del todo pero las tiene por insuficientes y busca la salida en la tercera opción, la explicación cultural, que responde a las exigencias de la mentalidad colectiva

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 24»

«the Dutch are obsessed with the weather for the very reason that it does not fit neatly into their scheme of things, which is based on order, regularity and control. The Dutch, he states, prefer everything to be regular, ordered and controlled: you have only to look at the polders with their straight canals, the neat gardens, the rigid temporal framework of social life, with fixed times to eat, to pay visits, to work and to interrupt work, etc., etc. Now, the ever-changing and unpredictable Dutch weather is a metaphor for all that is irregular, disorderly and uncontrollable. That is why it is discussed, not only with an occasional stranger but also and even more 'ritually' in the private domain of the family, till death us do part.»Y resume esa explicación: los neerlandeses se obsesionan con el clima porque no encaja en un esquema de cosas hecho de orden, regularidad y control —los pólderes con sus canales rectos, los jardines pulcros, los horarios rígidos—, de modo que el clima cambiante e imprevisible es metáfora de todo lo irregular, desordenado e incontrolable

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 24»

«I mention this discussion because it is a splendid and very recognizable illustration of one of the implicit (and sometimes explicit) premises of the present book: that in explaining codes and conventions-in our case: myths and rituals-it is most naive, unprofitable, unwise and therefore inadmissible to adopt a single, monolithic clue and to ignore or decline all others unconditionally as being superseded, short-sighted or downright stupid.»La premisa que el libro extrae de ese ejemplo: al explicar códigos y convenciones —aquí, mitos y ritos— es ingenuo, estéril, imprudente y por tanto inadmisible adoptar una sola clave monolítica y descartar sin condiciones todas las demás

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 24»

«If we transpose the above three options to the conceptual categories of the well-known scholarly approaches to the interpretation of religion, anybody will immediately recognize the three major schemes connected with the names of Tylor, Durkheim and (for instance) Geertz respectively, i.e. with 1) the substantive, 2) the functionalist, and 3) the cosmological, symbolic-perhaps including structuralist and semiotic-, cultural approaches to religion; or, to put it another way, religion as communication, as social cohesion and as orientation»Traslada los tres tipos de explicación a los tres grandes esquemas de la interpretación de la religión, ligados a los nombres de Tylor, Durkheim y Geertz: el sustantivo, el funcionalista y el cosmológico o simbólico-cultural, o dicho de otro modo, la religión como comunicación, como cohesión social y como orientación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 24»

«"Belief in spiritual beings" was Tylor's "rudimentary [or] minimum definition of religion»Recoge la definición mínima de Tylor —la creencia en seres espirituales— como primera de las tres

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 24»

«Tylor and his contemporaries, especially J. G. Frazer, viewed this communication first and foremost from the perspective of the wish to achieve direct goals: fertility of the human population, of cattle and fields, and defence against illness and enemies.»Según Versnel, Tylor y sus contemporáneos, y sobre todo Frazer, miraban esa comunicación desde el deseo de fines directos: fertilidad de la gente, del ganado y de los campos, y defensa contra la enfermedad y los enemigos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 25»

«Though it has been heavily censured by representatives oflater schools for its 'individualism', 'intellectualism', 'utilitarianism', 'evolutionism', and a craving for 'origins' 13 , more recent investigators-even in the field of sociology14-are heading for a re-evaluation of the Tylorian position»Consigna la censura que la posición tyloriana recibió de las escuelas posteriores —individualismo, intelectualismo, utilitarismo, evolucionismo, afán de orígenes— y señala que investigadores recientes, incluso en sociología, van hacia su revaloración

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 25»

«"Religion as social cohesion" is the well-known Durkheimian definition. Durkheim's phrase "The reality expressed by religious thought is society" 16 highlights a radical farewell to any religious»La segunda definición, la durkheimiana: según Versnel, la frase de Durkheim sobre que la realidad expresada por el pensamiento religioso es la sociedad marca un adiós radical a cualquier objetivo religioso. El troceo intercala aquí el bloque de notas al pie y la frase sigue en la plana siguiente, *objective beyond the social function as a cohesive instrument*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 25»

«Again, later specialists17 have mercilessly denounced its deficiencies: it is a (deliberately) reductionist18 definition, which aims to explain religion fully in terms of one of its non-religious social functions.»Y recoge la denuncia posterior: una definición deliberadamente reduccionista, que quiere explicar la religión entera por una de sus funciones sociales no religiosas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 26»

«It has been correctly objected that, on the one hand, it is not applicable to all religious behaviour19, and, on the other, it is applicable to many non-religious rites.»Consigna las dos objeciones: no vale para todo comportamiento religioso y sí vale para muchos ritos no religiosos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 26»

«Furthermore, there is the persistent danger of petitio principii in the analysis and interpretation of (religious) motives, most conspicuous in the frequent confusion of intent and effect.»Añade el peligro persistente de *petitio principii* al analizar e interpretar motivos religiosos, sobre todo en la confusión frecuente entre intención y efecto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 26»

«Yet few will deny that the study of the social functions of religion has been and still is an important and most productive branch of religious studies»Y acota su propia objeción: pocos negarán que el estudio de las funciones sociales de la religión ha sido y sigue siendo una rama importante y muy productiva

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 26»

«"Religion as orientation" 22 , "to create a world of meaning in the context of which human life can be significantly lived" 23 , is the third of the major definitions.»La tercera de las grandes definiciones, la religión como orientación: crear un mundo de sentido dentro del cual la vida humana pueda vivirse con significado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 26»

«The difference with the previous one is that it does not primarily ask what religion does for society, but what»Y la diferencia que le ve con la funcionalista: no pregunta en primer lugar qué hace la religión por la sociedad. La frase se corta al pie de la plana y sigue en la siguiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 26»

«The focus is on 'meaning' 24 instead of 'effect'; on 'making sense', instead of 'effectuating cohesion'»Dice dónde pone el foco esa tercera definición: en el sentido en vez del efecto, en dar sentido en vez de producir cohesión

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 27»

«The similarity with the Durkheimian definition is that both nonetheless are essentially 'functionalist'»Y el parecido que le ve con la durkheimiana: las dos son en el fondo funcionalistas, al servicio de la sociedad. La frase se corta al pie de la plana y sigue con *either as an instrument for maintaining its coherence*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 27»

«In distinguishing 'substantive' and 'functional' approaches to religion one may feel tempted to apply the term 'paradigm', and I have occasionally yielded to that temptation. In doing so, I am consistently referring to the division between the nineteenth-century 'substantive' paradigm with its focus on individual and often utilitarian motives, and the twentieth-century 'socio-cultural' paradigm, with its emphasis on collective mentality and behaviour.»Declara con qué sentido usa la palabra *paradigma* cuando cede a la tentación de usarla: la división entre el paradigma sustantivo del siglo XIX, centrado en motivos individuales y a menudo utilitarios, y el sociocultural del XX, centrado en la mentalidad y la conducta colectivas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 28»

«I mention the term 'paradigm' especially because the recent discussion of this concept may help to clarify one of the main themes in the present volume: the reluctance to select a single clue as a unique, monolithic and exclusive definition, while radically rejecting other ones.»Y por qué le importa: la discusión reciente del concepto ayuda a aclarar uno de los temas del volumen, la renuencia a elegir una sola clave como definición única, monolítica y excluyente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 28»

«Th. S. Kuhn recently complained that his concept 'paradigm' is being grossly abused and misinterpreted in the modern discussion28. Though understandable, this reaction seems a bit naive.»Según Versnel, Kuhn se quejó de que su concepto de paradigma se abusa y se malinterpreta en la discusión moderna; a él la reacción le parece comprensible pero algo ingenua

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 28»

«The inventor of a concept should be delighted that the invention is so widely acknowledged that it has found a niche in everyday jargon, which simply needs 'broad definitions' 29. The same has happened to terms like 'taboo', though the Polynesians have not drawn much glory from their contribution to our language.»Opone que el inventor de un concepto debería alegrarse de que su invención haya encontrado nicho en la jerga cotidiana, que necesita definiciones amplias, como pasó con *taboo* sin que los polinesios sacaran mucha gloria de ello

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 28»

«After all, we all have a broad idea of what we are talking about when we use the term 'structuralist', however vague the concept may be, and few will need (or could stand) Fx(a): Fy(b) = Fx(b):Fa -1(y), to further a better understanding of what is really intended.»Y lo lleva a la broma metodológica: todos tenemos una idea amplia de qué decimos al usar *estructuralista*, por vago que sea el concepto, y pocos necesitarán la fórmula canónica para entenderlo mejor

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 28»

«While some applications of Kuhn's concept of 'paradigm' in the natural sciences are open to criticism30 , the concept has proved»Concede que algunas aplicaciones del paradigma kuhniano a las ciencias naturales son criticables. El tramo se corta al pie de la plana y sigue con *helpful in analysing developments in the social sciences*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 28»

«However, it has been pointed out that in this sector paradigms are, as a rule, not radically exclusive. This tolerance has earned anthropology the qualification: 'polyparadigmatic' 31 , which is exactly what I had in mind with the rainy introduction to this theoretical discussion.»Recoge el rasgo que le sirve: en las ciencias sociales los paradigmas no suelen ser radicalmente excluyentes, tolerancia que le ha valido a la antropología el calificativo de *polyparadigmatic*, que es justo lo que él tenía en mente con la introducción lluviosa

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 29»

«If you arrive soaking wet (and late) at work, you will talk about the rain, but not necessarily in order to foster communication. What you really (want to) do is to curse your beastly climate. This perfectly substantive behaviour may even lead to a direct communication with the rain, such as by cursing it all the way to your office in a monologue interieur.»Aplica el ejemplo a las tres lecturas: quien llega empapado y tarde habla de la lluvia no para fomentar comunicación sino para maldecir el clima, conducta perfectamente sustantiva que puede incluso volverse comunicación directa con la lluvia en monólogo interior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 29»

«You may also use your climatological comments in the Durkheimian functionalist sense, to fill a gap. It happens all the time, and it is subject to the same restrictions as the Durkheimian interpretation of religion, since a discussion of politics or the price of vegetables may function in the same way.»La segunda lectura, la funcionalista durkheimiana, para llenar un hueco, sujeta a la misma restricción que la interpretación durkheimiana de la religión: hablar de política o del precio de la verdura funciona igual

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 29»

«Finally, your comments may also very well be taken as an expression of the collective mentality, in the sense of cultural or cosmological interpretation, although, as a rule, this will be harder to substantiate.»Y la tercera, la cultural o cosmológica, expresión de la mentalidad colectiva, que por regla general resultará más difícil de sostener

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 29»

«Similarly, whoever throws pigs into a chasm and after some time places the putrefied remains on an altar before spreading them over the fields is acting in an essentially substantive manner.»Traslada el mismo reparto al rito: quien arroja cerdos a una sima, pone luego sus restos putrefactos sobre un altar y los esparce por los campos actúa de manera esencialmente sustantiva

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 29»

«Ignoring, neglecting or playing down this aspect, as overenthusiastic addicts to the social or cultural interpretation of religion are sometimes tempted to do, cannot but result in desperately cramped interpretations.»Y objeta a los partidarios entusiastas de la lectura social o cultural que ignorar o minimizar ese aspecto no puede sino dar interpretaciones desesperadamente forzadas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 29»

«However, this does not mean that different connotations of the ritual do not deserve serious attention32, nor that the 'fertility' interpretation should reign supreme»Acota de inmediato su propia objeción: las otras connotaciones del rito sí merecen atención seria, y la interpretación por la fertilidad no debe reinar sola

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 29»

«Nor is it necessary to swap instrumental functionalist interpretations completely for semiotic/symbolic ones»Ni hace falta cambiar del todo las interpretaciones funcionalistas instrumentales por las semióticas o simbólicas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 30»

«In my view, the three types of interpretation should be put to the test in any issue, for they say different things about religion, myth and ritual. Each of them may turn out to be helpful in explaining elements that cannot be explained by others»La regla de método del libro, en primera persona: los tres tipos de interpretación se prueban en cada caso porque dicen cosas distintas sobre la religión, el mito y el rito, y cada uno puede resultar útil para explicar elementos que los otros no explican

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 30»

«That they are not mutually exclusive I hope to show in every chapter of this book.»Y lo que espera mostrar en cada capítulo: que no se excluyen entre sí

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 30»

«mendable to start a total war against Durkheimian and Turnerian explanations and stubbornly adhere to the old rule of rain magic and fertility»Añade que menos recomendable aún es declarar la guerra total a las explicaciones durkheimianas y turnerianas para aferrarse con terquedad a la vieja regla de la magia de lluvia y la fertilidad; la palabra *recommendable* queda partida por el cambio de plana y el tramo arranca en su segunda mitad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 30»

«The (new) fascination for 'initiatory' interpretations37 , for instance, is»Introduce la fascinación nueva por las interpretaciones iniciáticas. La frase se corta al pie de la plana y sigue en la siguiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 30»

«certainly helpful and revealing in a number of instances but, as will be argued in the first chapter, it runs the same risks of monopolisation and dogmatism as did the dying and rising god in the paradigm of Frazer's magico-religious views.»Y su acotación: esas lecturas iniciáticas son útiles y reveladoras en varios casos, pero corren el mismo riesgo de monopolio y dogmatismo que corrió el dios que muere y resucita en el paradigma frazeriano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 31»

«However, trying to be as inconsistent as possible, I shall add a new initiatory god»Y anuncia, en broma consigo mismo, que por ser todo lo inconsistente que pueda añadirá un dios iniciático más a la lista que crece

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 31»

«panding list in the fifth chapter, while also trying to show that a (mildly) structuralist analysis may very well be combined with questions of social origins.»Cierra la broma y declara el método del capítulo V: añadir un dios iniciático a la lista que crece, y a la vez mostrar que un análisis estructuralista moderado se puede combinar con preguntas por los orígenes sociales. La palabra *expanding* queda partida por el corte de chunk y el tramo arranca en su segunda mitad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 31»

«Something comparable is attempted in the combination of the socio-cultural interpretation of the Saturnalia and the enquiry into its agricultural background (indeed, a question of origins»Anuncia la combinación paralela en el capítulo III: la lectura sociocultural de las Saturnalia junto con la indagación de su trasfondo agrícola, que es cuestión de orígenes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 31»

«The three approaches will be most apparent in the fourth chapter. The women's festivals include aspects offertility, of social function, and of cultural meaning.»Y dónde se verán mejor los tres enfoques: en el capítulo cuarto, porque las fiestas de mujeres tienen a la vez aspectos de fertilidad, de función social y de sentido cultural. El OCR pega *offertility* por *of fertility*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 31»

«All this means that there is an ambiguity in the title, as is fitting for a book in a series on inconsistencies: transitions and reversals are not only the themes of the myths and rituals under discussion, but they also indicate the changes in the interpretation of myth and ritual during the last hundred years.»Declara la ambigüedad del título, apropiada para un libro de una serie sobre inconsistencias: transición e inversión no son solo los temas de los mitos y ritos discutidos, sino también los cambios de la interpretación en los últimos cien años

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 31»

«The debate on the complex of problems concerning the interrelation of myth and ritual is exactly a century old by now. The primary aim of the present chapter is to obtain an insight into its history and development.»Fecha el debate sobre mito y rito en un siglo justo y declara el fin primero del capítulo: entender su historia y su desarrollo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 32»

«I have found that it is impossible to gain an adequate impression of the present state of theory in this field if its previous history is overlooked or is sketched along too rudimentary lines.»Y por qué lo hace: sostiene que no se puede tener una impresión adecuada del estado actual de la teoría si se pasa por alto su historia previa o se la esboza en trazos demasiado rudimentarios

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 32»

«I have tried, moreover, to prevent the critical element from dominating: Bascom 1957 and Fontenrose 1966 contain many valuable thoughts, but, because of their strongly negative bias, are not the appropriate tools for an introduction to the subject.»Y su reserva sobre dos de ellos: Bascom y Fontenrose traen ideas valiosas pero, por su sesgo fuertemente negativo, no son buena herramienta de introducción

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 33»

«emphasis here is on those aspects of the theories of myth and ritual that relate to the ancient cultures of the Mediterranean world, a feature that distinguishes this essay from, for instance, Kluckhohn 1942, Kaberry 1957, Penner 1968, and Segal 1980, all of them studies offering a broader, notably anthropological perspective.»Declara el recorte de su repaso frente a los anteriores: las teorías de mito y rito por el lado que toca a las culturas antiguas del Mediterráneo, donde Kluckhohn, Kaberry, Penner y Segal ofrecen una perspectiva más amplia y sobre todo antropológica. El artículo *The* queda al pie de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 33»

«In plan and approach my introduction is closest to the survey by Burkert 1980, which, however, does not go beyond a summary view.»Sitúa su propio plan cerca del panorama de Burkert de 1980, con la salvedad de que aquél no pasa de una vista sumaria

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 33»

«What distinguishes the present effort from all its predecessors is that it does not stop short at those theories that, until now, have been associated with the phrase 'myth and ritual', but pays special attention to the newest trends in classical studies.»Y lo que a su juicio distingue este ensayo: no detenerse en las teorías asociadas hasta ahora a la fórmula *myth and ritual*, sino atender a las corrientes más nuevas de los estudios clásicos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 33»

«The main task I have set myself is to show where the roots of the recent approach are to be found; to what extent there is a connection between the old and the new points of view; and, finally, to pose the question whether the gap that separates them is as unbridgeable as is commonly believed.»Enuncia las tres tareas que se fija: dónde están las raíces del enfoque reciente, hasta qué punto hay conexión entre los puntos de vista viejo y nuevo, y si el abismo que los separa es tan insalvable como suele creerse

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 33»

«The way I have arranged the material is unorthodox and some aspects of the disposition are no doubt debatable. The two phases are characterized by two names: Jane Ellen Harrison and Walter Burkert.»Declara que su ordenación del material es heterodoxa y discutible en parte, y que las dos fases quedan caracterizadas por dos nombres, Jane Ellen Harrison y Walter Burkert

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 33»

«The overall structure, moreover, is based on Harrison's suggestions about the various ways in which myth and ritual may be connected.»Y de dónde toma la estructura general: de las sugerencias de Harrison sobre los distintos modos en que mito y rito pueden estar conectados

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 33»

«Myth was the dominant factor in nineteenth century (and earlier) studies of the history of religion until a change took place somewhere in the last quarter of the century. Textbooks that nowadays would carry 'Religionsgeschichte', 'history of religion', in the titles were then classified regularly as 'mythology', as witness the well-known works by Gruppe, Preller and Roscher.»Traza el vuelco: el mito dominó los estudios de historia de las religiones hasta el último cuarto del siglo XIX, y los manuales que hoy se titularían *Religionsgeschichte* se clasificaban entonces como mitología, como los de Gruppe, Preller y Roscher

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 33»

«Ritual dominates the scene in practically all the textbooks on Greek and Roman religion during most of the twentieth century.»Y el vuelco contrario: el rito domina casi todos los manuales de religión griega y romana durante la mayor parte del siglo XX

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 33»

«In this nonagenarian's view, then, rite, cult, and ceremonial action had carried the day, once and for all.»Resume la posición de Nilsson: a juicio del nonagenario, rito, culto y acción ceremonial se habían llevado la partida de una vez por todas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 34»

«This is what M.P. Nilsson says when speaking about the protagonists in this field from around the turn of the century, H. Usener2 and A. Dieterich3: "Der Umschwung war vollendet: statt der Mythen waren die Riten in den Vordergrund getreten"»Según Versnel, así lo dice Nilsson de los protagonistas del cambio de siglo, Usener y Dieterich: el vuelco estaba consumado y los ritos habían pasado al primer plano en lugar de los mitos. El troceo parte *protagonists* al fin de renglón y `span()` la devuelve unida, y pega las llamadas a nota a los apellidos (*Usener2*, *Dieterich3*)

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 34»

«Only recently, nonetheless, an American scholar, B. Lincoln, complained that "ritual (is) a neglected area for study ( ... ) for most scholars have tended to give far more attention to myth than to ritual", and "there still exists a grievous imbalance in favor of»Y le opone la queja reciente del estudioso estadounidense B. Lincoln, para quien el rito sigue siendo área desatendida porque casi todos miran más al mito, con un desequilibrio grave a su favor. El apellido queda partido al fin de renglón y la palabra *myth* con que cierra la frase cae ya en la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 34»

«What actually happened, then, in the interval between Nilsson's complacent statement, dating from the middle of this century, and Lincoln's complaint in 1977? Has the evident shift of interest from myth to ritual round 1900 been followed by a reverse movement in recent decades?»Plantea la pregunta que organiza el capítulo: qué pasó entre la afirmación complaciente de Nilsson, de mediados de siglo, y la queja de Lincoln en 1977, y si al giro del mito al rito hacia 1900 le siguió un movimiento inverso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 35»

«In a way, this is indeed what has happened, as can be seen from a comparison of Nilsson's work referred to above with W. Burkert's textbook of Greek religion (Burkert 1985) or his more explicit study of myth and ritual (Burkert 1979). Like other modern scholars, Burkert has given myth its due once again.»Su respuesta: en cierto modo sí, como se ve comparando la obra de Nilsson con el manual de religión griega de Burkert o con su estudio de mito y rito, porque Burkert, como otros modernos, ha vuelto a hacer justicia al mito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 35»

«A theory of myth and ritual worthy of the name should focus on myth and ritual; it is therefore no coincidence that both the myth and ritual complexes I plan to discuss were discovered at a time when-precisely because of the shift of interest-both elements were topics of debate: the last quarter of the 19th and the last quarter of the 20th century.»Y el corolario que saca: no es casual que los dos complejos de mito y rito que va a discutir se descubrieran en los dos momentos en que ambos elementos estaban en debate, el último cuarto del XIX y el último cuarto del XX

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 35»

«A qualification might be in order, though: myth, of course, has never been supplanted completely by ritual. Some scholars have set great store by myth, such as Freud, Jung, and Kerenyi from a psychological viewpoint; Dumezil, whose comparative mythology, as far as the classical cultures are concerned, focuses specially on Rome-a subject that I shall leave out of account here-or Mircea Eliade, whose phenomenological school includes Lincoln, quoted»Acota su propio esquema: el mito nunca quedó suplantado del todo por el rito, y nombra a quienes lo mantuvieron en alto —Freud, Jung y Kerényi desde la psicología, Dumézil desde la mitología comparada centrada en Roma, y Mircea Eliade, de cuya escuela fenomenológica sale el propio Lincoln. El OCR pierde los acentos de *Dumezil*, *Kerenyi* y *Vernant*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 35»

«Furthermore, myth, of course, takes pride of place in the studies of the Paris school of Vern ant, Vidal-N aquet and Detienne 7, and in other recent, especially semiotic, studies.»Añade dónde más tiene el mito el primer lugar: en los estudios de la escuela de París de Vernant, Vidal-Naquet y Detienne, y en otros trabajos recientes, sobre todo semióticos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 35»

«adventurous to say that the concept of myth and ritual was engendered by the tension that sprang from having to choose between myth or ritual.»Propone que el concepto mismo de mito y rito nació de la tensión de tener que elegir entre uno y otro; la palabra *engendered* queda partida por el cambio de plana y el tramo arranca en su segunda mitad, tras *It may not be too*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 36»

«in his Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures ( 1971) 31, G. S. Kirk states categorically: "Therefore it will be wise to reject from the outset the idea that myth and religion are twin aspects of the same subject, or parallel manifestations of the same psychic condition just as firmly as we rejected the»Trae como segunda tensión la posición tajante de G. S. Kirk, que aconseja rechazar de entrada la idea de que mito y religión sean aspectos gemelos del mismo asunto o manifestaciones paralelas de la misma condición psíquica. La frase se corta al pie de la plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 36»

«Interest in ritual in primitive cultures arose in Germany and Britain more or less simultaneously. In a period in which Max Muller's theories8 reigned supreme and every single myth was thought to be an allegory of meteorological and atmospheric phenomena, W. Mannhardt9 dispatched questionnaires all over Europe in search of traces of belief in vegetation, grain, and wood spirits and related manners and customs.»Data el nacimiento del interés por el rito: mientras reinaban las teorías de Max Müller y todo mito se tenía por alegoría meteorológica, Mannhardt repartió cuestionarios por Europa en busca de rastros de creencia en espíritus de la vegetación, del grano y del bosque. El OCR pierde la diéresis de *Müller*

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«About the same time E. B. Tylor10 managed to interest the Anglo-Saxon public in the peculiar features of primitive cultures outside Europe.»Y en paralelo, según Versnel, Tylor logró interesar al público anglosajón en los rasgos peculiares de las culturas primitivas de fuera de Europa

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 37»

«Darwin11 published his Origin of Species in 1859 and evolution and progress were in the air: might not Mannhardt's rye wolves and stalk hare be the very archetypes from which, much later, the radiant figures of Demeter, Dionysus or Adonis emerged? Might not religion have had its origin in spirit worship?»Sitúa el clima intelectual: publicado el *Origin of Species* en 1859, evolución y progreso estaban en el aire, y las preguntas eran si los lobos de centeno de Mannhardt serían los arquetipos de los que salieron Deméter, Dioniso o Adonis, y si la religión se habría originado en el culto a los espíritus

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«Tylor himself professed a straightforward evolutionism: unable to understand nature around him, primitive man tried to influence his environment. To achieve this he practised magic rites (which did not work, but he did not realize this) and in a later stage»Resume el evolucionismo de Tylor: incapaz de entender la naturaleza, el hombre primitivo intentó influir en su entorno practicando ritos mágicos que no funcionaban sin que él lo advirtiera. El tramo se corta al pie de la plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 37»

«he tried to explain this no longer understood ritual and other riddles by means of some myth (which did not fit in, but he did not realize this either)-a twofold misinterpretation, therefore, for which only Germans could have invented a term such as 'Urdummheit' ('primeval stupidity'), a phrase that did not fail to find a comfortable niche in anthropological jargon»Y el segundo paso de ese esquema: explicar después el rito ya incomprendido con algún mito que tampoco encajaba, doble malentendido para el que, según Versnel, solo los alemanes podían haber inventado un término como *Urdummheit*, estupidez primigenia, que se acomodó en la jerga antropológica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 38»

«Certain vague relations between myth and ritual can be glimpsed, but credit for the first clear-cut theory is due to the Scottish Semitist and theologian W. Robertson Smith, whose famous and influential Lectures on the Religion of the Semites introduced his well-known theory of sacrifice»Adjudica la primera teoría neta sobre mito y rito al semitista y teólogo escocés W. Robertson Smith, cuyas *Lectures on the Religion of the Semites* introdujeron su teoría del sacrificio

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«His interest in 'ritual institutions' as social instruments influenced both Durkheim and Freud; offundamental importance for our subject is the fact that in his view, sacrifice as communion-man shares in the vital force of the consumed animal-acquires an additional mythical dimension: as a totem animal, the sacrificial victim is raised to divine status. Myth arises from a social rite.»Y qué sacó de ahí: el interés de Robertson Smith por las instituciones rituales como instrumentos sociales influyó en Durkheim y en Freud, y su sacrificio como comunión —el hombre participa de la fuerza vital del animal consumido— añade una dimensión mítica al elevar a la víctima a estatuto divino como animal totémico, de modo que el mito nace de un rito social. El OCR pega *offundamental*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 38»

«These are the indispensable preliminary stages. It was, after all, Robertson Smith who pointed out the road taken by his student and friend James Frazer»Llama a todo eso etapas preliminares indispensables y señala que fue Robertson Smith quien indicó el camino a su alumno y amigo James Frazer

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«The twelve volumes of Frazer's The Golden Bough-next to the Bible and Kitto's The Greeks-still adorn many a British upper middle class drawing room»Mide la presencia de *The Golden Bough* en la cultura británica: sus doce volúmenes siguen adornando muchos salones de clase media alta, al lado de la Biblia y del *The Greeks* de Kitto

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«praised as "perhaps the greatest scientific Odyssey in modern humanism" (Malinowski) and disparaged as "part of what every schoolboy knows, and what every gentleman must at least have for»Consigna los dos juicios opuestos sobre *The Golden Bough*: para Malinowski acaso la mayor odisea científica del humanismo moderno, para Marett parte de lo que todo escolar sabe y todo caballero debe haber olvidado. El tramo se corta al fin de renglón en *forgotten*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 39»

«In the definitive version (there had been earlier, shorter editions) the first two volumes are called The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, and this title provides the code words: magic lay at the roots of religion, and the most important means with which primitive man tried to control nature and vegetation lay in magic-sacral kingship.»Lee el título de los dos primeros volúmenes de la versión definitiva como clave del sistema: la magia estaba en la raíz de la religión, y el medio principal con que el hombre primitivo intentaba controlar naturaleza y vegetación era la realeza mágico-sacral

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 39»

«Just as nature goes through an annual cycle of budding, flowering, bearing fruit, withering and dying, so each year the 'aged' king had to be supplanted by a new vigorous successor, for it is the king' s magic power that sympathetically influences and even controls vegetative life.»Expone el mecanismo frazeriano: como la naturaleza recorre cada año un ciclo de brotar, florecer, fructificar, marchitarse y morir, cada año el rey envejecido debía ser sustituido por un sucesor vigoroso, porque es el poder mágico del rey lo que influye por simpatía en la vida vegetativa y aun la controla

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«Nature's death has to be overcome by a new, young king who defeats the old one in a ritual fight-or somehow supplants him.»Y el desenlace ritual del esquema: la muerte de la naturaleza ha de vencerla un rey joven que derrota al viejo en un combate ritual o lo suplanta de algún modo

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«So much for rite. There is, however, also a mythical representation or transposition of the natural cycle, dealt with by Frazer in other parts of his series»Pasa del rito al mito: según Versnel, Frazer trató en otras partes de la serie la representación o transposición mítica del ciclo natural

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 39»

«A great many cultures, notably those of the Mediterranean world and the Near East, so Frazer contended, have their 'dying and rising gods'. They represent grain, green plants and trees.»Según Versnel, Frazer sostenía que muchísimas culturas, sobre todo del Mediterráneo y del Cercano Oriente, tienen sus dioses que mueren y resucitan, y que esos dioses representan el grano, las plantas verdes y los árboles

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«Their myths tell of menace, downfall, sojourn in the underworld and death, but also of resurrection. During the annual New Year festivities lamentations are heard bewailing the god who has died, but it is not long before they are replaced by hilarious joy: the god has risen or has manifested himself again, heralding a promise of new life.»Y describe el patrón: los mitos cuentan amenaza, caída, estancia en el inframundo y muerte, pero también resurrección, y en las fiestas anuales de año nuevo los lamentos por el dios muerto dan paso pronto a la alegría desbordada porque el dios ha resucitado o se ha manifestado de nuevo

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«There thus emerges an almost ideal parallelism of myth and ritual, both reacting to or reflecting the vegetative cycle of nature»El resultado que Versnel destaca del esquema: un paralelismo casi ideal de mito y rito, reaccionando los dos al ciclo vegetativo de la naturaleza o reflejándolo. La palabra *ritual* va partida al fin de renglón en el troceo y `span()` la devuelve unida

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«This scheme is a fundamental one: it is invoked by all myth and ritual theories of the first phase. As a matter of fact, until a few decades ago the twentieth century remained 'in the shadow of the golden bough'»Declara el alcance de ese esquema: lo invocan todas las teorías de mito y rito de la primera fase, y hasta hace unas décadas el siglo XX siguió a la sombra de la rama dorada

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«We shall concentrate, primarily, on two schools: the 'ritualist' Cambridge school, which in the area of classical studies applied itself above all to the Greek material, and the Myth and Ritual school proper, which centered on the pattern of the ancient Near East.»Anuncia las dos escuelas que va a tratar: la escuela ritualista de Cambridge, volcada en el material griego, y la escuela de Mito y Rito propiamente dicha, centrada en el patrón del antiguo Cercano Oriente

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«Robertson Smith and Frazer both taught in Cambridge. So didjane Ellen Harrison16. 'Bloody Jane' to friends, a 'blasphemous Ker' as»Sitúa a Jane Ellen Harrison en el mismo Cambridge de Robertson Smith y de Frazer, con los apodos que arrastraba. El OCR pega *didjane*

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«she said herself17 , and the last maenad found running wild according to many others, she led an unorthodox life, which gave rise to many rumours, with such standard ingredients as libertinism in matters of sex and religion, more or less pronounced feminism, and hovering between the extremes of esthetic refinement on the one hand and the "beastly devices of the heathen" on the other.»Consigna los rumores que rodearon su vida heterodoxa: libertinismo en cuestiones de sexo y de religión, feminismo más o menos marcado, y un vaivén entre el refinamiento estético y los artificios bestiales del pagano

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«I note this for the sole reason that later criticism seems to have been inspired, at least partly, by the aversion aroused by these in themselves less relevant features of her life.»Y por qué lo consigna: sostiene que la crítica posterior a Harrison se inspiró al menos en parte en la aversión que despertaban esos rasgos de su vida, en sí poco relevantes

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«From her best known and most important works, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion (1903) and Themis (1912) 18 she emerges as someone who boasts a vast knowledge of Greek, above all archaeological, material (archaeology had been her starting point), has an unmistakable tendency to follow and practise the most recent trends rather uncritically (she herself mentions-in chronological order-Frazer, Durkheim, Bergson and Freud)19, and who is criticized by Kirk 1971, 3, for being "utterly uncontrolled by anything resembling careful logic»Retrata a Harrison por sus dos obras mayores: vasto conocimiento del material griego, sobre todo arqueológico, tendencia a seguir sin mucha crítica la moda más reciente —ella misma nombra en orden a Frazer, Durkheim, Bergson y Freud— y el reproche de Kirk de no estar gobernada por nada que se parezca a una lógica cuidadosa

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«Still, I should like to show that at least part of the inconsistencies found in her studies may be caused, to a certain extent at any rate, by the unmanageable and intrinsically contradictory subject of her choice.»Y su propia enmienda al veredicto casi unánime: parte de las inconsistencias de los estudios de Harrison podría venir del asunto mismo que eligió, inmanejable e intrínsecamente contradictorio

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«In 1890, a year after the publication of Robertson Smith's major work and in the very year in which the first two-volume edition of Frazer's Golden Bough was published, Harrison's Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens appeared.»Data la entrada de Harrison en el debate: *Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens* aparece en 1890, un año después de la obra mayor de Robertson Smith y el mismo año de la primera edición en dos tomos de *The Golden Bough*

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«My belief is that in many, even the large majority of cases ritual practice misunderstood explains the elaboration of myth''. In the last analysis, even the most beautiful, the loveliest Greek myths derive from "always practical ritual»La tesis con que Harrison abre aquel libro, según Versnel: la práctica ritual mal entendida explica la elaboración del mito, y hasta los mitos griegos más bellos derivan en último análisis de un rito siempre práctico

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«A quite telling phrase in an 1891 paper-"a solution I believe to be wholly novel"-shows that she expects to be the first to offer this solution»Señala que Harrison se creía la primera en dar con esa solución, según muestra una frase de un artículo de 1891

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«Frazer, who, as we have seen, had opted for the very same starting point, did not feel any forceful urge to put the presumed interrelation of myth and ritual on a solid theoretical basis, and Robertson Smith was publishing at practically the same time.»Y matiza: Frazer, que había partido del mismo punto, no sintió urgencia de dar base teórica sólida a la relación entre mito y rito, y Robertson Smith publicaba casi al mismo tiempo

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«It just so happened, as is often the case, that either direct or indirect mental contact gave rise, almost simultaneously, to related viewpoints.»Lee la coincidencia como lo que suele ocurrir: el contacto mental directo o indirecto hizo surgir casi a la vez puntos de vista emparentados

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 42»

«However, a glance in modern surveys and textbooks of anthropology and the history of religion will show that, in this broad perspective, the other two scholars have ousted Jane Harri»Y mide el resultado: en los panoramas y manuales modernos de antropología e historia de las religiones los otros dos han desplazado a Jane Harrison. El apellido queda partido al fin de renglón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 42»

«I wish to show that, at least in the context of myth and ritual, Harrison deserves more credit than she was given and that in her works all the problems were touched upon that later authors dealt with in their way.»Enuncia lo que quiere mostrar: que Harrison merece más crédito del que se le dio y que en su obra quedaron tocados todos los problemas que los autores posteriores trataron a su manera

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«In the Prolegomena Harrison still adheres to the view, quoted above, that myths were created in order to account for rites. In line with nineteenth century ideas, the gods were supposed to belong to the domain of myth.»Según Versnel, en los *Prolegomena* Harrison sigue sosteniendo que los mitos se crearon para dar cuenta de los ritos, y sitúa a los dioses, conforme a las ideas del XIX, en el dominio del mito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 42»

«rites, especially apotropaic ones, meant to protect crops and settlements. These daimones are products of an almost intellectual explanatory process, and in her Themis Harrison systematises these numerous demons into one prototypical, genuinely 'Frazerian' year god, denoting him, for the occasion, by a home-made Greek term as the eniautos daimon.»Y describe el paso siguiente: los dioses surgen como personificación de ritos sobre todo apotropaicos, esos *daimones* son producto de un proceso explicativo casi intelectual, y en *Themis* Harrison los sistematiza en un dios del año frazeriano al que llama, con término griego de su cosecha, *eniautos daimon*

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«In the same Themis, however, there is a sudden emphasis on the social component of the myth-making process: "Strong emotion collectively experienced begets this illusion of objective reality; each worshipper is conscious of something in his emotion not himself, stronger than himself. He does not know it is the force of collective suggestion, he calls it a god»Marca el vuelco dentro del mismo libro: la emoción fuerte experimentada colectivamente engendra la ilusión de realidad objetiva, y el adorador, sin saber que es fuerza de sugestión colectiva, la llama dios

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«Dionysos, for instance, who was first a typically 'Frazerian' eniautos daimon, is now called "his thiasos incarnate" (p. 38). Here Durkheim has ousted Frazer»Y el ejemplo con que lo mide: Dioniso, antes *eniautos daimon* frazeriano, pasa a ser su tíaso encarnado, con lo que Durkheim ha desplazado a Frazer

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«It is necessary to realize the implications of this step. In the Frazerian scheme, man is the manipulator: he believes he can control external processes by means of specific, above all magical methods, rites. Myth, then, is a kind of verbal account of these rituals.»Explica lo que ese paso implica: en el esquema frazeriano el hombre es el manipulador, cree controlar procesos externos por métodos sobre todo mágicos, y el mito es una suerte de relato verbal de esos ritos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 43»

«In the new interpretation, on the other hand, man is the one who is manipulated: however the ritual may relate to external data like fertility of the soil, what counts is what the participant himself experiences, his own emotion. The mythical images, therefore, are products, first and foremost, of spontaneous, collective emotions»Y en la nueva, el hombre es el manipulado: importe lo que importe el rito para la fertilidad del suelo, lo que cuenta es lo que el participante experimenta, su propia emoción, de modo que las imágenes míticas son ante todo producto de emociones colectivas espontáneas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 43»

«ation to maintain that the seeds of one of the great controversies in twentieth century approaches to ancient religions can be detected here.»Sitúa ahí la semilla de una de las grandes controversias del siglo XX sobre las religiones antiguas; la palabra *exaggeration* queda partida por el cambio de plana y el tramo arranca en su segunda mitad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 44»

«The two lines may be illustrated by comparing two types of approach: that of such scholars as Deubner, Nilsson and Latte, in which rites are studied primarily with regard to their external functions and aims, and in which there is hardly any room for myth, except as an aetiological explanation of the ritual acts; and the approach of a very disparate group of modern scholars, guided by Burkert and Vernant, on the other; here myth and rite are considered to be, in the first place, forms of expression which identify or integrate the cultural community itself.»Dibuja las dos líneas: la de Deubner, Nilsson y Latte, que estudian los ritos por sus funciones y fines externos y apenas dejan sitio al mito salvo como explicación etiológica, y la de un grupo dispar de modernos guiados por Burkert y Vernant, para quienes mito y rito son ante todo formas de expresión que identifican o integran a la comunidad cultural

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 44»

«Just as the year king-god scheme represented Harrison's first approach, for which she had invented the term eniautos daimon, so her second approach can be exemplarily illustrated by a hymn from Palaikastro in Eastern Crete that had recently been discovered»Presenta el segundo enfoque de Harrison con el himno de Palaikastro, en Creta oriental, hallado poco antes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 44»

«The inscription probably dates from the third century BC, but certain elements of the text indicate a much older period.»Data la inscripción, según Versnel, en el siglo III a. C., con elementos del texto que apuntan a una época bastante anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 44»

«In this hymn the Megistos Kouros, identified as the young Zeus, is invited to come to Mount Dikte, heading the daimones for this year, and "to spring into the wine vats, the herds, the crops, the cities, the ships, the young citizens and Themis»Resume el contenido del himno: se invita al Megistos Kouros, identificado con el Zeus joven, a venir al monte Dicte al frente de los *daimones* del año y a saltar sobre las cubas de vino, los rebaños, las cosechas, las ciudades, las naves, los ciudadanos jóvenes y Temis

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 44»

«Now, no true Frazerian would hesitate to recognize the year god in this»Señala lo que un frazeriano vería sin dudar en ese Megistos Kouros: el dios del año. El tramo se corta en el límite de chunk, donde el troceo reemite la marca de plana

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«Megistos Kouros, especially if one accepts the most recent interpretation by M. L. West of a corrupt fragment of the text which says, in his view, that the god first "has gone into the earth" 25 . Harrison, however, thinks otherwise.»Y añade que la lectura de M. L. West de un fragmento corrupto —según la cual el dios primero fue a la tierra— reforzaría esa lectura frazeriana, pero que Harrison piensa de otro modo

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«The elements of threat, torture and death that, as we will see below, often play a role in initiatory rites, can be recognized, she believes, in the myth of the Titans, by whom the Dionysos-Zagreus infant (closely related to Zeus Kretagenes) is torn to pieces. They are the mythical reflections of the elder members of the tribe, disguised as spirits of the deceased, who 'kill' the initiation candidate, reduced to the status of a baby, so that a new human being may arise.»Y sigue con la lectura: Harrison reconoce los elementos de amenaza, tortura y muerte de los ritos iniciáticos en el mito de los Titanes que despedazan al niño Dioniso-Zagreo, reflejos míticos de los miembros mayores de la tribu, disfrazados de espíritus de los muertos, que matan al candidato reducido a la condición de bebé

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 45»

«The Megistos Kouros that is invoked "is obviously but a reflection or impersonation of the body of Kouretes'' (p.27), who in their turn are mythical reflections of the human epheboi. In other words, the mythical characters "arise straight out of a social custom" (p.28) and this amounts to saying (p.29) that "The ritual act, what the Greeks called the dromenon, is prior to the divinity" (in other words: "is prior to myth»Cierra la cadena de Harrison: el Megistos Kouros invocado no es sino reflejo o personificación del cuerpo de Curetes, que a su vez reflejan a los efebos humanos, de modo que los personajes míticos brotan directamente de una costumbre social y el acto ritual, el *dromenon*, es anterior a la divinidad y al mito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 45»

«That much we knew already, but now we are in for a surprise: in a related discussion a dozen pages earlier, Harrison maintained that investigation of the ritual is a primary condition in order to fathom the religious intention of a particular complex. She then continues: "This does not, however, imply, as is sometimes supposed, that ritual is prior to myth; they probably arose together. Ritual is the utterance of an emotion, a thing felt in action, myth in words or thoughts. They arise pari passu.»Y marca la contradicción interna: una docena de páginas antes Harrison niega que el rito sea anterior al mito y sostiene que probablemente surgieron juntos, el rito como enunciación de una emoción sentida en acción y el mito en palabras o pensamientos, *pari passu*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 45»

«This may suffice to explain the irritation felt by many a reader used to more consistent reasoning; in particular, the parenthetical clause, "as is sometimes supposed," is a jewel.»Y comenta lo que esa doble postura provoca en quien lee con más coherencia: la cláusula entre paréntesis —*as is sometimes supposed*— le parece a Versnel una joya

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 45»

«But this does not diminish the fact that she has outlined a novel and serious possibility: that of the simultaneous origin of myth and ritual in certain situations.»Sin embargo le reconoce el hallazgo: Harrison esbozó una posibilidad nueva y seria, la del origen simultáneo del mito y del rito en ciertas situaciones

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 45»

«Actually, the suggestion that myth can also function as the scenario of a (dramatic) ritual seems to be formulated here in nuce.»Y localiza en ese pasaje, dice, la formulación *in nuce* de la tercera posibilidad: que el mito funcione como guion de un ritual dramático

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 46»

«1. myth arises from rite, 2. myth and rite arise pari passu, 3. myth is the scenario of a dramatic ritual.»Ordena en tres las sugerencias que, a su juicio, Harrison dejó sobre la interrelación de mito y rito: el mito nace del rito, mito y rito nacen *pari passu*, y el mito es el guion de un ritual dramático

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 46»

«Moreover, she tested these theoretical possibilities in two cases of a specific myth and ritual complex: A. the Frazerian complex of year king, year god and New Year festival, B. the initiation complex.»Y añade los dos complejos donde ella las probó: el frazeriano de rey del año, dios del año y fiesta de Año Nuevo, y el de iniciación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 46»

«We shall now see that for decades to come it was only types 1) and 3) of these theoretical possibilities that attracted any attention, and that in the initial phase interest was focused almost exclusively on A) the New Year myth and ritual complex. The remaining two suggestions, 2) and B), did not receive much credit or attention until very recently.»Anuncia el reparto de atención que sigue: por décadas solo interesaron la primera y la tercera posibilidades, y casi en exclusiva el complejo de Año Nuevo; la segunda y el complejo iniciático tardaron en recibir crédito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 46»

«The very next sentence in Murray's paper is: "First, however, there is a difficulty to clear away" (p.344), and that is precisely what the reader had already suspected. After all, we are always told that a tragedy that ends well is not a very good tragedy, and that this is the reason why the rare tragedies with happy endings run the risk of being assigned a place among the satyr plays.»Marca la objeción que el lector ya venía sospechando y que el propio Murray se plantea de inmediato: una tragedia que acaba bien no es buena tragedia, y las raras de final feliz corren el riesgo de acabar entre los dramas satíricos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 47»

«In order to solve his difficulty, Murray assumed that the positive final chords had become detached from the tragedy proper and ended up as a separate theme in the satyr plays. This is one of the first explicit invocations of the 'disintegration of the pattern', a stereotyped plea in the myth and ritual debate.»Señala la salida de Murray —los acordes finales positivos se habrían desprendido de la tragedia y quedado en el drama satírico— como una de las primeras invocaciones explícitas de la *disintegration of the pattern*, alegato estereotipado del debate sobre mito y rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 47»

«endemic, widespread 'cult pattern'. What did this pattern look like and how was the idea conceived?»La tesis de esa escuela, según la enuncia Versnel: en aquellas zonas existió un *cult pattern* endémico y extendido; la frase arranca al final de la plana anterior, *The thesis is that in these areas there existed an*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 50»

«It is impossible to discuss this rich and provocative book in any detail here. But as it deals with two major issues of the present chapter it may serve clarity if I just mention in general terms where I agree and where I do not.»Y en la misma nota declara su procedimiento con ese libro: no puede discutirlo en detalle, pero dirá en términos generales dónde coincide y dónde no

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 49»

«The Kronia-not having any visible relationship with kingship (see the next chapter)-are left out of the discussion and the Anthesteria resorted to, where the (scarce) royal elements have to support a heavy ideological construction.»Objeta ahí mismo la aplicación a Grecia: las Kronia, sin relación visible con la realeza, quedan fuera de la discusión, y las Antesterias, cuyos escasos elementos regios han de sostener una construcción ideológica pesada, ocupan su lugar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 50»

«the basic common denominator of such festivals of the turning of the year is an, often carnivalesque, demonstration of the stagnation of any official form of power, both political and social-involving a temporary anomia with social reversal-including (where it exists) kingship.»Y enuncia en esa misma nota el denominador común que el libro entero va a sostener: estas fiestas del cambio de año son una demostración, a menudo carnavalesca, del estancamiento de toda forma oficial de poder, político y social, con una *anomia* temporal y una inversión social que incluye la realeza donde la hay

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 50»

«It all began with the Babylonian New Year festival, the so-called Akitu festival»Sitúa el arranque de todo en la fiesta babilonia de Año Nuevo, la llamada Akitu; el tramo corta antes de la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 50»

«All the gods, headed by Marduk, come to Babylon to celebrate the New Year in ceremonies that include a sacred marriage. The king is subjected to a curious ritual: the insignia of his dignity, his scepter, ring and crown are taken from him and laid down in front of Marduk's statue. The king kneels down and the priest pulls one of his ears; the king professes his innocence and is given the promise that his kingship will prosper. The insignia are returned to him and he is struck by the priest, which makes the king cry. From other sources we learn that the king then rides through the city in a kind of triumphal procession, together with Marduk.»Describe el rito: los dioses con Marduk a la cabeza llegan a Babilonia, hay matrimonio sagrado, y al rey se le quitan cetro, anillo y corona ante la estatua de Marduk, se arrodilla, el sacerdote le tira de una oreja, profesa su inocencia, recibe la promesa de prosperidad y los insignias de vuelta, y un golpe del sacerdote que lo hace llorar, antes de recorrer la ciudad en procesión triunfal con el dios

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 50»

«That is, in itself, already more than enough for a Frazerian scheme, as Frazer himself had not failed to notice»Comenta que eso ya sobra para un esquema frazeriano, cosa que el propio Frazer no dejó de advertir

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 50»

«Here we seem to have a variant of the ancient regicide, toned down into abdication, humiliation, and re-investiture.»Y nombra lo que ahí parece haber: una variante del antiguo regicidio, rebajada a abdicación, humillación y reinvestidura

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 50»

«So much for the rite. As for the myth, the Enuma Elish, the Creation Epic, was recited during these New Year festivals. It told how Marduk (originally, of course, an older, in fact Sumerian, god) led the gods to war against Tiamat, the chaos monster of the primeval flood;»Pasa del rito al mito: el *Enuma Elish*, el poema de la creación, se recitaba en esas fiestas y contaba cómo Marduk —dios más antiguo, en realidad sumerio— llevó a los dioses a la guerra contra Tiamat, el monstruo del caos de la inundación primordial. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 50»

«What we have here, then, is a case of perfect parallelism: the rite performed by the king is a reflection, in human terms, of what happened to the god in primordial mythical times, 'in illo tempore'»Nombra el paralelismo perfecto que la escuela lee ahí: el rito del rey es reflejo, en términos humanos, de lo que le pasó al dios en el tiempo mítico primordial, *in illo tempore*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 51»

«Creation of the cosmos after a victory gained over chaos corresponds to the regeneration of kingship after a period of chaotic anarchy during the king's absence, a correspondence confirmed by the mention of the king's sacred marriage»Y detalla la correspondencia: creación del cosmos tras la victoria sobre el caos frente a regeneración de la realeza tras la anarquía de la ausencia del rey, con el matrimonio sagrado como confirmación; el tramo corta antes de la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 51»

«For the correspondence to be perfect, the myth would have to contain the element of the god's downfall, too, as is fitting for a 'dying and rising' god and as is told, for instance, of other Near Eastern gods (notably Tammuz). Did Marduk, too, perish first? In the Enuma Elish this is not the case, but on a sorely damaged tablet from the sixth century BC»Marca lo que le faltaría al paralelo para ser perfecto —la caída del dios, como toca a un dios que muere y resucita, según se cuenta de Tammuz— y responde que el *Enuma Elish* no la trae, aunque sí una tablilla muy dañada del siglo VI a. C.

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 51»

«it is recorded that Marduk is imprisoned, beaten and wounded: "People are looking in the streets for Marduk. Where is he held captive? ( ... ) The Enuma Elish they sing in Nisan is about him who is in prison ... ". This, then, would complete the myth and ritual pattern, the 'cult pattern':»Cita lo que esa tablilla registra de Marduk preso, golpeado y herido: la gente lo busca por las calles, preguntando dónde está cautivo, y el *Enuma Elish* que se canta en Nisán trata de quien está en prisión; con eso, dice, se completaría el patrón cultual

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 51»

«RITE Crisis situation between old and new, King is dethroned and humiliated, King is reinstated, Triumphal pageant, Sacred marriage. MYTH Threat by primeval chaos in the shape of a monster, Marduk taken prisoner, Marduk gains victory, becomes king, Triumphal pageant, Sacred marriage (celebrated on New Year's day).»El patrón cultual en dos columnas, que el troceo linealiza una tras otra: del lado del RITO, crisis entre lo viejo y lo nuevo, rey destronado y humillado, rey repuesto, desfile triunfal y matrimonio sagrado; del lado del MITO, amenaza del caos primordial en forma de monstruo, Marduk prisionero, Marduk vencedor y hecho rey, desfile triunfal y matrimonio sagrado el día de Año Nuevo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 51»

«One sometimes gets the impression that they feel embarrassed when reminded of the unmistakably Frazerian aspect of their cult pattern.»Dice la impresión que a veces le dejan: la de gente incómoda cuando se le recuerda el aspecto inequívocamente frazeriano de su patrón cultual

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 52»

«The passage is not free from ambiguity»Advierte que el pasaje no está libre de ambigüedad; el tramo corta antes de la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 53»

«but it does give a clear indication of what the author does and does not accept. It is at any rate the shortest statement of this myth and ritual approach»Y le reconoce, aun así, que indica con claridad lo que su autor acepta y lo que no, y que es el enunciado más corto de este enfoque de mito y rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 53»

«That this order does indeed occur can be documented by the coronation ritual of the Japanese emperor, in which what happened in illo tempore is imitated in a ritual form»Documenta en nota que ese orden se da de veras: el ritual de coronación del emperador japonés imita en forma ritual lo ocurrido *in illo tempore*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 53»

«Thus the flock of the faithful need not worry: whatever was said of Him, God came first and had always done so. Those who preferred to think that He Himself might have arisen from some earlier social ritual were always welcome in libertine Cambridge.»Y saca la moraleja con sorna: el rebaño de los fieles podía estar tranquilo, porque dijeran lo que dijeran de Él, Dios fue primero y siempre lo había sido; quien prefiriera pensar que Él mismo salió de algún rito social anterior era siempre bienvenido en la libertina Cambridge

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 54»

«It was to be expected-why should diffusion be confined to the Near East? Why would evolution obtain only in Greece? Patet mundus.»Comenta que era de esperarse: por qué habría de confinarse la difusión al Próximo Oriente, por qué valdría la evolución solo en Grecia, *patet mundus*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 54»

«We would not be wrong to think of Hocart as the founder of what we might call "out and out myth and ritualism»Propone tener a Hocart por fundador de lo que llama un ritualismo mítico a ultranza

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 54»

«It all looks like a serious application of the witty argument by one of his students who proved irrefutably that G. Murray himself must be a dying and rising god.»Compara el resultado con la broma de un alumno de Murray que probó de modo irrefutable que el propio G. Murray tenía que ser un dios que muere y resucita

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 55»

«To be frank, I prefer the explicitly romanticised fictions of Robert Graves, Shirley Jackson (Hyman's wife), and J. B. Vickery»Declara su preferencia: antes que eso, las ficciones abiertamente novelescas de Robert Graves, Shirley Jackson y J. B. Vickery, que llevaron el tema a la literatura

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 56»

«When I first became acquainted with myth and ritual theory more than twenty years ago, I had not the faintest notion that I would ever call Gaster's comprehensive work Thespis (above p.31) a moderate book.»Cuenta en primera persona el cambio de escala: cuando conoció la teoría de mito y rito, hace más de veinte años, no imaginaba que llegaría a llamar libro moderado al *Thespis* de Gaster

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 56»

«After our voyage across the seething waters of so much wilder seas, I am inclined to consider this book as a relatively calm and clear fairway and to recommend it-as a first introduction to a limited part of the myth and ritual approach-to those interested readers who are firmly resolved not to take the author's word for everything he claims»Y la recomendación con reservas: tras navegar aguas mucho más bravas, lo tiene por canal relativamente calmo y claro, y lo recomienda como primera introducción a una parte limitada del enfoque, a lectores resueltos a no creerle al autor todo lo que afirma

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 56»

«As far as myth and ritual theory in anthropological literature is concerned, a few remarks will suffice, from which it may become clear that some anthropologists have not wholly unjustly been included in the present section.»Anuncia el tramo antropológico con pocas palabras: algunos antropólogos han quedado incluidos en esta sección no del todo sin razón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 56»

«Nevertheless, it is remarkable to see how other anthropologists venture very far-reaching statements about the interrelation of myth and rite.»Llama notable que otros antropólogos se aventuren a afirmaciones de alcance tan largo sobre la interrelación de mito y rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 57»

«Substitute 'myth' for 'ritual' in this statement and the truth value remains the same»Y añade de su cosecha que si en esa frase se pone mito donde dice rito, el valor de verdad no cambia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 58»

«In anthropological circles the discussion is still in full swing, offering many scholars ample opportunity to prove their skills in matters of jargon, analysis and polemics. Let us hasten back to our own limited territory, where, for that matter, we shall meet with the very same discussion.»Deja la discusión antropológica en su punto —a su ver, ocasión amplia para lucir destrezas de jerga, análisis y polémica— y vuelve al territorio limitado propio, donde topará con la misma discusión

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 58»

«From all this one can perhaps imagine the emotional responses the other myth and ritual school elicited in contemporary orthodox clerical circles.»Invita a imaginar, desde ahí, las respuestas emocionales que la otra escuela de mito y rito provocó en los círculos clericales ortodoxos de su tiempo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 59»

«Behind all this is the aversion to ethnological comparativism, especially if this refuses to stop short at Genesis 1: 1. And Robertson Smith did not stop.»Nombra lo que hay detrás: la aversión al comparativismo etnológico, sobre todo si se niega a detenerse en Génesis 1, 1; y Robertson Smith no se detuvo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 59»

«and ritual theorists, but the accusation of having "recklessly imposed their pattern" on Israelite religion 74 is only a mild version of what has also been voiced in stronger terms.»No sabe de jubilaciones anticipadas entre los teóricos posteriores, pero la acusación de haber impuesto su patrón con temeridad a la religión israelita le parece versión suave de lo dicho en términos más fuertes; la frase arranca al final de la plana anterior, *I have not heard about any early retirement among later myth*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 60»

«This kind of emotional criticism is highly interesting from the point of view of cultural history, but it does not allow of any reasonable discussion. In this respect it is radically different from other forms of critical approach.»Separa esa crítica emocional —muy interesante para la historia cultural, pero sin discusión razonable posible— de las demás formas de crítica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 60»

«For example, the building blocks of a theory can be tested for hardness: the tablet on which Marduk's downfall is described may be interpreted as Assyrian war propaganda against the hostile supreme deity»Primera forma: probar la dureza de los bloques de la teoría, como leer la tablilla de la caída de Marduk por propaganda de guerra asiria contra la deidad suprema enemiga

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 60»

«the hymn of the Kouretes itself hardly contains any reference to initiation elements; in many ways it seems rather to refer to the New Year complex»Segunda pieza probada: el himno de los Curetes apenas contiene referencias a elementos de iniciación y en muchos sentidos parece más bien remitir al complejo de Año Nuevo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 60»

«in tragedy there are simply no traces of Murray's theophany and resurrection.»Y la tercera: en la tragedia no hay rastro alguno de la teofanía y la resurrección de Murray

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 60»

«and it has been suggested that a christological perspective imposed a pattern upon the gods of the Near East, only half of which has actually been attested.»Recoge la sospecha de que una perspectiva cristológica impuso a los dioses del Próximo Oriente un patrón del que solo la mitad está atestiguada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 61»

«Moreover, it has been pointed out that for Greece we do not know anything about either sacral kingship or coherent complexes of myth and ritual»Y para Grecia, que no sabemos nada ni de realeza sacra ni de complejos coherentes de mito y rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 61»

«Even the actual existence of sacral regicide, so often recorded in anthropological literature, has been questioned. Informants too often refer to former times: "We ourselves do not practise this any more, but our grandparents still chopped up a king»Pone en duda hasta la existencia real del regicidio sacro tantas veces registrado en la literatura antropológica: los informantes remiten demasiado a menudo a tiempos pasados, diciendo que ellos ya no lo practican pero que sus abuelos aún despedazaban a un rey

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 61»

«'mythic ritual' to describe this very frequent and highly interesting phenomenon.»Propone una categoría propia para ese fenómeno frecuente e interesante: el *mythic ritual*, el rito descrito sin que conste que se ejecutara. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior, *We might consider introducing a category*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 62»

«Moreover, he utterly fails to recognize the importance of what I would call 'mythic ritual'.»En nota reprocha a Fontenrose no reconocer la importancia de eso que él llamaría rito mítico

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 61»

«The question of whether the rituals as related in literature were ever actually performed becomes pressing when we have to evaluate the well-known charges against Christians and other sects.»Y dice dónde aprieta la pregunta de si los ritos referidos en la literatura se ejecutaron alguna vez: al evaluar las acusaciones conocidas contra los cristianos y otras sectas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 61»

«There is a remarkable variant in the early Rabbinical laws which provided detailed prescriptions of rituals without ever assuming that they would be performed in actual reality. Here a system of ideas is expressed not in a mythical but in a ritual literary form. "The ritual is myth»Y registra una variante notable en las leyes rabínicas tempranas: prescriben rituales en detalle sin suponer nunca que se ejecutarían, de modo que un sistema de ideas se expresa no en forma literaria mítica sino ritual —el rito es el mito, en la fórmula de Neusner

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 62»

«The annoying thing is that this form of criticism, however useful and even necessary it may be, will never tip the scales.»Lo que le fastidia: esa forma de crítica, por útil y necesaria que sea, nunca inclinará la balanza

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 62»

«Of course, Raglan, Hyman and Margaret Murray spoke the language of the initiated, which does not require a book to defend or to attack it. There is no convincing the initiated: they see a great light in which all the pieces can be fitted into the big jigsaw puzzle. As for the non-initiated, they thought it all nonsense anyway.»Da la razón: Raglan, Hyman y Margaret Murray hablaban la lengua de los iniciados, que no necesita libro para defenderse ni para ser atacada; al iniciado no se le convence, porque ve una gran luz donde todas las piezas encajan en el rompecabezas, y el no iniciado ya lo tenía todo por disparate

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 62»

«And in any case, even detailed criticism among reasonable people usually has only marginal effects.»Y aun entre gente razonable, dice, la crítica detallada suele tener efectos marginales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 62»

«However, Fontenrose does not exactly excel in anthropological knowledge. There is an abundance of evidence on sacral kingship, which clearly proves that ritual regicide is (or was) a common feature in not a few African cultures.»Objeta en nota que Fontenrose no brilla en saber antropológico: hay evidencia abundante de realeza sacra que muestra el regicidio ritual como rasgo común en no pocas culturas africanas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 62»

«It is thus essential to ask how many data we need before we feel justified in speaking of a pattern, and that is where opinions differ widely.»Plantea la pregunta que a su ver decide todo: cuántos datos hacen falta para hablar con derecho de un patrón, y ahí las opiniones divergen mucho

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 63»

«Refuting theories in a genuinely scientific way is only possible when these theories claim to have general validity.»Y la condición de refutabilidad: solo cabe refutar científicamente teorías que pretendan validez general

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 63»

«if a scientific theory claims that all redheads are alcoholics, we can refute this proposition by pointing to one redhead who is not an alcoholic-and whoever came up with that general proposition simply has to hold his tongue henceforth.»La ilustración que toma del ensayista neerlandés Karel van het Reve, que populariza a Popper: si una teoría afirma que todos los pelirrojos son alcohólicos, basta un pelirrojo que no lo sea, y quien propuso la afirmación general ha de callarse en adelante

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 63»

«We can hardly accept this as the last word on this matter. As I said, Kirk's skeptical approach has already provoked serious criticism.»No acepta eso por última palabra y recuerda que el escepticismo de Kirk ya provocó crítica seria

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 64»

«Was not the baby thrown out with the bathwater? Moreover, granted that the redhead is not an alcoholic now, does that imply that he has never been one before? Perhaps he was forced in some way to leave the bottle alone? Or, being an alcoholic at heart, did he switch to drugs as a substitute? Is his red hair natural? Or could it be that all redheads were indeed originally alcoholics, but that migration and acculturation have led to the disintegration of their way of life?»Y devuelve la analogía del pelirrojo con preguntas: que no sea alcohólico ahora no dice que nunca lo fuera, ni descarta que lo forzaran a dejar la botella, ni que cambiara a las drogas, ni que el pelo sea teñido, ni que todos los pelirrojos lo fueran en origen y la migración y la aculturación desintegraran su modo de vida

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 64»

«It is time for a very brief conclusion. Frazer is a fallen giant: that is the communis opinio nowadays.»La conclusión breve del capítulo: Frazer es un gigante caído, y esa es hoy la *communis opinio*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 64»

«which we might call the understatement of the century»Y llama a eso la atenuación del siglo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 64»

«However, the giant who once wrote in a poetical, visionary vein: "The dreamland world of fancy. There is my own true home ... " 85 , remains a colossus, albeit a fallen one.»Aun así lo deja en pie: el gigante que escribió en vena poética y visionaria que el mundo de ensueño de la fantasía es su verdadera casa sigue siendo un coloso, aunque caído

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 64»

«Evolution of religion from magic is an outdated notion by now. Nor should we, as many epigones used to do, maintain the myth and ritual complex connected with the year king and the year god as a scheme for anything and everything, outside of which there is no salvation.»Tira dos cosas por la borda: la evolución de la religión a partir de la magia, ya anticuada, y el complejo de mito y rito del rey del año y el dios del año como esquema para todo, fuera del cual no habría salvación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 64»

«Setting aside, however, such notions as original regicide, we cannot very well deny that in many cultures the time around the New Year is experienced as a period of transition, of crisis or of threat. The old must be 'finished off, the new joyfully hailed; in between there is no man's land. This notion is often represented ritually through signals of anarchy, lawlessness, anomia, and mythically as the menace of the chaos from which the cosmos must be created.»Y salva lo que no se puede negar: en muchas culturas el tiempo del Año Nuevo se vive como periodo de transición, de crisis o de amenaza, en que hay que acabar con lo viejo y saludar con júbilo lo nuevo, y en medio queda tierra de nadie, representada ritualmente por señales de anarquía, ausencia de ley y *anomia*, y míticamente por la amenaza del caos del que hay que crear el cosmos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 64»

«A farewell, equally, to the monolithic explanation of myth as a stereotyped companion to rite. On the other hand, there are certain links, such as Jane Harrison's types 1 and 3, which we have dealt with»Despide también la explicación monolítica del mito como acompañante estereotipado del rito, y deja en pie ciertos vínculos, los tipos 1 y 3 de Jane Harrison

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 65»

«That one variant-very rare, according to Kirk-in which myth and rite emerge pari passu (Harrison, type 2) we have only mentioned so far.»Y apunta la variante rarísima, según Kirk, en que mito y rito emergen *pari passu* —el tipo 2 de Harrison—, que hasta aquí solo ha mencionado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 65»

«Like the specific second myth and ritual complex, the initiation scheme (Harrison, type B), this variant has not come into the limelight until recently»Como el segundo complejo, el esquema de iniciación (tipo B de Harrison), esa variante no llegó a la luz hasta hace poco

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 65»

«What we can see now is that as the New Year myth and ritual complex came under ever more violent critical fire, attention switched to the initiation complex: the initiant arose from the dying god's ashes.»Marca el relevo: conforme el complejo de Año Nuevo recibía fuego crítico cada vez más violento, la atención pasó al complejo de iniciación, y el iniciando se alzó de las cenizas del dios que muere

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 66»

«Any attempt to ascertain which scholar might have given the initial impulse to the renewed interest in the initiation pattern is bound to be arbitrary.»Advierte que averiguar qué estudioso dio el impulso inicial al interés renovado por el patrón de iniciación resulta forzosamente arbitrario

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 67»

«The amount ofliterature on initiation is overwhelming.»Dice en nota que la cantidad de literatura sobre la iniciación es abrumadora; el OCR pega *ofliterature*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 67»

«Initiation was again in the air, and when I now select W. Burkert as a starting point, this is not in the first place because he may be regarded as the most innovative and authoritative scholar of Greek religion of our times»Declara en primera persona por qué toma a W. Burkert como punto de partida, y dice que no es en primer lugar por tenerlo por el estudioso más innovador y autorizado de la religión griega de nuestro tiempo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 68»

«but, first, because a few younger specialists owe their inspiration primarily to Burkert, and, secondly, because, in my view, it was Burkert, more than anyone else, who placed the initiation complex in the context of the myth and ritual approach.»Sino por dos razones: unos cuantos especialistas más jóvenes le deben su inspiración, y fue él, a su ver, quien más puso el complejo de iniciación en el contexto del enfoque de mito y rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 68»

«The rite prescribes that each year the Arrhephoroi, two girls between seven and eleven years old, are to be secluded on the Acropolis, where they have to weave the peplos for Athene. They are assigned the task of taking an object, the nature of which must remain unknown to them, to Aphrodite's garden through an underground passage, and returning with an equally invisible object, wrapped in cloths.»Describe el rito: cada año las *arréforas*, dos niñas de entre siete y once años, quedan recluidas en la Acrópolis para tejer el peplo de Atenea, y han de llevar por un pasaje subterráneo al jardín de Afrodita un objeto cuya naturaleza deben ignorar, y volver con otro igualmente invisible, envuelto en telas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 68»

«The myth tells of two of the daughters ofKekrops, Athens' most ancient king, Aglauros and Herse, to whom the goddess Athena gave a kiste which they were forbidden to open. However, they disobeyed and what they discovered inside-( one or) two snakes and the Erichthonios child-frightened them so much that they threw themselves down from the Acropolis.»Y el mito: Atenea dio a dos hijas de Cécrope, el rey más antiguo de Atenas, Aglauro y Herse, una *kiste* que les prohibió abrir; desobedecieron, y lo que hallaron dentro —una o dos serpientes y el niño Erictonio— las espantó tanto que se arrojaron desde la Acrópolis. El OCR pega *ofKekrops*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 68»

«whereas the rite ends in a positive way with the girls' return. The cost in terms of girls would have been prohibitive anyway-respectable girls, too, for they came from upper-class circles.»Marca la asimetría entre mito y rito: el mito acaba a medio camino, en el punto trágico, mientras el rito acaba bien con el regreso de las niñas, y el costo en niñas habría sido prohibitivo —niñas respetables, además, de familias acomodadas. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 69»

«Apart from that, there is splendid parallelism along the lines of a scheme that has been exploited everywhere as a narrative pattern in myths or tales of 'the girl's tragedy'»Y aun así encuentra un paralelismo espléndido con el esquema explotado en todas partes como patrón narrativo de la tragedia de la muchacha

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 69»

«prohibition-seclusion-violation of the prohibition-girl threatened with punishment or death»El esquema, en sus pasos: prohibición, reclusión, violación de la prohibición, muchacha amenazada de castigo o muerte; el troceo pega la liberación final al renglón siguiente y el tramo corta antes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 69»

«As a rule, the subject is a virgin, who is enjoined to remain a virgin (prohibition), is locked in for that purpose (seclusion), becomes pregnant in spite of that (violation of prohibition), is threatened with death by a wicked father or relative, but is saved, ultimately, by her son or another male relative.»Lo despliega: el sujeto suele ser una virgen a quien se manda seguir virgen, se la encierra con ese fin, queda embarazada pese a ello, un padre o pariente malvado la amenaza de muerte y la salva al final su hijo u otro pariente varón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 69»

«This, however, as had long been recognized96 , is the typical pattern of the girl's initiation, which is supposed to turn the girl at puberty into a young woman.»Y lo identifica, como se venía reconociendo, con el patrón típico de la iniciación de la muchacha, que ha de volverla mujer joven en la pubertad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 69»

«though obviously true, fails to do justice to the stereotyped nature of the mother's particular hardships.»Objeta ahí mismo que esa solución, con ser obviamente cierta, no hace justicia al carácter estereotipado de esas penalidades

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 69»

«I can neither entirely grasp nor, as far as I can grasp them, accept the recent views ofN. Robertson, The Riddle of the Arrhephoria at Athens»Declara en nota que no acaba de entender ni, en lo que entiende, de aceptar las tesis recientes de N. Robertson sobre el enigma de la Arreforia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 69»

«an important role: during the period of seclusion the girl has to learn to demonstrate the truly womanly skills-the 'work-complex' in the words of a specialist»Los dos componentes que ahí pesan: durante la reclusión la muchacha ha de aprender a mostrar las destrezas propiamente femeninas, el *work-complex* en palabras de un especialista

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 70»

«and her female sexuality will have to be unsealed. Many frightening means are available for this purpose, such as painful circumcision, mass deflorations, sexual humiliations, and so forth»Y su sexualidad femenina ha de quedar destapada, para lo cual hay medios espantosos disponibles: circuncisión dolorosa, desfloraciones en masa, humillaciones sexuales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 70»

«All this started long ago with the research into the better-known boys' initiation.»Sitúa el arranque de todo esto mucho antes, en la investigación de la iniciación de los muchachos, mejor conocida

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 71»

«It is not always easy to distinguish the three constituent elements clearly; they tend to merge smoothly.»Advierte que los tres elementos constitutivos no se distinguen siempre con nitidez y tienden a fundirse

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 71»

«Frequent examples of the elements are: the boy gives up his childhood by withdrawing from his mother, giving up his old name, banishing his origin from his memory, leaving the old status behind by amputation oflimbs, having a tooth knocked out, etc.»Ejemplos frecuentes del primero: el muchacho deja la niñez retirándose de su madre, abandonando su nombre viejo, desterrando su origen de la memoria, dejando atrás el estatus antiguo por amputación de miembros o por un diente arrancado; el OCR pega *oflimbs*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 71»

«As a member of the male community he is accepted as a new human being. He is often actually reborn-the mother sometimes being allowed to reappear only once before being consigned to permanent absence-, is given a new name, and receives the dignities and insignia of a full-grown man.»Y del tercero: aceptado como ser humano nuevo en la comunidad masculina, a menudo renace de veras —a la madre a veces se le permite reaparecer una sola vez antes de la ausencia definitiva—, recibe nombre nuevo y las dignidades e insignias del hombre hecho

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 71»

«In between these two situations his existence as a social being has been suspended. Everywhere the marginal period is felt to be a period of threat, chaos and death.»Entre las dos situaciones, su existencia como ser social queda suspendida, y el periodo marginal se siente en todas partes como tiempo de amenaza, caos y muerte

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 71»

«The symbol of the labyrinth is often staged literally, as the boy is led around in the labyrinth in the dark or blindfolded, loses his orientation and identity and has to be aided to escape, the labyrinth being seen as the realm of death but also as the womb: 'birth and rebirth'.»El símbolo del laberinto se escenifica a menudo al pie de la letra: al muchacho se lo pasea por él a oscuras o con los ojos vendados, pierde orientación e identidad y hay que ayudarlo a salir, porque el laberinto es a la vez reino de la muerte y matriz, nacimiento y renacimiento

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 71»

«territories where culture and society are no longer valid and other laws prevail.»Y el destierro del muchacho a los territorios marginales donde ya no valen la cultura y la sociedad y rigen otras leyes. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior, *expelled from the tribe into the marginal*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 72»

«It is also the time of instruction: threatened by death-a great god or a monster is coming to devour them, to tear them to pieces or to roast them, after which they will be restored to life as new human beings-they are taught the secret myths of the tribe, the ritual customs and the use of men's weapons.»Y el tiempo de la instrucción: amenazados de muerte —un gran dios o un monstruo viene a devorarlos, a despedazarlos o a asarlos, tras lo cual volverán a la vida como hombres nuevos—, se les enseñan los mitos secretos de la tribu, las costumbres rituales y el uso de las armas de los varones

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 72»

«great variety of external features. Virtually all such marginal signals reflect some opposition to normal social features»Nombra el rasgo que le importa: esa situación marginal y no social se marca o se señaliza con rasgos externos muy variados, y casi todas esas señales marginales oponen algo a los rasgos sociales normales. El tramo arranca tras el salto que el troceo abre al reabrir la plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 72»

«In matters of dress, role reversal is often obligatory, boys having to wear girls' clothes, or we find status reversal, clothes being used to mark complete social degradation. In a reversal of food habits, novices may be forced to partake of the very kinds of food and drink that are socially taboo. Communication sometimes takes place by means of a private language, a corrupted form of social everyday language. The boys have their hair shaved off, walk on one shoe, or paint their faces white or black.»Enumera las señales: inversión de papeles en el vestido, con muchachos de ropa de niña, o inversión de estatus que marca la degradación social completa; inversión de los hábitos alimentarios, con novicios forzados a comer y beber lo tabuado; comunicación en lengua privada, forma corrompida de la lengua diaria; cabezas rapadas, un solo zapato, caras pintadas de blanco o de negro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 72»

«In other ways, too, the verkehrte Welt may become manifest: the boys are permitted to do what is never allowed under normal circumstances. They are free to steal, to demand food under threat, to give the whole tribe a fit by staging night raids and even demolishing the entire roof of a house»Y el mundo al revés se manifiesta de otras maneras: a los muchachos se les permite lo nunca permitido, robar, exigir comida con amenazas, y dar un susto a la tribu entera con incursiones nocturnas y hasta demoliendo el techo de una casa

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 72»

«Obviously, there is a resemblance here to other 'periods of licence' or legale Anarchien such as Carnival or Saturnalia, to which I shall return.»Y ata el nudo del libro: hay ahí un parecido con otros periodos de licencia o *legale Anarchien* como el carnaval o las Saturnales, a los que promete volver

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 72»

«as in the case of the girls-the time of tests and trials: torture, (sexual) humiliation, trials of strength, matches, the struggle to survive outside the tribal community.»Ese es, como con las muchachas, el tiempo de las pruebas: tortura, humillación sexual, pruebas de fuerza, combates y la lucha por sobrevivir fuera de la comunidad tribal; el tramo arranca tras la raya del impreso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 72»

«That the Spartan krupteia with all it entails is a vivid example of an initiatory situation needs no argument, of course»Da por evidente que la *krupteia* espartana, con todo lo que trae, es ejemplo vivo de situación iniciática

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 73»

«And that forms of paederasty which were found in Crete and Athens are relics ofthe sexual humiliations mentioned above is also an arguable thesis»Y tiene por tesis defendible que las formas de pederastia halladas en Creta y Atenas sean reliquias de las humillaciones sexuales antes descritas; el OCR pega *ofthe*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 73»

«Sometimes there is also evidence of mythical references to initiatory motifs.»Y apunta que a veces hay además indicios de referencias míticas a motivos iniciáticos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 73»

«The same may be said of Philoctetes, who is banished, with a stinking wound in his leg, to a lonely island»Lo mismo dice de Filoctetes, desterrado a una isla solitaria con una herida hedionda en la pierna

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 73»

«Once again it is interesting to find a ritual accompanied by a myth, as was the case with the Arrhephoria»Vuelve a llamar interesante el hallazgo de un rito acompañado de mito, como en la Arreforia: aquí el mito de Teseo y la fiesta de las Oscoforias, cuyo nombre el OCR estropea

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 73»

«is a procession of young men carrying bunches of grapes from Athens to the temple of Athena Skiras in Phaleron, headed by two boys in women's clothes; there is a sacrifice accompanied by lamentations. The youths are served special dishes, namely beans and greens (the pyanepsia), by special cooks or waitresses, the deipnophoroi, who also tell them stories (muthoi). There is a foot race of the ephebes, the winner being offered a draught of a panspermia.»Describe la fiesta: procesión de jóvenes que llevan racimos de uva de Atenas al templo de Atenea Escíras en Falero, encabezada por dos muchachos con ropa de mujer; sacrificio con lamentaciones; platos especiales de habas y verduras —la *pyanepsia*— servidos por cocineros o sirvientas, las *deipnophoroi*, que además les cuentan relatos; y una carrera de efebos cuyo vencedor recibe un trago de *panspermia*. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 74»

«Plutarch links this festival with Theseus and his exploits, and the reader who is prepared to view the Oschophoria as a ritual reflection of the initiation of ephebes, might now also follow Jeanmaire when he recognizes in Theseus the mythical reflection of the initiation candidate.»Plutarco liga la fiesta con Teseo y sus hazañas, y quien acepte ver en las Oscoforias un reflejo ritual de la iniciación de los efebos podrá seguir también a Jeanmaire cuando reconoce en Teseo el reflejo mítico del candidato

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 74»

«Theseus, too, is an ephebe: he puts on girls' clothes, he plunges to the bottom of the sea, has to enter the labyrinth, threatens to be annihilated by a divine monster, but escapes and returns to assume kingship.»Y enumera lo que en Teseo es de efebo: se pone ropa de niña, se hunde hasta el fondo del mar, ha de entrar en el laberinto, está a punto de ser aniquilado por un monstruo divino, escapa y vuelve para tomar la realeza

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 74»

«The theory that in the muthoi those women tell the boys the seed might be hidden from which these myths finally developed is highly suggestive, and from there, of course, it will not take long before Heracles's labours are interpreted as the mythical reflection of a phase of initiation as well.»Llama muy sugerente la teoría de que en los relatos que esas mujeres cuentan a los muchachos esté la semilla de la que salieron esos mitos, y advierte que de ahí a leer los trabajos de Heracles como reflejo mítico de una fase de iniciación hay poco trecho

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 74»

«We can go even further: just as in the New Year complex king and god are supposed to be one another's reflection in fall and rise, so here the search has been for mythic-divine-and not only heroic»Da el paso siguiente: así como en el complejo de Año Nuevo rey y dios se reflejan en la caída y el alzamiento, aquí se han buscado reflejos míticos y divinos, no solo heroicos, del candidato a la iniciación; el troceo pega la palabra siguiente al renglón y el tramo corta antes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 74»

«Harrison'sMegistos Kouros was an example, but in the Greek pantheon there is another prototypical kouros, whose long hair is a signal of the ephebe on the eve of his initiation, to whom the boys dedicate their locks of hair on attaining manhood, who remains unmarried, an archer, the god from afar.»El Megistos Kouros de Harrison fue un ejemplo, pero en el panteón griego hay otro *kouros* prototípico, de cabellera larga como señal del efebo en vísperas de su iniciación, a quien los muchachos consagran sus rizos al hacerse hombres, que sigue soltero, arquero, el dios que hiere de lejos; el OCR pega *Harrison'sMegistos*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 74»

«As I have pointed out, nearly everything has already been said-often as a brief suggestion-and the reason why many things have been said once again in recent times is twofold: first, they had been brushed aside during several decades, and, second, our store of information has increased to such an extent that, thanks to a wealth of comparative material, that which was formerly no more than a hypothesis may be, if not proven, at least made more plausible.»Explica en primera persona por qué casi todo estaba ya dicho y se ha vuelto a decir: porque se apartó a un lado durante décadas y porque el acervo de información creció tanto que, con material comparativo abundante, lo que era hipótesis se vuelve si no probado, sí más plausible

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 75»

«Here and elsewhere a good deal of research remains to be done. We shall return to this god and his initiatory aspects later in this book.»Deja abierta la faena —queda mucho por investigar aquí y en otros lados— y promete volver a ese dios y a sus aspectos iniciáticos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 75»

«In the instances mentioned above it is always a matter of ritual relics111, mythical references to evident initiatory elements or, in the most interesting cases, of longer mythical-narrative sequences, where the ritual counterpart has been given by the ancient authors themselves, the protagonist is at least a typical ephebe, or several elements refer unmistakably to initiation.»Ordena los casos vistos: siempre se trata de reliquias rituales, de referencias míticas a elementos iniciáticos evidentes o, en los casos más interesantes, de secuencias míticas narrativas largas donde los propios autores antiguos dieron la contraparte ritual, el protagonista es al menos un efebo típico o varios elementos remiten sin equívoco a la iniciación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 75»

«A case in point is the Theseus myth, which seems to satisfy all three requirements.»Y da por caso ejemplar el mito de Teseo, que parece cumplir los tres requisitos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 75»

«Apart from that, however, we can make a great stride forward by research in myths and legends that do not so evidently and immediately fit into this frame, in order to see whether they do not go back, after all, to a similar initiation scheme.»Propone el paso siguiente: investigar mitos y leyendas que no encajan de modo tan evidente en ese marco, a ver si no se remontan también a un esquema de iniciación semejante

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 75»

«There are precedents in various fields; certain fairy tale types were believed to contain recognizable initiation elements. Tom Thumb and Snow White, for instance»Y recuerda precedentes en varios campos: se creyó que ciertos tipos de cuento contenían elementos reconocibles de iniciación, como Pulgarcito y Blancanieves

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 75»

«turn out to be something quite different from that which some of us believed in even up into old age. Robin Hood once more puts in an appearance, not as a year king or year god this time, but as the leader of a Jungmannschajt, and in the classical field Odysseus, the Argonauts, Oedipus and others have long preceded him»Y lo que resultaron ser: Blancanieves y Pulgarcito, algo muy distinto de lo que algunos creyeron hasta viejos, y Robin Hood otra vez, ya no como rey ni dios del año sino como jefe de una *Jungmannschaft*, con Odiseo, los Argonautas y Edipo precediéndolo en el campo clásico

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 76»

«What we perceive here is the shaping of a pattern, a process that may be compared, fundamentally, to the former myth and ritual approach, though it is rooted in a new paradigm, the one of the social interpretation of myth and ritual.»Nombra lo que ahí ocurre: la formación de un patrón, comparable en el fondo al viejo enfoque de mito y rito pero arraigado en un paradigma nuevo, el de la interpretación social del mito y del rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 76»

«of gods and kings around the New Year festival, the frame of reference is now the initiation candidate, banished, sorely tried, sometimes doomed to death, coming off triumphant, returning with a new status.»Y el cambio de marco de referencia: en lugar del complejo de dioses y reyes que mueren y resucitan en torno a la fiesta de Año Nuevo, el candidato a la iniciación, desterrado, duramente probado, a veces condenado a muerte, que sale triunfante y vuelve con estatus nuevo. El tramo arranca tras el salto que el troceo abre al reabrir la plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 76»

«With Frazer and his followers the myth and ritual complex had its function within the larger frame of vegetative fertility, which could be influenced by means of magic, or, more generally, ritual.»Con Frazer y los suyos el complejo funcionaba dentro del marco mayor de la fertilidad vegetal, influible por la magia o, más en general, por el rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 76»

«The initiation complex has been embedded in a wider frame too, that of 'marginal existence'. We have thus left the realm of nature and have entered upon the domain of culture and society.»El complejo de iniciación quedó encajado en otro marco más ancho, el de la existencia marginal, con lo que, dice, se ha salido del reino de la naturaleza y se ha entrado en el dominio de la cultura y de la sociedad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 76»

«classical field is incomplete without first taking a critical glance at this modern anthropological research on marginality, by which these studies of classical issues have been decisively influenced.»Pone una condición al balance: evaluar las exploraciones recientes de mito y rito en el campo clásico exige mirar antes con ojo crítico la investigación antropológica moderna sobre la marginalidad, que las influyó de modo decisivo. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 77»

«I shall do this first, briefly adding a few examples of significant applications of this theory to classical problems. With the help of another example I shall go on to show that the methodological dangers we find looming here are comparable to-and no less impressive than-those that were inherent in Frazer's theory.»Anuncia su plan: ejemplos de aplicación de esa teoría a problemas clásicos y, con otro ejemplo, mostrar que los peligros de método que asoman aquí son comparables a los de la teoría de Frazer, y no menos impresionantes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 77»

«Whoever comes across terms such as 'marginal' or 'liminal' nowadays should know that Van Gennep's scheme underlies these concepts, but that in recent studies, notably under the influence of the anthropologist V. W. Turner, these terms are taken in a much wider sense»Advierte lo que hay bajo las palabras *marginal* y *liminal*: el esquema de Van Gennep, tomado en sentido mucho más ancho por influjo del antropólogo V. W. Turner

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 77»

«It was found that the eccentric existence in the margin of society, the asocial or antisocial way of life, is marked by a whole range of phenomena.»Y lo que se halló: que la existencia excéntrica al margen de la sociedad, el modo de vida asocial o antisocial, viene marcada por toda una gama de fenómenos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 77»

«In this context we may distinguish, in a purely systematic fashion, marginal groups or individuals, which find themselves in the 'eccentric' situation either for some considerable time or permanently, from marginal periods or situations, in which individuals or groups withdraw from social patterns temporarily, often by way of ritual demonstration.»Distingue, de modo puramente sistemático, entre grupos o individuos marginales, instalados en la situación excéntrica por largo tiempo o para siempre, y periodos o situaciones marginales, donde individuos o grupos se retiran de los patrones sociales por un rato, a menudo por demostración ritual

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 77»

«In either case the atmosphere of marginality is marked by stereotyped marginal signals»Y en ambos casos, dice, la atmósfera de marginalidad viene marcada por señales marginales estereotipadas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 77»

«I am aware that this is a very rough presentation which requires refinements in many respects. In his Dramas, Turner makes a distinction between 'liminality', 'outsiderhood' and 'structural inferiority'. However, the characteristics of these different categories largely concur.»Reconoce en nota que la presentación es muy gruesa y pide matices: Turner distingue liminalidad, condición de forastero e inferioridad estructural, aunque los rasgos de esas categorías coinciden en gran medida

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 77»

«juvenile groups of the Jungmannschajt type-monks, anchorites, pirates, bandits, as well as, in a sense, animals, and from a certain point of view also the gods and the dead. In this context those people who have specific contacts with the gods, the dead or animals also rank as marginal: the possessed, lunatics, godly men, prophets, seers, shepherds.»Empieza el catálogo de los grupos e individuos marginales, a veces literalmente en las afueras de la sociedad: junto a los grupos juveniles de tipo *Jungmannschaft*, monjes, anacoretas, piratas, bandidos, en cierto sentido los animales y, desde cierto punto de vista, los dioses y los muertos; y con ellos quienes tienen trato con dioses, muertos o animales, los poseídos, los locos, los hombres piadosos, los profetas, los videntes, los pastores. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior y el OCR imprime *Jungmannschajt*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 78»

«These individuals often live literally in the margin of society, outside the boundaries of culture. The same may be the case with groups that do not take part in the social process: beggars, cynics, hippies, tramps. Groups that oppose society above all in a political sense: anarchists, revolutionaries, millenarians, messianists.»Sigue el catálogo: quienes viven literalmente al margen, fuera de las fronteras de la cultura; los grupos que no participan del proceso social, mendigos, cínicos, *hippies*, vagabundos; y los que se oponen a la sociedad en sentido político, anarquistas, revolucionarios, milenaristas, mesianistas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 78»

«Strangers, especially when of a different color, are marginal by definition, but also groups within a society that nonetheless are felt to be strange somehow: migrant workers, metics, immigrants, slaves. Groups or individuals that do not function fully in society: children, adolescents, sick, poor, unemployed and those that, while functioning fully, do so within some specific area only: women, priests, kings.»Y lo cierra: los extranjeros, marginales por definición, sobre todo si son de otro color, pero también los grupos internos que se sienten extraños —trabajadores migrantes, metecos, inmigrantes, esclavos—, los que no funcionan del todo en la sociedad —niños, adolescentes, enfermos, pobres, desempleados— y los que, funcionando del todo, lo hacen solo en un área específica: mujeres, sacerdotes, reyes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 78»

«Marginal situations are situations that tend to remove individual persons or groups temporarily from a normal social existence. Initiation-and in particular the period of the 'margin' -is the example we have discussed, but no less exemplary are festivals of an exceptional character, during which things that normally are forbidden are tolerated, roles are reversed and people generally kick over the traces»Define la otra mitad: situaciones marginales son las que apartan por un tiempo a personas o grupos de la existencia social normal, y junto a la iniciación con su periodo de margen están las fiestas de carácter excepcional, donde se tolera lo normalmente prohibido, se invierten los papeles y la gente se sale de madre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 78»

«Instances of such Ausnahmefeste are the Carnival and its ancient equivalents such as the Saturnalia and the Kronia, but also women's festivals such as the Thesmophoria, Dionysiac festivals, the Roman festival of Bona Dea, giving women in seclusion an opportunity to indulge in excesses in their own way. I shall discuss a number of these festivals of licence in the present book»Y nombra las *Ausnahmefeste*: el carnaval y sus equivalentes antiguos, Saturnales y Kronia, pero también fiestas de mujeres como las Tesmoforias, las dionisiacas y la Bona Dea romana, que daban a las mujeres recluidas ocasión de excederse a su manera; promete discutir varias de esas fiestas de licencia en el libro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 78»

«Other marginal situations are periods of mourning, of disease, especially epidemics, famine, and social phenomena of acculturation and disintegration accompanied by crises of identity»Y añade otras situaciones marginales: duelo, enfermedad —sobre todo epidemias—, hambre, y los fenómenos sociales de aculturación y desintegración con sus crisis de identidad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 78»

«Obviously, there are a great many cross-relations and overlaps between the groups and situations mutually as well as between the concepts of 'marginal group' and 'marginal situation': members of messianist movements or utopians may be viewed, of course, as temporary marginals but also as groups 'in permanent transition»Advierte los cruces y solapes entre grupos y situaciones y entre ambos conceptos: los miembros de movimientos mesianistas o los utópicos pueden verse como marginales temporales y a la vez como grupos en transición permanente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 79»

«People in marginal situations are outside normal society, they are asocial, but that does not imply that they necessarily lead a totally atomized existence. On the contrary, more often than not a new, different, nonstructural relationship develops, for which V. W. Turner coined the term communitas.»Matiza que estar fuera de la sociedad normal no implica una existencia atomizada: casi siempre se forma una relación nueva, distinta, no estructural, a la que Turner llamó *communitas*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 79»

«There is a feeling of fellowship, of solidarity, which distinguishes this group from the structured society. This communication is brought about among other things by marginal signals, which, as a rule, are nothing but opposites to the current cultural signs»Hay un sentimiento de compañerismo y solidaridad que separa a ese grupo de la sociedad estructurada, y la comunicación se logra entre otras cosas por señales marginales que de ordinario no son sino lo opuesto de los signos culturales corrientes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 79»

«People in liminal situations may shave off their hair or, on the contrary, wear it long, paint their faces, wear a felt hood or women's clothes, dress in a strange, eccentric way, abstain from sexual acts or, just the reverse, indulge in perversions or abolish sex distinctions. They speak a different language or remain totally silent. They follow deviant habits in matters of food and drink, change their names, perform acts of self-mutilation or tattooing, and so forth.»Enumera esas señales: raparse o dejarse el pelo largo, pintarse la cara, llevar gorro de fieltro o ropa de mujer, vestir de modo extraño, abstenerse del sexo o al revés entregarse a perversiones o abolir la distinción de sexos, hablar otra lengua o callar del todo, comer y beber de modo desviado, cambiar de nombre, automutilarse o tatuarse

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 79»

«Let us now, with the help of a few examples, demonstrate how this concept of marginality can be used to elucidate puzzling problems in the ancient religions. For this purpose I select some suggestions from studies by F. Graf and J. N. Bremmer respectively, who both, more than others, and following in Burkert's footsteps, use the concept of marginality as a tool in their research.»Anuncia los ejemplos con que va a mostrar el uso del concepto de marginalidad para aclarar problemas desconcertantes de las religiones antiguas, tomados de F. Graf y J. N. Bremmer, que más que nadie y tras las huellas de Burkert lo usan como herramienta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 79»

«The ancient libation (Gr. spondai, Lat. libatio), a drink offering that is poured out on the ground or on an eschara»Define la libación antigua —*spondai* en griego, *libatio* en latín—: ofrenda de bebida vertida en el suelo o sobre una *eschara*. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 79»

«following basic ingredients: milk and honey, wine, water, oil.»Y sus ingredientes básicos: leche y miel, vino, agua, aceite. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 80»

«According to the Hellenic conception, Greek men drink wine mixed with water. Milk and honey, on the other hand, are characteristic of women and children, of marginal groups such as the Pythagoreans, but also of barbarian nations, who are typified as milk drinkers (Teutons, Scythians), and of utopian, 'natural' man of both prehistoric and eschatological times»Expone el reparto: por la concepción helénica el varón griego bebe vino mezclado con agua, mientras la leche y la miel caracterizan a mujeres y niños, a grupos marginales como los pitagóricos, y también a naciones bárbaras tenidas por bebedoras de leche —teutones, escitas— y al hombre utópico y natural de los tiempos prehistóricos y escatológicos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 80»

«With a little more trouble a case could also be made for water, oil, and even for wine, if undiluted.»Y añade que con algo más de trabajo cabría hacer lo mismo con el agua, el aceite y hasta con el vino sin mezclar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 80»

«Now, if a libatio wholly consists of ingredients that refer to the margin, the question arises what this may signify. The answer can be found in the fact that the libatio of this composition is itself used specifically in marginal situations, for instance in contacts with the dead, with heroes, with the underworld: in the liminal sphere, therefore, between death and life. There is an ideal correspondence here between signifiant and signifie.»Saca la consecuencia: si una *libatio* se compone toda de ingredientes que remiten al margen, es porque esa libación se usa justamente en situaciones marginales —trato con los muertos, con los héroes, con el inframundo—, en la esfera liminal entre la muerte y la vida, con correspondencia ideal entre significante y significado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 80»

«Of course, there is no problem in interpreting the persons who served as pharmakoi in historic times as marginal because, on the whole, it was marginal characters such as criminals, paupers and riffraff generally that were cast in that role.»Y no ve problema en tener por marginales a quienes hicieron de *pharmakoi* en época histórica, porque en general el papel recaía en criminales, pobres y gentuza

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 80»

«When, however, kings who acted as scapegoats in the myths are defined as "the lonely marginal at the top" we see tensions looming ahead between these two categories of signijiant and signijil This is one of the dangers inherent in a general sense in the theories of marginality described so far.»Ve asomar la tensión cuando a los reyes que hacen de chivo expiatorio en los mitos se los define como el marginal solitario en la cumbre: ahí choca el par significante y significado, y ese es uno de los peligros generales de las teorías de la marginalidad; el OCR estropea las dos palabras francesas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 81»

«1. There is no need to be a structuralist to conclude that within any conceivable society it must be possible to point to binary oppositions in which one member is abnormal or marginal, as compared with other, central or normal members.»Primer peligro: no hace falta ser estructuralista para concluir que en cualquier sociedad imaginable cabe señalar oposiciones binarias donde un miembro es anormal o marginal frente a otros centrales o normales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 81»

«It is a well-known fact, moreover, that people tend to declare their own group the center and all others outsiders.»Y que la gente tiende a declarar centro a su propio grupo y forasteros a todos los demás

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 81»

«If we take the-very incomplete-list ofimaginable marginals quoted above, it is hard to avoid the conclusion that virtually everybody, depending on the comparison, is or may be marginal, with the exception of a roughly forty-year-old, diligent, healthy, native, non-hunchbacked man with close-cropped hair, entitled to carrying arms, and in possession offull civic rights, wife and children»Lleva el argumento al absurdo: con esa lista, ya incompleta, casi cualquiera es o puede ser marginal según con qué se lo compare, salvo un varón de unos cuarenta años, diligente, sano, nativo, sin joroba, de pelo corto, con derecho a portar armas y en posesión de plenos derechos cívicos, mujer e hijos; el OCR pega *ofim-aginable* y *offull*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 81»

«Even those who hold that this still does prove something will understand that, at the same time, it verges dangerously on tautology.»Concede que algo probará, pero advierte que bordea peligrosamente la tautología

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 81»

«Armed with such a definition, you could take practically any category and prove that it is a marginal one, with the exception of the 'normal' family man with all the normal characteristics mentioned above.»Con semejante definición, dice, cabría tomar casi cualquier categoría y darla por marginal, salvo el padre de familia normal con todos los rasgos normales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 81»

«A criminal as a marginal pharmakos is not a debatable point: any criminal is marginal by definition. A king as a scapegoat is much more interesting but at the same time less easy to explain if you start from the margin model.»Y separa los dos casos: que un criminal sea *pharmakos* marginal no se discute, porque todo criminal es marginal por definición, mientras que el rey como chivo expiatorio es mucho más interesante y mucho menos fácil de explicar desde el modelo del margen

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 81»

«In my opinion, the power and the tragedy of the ultimate sacrifice, in this case, are effected not because the king is a marginal person but because the king as the centre»Da su lectura en primera persona: la fuerza y la tragedia del sacrificio último no vienen de que el rey sea persona marginal. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 81»

«of society is made a marginal person through his expulsion from that which society considers the position of highest prestige.»Sino de que el rey, como centro de la sociedad, es vuelto marginal al ser expulsado de lo que la sociedad tiene por la posición de mayor prestigio. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 82»

«It is understandable, therefore, that the king as scapegoat belongs virtually exclusively to the mythical imagination»De ahí que el rey como chivo expiatorio pertenezca casi en exclusiva a la imaginación mítica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 82»

«Nearly all (groups of) people, then, are (potentially) marginal in some respect or another and so also are most situations. In various studies that I consulted the following ancient peoples and territories were labeled 'marginal': Scythians, Teutons, India, Southern Italy, Thracia, Lemnos, Troy, Lycia, Scheria, Ithaca, Skyros, Boeotia, Euboia, certain regions in Attica.»Saca la cuenta: casi toda persona o grupo es potencialmente marginal en algún respecto, y también casi toda situación; en los estudios que consultó se etiquetaron de marginales escitas, teutones, la India, el sur de Italia, Tracia, Lemnos, Troya, Licia, Esqueria, Ítaca, Esciros, Beocia, Eubea y ciertas regiones del Ática

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 82»

«True, such statements will always be tenable with regard to a certain period and a carefully selected centre, but there is an obvious danger of arbitrariness and generalization.»Concede que esas afirmaciones se sostienen siempre respecto de cierto periodo y de un centro bien escogido, pero ve un peligro obvio de arbitrariedad y generalización

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 82»

«The same applies to gods and demigods discussed in these various studies, such as Apollo, Dionysos, Hermes, Pan, Poseidon, Athena, Artemis, Heracles, Theseus, who are either called marginal in a more general way or labeled outright 'initiation gods'»Lo mismo con los dioses y semidioses de esos estudios —Apolo, Dioniso, Hermes, Pan, Poseidón, Atenea, Ártemis, Heracles, Teseo—, llamados marginales en general o directamente dioses de iniciación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 82»

«2. Whereas we can try to escape the preceding danger by using precise definition and careful argumentation, the following objection cannot be met successfully because it does not depend on the researcher's skill or honesty. The marginal signals are seldom specific.»Segundo peligro, que a su ver no depende de la destreza ni de la honradez del investigador y no se puede sortear: las señales marginales rara vez son específicas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 82»

«An exemplary illustration of this phenomenon is found in the libatio signals, which, as we have seen, implied general references to highly divergent marginal situations and groups and could only be specified thanks to the fact that the context referred to was known to us.»Lo ilustra con las señales de la *libatio*, que remiten en general a situaciones y grupos marginales muy dispares y solo se pudieron especificar porque el contexto al que remitían nos era conocido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 82»

«In my country, when you see a man in an entirely black suit, you at once assume that he is in a marginal situation.»Y con un ejemplo de su tierra: al ver a un hombre de traje enteramente negro uno supone en el acto que está en situación marginal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 82»

«In chapter V, I shall be so bold as to add the god Mars and present literature on other 'initiatory' gods»Y anuncia en esa misma nota que él añadirá al dios Marte y la bibliografía sobre otros dioses iniciáticos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 82»

«that is, however, requires additional information: he is walking behind a coffin, he carries a prayer book (on Sunday) or he is serving refreshments.»Y la información adicional que hace falta para saber cuál es esa situación: va detrás de un ataúd, lleva un devocionario en domingo o está sirviendo refrescos. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 83»

«When you observe a man wearing a long white or orange robe, with a curious hairdo or a dean-shaven head and a painted face, you have to pay attention to the context before you can tell whether this is a religious marginal or someone from the marginal sphere of carnival or the circus»Segundo ejemplo: ante un hombre de túnica blanca o naranja, peinado curioso o cabeza rapada y cara pintada, hay que atender al contexto para saber si es un marginal religioso o alguien de la esfera marginal del carnaval o del circo; el OCR imprime *dean-shaven*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 83»

«In other words, the traffic is unimpeded in one direction only: from the situation to the signals. Only the former (the signifie) is specific; the signals (the signifiant) usually are not, and cannot in themselves, therefore, be related with certainty to any one marginal situation, not even when they seem to fit into an orderly pattern»Enuncia la regla: el tránsito solo es libre en un sentido, de la situación a las señales, porque solo la situación es específica y las señales no lo son, de modo que por sí solas no se pueden ligar con certeza a ninguna situación marginal, ni siquiera cuando parecen encajar en un patrón ordenado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 83»

«3. Here we touch upon a third point. The protagonists of the initiation myth and ritual theory seldom fail to play what they consider their trump card, the 'internal coherence' of the pattern in which all the pieces neatly fall into their proper slots.»Tercer peligro: los defensores de la teoría iniciática de mito y rito rara vez dejan de jugar lo que tienen por su triunfo, la coherencia interna del patrón donde todas las piezas caen en su casilla

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 83»

«those two essential dangers mentioned so far-the general applicability of the marginality concept and its inherent fatal elasticity, on the one hand, and the lack of specificity of really unmistakable marginal signals, on the other-are, mutatis mutandis, in general a threat to any theory that tries to recognize a pattern within a diversity of phenomena.»Generaliza los dos peligros: la aplicabilidad universal del concepto de marginalidad con su elasticidad fatal, y la falta de especificidad de las señales marginales inequívocas, amenazan *mutatis mutandis* a cualquier teoría que trate de reconocer un patrón en una diversidad de fenómenos. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 84»

«These objections were raised repeatedly, notably to the old myth and ritual advocates, Frazer among them, not least by those scholars who have recently discovered a different pattern.»Y recuerda quiénes las levantaron contra los viejos defensores de mito y rito, Frazer incluido: no menos que nadie, los estudiosos que acaban de descubrir otro patrón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 84»

«Those words were written by a believer: automatically all the threads fall just right, weaving the pattern of Tylor's animism. One small matter, though: nobody believes in this pattern any more, no more than anybody believes in Frazer's central theses.»Comenta que esas palabras las escribió un creyente, para quien todos los hilos caen solos tejiendo el patrón del animismo de Tylor, con un detalle: que ya nadie cree en ese patrón, como nadie cree en las tesis centrales de Frazer

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 84»

«And yet the latter had filled many hefty tomes chock-full with 'facts, facts, facts', which all-so he maintained-fell exactly into their proper places»Y sin embargo Frazer llenó tomos gruesos de hechos, hechos, hechos, que según él caían todos exactamente en su sitio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 84»

«All the same, even if all the pieces were to fit brilliantly in one single pattern, that still does not guarantee the 'truth' of that pattern: "The accepted truths of to-day are apt to become the discarded errors of tomorrow'', as Dodds once put it»Y aun encajando todas las piezas de modo brillante en un solo patrón, eso no garantiza su verdad: las verdades aceptadas hoy suelen volverse los errores descartados de mañana, en la frase de Dodds

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 84»

«The researcher is not to blame for this, and fortunately nobody seems to mind this horrible truth too much, for even those who agree with me that ''all kinds of supposed influences'' as a notion is, in point of fact, an absolutely viable and general factor in constructing cultural realities, cannot do without theory, pattern or scheme if they want to get on with their research.»No culpa de ello al investigador y observa que nadie parece sufrir demasiado por esa verdad horrible, porque hasta quienes le conceden que toda clase de influencias supuestas es de hecho un factor viable y general en la construcción de realidades culturales no pueden trabajar sin teoría, patrón o esquema

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 84»

«Bearing in mind the three dangers mentioned, let us now look at a specific theory in which-unlike the cases of libatio and pharmakos, which remained practically entirely within the realm of the rite-our only information derives from a mythical story which, moreover, does not deal at all with a young man and has nonetheless been interpreted as a literary reflection of the ritual intiation scheme.»Anuncia el caso de prueba: una teoría donde, a diferencia de la *libatio* y el *pharmakos*, que se quedaban dentro del rito, toda la información viene de un relato mítico que ni siquiera trata de un joven y que aun así se ha leído como reflejo literario del esquema ritual de iniciación; el OCR imprime *intiation*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 84»

«When, in this context, Achilles, Pyrrhus/Neoptolemos, Philoctetes and Paris are discussed, this will surprise nobody after what we remarked before, but there are already complications.»Concede que con Aquiles, Pirro Neoptólemo, Filoctetes y Paris eso no sorprende a nadie, pero ve ya complicaciones

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 85»

«Anyone who writes "For our purpose we deduce from this interpretation that Achilles' arrival at Troy fell in the ephebic period of his life'', must needs keep silence about the equally pseudo-historic context of the equally ephebic son of Achilles, Neoptolemos, who, from the historical point of view, cannot very well have arrived at Troy as an ephebe ten years later than his father.»Señala la primera: quien deduzca que la llegada de Aquiles a Troya cae en su periodo de efebo ha de callar sobre el contexto igual de pseudohistórico de su hijo Neoptólemo, que no pudo llegar a Troya de efebo diez años después que su padre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 85»

«What should worry us much more, however, is the fact that the list includes not only the young men mentioned above but also Hector and Odysseus: Hector above all because of his special hair-cut, the Hektoreios kome, Odysseus on account of a number of elements in his history»Y la que le preocupa más: que la lista incluya también a Héctor y a Odiseo, Héctor sobre todo por su corte de pelo, la *Hektoreios kome*, y Odiseo por varios elementos de su historia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 85»

«On the whole, the interpretation of the Homeric kouroi with their long hair as a reflection of youthful warriors is liable to serious criticism.»Advierte en nota que leer a los *kouroi* homéricos de cabellera larga como reflejo de guerreros jóvenes se presta en conjunto a crítica seria

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 85»

«The problem, however, is that the Homeric descriptions of the kouroi, being the normal warriors, precisely lack explicit references to the ephebic situation, in contradistinction to the scarce references to actual initiatory scenes as for instance the story of Odysseus' hunt with the sons of Autolykos in Odyssey 19.»Y la objeción propia: las descripciones homéricas de los *kouroi*, que son los guerreros normales, carecen justamente de referencias explícitas a la situación efébica, a diferencia de las escasas referencias a escenas iniciáticas reales, como la cacería de Odiseo con los hijos de Autólico en *Odisea* 19

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 85»

«king and had a little son when he sailed from Ithaka, even if not a decisive difficulty, is apt to rouse the reader's suspicion.»Y la objeción de bulto contra leer a Odiseo como efebo: ya era rey y tenía un hijo pequeño cuando zarpó de Ítaca, lo que sin ser dificultad decisiva despierta la sospecha del lector. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 86»

«These complications may help to explain why there is a certain wavering in the description. Having started out to show that several heroes found themselves "in a transitional state", Bremmer concludes that all the heroes mentioned, including Odysseus, are described as young men in the transition from boyhood to adulthood, whereas, on page 23, he had inferred from Odysseus' tale that his was "an evident case of royal initiation,'' which, though doubtlessly related, is a different thing»Marca el bamboleo de la descripción: Bremmer arranca mostrando que varios héroes estaban en estado de transición y concluye que todos, Odiseo incluido, se describen como jóvenes en paso a la adultez, cuando antes había inferido del relato de Odiseo un caso evidente de iniciación regia, cosa distinta aunque emparentada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 86»

«What are the narrative elements that turn Odysseus into an ephebe in the initiatory period or, in other words, typify the narrative scheme of Odysseus' wanderings as the mythical reflection of initiation rites?»Plantea la pregunta que va a probar: qué elementos narrativos vuelven a Odiseo un efebo en periodo iniciático, o tipifican el esquema de sus andanzas como reflejo mítico de ritos de iniciación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 86»

«This is not enough, however, to dispel any doubts we may feel: the presumption that Odysseus is a typical archer is only evidenced by his shot through the axes»Objeta que eso no basta para disipar las dudas: que Odiseo sea arquero típico solo se apoya en su disparo a través de las hachas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 86»

«whereas everywhere else in the epic he is the adult warrior with the normal equipment; his leg wound is a scar, possibly a relic from his time as an ephebe, but only by way of a memento; and as for that sexual appetite, we are equally justified, or even more so, in maintaining that the texts depict Odysseus, despite his enforced contacts, as a faithful and above all married hero»Y sigue: en todo el resto de la épica es el guerrero adulto con el equipo normal; su herida en la pierna es una cicatriz, quizá reliquia de su tiempo de efebo pero solo a título de recuerdo; y en cuanto al apetito sexual, hay tanto o más derecho a sostener que los textos pintan a Odiseo, pese a sus contactos forzados, como héroe fiel y sobre todo casado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 86»

«The issue at stake is rather the essential dangers as formulated above inherent in the method. That the protagonist of the Odyssey finds himself in a Turneresque 'transitional state' is, in the case of an adventurous wanderer, as yet no more than a tautology»Dice cuál es el asunto: los peligros esenciales del método. Que el protagonista de la *Odisea* esté en un estado de transición a la manera de Turner no pasa, tratándose de un vagabundo aventurero, de una tautología

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 87»

«It is here, therefore, that the problem of the general applicability of the notion of 'marginality' reveals itself. Now the question arises if and how a more specific 'transitional state' can be demonstrated.»Ahí se destapa el problema de la aplicabilidad general de la noción de marginalidad, y surge la pregunta de si cabe demostrar un estado de transición más específico y cómo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 87»

«The argumentation needed to turn Odysseus into an initiation candidate has to be based entirely-because there is no ritual counterpart available and the protagonist, moreover, as a forty year old father, cannot very well be depicted as an ephebe-on a bunch of marginal signals, but such signals, in this case too, are practically without exception nonspecific (the second problem pointed out above)»Y mide la carga de la prueba: como no hay contraparte ritual y el protagonista es un padre de cuarenta años difícil de pintar como efebo, toda la argumentación descansa en un puñado de señales marginales que también aquí son casi sin excepción inespecíficas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 87»

«In the list of signals quoted above I can detect only one specific initiatory element: the scar on the thigh, but that, of all things, goes back disertis verbis to Odysseus' youth and is as such beyond the scope of the pseudo-historical narrative sequence the pattern is believed to be»Y la única señal iniciática específica que él detecta en esa lista: la cicatriz del muslo, que justamente remite *disertis verbis* a la juventud de Odiseo y queda por eso fuera de la secuencia narrativa pseudohistórica sobre la que se cree apoyado el patrón. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 87»

«All the other signals that have been suggested, such as, notably, the elements of(man-eating) monsters and survival after a primeval flood-if we may interpret Odysseus' adventures at sea in this fashion at all-also fit smoothly into other schemes that are not necessarily initiatory»Y de las demás señales dice que encajan lisamente en otros esquemas no forzosamente iniciáticos: los monstruos devoradores de hombres y la supervivencia tras un diluvio primordial, si es que cabe leer así las aventuras marinas de Odiseo; el OCR pega *of(man-eating)*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 88»

«In point of fact, they belong to the stereotyped elements of this type of adventure story.»Porque pertenecen, dice, a los elementos estereotipados de este tipo de relato de aventuras

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 88»

«This discussion is fully comparable-and endless, because the thesis is, at best, plausible but incapable of proof. It could not be proven until an immediate ritual counterpart went with it, the signals pointed specifically to one type of ritual, or the story could solely and exclusively be interpreted as the reflection of this specific (and not of any other) ritual.»Declara esa discusión comparable y sin término, porque la tesis es a lo sumo plausible e imposible de probar: solo lo sería con una contraparte ritual inmediata, con señales que apuntaran específicamente a un tipo de rito, o si el relato se dejara interpretar única y exclusivamente como reflejo de ese rito y de ningún otro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 88»

«is a fact for which, in the nature of things, we cannot blame the interpreter, who is, in fact, fully entitled to give a maximalist interpretation with the help of his key.»Exculpa al intérprete: que la *Odisea* no cumpla esas condiciones no es culpa suya, y está en su derecho de dar una interpretación maximalista con su clave. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 89»

«He has this right above all because elsewhere and under more favourable conditions he has drawn attention to initiatory elements in later myth or rite more convincingly and with illuminating results, as we shall have the opportunity of noticing time and again in our further investigations.»Y le reconoce el crédito: en otros sitios y en condiciones más favorables ha señalado elementos iniciáticos en mitos y ritos posteriores de modo más convincente y con resultados iluminadores

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 89»

«Nonetheless, the reader has the right and the duty to assess each interpretation critically. And the present reader, for one, tends to shy away from reducing the Odyssey to an initiatory scheme in such a drastic and rather mechanistic way for two reasons.»Pero reclama para el lector el derecho y el deber de evaluar cada interpretación con ojo crítico, y declara que este lector se resiste por dos razones a reducir la *Odisea* a un esquema iniciático de manera tan drástica y mecanicista

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 89»

«The first reason is that this would mean squeezing a great number of elements into one strait-jacket146, whereas we have a wider and more natural interpretive model at our disposal»Primera razón: meter a la fuerza un gran número de elementos en una camisa de fuerza cuando se tiene a mano un modelo interpretativo más ancho y más natural

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 89»

«One might, for instance, understand the adventures of Odysseus as expressions of his temporary sojourn outside the boundaries of normal time and place, an 'eccentricity' marked by both utopian and dystopian imagery.»El modelo que propone en nota: entender las aventuras de Odiseo como expresión de su estancia temporal fuera de los límites del tiempo y del lugar normales, una excentricidad marcada por imágenes a la vez utópicas y distópicas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 89»

«there is quite a difference between the statement that Odysseus represents a youth during his initiation and the well-known theory that both fairy-tales and (a specific type of) myths, including the one of Odysseus, go back to shaman tales- the records of their ecstatic experiences in the»Y distingue en esa nota dos cosas muy distintas: decir que Odiseo representa a un joven en su iniciación, y la teoría conocida de que los cuentos de hadas y cierto tipo de mitos, el de Odiseo entre ellos, se remontan a relatos de chamanes, registros de sus experiencias extáticas en el otro mundo; el tramo corta antes de la palabra siguiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 89»

«more arguments are advanced than those briefly quoted here-the wooden horse as the hobby-horse of initiation rites, for instance.»Pide leer el artículo de Bremmer antes de aceptar su objeción, porque ahí hay más argumentos de los que él cita, como el caballo de madera en calidad de caballito de juguete de los ritos de iniciación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 90»

«The second reason is that by following this course we might be tempted (once again) to reduce mechanically all myths of this genre from the whole world to one relatively narrow ritual scheme.»Segunda razón: por ese camino cabe la tentación de reducir de nuevo mecánicamente todos los mitos del género en el mundo entero a un esquema ritual relativamente estrecho

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 90»

«We have seen the upshot of such statements and their underlying arguments: practically nobody believes in his theory anymore. An identical kind ofreasoning is now applied to the Odyssey and initiation, and now, too, everything always seems to tally.»Recuerda en qué acabaron esas afirmaciones —prácticamente nadie cree ya en aquella teoría— y señala que ahora se razona igual con la *Odisea* y la iniciación, y también ahora todo parece cuadrar siempre; el OCR pega *ofreasoning*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 90»

«Here, as an illustration, is a contribution by the present author: Penelope is a girl in the initiatory phase. For, as we know, in this period girls are generally locked up in secret rooms to practice, by night, women's handicrafts (spinning in the first place). Mythical relics of aggressive men bursting in upon women and destroying their handwork are known from various cultures, prenuptial licence occurring as well in this context: the girls are assaulted and have to give in»Se pone él mismo de ejemplo con una parodia: Penélope sería una muchacha en fase iniciática, porque en ese periodo las muchachas suelen quedar encerradas en cuartos secretos para practicar de noche las labores femeninas, sobre todo hilar, y de varias culturas se conocen reliquias míticas de hombres agresivos que irrumpen donde las mujeres y destruyen su labor, con licencia prenupcial incluida: a las muchachas se las asalta y han de ceder

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 90»

«In the same way, however, it might be proved that Alexander the Great is a super initiation candidate: young, unmarried, adventurous journey in far-off lands, (homo) sexual appetite, war, danger, victory, (mass) marriage. And it would be even more perfect if we were allowed to include the Alexander romances with their fairy-tale elements.»Y sube la apuesta: del mismo modo cabría probar que Alejandro Magno es un supercandidato a la iniciación —joven, soltero, viaje aventurero a tierras lejanas, apetito homosexual, guerra, peligro, victoria, boda en masa—, y sería aún más perfecto si se permitiera incluir las novelas de Alejandro con sus elementos de cuento

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 90»

«Kirk's critical studies had not yet appeared at the time, but monolithic myth and ritual theories had already been sufficiently subjected to criticism.»Sitúa la fecha: los estudios críticos de Kirk aún no habían salido, pero las teorías monolíticas de mito y rito ya habían recibido crítica suficiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 91»

«One such complex is that of the women ofLemnos»Uno de esos complejos es el de las mujeres de Lemnos; el OCR pega *ofLemnos*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 91»

«According to myth, Aphrodite inflicted them with an unbearable stench as punishment for some offense. The result was that their husbands refused to have intercourse with them and took Thracian girls as concubines. Not a little vexed at this behaviour, the women-all except one-murdered the men in their immediate surroundings, thus condemning themselves to sexual continence. The Argonauts put in at the island on their return voyage and having met nothing much but dragons for some time restored order: thereafter the demographic balance was set right again.»El mito: Afrodita les infligió un hedor insoportable en castigo por alguna ofensa, sus maridos se negaron a acostarse con ellas y tomaron concubinas tracias, y las mujeres, todas menos una, mataron a los hombres de su entorno y se condenaron así a la continencia; los Argonautas arribaron a la isla en el viaje de vuelta y restauraron el orden, con lo que el equilibrio demográfico volvió a su sitio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 91»

«The ritual orders all Lemnian fires to be extinguished once a year; during the period of nine days without fire, offerings are to be made to subterranean gods, after which new fire is to be brought by ship from Delos and all fires may be lit again.»El rito: una vez al año se apagan todos los fuegos de Lemnos, y durante los nueve días sin fuego se ofrece a los dioses subterráneos, tras lo cual se trae fuego nuevo por barco desde Delos y se vuelven a encender

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 91»

«A brief note in a later gloss links myth and rite emphatically: once a year the women of Lemnos are said to keep men off by chewing»Y la glosa tardía que liga con énfasis mito y rito: una vez al año las mujeres de Lemnos mantendrían lejos a los hombres masticando algo. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 91»

«garlic. This is a striking parallel indeed and the 'message' is clear in both: lack of fire means disorganization of social life (no hearth fire, no bread, no work for blacksmiths and potters, no burnt offerings, no communication, therefore, with the gods), it is a period of standstill and stagnation, typical of the transition to the New Year, and the myth represents this sterile, asocial aspect in its own way. In both fields there is an atmosphere of menace and death.»Ese algo es ajo, y el paralelo le parece llamativo con un mensaje claro en ambos: la falta de fuego es desorganización de la vida social —sin fuego de hogar no hay pan, ni trabajo de herreros y alfareros, ni holocaustos, ni comunicación con los dioses—, periodo de detención y estancamiento típico del paso al Año Nuevo, y el mito representa a su manera ese aspecto estéril y asocial, con atmósfera de amenaza y muerte en los dos campos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 92»

«How are we to explain this parallelism, which even Kirk»Pregunta cómo explicar ese paralelismo, que hasta Kirk acabó por reconocer; el troceo pega la llamada a nota al apellido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 92»

«was later prepared to acknowledge? What came first, myth or ritual?»Y plantea la pregunta vieja: qué vino primero, el mito o el rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 92»

«At the same time, and above all, we recognize here guarded, tentative phrases that immediately remind us of Harrison's second myth and ritual relation-"they arise pari passu" -, notably in the shape it was given by some of the anthropologists quoted above, Kluckhohn above all.»Reconoce en esas frases prudentes y tentativas la segunda relación de Harrison —mito y rito surgen *pari passu*—, sobre todo en la forma que le dieron algunos antropólogos, Kluckhohn el primero

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 92»

«It is a succinct, albeit extremely scholarly and informative survey, and the reader has the feeling that the author has more to say.»Llama a ese repaso sucinto pero eruditísimo e informativo, y dice que el lector siente que el autor tiene más que decir

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 93»

«He did so indeed in the 1977 Sather Lectures mentioned above, which were published in 1979 and came on the market more or less simultaneously with this treatise. Here for the first time the essence of myth and the essence of rite were investigated and»Y lo dijo, en efecto, en las Sather Lectures de 1977, publicadas en 1979 casi a la vez que aquel tratado, donde por primera vez se investigaron la esencia del mito y la del rito. La frase sigue tras el salto que el troceo abre al reabrir la plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 93»

«described in a way that had not been pursued in this context ever before.»De una manera, dice, no ensayada antes en este contexto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 93»

«In point of fact Propp's entire scheme-and many other patterns as well, for there are more, of course-may be summarized in one verb: 'to get'.»Reduce el esquema entero de Propp, y muchos otros patrones, a un solo verbo: conseguir

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 94»

«What have we got, after all? Nothing but a program of action, elaborated into a narrative and varied through a number of transformations-a program derived directly from life, from biology.»Y dice qué queda entonces: nada más que un programa de acción elaborado en relato y variado por transformaciones, programa sacado directamente de la vida, de la biología

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 94»

«For what the hero does in Propp's schema is essentially similar to what the rat does when-driven by hunger-it goes in search of prey and returns with the spoils, having escaped the street urchin's stones, the eat's jaws and envious fellow-rats.»Porque lo que el héroe hace en el esquema de Propp es en esencia lo que hace la rata que, empujada por el hambre, sale en busca de presa y vuelve con el botín tras escapar de las piedras del golfillo, de las fauces del gato y de las ratas envidiosas; el OCR imprime *eat's* por *cat's*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 94»

«The identical pattern may be transposed to the world of the primates in that stage in which food could only be obtained by way of long marches, hunting or gathering, which involved the most horrible dangers outside the relative safety of the settlement.»Y el mismo patrón se traslada al mundo de los primates en el estadio en que la comida solo se conseguía con marchas largas, caza o recolección, con los peligros más horribles fuera de la seguridad relativa del asentamiento

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 94»

«Repetition is one of the most essential principles in ritual»Y anota en nota que la repetición es uno de los principios más esenciales del rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 95»

«On the other hand, it may also be that recent experiences in the Arabian desert, in Yugo-Slavia, or in the weekly gladiatorial shows on the benches of our soccer arenas simply prove that Burkert-and, worse, Lorenz-was essentially right after all.»Apunta en nota, contra las críticas a la agresividad como rasgo básico de la sociedad, que las experiencias recientes en el desierto de Arabia, en Yugoslavia o en los espectáculos gladiatorios semanales de las gradas de los estadios de futbol quizá prueben que Burkert, y peor aún Lorenz, tenían razón en lo esencial

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 95»

«In this context the works by R. Girard, whatever the value of their central thesis, still stimulate reflection.»Y añade que en ese contexto las obras de R. Girard, sea cual sea el valor de su tesis central, siguen dando que pensar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 95»

«Whether such detailed interpretations are convincing or not, what is interesting is the consequences of these two views for myth and ritual»Deja de lado si esas interpretaciones detalladas convencen y se queda con lo interesante: las consecuencias de esas dos miradas para el mito y el rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 96»

«If we consider them in the light of Burkert's recent theories, we will soon notice that we are dealing with a single phenomenon with two aspects: both myth and ritual are 'programs of action', both have a biological background involving transformations of action patterns bearing immediately upon the most essential needs, crises and dilemmas of animal and primitive human existence, both have become detached from their origins, both now primarily serve communication and solidarization.»Saca la consecuencia: se trata de un solo fenómeno con dos caras, porque mito y rito son programas de acción, ambos con trasfondo biológico, transformaciones de patrones de acción que tocan las necesidades, crisis y dilemas más esenciales de la existencia animal y humana primitiva, ambos desprendidos de su origen y puestos hoy ante todo al servicio de la comunicación y la solidarización

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 96»

«Myth (the myths at issue) is the verbal expression, rite (the rites at issue) a reflection in action, of essentially identical situations and their inherent psychic emotions.»Y el reparto: el mito es la expresión verbal y el rito el reflejo en acción de situaciones esencialmente idénticas y de las emociones psíquicas que traen consigo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 96»

«For the first time an impressive attempt has been made to underpin Harrison's second option theoretically.»Llama a eso el primer intento impresionante de apuntalar teóricamente la segunda opción de Harrison

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 96»

«There are myths and rites that are so closely connected that many of us had already been under the impression that these, at any rate, must have some common origin. This is by no means true of all myths and rites, and it may even only hold for a small minority. But where there is such a plausible connection we now have at least a well-argued theory as to roughly how this parallelism might have arisen.»Y lo acota: hay mitos y ritos tan ligados que muchos ya sospechaban un origen común, cosa que no vale ni mucho menos para todos y acaso solo para una minoría pequeña, pero donde el vínculo es plausible ya se tiene al menos una teoría bien argumentada de cómo pudo surgir ese paralelismo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 96»

«So far I have essentially done no more than arrange, describe and, to a lesser degree, evaluate.»Declara en primera persona lo que ha hecho hasta ahí: ordenar, describir y, en menor medida, evaluar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 96»

«The fact that the critical aspect was emphasized more forcibly in the latter part of the discussion may be explained by the fact that the first phase of the myth and ritual theory had long been concluded and assessed, whereas the most recent approach is still in full swing. That is why critical observations can certainly be useful, but never definitive.»Y explica por qué la crítica aprieta más en la segunda mitad: la primera fase de la teoría de mito y rito estaba concluida y evaluada hacía tiempo, mientras el enfoque más reciente sigue en marcha, de modo que las observaciones críticas pueden ser útiles pero nunca definitivas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 96»

«The resultant synthesis may no doubt strike the reader as sweeping. To make matters worse, the lack of space prevents me from arguing more specifically.»Advierte que la síntesis resultante parecerá gruesa y que la falta de espacio le impide argumentar más en detalle

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 97»

«What I have to offer here is thus nothing but a tentative, somewhat intuitive suggestion that enables me to return to those complexes that up to now had been felt to be mutually exclusive: the myth and ritual complex of the New Year-sacral king-dying and rising god, on the one hand, and that of initiation, on the other.»Y ofrece una sugerencia tentativa, algo intuitiva, que le permite volver a los dos complejos tenidos hasta ahí por excluyentes: el del Año Nuevo con el rey sacro y el dios que muere y resucita, y el de la iniciación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 97»

«What might be the reason that in the head of one person, Jane Harrison, the notions of two complexes could exist one after or beside the other, the divine protagonists changing effortlessly from one complex into the next (Megistos Kouros, Dionysos)?»Primera pregunta: por qué en una sola cabeza, la de Jane Harrison, pudieron convivir las nociones de los dos complejos, con los protagonistas divinos pasando sin esfuerzo de uno a otro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 97»

«How can we explain that some enthusiasts trace back the entire world-wide mythology to one myth and ritual complex, whereas others are reducing a considerable number of myths to the other complex?»Segunda: cómo se explica que unos entusiastas remonten toda la mitología del mundo a un complejo y otros reduzcan un buen número de mitos al otro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 97»

«How is it that some New Year specialists time and again point out resemblance, affinity or relation with initiation ideology, whereas initiation specialists are repeatedly drawing parallels with New Year elements?»Tercera: por qué los especialistas del Año Nuevo señalan una y otra vez parecidos, afinidad o relación con la ideología de la iniciación, y los de la iniciación trazan sin parar paralelos con elementos de Año Nuevo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 97»

«What do we infer from the fact that a myth and ritual theorist of the old stamp, A.M. Hocart, wrote a book about coronation rites of kings, whereas a representative of the recent trend, J. N. Bremmer, is seen to waver between boys' initiation and royal initiation?»Cuarta: qué se infiere de que un teórico del viejo cuño, A. M. Hocart, escribiera un libro sobre ritos de coronación de reyes, y un representante de la tendencia reciente, J. N. Bremmer, se vea oscilar entre la iniciación de muchachos y la iniciación regia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 97»

«In Egypt the coronation (initiation) ofthe new king is seen as the beginning of a new aeon and a new year»Y anota que en Egipto la coronación, o iniciación, del rey nuevo se ve como comienzo de un eón nuevo y de un año nuevo; el OCR pega *ofthe*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 97»

«Why is it that both types of approach claim primeval images like the flood»Quinta pregunta: por qué los dos enfoques reclaman para su propio complejo las mismas imágenes primordiales, empezando por el diluvio; el troceo pega la llamada a nota y el tramo corta ahí

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 98»

«Generally, the deluge theme is pre-eminently the image of chaos, seen as the obstacle to kosmos. The latter can only come to being after the victory over the chaotic deluge, a victory that is generally celebrated on New Year's day.»Enuncia en nota lo que el diluvio es: por excelencia la imagen del caos como obstáculo del *kosmos*, que solo llega a ser tras la victoria sobre el diluvio caótico, victoria que suele celebrarse el día de Año Nuevo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 98»

«I agree with his predilection for a more general interpretation of the victory over the Flood as a guarantee of»Declara en nota su acuerdo con la lectura más general de la victoria sobre el diluvio como garantía del orden; el tramo corta antes de la palabra alemana entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 98»

«The theme has a central function in Near Eastern mythology»Y apunta que el tema es central en la mitología del Próximo Oriente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 98»

«Until very recently it was generally assumed that anthropophagy was practised, at least for ritual-cultic purposes, in prehistoric times.»Registra en nota que hasta hace muy poco se daba por supuesta la antropofagia prehistórica, al menos con fines rituales y cúlticos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 98»

«Recently, however, serious doubts have been expressed.»Y que se han expresado dudas serias al respecto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 98»

«The theories about cannibalism in Minoic Greece suffered the same fate»Y que las teorías sobre el canibalismo en la Grecia minoica corrieron la misma suerte

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 98»

«This, of course, does not mean that W. Arens, The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy (Oxford 1979) is right in rejecting all testimonies of man eating.»Aunque eso, advierte, no da la razón a W. Arens, que en *The Man-Eating Myth* rechaza todos los testimonios de antropofagia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 98»

«anarchy, and so forth, for their own complex?»Y el resto de esas imágenes compartidas: inversión de papeles y de estatus, experiencia de anarquía. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 99»

«How is one to explain that both can refer to world-wide materials, and, finally, how is it that so much attention was and still is paid to these two myth and ritual patterns and relatively little to others?»Últimas preguntas: cómo es que ambos pueden apoyarse en materiales de todo el mundo y por qué se ha prestado y se presta tanta atención a estos dos patrones de mito y rito y tan poca a los demás

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 99»

«In the sequence of the epic of the Odyssey and the story of Troy connected with it, the hero leaves his country, has to wander, to wage war far from home, takes Troy by means of a stratagem, is threatened by water (sea), by man-eating and other monsters, returns home, is menaced again, is finally triumphant and becomes king (again).»Pone el caso en forma: en la secuencia de la *Odisea* y del relato de Troya, el héroe deja su país, vaga, guerrea lejos de casa, toma Troya con una estratagema, se ve amenazado por el agua y por monstruos devoradores de hombres, vuelve a casa, vuelve a ser amenazado y al fin triunfa y se hace rey otra vez

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 99»

«If we had been obliged to decide, after reading the second section of the present chapter, which pattern had been transformed into a myth in this case, would not the New Year pattern offall and return of the sacral king and the battling god have been an obvious choice?»Y pregunta: tras leer el segundo apartado del capítulo, ¿no habría parecido obvio elegir el patrón de Año Nuevo, con la caída y el retorno del rey sacro y del dios que combate?; el OCR pega *offall*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 99»

«And if we had been asked the same question after the reading of section five, would we not have hesitated to answer the question, because the story, when you come to think of it, fits very well into the initiatory scheme as well?»Y tras leer el quinto apartado, ¿no habría dudado uno, porque el relato encaja también muy bien en el esquema iniciático?

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 99»

«Meanwhile, the reason for all this has become abundantly clear, and so the questions asked above have been essentially answered. Both situations, that of the New Year and that of initiation, have a firmly related ritual and social function and follow, in essence, identical basic patterns: the old situation has to be taken leave of (symbol of death, fall, farewell: the separation); there is a period of transition between old and new (sojourn in death, underworld, labyrinth,»Da la respuesta: las dos situaciones, la del Año Nuevo y la de la iniciación, tienen función ritual y social emparentada y siguen en esencia los mismos patrones básicos, con una despedida de la situación vieja —símbolo de muerte, caída, adiós: la separación— y un periodo de transición entre lo viejo y lo nuevo, estancia en la muerte, en el inframundo, en el laberinto. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 99»

«It cannot be said that the fairy tales in which persons are swallowed up by a whale or dragon are necessarily connected with initiation ritual.»Y advierte en nota que no cabe decir que los cuentos donde a alguien se lo traga una ballena o un dragón estén forzosamente ligados al rito de iniciación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 99»

«flood, foreign countries, a monster's belly: the marge); the new situation is accepted (rebirth, resurrection, reinvestiture, return and reintegration: the agrigation).»Cierra el esquema de tres tiempos: el margen es diluvio, tierras extranjeras, vientre de monstruo, y la nueva situación se acepta con renacimiento, resurrección, reinvestidura, retorno y reintegración, la agregación. El OCR estropea *agrégation* y la frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 100»

«That one complex is embedded in a process of nature, the other in a social passage, is, seen from a structural point of view, not immediately relevant. What matters is the close relationship in the typically transitional situations and the mythical symbols in which they find their expression.»Y quita peso a la diferencia: que un complejo esté encajado en un proceso de la naturaleza y el otro en un paso social no es relevante desde el punto de vista estructural; lo que importa es el parentesco estrecho de las situaciones típicamente transicionales y de los símbolos míticos en que se expresan

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 100»

«Here I could stop. I have suggested a tentative explanation for both the radical substitution and the persistent thematic intertwining in the history of the two major theories of myth and ritual of the last hundred years. Functional and (consequently) structural analogies are responsible. Hence acceptance of one of the theories does not entail the need to reject dogmatically the other one.»Podría parar ahí: ha sugerido una explicación tentativa de la sustitución radical y del entrelazamiento temático persistente de las dos grandes teorías del último siglo, con analogías funcionales y estructurales por responsables, de modo que aceptar una no obliga a rechazar dogmáticamente la otra

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 100»

«However, what we have not considered so far is the question of what urged human culture to ritualize the two related passages so emphatically and, more precisely, why this was expressed in imagery which was so closely related, if not identical.»Pero deja abierta la pregunta que no ha tocado: qué empujó a la cultura humana a ritualizar con tanto énfasis los dos pasos emparentados y por qué lo expresó en imágenes tan cercanas, si no idénticas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 100»

«In other words, if we accept that periods of transition-i.e. crisis-are inherent in natural and social life, and that they naturally provoke similar reactions, we still have not elucidated the bafflingjormal similarities in the ritual and mythical expressions.»Y lo precisa: aceptar que los periodos de transición, es decir de crisis, son inherentes a la vida natural y social y provocan reacciones parecidas no aclara las desconcertantes semejanzas formales de las expresiones rituales y míticas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 100»

«I would therefore not like to end without making a few suggestions. They should be seen, however, as an encore: what follows has no strict dependence of the previous argument.»Anuncia unas sugerencias finales a título de propina, sin dependencia estricta del argumento anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 100»

«This argument has its starting point in the similarity of the two myth and ritual complexes. Burkert's recent work has not yet been taken account of in the discussion. So let us now take the ultimate step: suppose we had not been asked the question about the interpretation of the Odysseus story until after reading section 6. Would we not be inclined to class it under the head of Propp's narrative structure and-as the next step-to consider, with Burkert, whether the story reveals references to deep-rooted biological and cultural schemes of action?»Da el paso último: si la pregunta por la interpretación del relato de Odiseo se hiciera tras leer el sexto apartado, uno tendería a ponerlo bajo la estructura narrativa de Propp y a preguntarse, con Burkert, si el relato revela referencias a esquemas de acción biológicos y culturales hondamente arraigados

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 100»

«If one checks it, again everything fits. That would mean that we have reached a deeper level of interpretation, which does not supersede the other two but supports and envelops them.»Y comprobado eso, todo vuelve a encajar, lo que significaría haber alcanzado un nivel de interpretación más hondo que no suplanta a los otros dos sino que los sostiene y los envuelve

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 100»

«We might conceive of it in this way: the most elementary and primordial scheme of (originally bio-sociological) functions has been conserved and transformed, in ritualized and mythicized form, at precisely those points where human society experiences primal crisis most intensely.»Lo formula así: el esquema más elemental y primordial de funciones, en origen biosociológicas, se conservó y se transformó en forma ritualizada y mitificada justamente en los puntos donde la sociedad humana experimenta con más intensidad la crisis primordial

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 100»

«Apart from incidental calamities like epidemics, wars, earthquakes and floods, these are precisely the critical and»Y nombra esos puntos: aparte de calamidades ocasionales como epidemias, guerras, terremotos e inundaciones, los momentos críticos de transición. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 100»

«painful moments of transition that are experienced nowhere more keenly than during initiatory periods and at the turning points of the agricultural or social year.»Momentos dolorosos que no se sienten en ninguna parte con más agudeza que en los periodos iniciáticos y en los virajes del año agrícola o social. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 101»

«In this way the structural relationship between these two 'crises' and their mythical-ritual representations is now placed in a historical evolutionary perspective.»Con eso, dice, la relación estructural entre esas dos crisis y sus representaciones mítico-rituales queda puesta en perspectiva histórica y evolutiva

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 101»

«the structural affinity of the two complexes is willing to take this ultimate step. I would repeat that I consider it as no more than a suggestion, a suggestion, though, that deserves serious consideration.»Insiste en el estatuto de lo dicho: no es más que una sugerencia, pero que merece consideración seria. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 102»

«How these images get into our dreams is not explained, at least not explicitly, and here the recent movement of socio-biology, despite the criticisms it has received, might well be revelatory»No se explica ahí cómo llegan esas imágenes a nuestros sueños, y ve en la sociobiología reciente, pese a las críticas recibidas, algo revelador

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 102»

«But if this is so, it is far more likely that these ordeals common to human life have given shape to both the initiation scenario and-independently-to the materials dreams and myths are made of.»Y Versnel replica: si es así, es mucho más probable que esas pruebas comunes a la vida humana hayan dado forma tanto al escenario de la iniciación como, de modo independiente, a la materia de que están hechos los sueños y los mitos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 102»

«Nor is it very likely that Snow White has borrowed her seven dwarfs from initiation ritual»Tampoco le parece probable que Blancanieves tomara sus siete enanos del rito de iniciación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 102»

«he wishes to trace the fairy tale motif back to initiation (specifically, the shamanistic scenario), which seems unnecessary to me.»Y de G. J. Baudy dice que remontar el motivo del cuento a la iniciación, y en concreto al escenario chamánico, le parece innecesario

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 102»

«It is also present in the discussion on the origins of the Eleusinian and other mysteries. See for instance on the ambivalence of human initiation and agricultural fertility as the ultimate background of the mysteries»Y registra que el mismo problema de origen asoma en la discusión sobre el origen de los misterios eleusinos y otros, con la ambivalencia entre iniciación humana y fertilidad agrícola como trasfondo último

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 103»

«As regards our two myth and ritual complexes we thus find that what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander, which is probably due to the fact that both sauces are prepared by the same cook, who works with only one recipe.»Cierra el capítulo con la imagen de su título: lo que es salsa para la oca es salsa para el ganso, y probablemente porque las dos salsas las hace el mismo cocinero con una sola receta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 103»

«The primordial 'crisis', which is experienced continuously in the risks of daily ventures»Nombra la crisis primordial, la que se experimenta de continuo en los riesgos de las empresas diarias; el troceo parte en el renglón la palabra que el OCR imprime *stem-typed* y el tramo corta antes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 103»

«leaving the relative safety of the familiar environment-setting out for sheer superhuman enterprises and unspeakable dangers in a marginal landscape marked by monsters and every sort of nameless terror, often to the very limits of death-returning in triumph.»Y su programa estereotipado: dejar la seguridad relativa del entorno familiar, salir a empresas sobrehumanas y peligros indecibles en un paisaje marginal poblado de monstruos y de todo terror sin nombre, a menudo hasta el límite mismo de la muerte, y volver en triunfo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 103»

«These indispensable, successive actions are reflected in the imagery of our two complexes and in fairy tales and myths of the Odyssey type.»Esas acciones sucesivas e indispensables, dice, se reflejan en las imágenes de los dos complejos y en los cuentos y mitos del tipo de la *Odisea*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 103»

«Equating the sauces of goose and gander does not necessarily disqualify either of them.»Y advierte que igualar las dos salsas no descalifica forzosamente a ninguna

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 103»

«While, as I remarked in the Introduction, in the natural sciences some implications of Kuhn's concept of 'paradigm' are liable to criticism, the concept has proved helpful in analysing developments in the social sciences. However, it has been pointed out recently that in this sector paradigms are, as a rule, not radically exclusive. This tolerance has awarded anthropology the qualification: 'polyparadigmatic'. And this is exactly my point.»Recuerda lo dicho en la introducción: el concepto de paradigma de Kuhn se presta a crítica en las ciencias naturales pero ayuda a analizar las sociales, donde se ha señalado que los paradigmas no suelen ser radicalmente excluyentes, tolerancia que le valió a la antropología el calificativo de polyparadigmática; y ese es exactamente su punto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 103»

«Though the new paradigm introducing the social interpretation of myth and ritual has cleared the way for explanations that were unheard of in the first half of this century,-I am especially referring to the application of the concept of 'marginality', both in the rites of initiation and in the festivals of reversal-, the new model by no means completely eradicates or replaces the old one.»Concede que el paradigma nuevo de la interpretación social del mito y del rito abrió explicaciones inauditas en la primera mitad del siglo —sobre todo la aplicación del concepto de marginalidad a los ritos de iniciación y a las fiestas de inversión— y sostiene a la vez que no erradica ni sustituye del todo al viejo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 103»

«First, I would not (and did not) deny that the presence of the two patterns described by the myth and ritual theorists can actually be demonstrated.»Primero: no niega que la presencia de los dos patrones descritos por los teóricos de mito y rito se pueda mostrar de veras

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 103»

«of such mythical patterns from the point of view of just one of the complexes.»Lo que sí combate: la interpretación totalitaria y monolítica de esos patrones míticos desde uno solo de los complejos. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 104»

«Secondly, I do not doubt that there are myths which, in the final analysis, go back to some New Year scenario, nor that there are myths which derive their origin from initiatory schemes. However, I think it unlikely that all the stories with the scenario described above have developed in either one of these ways.»Segundo: no duda de que hay mitos que se remontan a algún escenario de Año Nuevo ni de que los hay que vienen de esquemas iniciáticos, pero tiene por improbable que todos los relatos con ese escenario se hayan formado por una de esas dos vías

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 104»

«Anyone who goes to such lengths, while still acknowledging that everywhere-in both complexes and in a great mass of myths, fairy tales, stories (and dreams) from all over the world-we can discern a more or less identical basic pattern, has the right if not the duty to try to find an explanation for this phenomenon.»Y reclama una obligación: quien llegue tan lejos, reconociendo a la vez que en los dos complejos y en una masa de mitos, cuentos, relatos y sueños de todo el mundo se discierne un patrón básico más o menos idéntico, tiene el derecho si no el deber de buscarle explicación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 104»

«Perhaps this can be done without the help of recent ethological and biological insights, but it may be better to try to incorporate them.»Y concede que quizá se pueda sin los hallazgos etológicos y biológicos recientes, aunque le parece mejor incorporarlos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 104»

«In any case-and that was my chief aim-we can understand now why the champions of the two complexes have so often encroached upon each others»Declara cuál era su fin principal: entender por qué los campeones de los dos complejos invadieron tan a menudo el terreno del otro; el tramo corta antes de la palabra siguiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 104»

«To return to the Odysseus theme, I, for one, think that an origin in some New Year scenario is less plausible than a descent from some initiatory scenario. Much more plausible than either, though, is the interpretation of this story as a variation on the biological-cultural program of action, which may have been carried over into both complexes and which, independently, has become the material from which dreams, fairy tales and myths of a certain type have been fashioned.»Y su propia apuesta sobre Odiseo: el origen en un escenario de Año Nuevo le parece menos plausible que el descenso de un escenario iniciático, y mucho más plausible que ambos, leer el relato como variación del programa de acción biológico-cultural que pudo pasar a los dos complejos y que, por su cuenta, se volvió la materia de la que se hicieron sueños, cuentos y mitos de cierto tipo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 104»

«Of course, whoever thinks all this much too vague and prefers to sit down and reread the Odyssey itself is right, too.»Y concede la razón también a quien tenga todo eso por demasiado vago y prefiera sentarse a releer la *Odisea*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 104»

«This is a pessimistic expression of what I found more hopefully phrased by the anthropologist E.M. Ackerknecht 171 : "If anthropology returns to the comparative method" [and as we have seen, recent developments in the borderland of anthropology and the classics tend in that direction H. S. V.], ''it will certainly not forget what it has learned meanwhile in general and what it has learned about»Opone a eso la frase más esperanzada del antropólogo E. M. Ackerknecht, con un inciso propio entre corchetes sobre la vuelta de la antropología al método comparativo. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 104»

«Sisyphus' stone rolling but landing at a higher level each time? Let us hope so, even if the stone turns out to obey Zeno»Y cierra el capítulo con la pregunta y el deseo: la piedra de Sísifo rodando pero cayendo cada vez en un nivel más alto, aunque resulte obedecer las leyes de Zenón; el tramo corta antes del genitivo final

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 105»

«In the previous chapter we have analysed the three possible forms of relationship between myth and ritual.»Recapitula el capítulo anterior: las tres formas posibles de relación entre mito y rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 106»

«At the beginning of the discussion stands Frazer's definition of myth as 'mistaken explanation' of ritual.»Al principio de la discusión, la definición de Frazer del mito como explicación errada del rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 106»

«An inverse relationship has been postulated by the myth-and-ritual school of Hooke and his followers: myth as the scenario for ritual.»La relación inversa que postuló la escuela de mito y rito de Hooke: el mito como guion del rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 106»

«And we have heard the critical voice of G. S. Kirk, who argues that any monolithic theory regarding myth and ritual should be rejected: all three forms of interrelation do indeed occur, but rites without myths and myths without rites outnumber the few instances of interrelated rites and myths.»Y la voz crítica de G. S. Kirk, que rechaza toda teoría monolítica: las tres formas de interrelación se dan, pero los ritos sin mito y los mitos sin rito son muchos más que los pocos casos de mito y rito entrelazados

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 106»

«Kirk did have a point, of course, but this clearly did not mean the end of the investigation of myth and ritual.»Le da la razón en algo y niega que eso acabara la investigación de mito y rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 106»

«Although even Kirk has been convinced by Burkert's arguments that in these complexes myths and rites indeed are more or less parallel representations of a certain affective atmosphere surrounding the turn of the year, it cannot be denied that in both complexes strong aetiological components are present too; if the myth does not explain details of the ritual, it does at any rate translate them into words and images.»Concede que hasta Kirk quedó convencido por los argumentos de Burkert de que en esos complejos mitos y ritos son representaciones más o menos paralelas de cierta atmósfera afectiva en torno al cambio de año, y advierte que en ambos hay también componentes etiológicos fuertes: si el mito no explica detalles del rito, al menos los traduce en palabras e imágenes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 107»

«It is my belief that there was in Greece a myth and ritual complex-also related to the transition from the old year to the new-in which myth and rite were indeed formed pari passu, possibly even more clearly so than in the cases just mentioned, and developed as parallel expressions-interrelating ones, it is true, but interrelating in such a subtle and at the same time complicated manner that here at least the rite cannot be taken as example for the myth, nor the myth as scenario for the rite. I am referring to the myth and ritual complex of Kronos and the Kronia»Declara la tesis del capítulo en primera persona: hubo en Grecia un complejo de mito y rito, también ligado al paso del año viejo al nuevo, donde mito y rito se formaron de veras *pari passu* y se desarrollaron como expresiones paralelas, entrelazadas de manera tan sutil y complicada que ahí ni el rito sirve de modelo al mito ni el mito de guion al rito: el complejo de Cronos y las Kronia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 107»

«it is worthwile investigating whether there are indeed any examples at all of a myth and rite operating pari passu as "symbolic processes for dealing with the same type of situation in the same affective mode", as Cl. Kluckhohn expressed it.»Plantea la pregunta: si mito y rito no se corresponden en los detalles del contenido sino en la estructura y la atmósfera, vale la pena averiguar si hay algún ejemplo de mito y rito que operen *pari passu* como procesos simbólicos para tratar el mismo tipo de situación en el mismo modo afectivo, en la fórmula de Kluckhohn; el OCR imprime *worthwile*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 106»

«The oldest version of the myth of Kronos is also the most complete»La versión más antigua del mito de Cronos es también la más completa; el troceo pega la llamada a nota y el tramo corta ahí

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 107»

«Apart from minor additions and variations-in themselves often quite significant-the myth as Hesiod tells it in the Theagony has not changed essentially in the course of time»Y salvo añadidos y variaciones menores, a menudo significativas de suyo, el mito que Hesíodo cuenta en la *Teogonía* no cambió en lo esencial con el tiempo; el OCR imprime *Theagony*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 107»

«Like Iapetos, Themis, Rhea and others, Kronos belonged to the race of the Titans, children ofOuranos and Ge, the first generation of gods. Kronos hated his father, who had banished his children to the depths of the earth. At their mother's lamentations, only Kronos among the Titans was prepared to take action against his father»El resumen del mito hesiódico: Cronos pertenecía, como Jápeto, Temis y Rea, a la raza de los Titanes, hijos de Urano y Gea, primera generación de dioses; odiaba a su padre, que había desterrado a sus hijos a las honduras de la tierra, y fue el único Titán dispuesto a actuar contra él ante las lamentaciones de la madre; el OCR pega *ofOuranos*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 107»

«with his sickle he cut ('mowed') (181) offOuranos' genitalia. From the resulting drops of blood sprang the races of the Erinyes, the giants and the nymphs. Out of the froth ( = the semen) of the genitalia, which had fallen into the sea, Aphrodite was born.»Sigue el mito: con su hoz segó los genitales de Urano, de cuyas gotas de sangre salieron las razas de las Erinias, los gigantes y las ninfas, y de la espuma de los genitales caídos al mar nació Afrodita; el OCR pega *offOuranos*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 108»

«Next, Kronos and his sister/spouse Rhea produced children, including the first generation of Olympians, the family of gods currently in power: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, and lastly Zeus. Kronos, fearing that one of them would overthrow him (462) 'gulped down' all his children immediately after their births (katepine: 459, 467, 473, 497).»Cronos y su hermana y esposa Rea tuvieron hijos, la primera generación de olímpicos —Hestia, Deméter, Hera, Poseidón, Hades y por último Zeus—, y Cronos, temiendo que uno lo derrocara, se los tragó a todos nada más nacer

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 108»

«Rhea, however, brought her last child, Zeus, into the world on Crete, where he grew up hidden in a cave without his father's knowledge. Instead of the baby, Rhea had fed Kronos a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes. Once he had grown up, Zeus forced Kronos to regurgitate the other children; first came the stone, which has been displayed in Delphi ever since»Rea dio a luz a Zeus en Creta, donde creció escondido en una cueva sin que el padre lo supiera, y a Cronos le dio en su lugar una piedra envuelta en pañales; ya crecido, Zeus lo forzó a vomitar a los demás hijos, y la piedra salió primero y desde entonces se muestra en Delfos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 108»

«After this liberation he freed Kronos' brothers, the Cyclopes, who had been chained in the Underworld by their father Ouranos (501); in return for their rescue, the Cyclopes gave Zeus his thunderbolt.»Zeus liberó luego a los hermanos de Cronos, los Cíclopes, encadenados en el inframundo por su padre Urano, y ellos le dieron en pago su rayo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 108»

«The hundred-handed giants were also freed (652, 659) from their subterranean prison at the edge of the world (621/2), where they had been held in heavy irons (618), in order to assist Zeus and the other Olympians in their battle against the Titans»También quedaron libres los gigantes de cien manos, presos con hierros pesados en su cárcel subterránea al borde del mundo, para asistir a Zeus y a los olímpicos en la batalla contra los Titanes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 108»

«An interpolated passage (Th. 687-712) does, indeed, say that Zeus destroyed the Titans with his thunderbolt, but the authentic text ascribes the victory to the hundred-handed giants, who drove the Titans deep under the earth»Distingue capas del texto: un pasaje interpolado dice que Zeus destruyó a los Titanes con el rayo, pero el texto auténtico atribuye la victoria a los gigantes de cien manos, que hundieron a los Titanes bajo la tierra. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 108»

«I shall return to the meaning of the omphalos and to the ritual of pouring olive oil on it every day and placing unworked wool on it on festive days (Paus. 10, 24, 6)»Y anuncia en nota que volverá sobre el sentido del *omphalos* y sobre el rito de verterle aceite de oliva a diario y ponerle lana sin trabajar los días de fiesta, según Pausanias

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 108»

«and bound them in strong chains (718). It is true that this part does not say explicitly that Kronos suffered the same fate, but a later passage, in which the monster Typhoeus (who according to the scholiast on Il. 2, 783 is a son of Kronos) waylays Zeus, includes an interpolated line (851 ): "The Titans, in Tartaros, keeping Kronos company»Precisa lo que el texto dice y lo que no: esa parte no dice de modo explícito que Cronos corriera la misma suerte, pero un pasaje posterior, donde el monstruo Tifeo acecha a Zeus, trae un verso interpolado según el cual los Titanes acompañan a Cronos en el Tártaro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 109»

«In Erga 168, it is mentioned that Zeus settled the heroes after their deaths at the edges of the earth, where they lead carefree and happy lives on the Islands of the Blessed, where the spelt-giving soil yields a rich harvest three times a year. Verse 169 then continues: "far from the immortals. Among them Kronos is king", and in the subsequent passage it is stated: ''his bonds the father of men and gods had broken»En los *Trabajos* se dice que Zeus asentó a los héroes tras su muerte en los confines de la tierra, en las Islas de los Bienaventurados, donde el suelo da tres cosechas al año, y que allí lejos de los inmortales reina Cronos, a quien el padre de hombres y dioses había roto sus cadenas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 109»

«These verses have long been rejected as interpolations but it has recently been argued8 that they should be retained since they are in complete concordance with the image of the ideal reign of Kronos, known to Hesiod.»Registra que esos versos se rechazaron largo tiempo como interpolación y que se ha argumentado hace poco que deben conservarse por concordar del todo con la imagen del reinado ideal de Cronos que Hesíodo conoce

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 109»

«I am not qualified to take sides here, but even if it is not Hesiodic, this version must have been known as early as the late archaic era9, since Pindar is familiar with it (Ol. 2, 70 f.).»Se declara incompetente para tomar partido y observa que, aun no siendo hesiódica, esa versión debía conocerse ya en el arcaísmo tardío, porque Píndaro la maneja

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 109»

«For here Kumarbi castrates his father Anu by biting off his genitalia and becomes pregnant by them with three (or five) children, among whom is the god of the storms, comparable to Zeus. Kumarbi regurgitates all the children except the god of the storms, who emerges by a more or less 'natural' route and dethrones his father. His father makes a final attempt at resistance with the assistance of a monster born from his semen (Ullikummi), but to no avail.»El paralelo: Kumarbi castra a su padre Anu arrancándole los genitales de un mordisco, queda preñado por ellos de tres o cinco hijos, entre ellos el dios de las tormentas comparable a Zeus, vomita a todos menos a este, que sale por vía más o menos natural y lo destrona, y el padre resiste al fin con un monstruo nacido de su semen, Ullikummi, sin lograr nada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 110»

«Parts of the motif are found as early as the Iliad: Kronos is the father of Zeus, Hades and Poseidon (15, 187) and of Hera (5, 721; cf. 4, 59). He»Y partes del motivo ya están en la *Ilíada*: Cronos es padre de Zeus, Hades y Poseidón, y de Hera. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto que el troceo abre al reabrir la plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 110»

«resides at ''the limits of the earth and of the sea'', where Iapetus is too. This place is identified with the depths ofTartaros, which "lies around it" (8, 477-80), a subterranean abode to which Zeus has expelled his father and where he remains among the "subterranean gods" (14, 274; cf. 15, 225).»Y allí reside en los confines de la tierra y del mar, donde también está Jápeto, lugar identificado con las honduras del Tártaro que lo rodea, morada subterránea a la que Zeus desterró a su padre y donde queda entre los dioses subterráneos; el OCR pega *ofTartaros*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 110»

«Later versions add new elements. In Apollodorus 1, 1 ff., the Kouretes have a secure position as Zeus' protectors. It is by means of an emetic that Kronos is made to vomit; furthermore, he has also fathered the hybrid Cheiron ( 1, 2, 4).»Las versiones posteriores añaden: en Apolodoro los Curetes tienen puesto firme como protectores de Zeus, a Cronos se lo hace vomitar con un emético y además engendró al híbrido Quirón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 110»

«Apollodorus does not enlarge on Kronos' whereabouts after his defeat, although it is this aspect in particular that traditionally was enriched elsewhere with stereotyped features, and which right down to Roman times gave rise to»Y señala lo que Apolodoro no desarrolla: el paradero de Cronos tras la derrota, justamente el aspecto que en otras partes se enriqueció con rasgos estereotipados hasta la época romana. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 110»

«Since the publication of the Hurrian-Hittite Kumarbi myth in 194510 scholars have agreed all but unanimously that Hesiod must have derived important parts of the Kronos myth indirectly from»Data el acuerdo casi unánime desde la publicación del mito hurrita-hitita de Kumarbi en 1945: Hesíodo derivó indirectamente partes importantes del mito de Cronos de ese relato mucho más antiguo. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 109»

«variation and amplification. This tendency also began with Hesiod.»Y esa tendencia a la variación y la amplificación, dice, empezó ya con Hesíodo. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 111»

«So far the picture has been largely negative. It is a picture that already met with uneasiness and resistance in antiquity: parricide, infanticide-even cannibalism»Resume el cuadro conseguido hasta ahí, negativo en su mayor parte y ya incómodo en la antigüedad: parricidio, infanticidio, hasta canibalismo; el tramo corta antes de la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 111»

«rebellion in a ruthless struggle for power, lawlessness and a complete absence of moral standards: all these elements were spotted and-sometimes-condemned»Y lo que sigue en la lista: rebelión en una lucha despiadada por el poder, ausencia de ley y falta completa de normas morales, elementos todos vistos y a veces condenados

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 111»

«Kronos' stock epithet ankulometes-possibly meaning 'with the curved sickle' originally»El epíteto fijo de Cronos, *ankulometes*, que quizá significaba en origen el de la hoz curva; el tramo corta antes de la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 111»

«was generally interpreted as 'with crooked tricks' or 'devious', a negative description; his actions were part of the unbridled excesses of a distant past, his punishment seemed just, his time was over.»Se interpretó en general como el de las tretas torcidas, descripción negativa: sus actos eran parte de los excesos desenfrenados de un pasado remoto, su castigo parecía justo y su tiempo había pasado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 111»

«Apparently the oriental myth was associated with a deity, possibly of pre-Greek origin, who no longer functioned as an active and intervening god.»Y saca la consecuencia: el mito oriental quedó asociado a una deidad, quizá de origen pregriego, que ya no funcionaba como dios activo e interviniente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 111»

«Significantly, Kronos' crimes largely concur with the three major violations of the Greek cultural code as analysed by A. Moreau, A propos d'Oedipe. La liaison entre trois crimes, parricide, inceste et cannibalisme, in: Etudes de littirature ancienne (Paris 1979) 97-127, who demonstrates that their combination was experienced as 'le comble de dereglement»Apunta en nota que los crímenes de Cronos coinciden en gran medida con las tres violaciones mayores del código cultural griego analizadas por A. Moreau —parricidio, incesto y canibalismo—, cuya combinación se vivía como el colmo del desarreglo; el OCR pierde los acentos del francés

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 111»

«Equally significant is the identification of tyranny with these signs of anticultural behaviour by Plato Rep. 571 C-D, discussed by Detienne.»Y que igual de significativa es la identificación platónica de la tiranía con esos signos de conducta anticultural

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 111»

«Yet all this is only one side of the matter. There is another, which is the diametrical opposite of this negative picture. First of all, Kronos is king, or to express it more strongly: "Kronos is the king»Da el vuelco que da nombre al libro: todo eso es solo una cara del asunto, y hay otra diametralmente opuesta, empezando por que Cronos es rey, o dicho con más fuerza, *el* rey

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 112»

«The title basileus is stereotypical from Hesiod until late antiquity. Strikingly, Julian Conviv. 317D still makes a distinction between Kronos and Zeus: "0, King Kronos and Father Zeus»El título de *basileus* es estereotipado de Hesíodo a la antigüedad tardía, y Juliano aún distingue entre Cronos y Zeus llamándolos rey Cronos y padre Zeus; el OCR imprime un cero por la O vocativa

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 112»

«Kronos is even presented as the one who introduced the principle of kingship. Hesiod Th. 486, calls him "the first king" and as late as Byzantine times an author says: "Kronos introduced kingship»Y se presenta a Cronos como quien introdujo el principio de la realeza: Hesíodo lo llama el primer rey y todavía en época bizantina un autor dice que Cronos introdujo la realeza

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 112»

«That nothing negative is implied by the term basileus is apparent from another epithet: megas (great), with which he is commonly qualified in the Iliad, as well as by Hesiod»Y que el término no implica nada negativo se ve por otro epíteto, *megas*, con que se lo califica de ordinario en la *Ilíada* y en Hesíodo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 112»

«On the contrary, Kronos' kingdom, which is usually visualised as existing on earth, was a realm of peace, justice and prosperity.»Al contrario: el reino de Cronos, imaginado de ordinario sobre la tierra, era un reino de paz, justicia y prosperidad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 112»

«Pin dar so strongly associated such benefits with human kingship that he calls the abode to which the pious travel after death, a king's»Píndaro asoció tanto esos bienes a la realeza humana que llama torre de un rey a la morada adonde viajan los piadosos tras la muerte; el troceo parte el nombre del poeta y el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 112»

«Such references bring us to the theme of the Saturnia regna or 'life at the time ofKronos', as the Athenians called the happy period under Peisistratos (Arist. Ath. Pol. 17, 5), the Golden Age at the beginning of time, now irrevocably in the past.»Y nombra el tema mayor: los *Saturnia regna* o la vida en tiempos de Cronos, como los atenienses llamaron al periodo feliz bajo Pisístrato, la Edad de Oro del comienzo del tiempo, irrevocablemente pasada; el OCR pega *ofKronos*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 112»

«This image, too, is familiar even to Hesiod. In his description of the races of men, which perhaps was also derived from oriental myth and seems to have been a tradition unknown to Homer»Y registra que esa imagen le es familiar ya a Hesíodo, en su descripción de las razas de los hombres, quizá también derivada del mito oriental y al parecer tradición desconocida para Homero

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 112»

«he says that everything began with the Golden Race (Erga 109-26): people lived like gods, without worry, exertion or suffering. They were not bothered by old age: their limbs were eternally young and they revelled happily (115). Death came like sleep. The earth yielded fruit of its own accord, abundantly and plentifully, and people lived contentedly in the midst of peace and profusion.»El contenido de la Edad de Oro según Hesíodo: la gente vivía como dioses, sin preocupación, esfuerzo ni sufrimiento, sin que la vejez la molestara, con los miembros eternamente jóvenes y en fiesta; la muerte llegaba como el sueño, la tierra daba fruto por sí sola en abundancia y se vivía contento en medio de la paz y la profusión

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 112»

«wealth ( 126). This marks the beginning of a rich tradition of utopianism and 'wishing-time' 18 with which Kronos is closely associated; and this, too, dates from Hesiod, for according to him the people of the Golden Race lived when Kronos was king in Heaven (Erga 111).»Ahí arranca, dice, una tradición rica de utopismo y de tiempo del deseo estrechamente ligada a Cronos, y también eso viene de Hesíodo, para quien la gente de la raza de oro vivió cuando Cronos era rey en el cielo. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior, donde los hombres de oro se vuelven *daimones* buenos, guardianes de los mortales y dispensadores de riqueza

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 113»

«The tradition of making this Utopian time Kronos' era can be followed from the Alkmaeonis, via Empedocles and the /nachos of Sophocles (alone among tragedies 19); the theme widens in Old Comedy, as is shown especially in Athenaeus 6, 267E ff.»Sigue la pista de esa tradición: de la *Alcmeónide* a Empédocles y al *Ínaco* de Sófocles, única entre las tragedias, y el tema se ensancha en la comedia antigua, como muestra sobre todo Ateneo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 113»

«Here it is the motif of abundance, of a 'land of Cockaigne', that receives particular attention; there are descriptions of primeval eras, of Pluto's underworld, and of the far-away land of the Persians, who were generally notorious for their excess and luxury»En la comedia pesa el motivo de la abundancia, del país de Jauja, con descripciones de las eras primordiales, del inframundo de Plutón y de la tierra lejana de los persas, notorios en general por su exceso y su lujo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 113»

«In connection with this motif and partly as a reaction to it as well, there arose in the fourth century a remarkable alternative, possibly under the influence of Antisthenes. According to Plato, Kronos' realm was not one of superabundance. On the contrary, it was a realm of simplicity, indeed, of the simplicity of animals»Registra la alternativa notable que surge en el siglo IV, quizá por influjo de Antístenes: según Platón, el reino de Cronos no era de sobreabundancia sino de simplicidad, y aun de la simplicidad de los animales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 113»

«Here bliss is defined ethically and justice is the code word; this theme blossomed in Latin literature, particularly under the influence of Cynics and the like, as an argument for their rejection and condemnation of the decadent luxury of real life»Ahí la dicha se define éticamente y la palabra clave es justicia, tema que floreció en la literatura latina, sobre todo por influjo de los cínicos, como argumento para rechazar y condenar el lujo decadente de la vida real

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 113»

«This rejection led to the development of a peculiar ambiguity in the appreciation, and accordingly in the 'setting', of the 'natural, wild existence' in later, especially Roman, literature. When this state of life was portrayed as unbridled and inhuman, it was placed before the realm of king Kronos/Saturnus, who was then pictured as the bringer of moral standards, justice and civilisation.»Y ese rechazo produjo una ambigüedad peculiar en la valoración y en el emplazamiento de la existencia natural y salvaje en la literatura posterior, sobre todo romana: cuando se la pintaba desenfrenada e inhumana, se la ponía antes del reino de Cronos y Saturno, presentado entonces como el que trae normas morales, justicia y civilización

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 113»

«Alternatively, the era of Kronos/Saturnus itself could be imagined as the period of wild life, but»O bien se imaginaba la era de Cronos y Saturno como el periodo mismo de la vida salvaje. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 113»

«then 'wild' had the sense of the simple, natural, but not bestial-a natural life without the complexities of civilisation.»Pero entonces salvaje quería decir simple y natural, no bestial: una vida natural sin las complicaciones de la civilización. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 114»

«As the geographical horizon expanded, Kronos moved ever further to the W est23 , where he was identified with similar deities, such as Saturnus.»Conforme se ensanchó el horizonte geográfico, Cronos se corrió cada vez más al oeste, donde se lo identificó con deidades semejantes como Saturno; el OCR parte *West*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 114»

«Eventually we find him on a Utopian island west of Britannia, where he is represented as either asleep or in chains»Y acaba en una isla utópica al oeste de Britania, representado dormido o encadenado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 114»

«On the other hand, he was also placed to the East in Phrygia, asleep again»Y por otro lado se lo situó al este, en Frigia, dormido otra vez

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 114»

«In structural terms, a god sleeping and a god wearing chains are identical»En términos estructurales, un dios dormido y un dios encadenado son idénticos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 114»

«both gods are 'out of action»Porque ambos están fuera de servicio; el tramo va entre las comillas del impreso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 114»

«This selective survey offers a remarkably ambiguous, even contradictory, picture. Kronos is, on one hand, the god of an inhumanly cruel era, which is devoid of ethical standards; on the other, he is the king of a Golden Age of abundance, happiness and justice.»Nombra la inconsistencia que da tema al capítulo: el repaso deja un cuadro ambiguo y hasta contradictorio, porque Cronos es a la vez el dios de una era cruel e inhumana sin normas éticas y el rey de una Edad de Oro de abundancia, felicidad y justicia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 114»

«He is the loser who has been exiled, chained and enslaved, but he is also the great king par excellence, who has been liberated and rules supreme»Y es a la vez el perdedor desterrado, encadenado y esclavizado, y el gran rey por excelencia, liberado y soberano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 114»

«His realm was thought to have existed either before historical times, or was imagined as continuously existing»Su reino se pensó existente o bien antes de los tiempos históricos o bien de continuo. La frase sigue tras el salto que el troceo abre al reabrir la plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 114»

«time', i.e. in death»Es decir, después del tiempo, en la muerte; el tramo arranca en la segunda mitad de la palabra que el troceo parte al reabrir la plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 114»

«It is now possible to construct the following table of oppositions: Negative Kronos as a person: father-mutilator child-murderer cannibal His rule: His present situation: tyrant lawlessness lack of moral standards unstable hierarchy struggle for power rebellion locked up, chained enslaved asleep: powerless Positive wise, great king ideal situation materially: abundance, land of Cockaigne no slavery ideologically: natural order and justice peace simplicity liberated or escaped a great king of blessed people»La tabla de oposiciones que levanta, y que el troceo linealiza en columnas: del lado negativo, Cronos mutilador del padre, asesino de hijos, caníbal, tirano, con ausencia de ley y de normas morales, jerarquía inestable, lucha por el poder y rebelión, encerrado, encadenado, esclavizado y dormido; del positivo, rey sabio y grande, situación ideal con abundancia y país de Jauja, sin esclavitud, con orden natural, justicia, paz y simplicidad, liberado o fugado y rey grande de gente bienaventurada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 115»

«Though I cannot accept his suggestion that we have a transformation of the Proto Indo-European myth of creation in the dismemberment of Kronos, this does not detract from the importance of his findings.»Declara en nota que no acepta la sugerencia de Lincoln de ver en el desmembramiento de Cronos una transformación del mito indoeuropeo de la creación, sin que eso quite importancia a sus hallazgos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 115»

«Place or time of Utopia: in illo tempore irrevocably past out of reach still existing but not in this world: either in the hereafter (for chosen people) or in far away outer regions (e.g. the West) within reach, in a spe»La segunda tabla, sobre el lugar o el tiempo de la utopía: *in illo tempore*, irrevocablemente pasado y fuera de alcance, frente a existente todavía aunque no en este mundo, en el más allá para los elegidos o en regiones exteriores lejanas como el oeste, y al alcance en un sentido especial; el troceo parte la última palabra en el renglón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 116»

«The existence of such violent oppositions within one and the same divine ambience calls for an explanation, and explanations have been proposed, of course. They generally boil down to a denial of the seriousness of the contradictions or to other strategies which we shall discuss later.»Plantea el problema del capítulo: oposiciones tan violentas dentro de un mismo ámbito divino piden explicación, y las propuestas se reducen en general a negar la seriedad de las contradicciones o a otras estrategias que discutirá después

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 116»

«The difficulty of accepting such 'solutions', however, becomes clear from a review of the cult and the rites surrounding the god, in which exactly the same ambiguity will turn up.»Y anuncia por dónde se ve lo difícil de aceptar esas soluciones: por el repaso del culto y de los ritos del dios, donde aparece exactamente la misma ambigüedad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 116»

«The evidence fully bears out the correctness of these statements. A really old cult is only attested in Olympia, where Kronos' priests are called hoi basilai-a possible, but not certain, correlate of the kingship of Kronos basileus.»Da por correctas esas frases: el único culto realmente antiguo está atestiguado en Olimpia, donde a los sacerdotes de Cronos se los llama *hoi basilai*, posible correlato, no seguro, de la realeza del Cronos *basileus*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 116»

«We know of only one temple in Athens, built by Peisistratos, for Kronos and Rhea. The only known temple statue is the one of Lebadeia, belonging to the Trophonios sanctuary. In Athens, on the 15th of Elaphebolion (circa April), Kronos was given a cake having twelve little globules on it.»Y el resto del cuadro cúltico: un solo templo conocido en Atenas, construido por Pisístrato para Cronos y Rea; una sola estatua de templo, la de Lebadea en el santuario de Trofonio; y en Atenas, el 15 de Elafebolión, una torta con doce bolitas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 116»

«Realising, on the other hand, that Kronion, as a month name as well as a city name32-the latter especially in Sicily-is quite common, one cannot but come to the con»Observa que el nombre Kronion es común como nombre de mes y de ciudad, sobre todo en Sicilia. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana, donde el troceo parte la palabra

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 116»

«elusion that, in earlier times, Kronos must indeed have had a cultic significance that he later lost, perhaps after being ousted by a newly introduced generation of gods.»Y la conclusión: en tiempos anteriores Cronos debió de tener un significado cúltico que luego perdió, quizá tras ser desplazado por una generación de dioses recién introducida; el tramo arranca en la segunda mitad de la palabra partida

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 117»

«What specific function-if any-he originally had is an unsolved problem. That he was connected with the harvest is possible but far from certain»Deja abierto el problema: qué función específica tuvo en origen, si alguna, y si estaba ligado a la cosecha, cosa posible pero lejos de segura

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 117»

«Anyway his so-called 'sickle' cannot prove this»Su llamada hoz, en todo caso, no lo prueba

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 117»

«Nor is etymology of any help»Ni la etimología ayuda

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 117»

«This is, as I hope to show, a correct conclusion, but it has implications that reach much further than was suspected by Nilsson, who was primarily interested in gods that were tangible in cult.»La da por conclusión correcta y advierte que sus implicaciones llegan mucho más lejos de lo que sospechó Nilsson, interesado sobre todo en dioses palpables en el culto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 117»

«In later times, a condemned criminal was kept alive until the Kronia, and then taken outside the gates to [Artemis] Aristoboule's statue, given wine to drink and slaughtered.»Y en tiempos posteriores se mantenía vivo a un criminal condenado hasta las Kronia, se lo sacaba fuera de las puertas ante la estatua de Aristobule, se le daba vino y se lo degollaba

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 117»

«Kronia were celebrated on Rhodes on the sixth of Metageitnion. Porphyry, De abstin. 2, 54, tells of humans being sacrificed to Kronos»Las Kronia se celebraban en Rodas el seis de Metagitnión, y Porfirio cuenta que durante esa fiesta se sacrificaban humanos a Cronos; el tramo corta antes de la palabra que el OCR estropea

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«associated with Kronos later. This may well be true, although it is dangerous to build a case on a chance temporal coincidence.»Acepta que el rito rodio del chivo expiatorio pueda venir del culto de Ártemis y asociarse tarde a Cronos, pero advierte que es peligroso montar un caso sobre una coincidencia temporal casual. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

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«What is important, however, is the fact that elsewhere as well, Kronos is associated specifically with bloody and cruel human sacrifices.»Lo que sí importa: también en otras partes se asocia a Cronos específicamente con sacrificios humanos sangrientos y crueles

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«The ancient view is summarised by SophoclesAndr. fr. 126 Radt, as follows: "Of old there is a custom among barbarians to sacrifice humans to Kronos»La mirada antigua, resumida por Sófocles: desde antiguo hay entre los bárbaros la costumbre de sacrificar humanos a Cronos; el OCR pega el nombre al título de la obra

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«Other testimonia on alleged human sacrifices for Kronos refer to barbarian customs too. Best known are the Phoenician-Punic human sacrifices, which are supposed to have been introduced by a former king, El/Kronos»Los demás testimonios remiten también a costumbres bárbaras, y los más conocidos son los sacrificios humanos fenicio-púnicos, que se suponen introducidos por un rey antiguo, El o Cronos

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«The Carthaginian god in whose huge bronze statue children were burnt to death was also identified with Kronos/Saturnus»Y el dios cartaginés en cuya estatua enorme de bronce se quemaba a los niños se identificó también con Cronos y Saturno

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«It was said that in Italy and Sardinia, too, humans had been sacrificed to Saturnus»Se decía que también en Italia y Cerdeña se habían sacrificado humanos a Saturno

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 118»

«just as legendary a fact40 as Istros' remark about Crete that the Kouretes in ancient times sacrificed children to Kronos»Y lo tiene por dato tan legendario como la noticia de Istro sobre Creta, donde los Curetes habrían sacrificado niños a Cronos en tiempos antiguos

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«later reports by Christian authors of human sacrifices in Greece itself.»Y tan legendario como los informes tardíos de autores cristianos sobre sacrificios humanos en la propia Grecia. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

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«Surveying all these data, one is not surprised that Kronos frequently stands as a signum for human sacrifice, bloody offering and even cannibalism.»Saca la cuenta: no sorprende que Cronos sirva con frecuencia de *signum* del sacrificio humano, de la ofrenda sangrienta y hasta del canibalismo

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«Side by side with the above-mentioned text by Sophocles stands, for instance, Euhemeros' view that Kronos and Rhea and the other people living in the reign of Kronos used to eat human flesh»Y junto al texto de Sófocles pone la versión de Evémero, según la cual Cronos, Rea y los demás que vivían bajo el reinado de Cronos comían carne humana

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«A more negative and gruesome picture can hardly be imagined. The appearance of another, again utterly contrasting one is therefore all the more striking.»Marca el contraste: más negativo y espantoso no cabe imaginarlo, y por eso mismo llama la atención que aparezca otro cuadro del todo contrario

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«According to Empedocles, and in Pythagorean circles generally, Kronos is the very symbol of bloodless sacrifice»Según Empédocles y en los círculos pitagóricos en general, Cronos es el símbolo mismo del sacrificio sin sangre

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«The Athenian cake offering is a good illustration of this44 , and Athenaeus 3, 11 OB, informs us that by way of offering the Alexandrians used to put loaves of bread in Kronos' temple, from which everybody was allowed to eat.»La ofrenda ateniense de la torta lo ilustra, y Ateneo cuenta que los alejandrinos ponían panes en el templo de Cronos, de los que todos podían comer

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«This peaceful and joyous aspect crops up in an almost hyperbolic form in the Attic celebration of the Kronia»Y ese aspecto pacífico y gozoso aparece en forma casi hiperbólica en la celebración ática de las Kronia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 119»

«Apart from a short note of Demosthenes 24, 26, with mention of the date (12 Hekatombaion = circa August), we have two somewhat more detailed reports.»Y las fuentes: una nota breve de Demóstenes con la fecha, el 12 de Hecatombeón, hacia agosto, y dos informes algo más detallados

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«So too, when slaves hold the Kronia feast or go about celebrating the country Dionysia, you could not endure the jubilation and din.»Plutarco: cuando los esclavos celebran la fiesta de las Kronia o andan festejando las Dionisias del campo, no se podría soportar el júbilo y el estruendo

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«Ops, worshipping these deities as Jupiter and Earth, and to ordain that, when crops and fruits had been garnered, heads of households everywhere should eat thereof in company with the slaves with whom they had borne the toil of cultivating the land. For it was well pleasing to the god that honour should be paid to the slaves in consideration of their labour. And that is why we follow the practice of a foreign land and offer sacrifice to Saturn with the head uncovered.»Macrobio, citando a Filócoro: Cécrope fue el primero en levantar en el Ática un altar a Saturno y Ops, venerados como Júpiter y la Tierra, y en ordenar que, recogidas las cosechas, los cabezas de familia comieran de ellas en compañía de los esclavos con quienes habían compartido la faena, porque al dios le placía que se honrara a los esclavos por su trabajo; de ahí, dice, la costumbre extranjera de sacrificar a Saturno con la cabeza descubierta. La cita arranca al final de la plana anterior

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«The former text merely says that slaves/servants had a festival with a banquet, during which they enjoyed themselves mightily, and which-in Plutarch's time-was celebrated in Attica at any rate»Compara los dos informes: el de Plutarco solo dice que los esclavos tenían una fiesta con banquete en la que se divertían de lo lindo y que en su tiempo se celebraba al menos en el Ática

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«in all fields and towns they feast upon banquets elatedly and everyone waits upon his own servants. From this had been adopted as well our own custom of servants and masters eating together in one and the same place.»El poeta romano Accio añade que la mayoría de los griegos, y los atenienses en particular, festejaban en todos los campos y ciudades con banquetes y que cada quien servía a sus propios criados, y que de ahí se tomó también la costumbre romana de que criados y amos coman juntos en un mismo sitio

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«Some scholars have contended that Accius projected the attested Roman custom of masters waiting upon their slaves at the Saturnalia, to the Greek Kronia, about which we know only that masters and slaves dined together. However, there is no ground for such scepticism.»Registra la objeción —que Accio proyectara a las Kronia griegas la costumbre romana de los amos sirviendo a sus esclavos en las Saturnales— y la rechaza por infundada

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«First, our other sources are much too scanty to rely on argumenta e silentio. Secondly, when masters regale their servants, this naturally implies some sort of reversal of normal functions, whether this is ritually demonstrated or not.»Dos razones: las demás fuentes son demasiado escasas para fiarse de argumentos *e silentio*, y que los amos agasajen a sus criados implica de suyo alguna inversión de las funciones normales, se demuestre ritualmente o no

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 120»

«A number of closely related 'Saturnalian' festivals in Greece show that ritual freedom of slaves could indeed take various forms. In Troizen, for instance, the slaves were for one day allowed to play knuckle-bones with the citizens, and the masters treated the servants to a meal, possibly during a Poseidon festival.»Y enumera fiestas griegas emparentadas donde la libertad ritual de los esclavos toma formas varias: en Trecén se les permitía un día jugar a las tabas con los ciudadanos y los amos les daban de comer, quizá en una fiesta de Poseidón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 120»

«During the Thessalian festival of the Peloria, dedicated to Zeus Peloros, strangers were offered a banquet, prisoners freed of their fetters; slaves reclined at dinner and were waited upon by their»En la fiesta tesalia de las Pelorias, dedicada a Zeus Peloro, se ofrecía banquete a los extranjeros, se soltaba a los presos de sus grilletes y los esclavos se reclinaban a la mesa servidos por sus amos. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

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«masters, with full freedom of speech.»Con plena libertad de palabra. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

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«At festivals of the god Hermes on Crete too, the slaves stuffed themselves and the masters served»En las fiestas del dios Hermes en Creta los esclavos se hartaban y los amos servían

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«Ephoros (FGrHist 70 F 29) even knows of a festival in Kydonia on Crete where the serfs, the Klarotes, could lord it in the city while the citizens stayed outside. The slaves were also allowed to whip the citizens, probably those who had recklessly remained in the city or re-entered it»Éforo sabe de una fiesta en Cidonia, en Creta, donde los siervos, los Clarotas, podían mandar en la ciudad mientras los ciudadanos se quedaban fuera, y hasta azotar a los que se hubieran quedado dentro o hubieran vuelto a entrar

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«has drawn attention to a formerly neglected datum, namely that on a specific day of the Spartan Hyakinthia "the citizens treated all their acquaintances and their own slaves to a meal»Y recoge de Bömer un dato antes descuidado: en cierto día de las Jacintias espartanas los ciudadanos agasajaban con una comida a todos sus conocidos y a sus propios esclavos

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«The festival of Hermes Charidotes on Samos, during which stealing and robbing were permitted, presents a slightly different situation, because the specific master-slave relationship was not involved.»Distingue la fiesta de Hermes Caridotes en Samos, donde se permitía robar y saquear, porque ahí no entraba en juego la relación específica de amo y esclavo

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«Except on coins, representations of Kronos with uncovered head are very rare for the older period. The usual type of statue is of a seated Zeus-like god, his head leaning on a hand. The back of the head is almost always covered by a fold of the robe.»Y pasa a la iconografía: salvo en monedas, las representaciones de Cronos con la cabeza descubierta son rarísimas en la época antigua, y el tipo usual es un dios sedente parecido a Zeus, con la cabeza apoyada en la mano y la nuca casi siempre cubierta por un pliegue del manto

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«Even the ancients could only guess at the meaning of this headgear, which was unusual in Greece: "Some claim his head is covered because the beginning of time is unknown"-such is the guess of the Vatican Mythographer III, 1, 5, alluding to the identification of Kronos»Ni los antiguos sabían qué significaba ese tocado, inusual en Grecia: el Mitógrafo Vaticano conjetura que lleva la cabeza cubierta porque el comienzo del tiempo es desconocido, aludiendo a la identificación de Cronos con Chronos

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«Modern scholars have considered grief as a possible reason-sadness at his downfall and oppression-or the secrecy of his plans51 . No unanimous conclusion has been reached, however.»Y los modernos han pensado en el duelo por su caída y su opresión o en el secreto de sus planes, sin conclusión unánime

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«The theme of Kronos as the pondering and dreaming guardian of age-old wisdom is elaborated in Orphic and Neoplatonic theology.»Apunta en nota que el tema de Cronos como guardián pensativo y soñador de una sabiduría antiquísima se elabora en la teología órfica y neoplatónica

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«relates that people make pilgrimages to the sleeping Kronos on his isle in the Western sea in order to be illuminated by his visions.»Y que Plutarco cuenta que se peregrina al Cronos dormido en su isla del mar occidental para ser iluminado por sus visiones

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«The myth of the dreaming and, during his dream, prophesying Kronos is most likely of oriental origin: Berossos FGrHist 680 F 4, 14, tells us of a Kronos who predicted the biblical Deluge in a dream.»Y que el mito del Cronos que sueña y profetiza mientras sueña es con toda probabilidad de origen oriental, pues Beroso habla de un Cronos que predijo en sueños el diluvio bíblico

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«There are also references to a different type of 'wrapping'. We are told several times that the feet of the Roman statue of Saturn were shackled (or wrapped in woollen bandages) and that on his holiday the statue was freed of its chains»Registra otro tipo de envoltura: los pies de la estatua romana de Saturno estaban encadenados, o vendados con lana, y el día de su fiesta la estatua quedaba libre de sus cadenas

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«Apollodorus of Athens (FGrHist 224 F 118) states that this was also a Greek custom with regard to the Kronos statue, although Macrobius, who quotes him, incorrectly dates this festival in December.»Apolodoro de Atenas dice que la costumbre valía también para la estatua griega de Cronos, aunque Macrobio, que lo cita, fecha esa fiesta por error en diciembre

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«In my opinion it is at least equally probable that he was familiar with such a custom from his own Greek surroundings, perhaps in particular from Alexandria, where he lived and from where our knowledge of other novel elements comes as well.»Y da su parecer: le parece al menos igual de probable que Apolodoro conociera esa costumbre de su propio entorno griego, y en particular de Alejandría, donde vivió y de donde viene lo que sabemos de otros elementos nuevos

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«A Kronos/Saturnus in chains is, for that matter, a topos in the later magical papyri from Egypt»Y anota que un Cronos o Saturno encadenado es, por lo demás, un *topos* de los papiros mágicos tardíos de Egipto

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«If, while you are speaking, you hear the heavy step of( someone] and a clatter of iron, the god [Kronos] is coming, bound with chains, holding a sickle»El pasaje que cita de los papiros mágicos griegos: si mientras hablas oyes el paso pesado de alguien y un estrépito de hierro, es el dios que llega atado con cadenas y con una hoz en la mano; los corchetes son del traductor

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 122»

«This survey of cultic and ritual aspects leads to the conclusion that Kronian ritual is just as ambiguous as Kronian myth. For ritual too we can draw up a diagram of opposite positive and negative elements.»Cierra el repaso: el rito de Cronos es tan ambiguo como su mito, y también para el rito cabe levantar un diagrama de elementos positivos y negativos opuestos

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«Negative pre-eminently bloody frightening ritual of homicide, infanticide: extreme tension head covered ( = ?) in shackles all year long Positive bloodless sacrifices, cakes, loaves of bread exulted celebrations with unlimited freedom and abundance: extreme relaxation freed from shackles on holiday»La tabla de oposiciones del rito, que el troceo linealiza: del lado negativo, sacrificio sangriento por excelencia, rito aterrador de homicidio e infanticidio, tensión extrema, cabeza cubierta y grilletes todo el año; del positivo, sacrificios sin sangre de tortas y panes, celebraciones exultantes con libertad ilimitada y abundancia, relajación extrema y liberación de los grilletes el día de fiesta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 123»

«It has become clear that oppositions within the myth of Kronos have close correspondences in ritual. On the one hand, there is a complex of failing standards and lawlessness, patricide and infanticide, cannibalism, rebellion and enslavement: Kronos ankulometes. On the other hand, there is the complex of peace and natural well-being, material abundance and ethical justice, the breaking of chains: Kronos megas/basileus.»Cierra la correspondencia: las oposiciones del mito de Cronos tienen correspondencia estrecha en el rito, con un complejo de normas fallidas y ausencia de ley, parricidio e infanticidio, canibalismo, rebelión y esclavitud —Cronos *ankulometes*— frente a otro de paz y bienestar natural, abundancia material y justicia ética, con las cadenas rotas: Cronos *megas* y *basileus*

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«Either of the two complexes is in itself quite familiar: the negative one shows the characteristics typical of chaos 55, which, as we will see, has been visualised in many cultures as a primordial era before the introduction of human culture, but which in certain situations can return to the real world for a short while»Y cada complejo por separado le resulta familiar: el negativo trae los rasgos típicos del caos, imaginado en muchas culturas como era primordial anterior a la cultura humana pero capaz de volver al mundo real por un rato en ciertas situaciones

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«I shall use the concept 'chaos' throughout in the general sense of 'absence of order', 'state of confusion', which can, for instance, manifest itself as the absence of normal culture, codes, distinctions, definitions, conventions.»Define en nota el uso que hará de la palabra caos: ausencia de orden, estado de confusión, que puede manifestarse como ausencia de cultura normal, de códigos, distinciones, definiciones y convenciones

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 123»

«Accordingly, elements of both pictures are standard ingredients in descriptions of 'the Other'»Y por eso los elementos de los dos cuadros son ingredientes estándar de las descripciones del Otro

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«no matter whether it regards the imaginary barbarian who is supposed to live in the margins of the known world, or any other 'Other' that will serve to demonstrate the superiority and rightness of one's own culture or section of a culture.»Se trate del bárbaro imaginario que vive en los márgenes del mundo conocido o de cualquier otro Otro que sirva para mostrar la superioridad y la rectitud de la cultura propia o de su parte

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«Any image of an alternative world-Golden Age, Elysium, Utopia, eschatological expectations, exotic cultures-is always and necessarily a negative of our own culture»Y enuncia la regla: toda imagen de un mundo alternativo —Edad de Oro, Elíseo, utopía, expectativas escatológicas, culturas exóticas— es siempre y necesariamente un negativo de la cultura propia

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«often-a natural abundance eliminates social tensions and suppressions and sometimes even eliminates the existing hierarchy.»El complejo positivo trae la imagen usual de la utopía, donde no siempre pero sí a menudo una abundancia natural elimina las tensiones y opresiones sociales y a veces hasta la jerarquía existente. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

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«we detect sectarian groups61 and-in a different way-women62 as constructs of the Other.»Y junto a los bárbaros detecta como construcciones del Otro a los grupos sectarios y, de otra manera, a las mujeres

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«Generally, two extremes can be distinguished: the 'noble savage' type with the peaceful diet of the vegetarian-drinkers of milk, eaters of honey»Distingue dos extremos: el del buen salvaje con dieta pacífica de vegetariano, bebedor de leche y comedor de miel

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«and the beastly savage: eater of raw meat, even cannibalistic.»Y el del salvaje bestial, comedor de carne cruda y aun caníbal

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«Especially in Herodotus there is a tendency towards a correlation of culinary and sexual practices and we find a great variety of deviances in between the two extremes.»Sobre todo en Heródoto ve una tendencia a correlacionar prácticas culinarias y sexuales, con gran variedad de desviaciones entre los dos extremos

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«The more geographically remote a people, the more likely its culinary and sexual practices will be to deviate from the Athenian norm»Y la regla: cuanto más remoto geográficamente un pueblo, más probable que sus prácticas culinarias y sexuales se desvíen de la norma ateniense

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«Good instances can be found in the opposition between the 'vegetarian' Pythagoreans and the 'cannibalistic' Cynics (and, of course, Christians).»Pone en nota el ejemplo de los pitagóricos vegetarianos frente a los cínicos caníbales, y por supuesto a los cristianos

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«They also analysed the internal logic and coherence in the changing images between diet and (sexual or moral) behaviour.»Y señala que Rossellini y Said analizaron además la lógica interna y la coherencia de las imágenes cambiantes entre dieta y conducta sexual o moral. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

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«Of course, confusion and intertwining may occur: the society of the Cyclopes betrays features of both the idyllic pastoral or even the vegetarian/Utopian world and of the world of the brutal savage or the carnivorous beast»Concede que puede haber confusión y entrelazamiento: la sociedad de los Cíclopes delata rasgos del mundo pastoril idílico o aun vegetariano y utópico y del mundo del salvaje brutal o de la bestia carnívora

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 126»

«However, this is rather exceptional: though disparate elements of the two great opposites may intermingle now and then, generally we find rather strict distinctions between the harmless/ideal and the threatening/dark opposites of normality67,-as we have it exemplarily in Ephoros' distinction between cannibalistic and vegetarian Skythians»Pero lo tiene por excepcional: aunque elementos dispares de los dos grandes opuestos se mezclen de vez en cuando, suele haber distinciones estrictas entre el opuesto inofensivo e ideal y el amenazante y oscuro de la normalidad, como en la distinción de Éforo entre escitas caníbales y vegetarianos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 126»

«However, being constructions of alternative realities, neither is really good. ''The vegetarian is no less inhuman than the cannibal»Y cierra: como construcciones de realidades alternativas, ninguna de las dos es realmente buena, porque el vegetariano no es menos inhumano que el caníbal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 126»

«So, despite the obvious analogies with the representations of 'Otherness' 70 cited so far, there is one conspicuous difference between the dual alternatives just mentioned and the two opposites which together form the Kronian ambiguity. The bewildering thing about Kronos is that, in his myth and ritual, these extreme oppositions are united in one greater composition-without, however, being 'solved' or so much as reconciled.»Marca la diferencia decisiva con las representaciones del Otro: lo desconcertante de Cronos es que en su mito y en su rito esas oposiciones extremas quedan unidas en una composición mayor sin resolverse ni siquiera reconciliarse

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 127»

«That the ancients, too, observed the contradictions-consciously or unconsciously-is apparent from a large number of details.»Y sostiene que también los antiguos observaron las contradicciones, consciente o inconscientemente, como se ve en muchos detalles

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 127»

«The stock epithet ankulometes is usually interpreted as meaning 'plotting crooked, devious things', but side by side with this it is also explained as 'sensibly deliberating on crooked matters'»Primer detalle: el epíteto fijo *ankulometes* se interpreta de ordinario como el que trama cosas torcidas, pero junto a eso también como el que delibera con juicio sobre asuntos torcidos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 127»

«The opposition between bloody and bloodless sacrifices also leads to contradictions: Athenaeus' report of the Alexandrians' sacrificing loaves of bread to Kronos violently clashes with Macrobius' information (Sat. 1, 7, 14 ff.) that it was the Alexandrians in particular who made bloody sacrifices to their Kronos (and Sarapis), in a typically Greek manner.»Segundo: la noticia de Ateneo sobre los alejandrinos que ofrecían panes a Cronos choca de frente con la de Macrobio, según la cual eran justamente los alejandrinos quienes le hacían sacrificios sangrientos, a él y a Sarapis, a la manera griega

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 127»

«Comparable to this is the fact that in the Athenian inscription mentioned above, the bloodless sacrifice of a round cake to Kronos is immediately followed by a sacrifice of a piece of pastry in the shape of an ox (bloodless, but referring to bloody matters)»Tercero: en la inscripción ateniense, al sacrificio sin sangre de una torta redonda a Cronos le sigue en el acto el de un pastel en forma de buey, sin sangre pero aludiendo a cosas de sangre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 127»

«Cheiron, too, is a creature midway between human and animal. He betrays elements of the wild, bestial and uncontrolled (especially when connected with the centaurs as a group). But he possesses elements of culture and justice as well: he teaches the art of healing and other arts, and already in Homer is called "the most righteous of the centaurs»Explica por qué Ferecides hace a Quirón hijo de Cronos: también Quirón es criatura a medio camino entre humano y animal, con elementos de lo salvaje, lo bestial y lo incontrolado —sobre todo unido a los centauros como grupo— y a la vez con elementos de cultura y de justicia, porque enseña el arte de curar y otras artes y ya en Homero se lo llama el más justo de los centauros

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 128»

«In antiquity, too, people noticed the paradox and sometimes tried to get rid of it, for instance by condemning or ignoring Kronos' negative aspects. Modern scholars seem to dislike contradictions even more»También en la antigüedad se notó la paradoja y a veces se trató de quitarla de en medio condenando o ignorando los aspectos negativos de Cronos, y a los estudiosos modernos, dice, las contradicciones les disgustan todavía más

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 128»

«One of the commonest modern mechanisms for explaining contradictions is to call them anomalies that developed accidently, either under the influence of foreign cultures or as a result of the gradual clustering within Greece of initially quite unrelated traditions.»Nombra el mecanismo moderno más común para explicar las contradicciones: llamarlas anomalías surgidas por accidente, por influjo de culturas extranjeras o por el agrupamiento gradual, dentro de Grecia, de tradiciones al principio inconexas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 128»

«The discovery of the Kumarbi poem, of course, provided the 'oriental excuse': this horrid, barbarian tale allegedly had nothing to do with the original Kronos and was simply ascribed to him later on. A great number of such 'solutions»Y el hallazgo del poema de Kumarbi dio la excusa oriental: ese relato horrendo y bárbaro nada tendría que ver con el Cronos original y se le habría atribuido más tarde; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 128»

«Of course, I would not deny that in Hesiod's works various, sometimes contradictory or incongruous, influences can be discerned»No niega que en la obra de Hesíodo se discierne más de un influjo, a veces contradictorio o incongruente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 128»

«Nevertheless, the solution offered by the analysis of such historical processes is of a limited relevance. For assimilation and identification do not occur arbitrarily; there must have been affinities or similarities that encouraged the process: why was Kronos the one to be identified with Kumarbi?»Limita el alcance de la solución histórica: la asimilación y la identificación no ocurren al azar, tuvo que haber afinidades o semejanzas que las alentaran, y de ahí la pregunta de por qué fue justamente Cronos el identificado con Kumarbi

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 129»

«In other words, the question should not concern primarily the how, but the why.»Y desplaza la pregunta: no debe versar en primer lugar sobre el cómo, sino sobre el porqué

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 129»

«Even if a diversity in the origins of various elements can be shown, the most important problem remains: the question why the Greeks ever since Hesiod-in whose works the paradox, as we have seen, is already fully present-not only tolerated the clashing components of the Kronos figure for centuries, but apparently deliberately elaborated upon them.»Y enuncia el problema mayor: aunque se muestre diversidad en el origen de los elementos, queda por saber por qué los griegos, desde Hesíodo, no solo toleraron durante siglos los componentes chocantes de la figura de Cronos sino que al parecer los elaboraron adrede

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 129»

«For we find specifications of Kronos as a god of human sacrifice in the same period in which Kronos was given additional significance as the god of Cockaigne in comedy and as the gentle king of a realm of peace in philosophy.»Porque las precisiones de Cronos como dios del sacrificio humano aparecen en el mismo periodo en que se le da significado adicional como dios del país de Jauja en la comedia y como rey benigno de un reino de paz en la filosofía

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 129»

«Any explanation is in this case only entitled to that name if it accepts the coincidentia oppositorum as a structural datum and makes it the core of the problem»Y pone la condición de toda explicación: solo merece ese nombre si acepta la *coincidentia oppositorum* como dato estructural y la pone en el centro del problema

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 129»

«Matters are complicated by the fact that there is no unanimity about the development of the isolated complexes either. In terms of atmosphere, the myth ofthe Golden Race and the ritual ofthe Attic Kronia evidently belong together79 , but how did they come together?»Complica el cuadro la falta de unanimidad sobre el desarrollo de cada complejo por separado: por atmósfera, el mito de la raza de oro y el rito de las Kronia áticas van juntos, pero no se sabe cómo llegaron a juntarse; el OCR pega *ofthe*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 129»

«Almost without exception the explanations in the older studies presuppose a development. The myth came first, then the ritual, says von Wilamowitz»Casi sin excepción, dice, las explicaciones de los estudios viejos presuponen un desarrollo: primero el mito y después el rito, según Wilamowitz

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 129»

«The festival itself, it was unanimously decided, belongs to a widespread genre that entitles oppressed people, servants or slaves, to one single day of relaxation, for reasons of humanity for instance81 . As these festivals were certainly not connected exclusively with the harvest, they could be associated with various gods.»Sobre la fiesta hubo acuerdo: pertenece a un género extendido que da a los oprimidos, criados o esclavos un solo día de descanso, por razones de humanidad por ejemplo, y como no iban ligadas en exclusiva a la cosecha, podían asociarse a dioses varios

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 130»

«The very same 'which was first' question applies to the negative aspects of the myth and ritual. According to Gruppe, the myth of Kronos as a child devourer was fabricated after the example of the ritual child and human sacrifices; Pohlenz, on the other hand, sees things exactly the other way round: because the myth was familiar, Kronos came to be associated with all kinds of human sacrifices»Y la misma pregunta de qué fue primero vale para los aspectos negativos: para Gruppe el mito del Cronos devorador de niños se fabricó a imitación de los sacrificios rituales de niños, y para Pohlenz al revés, porque el mito era familiar se asoció a Cronos con toda clase de sacrificios humanos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 130»

«Indeed the only Greek human sacrifice, viz. the one on Rhodes, originally belonged to Artemis.»Y recuerda que el único sacrificio humano griego, el de Rodas, pertenecía en origen a Ártemis

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 130»

«All these views involve implicit assumptions concerning the interrelatedness of myth and rite, but none of them even approaches a meaningful interpretation of the Kronos complex as a whole.»Y les pone el mismo reparo: todas suponen algo sobre la relación de mito y rito, pero ninguna se acerca a una interpretación con sentido del complejo de Cronos como un todo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 130»

«The only theory from this period (the early twentieth century) that does aspire emphatically to that goal has only one drawback: it is untenable.»La única teoría de ese periodo que aspira con énfasis a esa meta tiene, dice, un solo inconveniente: es insostenible

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 130»

«If year-gods ever existed, Kronos is very unlikely to have been one. Even his connection with the harvest is debatable; his sickle does not necessarily make him a vegetation god; merry slaves' feasts are not connected with Kronos alone, and so on and so forth.»Y lo desgrana: si alguna vez hubo dioses del año, es muy improbable que Cronos fuera uno; hasta su vínculo con la cosecha es discutible, su hoz no lo vuelve por fuerza dios de la vegetación y las fiestas alegres de esclavos no se ligan solo a Cronos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 131»

«The golden bough is broken, <l:nd yet Frazer deserves praise for being the first»Y aun así le reconoce el mérito: la rama dorada está rota y Frazer fue el primero; el OCR imprime *<l:nd* por *and* y la frase sigue tras el salto que el troceo abre al reabrir la plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 131»

«to take the contradiction in Kronian myth and ritual seriously and to try to integrate it in a holistic explanation.»En tomar en serio la contradicción del mito y del rito de Cronos y tratar de integrarla en una explicación holística

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 131»

«This too is a serious approach to the contradiction, but it has a different point of departure: the festival of chained and unchained gods and men, and the ambiguity of its symbols and atmosphere.»Llama también a eso un acercamiento serio a la contradicción, pero con otro punto de partida: la fiesta de dioses y hombres encadenados y desencadenados, y la ambigüedad de sus símbolos y de su atmósfera

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 131»

«Whereas Frazer's myth and ritual complex was conceived within the paradigm of fertility, Meuli concentrated on the link with death. We will not follow him in this view any more than we followed Frazer. Death symbolism does play a part, but cannot serve as the monolithic key to the interpretation.»Marca el cambio de paradigma y su propio deslinde: Frazer concibió el complejo dentro del paradigma de la fertilidad y Meuli se concentró en el vínculo con la muerte, y a ninguno de los dos lo seguirá en eso, porque el simbolismo de la muerte cuenta pero no sirve de clave monolítica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 131»

«We do follow him, though, in taking the concepts of chaining and being unchained as the starting point for our interpretation of the coincidentia oppositorum, and, behind it, of the connection between Kronos' myth and ritual.»En lo que sí lo sigue: en tomar el encadenar y el desencadenar como punto de partida para interpretar la *coincidentia oppositorum* y, tras ella, la conexión entre el mito y el rito de Cronos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 131»

«The Attic Kronia belong to the 'Saturnalian' festivals, as has often been stated. In the case of carnival or one of its medieval equivalents, 'la fete des fous' 86 , social and hierarchical roles are reversed: the fool is king and rules at will. Under his rule, humans turn into animals, women play out men's roles; children command their teachers, slaves their masters.»Sitúa las Kronia áticas entre las fiestas saturnales y describe la inversión: en el carnaval o en la fiesta de los locos medieval, los papeles sociales y jerárquicos se invierten, el loco es rey y manda a su antojo, los humanos se vuelven animales, las mujeres hacen papeles de hombre, los niños mandan a sus maestros y los esclavos a sus amos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 132»

«We find freedom for women at other Greek festivals; at the Kronia and related festivals it is the slaves who are free. They sometimes are literally unfettered, then treated to a banquet, often even waited upon by their masters.»En otras fiestas griegas la libertad es de las mujeres; en las Kronia y afines, de los esclavos, a veces literalmente desencadenados, agasajados con banquete y servidos por sus amos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 132»

«There is freedom of speech, and in Rome, as we shall see in the next chapter, perhaps even the freedom of putting the masters on trial, or at least of expressing criticism in various ways; also in Rome, slaves take the whip to freemen, or, something more peaceful but no less unusual, play knucklebones with them. Drinking wine is sometimes explicitly permitted, contrary to conventions, for slaves do not drink wine, or at best drink it only in scanty measure.»Y lo que la libertad incluye: libertad de palabra y, en Roma, quizá hasta la de juzgar a los amos o al menos criticarlos de varios modos; esclavos que azotan a los libres o, más pacíficamente, juegan a las tabas con ellos; y beber vino, permitido a veces de modo explícito contra la convención, porque los esclavos no beben vino o lo beben apenas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 132»

«Two aspects are combined here: on the one hand, the reversal of roles, and on the other, the elation caused by the collective abundance of food and drink, summarised by Macrobius Saturnalia 1, 7, 26: tota servis licentia permittitur.»Nombra los dos aspectos que ahí se combinan: la inversión de papeles y la euforia de la abundancia colectiva de comida y bebida, que Macrobio resume diciendo que a los esclavos se les permite toda licencia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 132»

«The emphasis on the aspect oflegitimate deviance is linked to the type of functionalist explanation attached to it. For a short time, oppressed social groups are given an opportunity to release pent up aggression in a game of reversed»Liga ese acento en la desviación legítima al tipo de explicación funcionalista que se le adosa: por un rato se da a los grupos sociales oprimidos ocasión de soltar la agresión acumulada en un juego de papeles invertidos; el OCR pega *oflegitimate* y la frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 132»

«roles; thus the possible dangers of a real revolution are neutralised. This was in fact the no nonsense interpretation of Nilsson and Bomer, and this function of the festival has sometimes been recognized as such by the participants themselves; for instance an ex-slave typified it in 1855 as a "safety-valve to carry off the explosive elements»Con lo que se neutralizan los peligros de una revolución real: esa fue la interpretación sin adornos de Nilsson y Bömer, y los propios participantes la han reconocido así alguna vez, como el ex esclavo que en 1855 la llamó válvula de seguridad para expulsar los elementos explosivos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 133»

«Recently more emphasis has been laid on the demonstrative and symbolic aspects of these safety-valve effects: via ritual, the conflict is made clear in an enlarged but symbolic form, and the real conflict is encapsulated.»Y el acento reciente en lo demostrativo y simbólico de esa válvula: por el rito el conflicto se hace visible en forma agrandada pero simbólica, y el conflicto real queda encapsulado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 133»

«These explanations, useful though they may be, do not cover the total range of the phenomena. At least equal attention should be paid to the function of legitimation or confirmation of the social status quo»Y les pone límite: por útiles que sean, no cubren todo el rango de los fenómenos, y hay que atender por lo menos igual a la función de legitimación o confirmación del *statu quo* social

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 133»

«Of course, both functions mentioned may reinforce each other, but they are still distinguishable: neutralising potential aggression is not identical to confirming the social status quo by means of a demonstration of the absurd.»Y las distingue aunque se refuercen: neutralizar la agresión potencial no es lo mismo que confirmar el *statu quo* social por una demostración del absurdo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 134»

«The dissociative one is acted out in the theatrical conflict of role reversal, the integrating and status quo preserving one is manifest not only in the role-playing but also demonstratively in the collective and egalitarian experience of the festival as an image of abundance.»Y reparte los dos aspectos, el rebelde y el cohesivo, dentro de una misma fiesta: el disociativo se actúa en el conflicto teatral de la inversión de papeles y el integrador y conservador del *statu quo* se manifiesta además en la experiencia colectiva e igualitaria de la fiesta como imagen de abundancia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 134»

«Whereas earlier interpreters of the carnival laid special emphasis on the safety-valve effect, recent scholars tend to pay more attention to its functions as a source of solidarity and legitimation»Los intérpretes antiguos del carnaval cargaron el acento en el efecto de válvula y los recientes atienden más a sus funciones de fuente de solidaridad y de legitimación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 134»

«tion to this, scholars have detected the potentially 'experimental' functions of this type of festivals: theatrical demonstrations of social criticism may foster gradual changes in society95 . However, this function cannot be attested before the early modern period, and seems to be completely absent in the ancient world.»Y añade la función experimental que se les ha detectado: las demostraciones teatrales de crítica social pueden alentar cambios graduales en la sociedad, aunque eso no se atestigua antes de la primera edad moderna y parece del todo ausente en el mundo antiguo; el tramo arranca en la segunda mitad de la palabra que el troceo parte al saltar de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 135»

«This is the field in which generations of sociologists since Durkheim have operated, and the field in which, in their opinion, religion was a function too. Many of them, however, including convinced functionalists, have abandoned this extreme point of view: ''the functional explanation of religion does not explain religion, rather it explains a dimension of society»Sitúa ese nivel en el campo donde trabajan los sociólogos desde Durkheim, para quienes la religión era también una función, y registra que muchos, funcionalistas convencidos incluidos, abandonaron ese extremo: la explicación funcional de la religión no explica la religión sino una dimensión de la sociedad, en la frase de M. E. Spiro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 136»

«Seen from this perspective, the reversal ritual offers another, deeper meaning.»Desde ahí, dice, el rito de inversión ofrece otro sentido más hondo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 136»

«Although not linked to any particular type of festival or sector of social life, reversal rituals are found predominantly in the ceremonies accompanying a critical passage in the agricultural or social year, moments of stagnation and rupture at which chaos threatens, such as initiation, festivals of the dead, and in particular the opening, eating/ drinking or offering of the first fruits of the harvest or the first wine as recurrent, or the accessions of new rulers as incidental incisions in the progress of time.»Y dónde se los halla sobre todo: en las ceremonias que acompañan un paso crítico del año agrícola o social, momentos de estancamiento y ruptura donde amenaza el caos —iniciación, fiestas de los muertos y sobre todo la apertura, el consumo o la ofrenda de los primeros frutos o del primer vino como cortes recurrentes, y las entronizaciones de nuevos gobernantes como cortes ocasionales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 136»

«From the Middle Ages Christians had their own rites of licence connected with Lent, which contributed to the development of Carnival.»Anota que desde la Edad Media los cristianos tuvieron sus propios ritos de licencia ligados a la Cuaresma, que contribuyeron al desarrollo del carnaval

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 136»

«During the festival, which was regarded as a festival of renewal, there were rites of reversal. Male Jews were dressed as women or wore Moslim clothes, which was normally strictly forbidden.»Y de la Mimuna judía en tierras islámicas, tenida por fiesta de renovación, que traía ritos de inversión: los varones judíos se vestían de mujer o llevaban ropa musulmana, normalmente prohibida

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 137»

«The caesura between old and new is essentially experienced and dramatized as a disruption of social life, a vacuum that is filled by a temporary return of the mythical primordial era from before Creation or before the birth of the present culture»Enuncia el núcleo: la cesura entre lo viejo y lo nuevo se vive y se dramatiza como interrupción de la vida social, vacío que llena el retorno temporal de la era mítica primordial anterior a la Creación o al nacimiento de la cultura presente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 137»

«As already stated in the previous chapter, this is invariably expressed by images of chaos, dissociation, dissolution of order, a topsy-turvy world, e.g. a temporary abolition of kingship and laws.»Y su expresión invariable: imágenes de caos, disociación, disolución del orden, mundo de cabeza, como la abolición temporal de la realeza y de las leyes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 137»

«and in such situations, or more regularly in ceremonially created periods of crisis-literally: separation between two eras, situations, periods-a 'deep legitimacy' is required, referring to a mythical reality outside ours, 'the other reality', lying beyond the borders of history and space, an eternal truth that existed before time but still exists behind it and behind our reality, and occasionally mingles with ours»Y lo que esas situaciones piden: una legitimidad honda que remite a una realidad mítica fuera de la nuestra, la otra realidad, más allá de las fronteras de la historia y del espacio, verdad eterna que existía antes del tiempo pero sigue existiendo detrás de él y de nuestra realidad, y que de vez en cuando se mezcla con la nuestra en los periodos de excepción

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«of the dead. Rites de separation (to use the terminology coined by van Gennep) may precede: purification, expulsion of the pharmakos (scapegoat), bloody sacrifices, extinction of fire; rites d 'aggregation follow: the wearing of new clothing, lighting of fire, renewal of kingship, the 'fixing of the fate' for the coming year.»Ordena la fiesta con el vocabulario de Van Gennep: pueden precederla ritos de separación —purificación, expulsión del *pharmakos*, sacrificios sangrientos, extinción del fuego— y siguen ritos de agregación: ropa nueva, encendido del fuego, renovación de la realeza y fijación del destino del año que viene. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior, con el regreso y la bienvenida de los muertos

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«The chaos that is acted out ritually is often anchored mythically in primeval chaos, for instance in the image of the struggle between creator-god and chaos»El caos actuado en el rito suele anclarse míticamente en el caos primordial, por ejemplo en la imagen de la lucha entre el dios creador y el caos; el troceo pega la palabra siguiente en el renglón y el tramo corta antes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 138»

«or of deluge and consequent re-creation, as we have seen in the Babylonian myth and ritual of the New Year.»O en la del diluvio y la recreación consiguiente, como en el mito y el rito babilonios de Año Nuevo

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«This primeval chaos manifests itself as a temporary elimination of all contours, a return to a state undefined by bounds and moral standards, expressing itself in the creation of monsters and monstrosities; a period of total freedom manifesting itself in both total lawlessness and total abundance»Y lo que ese caos primordial es: eliminación temporal de todos los contornos, vuelta a un estado sin límites ni normas morales que se expresa en la creación de monstruos y monstruosidades, periodo de libertad total que se manifiesta a la vez como ausencia total de ley y abundancia total

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«This lends to the festival an atmosphere of complete ambivalence: sadness, anxiety, despair because of the catastrophe of the disrupted order; elation, joy and hope because of the liberation from chafing bonds, and the pleasant experience of temporary abundance.»Y la atmósfera que eso da a la fiesta, de ambivalencia completa: tristeza, angustia y desesperación por la catástrofe del orden roto, y euforia, alegría y esperanza por la liberación de las ataduras que rozan y por la abundancia temporal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 138»

«Thus the reversed world of society in crisis mirrors the cosmic chaos of mythical times, leaving aside the question of priority.»Y la conclusión: el mundo invertido de la sociedad en crisis refleja el caos cósmico de los tiempos míticos, dejando de lado la cuestión de la prioridad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 138»

«Both these modern interpretations of the festival of reversal-the functionalist one (including the safety-valve effect and the confirmation of the status quo) and the cosmic-religious approach in terms of 'deep legitimacy' -will contribute to an interpretation of the intrinsic contradictions of the Kronos myth and ritual complex.»Anuncia que las dos interpretaciones modernas de la fiesta de inversión —la funcionalista, con válvula y confirmación del *statu quo*, y la cósmico-religiosa de la legitimidad honda— contribuirán a interpretar las contradicciones intrínsecas del complejo de Cronos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 138»

«Chaos, in the sense of discontinuance of normality, can also be evoked by reversal of less vital conventions: wearing clothes inside out, eating forbidden food, naming objects by terms which express their reversed meanings etc.»Anota que el caos, como interrupción de la normalidad, puede evocarse también invirtiendo convenciones menos vitales: llevar la ropa del revés, comer comida prohibida, nombrar los objetos con términos de sentido invertido

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«Of course, ritual chaos is not as radical and total as the mythical one: there are boundaries, for instance in time and space.»Y advierte que el caos ritual no es tan radical ni total como el mítico, porque tiene fronteras, por ejemplo en el tiempo y en el espacio

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«abundance in an atmosphere of dissolution of hierarchy, which includes a component of strong cohesion and solidarity»Primer aspecto de las Kronia y afines: el orgiástico de la experiencia compartida de jolgorio y abundancia en una atmósfera de disolución de la jerarquía, con un componente fuerte de cohesión y solidaridad. La frase arranca tras el salto que el troceo abre al reabrir la plana

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«Not only the slave, but everyone experiences the liberation as a temporary relaxation based on equality. Here, therefore, harmony prevails. This harmony, however, was experienced as unpleasantly ambiguous, as we learn from two closely related literary representations of ''The Dream of the Great Harmony" 106: comedy and Utopia.»Y su reverso: no solo el esclavo sino todos viven la liberación como relajación temporal basada en la igualdad, de modo que ahí manda la armonía, pero esa armonía se vivía como desagradablemente ambigua, según enseñan dos representaciones literarias emparentadas del sueño de la gran armonía, la comedia y la utopía

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«Just like the festival of the Saturnalian type, comedy is-among other things-pre-eminently a medium for generating solidarity107• And like these festivals comedy may implement its task by the evocation of a reversed world. The resulting collective laughter is cohesive and marks the boundaries of the cognitive and affective territory of a group»Como la fiesta de tipo saturnal, la comedia es entre otras cosas un medio de generar solidaridad por excelencia, y puede cumplir su tarea evocando un mundo invertido: la risa colectiva resultante cohesiona y marca las fronteras del territorio cognitivo y afectivo de un grupo

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«In Old Comedy, the representation of the land of Cockaigne, generally as an image of the golden primeval era, occasionally as a vision of the future, is a standard theme. In this imagery, the earth bears fruits of its own accord and the food offers itself ready cooked»En la comedia antigua, el país de Jauja es tema estándar, de ordinario como imagen de la era áurea primordial y a veces como visión del futuro, con la tierra que da fruto por sí sola y la comida que se ofrece ya cocinada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 139»

«This image is also found in philosophers such as Empedocles»Y la misma imagen está en filósofos como Empédocles y en Platón; el tramo corta antes de la referencia

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«In complete freedom there was complete equality and complete abundance. In King Kronos' time "people even gambled with loaves of bread" (Kratinos PCG IV F 176 Kassel/ Austin), and Telekleides Amphictyones fr. 1 Kock describes a country where there were indeed slaves, who, however, did not work but "played at dice with pigs' vulvae and other delicacies»En libertad completa había igualdad y abundancia completas: en tiempos del rey Cronos la gente hasta jugaba con panes, y Teléclides describe un país donde sí había esclavos que no trabajaban sino que jugaban a los dados con vulvas de cerda y otras delicias

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«By the way, we get an answer here to the obvious question: "We are often left wondering what people actually did in the Golden Age»Y observa que ahí queda contestada la pregunta obvia de qué hacía en realidad la gente en la Edad de Oro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 140»

«So, what we see is utter freedom, but it is actually too good to be true. Frequently, therefore, a few uncomfortable afterthoughts loom up in the same context.»Lo que se ve, dice, es libertad absoluta, demasiado buena para ser cierta, y por eso asoman con frecuencia unos cuantos reparos incómodos en el mismo contexto

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«Pherecydes F.10 Kock describes a slaveless society, but also makes it perfectly clear that in consequence the women have to work their fingers to the bone in order to get the work done, and the fields are neglected so that people starve»Ferécrates describe una sociedad sin esclavos y deja clarísimo que por eso las mujeres han de deslomarse para sacar el trabajo y los campos quedan descuidados hasta el hambre

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«In Herodotus 6, 137113 , Hecataeus for the same reason makes the slaveless primeval situation end negatively via the labour of women and children.»Y en Heródoto, Hecateo hace acabar mal por la misma razón la situación primordial sin esclavos, por el trabajo de mujeres y niños

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«the poets of the Old Comedy, when they discuss the 'ancient way of life', assert that in those times slaves were not employed»La nota trae a Ateneo: los poetas de la comedia antigua, al tratar el modo de vida antiguo, afirman que en aquellos tiempos no se empleaban esclavos

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«says that in Arcadia masters and slaves were sitting at the same tables and sharing the same food and drink.»Y a Teopompo: en Arcadia amos y esclavos se sentaban a la misma mesa y compartían la misma comida y bebida

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«Herodotus 3, 18 relates an Ethiopian custom of laying 'a table of Helios': at night boiled meat is taken to a meadow and during the day everybody is allowed to eat it. The natives, however, say that it is the earth itself that time and again produces this food»Heródoto cuenta la costumbre etíope de poner una mesa de Helios: de noche se lleva carne cocida a un prado y de día cualquiera puede comerla, aunque los nativos dicen que es la tierra misma la que produce una y otra vez esa comida

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«Here again the automaton/luxury motif is found in combination with the notion of equality. The sacrificial loaves in the temple of Kronos in Alexandria, which everybody was allowed to eat, come to mind»Y ahí vuelve el motivo del *automaton* y del lujo junto al de la igualdad, que le recuerda los panes sacrificiales del templo de Cronos en Alejandría, de los que todos podían comer

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«Artemidorus Dreambook 1, 5, first relates that a man dreamt that he had dinner with Kronos, and when day came he was imprisoned (a very telling image of the Kronian paradox: temporary relaxation-normal position in chains»Anota en nota un sueño de Artemidoro: un hombre soñó que cenaba con Cronos y al llegar el día lo encarcelaron, imagen muy elocuente de la paradoja croniana, relajación temporal y posición normal encadenado

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«labour and consequently of slaves: in Aristophanes' Birds 760-5 en passant, and in Krates' Wild animals (PCG IV F 16 Kassel/Austin) as the central theme of a discussion»Ese *automaton* implica con frecuencia que sobran el trabajo y por tanto los esclavos: de pasada en las *Aves* de Aristófanes y como tema central en los *Animales salvajes* de Crates. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

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«in his Utopian scheme for women, Aristophanes grants everybody equal property, but does not manage this without the labour of slaves. In other words: abundance, equality and abolition of slavery are all very well, but only for a short time or in an imaginary world. In such a chaos, reality would disintegrate.»Cierra la serie: en su plan utópico para las mujeres, Aristófanes da a todos propiedad igual pero no lo logra sin el trabajo de los esclavos, de modo que la abundancia, la igualdad y la abolición de la esclavitud están muy bien pero solo por poco tiempo o en un mundo imaginario, porque en semejante caos la realidad se desintegraría

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«But these are Utopias of a fairy-tale nature ('utopia d'evasione'), which by definition lie at the edge of or beyond the edge of the world, the eschatiai, an all but unreachable land and at the same time a 'land of no return', like Elysium after death.»Pero las llama utopías de cuento, de evasión, que por definición quedan en el borde del mundo o más allá, en las *eschatiai*, tierra casi inalcanzable y a la vez tierra sin retorno, como el Elíseo tras la muerte

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«This becomes all the more apparent as soon as the political or social Utopia takes on a model function as 'utopia di ricostruzione>1 18 and consequently is not absolutely inconceivable (Hippodamos, Plato, Aristotle). Then, labour is indispensable and slavery a matter of course»Eso se ve más aún cuando la utopía política o social toma función de modelo, como utopía de reconstrucción, y deja de ser del todo inconcebible —Hipodamo, Platón, Aristóteles—: entonces el trabajo es indispensable y la esclavitud cosa obvia

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«In the Messianic Utopian vistas accompanying the accession of Roman emperors we also find in great detail all the themes of abundance and isonomia, the annulment of debts and disappearance of poverty-all this sometimes summarized as a liberation from chains120-but there is (of course) no mention of a liberation of slaves.»Y en las perspectivas utópicas mesiánicas que acompañan la entronización de los emperadores romanos aparecen con detalle todos los temas de la abundancia y la *isonomia*, la anulación de deudas y la desaparición de la pobreza, resumidos a veces como liberación de cadenas, pero sin mención alguna de una liberación de los esclavos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 142»

«What is possible in the fairy-tale is undesirable-and even threatening-in real life. Lucian (Saturn. 33) says that equality is most pleasant at table, but that Kronos grants this equality only during holidays»Y la regla: lo posible en el cuento es indeseable y hasta amenazante en la vida real, y Luciano dice que la igualdad es gratísima en la mesa pero que Cronos solo la concede en días de fiesta

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«If every tool we had could perform its function, either at our bidding or itself perceiving the need, like the statues that were made by Daedalus or the wheeled tripods of Hephaestus ( .... ) and if the shuttles in the loom could fly to and fro or a plectrum play on a lyre automatically, the manufacturers would have no need of assistants nor masters of slaves»La nota trae a Aristóteles: si cada herramienta cumpliera su función a nuestra orden o al percibir ella misma la necesidad, como las estatuas de Dédalo o los trípodes con ruedas de Hefesto, y si las lanzaderas tejieran solas y el plectro tocara solo la lira, los fabricantes no necesitarían ayudantes ni los amos esclavos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 142»

«easy living prevail: they are found as early as Homer's land of the Phaeacians, in the tales of the Hyperboreans, oflamboulos' Sun Islands and of Euhemeros' Panchaia. In the last two cases, slavery is absent.»En la utopía mandan igualmente el *automaton* y la vida fácil: ya en la tierra de los feacios de Homero, en los relatos de los hiperbóreos, en las Islas del Sol de Yámbulo y en la Pancaya de Evémero, y en los dos últimos casos falta la esclavitud. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior, donde la utopía se emparenta con las fiestas saturnales

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«unstable; it cannot last, because it carries the seed of real social anomie and anarchy. It is a dangerous game, just like the dice-playing allowed to the slaves: during the Saturnalian festival the relationships are open, the dice are thrown and there is the possibility that it is not the master but the slave who will win. This, however, would not be equality but the world turned upside down.»Y por qué esa armonía es inestable: lleva la semilla de la anomia y la anarquía social reales, juego peligroso como el de los dados permitido a los esclavos, porque en la fiesta saturnal las relaciones quedan abiertas, se tiran los dados y puede ganar el esclavo y no el amo, lo que ya no sería igualdad sino mundo de cabeza. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 143»

«The second socially functional aspect of the Kronia and related festivals is that of the reversal of roles. Here the imagery is not marked by the idea of harmony; on the contrary, there is intensified and formalised conflict: the hierarchy is inverted.»Segundo aspecto socialmente funcional de las Kronia y afines: la inversión de papeles, donde las imágenes ya no son de armonía sino de conflicto intensificado y formalizado, con la jerarquía invertida

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«Cockaigne and the reversed world very frequently go hand in hand. In literature it is often the occurrence of adunata that herald the coming of the Golden Age»El país de Jauja y el mundo invertido van muy a menudo de la mano, y en la literatura son con frecuencia los *adunata* los que anuncian la llegada de la Edad de Oro

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«But the radical shifting of boundaries in role-reversal offers not only greater boisterousness but also deeper disturbance: here, anarchy has a truly subversive character.»Pero el corrimiento radical de fronteras en la inversión de papeles trae no solo más bullicio sino perturbación más honda: ahí la anarquía tiene carácter verdaderamente subversivo

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«The freedom of slaves in Old Comedy never entails their dominance. Aristophanes experiments to the very limit with reversal between the sexes, but he is extremely reticent on the topic of reversal between slaves and citizens. Slaves do not even assist in the revolution of women: "De pouvoir servile, il n'est pas et il ne peut pas etre question" 123 (there can be no question of power in the hands of slaves, ever). The reason is evident: even as a comic scene, this image would meet with resistance; slave rebellion was a structurally feared phenomenon, and by no means an imaginary one.»La libertad de los esclavos en la comedia antigua nunca implica su dominio: Aristófanes experimenta hasta el límite con la inversión entre los sexos y es reticentísimo con la inversión entre esclavos y ciudadanos, que ni siquiera ayudan en la revolución de las mujeres, porque de poder servil no cabe hablar; y la razón es evidente, dice, porque hasta como escena cómica esa imagen chocaría con resistencia, siendo la rebelión de esclavos un fenómeno temido estructuralmente y nada imaginario

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«It would be even more surprising to find rule by slaves in Utopia124. It is possible to imagine a reversed world, often transformed in images from the animal world in which the weak gain the victory125 , for instance in the chiliastic expectation of salvation, but slaves ruling society is a notion that can enter the heads of slaves alone.»Y en la utopía sería aún más sorprendente el gobierno de los esclavos: cabe imaginar un mundo invertido, a menudo transformado en imágenes del mundo animal donde los débiles vencen, por ejemplo en la expectativa quiliástica de salvación, pero que los esclavos gobiernen la sociedad es idea que solo cabe en cabeza de esclavo

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«As a matter of fact, Eunous, the leader of a slave revolt in Sicily, does call himself king and has his former masters wait upon him. Similarly, the Circumcelliones have their carts pulled by their former lords126 . This might have been their idea, but it certainly was not the idea.»Y lo ilustra: Eunoo, jefe de una revuelta de esclavos en Sicilia, se llama rey y hace que sus antiguos amos lo sirvan, y los circunceliones hacen tirar de sus carros a sus antiguos señores; esa pudo ser la idea de ellos, dice, pero no era la idea

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«It is precisely one of the principal tasks of ritual, drama and wishful thinking to channel and neutralise any excessive inclinations in this direction. The reversal of roles is supposed to confirm and legitimise its opposite, not itself.»Y enuncia la función: una de las tareas principales del rito, del drama y del pensamiento desiderativo es canalizar y neutralizar toda inclinación excesiva en esa dirección, porque la inversión de papeles ha de ratificar y legitimar su contrario y no a sí misma

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«Ritual is more direct than literary representation. Hence, ritual reversal, however necessary as a 'holiday' oflimited duration, by its nature includes a strongly threatening component.»Y por qué el rito aprieta más: es más directo que la representación literaria, de modo que la inversión ritual, por necesaria que sea como día de fiesta de duración limitada, incluye por su naturaleza un componente fuertemente amenazante

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«Adunata and images of reversal may, as has been said, precede or accompany the Golden Age, but they also, and often, precede or accompany apocalyptic catastrophe.»Y la doble dirección de esas imágenes: los *adunata* y las imágenes de inversión pueden preceder o acompañar a la Edad de Oro, pero también, y a menudo, a la catástrofe apocalíptica

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«In stark contrast to the Messianic images of reversal during the early imperial era, Tertullian Apologeticum 20: "humble ones are raised, high ones are brought down", serves as an announcement not of the realm of bliss but of a period of chaos and catastrophe: "justice becomes a rarity ... the natural shapes are replaced by monsters»En contraste marcado con las imágenes mesiánicas de la época imperial temprana, en Tertuliano los humildes se alzan y los altos caen como anuncio no del reino de la dicha sino de un periodo de caos y catástrofe, donde la justicia escasea y a las formas naturales las sustituyen monstruos

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«One of the implications is that rites of rebellion carry the seeds of real revolution.»Una implicación: los ritos de rebelión llevan la semilla de la revolución real

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«Aeneas Tacticus 22, 17, states that festivals are the most frequent occasions of revolution in the state128, and that applies a fortiori to those festivals that carry an element of ritual rebellion, as is illustrated by the rich tradition of carnival and revolution in particular»Eneas Táctico dice que las fiestas son la ocasión más frecuente de revolución en el Estado, y eso vale *a fortiori* para las que traen un elemento de rebelión ritual, como ilustra la tradición rica del carnaval y la revolución

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«In both aspects of the legitimate licentia, the harmonious and the conflictive, we observe a violent contradiction: on the one hand, they aim at relaxation by means oflaughter, elation and abundance; on the other hand, they refer to the impossible and the undesirable: chaos, revolution, and, in close alliance with these, murder and manslaughter, lawlessness, the disintegration of society.»Y cierra el apartado con la contradicción violenta que ve en los dos aspectos de la *licentia* legítima, el armónico y el conflictivo: apuntan a la relajación por la risa, la euforia y la abundancia, y a la vez a lo imposible y lo indeseable, caos, revolución y, en estrecha alianza, asesinato y matanza, ausencia de ley, desintegración de la sociedad; el OCR pega *oflaughter*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 145»

«What is a social ambiguity here is also the structural theme in the cosmic-mythical model of the realm of Kronos.»Y ata el nudo: lo que aquí es ambigüedad social es también el tema estructural del modelo cósmico y mítico del reino de Cronos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 145»

«Note that in situations of reversal or revolution the positions of women and slaves largely correspond or even coincide»Anota en nota que en las situaciones de inversión o de revolución las posiciones de las mujeres y de los esclavos se corresponden en gran medida o hasta coinciden

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 145»

«directions: to total freedom = abundance, and to total freedom = lawlessness and chaos.»Repite la doble dirección: la inversión apunta a la libertad total como abundancia y a la libertad total como ausencia de ley y caos. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 145»

«Like other cultures, Athens had several New Year festivals. One of these, the Anthesteria130, shows an all but complete set of characteristics of the 'grande festa': the opening of the wine-jars (primitiae situation); licentia in the form of ridicule and abuse; collective wine-drinking in which children and slaves were allowed to share; and a sacred wedding of the king.»Atenas tuvo varias fiestas de Año Nuevo, y una de ellas, las Antesterias, trae casi el juego completo de rasgos de la gran fiesta: apertura de las tinajas de vino, *licentia* en forma de burla e insulto, bebida colectiva en que participaban niños y esclavos, y boda sagrada del rey

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 146»

«In addition to these joyous aspects there are threatening elements: the arrival ofKares or Keres, primeval inhabitants or ghosts of the dead who are given a warm welcome and subsequently wished away; banquets for the dead; the temporary closing down of the temples in an atmosphere of doom.»Y junto a lo gozoso, lo amenazante: la llegada de los Cares o Keres, habitantes primordiales o espectros de los muertos a quienes se da cálida bienvenida y luego se despide, banquetes para los muertos y cierre temporal de los templos en una atmósfera de perdición; el OCR pega *ofKares*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 146»

«In all respects there is clearly a temporary return to chaos in its twin aspects of 'absolute freedom', mythically represented in the commemoration of deluge and re-creation on the last day of the festival.»En todos los aspectos, dice, hay un regreso temporal al caos en su doble cara de libertad absoluta, representado míticamente en la conmemoración del diluvio y de la recreación el último día de la fiesta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 146»

«The official New Year's Day, however, fell in midsummer, in the month of Hekatombaion, a month that was formerly called Kronion. Two veritable New Year festivals, the Synoikia and the Panathenaea, are preceded by two festivals that have the typical structure of the incision festival, marking the period 'in between': the Skira and the Kronia»El día oficial de Año Nuevo caía en pleno verano, en el mes de Hecatombeón, antes llamado Kronion, y a las dos fiestas verdaderas de Año Nuevo, las Sinecias y las Panateneas, las preceden dos con la estructura típica de la fiesta de corte, que marca el periodo intermedio: las Esciras y las Kronia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 146»

«The Skira, on 12 Skirophorion, shows the following characteristics: an apopompe of the priests and the primeval king out of the city-in the myth the king is killed; women, at liberty to call meetings, take over men's roles; boisterous fun and playing at dice; a sacrifice of an ox, which is called disertis verbis bouphonia, 'ox-murder'. A complex, therefore, in which joy and gloom unite in role reversals and the abolition of the normal social relationships»Los rasgos de las Esciras: una *apopompe* de los sacerdotes y del rey primordial fuera de la ciudad —en el mito se mata al rey—, mujeres con libertad de convocar asambleas que toman los papeles de los hombres, jolgorio y juego de dados, y el sacrificio de un buey llamado *disertis verbis* *bouphonia*, asesinato del buey; un complejo, pues, donde alegría y sombra se unen en inversiones de papeles y en la abolición de las relaciones sociales normales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 146»

«These festivals are not connected with Kronos, but the Kronia festival, in which, as we have seen, role reversal and licentia dominate, and which falls between Skira and the New Year festivals»Y el eslabón: esas fiestas no se ligan a Cronos, pero las Kronia, donde mandan la inversión de papeles y la *licentia* y que caen entre las Esciras y las fiestas de Año Nuevo, sí le están dedicadas con énfasis, en el mes que llevaba originalmente su nombre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 146»

«In light of the cosmic-religious interpretation of the festivals surrounding the turn of the year, several of our earlier observations suddenly take on an understandable and structural meaning.»Y anuncia el rendimiento: a la luz de la interpretación cósmico-religiosa de las fiestas del cambio de año, varias observaciones anteriores cobran de pronto un sentido comprensible y estructural

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 147»

«nos ist mythologisch, nicht kultisch'', Nilsson said. He is more right than he realised; indeed, this statement touches the heart of the matter.»Vuelve sobre la frase de Nilsson —Cronos es mitológico, no cúltico— y dice que acierta más de lo que él mismo advirtió, porque toca el corazón del asunto; el troceo parte el nombre al reabrir la plana y el tramo arranca en su segunda mitad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 147»

«During many a festival of incision-although this is not known of the Kronia -one of the expressions for the stagnation of 'normal' existence is the closing down of the temples133 : the contact with the gods currently ruling is broken, the pre-Olympian era returns temporarily.»En muchas fiestas de corte, aunque no conste de las Kronia, una de las expresiones del estancamiento de la existencia normal es el cierre de los templos: se rompe el contacto con los dioses que mandan ahora y la era preolímpica vuelve por un rato

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 147»

«It is precisely Kronos' mythical character as god of a primordial time that explains his presence in the un-cultic vacuum between the times. He is primeval chaos in person, in its dual aspect of freedom as a joy and freedom as a threat.»Y de ahí la clave: el carácter mítico de Cronos como dios de un tiempo primordial explica su presencia en el vacío no cúltico entre los tiempos, porque él es el caos primordial en persona, en su doble cara de libertad como gozo y libertad como amenaza

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 147»

«Lacking fixed boundaries, there is a high degree of 'entropy'. The unstable equilibrium may be upset at any time. Ritually, this is expressed by, among other things, the freedom to play dice and gamble.»Sin fronteras fijas hay un grado alto de entropía y el equilibrio inestable puede romperse en cualquier momento, cosa que el rito expresa entre otras formas con la libertad de jugar a los dados y de apostar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 147»

«Everything is still unsettled, including the question of who will be boss: slave or master.»Todo sigue sin decidirse, incluso quién mandará, si el esclavo o el amo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 147»

«In Greece too this mythical era before history or this time between the times is characterised by 'abnormal' creatures which do not fall into natural categories: Kronos' era is the period of giants, creatures with a hundred hands, Cyclopes and other monsters»Y también en Grecia esa era mítica anterior a la historia, o ese tiempo entre los tiempos, se caracteriza por criaturas anormales que no caben en las categorías naturales: la era de Cronos es la de los gigantes, las criaturas de cien manos, los Cíclopes y otros monstruos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 147»

«The Thessalian Peloria festival-a typical reversal festival-refers to mythical giants from the primeval era»Y la fiesta tesalia de las Pelorias, típica de inversión, remite a gigantes míticos de la era primordial

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 147»

«In this chaos between times, fate still must be determined: 'the fixing of the fate' in Babylon is an annual re-creation, while in Italy Fortuna Primigenia reigns when Jupiter is still puer»En ese caos entre tiempos el destino está aún por determinar: la fijación del destino en Babilonia es recreación anual, y en Italia reina Fortuna Primigenia mientras Júpiter es todavía *puer*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 147»

«In the form of the Kares or Keres the two images of primeval creatures and the dead seem to intermingle»Y en la figura de los Cares o Keres, dice, las dos imágenes —criaturas primordiales y muertos— parecen mezclarse

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 148»

«Kronos is the god in chains: already in Hesiod the terms 'binding' and 'fettering' are typically connected with his myth. His statue is 'chained', perhaps already in the Hellenistic period, certainly in Rome.»Nombra el rasgo central: Cronos es el dios encadenado, porque ya en Hesíodo los términos de atar y encadenar se ligan típicamente a su mito, y su estatua está encadenada, quizá ya en época helenística y con seguridad en Roma

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 148»

«Kronos does exist, but only in mythical times: before the present reality (during the primeval era), or after it (death), or at the outermost edges of this reality (the eschatiaz). He is either a prisoner or asleep.»Y dónde existe: solo en tiempos míticos, antes de la realidad presente en la era primordial, después de ella en la muerte, o en los bordes extremos de esta realidad, las *eschatiai*; y está preso o dormido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 148»

«In this perspective I would tentatively propose to interpret his representations with covered head as follows: generally, in the Greek and Roman world, covering or wrapping up the head indicates that the person concerned is (temporarily) withdrawn from the present reality and is in (or in immediate contact with) 'the other reality' 140. This is precisely the essence of Kronos.»Propone con cautela su lectura de la cabeza cubierta: en el mundo griego y romano, cubrirse o envolverse la cabeza indica que la persona está retirada por un tiempo de la realidad presente y se halla en la otra realidad o en contacto inmediato con ella, y eso es justamente la esencia de Cronos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 148»

«His era, however, returns once more in the chaos of the Festival of Old and New: he is unchained, he wakes up or he is revived and again assumes kingship for a limited period: the return of the basileus, a term and a concept that for Greek and certainly for Athenian ears carries the primordial connotation of the beginning of time 141 , as elsewhere, too, the return of the wish-time is closely connected with the figure of a king (the return of the 'sleeping' king, Saturnalius princeps, rex, prince Carnival, slave risings with 'royal' leaders such as Eunous»Y el regreso: su era vuelve una vez más en el caos de la fiesta de lo viejo y lo nuevo, cuando queda desencadenado, despierta o revive y toma de nuevo la realeza por un plazo, con el regreso del *basileus*, término que para oídos griegos y sobre todo atenienses lleva la connotación primordial del comienzo del tiempo, como en otras partes el regreso del tiempo del deseo va unido a la figura de un rey: el rey dormido que vuelve, el *Saturnalius princeps*, el *rex*, el príncipe Carnaval, las revueltas de esclavos con jefes regios como Eunoo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 148»

«in the period of crisis between the times. In fact this is a variation of the return of the dead, who also belong to another time and another reality: the world of the dead, too, is 'upside down>1 37 and shows the ambivalence of "damonische Bedrohung oder die eschatologische V erheissung»El regreso de esos gigantes como máscaras en el periodo de crisis entre los tiempos es, dice, variante del regreso de los muertos, que también pertenecen a otro tiempo y otra realidad: el mundo de los muertos está igualmente de cabeza y muestra la ambivalencia de la amenaza demoniaca o la promesa escatológica; el OCR parte *Verheissung* y la frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 148»

«His rule refers to the dual freedom of unlimited abundance and abolition of the established hierarchy, on the one hand, and of the absence oflaw and standards, including rebellion, on the other.»El reinado de Cronos remite a la doble libertad: abundancia ilimitada y abolición de la jerarquía establecida por un lado, y ausencia de ley y de normas, rebelión incluida, por el otro; el OCR pega *oflaw*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 149»

«We have asked how we can explain the violent contradictions in Kronos' myth and ritual if we are not satisfied with the emergency solutions that resort to the fortuities of derivation, acculturation and evolution.»Recuerda la pregunta del capítulo: cómo explicar las contradicciones violentas del mito y del rito de Cronos si no bastan las soluciones de emergencia que recurren a los azares de la derivación, la aculturación y la evolución

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 149»

«is that the contradiction between the joyous and the frightening aspects of the Kronos complex is a structural characteristic of the god and his religious context. The explanation of this lies in his function as god of the periods of reversal and chaos.»Y da su solución: la contradicción entre lo gozoso y lo espantoso del complejo de Cronos es rasgo estructural del dios y de su contexto religioso, y se explica por su función como dios de los periodos de inversión y de caos; el troceo pega la llamada a nota a *solution* y el tramo arranca después

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 149»

«We have found that there are ambiguities on two levels. In the functionalist view, the legitimate anarchy comes close to the limits of the permissible. The collective culinary orgy as well as, a fortiori, the reversed hierarchy contain the seeds of the socially impossible and undesirable.»Distingue dos niveles de ambigüedad: en la mirada funcionalista, la anarquía legítima roza los límites de lo permisible, y tanto la orgía culinaria colectiva como, con más razón, la jerarquía invertida llevan la semilla de lo socialmente imposible e indeseable

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 149»

«The oxymoron of euphoria and panic reaches a paroxysm in the Rhodian Kronia: the victim is given large amounts of wine to drink and then murdered.»Y el oxímoron de euforia y pánico llega al paroxismo en las Kronia rodias: a la víctima se le da a beber mucho vino y luego se la mata

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 149»

«In the cosmic-religious view, on the other hand, abundance and role-reversal appear to be images of the renewed experience of primeval chaos that is simultaneously Utopia and its reverse»Y en la mirada cósmico-religiosa, la abundancia y la inversión de papeles resultan imágenes de la experiencia renovada del caos primordial, que es a la vez la utopía y su reverso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 149»

«This means that on both levels the contradiction is a structural characteristic of Kronos' myth and ritual.»Y concluye que en ambos niveles la contradicción es rasgo estructural del mito y del rito de Cronos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 150»

«Consequently, attempts to soften the contradiction or 'render it harmless' via an exclusive appeal to historical development or elimination of one of the contrasting components are not only superfluous but fatefully veil its essential meaning.»Y saca la consecuencia de método: los intentos de suavizar la contradicción o volverla inocua apelando en exclusiva al desarrollo histórico o eliminando uno de los componentes no solo sobran, sino que velan fatalmente su significado esencial

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 150»

«Our initial question concerned the relationship between myth and ritual. How are we to see this relationship in the case at hand and to what extent is mutual dependence present here?»Vuelve a la pregunta inicial: cómo ver la relación de mito y rito en este caso y hasta dónde hay dependencia mutua

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 150»

«Is the mythical 'unchaining' of Kronos a projection of the slave's freedom at festivals such as the Kronia? Or, on the other hand, was the myth of the Golden Age the model for the relaxation of the Kronian festivals? Furthermore, how are we, then, to interpret the dependence of the dark and cruel aspects of myth and rite: was human sacrifice the example or the imitation of Kronos' mythical atrocities?»Y despliega las preguntas: si el desencadenamiento mítico de Cronos es proyección de la libertad del esclavo en fiestas como las Kronia, o si el mito de la Edad de Oro fue el modelo de la relajación de esas fiestas, y cómo interpretar entonces la dependencia de los aspectos oscuros y crueles, si el sacrificio humano fue ejemplo o imitación de las atrocidades míticas de Cronos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 150»

«It will be clear by now that in this case there can be no question of such a one-sided dependence of myth and rite, in any direction.»Y responde: en este caso no cabe hablar de una dependencia unilateral de mito y rito en ninguna dirección

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 150»

«In the domain of ritual it all started with a-presumably agricultural-festival. Perhaps this festival was somehow connected with the stagnation in the 'cereal' year in July and August (did it clinch the storage of the corn harvest, as did the Roman Consualia, similarly in August, as we shall see in the next chapter?). For reasons that escape us the festival was devoted to the god Kronos. We do know that, in historical times, it was firmly anchored in a festive complex which marked the transition from the old to the new year and that, accordingly, it was celebrated with rites of role reversal.»Su reconstrucción del lado ritual: todo empezó con una fiesta presumiblemente agrícola, quizá ligada al estancamiento del año cerealero en julio y agosto, que por razones que se nos escapan se dedicó a Cronos y que en época histórica quedó anclada con firmeza en un complejo festivo del paso del año viejo al nuevo y se celebró con ritos de inversión de papeles

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 151»

«In the domain of myth our starting point is the observation that Kronos, for whatever reason, disappeared from active cult and became a 'mythical' god, and that this god (consequently?) was considered to be a representative of the mythical era before history»Y del lado mítico: Cronos desapareció por alguna razón del culto activo, se volvió dios mítico y se lo tuvo por representante de la era mítica anterior a la historia. La frase sigue tras el salto que el troceo abre al reabrir la plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 151»

«As far as we can see, these two sets of data, the ritual and the mythical, represent independent phenomena. However, both were open to closely related associations, which can be summarized in the notion of 'absence of order'. The ritual displayed an atmosphere which the myth projected onto the precosmic era.»Y el punto de encuentro: los dos conjuntos de datos, el ritual y el mítico, son fenómenos independientes, pero ambos estaban abiertos a asociaciones muy próximas que se resumen en la noción de ausencia de orden, porque el rito desplegaba una atmósfera que el mito proyectaba sobre la era precósmica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 151»

«It concerns a new Hurritic-Hittite bilingual, published in KBo 32 (1990), and discussed by E. Neu, Das Hurritische: Eine altorientalische Sprache in neuem Licht, Abh.Mainz (1988) 3. The text contains a "Song of release', referring to the liberation of slaves and the remission of debts, well-known from ancient Near-Eastern cultures (cf. the Hebrew»Anota en nota un testimonio nuevo que le comunicó Burkert: una bilingüe hurrita-hitita con un canto de liberación, sobre la manumisión de esclavos y la remisión de deudas, conocida en las culturas del Próximo Oriente antiguo; el tramo corta antes del Jubileo hebreo entrecomillado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 151»

«uous nature: there is a positive, Utopian side coupled with references to the catastrophic aspects of the annihilation of human values. Equally, we find the same ambiguity in the absence of order in ritual: abundance, on the one hand, and reversal of roles on the other. Here 'abnormality' may lead to associations with murder in the form of human sacrifice.»Cierra la simetría: la era primordial se representa como caos de naturaleza ambigua, con un lado positivo y utópico junto a referencias a la aniquilación catastrófica de los valores humanos, y la misma ambigüedad se halla en la ausencia de orden del rito, abundancia por un lado e inversión de papeles por el otro, donde la anormalidad puede llevar a asociaciones con el asesinato en forma de sacrificio humano. El tramo arranca en la segunda mitad de la palabra que el troceo parte al saltar de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 152»

«Both myth and rite 'say' the same thing: the Utopian cannot, the reverse Utopian must not exist in reality.»Y la fórmula que los iguala: mito y rito dicen lo mismo, que lo utópico no puede existir en la realidad y que lo utópico invertido no debe existir

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 152»

«In myth, this is expressed by the projection of these images onto the eschatiai of time and space, Kronos' mythical territory. In ritual it is expressed by realising the impossible for just a few hours or days and thus underlining its exceptional character: the relaxation and reversal are indeed subservient to society's proper functioning, but as images of either the impossible or the undesirable and therefore as exceptions»En el mito eso se expresa proyectando esas imágenes a las *eschatiai* del tiempo y del espacio, territorio mítico de Cronos; en el rito, realizando lo imposible por unas horas o unos días y subrayando así su carácter excepcional, porque la relajación y la inversión sirven al buen funcionamiento de la sociedad pero como imágenes de lo imposible o de lo indeseable, y por tanto como excepciones

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 152»

«Whereas such festivals are understood widely as a temporary return to chaos-and show by their nature every characteristic of it-, in Greece it was natural to associate them with the precosmic era of myth, which was thought to return for one day.»Y el añadido griego: donde en general esas fiestas se entienden como regreso temporal al caos, en Grecia era natural asociarlas a la era precósmica del mito, que se pensaba de vuelta por un día

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 152»

«All this justifies the conclusion that we have in this complex an example of correspondence between myth and rite in ''structure and atmosphere", and in such a way that both "symbolic processes deal with the same type of experience in the same affective mode'', and this "pari passu", according to the postulates referred to in the introductory section of the present chapter.»Y la conclusión del capítulo: este complejo es un ejemplo de correspondencia entre mito y rito en estructura y atmósfera, de modo que ambos procesos simbólicos tratan el mismo tipo de experiencia en el mismo modo afectivo, y esto *pari passu*, según los postulados del comienzo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 152»

«The many conspicuous features that Roman Saturn and Greek Kronos had in common encouraged an early assimilation. We are well-informed about some common traits, especially the nature of their festivals, the Saturnalia and the Kronia. But the gods share enigmatic aspects too: the mystery of their 'original' nature; their provenance; and the question of alleged derivations of cult elements from foreign sources.»Abre el capítulo romano: los muchos rasgos llamativos que el Saturno romano y el Cronos griego tenían en común alentaron una asimilación temprana, y de algunos se sabe bien, sobre todo de la naturaleza de sus fiestas, las Saturnales y las Kronia, pero los dioses comparten también aspectos enigmáticos, el misterio de su naturaleza original, su procedencia y la cuestión de las derivaciones supuestas de elementos de culto desde fuentes extranjeras

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 153»

«I shall first give a survey of the most relevant evidence-for full information the reader should consult the abundant modern literature»Y anuncia un repaso de los testimonios más relevantes, remitiendo a la literatura moderna abundante para la información completa

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 153»

«Like Kronos in Greece, Saturn had scarcely any cultic reality in Italy pace Dion. Hal. 1, 34, 52• In Rome his cult was restricted to one sanctuary, the famous temple3 on the slopes of the Capitoline hill»Como Cronos en Grecia, Saturno apenas tuvo realidad cúltica en Italia, y en Roma su culto se limitaba a un solo santuario, el templo célebre de las laderas del Capitolio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 154»

«eight columns of which are still in situ. The treasure of state, the aerarium Saturni, was kept in the cellars of this temple. It was also the place where the quaestors administered the mint.»Del que quedan ocho columnas *in situ*: en sus sótanos se guardaba el tesoro del Estado, el *aerarium Saturni*, y allí administraban los cuestores la ceca

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 154»

«Various series of Roman coins bore the portrait of the god. There was an official pair of scales in the temple and official charters are reported to have been published on walls in the immediate neigbourhood»Varias series de monedas romanas llevaron el retrato del dios, en el templo había un par oficial de balanzas y se dice que las cartas oficiales se publicaban en muros de la vecindad inmediata; el OCR imprime *neigbourhood*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 154»

«This unique temple of Saturn constitutes one of the oldest cult places of Rome. Before its foundation there had been a very ancient altar5 and the temple itself was said to have been founded in or around 497 BC»Ese templo único es uno de los lugares de culto más antiguos de Roma: antes hubo un altar antiquísimo y su fundación se decía de hacia el 497 a. C.

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 154»

«on the 17th of December, the day of the Saturnalia7. However, like Kronos, the god who was worshipped here was ''une divinite dechue" (a fallen god»El 17 de diciembre, día de las Saturnales; pero el dios venerado allí era, como Cronos, una divinidad caída. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 155»

«The origins of the god and his name are lost in the haze of prehistory. Etymologies which connect the name with Latin sera/ satus are linguistically untenable9. Connections with Etruscan Satre deserve more serious consideration»Los orígenes del dios y de su nombre se pierden en la bruma prehistórica: las etimologías que lo ligan al latín *sera* y *satus* son lingüísticamente insostenibles, y las conexiones con el etrusco Satre merecen consideración más seria

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 155»

«But even if Etruscan influences could be ascertained, the fixed position of the festival in the oldest Roman festive calendar12 and the occurrence of the name in the ancient carmen Saliare13 seem to betray an ltalo-Roman origin of the god»Y aun de confirmarse influjos etruscos, la posición fija de la fiesta en el calendario festivo romano más viejo y la aparición del nombre en el antiguo *carmen Saliare* parecen delatar un origen ítalo-romano del dios; el OCR imprime *ltalo-Roman* con ele

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 155»

«The Romans themselves regarded Saturn as the original ruler of the Capitolium, which, as they asserted, was called Mons Saturnius in ancient times»Los propios romanos tenían a Saturno por el gobernante original del Capitolio, llamado en tiempos antiguos Mons Saturnius

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 155»

«Here we are confronted with a first inconsistency in the imagery of the god. On the one hand, Saturn was regarded as autochthonous and as belonging to the first stratum of Latin settlers. Consequently, he was often regarded as the first king of Latium or even of Italy»Marca la primera inconsistencia de la imagen del dios: por un lado se tenía a Saturno por autóctono y perteneciente al primer estrato de pobladores latinos, y por eso a menudo por primer rey del Lacio o aun de Italia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 156»

«On the other hand, he is generally depicted as an immigrant. According to Hyginus apud Macrobius Sat. 1, 7, 21 ff., for instance, !anus was the first king of Latium and he received Saturn after his wanderings and settled him in his country»Por otro se lo pinta en general como inmigrante: según Higino en Macrobio, Jano fue el primer rey del Lacio y recibió a Saturno tras sus andanzas y lo asentó en su país

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 156»

«According to Varro L.L. 5, 7417 , he arrived, just as other gods, from the Sabine territory-a view, of course, that is more informative on later Saturnian ideology than on the actual roots of the god»Y según Varrón llegó, como otros dioses, del territorio sabino, opinión que a juicio de Versnel informa más sobre la ideología saturnal posterior que sobre las raíces reales del dios

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 156»

«So Saturn unites the connotations of the arch-Roman and the prototypical foreigner 19. This is only the first of a series of paradoxes that we shall gradually discover.»Y el resultado: Saturno une las connotaciones de lo arcaico romano y del forastero prototípico, primera de una serie de paradojas que el capítulo irá descubriendo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 156»

«The foreign nature of Saturn seems to be ritually reflected in the fact that his sacrifice was performed according to the ritus graecus, that is capite aperto: with uncovered head»Y la naturaleza extranjera de Saturno parece reflejarse ritualmente en que su sacrificio se hacía según el *ritus graecus*, es decir *capite aperto*, con la cabeza descubierta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 156»

«even contends that this was done exclusively in the case of Saturn: sacrijicantes diis omnibus caput vel are consuetos (. .. ) excepto tan tum Saturno»Servio llega a sostener en nota que eso se hacía solo con Saturno: los que sacrifican suelen velarse la cabeza ante todos los dioses, salvo ante él

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 156»

«However, in the case of Saturn and, for instance, that of Honos, to whom people used to sacrifice with bare heads, accordingto Plutarch QR 13, serious problems loom up, for neither of these gods had Greek roots.»Señala el problema: ni Saturno ni Honos, a quien también se sacrificaba con la cabeza descubierta según Plutarco, tenían raíces griegas; el OCR pega *accordingto*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 157»

«The least we can do for the moment is to point out the problem: an essentially non-Greek, though definitely eccentric, god is worshipped in a rite which is usually qualified as ritu graeco»Y deja el problema planteado: un dios esencialmente no griego, aunque desde luego excéntrico, venerado en un rito que suele calificarse de griego

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 157»

«For it is undoubtedly true that Saturn adopted Greek traits from his Greek pendant Kronos.»Concede que Saturno adoptó sin duda rasgos griegos de su pareja griega Cronos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 157»

«The covered head is no less unusual for a Roman than for a Greek god: it must have been borrowed from the imagery of Kronos»La cabeza cubierta es tan inusual para un dios romano como para uno griego y hubo de tomarse de la iconografía de Cronos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 157»

«The sickle is another Kronian emblem»La hoz es otro emblema croniano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 157»

«The identity of the two gods was already fully acknowledged and exploited by Livius Andronicus»Y la identidad de los dos dioses ya la reconocía y explotaba del todo Livio Andrónico

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 157»

«According to a number of scholars, the Hellenization of Saturn took place in a rather abrupt way in the year 217 BC, when, among a series of piacular rites, "there was a sacrifice at the temple of Saturn and it was ordered that a lectisternium should be held and that a public meal should be organized (the cry 'Saturnalia' resounded through the city day and night) and that this would for always remain a festive day for the people»Varios estudiosos fechan la helenización de Saturno de modo abrupto en el 217 a. C., cuando entre una serie de ritos piaculares hubo sacrificio en el templo de Saturno y se ordenó un *lectisternium* y una comida pública —el grito de Saturnales resonó por la ciudad día y noche— y que ese quedara para siempre como día festivo del pueblo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 158»

«Livy's description of the measures of the year 217 BC provides a good deal of the well-known features of the Saturnalia of historical times.»La descripción de Livio de las medidas del 217 a. C. trae, dice, buena parte de los rasgos conocidos de las Saturnales de época histórica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 158»

«Its success does not alter the fact that this remark is a mere guess. It is at least equally probable that age-old Roman customs were now officially recorded and ritually fixed30, perhaps after having been enriched with Greek elements (like the lectisternium»Objeta que el éxito de esa frase no cambia que sea mera conjetura, y que es al menos igual de probable que costumbres romanas antiquísimas se registraran entonces oficialmente y se fijaran en el rito, quizá tras enriquecerse con elementos griegos como el *lectisternium*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 158»

«This assumption would receive additional support if it were true that the cult of Saturn received particular attention during the second Punic war in order to provide a kind of counterpoise to the Punic Ba'al Hammon, who was identified with Saturn, by an act of evocatio, as R. Bloch32 has suggested»Y añade un apoyo posible: que el culto de Saturno recibiera atención particular durante la segunda guerra púnica para contrapesar al Baal Hammón púnico, identificado con Saturno por un acto de *evocatio*, como sugirió R. Bloch

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 158»

«Baton from Sinope probably lived in the second part of the third century BC and he tells us that the Roman Saturnalia were a completely Greek festival, the same festival that was called Peloria in Thessaly»Batón de Sínope, que vivió probablemente en la segunda mitad del siglo III a. C., dice que las Saturnales romanas eran una fiesta enteramente griega, la misma que en Tesalia se llamaba Pelorias

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 159»

«If he wrote this before 217 BC, this would definitely prove that the Roman Saturnalia possessed features that reminded the author of Greek customs.»Y el argumento: si lo escribió antes del 217 a. C., probaría sin duda que las Saturnales romanas ya tenían rasgos que al autor le recordaban costumbres griegas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 159»

«As we have seen in the previous chapter, there is no unequivocal evidence on fettered statues of the Greek Kronos34. On the other hand, this is one of the most characteristic marks of Roman Saturn: the feet of the statue were 'chained' with woollen threads or fetters, which were released on the day of the Saturnalia»Frente a la falta de testimonio inequívoco de estatuas encadenadas del Cronos griego, en el Saturno romano esa es una de las marcas más características: los pies de la estatua iban atados con hilos de lana o grilletes que se soltaban el día de las Saturnales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 159»

«Another datum without a parallel in Greece is handed down by Pliny NH 15, 32, who tells us that the statue of Saturn was filled with oiJ36 . This custom has been compared with the shedding of oil on the Kronos stone at Delphi but this is not exactly identical and a convincing explanation of this curious practice has not yet been proposed.»Y un dato sin paralelo griego, de Plinio: la estatua de Saturno estaba llena de aceite por dentro, costumbre comparada con el aceite vertido sobre la piedra de Cronos en Delfos, aunque no es lo mismo y todavía no se ha propuesto explicación convincente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 159»

«every day they shed oil over it and during every festival they place threads of unworked wool on it.»La nota recuerda a Pausanias sobre la piedra de Cronos en Delfos: cada día le vierten aceite y en cada fiesta le ponen hilos de lana sin trabajar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 159»

«but is liberated for one day (after which he is chained again)-are matched by the paradoxes in his character as it appears from Roman literature.»Cierra la lista de inconsistencias —un dios romano prototípico que es a la vez forastero, un dios con uno de los santuarios más viejos de Roma venerado sin embargo *ritu graeco*, un dios con grilletes liberado un día y vuelto a encadenar— y anuncia que las paradojas de su carácter en la literatura romana les hacen juego. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 160»

«No god in the Roman pantheon can boast a more paradoxical character.»Y lo dice sin rodeos: ningún dios del panteón romano puede jactarse de un carácter más paradójico

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 160»

«Although his name cannot be connected with the stem of the verb "to sow", Saturn undoubtedly had connections with cereal activities, especially with the corn harvest.»Aunque su nombre no se deja ligar a la raíz del verbo sembrar, Saturno tuvo sin duda relación con las faenas cerealeras, sobre todo con la cosecha de grano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 160»

«it will suffice here to point out the calendrical position of his festival between the two festivals of Ops and Consus in December.»Y de momento le basta señalar la posición de su fiesta en el calendario, entre las dos fiestas de Ops y Conso en diciembre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 160»

«Consequently, later Roman myth made him the husband of Ops, the goddess who personified the wealth of the corn supply. In the imperial age Saturn was worshipped side by side with Ops under the name of Frugifer»Por eso el mito romano posterior lo hizo marido de Ops, la diosa que personificaba la riqueza del abasto de grano, y en época imperial se lo veneró junto a ella con el nombre de Frugifer

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 160»

«he was generally lauded as the god and king who had introduced agriculture in Italy and thus had given the decisive impulse to the development of civilization.»Y se lo alababa en general como el dios y rey que introdujo la agricultura en Italia y dio así el impulso decisivo al desarrollo de la civilización

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 160»

«describes how in the primeval era of Fauni and Nymphs man led a beastly life without laws, agriculture or civilization. Then came Saturn as an exile from the Olympus, dethroned and fugitive»El *locus classicus* de Virgilio describe cómo en la era primordial de faunos y ninfas el hombre llevaba vida bestial sin leyes, agricultura ni civilización, hasta que llegó Saturno desterrado del Olimpo, destronado y fugitivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 160»

«He gathered together the unruly race, scattered over mountain heights, and gave them laws, and chose that the land be called Latium, since in these borders he had found a safe hiding place. Under his reign were the golden ages men tell of: in such perfect peace he ruled the nations»La cita virgiliana en la traducción que el libro imprime: reunió a la raza indómita dispersa por las alturas, le dio leyes, quiso que la tierra se llamara Lacio porque en esos confines había hallado escondite seguro, y bajo su reinado fueron las edades de oro de que hablan los hombres, tan perfecta era la paz con que gobernaba a los pueblos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 160»

«So Saturn's sickle may be viewed as a sign of affluence, peace, order and stability. But it can also change into a bloody weapon in the hands of a fearful and even horrible god.»Y el giro: la hoz de Saturno cabe verla como signo de abundancia, paz, orden y estabilidad, pero también puede volverse arma sangrienta en manos de un dios temible y hasta horrible

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 160»

«Now, a goddess called Lua Mater presided over the destruction of the enemy weapons, which were burnt and thus rendered harmless39. Her name is therefore associated with the concept of lues, 'destruction'.»La diosa Lua Mater presidía la destrucción de las armas enemigas, que se quemaban y quedaban así inofensivas, y su nombre se asocia por eso al concepto de *lues*, destrucción

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 161»

«Romans of the historical period seem to have identified Lua Mater and Lua Saturni-erroneously, as I hope to show-; hence Lua Saturni40 is sometimes saddled with equally negative, or at least ambivalent, traits.»Los romanos de época histórica parecen haber identificado a Lua Mater con Lua Saturni —por error, dice que espera mostrar—, y de ahí que a esta se le carguen rasgos igual de negativos o al menos ambivalentes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 161»

«says that some numina are liable to perform both good and evil deeds: ut (. .... ) sterilitatem tam Saturno, quam Luae»Servio dice que ciertos *numina* pueden hacer el bien y el mal, y que la esterilidad se atribuye tanto a Saturno como a Lua; el tramo corta antes de la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 161»

«Apparently, Lua could be both beneficent and malevolent, a fickleness she shared with Saturn.»Al parecer Lua podía ser benéfica y malévola, veleidad que compartía con Saturno

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 161»

«Saturn had connections with the underworld, as may appear from the position of his festival in December, a month which was apparently reserved for gods with infernal or chthonic functions: Consua~ lia, Opalia, Angeronalia»Saturno tuvo conexiones con el inframundo, según se ve por la posición de su fiesta en diciembre, mes al parecer reservado a dioses de funciones infernales o ctónicas: Consualia, Opalia, Angeronalia; el OCR imprime una tilde en *Consualia*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 161»

«The ban on the performance of such official acts as declaring war applied to both the Saturnalia (see below) and to the days marked by mundus patet according to Varro»Y la prohibición de actos oficiales como declarar la guerra valía a la vez para las Saturnales y para los días marcados por el *mundus patet*, según Varrón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 161»

«Of course, a chthonic nature does not necessarily carry negative or unpleas;mt connotations. However, Etruscan Satre, who is almost certainly related to Saturn, occupies a region in the dark and negative side of the liver of Piacenza, and so does Saturn in the related description by Martian us Capella»Advierte que lo ctónico no trae por fuerza connotaciones negativas, pero el Satre etrusco, casi con certeza emparentado con Saturno, ocupa una región del lado oscuro y negativo del hígado de Piacenza, y lo mismo Saturno en la descripción emparentada de Marciano Capela; el OCR imprime *unpleas;mt*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 162»

«It was commonly believed that the planet Saturn exercised harmful influences, as is witnessed by Cicero and literature from the Augustan period46 and elaborated in later commentaries and astrological works47. It is summarized by Servius Aen. 4, 92: Satumi stellam nocendi Jacultatem habere»Se creía comúnmente que el planeta Saturno ejercía influjos dañinos, según atestiguan Cicerón y la literatura augústea y elaboran los comentarios y las obras astrológicas posteriores, y Servio lo resume diciendo que la estrella de Saturno tiene la facultad de dañar; el OCR imprime *Jacultatem*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 162»

«The poetical use of his name, especially as a patronymic of lupiter or Iuno, is often explained as a means to evoke a threatening or cruel atmosphere: crudelitatem aptum»El uso poético de su nombre, sobre todo como patronímico de Júpiter o de Juno, se explica a menudo como medio de evocar una atmósfera amenazante o cruel, propensa a la crueldad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 162»

«The deities of the tertian fever are called his daughters»A las deidades de la fiebre terciana se las llama hijas suyas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 162»

«Satre is undoubtedly a frightening and dangerous god who hurls his lightning from his abode deep in the earth»Satre es sin duda un dios temible y peligroso que lanza su rayo desde su morada honda en la tierra; el troceo parte *frightening* en el renglón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 162»

«These traits suffice as references to a gloomy and precarious atmosphere in violent contrast to the image of peace, well-being and order that we found before.»Cierra la serie: esos rasgos bastan como referencias a una atmósfera sombría y precaria en contraste violento con la imagen de paz, bienestar y orden hallada antes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 162»

«The frightful side of the god's nature would be even more evident if it could be proven that Saturn originally, or at least in an early phase, was the god of the gladiatorial munera, as many scholars have contended.»Y añade que el lado espantoso del dios sería aún más evidente si se probara que Saturno fue en origen, o al menos en una fase temprana, el dios de los *munera* gladiatorios, como han sostenido muchos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 162»

«it may suffice for the moment to point out that we have no single testimony from republican times that could unequivocally bear out a connection of Saturn with gladiatorial shows.»Pero de momento le basta señalar que no hay un solo testimonio de época republicana que avale sin equívoco una conexión de Saturno con los espectáculos de gladiadores

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 162»

«The notion of Saturn as a blood-thirsty god to whom gladiators were sacrificed as human victims, which is indeed alluded to or even explicitly mentioned in sources from the third century AD onwards, has been explained from the close vicinity of the Saturnalia and the official munera in December.»La idea de Saturno como dios sediento de sangre a quien se sacrificaban gladiadores, aludida o dicha de modo explícito en fuentes desde el siglo III d. C., se ha explicado por la vecindad estrecha de las Saturnales y los *munera* oficiales de diciembre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 163»

«And it is also evident that the bloody and cruel atmosphere apparently associated with Saturn provoked phantasies of primeval human sacrifices in the cult of Saturn. Macrob. Sat. 1, 7, 31: cumque diu humanis capitibus Ditem et virorum victimis Saturnum placare se crederent»Y da por evidente que la atmósfera sangrienta y cruel asociada a Saturno provocó fantasías de sacrificios humanos primordiales en su culto, como en Macrobio, donde por largo tiempo se creyó aplacar a Dis con cabezas humanas y a Saturno con víctimas varoniles

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 163»

«Altogether we notice a striking ambiguity in the nature and atmosphere of the myth and ritual of Saturn: just as in the case of Kronos, there are joyful and utopian aspects of careless well-being side by side with disquieting elements of threat and danger.»Y la conclusión del apartado: hay una ambigüedad llamativa en la naturaleza y la atmósfera del mito y del rito de Saturno, porque igual que con Cronos conviven los aspectos gozosos y utópicos del bienestar despreocupado con elementos inquietantes de amenaza y de peligro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 163»

«The 17th of December, the founding day of the temple, was also the day of Saturn's festival, the Saturnalia50. Its increasing popularity entailed a gradual extension of the festival, eventually over more than a week, although the additional days never acquired official status.»El 17 de diciembre, día de fundación del templo, era el de la fiesta de Saturno, y su popularidad creciente alargó las Saturnales hasta más de una semana, aunque los días añadidos nunca tuvieron estatus oficial

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 163»

«Already in the first century BC the Atellane poets Novius and Mummius spoke of septem Saturnalia51 . The festival is mentioned in the calendar ofNuma and consequently belongs to the genuinely ancient Roman celebrations.»Ya en el siglo I a. C. los poetas atelanos Novio y Mumio hablaban de siete Saturnales, y la fiesta figura en el calendario de Numa, de modo que pertenece a las celebraciones romanas genuinamente antiguas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 163»

«The festival opened with a public meal in front of the temple of Saturn 52, after which the cry 'io Saturnalia' was raised 53 , the starting shot for the private merry-making.»La fiesta abría con una comida pública frente al templo de Saturno, tras la cual se lanzaba el grito *io Saturnalia*, disparo de salida del jolgorio privado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 164»

«It was an occasion for all Romans, citizens and slaves, to enjoy a holiday: schools were closed»Era ocasión de asueto para todos los romanos, ciudadanos y esclavos, y las escuelas cerraban

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 164»

«physical exercises were suspended55 as was the course of justice since courts did not convene»Los ejercicios físicos quedaban suspendidos y también el curso de la justicia, porque los tribunales no se reunían

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 164»

«in other words, there was a iustitium»Es decir, había *iustitium*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 164»

«On this day it was forbidden to declare war»Y ese día estaba prohibido declarar la guerra

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 164»

«Roman citizens put off their togas59 and covered their-normally bare»Los ciudadanos romanos se quitaban la toga y se cubrían la cabeza, normalmente descubierta; el tramo corta antes de la palabra siguiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 164»

«heads with the pilleus»Con el *pilleus*, el gorro de fieltro de los libertos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 164»

«There were exuberant gorgings61 and even more excessive drinking bouts.»Había comilonas exuberantes y borracheras aún más excesivas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 164»

«Sober people were conspicuous exceptions»Los sobrios eran excepciones llamativas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 164»

«Not even the strict and frugal Cato would deny his slaves an extra ration of wine»Y ni siquiera el estricto y frugal Catón negaba a sus esclavos una ración extra de vino

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 164»

«was pushed so far as to allow gambling and dice-playing, which was prohibited in everyday life64. The stakes were coins and nuts»La anarquía llegaba a permitir el juego y los dados, prohibidos en la vida diaria, y se apostaban monedas y nueces. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 165»

«The representation of the Saturnalia in the calendar of Philocalus66 shows a man in a fur coat and with a torch, standing beside a table on which dice are displayed. The legend runs: nunc tibi cum domino ludere, verna, licet (now, slave, you have permission to play dice with your master). A bunch of poultry symbolizes the festive meal.»La imagen de las Saturnales en el calendario de Filócalo: un hombre con abrigo de piel y antorcha junto a una mesa con dados, y la leyenda que dice que ahora el esclavo puede jugar con su amo; un manojo de aves simboliza la comida festiva

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 165»

«The intellectual elite used to spend the holiday in learned improvisations and table talk, as exemplified in Macrobius' Saturnalia. Satire and derision were given free rein as Julian's Symposion demonstrates. In less sophisticated circles the playful mood expressed itself in the propounding and solving of riddles»La élite intelectual pasaba el asueto en improvisaciones eruditas y sobremesa, como en las *Saturnales* de Macrobio; la sátira y la burla quedaban sueltas, como muestra el *Simposio* de Juliano; y en círculos menos sofisticados el humor lúdico se expresaba proponiendo y resolviendo adivinanzas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 165»

«The temporary experience of affluence was also reflected in the exchange of presents. Frequently referred to by Martial, they often bore satirical or enigmatic inscriptions»La experiencia temporal de abundancia se reflejaba también en el intercambio de regalos, que Marcial menciona a menudo y que llevaban con frecuencia inscripciones satíricas o enigmáticas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 165»

«Therefore it was allowed to give a substitute present instead, in the form of candles72 or figurines made of wax or clay, the sigillaria»Y como la reciprocidad ponía en aprietos financieros a la parte menos opulenta, se permitía dar en su lugar velas o figurillas de cera o de barro, los *sigillaria*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 165»

«and slaves and poor clients would receive an allowance (the sigillaricium)75 from their masters or patrons to enable them to procure presents-an ideal economic circle.»Y esclavos y clientes pobres recibían de amos o patronos una asignación, el *sigillaricium*, para poder comprar regalos: un círculo económico ideal. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 166»

«The most remarkable and characteristic trait of the Saturnalia was the temporary suspension of the social distinctions between master and servant. Saturnalibus to ta servis licentia permittitur (during the Saturnalia every kind of licence is permitted to the slaves), as Macrobius Sat. 1, 7, 26, summarizes the prevailing liberty.»El rasgo más notable y característico de las Saturnales: la suspensión temporal de las distinciones sociales entre amo y criado, que Macrobio resume diciendo que en ellas se permite a los esclavos toda licencia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 166»

«One of the extraordinary aspects of the communal meals was that masters and slaves dined together»Uno de los aspectos extraordinarios de las comidas comunes era que amos y esclavos comían juntos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 166»

«or that slaves even took precedence over77 or were served by their masters»O que los esclavos tomaban precedencia o eran servidos por sus amos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 166»

«Slaves and servants were free to join their lords in gambling»Esclavos y criados podían jugar con sus señores

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 166»

«and to tell them the truth or criticise their conduct»Y decirles la verdad o criticar su conducta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 166»

«Of course, a few details may be the products oflater additions or transformations, but the Accius fragment, for instance, unequivocally proves that freedom of the slaves and equality with their lords belonged to the most ancient features of the festival.»Concede que algunos detalles pueden ser añadidos o transformaciones posteriores, pero sostiene que el fragmento de Accio prueba sin equívoco que la libertad de los esclavos y la igualdad con sus señores pertenecían a los rasgos más antiguos de la fiesta; el OCR pega *oflater*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 166»

«There is one other interesting but controversial piece of evidence: Seneca, Ep. Luc. 5, 6 ( 4 7) 14, seems to say that during the Saturnalia slaves held the reins of government in the household, performed official functions in imitation of public offices and administered justice»Y un testimonio interesante y controvertido: Séneca parece decir que en las Saturnales los esclavos llevaban las riendas del gobierno de la casa, cumplían funciones oficiales a imitación de las magistraturas públicas y administraban justicia. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 166»

«in the family, including their masters: instituerunt diemfestum, non quo solo cum servis domini vescerentur, sed quo utique; honores ill is in domo gerere, ius dicere permiserunt et domum pusillam rem publicam esse iudicaverunt.»El texto latino de Séneca que discute: instituyeron un día festivo no para que solo entonces los amos comieran con los esclavos, sino en todo caso entonces, y les permitieron ejercer honores en casa y decir derecho, y juzgaron que la casa era una pequeña república

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 167»

«However, there is room for disagreement on the constitution of the text and its interpretation, so it may be advisable to approach it with due reserve»Y advierte que cabe desacuerdo sobre la constitución del texto y su interpretación, de modo que conviene acercarse con la reserva debida

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 167»

«When I at first tended to accept this interpretation, my colleagues 0. Schrier and R. Nauta, warned me that it was based on a mistaken text constitution.»Cuenta en nota su propio cambio de opinión: al principio tendía a aceptar la interpretación corriente y sus colegas O. Schrier y R. Nauta le advirtieron que se basaba en una constitución errada del texto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 167»

«When we survey the evidence given above and compare Kronian myth and ritual, the prevalence of the ritual aspects is striking.»Al comparar con el mito y el rito cronianos, dice, llama la atención el predominio de los aspectos rituales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 167»

«As for the mythical data, it is even less feasible to isolate them from Greek models than it is in the case of presumed ritual derivation.»De los datos míticos dice que aislarlos de los modelos griegos es aún menos viable que en la derivación ritual supuesta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 167»

«This is particularly true for the notion of the Saturnia regna, the celebrated theme of Augustan poetry which was for the first time emphatically exploited by Vergi»Y eso vale sobre todo para la noción de los *Saturnia regna*, tema célebre de la poesía augústea explotado con énfasis por primera vez por Virgilio; el troceo pega la llamada a nota al nombre y el tramo corta ahí

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 167»

«The Greeks expressed their 'wishing' images in terms of 'the golden race' and of 'Kronian life', thus understanding the myth primarily from a theological or anthropological point of view. The Romans, on the other hand, viewed the Saturnia regna primarily as Saturnia saecula, i.e. as a historical period: Saturn, though a god, was also a (pseudo-)historical king.»Y las enuncia: los griegos expresaron sus imágenes del deseo como raza de oro y vida croniana, entendiendo el mito ante todo en clave teológica o antropológica, mientras los romanos vieron los *Saturnia regna* sobre todo como *Saturnia saecula*, periodo histórico, porque Saturno, aun siendo dios, fue también un rey pseudohistórico

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 168»

«This is only one of numerous instances in which Rome tended to express myth principally in historical terms»Y lo cuenta como una de tantas instancias en que Roma tendió a expresar el mito en términos históricos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 168»

«Whereas in the case ofKronos affluence was basically seen as an automatic, spontaneous and effortless gift in a genuinely Utopian fashion, in the Roman view Saturn's greatest contribution to human well-being was his introduction of agrarian, above all cereal, culture and, consequently, of civilized life.»Segunda diferencia: en Cronos la abundancia se veía como don automático, espontáneo y sin esfuerzo, a la manera utópica, mientras que en la mirada romana la contribución mayor de Saturno al bienestar humano fue introducir la agricultura, sobre todo cerealera, y con ella la vida civilizada; el OCR pega *ofKronos*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 168»

«of bliss and peace that prevailed in a hoary past and which is now bound to return, immediately recalls the idea of the golden race of Kronos. However, this should not make us close our eyes to the essential differences between Greek and Roman imagery.»La imagen de un reinado utópico de dicha y paz que valió en un pasado remoto y ha de volver recuerda en el acto la raza de oro de Cronos, pero eso, dice, no debe cerrar los ojos a las diferencias esenciales entre las imágenes griegas y las romanas. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 168»

«In addition it should be noted that just as in the case of Kronos, the Saturnian reign was limited in time. Not only did Saturn suddenly arrive, he also unexpectedly disappeared: subito non comparuisset»Como con Cronos, el reinado saturnal estuvo limitado en el tiempo: Saturno no solo llegó de pronto, también desapareció de golpe

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 169»

«In this respect he closely resembles other founding heroes of Rome such as Aeneas, Latinus, Romulus»En eso se parece de cerca a otros héroes fundadores de Roma como Eneas, Latino y Rómulo; el troceo pega la llamada a nota al último nombre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 169»

«a tertium comparationis which has been attractively explained by Brelich87 as one of the standard characteristics of the universal culture bringer, who after having prepared the conditions for human social life, retires and becomes a deus otiosus or continues his reign in a mythical abode.»Brelich explicó ese *tertium comparationis* como uno de los rasgos estándar del portador universal de cultura, que tras preparar las condiciones de la vida social humana se retira y se vuelve *deus otiosus* o sigue reinando en una morada mítica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 169»

«The Roman myth expresses this by telling that Iupiter expelled Saturn from the Capitolinus. Saturn was so solidly associated with the notion of concealment that the name of his own country Latium could be derived a latente deo»El mito romano lo dice contando que Júpiter expulsó a Saturno del Capitolio, y Saturno quedó tan firmemente asociado a la ocultación que el nombre de su país, el Lacio, pudo derivarse *a latente deo*, del dios escondido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 169»

«Apparently it is not only in a historical, but also in a mythical sense that Saturn was a "divinite dechue»De modo que Saturno fue divinidad caída no solo en sentido histórico sino también mítico; el OCR pierde los acentos del francés

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 169»

«The cultic shadiness of Greek Kronos is parallelled in Rome by the fact that Saturn had only one annual sacrifice, which, moreover, did not display a single normal feature.»La penumbra cúltica del Cronos griego tiene su paralelo romano en que Saturno solo tenía un sacrificio anual, que además no mostraba un solo rasgo normal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 169»

«Undoubtedly, however, Saturn had in many respects more 'reality' than his Greek pendant: his mighty temple in Rome, the vital economic function of his aerarium. Saturn, who had once introduced cereal wealth, continued to represent its affluence and accordingly boasted the lasting respect of the Roman people.»Aun así Saturno tuvo en muchos aspectos más realidad que su pareja griega: su templo poderoso en Roma y la función económica vital de su *aerarium*, y quien había introducido la riqueza cerealera siguió representando su abundancia y gozando del respeto duradero del pueblo romano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 169»

«Just as in the case of Kronos, the disturbing ambiguities in the god's cultic and mythical existence have provoked the usual escapist mechanisms among modern scholars.»Y las ambigüedades perturbadoras de su existencia cúltica y mítica provocaron, como con Cronos, los mecanismos de escape habituales entre los estudiosos modernos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 169»

«On the other hand, it was also contended that the nice ancient Roman agrarian god derived his more doubtful qualities from abroad: just as Kronos had been denatured by the Hittite Kumarbi, so Etruscan Satre had infected the gentle chthonic agrarian god with the cruel excesses of his Etruscan nature: human sacrifice, gladiatorial blood and the negative connotations of his lightning.»Uno de esos escapes: que el simpático dios agrario romano antiguo sacó del extranjero sus cualidades más dudosas, y que así como a Cronos lo desnaturalizó el Kumarbi hitita, el Satre etrusco infectó al benigno dios ctónico agrario con los excesos crueles de su naturaleza etrusca, sacrificio humano, sangre gladiatoria y las connotaciones negativas de su rayo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 170»

«Instead of circumstantially contesting such suppositions, one pertinent question suffices: why Saturn? Roman religion simply bristles with chthonic deities more (or at least equally) appropriate to having negative qualities grafted upon them. For instance, Vediovis, Dispater, or Angerona would have been excellent candidates.»Y en vez de discutirlos punto por punto lanza una sola pregunta pertinente: por qué Saturno, si la religión romana rebosa de deidades ctónicas más o al menos igual de apropiadas para injertarles cualidades negativas, como Vediove, Dispáter o Angerona

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 170»

«At all events the alleged derivation of negative elements is most unlikely if the god in question did not possess the proper predisposition. In other words: it is methodically preferable to explore whether the ambiguous nature of the god cannot be explained by his authentic nature and function.»Y la regla de método: la derivación supuesta de elementos negativos es muy improbable si el dios no tenía la predisposición adecuada, de modo que conviene explorar si su naturaleza ambigua no se explica por su naturaleza y su función auténticas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 170»

«However, there is one fortunate difference, namely that in this case we shall be able to trace the god's most prominent original functions in the agricultural year, a function which, as I hope to show, can explain both his own intrinsic ambivalence and the specific ambivalent nature of his festival»Y anuncia la diferencia afortunada: aquí podrá rastrear las funciones originales más destacadas del dios en el año agrícola, función que a su ver explica tanto su ambivalencia intrínseca como la naturaleza ambivalente de su fiesta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 170»

«On the 17th of December things happened which did not occur in this combination in any other Roman festival. Saturnus really is different. A chained god was freed from his bonds, a covered god was worshipped capite aperto. The chains may be authentically Roman, the veiled head is almost certainly a Greek heritage.»El 17 de diciembre pasaban cosas que no se daban en esa combinación en ninguna otra fiesta romana: Saturno es de veras distinto, porque un dios encadenado quedaba libre de sus ataduras y un dios cubierto se veneraba *capite aperto*; las cadenas pueden ser auténticamente romanas y la cabeza velada es casi con seguridad herencia griega

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 170»

«Fettered statues are a common phenomenon, both in and outside the Mediterranean world»Las estatuas encadenadas son fenómeno común dentro y fuera del mundo mediterráneo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 170»

«One is that by binding the god people try to keep their divine protector and benefactor for themselves. The god is thus prevented from leaving his sanctuary and city»Primera explicación habitual: atando al dios se trata de retener al protector y benefactor propio, impidiéndole abandonar su santuario y su ciudad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 171»

«The other supposed motive is exactly the reverse: viz. to prevent a dangerous god or demon from exercising his harmful influences»La segunda es la inversa: impedir que un dios o demonio peligroso ejerza sus influjos dañinos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 171»

«As we have seen, Meuli distinguished a third category next to benevolent and malevolent gods, namely the gods of an ambivalent type92 • They are freed in-and as the symbolization of»Meuli distinguió una tercera categoría junto a los dioses benévolos y los malévolos: los de tipo ambivalente, que quedan libres en los periodos de excepción y como símbolo de ellos; el tramo corta antes de la palabra siguiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 171»

«Kronos' chains-or sleep-were the symbolic expression of his being 'out of action'. His liberation temporarily revived his activity and restored his reign. This means that his chains are more or less a function of his liberation: in order to be freed he must first have been in chains.»Y la lógica que saca: las cadenas de Cronos, o su sueño, expresaban simbólicamente que estaba fuera de servicio, y su liberación revivía por un tiempo su actividad y restauraba su reinado, de modo que sus cadenas son más o menos función de su liberación, porque para ser liberado tuvo que estar antes encadenado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 171»

«Or, to quote a variant expression from an agricultural context: nemo condit nisi ut promat»Y la variante que toma de un contexto agrícola: nadie almacena sino para sacar después

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 171»

«In other words: the abnormal rite of exception-in this case the liberation of Saturn-can only exist thanks to the existence of the norm to which the rite is an exception.»Y la fórmula: el rito anormal de excepción —aquí la liberación de Saturno— solo puede existir gracias a la existencia de la norma de la que el rito es excepción

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 171»

«the question of the capite aperto sacrifice. Above we noticed the problem: why did Romans follow a so-called Greek rite in a sacrifice to a non-Greek god?»Vuelve al problema del sacrificio *capite aperto*: por qué seguían los romanos un rito llamado griego en un sacrificio a un dios no griego. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 172»

«Curiously enough, the problem was already seen in antiquity, since it was only in this case (contrary to the case of the same rites in the cults of Honos and Hercules) that ancient authors searched for an explanation.»Y observa que el problema ya se veía en la antigüedad, porque solo en este caso, y no en los ritos iguales de Honos y Hércules, los autores antiguos buscaron explicación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 172»

«Even Brelich, the only one to my knowledge who has neatly formulated the crux, did not risk going further than the ''meagre but perhaps not totally void'' suggestion, as he calls it, that perhaps in the cult of Saturn the order of cultic action itself was reversed, just as other elements were»Brelich, el único que a su saber formuló bien la dificultad, no se arriesgó más allá de la sugerencia que él mismo llama magra y quizá no del todo vacía: que en el culto de Saturno se invirtiera también el orden de la acción cúltica, como se invertían otros elementos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 172»

«I believe that with this casual and tentative suggestion he has hit the mark and that it can be considerably substantiated by the total context of the Saturnalia festival as well as by a piece of evidence that has been neglected so far.»Y declara que con esa sugerencia casual y tentativa Brelich dio en el blanco, y que se puede apuntalar bastante con el contexto entero de las Saturnales y con un testimonio hasta ahora descuidado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 172»

«Among the many ways of visualising a reversal, none is so obvious, unequivocal and popular as the reversal in attire. The most easy and effective way to turn reality upside down is to change your clothes for the garment of the opposite sex or of social antipodes, or for distinguishing marks of animals or gods.»Enuncia la regla: entre las muchas maneras de hacer visible una inversión, ninguna tan obvia, inequívoca y popular como la del atuendo, porque lo más fácil y eficaz para poner la realidad de cabeza es cambiar la ropa por la del sexo opuesto, la de los antípodas sociales o las marcas distintivas de animales o de dioses

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 172»

«By thus inverting normality the new situation is marked as exceptional and abnormal.»Y al invertir así la normalidad, la situación nueva queda marcada como excepcional y anormal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 172»

«It is noteworthy that among the signs that mark Greek sacrifices as exceptional or extraordinary-such as the absence of wine or the presence of milk-one is that the sacrificers do not wear the wreaths that are normally one of the most characteristic signs of sacrificial ceremonies»Y trae el paralelo griego: entre las señales que marcan un sacrificio como excepcional —la ausencia de vino, la presencia de leche— está que los sacrificantes no lleven las guirnaldas que de ordinario son uno de los signos más característicos de la ceremonia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 172»

«During the festival everything is out of order, above all clothing regulations.»Durante la fiesta todo está fuera de orden, y sobre todo las reglas del vestido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 173»

«Moreover, Saturn himself is the marker of abnormality par excellence. His veiled head-irrespective whether this is an originally Roman element or a Greek heritage-stamps him as»Y el propio Saturno es el marcador de anormalidad por excelencia, porque su cabeza velada, sea elemento romano de origen o herencia griega, lo sella como distinto y excepcional; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 173»

«Another way of expressing a reversal of ordinary life is by imitating odd customs of foreign nations.»Otra manera de expresar la inversión de la vida ordinaria es imitar las costumbres raras de naciones extranjeras

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 173»

«Romans could and did give expression to abnormality by allusions to 'the Greek way of life»Y los romanos expresaban la anormalidad aludiendo al modo de vida griego

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 173»

«In the (Roman) jabula togata it was not allowed to stage slaves that outwitted their masters, whereas this was accepted in the jabula palliata»En la *fabula togata* no se permitía poner en escena esclavos que burlaran a sus amos, cosa aceptada en la *fabula palliata*; el OCR imprime *jabula*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 173»

«evoking a Greek atmosphere. In Greece, as any decent Roman knew, odd things happened that were quite incompatible with Roman customs. Graeculi just had a habit of mixing up the normal order.»El *pallium* evocaba cómodamente una atmósfera griega, y en Grecia, como sabía todo romano decente, pasaban cosas raras incompatibles con las costumbres romanas, porque los *graeculi* tenían la costumbre de revolver el orden normal. La frase arranca tras el salto que el troceo abre al reabrir la plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 173»

«Viewed in this light, it is very well possible and in my view becomes very likely that sacrificing ritu Graeco was just another reference to the eccentric nature of the total ritual.»Y su conclusión: visto así, es muy posible y a su ver muy probable que sacrificar *ritu Graeco* fuera otra referencia a la naturaleza excéntrica del ritual entero

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 173»

«This supposition is supported by a tiny piece of evidence on Saturn himself which has remained unnoticed so far. Apart from the covering of his head there is another trait that sets him apart. The ivory98 statue in his temple was clothed with a purple-coloured cloak, as Tertullian, Testim. anim. 2, 137, 12, testifies. His exact words are: pallio Saturni coccinato.»El testimonio menudo que lo apoya: la estatua de marfil de su templo iba vestida con un manto de color púrpura, según Tertuliano, cuyas palabras exactas son *pallio Saturni coccinato*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 173»

«It is true that in the course of time pallium has become the term for any kind of garment99 • In this case, however, a positively un-Roman pallium is meant-the extrinsecus habitus sharply censured by the same Tertullian, De pallio 4, 9: Galatia· ruboris superiectio (a wrap ofGalatian red»Concede que con el tiempo *pallium* pasó a designar cualquier prenda, pero sostiene que aquí se trata de un *pallium* positivamente no romano, el atuendo de fuera que el propio Tertuliano censura con dureza como envoltura de rojo galo; el OCR pega *ofGalatian*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 173»

«Now, the pallium never quite lost the negative connotations of its Greek or, more generally, foreign flavour. It characterized (Greek) philosophers, especially the Cynics and other dubious specimens, and prostitutes; in short, those marginals who refused to subject themselves to the norms and codes of civilized society»Y el *pallium* nunca perdió del todo las connotaciones negativas de su sabor griego o más en general extranjero: caracterizaba a los filósofos griegos, sobre todo a los cínicos y otros especímenes dudosos, y a las prostitutas, en suma a los marginales que se negaban a someterse a las normas y códigos de la sociedad civilizada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 173»

«A fortiori a purple pallium was the very opposite of what could be regarded as normal Roman custom.»Y con más razón un *pallium* púrpura era lo contrario mismo de lo que cabía tener por costumbre romana normal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 173»

«So here we have another feature which, together with the elements collected above, stamps Saturn as the god of the reversed world.»Con eso, dice, tiene otro rasgo que sella a Saturno como el dios del mundo invertido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 174»

«His function-at least in historical times-was to embody references to an alternative world which, in periods of exception, interrupted the steady course of normal life.»Y su función, al menos en época histórica, fue encarnar las referencias a un mundo alternativo que en los periodos de excepción interrumpía el curso firme de la vida normal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 174»

«The god of this period was worshipped with reversed ('Greek') rituals. The god was different and so was the behaviour of his followers during these liminal periods»Al dios de ese periodo se lo veneraba con rituales invertidos, a la griega, y el dios era distinto, y distinta también la conducta de sus seguidores en esos periodos liminales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 174»

«The god was not the only one to wear uncommon clothes or to break his chains. The Saturnalian revellers had little to learn from him, as we saw.»Y el dios no era el único en llevar ropa insólita ni en romper sus cadenas, porque los juerguistas de las Saturnales poco tenían que aprenderle

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 174»

«The evidence collected above of course immediately calls to mind comparable modern festivals like Carnival, Christmas or Santa Claus»Los testimonios reunidos traen en el acto a la memoria fiestas modernas comparables como el carnaval, la Navidad o Santa Claus

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 174»

«The carnivalesque nature manifests itself in egalitarian aspects such as the communal consumption of large quantities of food and drink, the suspension of social distinctions and in general an atmosphere of elation.»Lo carnavalesco se manifiesta en aspectos igualitarios: consumo comunitario de grandes cantidades de comida y bebida, suspensión de las distinciones sociales y atmósfera general de euforia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 174»

«On the other hand, there are also elements of 'conflictive' demonstrations: a variety of role-reversals in which the master serves the slave and may be criticized and rebuked.»Y también hay demostraciones de conflicto: inversiones de papeles donde el amo sirve al esclavo y puede ser criticado y reprendido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 174»

«The similarities with Christmas or New Year festivals are evident in the exchange of presents and the concomitant atmosphere of mockery, satire and surprise. Similarly, the candles form a trait»Las semejanzas con la Navidad o el Año Nuevo se ven en el intercambio de regalos y en la atmósfera de burla, sátira y sorpresa que lo acompaña, y las velas hacen de lazo; el tramo corta antes de la palabra francesa

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 174»

«The most conspicuous signs of the Saturnalian anomie were embodied in the reversal of normal clothing customs.»Y los signos más llamativos de la *anomia* saturnal se encarnaban en la inversión de las costumbres normales del vestido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 174»

«legend makes him come from Thrace, which historically is not true. The legend, rather, points out his essential foreignness, as do the derivations ofDionysos from Lydia or Thrace»La nota trae el paralelo del Ares griego: la leyenda lo hace venir de Tracia, cosa históricamente falsa, y con ello señala su extranjería esencial, como las derivaciones de Dioniso desde Lidia o Tracia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 174»

«Homer tells us that the giants Otos and Ephialtes locked him up in a barrel, from where Hermes freed him again in the thirteenth month.»Y que Homero cuenta que los gigantes Oto y Efialtes lo encerraron en una tinaja de la que Hermes lo liberó al mes decimotercero

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 174»

«At Tegea there existed a stele representing Ares Gunaikothoinas, 'the feaster of women' or 'the one whom the women feast'. Again Graf convincingly interprets this epiclesis (together with the aetiological explanations) as a signal of licence: the women feast at the agora (men's place par excellence), honouring the very male god whom they are usually to shun.»Y la estela de Tegea con Ares Gunaikothoinas, que Graf lee como señal de licencia: las mujeres banquetean en el ágora, lugar de los hombres por excelencia, honrando al dios varonil que de ordinario deben evitar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 174»

«toga and adopts a synthesis does not become a Greek, but he certainly renounces the identity of the Roman citizen. If the total population of Rome wears the pilleus, a complicated situation emerges: by becoming 'freedmen' the slaves' status is enhanced, while the citizens' status is devalued. Increase and decrease lead to equality in a common freedom: the libertas decembris.»Analiza la inversión del vestido: el romano que se quita la toga y adopta la *synthesis* no se vuelve griego, pero renuncia sin duda a la identidad del ciudadano romano; y si toda la población de Roma lleva el *pilleus*, la situación se complica, porque al volverse libertos los esclavos suben de estatus mientras los ciudadanos bajan, y el aumento y la baja llevan a la igualdad en una libertad común, la *libertas decembris*. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 175»

«The variegated symbolism ofliberation was by no means restricted to the Saturnalia. Its application in different contexts may help to clarify the implications of their Saturnalian meaning.»El simbolismo variado de la liberación no se limitaba a las Saturnales, y su aplicación en otros contextos ayuda a aclarar lo que significaba en ellas; el OCR pega *ofliberation*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 175»

«The pilleus was frequently applied as the symbol of freedom in political propaganda102. For instance, the coins issued by Brutus bore a picture of this cap offreedom, and as we saw above "the death of Nero produced such joy that the plebs ran about through the whole city, their heads covered with the pilleus»El *pilleus* se usó a menudo como símbolo de libertad en la propaganda política: las monedas de Bruto llevaban ese gorro, y la muerte de Nerón produjo tal alegría que la plebe corrió por toda la ciudad con la cabeza cubierta con él; el OCR pega *offreedom*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 175»

«Nor was role-reversal or status-reversal restricted to the Saturnalia. The Compitalia, too, were marked as a holiday for slaves. The Matronalia of the 1st of March were a New Year festival during which the matrons ''served dinner for their slaves as did the masters at the Saturnalia»Tampoco la inversión de papeles o de estatus se limitaba a las Saturnales: las Compitalia también eran día de asueto para los esclavos, y las Matronalia del 1 de marzo, fiesta de Año Nuevo, en que las matronas servían la cena a sus esclavas como los amos en las Saturnales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 175»

«It was perhaps on that same New Year day that another role-reversal took place: the so-called Saliae virgines performed a sacrifice in the Regia together with the pontifices and wore the paludamentum and the apex of the Salii»Y quizá ese mismo día de Año Nuevo se daba otra inversión: las llamadas *Saliae virgines* hacían un sacrificio en la Regia con los pontífices y llevaban el *paludamentum* y el *apex* de los Salios

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 175»

«In the previous chapter we discussed the social and socio-psychological functions of these festivals of reversal: the channelling of agressive impulses fostered by continuous repression, on the one hand, and confirmation of the status quo by the exposure of the impossible reversed world, on the other.»Recuerda las funciones sociales y sociopsicológicas de estas fiestas de inversión: canalizar los impulsos agresivos que alimenta la represión continua y confirmar el *statu quo* al exponer el mundo invertido imposible

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 176»

«It is satisfying to note that this appears to be more than a mere invention of modern anthropologists105: Latin authors explicitly discerned these functions.»Y celebra que eso no sea mero invento de los antropólogos modernos, porque los autores latinos discernieron esas funciones de modo explícito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 176»

«makes the general statement that a humane treatment will yield willing slaves: "When I realised that such friendliness on the master's part relieved the burden of their continual labour, I often joked with them and allowed them to joke more freely»Columela afirma que el trato humano rinde esclavos dispuestos: al ver que esa amabilidad del amo aliviaba la carga de su trabajo continuo, bromeaba a menudo con ellos y les permitía bromear con más libertad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 176»

«Solin us 1, 35, and Macrobius, Sat. 1, 12, 7, assert that slaves were given cenae on March 1 and at the Saturnalia by their owners in order to foster obsequium for the immediate future.»Solino y Macrobio sostienen que a los esclavos se les daban cenas el 1 de marzo y en las Saturnales para fomentar su obsequiosidad inmediata; el troceo parte el nombre de Solino

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 176»

«says that at the Compitalia the slaves are freed of their chains: "in order that the slaves, being softened by this instance of humanity, which has something great and solemn about it, may make themselves more agreeable to their masters, and be less sensible of the severity of their condition.»Y Dionisio de Halicarnaso dice que en las Compitalia se libera a los esclavos de sus cadenas para que, ablandados por esa muestra de humanidad, que tiene algo de grande y solemne, se vuelvan más gratos a sus amos y sientan menos la dureza de su condición

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 176»

«Falli per servom senem (A slave cheating his aged master) is the shortest summary of Roman comedy.»Un esclavo que engaña a su amo viejo es, dice, el resumen más corto de la comedia romana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 177»

«Here we have indeed a typical topsy-turvy world, which sometimes presents itself in drastically realistic performances.»Y ahí hay un mundo de cabeza típico, que a veces se presenta en representaciones drásticamente realistas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 177»

«In Plautus, Asinaria 702, we see the young master on hands and knees serving as a mount for his slave, who exultantly shouts: sic isti solent superbi subdomari: "see, how the haughty are subdued.»En la *Asinaria* de Plauto el amo joven sirve a gatas de montura a su esclavo, que grita exultante que así se doma a los soberbios

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 177»

«The servus callidus (the cunning slave) exults over his master and defies the social order, exactly as it happened during the Saturnalia.»El *servus callidus* exulta sobre su amo y desafía el orden social, exactamente como ocurría en las Saturnales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 177»

«This resemblance has been often indicated, most emphatically by E. Segal106 and so have the strong similarities with medieval carnival»Ese parecido se ha señalado a menudo, con más énfasis por E. Segal, y también las semejanzas fuertes con el carnaval medieval. La frase sigue tras el salto que el troceo abre al reabrir la plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 177»

«However, it could be relevant that the name of one of the first-known Oscan farces is Satoumos, written by Blaesus of Capreae in the third century BC»Apunta en nota un dato posiblemente relevante: una de las primeras farsas oscas conocidas se llamaba *Satoumos* y la escribió Bleso de Capri en el siglo III a. C.

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 177»

«Of course, the most celebrated name in this connection is Bakhtin, whose views of the camivalesque aspects of ancient comedy have been analyzed and partially criticized by Rosier»Y el nombre más célebre en esa conexión es Bajtín, cuya mirada sobre lo carnavalesco de la comedia antigua analizó y criticó en parte Rösler

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 177»

«reversed world, where respectable Roman senators are worsted and become puppets in the hands of their cunning slaves.»La *fabula palliata* ofrece una imagen del mundo invertido, donde senadores romanos respetables llevan la peor parte y se vuelven títeres en manos de sus esclavos astutos. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 177»

«Finally, a peculiar Saturnalian genre is represented by the so-called 'Kneipgesetze': mock laws with instructions concerning the stomaching of impossible amounts of food or drink.»Un género saturnal peculiar: las *Kneipgesetze*, leyes burlescas con instrucciones sobre cómo tragarse cantidades imposibles de comida o bebida

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 178»

«One of these leges convivales, a lex Tappula, was mentioned by Festus108 and a bronze tablet with its very mutilated text turned up a hundred years ago»Una de esas *leges convivales*, la *lex Tappula*, la menciona Festo, y hace cien años apareció una tablilla de bronce con su texto muy mutilado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 178»

«Although the content of the law is lost, the praescriptio, which parodies official legislation, has been preserved. The names of the rogatores are mentioned: Multivorus, Properocibus, Mero, which obviously refer to gluttony and drinking»Aunque el contenido de la ley se perdió, se conservó la *praescriptio*, que parodia la legislación oficial y nombra a los *rogatores* Multívoro, Properocibo y Mero, que aluden a la glotonería y a la bebida

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 178»

«One of the most interesting features is its dating: a.d. XI K Und[ecembr(es)j: 'the eleventh day before the Kalends of the [non-existent] eleventh month', which is clearly a joke and strongly reminiscent of the number eleven as the fool»Uno de los rasgos más interesantes es su fecha: el día undécimo antes de las calendas del inexistente mes undécimo, broma que recuerda con fuerza el número once como número del loco en la tradición carnavalesca moderna; el tramo corta antes de la palabra siguiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 179»

«What is more, whatever the precise calculation 111 , it will always fall in the Saturnalian period.»Y sea cual sea el cálculo exacto, esa fecha cae siempre en el periodo saturnal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 179»

«Nor does this exhaust the allusions to the Saturnalia: the first vote lies with the tribus Satureia»Ni ahí se agotan las alusiones a las Saturnales, porque el primer voto toca a la *tribus Satureia*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 179»

«This can be understood as a word play on both satur and Saturnalia, but at the same time as a political pun on the tribunus plebis Saturninus who had issued a series of coins showing the head of Saturn in the decade before 100 BC and who was continuously involved in tribunician legislation concerning free corn supply»Eso cabe entenderlo como juego de palabras sobre *satur* y Saturnalia y a la vez como pulla política contra el tribuno de la plebe Saturnino, que había emitido monedas con la cabeza de Saturno en la década anterior al 100 a. C. y andaba metido de continuo en legislación sobre el reparto gratuito de grano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 179»

«Theatrical status-reversal often functions as the conductor of social or political tensions»La inversión teatral de estatus funciona a menudo como conductora de tensiones sociales o políticas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 179»

«And just as frequently happened during Carnival in early modern history115, people might be suddenly tempted to change illusion into reality.»Y como pasaba con frecuencia en el carnaval de la primera modernidad, la gente podía sentir de pronto la tentación de convertir la ilusión en realidad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 179»

«We have already referred to what happened in Sicily in 135 BC when the slaves revolted against their Roman masters and their leader Eunous adopted the title of king and had his former masters wait on him. Similarly, in the fourth century AD the Circumcellions, a marginal and allegedly revolutionary group of deprived labourers with millenarian tendencies had their carts pulled by their former lords»Recuerda lo ocurrido en Sicilia en el 135 a. C., cuando los esclavos se rebelaron contra sus amos romanos y su jefe Eunoo tomó el título de rey e hizo que sus antiguos amos lo sirvieran, y los circunceliones del siglo IV d. C., grupo marginal de jornaleros desposeídos con tendencias milenaristas, que hacían tirar de sus carros a sus antiguos señores

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 180»

«The Romans were clearly aware of this dangerous potential of Saturnalian euphoria. Cic. Cat. 3, 10, reports that during the Catilinarian revolt the rebels under Cethegus wanted to start their coup against the state on the day of the Saturnalia, and Diodorus (FHG II, p. XXVI) explains that they planned to send murderers to the houses of the senators on that very day because then the houses were open to welcome the clients with their presents.»Y los romanos eran muy conscientes de ese potencial peligroso de la euforia saturnal: Cicerón cuenta que en la revuelta de Catilina los rebeldes de Cetego quisieron empezar su golpe el día de las Saturnales, y Diodoro explica que planeaban mandar asesinos a las casas de los senadores ese mismo día porque entonces estaban abiertas para recibir a los clientes con sus regalos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 180»

«When the emperor Claudius sent his influential freedman Narcissus to mutinous troops and the latter took the word in an attempt to redress order, the soldiers shouted "Io Saturnalia", insultingly alluding to the real role-reversal of the ex-slave»Y cuando Claudio mandó a su liberto influyente Narciso ante unas tropas amotinadas y este tomó la palabra para restablecer el orden, los soldados gritaron *io Saturnalia*, aludiendo con insulto a la inversión real de papeles del ex esclavo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 180»

«Accordingly, as in all festivals of legitimate rebellion, the anomie of the Saturnalia was subject to restrictions on its duration: non semper Saturnalia erunt (the Saturnalia will not last for ever) is a proverbial expression»Como en todas las fiestas de rebelión legítima, la *anomia* de las Saturnales estaba limitada en su duración: no siempre habrá Saturnales es expresión proverbial

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 180»

«although the very rich sometimes gave the impression that they semper Saturnalia agunt (always celebrate the Saturnalia»Aunque los muy ricos daban a veces la impresión de celebrar Saturnales siempre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 180»

«Whoever wishes to protract its duration-i.e. project illusion on real life-is either a real fool or a real rebel. The combination of these two qualities is the material of which millenarism is made.»Y quien quiera alargar su duración, es decir proyectar la ilusión sobre la vida real, es o un loco de verdad o un rebelde de verdad, y la combinación de esas dos cualidades es la materia de que está hecho el milenarismo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 180»

«Later on we shall observe that both foolish satire and millenarian vision freely exploit Saturnalian imagery when giving shape to conceptions of the undesirable reign of a fool or the impossible reign of a messiah.»Y anuncia que tanto la sátira bufa como la visión milenarista explotan con libertad las imágenes saturnales al dar forma a la concepción del reinado indeseable de un loco o del reinado imposible de un mesías

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 180»

«The origins of the god Saturn lie hidden in the shades of prehistory, a twilight which tends to foster a profusion of theories. When I venture into this field it is not in the hope of discovering the original nature of the god but in the conviction that we can at least detect one of his essential functions, and particularly the one that formed the trait d'union with and lies at the origins of the Saturnalia.»Abre el apartado de los orígenes: los del dios Saturno se esconden en las sombras de la prehistoria, penumbra que suele alentar una profusión de teorías, y si él se aventura ahí no es con la esperanza de descubrir la naturaleza original del dios sino con la convicción de que cabe detectar al menos una de sus funciones esenciales, la que hizo de lazo con las Saturnales y está en su origen

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 181»

«if not identical, to that which is played out during revolutions.»Las imágenes están muy cerca de las que se representan en las revoluciones, si no son las mismas. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 180»

«Unfortunately, those scholars who-correctly, in my opinion-reject the association with sowing, generally do not advance beyond an extremely vague characterization of Saturn, as for instance: "un dieu de la fertilite et de la fecondite»Lamenta que quienes rechazan con razón la asociación con la siembra no pasen de una caracterización vaguísima de Saturno, como dios de la fertilidad y de la fecundidad; el OCR pierde los acentos del francés

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 182»

«When we are dealing with a Roman god, belonging to a pantheon marked by 'specialization', this is particularly unsatisfactory, to say the least.»Y tratándose de un dios romano, de un panteón marcado por la especialización, eso le parece particularmente insatisfactorio, por decir poco

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 182»

«The success of any attempt to reach a more precise characterization of (one of) the original functions of the god depends on the satisfaction of two conditions. One is the obligation to offer a convincing and natural explanation of the calendrical position of the Saturnalia; the other is the necessity to elucidate the nature of the cultic and ritual elements of this festival in the light of its original function.»Pone dos condiciones a toda caracterización más precisa de las funciones originales del dios: explicar de modo convincente y natural la posición calendárica de las Saturnales, y aclarar la naturaleza de los elementos cúlticos y rituales de la fiesta a la luz de esa función original

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 182»

«The Saturnalia occupy a position exactly between the Consualia of the 15th and the Opalia of the 19th of December. We find a similar triad in August: Consualia on the 21st, Opiconsivia on the 25th and the Volcanalia in between, on the 23rd.»Las Saturnales ocupan una posición exactamente entre las Consualia del 15 y las Opalia del 19 de diciembre, y hay una tríada semejante en agosto: Consualia el 21, Opiconsivia el 25 y en medio, el 23, las Volcanalia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 182»

«the corn was stored in the silos or barns (condere) 125 . The god who controls this activity is Consus»A fines de agosto el grano se almacenaba en silos o graneros, *condere*, y el dios que controla esa actividad es Conso. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 183»

«The abundance of the stored corn harvest represents the wealth of the agrarian community: Ops Consiva»La abundancia de la cosecha almacenada representa la riqueza de la comunidad agraria: Ops Consiva; el troceo parte el nombre en el renglón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 183»

«Between the action of storage and the permanent result embodied in the stored supplies, there is a moment of attention for the dangers that threaten agriculture and its products. During the Volcanalia, Vulcanus is propitiated with a 'sacrifice' of living fishes thrown into the fire»Entre la acción de almacenar y el resultado permanente de las reservas hay un momento de atención a los peligros que amenazan a la agricultura y sus productos: en las Volcanalia se propicia a Vulcano con un sacrificio de peces vivos arrojados al fuego

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 183»

«Even allowing for the beneficial functions of fire 127 , it cannot be denied that Vulcanus' dangerous and frightening forces predominate. This is the threat that is ritually bought off.»Y aun contando con las funciones benéficas del fuego, no cabe negar que predominan las fuerzas peligrosas y espantosas de Vulcano: esa es la amenaza que el rito compra

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 183»

«Taken together, the various functions and the interrelationship of these three festivals in August are clear. The same cannot be said of the three festivals in December.»Las funciones y la relación de las tres fiestas de agosto son claras, dice, y no cabe decir lo mismo de las tres de diciembre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 183»

«The December festivals have been interpreted as the celebration of the necessary inspection of the stock128; as the end of the period of threshing129; as the termination of the sowing season 130; and as the festival of the olive harvest»Las fiestas de diciembre se han interpretado como celebración de la inspección necesaria de las existencias, como fin del periodo de la trilla, como término de la temporada de siembra y como fiesta de la cosecha de la aceituna

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 183»

«has convincingly objected to these theories. They are not supported by the ancient evidence and they fail to fulfil the requirements of the agricultural year136 . Worst of all, they fail to take account of the overt parallelism with the festivals of August»Dumézil objetó de modo convincente a esas teorías: no las sostienen los testimonios antiguos, no cumplen los requisitos del año agrícola y, lo peor, no dan cuenta del paralelismo manifiesto con las fiestas de agosto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 184»

«The Roman polymath here asserts that nemo fructus condit nisi ut promat, and gives three major reasons why people promunt condita (bring to light the stored products): for better protection, for consumption and for reasons of trade.»El polímata romano afirma que nadie almacena frutos sino para sacarlos, y da tres razones mayores por las que se saca lo almacenado: mejor protección, consumo y comercio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 184»

«In ch. 69 he gives an additional motive: part of the spelt is reserved ad sationem»Y en el capítulo 69 añade otro motivo: parte de la escanda se reserva para la siembra; el tramo corta antes del paréntesis

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 184»

«Here it also appears that any of these different motives has its proper, specific point of time.»Y ahí se ve también que cada motivo tiene su momento propio y específico

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 184»

«The most important motive, that of consumption, is connected with wintertime:Jar quod in spicis condideris per messem et ad usus cibatus expedire velis, promendum hieme, ut in pistrino pinsatur ac torreatur»El motivo más importante, el del consumo, va con el invierno: la escanda almacenada en espiga durante la siega y destinada a comida se saca en invierno para molerla y tostarla en el molino

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 184»

«This attractive interpretation of the functional duplication of the two cycles-the one in August being intended for storage (condere) and the one in December for the first bringing out of part of the supply (promere)-can be supported by an argument which Dumezil has failed to notice, but which in my opinion provides decisive proof of its correctness.»Y anuncia que esa interpretación de la duplicación funcional de los dos ciclos —el de agosto para almacenar y el de diciembre para sacar por primera vez parte de la reserva— puede apoyarse con un argumento que Dumézil no advirtió y que a su juicio la prueba de modo decisivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 185»

«cycle and regard it as: the festival of the closure of the year (condere annum132 ; a festival of the definitive setting of the sun, which sinks into the earth (condere) at the end of the year133 ; or a festival for the dead (Consus as a god of the mundus»Otros la sacan del ciclo agrario y la tienen por fiesta del cierre del año, o del ocaso definitivo del sol que se hunde en la tierra al final del año, o por fiesta de los muertos, con Conso como dios del *mundus*. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 184»

«receive a natural explanation if regarded as the ritual celebration of the opening of the silos or granaries in order to produce (promere) the corn necessary for consumptive (or other) purposes.»Las fiestas de diciembre, justo antes del solsticio de invierno, se entienden con naturalidad como celebración ritual de la apertura de los silos o graneros para sacar el grano necesario para el consumo o para otros fines. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 185»

«Another illuminating contribution by Dumezil140 is his analysis of the different names of the deities. Consus is the same god in August and December: he is and remains the protector of the stored supplies. But the Ops of August is emphatically restricted to the kind of wealth that consists of the corn supply (Ops Consiva), whereas in December the nature of her wealth is not subject to restrictions.»Otra aportación esclarecedora de Dumézil, el análisis de los nombres divinos: Conso es el mismo dios en agosto y en diciembre, protector de las reservas almacenadas, mientras la Ops de agosto se ciñe con énfasis a la riqueza del grano, Ops Consiva, y la de diciembre no tiene restricción

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 186»

«The corn produced from the barns is now free and available for economic manipulation: it becomes 'wealth' in the more economic and broad meaning of the word.»Porque el grano sacado de los graneros queda libre y disponible para la manipulación económica: se vuelve riqueza en el sentido económico y ancho de la palabra

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 186»

«Whereas Dumezil does not mention Saturn and the Saturnalia 141 , Pouthier pays attention to the entire complex of the three festivals of December and the position of the Saturnalia among them. The result, however, is disappointing.»Dumézil no menciona a Saturno ni las Saturnales; Pouthier atiende al complejo entero de las tres fiestas de diciembre y a la posición de las Saturnales, pero el resultado le parece decepcionante

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 186»

«I believe that we have only to follow the direction indicated by Dumezil to make substantial progress in the interpretation of the god, his 'parhedros' Lua, and his cult and ritual.»Declara su apuesta: basta seguir la dirección que Dumézil señaló para avanzar de veras en la interpretación del dios, de su *parhedros* Lua y de su culto y su rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 187»

«As we have seen, the Volcanalia marked a point of crisis, a moment of retardation and stagnation between the action of storing and the happy results of this activity. The crisis is here represented in the image of the most fearful catastrophe that threatens the harvest: fire.»Las Volcanalia marcaban un punto de crisis, momento de retardo y estancamiento entre la acción de almacenar y sus resultados felices, y la crisis se representa ahí con la imagen de la catástrofe más temida para la cosecha: el fuego

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 187»

«We have also seen that the festivals of December present a reversed order: instead of storing and 'burying' (condere) the harvest, it is now opportune to bring out the buried corn from its depository (promere).»Las fiestas de diciembre presentan el orden invertido: en vez de almacenar y enterrar la cosecha, toca sacar el grano enterrado de su depósito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 187»

«During this festive cycle there is also a moment 'in between', which marks a retardation between the situation of the hidden supplies and the action of the production. Now, there is only one natural candidate for the function ritualized in this critical moment, namely the action of removing or opening the barrier which has so far kept locked the hidden supplies.»Y en ese ciclo hay también un momento intermedio que marca un retardo entre la situación de las reservas escondidas y la acción de sacarlas, para el que solo ve un candidato natural: la acción de quitar o abrir la barrera que hasta entonces tenía cerradas las reservas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 187»

«Among the great crisis ceremonies of pre-industrial societies one of the most important and ubiquitous is the opening of the stores, either of wine or of food, and the first partaking of the primitiae»Entre las grandes ceremonias de crisis de las sociedades preindustriales, una de las más importantes y ubicuas es la apertura de las reservas, de vino o de comida, y el primer consumo de las *primitiae*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 187»

«No other festival carries such ambivalent connotations: there is the happy expectation of affluence, but at the same time there is anxiety at»Ninguna otra fiesta trae connotaciones tan ambivalentes, porque hay expectativa feliz de abundancia y a la vez angustia; el tramo corta antes de la palabra siguiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 187»

«various levels: concern about the quality of the stock, which is now inspected for the first time and which may have suffered from decay.144 Furthermore, there is the awareness that with this action an irreversible first step has been taken on the way towards total consumption of the reserves. Last but not least, there is the fear of the envy of gods or demons, which preferably strikes human society at these critical moments on the border-line between hopes and fears, affluence and hunger.»Y desglosa esa angustia: preocupación por la calidad de las existencias, inspeccionadas ahora por primera vez y quizá dañadas; conciencia de que con esa acción se ha dado un primer paso irreversible hacia el consumo total de las reservas; y, no menos, el miedo a la envidia de dioses o demonios, que golpea de preferencia en esos momentos críticos, en la frontera entre esperanzas y temores, abundancia y hambre. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 188»

«Our inference that the roots of the Saturnalia must be sought in the critical and ambivalent ceremony of the opening of the corn stores can be supported by other evidence.»Y resume su inferencia: las raíces de las Saturnales hay que buscarlas en la ceremonia crítica y ambivalente de la apertura de los graneros, cosa que otros testimonios apoyan

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 188»

«In a convincing discussion Pouthier145 has pointed out that the note of the Fasti Amiternini on December 19: OPAL(IA) Fer(iae) Opi. Opi ad Forum, cannot but refer to a place on the margins of the Forum, somewhere in the vicinity of the temple of Saturn, a position that mirrors the calendrical vicinity and the functional relationship of these two gods»Pouthier mostró de modo convincente que la nota de los *Fasti Amiternini* sobre el 19 de diciembre solo puede remitir a un lugar en los márgenes del Foro, en la vecindad del templo de Saturno, posición que refleja la vecindad calendárica y la relación funcional de los dos dioses

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 188»

«convincingly demonstrates that this identification is due to a misunderstanding: the Volcanal should be sought in the area of, or even exactly below the Lapis Niger150. The little building near the rostra, which thus has become anonymous, is to be identified with the ancient ara Saturni, whose location, according to tradition, was indeed in front of the temple of Saturn»Coarelli muestra de modo convincente que esa identificación viene de un malentendido: el Volcanal ha de buscarse en la zona del Lapis Niger o justo bajo él, y el edificio pequeño junto a los rostros, ahora anónimo, ha de identificarse con la antigua *ara Saturni*, cuya ubicación estaba por tradición frente al templo de Saturno

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 189»

«records a sacellum Ditis a rae Saturni cohaerens (a small sanctuary of Dis Pater immediately adjacent to the altar of Saturn»Macrobio registra un *sacellum* de Dis Pater pegado al altar de Saturno

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 189»

«also says: nee patente mundo, quod sacrum Diti patri et Proserpinae dicatum est»Y Macrobio dice también que no se actuaba con el *mundus* abierto, lugar sagrado consagrado a Dis Pater y a Proserpina; el OCR imprime *nee* por *nec*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 189»

«canal. This place of the fire ofVulcanus had strong chthonic connotations; people that had been killed by lightning were buried there»Desde Boni, la construcción pequeña de bloques de toba tras los rostros se identificó con el Volcanal, lugar del fuego de Vulcano con connotaciones ctónicas fuertes donde se enterraba a los muertos por rayo; el tramo arranca en la segunda mitad de la palabra que el troceo parte al saltar de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 189»

«Combining these pieces of information, Coarelli proposes to identify the subterranean sanctuary of Dis pater with the mundus.»Coarelli propone, combinando esos datos, identificar el santuario subterráneo de Dis Pater con el *mundus*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 190»

«If that is correct, as I think it is, we have now two topographical data on this little construction: it is adjacent to the altar of Saturn (as reported by Macrobius) and it is a pit which is situated "somewhere around the present comitium", as Plutarch, Romul. 11, 2, records.»Y Versnel lo da por correcto: quedan así dos datos topográficos sobre esa construcción pequeña, que linda con el altar de Saturno según Macrobio y que es un pozo situado, según Plutarco, en algún punto alrededor del comicio actual

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 190»

«Now it so happens that there is indeed a round brick construction at a distance of some 30 em. from the ara Saturni, which is generally identified as the umbilicus Romae, the 'navel' of Rome»Y resulta que hay una construcción redonda de ladrillo a unos treinta centímetros del *ara Saturni*, identificada en general con el *umbilicus Romae*, el ombligo de Roma

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 190»

«Moreover, since we know from Plutarch l.c. (cf. Ovid Fast. 4, 819 ff.) that Romulus drew the circle of the sulcus primigenius (first furrow, ritual act of foundation of a city) with the mundus as central point153 , we are prepared for the following identification: mundus and umbilicus are the twin components that together form one composite construction, which serves as the centre of the city»Y como Rómulo trazó el círculo del *sulcus primigenius* con el *mundus* por centro, propone la identificación: *mundus* y *umbilicus* son los dos componentes gemelos de una sola construcción compuesta que sirve de centro de la ciudad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 190»

«Several sources describe the umbilicus (Greek omphalos) as the place where the centre of human society is anchored in the depths of the earth»Varias fuentes describen el *umbilicus*, el *omphalos* griego, como el lugar donde el centro de la sociedad humana queda anclado en las honduras de la tierra

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 190»

«This mundus bore the chthonic connotations of the realm of death, on the one hand, and of cereal fertility, on the other»Ese *mundus* llevaba las connotaciones ctónicas del reino de la muerte por un lado y de la fertilidad cerealera por el otro, con el *mundus Cereris* de referencia; el tramo corta antes del paréntesis

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 191»

«Finally, Coarelli illuminatingly adduces a report in the Scholia Bern. adVerg. Eel. 3, 104, that the mundus was the place where every year descendebat puer quo cognosceret anni proventus ad sacra celebranda.»Y Coarelli aduce con acierto una noticia de los escolios berneses a Virgilio: cada año descendía un muchacho al *mundus* para conocer el rendimiento del año con vistas a la celebración de los ritos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 191»

«In the wake of earlier scholars he interprets this as follows: ''every year a boy would descend into the mundus in order to vaticinate the (cereal) yield of the coming year with respect to the celebration of a sacred ritual»Y la interpreta, siguiendo a estudiosos anteriores, como que cada año un muchacho bajaba al *mundus* a vaticinar el rendimiento cerealero del año que venía con vistas a la celebración de un rito sagrado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 191»

«Not only does this clearly confirm the cereal function ofthe mundus, as an image ofthe communal corn silo»Eso, dice, no solo sostiene la función cerealera del *mundus* como imagen del silo comunitario; el OCR pega *ofthe* dos veces

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 191»

«umbilicus is the visible counterpart of the circular subterranean room of the mundus, which by its nature was identified with the sacellum Ditis.»Coarelli concluye que la construcción circular del *umbilicus* es la contraparte visible de la sala subterránea circular del *mundus*, identificada por su naturaleza con el *sacellum* de Dis. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 191»

«but it also has a striking parallel at Praeneste. Under a small sanctuary of Fortuna, who is represented with two infants (sometimes identified as Iuppiter and I uno), a pit has been discovered, which no doubt should be identified as the mundus which had a central function in the oracular practice at Praeneste. Again it was a boy who was to produce the sortes for consultation»Y tiene además un paralelo llamativo en Preneste: bajo un santuario pequeño de Fortuna, representada con dos infantes a veces identificados con Júpiter y Juno, se halló un pozo que sin duda ha de identificarse con el *mundus* de función central en la práctica oracular, donde también era un muchacho quien producía las *sortes* para la consulta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 191»

«By way of provisional conclusion Coarelli suggests that this evidence is relevant for both the chthonic and the cereal aspects of Saturn (as combined with his 'parhedros' Ops), who probably controlled the mundus, being the symbolic storeroom of the buried corn supply.»Y la conclusión provisional de Coarelli: esos testimonios valen para los aspectos ctónicos y cerealeros de Saturno, unido a su *parhedros* Ops, que probablemente controlaba el *mundus* como almacén simbólico de la reserva de grano enterrada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 192»

«In this function he was later replaced by Dis pater (the 'rich father'), and retained the aerarium as his sole responsibility.»Y en esa función lo reemplazó después Dis Pater, el padre rico, quedándole a él solo el *aerarium*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 192»

«The extensive expose of these brilliant combinations finds its justification, I hope, in the fact that they splendidly fit into the Saturnian scenery that I have so far tried to sketch and by the additional elucidation it will provide.»Justifica la exposición larga de esas combinaciones brillantes porque encajan espléndidamente en el escenario saturnal que ha venido dibujando y por lo que aclaran de más

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 192»

«In the first place, there is still another strong argument for associating the umbilicus with Saturn.»Primera observación añadida: hay otro argumento fuerte para asociar el *umbilicus* con Saturno

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 192»

«The Greek Kronos, as we have seen, was firmly connected with the existence of an omphalos at Delphi, traditionally regarded as the stone he once had spit out.»El Cronos griego estaba firmemente ligado a la existencia de un *omphalos* en Delfos, tenido por tradición por la piedra que él escupió

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 192»

«I would regard this as the mythical expression of the idea that the stone originated in primeval times and, on the brink of history, fixed the centre of the world159 , just as this was done by the mundus /umbilicus in Rome.»Y lo lee como expresión mítica de la idea de que la piedra nació en tiempos primordiales y, al filo de la historia, fijó el centro del mundo, igual que el *mundus* y el *umbilicus* en Roma

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 192»

«My second remark concerns the descent of the boy into the mundus. Admittedly, the ceremony of the mundus patet is not attested for the month December (the three dates are August 24th-pointing to a connection with the Consualia!-, October 5th and November 8th»Segunda observación: sobre el descenso del muchacho al *mundus* reconoce que la ceremonia del *mundus patet* no está atestiguada en diciembre, porque las tres fechas son el 24 de agosto —que apunta a una conexión con las Consualia—, el 5 de octubre y el 8 de noviembre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 192»

«the ritual regulations concerning the days of the mundus patet are identical with the ones of the Saturnalia, so the relationship is not restricted to topography but includes the character and the general atmosphere of the two ceremonies.»Las reglas rituales de los días del *mundus patet* son idénticas a las de las Saturnales, de modo que la relación no se limita a la topografía sino que abarca el carácter y la atmósfera general de las dos ceremonias. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 193»

«The calendrical position of the Saturnalia on the 17th of December, its place exactly between the Consualia and the Opalia, and the parallelism with the three related festivals of August led us to the inference that the festival must have originated as the ceremony through which the hidden corn supply was made accessible for inspection and consumption.»La posición calendárica de las Saturnales el 17 de diciembre, entre Consualia y Opalia, y el paralelismo con las tres fiestas de agosto llevan a inferir que la fiesta nació como ceremonia por la que la reserva escondida de grano se volvía accesible para inspección y consumo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 193»

«This conclusion is substantially corroborated by our inquiry into the topographical data: Saturn was topographically closely connected with the 'Rich Father' Dispater and his mundus, a subterranean space that was in some way or other associated with the hidden corn supply.»Y los datos topográficos apoyan esa conclusión: Saturno estaba ligado de cerca al Padre Rico, Dispáter, y a su *mundus*, espacio subterráneo asociado de algún modo a la reserva escondida de grano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 193»

«I would point out that the opening and inspection of the hidden corn supply-the original kernel of the Saturnalia on our supposition-can be precisely expressed by the words quoted: quo cognosceret anni proventus.»Señala que la apertura e inspección de la reserva escondida, núcleo original de las Saturnales según su suposición, se expresa con precisión en esas palabras

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 193»

«As a matter of fact, the traditional interpretation: ''in order to vaticinate the yield of the coming year'' does not really suit the Latin phrase, since neither cognoscere nor proventus has prospective connotations.»Objeta que la interpretación tradicional, vaticinar el rendimiento del año que viene, no cuadra con la frase latina, porque ni *cognoscere* ni *proventus* tienen connotaciones prospectivas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 193»

«It is therefore possible, and to my mind even obvious, to interpret the (legendary) custom of the descending puer as an image of the opening of the silos, the inspection of the stores and the concomitant atmosphere of tension and expectancy.»Y por eso le parece posible y aun obvio leer la costumbre legendaria del *puer* que desciende como imagen de la apertura de los silos, la inspección de las reservas y la atmósfera de tensión y expectativa que las acompaña

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 193»

«Fortuna unites aspects offertility and prognostication. Her name is related tofero/ feraxljertilis, on the one hand, and tofors, on the other»Fortuna une aspectos de fertilidad y de pronóstico, y su nombre se emparienta con *fero*, *ferax* y *fertilis* por un lado y con *fors* por el otro; el OCR pega *offertility*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 194»

«The foundation of her sanctuary had been instigated by a prodigium: mel ex oleafluxisse dicunt (they say that honey was seen streaming from an olive-tree»La fundación de su santuario la provocó un prodigio: dicen que manó miel de un olivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 194»

«Now, streams of honey pouring spontaneously from a tree (a fortiori when this is a tree which itself produces one of the essential victuals) belong to the basic images of the abundance of the Golden Age»Y los chorros de miel que manan solos de un árbol, con más razón de uno que produce por sí un alimento esencial, pertenecen a las imágenes básicas de la abundancia de la Edad de Oro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 194»

«has explained the curious image of Fortuna Primigenia (the 'original' or 'first-one') nursing the infant puer Jupiter at Praeneste as the expression of the precosmic period when Iupiter had not yet inaugurated the rules and norms of orderly society and in which all things still lay in the womb of time, i.e. in the ambiguous power of Fortuna. The destinies had not yet been fixed and all options were open.»Brelich explicó la imagen curiosa de Fortuna Primigenia amamantando al Júpiter niño en Preneste como expresión del periodo precósmico en que Júpiter no había inaugurado aún las reglas y normas de la sociedad ordenada y todo yacía todavía en el vientre del tiempo, es decir en el poder ambiguo de Fortuna, con los destinos sin fijar y todas las opciones abiertas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 194»

«This, then, finds its reflection in the oracular function of Praenestine Fortuna. The sortes, which are conditae and are only recovered (tolluntur) at the day of the festival of the goddess (11-12th of April), refer to the indeterminate ambiguity of the time between the times, the caesura in wich the kosmos is temporarily suspended and precosmic ambiguity returns»Y eso se refleja en la función oracular de la Fortuna prenestina: las *sortes*, guardadas y recuperadas solo el día de la fiesta de la diosa, remiten a la ambigüedad indeterminada del tiempo entre los tiempos, cesura en que el *kosmos* queda suspendido por un rato y vuelve la ambigüedad precósmica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 194»

«Fors Fortuna was a goddess particularly worshipped by slaves and the poor with a hilarious festival of a carnivalesque nature»Anota en nota que Fors Fortuna era diosa venerada sobre todo por esclavos y pobres con una fiesta hilarante de naturaleza carnavalesca

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 195»

«on the occasion of their manumissio, ex-slaves devoted little figurines with a pilleus to the goddess»Y que al ser manumitidos los ex esclavos consagraban a la diosa figurillas con *pilleus*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 195»

«Returning to Saturn, we have seen that this god, who was both the father and predecessor oflupiter, was also represented as having reigned in the period before the creation of cosmic history (or who introduced the preconditions for the creation of human civilization»Vuelve a Saturno: padre y predecesor de Júpiter, se lo representaba también como quien reinó en el periodo anterior a la creación de la historia cósmica, o como quien introdujo las condiciones previas de la civilización humana; el OCR pega *oflupiter*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 195»

«With respect to the mundus close to his altar, Plutarch Romul. 11 specifies that Rome's foundation was accompanied by a ritual in which all the would-be inhabitants, gathered from a great number of foreign cities, threw a handful of earth from their native land into the pit, which henceforth served as the centre of the new city.»Plutarco precisa que la fundación de Roma fue acompañada de un rito en que todos los futuros habitantes, reunidos desde muchas ciudades extranjeras, echaron al pozo un puñado de tierra de su país natal, y el pozo sirvió desde entonces de centro de la ciudad nueva

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 195»

«This is clearly an act of sunoikismos168 , an act of creation of a cosmos out of a precosmic chaos without contours-neither centre nor boundaries-, social or political institutions.»Y lo lee como acto de *sunoikismos*, creación de un cosmos a partir de un caos precósmico sin contornos, sin centro ni fronteras ni instituciones sociales o políticas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 195»

«This interpretation fits in perfectly with the legend of Romulus, who lured a bunch of bandits, outlaws and apoleis to the place of future Rome by offering them asulia»Y encaja, dice, con la leyenda de Rómulo, que atrajo al lugar de la futura Roma a un puñado de bandidos, proscritos y apátridas ofreciéndoles asilo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 195»

«says that Romulus consecrated the place between the Capitol and the citadel which is today called 'inter duos lucos', and made it an asylum for suppliants»Dionisio de Halicarnaso dice que Rómulo consagró el lugar entre el Capitolio y la ciudadela, hoy llamado *inter duos lucos*, y lo hizo asilo de suplicantes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 195»

«in the asylum (hieron phuximon) all types were admitted and he did not hand over slaves to their masters, nor labourers to their creditors, nor murderers to the authorities»Y Plutarco es aún más explícito: en el asilo se admitía a toda clase de gente y no se entregaba a los esclavos a sus amos, ni a los jornaleros a sus acreedores, ni a los asesinos a las autoridades

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 196»

«Similarly, Livy 1, 8, 6, says that asuleia was offered to everyone irrespective liber an servus esset»Y Livio dice igualmente que se ofreció asilo a todos, fueran libres o esclavos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 196»

«The Romulean creation of orderly society out of anomie chaos was thus preceded and conditioned by a genuinely 'Saturnalian' intermezzo in which the slave is freed, the debtor cannot be called to account and the guilty cannot be persecuted»Y la conclusión: la creación romulea de una sociedad ordenada a partir del caos anómico estuvo precedida y condicionada por un intermezzo genuinamente saturnal en que el esclavo queda libre, al deudor no se le puede reclamar y al culpable no se le puede perseguir

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 196»

«This mythical imagery concerning the critical moment 'in between' has an exact parallel in the reversed rules of anomy during the actual Saturnalia.»Y esas imágenes míticas del momento crítico intermedio tienen paralelo exacto en las reglas invertidas de la *anomia* durante las Saturnales reales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 196»

«Now, the crowning piece of these revealing associations is that the Romulean asylum, place of 'Saturnalian' acquittal and liberation, was situated between the two summits of the Capitolium.»Y el remate: el asilo romuleo, lugar saturnal de absolución y liberación, estaba situado entre las dos cumbres del Capitolio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 196»

«So we observe a strong parallelism in the myths of Saturn and Romulus. Saturn is an exsul and as such associated with chaos and lack of standards.»Y observa un paralelismo fuerte entre los mitos de Saturno y de Rómulo: Saturno es *exsul* y por eso se asocia al caos y a la falta de normas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 196»

«founds a mythical Utopia of order and peace. Similarly, Romulus, exsul in the social and political chaos of pre-Roman 'history', as the first king creates a historical realm of social order.»Y a la vez, como primer rey en la Italia precultural, funda una utopía mítica de orden y paz, igual que Rómulo, *exsul* en el caos social y político de la historia preromana, crea como primer rey un reino histórico de orden social. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 197»

«Both mythical founders thus unite the two extremes of Aristotle's expression (Pol. 1253a 5): "A man that is by nature and not merely by fortune city-less (apolis) is either low on the scale of humanity or above it»Los dos fundadores míticos unen así los dos extremos de la frase de Aristóteles: quien por naturaleza y no por azar carece de ciudad está por debajo de la escala de lo humano o por encima de ella

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 197»

«Both creations are prepared by images of Saturnalian reversal and the liberation of the fettered.»Y las dos creaciones vienen preparadas por imágenes de inversión saturnal y de liberación de los encadenados

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 197»

«Just like the Volcanalia, the Saturnalia functioned as a moment of stagnation and awareness of crisis between the two surrounding festivals. Whereas the former articulated the critical moment preceding the storage of the corn, the latter ritualized the moment of anxiety during the opening of the barn.»Hace balance: como las Volcanalia, las Saturnales funcionaban como momento de estancamiento y de conciencia de crisis entre las dos fiestas que las rodean; aquellas articulaban el momento crítico previo al almacenamiento del grano y estas ritualizaban el momento de angustia de la apertura del granero

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 197»

«In the context of the immediately adjacent structures of ara Saturni, mundus, and umbilicus-even if they cannot be as positively identified as Coarelli supposed-(not to mention the legendary asylum) we descry a conjunction of the following motifs: the care for the hidden cereal treasures, the creation of temporary connections between world and subterranean space, and the tensions and ambiguities connected with these critical moments.»Y lo que se divisa en el conjunto de *ara Saturni*, *mundus* y *umbilicus*, y del asilo legendario: el cuidado de los tesoros cerealeros escondidos, la creación de conexiones temporales entre el mundo y el espacio subterráneo, y las tensiones y ambigüedades ligadas a esos momentos críticos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 197»

«It is highly significant that the taboos connected with the Saturnalia also applied to the days of patet mundus»Y le parece muy significativo que los tabúes ligados a las Saturnales valieran también para los días del *mundus patet*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 197»

«On two levels-the mythical and the pseudo-historical-there are identical references to the imagery of the Saturnalian 'intermezzo' in the period between chaos and cosmos, immediately preceding the creation of a realm of order by a primordial king.»Y en dos niveles, el mítico y el pseudohistórico, halla referencias idénticas a las imágenes del intermezzo saturnal en el periodo entre caos y cosmos, justo antes de la creación de un reino de orden por un rey primordial

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 197»

«One divine person closely connected with Saturn has gone unrecorded so far: Lua (Saturni). The following discussion has a twofold purpose: it provides a new interpretation of the nature of this goddess; and, by doing so, it completes the picture of Saturn's primordial occupations.»Y anuncia la figura que faltaba: Lua Saturni, con una interpretación nueva de su naturaleza que completará el cuadro de las ocupaciones primordiales de Saturno

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 197»

«Although, as we have seen, scholars generally agree on the etymology of the name (related to luollues 172), there is no agreement whatsoever as to the nature of the goddess Lua»Aunque hay acuerdo general sobre la etimología del nombre, ligado a *luo* y *lues*, no lo hay en absoluto sobre la naturaleza de la diosa Lua

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 198»

«A small minority of scholars regard her as an exclusively mild and benificent power who has the control over the germination of the seed»Una minoría pequeña la tiene por poder exclusivamente benigno y benéfico que controla la germinación de la semilla

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 198»

«according to many others, she has a purely negative nature, since her name betrays the function of 'destruction'»Muchos otros le dan naturaleza puramente negativa, porque su nombre delata la función de destrucción

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 198»

«Finally, some scholars opt for an ambivalent nature displaying both positive and negative aspects»Y algunos optan por una naturaleza ambivalente con aspectos positivos y negativos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 198»

«Scholars agree that the first elements of these combinations, being abstract nouns, consistently indicate a quality or modality of the god whose name is added in the genitive.»Hay acuerdo en que los primeros elementos de esas parejas divinas, sustantivos abstractos, indican siempre una cualidad o modalidad del dios cuyo nombre va en genitivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 198»

«First, it should be noted that nowhere in Latin literature Lua Mater, as the destroyer of the enemy weapons, is identified or even connected with Lua Saturni, who-according to the practically unanimous judgment of scholars-must have had a function in agricultural ideology.»Primer paso: en ninguna parte de la literatura latina se identifica ni se conecta a Lua Mater, destructora de las armas enemigas, con Lua Saturni, que por juicio casi unánime de los estudiosos tuvo una función en la ideología agrícola

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 199»

«In my view, the origin of the confusion concerning the nature of the goddess Lua must be sought in the unnecessary but common assumption that there was only one goddess, who must have combined the qualities of both Lua Mater and Lua Saturni»Y su diagnóstico: la confusión sobre la naturaleza de la diosa viene del supuesto innecesario pero común de que hubo una sola diosa que combinara las cualidades de Lua Mater y de Lua Saturni

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 199»

«And it is exactly the case of Maia Vulcani that may warn us against the facile identification of two indigitamenta that go under one name.»Y el caso de Maia Vulcani es el que previene contra la identificación fácil de dos *indigitamenta* que llevan un mismo nombre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 199»

«Maia Vulcani cannot be anything else than "das hemmungslose Anwachsen der Feuerbrunst" 178 (the unbridled fanning of the fire) connected as she is with the stem mag- (magnus, maior)»Maia Vulcani no puede ser otra cosa que el crecimiento desenfrenado del incendio, ligada como está a la raíz *mag-*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 199»

«It was quite customary to make sacrifices to such negative deities, as the cults of Febris, Tempestates, Verminus, Robigus, etc. prove, besides the example ofVulcanus himself.»Y recuerda que era costumbre sacrificar a deidades negativas como Febris, Tempestates, Verminus o Robigus, además del propio Vulcano; el OCR pega *ofVulcanus*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 199»

«Now, we should not forget that these abstract nouns naturally carry the polysemy of their basic meaning. This opens up the possibility that in other combinations or contexts, Maia, as 'growing power', may have quite different and even positive connotations.»Advierte que esos sustantivos abstractos llevan la polisemia de su significado básico, de modo que en otras combinaciones o contextos Maia, como poder que hace crecer, puede tener connotaciones muy distintas y aun positivas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 199»

«In this case this semantic doubling can be clearly demonstrated since as goddess of the month of May (Maius), Maia was the deity of the growing force in nature.»Y en este caso el desdoblamiento semántico se muestra con claridad, porque como diosa del mes de mayo Maia era la deidad de la fuerza que crece en la naturaleza

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 199»

«So it is irrefutable that we have to deal with two quite different numina having the same name, though very different, and even contrasting, characters.»De modo que hay dos *numina* muy distintos con el mismo nombre y caracteres muy diversos y aun contrastantes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 199»

«Returning to Lua, our first inference can be that the Lua Mater who controls the destruction of the enemy weapons is not necessarily the same as the Lua Saturni in the series in Gellius.»Y la primera inferencia sobre Lua: la Lua Mater que controla la destrucción de las armas enemigas no es forzosamente la misma que la Lua Saturni de la serie de Gelio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 199»

«In my search for the authentic meaning of Lua Saturni, I shall start from the generally accepted fact that the abstracts in Gellius' list denote essential or conspicuous qualities or activities of the gods thus named.»Declara su punto de partida: los abstractos de la lista de Gelio denotan cualidades o actividades esenciales o llamativas de los dioses así nombrados

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 200»

«We have found that Saturn was the god whose festival was specifically connected with the ambiguous moment of the opening of the subterranean corn supplies»Y lo aplica: Saturno es el dios cuya fiesta se ligaba específicamente al momento ambiguo de la apertura de las reservas subterráneas de grano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 200»

«Of course, the predominant meaning of luo in historical sources is 'to pay', but it is certain that the original meaning is 'to make loose, to set free, to liberate' , also 'to redeem' (for instance a mortgaged property»El sentido predominante de *luo* en las fuentes históricas es pagar, pero el original es sin duda soltar, dejar libre, liberar, y también redimir, por ejemplo una propiedad hipotecada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 200»

«Characteristically for Rome, this original meaning has been preserved above all in the conservative language»Y señala que en Roma ese sentido original se conservó sobre todo en el lenguaje conservador del derecho; el OCR pega *oflaw* y el tramo corta antes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 200»

«The combination of the basic function of Saturn and the basic meaning of luo provides a most natural explanation of the nature of Lua Saturni.»La combinación de la función básica de Saturno con el sentido básico de *luo* da, dice, la explicación más natural de la naturaleza de Lua Saturni

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 200»

«This goddess embodies one of Saturn's major and original qualities: to 'make loose, set free, liberate' the stored supply and make it accessible for human use»Esa diosa encarna una de las cualidades mayores y originales de Saturno: soltar, dejar libre y liberar la reserva almacenada y volverla accesible al uso humano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 200»

«As I remarked before, I do not claim to have detected the original nature of Saturn. I fear that our evidence is too lacunary ever to arrive at definitive and all-embracing conclusions.»Repite que no pretende haber descubierto la naturaleza original de Saturno y teme que los testimonios sean demasiado lagunosos para llegar nunca a conclusiones definitivas y abarcadoras

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 201»

«terpretation certainly does nothing to contradict the general surmise that the god was somehow connected with the stored corn and its chthonic ambiance.»Pero su interpretación nueva, dice, no contradice en nada la conjetura general de que el dios estaba ligado de algún modo al grano almacenado y a su ambiente ctónico; el tramo arranca en la segunda mitad de la palabra que el troceo parte al reabrir la plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 201»

«Whereas Consus protects the hidden corn supplies, Saturn-assisted by, or in his quality of, Lua Saturni-controls the critical moment of the opening and release of the supplies.»Y deslinda las funciones: Conso protege las reservas escondidas de grano y Saturno, asistido por Lua Saturni o en calidad de ella, controla el momento crítico de la apertura y la liberación de esas reservas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 201»

«ambivalent nature in terms of the peculiar mixture of expectation and anxiety of his festival, she is not to be identified with the Lua mater who presided over the destruction of the enemy weapons and who represented a different aspect of luo.»Aunque comparta quizá la naturaleza ambivalente de Saturno en esa mezcla peculiar de expectativa y angustia de su fiesta, no ha de identificarse con la Lua Mater que presidía la destrucción de las armas enemigas y representaba otro aspecto de *luo*. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 201»

«My suggestions thus focus on the specific function during his unique festival of December 17th.»Y acota su propuesta: se concentra en la función específica durante esa fiesta única del 17 de diciembre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 201»

«The god's structural condition of being in chains, as opposed to his exceptional liberation on the day(s) of the Saturnalia-probably an authentically Roman representation-is perfectly understandable as an image of the 'liberation' of the 'imprisoned' corn.»Y la rinde en la iconografía: la condición estructural del dios encadenado, frente a su liberación excepcional los días de las Saturnales, se entiende perfectamente como imagen de la liberación del grano preso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 201»

«This may have fostered the adoption of the Greek Kronos iconography: the iconographic feature of the veiled head suits the 'hidden' god of the corn supply, just as the mythical sickle suits his connections with the reaped corn (and not with sowing»Eso pudo alentar la adopción de la iconografía del Cronos griego: la cabeza velada le va bien al dios escondido de la reserva de grano, como la hoz mítica a sus conexiones con el grano segado y no con la siembra

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 201»

«Given its phenomenology there is no objection whatsoever to calling the Saturnalia a New Year festival184, provided it is not deprived of its originally cereal nature.»Concede que por su fenomenología nada impide llamar a las Saturnales fiesta de Año Nuevo, siempre que no se las prive de su naturaleza cerealera original

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 202»

«Though an amalgamation with the solar incision of the winter solstitium was a matter of course185, I hope to have demonstrated that it is a mistake to regard the Saturnalia itself as a solar New Year festival.»Y aunque la amalgama con el corte solar del solsticio de invierno fuera cosa obvia, espera haber mostrado que es un error tener a las Saturnales mismas por fiesta solar de Año Nuevo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 202»

«As to the candles, they may have been derived from a ritual accompanying a neigbouring caesura in the solar year.»De las velas dice que pudieron venir de un rito que acompañaba una cesura vecina del año solar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 202»

«However, it would be rash to deny them an authentic place in the original Saturnalian rites out of hand. The opening of the subterranean barns and the production of affluence from their dark abode»Pero sería precipitado negarles de entrada un lugar auténtico en los ritos saturnales originales, porque la apertura de los graneros subterráneos y la producción de abundancia desde su morada oscura pudo suscitar ritos asociados

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 202»

«mal course of the year.»Como fiesta de la apertura de los graneros, las Saturnales tienen naturaleza de fiesta intersticial, estancamiento anómico del curso normal del año; el tramo arranca en la segunda mitad de la palabra que el troceo parte al saltar de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 202»

«role-reversal, orgy, licence and, more particularly, the freedom to gamble-an implicit allusion to the open options during the anomie situation-are markers of the ambiguous atmosphere of these festivals of crisis.»Y sus elementos —inversión de papeles, orgía, licencia y sobre todo la libertad de apostar, alusión implícita a las opciones abiertas de la situación anómica— son marcadores de la atmósfera ambigua de estas fiestas de crisis

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 202»

«Recognition of this function might even help to explain an enigmatic expression handed down by Festus 106 (L) in the context of the Saturnalian sacrifice: Lucem facere dicuntur Saturno sacrificantes, id est capita detegere ('making light' is said of those who are sacrificing to Saturn: it means that they uncover their heads»Y propone que reconocer esa función ayuda a explicar una expresión enigmática que Festo transmite sobre el sacrificio saturnal: se dice que hacen luz los que sacrifican a Saturno, es decir que se descubren la cabeza

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 203»

«The problem is that the well-known custom of sacrificing capite aperto to Saturn cannot possibly explain nor have given rise to the curious expression lucem Jacere»El problema, dice, es que la costumbre conocida de sacrificar *capite aperto* a Saturno no puede explicar ni haber originado esa expresión curiosa; el OCR imprime *Jacere*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 203»

«Festus' explanation that lucem Jacere originally meant 'to uncover the head' looks very much like a secondary autoschediasma»Y la explicación de Festo le parece un *autoschediasma* secundario

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 203»

«The expression calls to mind technical terms such as sublucare and conlucare, which, as Festus 474 (L) says, mean: ramos earum (i.e. arborum) supputare et vel uti suptus lucem mittere. Conlucare autem succisis arboribus locum inplere luce»La expresión le recuerda términos técnicos como *sublucare* y *conlucare*, que según Festo consisten en podar las ramas bajas de los árboles para dejar pasar la luz por debajo, y en llenar de luz un lugar talando árboles

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 203»

«At the very least these expressions confirm that abstract formulas such as 'to make light' may refer to very practical and concrete actions like removing the obstacles which prevent the daylight from shining through.»Y al menos señalan que fórmulas abstractas como hacer luz pueden remitir a acciones muy prácticas y concretas, como quitar los obstáculos que impiden pasar la luz del día

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 203»

«This could also be implied in lucem facere as terminus technicus for the removal of the barrier to the subterranean supplies, which was perhaps ritually celebrated with the kindling of candles and certainly with a capite aperto sacrifice to Saturn, and thus came to be projected on this more visible rite»Y eso podría estar implícito en *lucem facere* como término técnico de la remoción de la barrera de las reservas subterráneas, celebrada quizá con velas y desde luego con un sacrificio *capite aperto* a Saturno, de donde se habría proyectado sobre ese rito más visible; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 203»

«Finally, there remain two questions of priority: the priority of the liberation of Saturn as compared to the 'liberation' of the revellers, especially the slave population, and the priority of myth and ritual.»Y quedan dos cuestiones de prioridad: la de la liberación de Saturno frente a la de los juerguistas, sobre todo de la población esclava, y la de mito y rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 203»

«As to the former issue, the question of 'which was first?' is particularly justified if we recall that Macrobius Sat. 1, 8, 5 and Statius Silv. 1, 6, 4, denote the fetters of Saturn by the term compedes»La primera pregunta se justifica, dice, si se recuerda que Macrobio y Estacio nombran los grilletes de Saturno con la palabra *compedes*, cadenas de esclavo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 203»

«Nobody to my knowledge ever gave a more lapidary view of this relationship than W. B. Kristensen in his expression already quoted above: "Saturn was a slave himself»Y nadie, a su saber, dio jamás una versión más lapidaria de esa relación que Kristensen: Saturno fue él mismo un esclavo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 204»

«When Bomer judged this to be '' einfach absurd'', his negative verdict was dictated not in the last place by his wish to dissociate the religious aspects of the Saturnian cult entirely from the carnivalesque relaxation of the Saturnalia, an objectionable point of view.»Y cuando Bömer lo llamó simplemente absurdo, su veredicto negativo lo dictaba sobre todo, dice, el deseo de desligar del todo los aspectos religiosos del culto saturnal de la relajación carnavalesca de las Saturnales, punto de vista objetable

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 204»

«First of all, it will be useful to outline the difference with the case of Kronos. In his case, it proved impossible to establish a particular agrarian or social activity which could serve as the kernel of the myth and ritual complex.»Deslinda primero el caso griego: con Cronos resultó imposible fijar una actividad agraria o social particular que sirviera de núcleo al complejo de mito y rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 204»

«If there had been an agrarian origin of the festival, it may have been of the nature of the Roman Opiconsivia and Consualia of August: celebrations of the end of the harvest and of the storage of the corn. But we cannot be sure.»Y si hubo origen agrario, pudo ser de la índole de las Opiconsivia y Consualia romanas de agosto, celebraciones del fin de la cosecha y del almacenamiento del grano, aunque no cabe estar seguro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 204»

«However, whatever its original nature, myth and ritual should be understood as two parallel expressions of the climate of ambiguity surrounding the break between the Old Year and the New»Sea cual sea su naturaleza original, mito y rito han de entenderse como dos expresiones paralelas del clima de ambigüedad que rodea la ruptura entre el año viejo y el nuevo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 204»

«In Rome the situation is different. Here I do believe that I have found the original agrarian kernel of the festival.»En Roma, dice, la situación es distinta, porque ahí sí cree haber hallado el núcleo agrario original de la fiesta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 204»

«Its nature as a primitiae festival provides a most natural explanation for both the images of abundance and the tension and ambiguity in Saturnian cult and ritual.»Y su naturaleza de fiesta de *primitiae* da la explicación más natural tanto de las imágenes de abundancia como de la tensión y la ambigüedad del culto y del rito saturnales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 204»

«We have analysed Saturn's basic function on the 17th of December and concluded that all the characteristic features of the god and his festival can be naturally explained as metaphors, transformations and ritualizations of this function: his nature as a deus otiosus during the rest of the year, his 'liberation' (luere) and activity on the day of his festival, his iconography and various rites.»Y todos los rasgos característicos del dios y de su fiesta se explican con naturalidad como metáforas, transformaciones y ritualizaciones de esa función: su condición de *deus otiosus* el resto del año, su liberación y su actividad el día de la fiesta, su iconografía y sus ritos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 204»

«Hence we drew our conclusion that (supposed) connections with the caesura in the solar year must have been the result of a secondary assimilation with neighbouring festivals, an assimilation which no doubt was fostered by the typical atmosphere of crisis common to both types of caesura.»De donde concluye que las conexiones supuestas con la cesura del año solar fueron resultado de una asimilación secundaria con fiestas vecinas, alentada sin duda por la atmósfera típica de crisis común a los dos tipos de cesura

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 204»

«Consequently, it is hardly justified to isolate the liberation of the slaves from the total complex and take it either as an imitation of or as a model for the liberation of Saturn. The temporary liberty of the subdued, being a typical aspect of anomie licence, simply belongs to the fixed taxonomy of crisis festivals in general.»Por eso apenas se justifica aislar la liberación de los esclavos del complejo total y tomarla por imitación o por modelo de la liberación de Saturno, porque la libertad temporal de los sometidos, aspecto típico de la licencia anómica, pertenece sin más a la taxonomía fija de las fiestas de crisis

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 205»

«On the other hand, we should not forget that this specific festival of reversal focused on slaves and servants, while other rites <?Oncentrate on different groups of those deprived of rights, such as women.»Aunque recuerda que esta fiesta de inversión se centraba en esclavos y criados, mientras otros ritos se concentran en otros grupos privados de derechos, como las mujeres; el OCR imprime *<?Oncentrate*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 205»

«The very concrete liberation of Saturn from his bonds, as an image of the 'liberation' of the cereal stores, may have fostered this specific focus of the festival.»Y la liberación muy concreta de Saturno de sus ataduras, como imagen de la liberación de las reservas de grano, pudo alentar ese foco específico

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 205»

«So I would conclude that the redemption of the god and the liberation of the slaves both reflect different though closely associated aspects of the 'original Saturnalia': one as an image of the opening of the corn supplies, the other as a more general concomitant of the critical nature of this festival.»Y concluye que la redención del dios y la liberación de los esclavos reflejan aspectos distintos aunque muy asociados de las Saturnales originales: uno como imagen de la apertura de las reservas de grano y otro como acompañante más general de la naturaleza crítica de la fiesta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 205»

«celebration with demonstrative role-reversal, suspension of norms and law, and licence.»Esa naturaleza de fiesta de crisis provocó la celebración ritual con inversión demostrativa de papeles, suspensión de normas y de ley, y licencia. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 205»

«I think that the enigma of the male priest wearing a garment normally restricted to the Vestales on one specific occasion can be solved elegantly by taking it as an instance of ritual reversal.»Y resuelve en nota el enigma del sacerdote varón que lleva en una sola ocasión el *suffibulum*, prenda reservada a las vestales, tomándolo por un caso de inversión ritual

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 205»

«The first inhabitants of Italy were the Aborigines, about whose king Saturn it is told that he was so righteous that under his rule nobody had a subordinate function (neque servierit) nor private possessions. All things were common property and this was not distributed, as if there was one patrimony for all people together. By way of commemoration of this example it was instituted that during the Saturnalia all differences in juridical position are suspended ( exaequato omnium iure) and that everywhere slaves dine with their masters»Justino: los primeros habitantes de Italia fueron los aborígenes, de cuyo rey Saturno se cuenta que fue tan justo que bajo su mando nadie tenía función subordinada ni posesiones privadas, porque todo era común y sin repartir, como un solo patrimonio para todos; y en conmemoración de ese ejemplo se instituyó que en las Saturnales queden suspendidas todas las diferencias de posición jurídica y que en todas partes los esclavos coman con sus amos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 206»

«Thus Iustinus views the myth (which is in his perception [legendary] history) as the scenario for the rite and, as we have seen, many Romans shared this view.»Justino ve así el mito, que él percibe como historia legendaria, en calidad de guion del rito, y muchos romanos compartían esa mirada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 206»

«In his defence of a humanitarian treatment of slaves, Seneca refers to the Golden Age, arguing that it was this period which saw the origin of the Saturnalia with their one day of liberty for the subjected. Similarly, Lucan regards the Saturnalia as a present given by Saturn.»Séneca, defendiendo el trato humanitario de los esclavos, remite a la Edad de Oro y sostiene que de ese periodo vienen las Saturnales con su día de libertad para los sometidos, y Lucano tiene las Saturnales por regalo de Saturno

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 206»

«In contradistinction to the scholarly dissension on the very same question concerning Kronian myth and ritual, modern scholars are unanimous in their condemnation of the ancient Roman view.»Y frente a la disensión erudita sobre la misma cuestión en el mito y el rito cronianos, los estudiosos modernos condenan de modo unánime esa mirada romana antigua

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 206»

«It has to be admitted that we know nothing about the existence of an early Roman myth of Saturn.»Y admite que no se sabe nada de la existencia de un mito romano temprano de Saturno

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 206»

«The possibility should not be discarded that the function of Saturn generated a spontaneous autochthonous representation of a god/king who introduced the cultivation of corn and civilization and as such was the signum for affluence»No descarta la posibilidad de que la función de Saturno generara una representación autóctona espontánea de un dios y rey que introdujo el cultivo del grano y la civilización y fue por eso *signum* de abundancia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 206»

«beyond the realm of hypotheses. At most we can conclude that for Saturnalian ritual an often assumed Greek origin is both unnecessary and unlikely.»Pero nunca se pasará del reino de las hipótesis, y a lo sumo cabe concluir que para el rito saturnal el origen griego que suele suponerse es innecesario e improbable. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 207»

«Though on the one hand generally pictured as a realm of bliss and happiness on the brink of history, it is also described as the amorphous period before human civilization during which man led a slothful, and indeed beastly life»Y la ambigüedad del reino de Saturno: pintado en general como reino de dicha y felicidad al filo de la historia, se describe también como el periodo amorfo anterior a la civilización humana, en que el hombre llevaba una vida perezosa y hasta bestial

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 207»

«This ambiguity, as we have seen, is common to various representations of the alternative world: images of the hereafter, the new heaven and earth of messianic movements, the Never Never Land of fairy tales, and fantastic descriptions of foreign nations.»Y esa ambigüedad es común a varias representaciones del mundo alternativo: las imágenes del más allá, el cielo y la tierra nuevos de los movimientos mesiánicos, el país de Nunca Jamás de los cuentos y las descripciones fantásticas de naciones extranjeras

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 207»

«The aurea saecula of Saturn have disappeared. To go by the Augustan poets this is a tragic and regrettable loss. The Saturnalia, generally conceived as an imitation of this Golden Age, lasted only a few days: non semper Saturnalia erunt»Los *aurea saecula* de Saturno desaparecieron, y a juzgar por los poetas augústeos esa pérdida es trágica y lamentable, mientras que las Saturnales, tenidas en general por imitación de aquella Edad de Oro, duraban unos pocos días: no siempre habrá Saturnales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 208»

«Judging from Roman religious and secular laws and customs, this was considered a necessary and fortunate restriction.»Y a juzgar por las leyes y costumbres romanas, religiosas y seculares, esa restricción se tenía por necesaria y afortunada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 208»

«In the paradox manifest from these two observations we encounter the fundamental ambivalence of the Saturnalian dream.»En la paradoja que esas dos observaciones dejan ver, dice, está la ambivalencia fundamental del sueño saturnal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 208»

«One can focus either on the benificent or on the disquieting aspects of the alternative world and the choice for either one is basically dependent upon one's representation of the alternatives.»Cabe fijarse en los aspectos benéficos o en los inquietantes del mundo alternativo, y la elección depende en el fondo de cómo se represente uno las alternativas; el OCR imprime *benificent*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 208»

«The happy vision of the Saturnia regna isolates the blissful aspects and closes its eyes to the precarious side of the picture.»La visión feliz de los *Saturnia regna* aísla los aspectos dichosos y cierra los ojos al lado precario del cuadro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 208»

«But to regret a loss is to desire: is it really unimaginable that the blissful reign of Saturn should regain a historical existence, for instance under the ideal rule of a divine prince? Is Saturnian Utopia really unreal? This is the-hopeful-question that resounds in Augustan poetry.»Y lamentar una pérdida es desear: si el reinado dichoso de Saturno podría recobrar existencia histórica bajo el gobierno ideal de un príncipe divino, y si la utopía saturnal es de veras irreal, son las preguntas esperanzadas que resuenan en la poesía augústea

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 208»

«The opposite reaction of reserved refusal, on the other hand, focuses on the anomie features of Utopian imagery as an undesirable alternative to the law and order of regular society.»La reacción opuesta, de rechazo reservado, se fija en los rasgos anómicos de las imágenes utópicas como alternativa indeseable a la ley y el orden de la sociedad regular

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 208»

«But applause may conceal anxiety. Can we be sure that anomie Saturnia regna never come to reality, for instance under the reign of an arbitrary autocrat who creates his own insane topsy-turvy world?»Pero el aplauso puede esconder angustia: si cabe estar seguro de que los *Saturnia regna* anómicos nunca se hagan realidad, por ejemplo bajo el reinado de un autócrata arbitrario que crea su propio mundo demente de cabeza

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 208»

«Two Saturnalian kings each represent one of the two polar connotations of Saturnalian Utopia.»Y anuncia a dos reyes saturnales, cada uno con una de las dos connotaciones polares de la utopía saturnal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 208»

«With his fourth Eclogue, Vergil coined the literary concept of the returning Golden Age»Con su cuarta égloga, Virgilio acuñó para las edades por venir el concepto literario del regreso de la Edad de Oro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 209»

«Not a little part of the poem's beauty, however, is due to the amalgamation of mythical references and what can at least be understood as references to actual history.»Y no poca de la belleza del poema, dice, se debe a la amalgama de referencias míticas con lo que al menos cabe entender como referencias a la historia real

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 209»

«The new born child, though anchored in actual history, remains sufficiently anonymous to allow the application of mythical predicates and-for that matter-to defy all the desperate scholarly attempts at identification196. In other words, the deliberate vagueness surrounding the protagonist and the emphatically mythical context allow an unrestricted Utopian, if not messianic, imagery.»El niño recién nacido, aun anclado en la historia real, queda bastante anónimo como para admitir predicados míticos y para desafiar todos los intentos desesperados de identificación, de modo que la vaguedad deliberada y el contexto enfáticamente mítico permiten imágenes utópicas y aun mesiánicas sin restricción

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 209»

«Not only will human society be freed from the stains of war and sin, but nature itself will recover its original automaton aspects.»Los *Saturnia regna* de la cuarta égloga traen los rasgos típicos de una utopía de evasión: no solo la sociedad humana quedará libre de las manchas de la guerra y del pecado, sino que la naturaleza misma recobrará sus aspectos originales de *automaton*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 209»

«a crucial innovation becomes immediately apparent. Though the definitive establishment of the realm of bliss is projected into the future, the signs of its gradual development manifest themselves here and now.»La innovación crucial de la cuarta égloga: aunque el establecimiento definitivo del reino de la dicha se proyecta al futuro, las señales de su desarrollo gradual se manifiestan aquí y ahora. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 210»

«This has no precedent in either Greek or previous Roman literature197 and is clearly an invention by Vergil himself, most likely inspired by a Sibylline prophecy.»Eso no tiene precedente ni en la literatura griega ni en la romana anterior y es invención de Virgilio, inspirada con toda probabilidad por una profecía sibilina

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 210»

«Whereas previous authors employed references to the reign of Kronos or Saturn only by way of comparison with a contemporary situation, Vergil is the first author who prophesies a real return in actual (and immediate) reality»Los autores anteriores usaban las referencias al reinado de Cronos o de Saturno solo por comparación con una situación contemporánea; Virgilio es el primero en profetizar un regreso real en la realidad actual e inmediata

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 210»

«This by no means implies that Vergil is consistent in his representation of the Saturnia regna, ancient or modern, nor that there is so much as a steady progression in the development of his ideas of the Golden Time»Aclara que eso no implica que Virgilio sea consistente en su representación de los *Saturnia regna*, antiguos o modernos, ni que haya siquiera una progresión firme en el desarrollo de sus ideas sobre la Edad de Oro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 210»

«The description is restricted to the expectation that the whole world-imperium sine fine, including the areas outside the known oikoumene-will be subjected to the rule ofthe emperor, which will result in (eternal) peace, the pax Augusta: the world domination of Rome under a good prince prepares the inauguration of peace, justice and civilization»La descripción se ciñe a la expectativa de que el mundo entero, un *imperium sine fine* que incluye las áreas fuera de la *oikoumene* conocida, quede sometido al mando del emperador, con la paz eterna por resultado: el dominio mundial de Roma bajo un buen príncipe prepara la inauguración de la paz, la justicia y la civilización

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 211»

«Augustus, in his turn, did not keep aloof. He organized his Ludi saecularesin 17 BC, in complete defiance of the official calculations»Y Augusto no se quedó atrás: organizó sus *Ludi saeculares* en el 17 a. C. desafiando por completo los cálculos oficiales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 211»

«are trifles which should not bother a Saturnian prince. Augustus was to introduce a new age? Well, let it begin.»Pero esas son fruslerías que no deben molestar a un príncipe saturnal: si Augusto iba a introducir una edad nueva, pues que empiece. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 212»

«Not surprisingly, the motif appears to be characteristic of Augustan poetry and its later imitations in panegyrical literature. The Golden Age, now firmly anchored in a historical reality and linked with a real prince, has for the moment adopted the more realistic aspects of an ideal but not entirely imaginary period of peace, justice and prosperity»El motivo resulta característico de la poesía augústea y de sus imitaciones panegíricas posteriores, y la Edad de Oro, ya anclada en una realidad histórica y ligada a un príncipe real, adopta por el momento los aspectos más realistas de un periodo ideal pero no del todo imaginario de paz, justicia y prosperidad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 212»

«Whatsoever habitable land the earth contains shall be his, and the sea shall come beneath his sway. When peace has been bestowed upon all lands he shall turn his mind to the rights of citizens, and as a most righteous jurist promote the laws. By his own good example shall he direct the ways of men»Ovidio describe así las consecuencias del gobierno de Augusto sobre todas las tierras y los mares: cuanta tierra habitable contiene el orbe será suya y el mar quedará bajo su mando, y otorgada la paz a todas las tierras volverá la mente a los derechos de los ciudadanos y promoverá las leyes como jurista justísimo, dirigiendo con su propio buen ejemplo las costumbres de los hombres

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 212»

«his cards and pictures Augustus himself as the prince who will restore the aurea saecula of Saturn, the allusions to this realm of bliss are of a noticeably different order.»Cuando más tarde, en la *Eneida*, pone las cartas sobre la mesa y pinta al propio Augusto como el príncipe que restaurará los *aurea saecula* de Saturno, las alusiones a ese reino de dicha son de orden notablemente distinto. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 211»

«In subsequent poetry and panegyrical literature in general we perceive a continuous wavering between these 'realistic' expectations of peace and justice under an ideal ruler and the hyperbolic fairy-tale vistas of genuine Utopia.»En la poesía y el panegírico posteriores percibe un vaivén continuo entre esas expectativas realistas de paz y justicia bajo un gobernante ideal y las vistas hiperbólicas de cuento de la utopía genuina

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 213»

«There is more to this than the customary tendency to employ mythical and hyperbolic images as flowers in the crown of praise.»Y ve ahí más que la tendencia habitual a usar imágenes míticas e hiperbólicas como flores de la corona del elogio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 213»

«The age of Augustus saw another revolutionary innovation: the prince acquired divine traits»Porque la edad de Augusto trajo otra innovación revolucionaria: el príncipe adquirió rasgos divinos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 213»

«His title Augustus, various rituals and cultic performances in Rome and the provinces raised the emperor to a level between god and man»Su título de Augusto y varios ritos y actos cúlticos en Roma y las provincias elevaron al emperador a un nivel entre dios y hombre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 213»

«This (semi-) divine status obviously fostered expectations of superhuman achievements which could-and indeed do in a remarkably broad spectrum of the sources-amount to the realization of a new Golden Age.»Y ese estatus semidivino alentó expectativas de logros sobrehumanos que podían llegar, y de hecho llegan en un espectro notablemente amplio de las fuentes, a la realización de una Edad de Oro nueva

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 213»

«Due to lack of space I cannot substantiate here my conviction that it is fyndamentally wrong to discard these expectations as idle and meaningless adulations»Y declara, sin poder fundamentarlo por falta de espacio, su convicción de que es fundamentalmente errado descartar esas expectativas como adulaciones ociosas y sin sentido; el OCR imprime *fyndamentally*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 213»

«procured by any person naturally raise him to a superior rank: deus est mortali iuvare mortalem (when a mortal helps another mortal, that is god), says Pliny, NH 2, 18, and long before him Cicero said: homines enim ad deos nulla re propius accedunt quam salutem hominibus dando»Recoge dos fórmulas antiguas: Plinio dice que el mortal que ayuda a otro mortal es dios, y ya antes Cicerón, que en nada se acercan más los hombres a los dioses que en dar salvación a otros

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 214»

«It is a god who wrought for us this peace-for a god he shall ever be to me; often shall a tender lamb from our folds stain his altar»En su primera égloga, Virgilio hace decir a Títiro que un dios les hizo esta paz y que por dios lo tendrá siempre, y que a menudo un cordero tierno de sus rediles manchará su altar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 214»

«The blessings bestowed by a ruler naturally transcend the level of private and personal assistance. They were described in terms of peace, order and prosperity for all subjects in the realm or the world.»Los beneficios de un gobernante trascienden de suyo el plano de la ayuda privada y personal, y se describían como paz, orden y prosperidad para todos los súbditos del reino o del mundo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 214»

«Like a real god the emperor was both gratefully honoured for this and requested to continue fostering the commonwealth»Y como a un dios de verdad, al emperador se lo honraba con gratitud por eso y se le pedía que siguiera fomentando el bien común

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 214»

«peaceful are (eireneuousz) now land and sea, the cities flourish by good order (eunomia), concord (homonoia) and plenty (eueteria). This is the acme of the production ( akme kai phora) of all that is good»El decreto de Halicarnaso sobre el reinado de Augusto: la tierra y el mar están en paz, las ciudades florecen por el buen orden, la concordia y la abundancia, y esa es la cima de la producción de todo lo bueno

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 215»

«by eternal and immortal phusis, which has now granted humanity its greatest blessing, by introducing (enenkamene) Caesar Augustus into our fortunate lifetime, the man who is the father of his fatherland, divine Rome, who is Zeus Patroios209 and the saviour of the entire human race»Y la causa que le atribuye: la *phusis* eterna e inmortal, que concedió a la humanidad su bendición mayor al traer a César Augusto a nuestra época afortunada, padre de su patria, de la Roma divina, Zeus Patroios y salvador de todo el género humano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 215»

«since divine providence has performed its highest achievement and munificence in our lifetime by bringing us Augustus and provided him with every virtue for the benefit of humanity, thus sending a saviour for us and our posterity who has ended war and put everything in order. When the Caesar appeared he exceeded all expectations. Not only did he outshine the benefactors preceding him, but he did not leave any hope to coming generations to surpass him. The birthday of the god thus was the beginning of good tidings (euaggelia) for the whole universe»El decreto del *koinon* de Asia sobre el cumpleaños de Augusto: la providencia divina realizó su logro y su munificencia más altos al traernos a Augusto dotado de toda virtud en beneficio de la humanidad, enviando así un salvador para nosotros y nuestra posteridad que puso fin a la guerra y lo ordenó todo; al aparecer, el César superó toda expectativa, eclipsó a los benefactores anteriores y no dejó esperanza a las generaciones venideras de superarlo, de modo que el cumpleaños del dios fue el comienzo de las buenas nuevas para el universo entero

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 215»

«Since the reign of Gaius Caesar Germanicus Augustus, with vows implored and abided by all people, has now been officially announced, the universe does not know a measure to its joy, every city and every nation hastens to behold the god, realizing that the happiest age for all human beings is now bound to begin»El decreto de Aso por la entronización de Calígula: anunciado oficialmente su reinado, implorado con votos y acatado por todos, el universo no conoce medida para su alegría, y cada ciudad y cada nación se apresura a contemplar al dios, sabiendo que la edad más feliz para todos los seres humanos está por comenzar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 216»

«Although these testimonies leave no doubt as to the firm connections between the divinity of the emperor and the truly Saturnian blessings he will bring, there is, so far, no explicit reference to the Saturnia regna in these texts.»Advierte que esos testimonios no dejan duda del vínculo firme entre la divinidad del emperador y las bendiciones genuinamente saturnales que traerá, pero que hasta ahí no hay referencia explícita a los *Saturnia regna*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 216»

«However, precisely in the context of Caligula's reign we encounter the most striking and explicit instance of Saturnian imagery and terminology in a peculiar piece of literature, the Legatio ad Gaium»Y que justamente en el contexto del reinado de Calígula se halla el caso más llamativo y explícito de imágenes y terminología saturnales, en la *Legatio ad Gaium*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 216»

«At any rate, there was nothing to be seen throughout the cities but altars, victims, sacrifices, people in white clothes, garlanded and cheerful, showing their goodwill by their happy faces, banquets, religious assemblies, musical competitions, horse-races, revels, night-celebrations to the music of flutes and the lyre, enjoyment, recreation, holidays, and every kind of pleasure appealing to every sense.»Y la escena: por las ciudades no se veían sino altares, víctimas, sacrificios, gente de blanco con guirnaldas y alegre, banquetes, asambleas religiosas, certámenes musicales, carreras de caballos, francachelas, celebraciones nocturnas con flautas y lira, goce, recreo, días de fiesta y todo placer que apele a cada sentido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 217»

«At that time the rich had no advantage over the poor, nor the nobility over the common people, nor creditors over their debtors, and masters were not better off than their slaves; for this period gave people political equality; so that the 'Age ofKronos' described by the poets ceased to be regarded as a poetic fiction»Y el remate saturnal: entonces el rico no tenía ventaja sobre el pobre, ni la nobleza sobre el pueblo llano, ni los acreedores sobre sus deudores, y los amos no estaban mejor que sus esclavos, porque ese periodo dio a la gente igualdad política, de modo que la edad de Cronos descrita por los poetas dejó de tenerse por ficción poética

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 217»

«Here the suspension of social distinctions is replaced by an emphasis on the civilizing forces of order and hierarchy»En ese otro pasaje, la suspensión de las distinciones sociales cede el sitio a un acento en las fuerzas civilizadoras del orden y de la jerarquía

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 218»

«who rightly bore the name "Averter of evil" since he lulled the storms [of internal strife] everywhere, who healed the sicknesses common to Greeks and barbarians alike ( ...... ). This is he who not merely loosened but broke the fetters which had confined and oppressed the world. This is he who ended both the wars ( ....... ) and cleared the seas of pirate-ships ( ..... ). This is he who set every city again at liberty, who reduced disorder to order»Filón sobre Augusto: llevó con razón el nombre de apartador del mal porque calmó las tormentas de la discordia interna en todas partes y curó las enfermedades comunes a griegos y bárbaros; él no solo aflojó sino que rompió los grilletes que habían ceñido y oprimido al mundo, acabó las guerras, limpió los mares de piratas, devolvió la libertad a cada ciudad y redujo el desorden a orden

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 218»

«Although the latter characteristics are also commonly used to describe one of the Saturnian alternatives (focusing on the aspect of civilization) it is perhaps not by chance that the author associated the term 'Age of Kronos' exclusively with the other, more radical, image of equality and sheer topsy-turvydom.»Y observa que, aunque esos rasgos sirvan también para describir una de las alternativas saturnales, la de la civilización, quizá no sea casual que el autor asociara la edad de Cronos en exclusiva con la otra imagen, más radical, de igualdad y mundo de cabeza puro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 218»

«Taken together, these passages sufficiently illustrate the firm connections between the idealization of the ruler and the Saturnian expectations cherished by his subjects.»Esos pasajes ilustran, dice, los vínculos firmes entre la idealización del gobernante y las expectativas saturnales de sus súbditos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 218»

«There can be no doubt: it was the new monarchical ideology that fostered the promulgation of this imagery and stimulated its projection onto contemporary society. In other words: Saturnia regna presuppose a (Saturnian) prince (king, monarch, emperor)»Y no le cabe duda de que fue la ideología monárquica nueva la que alentó la difusión de esas imágenes y su proyección sobre la sociedad contemporánea: los *Saturnia regna* presuponen un príncipe saturnal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 218»

«final question, which was left unsolved in Vergil' s revolutionary idea that the Satumia regna were returning here and now: the problem of permanence.»Y queda una pregunta final que la idea revolucionaria de Virgilio dejó sin resolver: la de la permanencia. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 219»

«The fourth Eclogue is silent on the end of the new period, which, after all, forms part of a cycle. Other authors, however, could not sidestep the problem and declared that the new Golden Age would last for ever»La cuarta égloga calla sobre el fin del periodo nuevo, que a fin de cuentas forma parte de un ciclo, y otros autores no pudieron esquivar el problema y declararon que la Edad de Oro nueva duraría para siempre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 219»

«In the Apocolocyntosis 4, 1 , 8-10, the thread from which the Fates spin the New Age of Nero turns into gold in order to make a Golden Age but there is more: the thread has no end (nee modus est illis»En la *Apocolocyntosis*, el hilo con que las Parcas hilan la edad nueva de Nerón se vuelve oro para hacer una Edad de Oro, y además el hilo no tiene fin; el OCR imprime *nee* por *nec*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 219»

«the speech to Diocletian in Panegyrici Latini 9, 18, 55, explicitly contrasts the temporal nature of the original Satumia regna with the everlasting Golden Time of Diocletian: aurea ilia saecula, quae non diu quondam Saturno rege viguerunt, nunc aeternis auspiciis lovis et Heraclis renascuntur»El panegírico a Diocleciano contrapone de modo explícito la naturaleza temporal de los *Saturnia regna* originales con el tiempo áureo perpetuo del emperador: aquellas edades de oro que florecieron poco bajo el rey Saturno renacen ahora bajo los auspicios eternos de Júpiter y Hércules

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 219»

«These are clear reflections of the aeternitas imperii, one of the most popular devices of imperial ideology»Y lo lee como reflejo claro de la *aeternitas imperii*, uno de los recursos más populares de la ideología imperial

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 219»

«However, if necessary, there were three different keys that could open the doors to (a restricted) eternity and they were eagerly exploited.»Aunque había, si hacía falta, tres llaves distintas que abrían las puertas a una eternidad restringida, y se explotaron con ganas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 219»

«the finiteness of human life-the most serious defect of the emperor's divinity-was also a serious threat to the unity of the emperor and the eternal Satumia regna.»La finitud de la vida humana, el defecto más serio de la divinidad del emperador, amenazaba también la unidad del emperador con los *Saturnia regna* eternos; el OCR imprime *Satumia*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 219»

«This is often expressed by the wish that the emperor may live eternally. The wish is ubiquitous in other cultures as we11223 and may give rise to scholarly disputes on its»Eso se expresa a menudo con el deseo de que el emperador viva eternamente, deseo ubicuo también en otras culturas y que puede dar lugar a disputas eruditas sobre su sentido; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 220»

«is a fixed expression in the Old Testament. Hopkins 1978, 200, quotes the slogan: "May Chairman Mao Live for Ever»Anota en nota que viva el rey para siempre es expresión fija del Antiguo Testamento y que Hopkins cita el lema de que viva para siempre el presidente Mao

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 220»

«Anyway, the vota of the later principate: de nostris annis tibi luppiter augeat annos (may Iupiter take years from our lives and add them to yours)227 are unequivocal: they express the wish that the emperor may outlive his subjects.»Los votos del principado tardío, en cambio, son inequívocos: que Júpiter quite años de nuestras vidas y se los añada a la tuya, es decir, que el emperador sobreviva a sus súbditos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 221»

«The second key is the assumption that the emperor will contin:ue his rule even after his death.»Segunda llave: suponer que el emperador seguirá gobernando aun después de muerto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 221»

«long life: tarda sit 222 , illa dies et nostro serior aevo»Primera llave: desear al gobernante una vida larguísima, que sea tardío aquel día y más allá de nuestra edad, dice Ovidio del día de la deificación definitiva de Augusto. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 220»

«In the early principate these vows sometimes acquire a remarkably realistic notion when people offer (part of) their own lives in exchange for the continued existence of the ruler»Y en el principado temprano esos votos adquieren a veces un cariz notablemente realista, cuando la gente ofrece parte de su propia vida a cambio de la continuidad del gobernante

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 221»

«sion of descriptive and expressive communication takes its toll. 'Expressive communication', 'interpersonal language', 'phatic communion', as they are exemplarily represented in acclamations vel similia do not normally carry a precise and well-defined meaning»Diagnostica ahí la confusión corriente entre comunicación descriptiva y expresiva: la expresiva, el lenguaje interpersonal, la comunión fática de las aclamaciones, no suele llevar un sentido preciso y bien definido; el tramo arranca en la segunda mitad de la palabra que el troceo parte al saltar de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 221»

«The third key is the hope that the bliss will continue under the successors and the dynasty as a whole: " ... looking forward to future time and coming generations, the son born of his chaste wife .... " (Ovid Metam. 15, 835 f.), a topos in panegyricalliterature»Tercera llave: la esperanza de que la dicha continúe bajo los sucesores y la dinastía entera, como en Ovidio, que mira al tiempo futuro y a las generaciones venideras con el hijo nacido de su casta esposa, *topos* del panegírico La capa de texto del troceo pega *panegyricalliterature* sin espacio; se cita tal cual.

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 222»

«All this reflects the ideology of a genuine Saturnalian king with a one-sided focus on the beneficent aspects of Utopian imagery.»Todo eso refleja, dice, la ideología de un rey saturnal genuino, con foco unilateral en los aspectos benéficos de las imágenes utópicas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 222»

«The Satumia regna have come back and unlike their nature in myth and ritual they are not subject to restrictions in time: this Saturnian realm will last for ever.»Los *Saturnia regna* han vuelto y, a diferencia de lo que eran en el mito y en el rito, no están sujetos a límite temporal: este reino saturnal durará para siempre; el OCR imprime *Satumia*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 222»

«The price is the highest imaginable: the voluntary surrender of freedom. The profit is peace, rest, order.»Y el precio es el más alto imaginable, la entrega voluntaria de la libertad, a cambio de paz, descanso y orden

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 222»

«The disquieting aspects of the topsy-turvy world are either ignored or completely reinterpreted as literary hyperboles of justice and equality.»Los aspectos inquietantes del mundo de cabeza se ignoran o se reinterpretan del todo como hipérboles literarias de justicia y de igualdad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 222»

«Slaves, by the way, remain slaves and masters masters, even in the most excessive picture in the Legatio ad Gaium.»Y los esclavos, por cierto, siguen siendo esclavos y los amos amos, hasta en el cuadro más excesivo de la *Legatio ad Gaium*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 222»

«By way of contrast we shall now present the picture of an emperor whose rule was characterized as 'Saturnalian' for its insane arbitrariness so that its expiration was hailed with gratitude and rejoicings.»Y anuncia el contraste: un emperador cuyo gobierno se calificó de saturnal por su arbitrariedad demente, de modo que su término se saludó con gratitud y regocijo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 222»

«In contradistinction to the attempts at protracting the reign of the good Saturnian prince as described in the preceding section, the so called Satumalicius princeps 233 should not extend his rule beyond the limited period of the Saturnalia.»Frente a los intentos de alargar el reinado del buen príncipe saturnal, el llamado *Saturnalicius princeps* no debía extender su mando más allá del periodo limitado de las Saturnales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 223»

«The function of this Saturnalian king does not occur in our sources before the principate. It is commonly regarded as an imitation of the Greek symposiarchos, the toast-master of the symposion»La función de ese rey saturnal no aparece en las fuentes antes del principado, y suele tenerse por imitación del *symposiarchos* griego, el maestro de brindis del simposio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 223»

«This may be accepted provided we do not overlook the typically Roman connotations: even if it is not sure that princeps is the ancient title, the title rex evokes a monarchical rule only comparable to imperial autocracy, as is also indicated by various privileges accorded to this»Lo acepta con la condición de no pasar por alto las connotaciones típicamente romanas: aunque no sea seguro que *princeps* fuera el título antiguo, el de *rex* evoca un gobierno monárquico comparable solo a la autocracia imperial, como indican también varios privilegios del rey; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 223»

«Just as the blissful Saturnia regna required the existence of a monarch to bring them to realization, so the mock king of the Saturnalia could only receive his full contours as the negative of a real princeps.»Y la simetría: así como los dichosos *Saturnia regna* exigían un monarca que los realizara, el rey de burlas de las Saturnales solo cobraba contornos plenos como negativo de un *princeps* real

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 223»

«We are told that a 'king' used to be appointed by lot for the festival234, whose most arbitrary orders-"you drink, you mix wine, you sing, you go, you come" (Epict. Diss, 1, 25, 8); "sing naked, throw him into cold water etc." (Luc. Cron. 4)-had to be strictly obeyed by the other convivales.»Se dice que un rey se designaba por sorteo para la fiesta, y que sus órdenes más arbitrarias —bebe, mezcla el vino, canta, ve, ven; canta desnudo, échenlo al agua fría— debían obedecerse estrictamente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 223»

«The classic example, of course, was young Nero in his role ofSaturnalian king»El ejemplo clásico es el joven Nerón en su papel de rey saturnal; el OCR pega *ofSaturnalian*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 223»

«The custom still existed around 400 AD, for bishop Asterios of Amaseia pictures a military festival on New Year's Day in which one of the soldiers played the role of the emperor and ruled with absolute power»La costumbre seguía hacia el 400 d. C., porque el obispo Asterio de Amasea pinta una fiesta militar de Año Nuevo en que uno de los soldados hacía de emperador y mandaba con poder absoluto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 223»

«Seneca mocks the late emperor Claudius by implicitly-and sometimes explicitly-reproaching him for having turned Saturnalian anomy into the constitutional standard of his emperorship»En la *Apocolocyntosis*, explicada hace poco como discurso saturnal pronunciado en las Saturnales de la corte de Nerón, Séneca se burla del difunto emperador Claudio reprochándole de modo implícito y a veces explícito haber vuelto la *anomia* saturnal norma constitucional de su imperio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 224»

«The Saturnalian inversion of norms, behaviour and status is apparent throughout the speech»La inversión saturnal de normas, conducta y estatus se ve en todo el discurso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 224»

«abdicate after his short reign237 and that is just as it should be, for this king represented the chaotic aspects of the Saturnia regna.»De ese *Saturnalicius princeps* se esperaba que abdicara tras su reinado corto, como debía ser, porque representaba los aspectos caóticos de los *Saturnia regna*. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 224»

«in the parody of a decree of banishment in 11, 4 and the absurdities»El gobierno del rey de burlas asoma en la parodia de un decreto de destierro y en los absurdos; el tramo corta antes de la palabra siguiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 225»

«chy is clear in the portrayal of Claudius as the slave of his slaves in 6, 2 and his condemnation to the punishment of being a freedman's slave in the underworld (15, 2).»La inversión de la jerarquía social se ve en el retrato de Claudio como esclavo de sus esclavos y en su condena a ser esclavo de un liberto en el inframundo; el tramo arranca en la segunda mitad de la palabra que el troceo parte al saltar de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 225»

«A particularly clear reference to Saturnalian licence is Claudius' condonement of gambling (14, 3, 30-1) and his condemnation to remain an eternally frustrated gambler in the underworld»Y una referencia particularmente clara a la licencia saturnal: que Claudio tolerara el juego y quede condenado a ser jugador eternamente frustrado en el inframundo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 225»

«Seneca makes his aims perfectly clear through two explicit references to the Saturnalian nature of Claudius: si mehercules a Satumo petisset hoc beneficium, cuius mensem toto anno celebravit Saturnalicius princeps, non tulisset (by Hercules, if he had asked this favour [viz. his deification] from Saturn, whose month he celebrated during a whole year as Saturnalicius princeps, his wish would not have been granted»Séneca deja clarísimos sus fines con dos referencias explícitas a la naturaleza saturnal de Claudio: si por Hércules hubiera pedido ese favor a Saturno, cuyo mes celebró todo el año como *Saturnalicius princeps*, no lo habría obtenido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 225»

«These two sentences clearly state what the other passages imply: Claudius embodied the very negative connotations of the Saturnia regna; he had turned the temporary mock rule and the inversions of the Saturnalian period into a permanent misrule.»Esas dos frases dicen lo que las demás implican: Claudio encarnó las connotaciones negativas de los *Saturnia regna* y volvió el mando de burlas temporal y las inversiones del periodo saturnal un desgobierno permanente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 225»

«His Saturnalia were prolonged over the year and, indeed, throughout his reign.»Sus Saturnales se prolongaron a lo largo del año y de hecho durante todo su reinado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 225»

«Small wonder that all subjects rejoiced at his funeral, which itself develops Saturnalian features.»No extraña que todos los súbditos se regocijaran en su funeral, que desarrolla a su vez rasgos saturnales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 225»

«the causidici, Claudius' tools in his evil practices, are derided with the words: dicebam vos: non semper Saturnalia erunt»En el funeral de Claudio se burlan de los *causidici*, instrumentos suyos en sus malas prácticas, con las palabras de que ya se lo decían: no siempre habrá Saturnales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 225»

«His rule is arbitrary but this arbitrariness is beneficial: his subjects enjoy order, justice, prosperity.»Su gobierno es arbitrario, pero esa arbitrariedad es benéfica, porque sus súbditos gozan de orden, justicia y prosperidad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 226»

«However, in our eyes the price is high. All equals have now come to share the common status of subjects.»A nuestros ojos, dice, el precio es alto: todos los iguales pasan a compartir el estatus común de súbditos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 226»

«Voting having been suspended, the only function left to the human voice was to break into the praises of the Saturnian prince uni sono. This is indeed typical of Utopian Pax Augusta: requiescant in pace.»Suspendido el voto, la única función que le quedaba a la voz humana era prorrumpir al unísono en alabanzas del príncipe saturnal, cosa típica de la *Pax Augusta* utópica: que descansen en paz

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 226»

«The other type represents the anomie and threatening aspects of the Saturnia regna. His arbitrariness results in the precise opposites: chaos and injustice. Though he is master, the Saturnalian equality makes him the slave of his slaves.»El otro tipo representa los aspectos anómicos y amenazantes de los *Saturnia regna*: su arbitrariedad da los opuestos exactos, caos e injusticia, y aunque sea amo, la igualdad saturnal lo vuelve esclavo de sus esclavos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 226»

«This prince must not be granted deification, he must not live on, neither on earth nor in heaven. If his Saturnian reign must go on, this should be in the exile of the netherworld.»A ese príncipe no hay que concederle deificación ni que siga viviendo, ni en la tierra ni en el cielo, y si su reinado saturnal ha de continuar, que sea en el destierro del inframundo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 226»

«We have here a perfect illustration of both the intrinsic ambivalence of the Saturnian dream and the human faculties in temporarily focusing on either of the contradictory aspects while excluding the other from the visual field.»Y lo toma por ilustración perfecta de la ambivalencia intrínseca del sueño saturnal y de la facultad humana de fijarse por un tiempo en uno de los aspectos contradictorios excluyendo el otro del campo visual

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 226»

«It is not surprising that the death of a detested emperor is hailed with the same rejoicings that welcome the accession of his successor.»No le sorprende que la muerte de un emperador detestado se salude con los mismos regocijos que la entronización de su sucesor

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 226»

«But it is astonishing to find this expressed in the overt inconsistency of rejoicing in the long desired expiration of a Saturnalian rule, which unfortunately was prolonged beyond its term»Pero le asombra la inconsistencia manifiesta de regocijarse por el término tan deseado de un gobierno saturnal prolongado más allá de su plazo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 226»

«of Saturnalian princes. One is the beloved bringer of Saturnian blessings.»Como con Cronos, quedan enfrentados dos tipos de príncipes saturnales, y uno es el portador amado de las bendiciones saturnales. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 226»

«Ever since their publication by F. Cumont in 1897245, the Acts of the Christian martyr Dasius have been the subject of fierce scholarly debate.»Las actas del mártir cristiano Dasio son objeto de debate erudito encarnizado desde que Cumont las publicó en 1897

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 227»

«They inform us that every year, one month before the Saturnalia, a soldier of the Roman garrison of Durostomium (Moesia) was by lot appointed king for the period of 30 days. He was dressed up as the image of Saturn (kata ten autou tou Kronou homoiOteta eit'oun idean), wore the regalia and enjoyed royal luxury. At the end of the period, however, he was to kill himself with a sword at the altar of Kronos»Cuentan que cada año, un mes antes de las Saturnales, un soldado de la guarnición romana de Durostorum era designado por sorteo rey durante treinta días, vestido a semejanza de la imagen de Cronos, con las insignias regias y en lujo real, y que al final del periodo debía matarse con una espada ante el altar del dios

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 227»

«The Christian soldier Dasius refused to play this role and hence suffered martyrdom on the 20th of November 303 AD.»El soldado cristiano Dasio se negó a hacer ese papel y sufrió por ello martirio el 20 de noviembre del 303 d. C.

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 227»

«Cumont accepted the authenticity of the story, convinced by the parallel phenomena of the Persian Sacaea festival and the substitute kingship in the Near East in general»Cumont aceptó la autenticidad del relato, convencido por los fenómenos paralelos de la fiesta persa de las Saceas y de la realeza sustituta en el Próximo Oriente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 227»

«hailing the advent of the new prince, in terms clearly referring to the Saturnia regna, which will hopefully last for ever (Nero: aureaformoso descendunt saecula jilo; nee modus est illis . ... f 43. As I have argued elsewhere244 with respect to the ambivalent 'tyranny' oflsis, it does not need a philosopher like Seneca to thus reveal what normally remains veiled. We simply observe that Saturnia regna can be manipulated in exactly the same way as the term turannos, both in one piece ofliterature and in social ideology, since they accommodate the very same internal paradox.»Y a la vez saludar la llegada del príncipe nuevo en términos que remiten con claridad a unos *Saturnia regna* que ojalá duren para siempre, con lo que se ve que esa expresión se manipula igual que la palabra *turannos*, porque acomodan la misma paradoja interna. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 227»

«This statement implies first, that in his view human sacrifice cannot but be a relic of barbarisms from a hoary past, and, secondly, that the fourth century AD had definitely passed this primitive stage.»Y objeta al argumento único de Wissowa: implica primero que a su ver el sacrificio humano solo puede ser reliquia de barbarie de un pasado remoto, y segundo que el siglo IV d. C. había superado sin duda ese estadio primitivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 228»

«These-and similar-presuppositions are shared by practically all the other scholars mentioned, including those who accept the authenticity of the story.»Y esos presupuestos, o parecidos, los comparten casi todos los demás estudiosos mencionados, incluidos los que aceptan la autenticidad del relato

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 228»

«The latter invariably attribute the more cruel components of the story to Oriental models, which had changed the "innocent cheerful custom of the Saturnalia into an atrocious human sacrifice»Porque estos atribuyen sin falta los componentes más crueles a modelos orientales que habrían cambiado la inocente y alegre costumbre de las Saturnales en un sacrificio humano atroz

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 228»

«All this betrays a remarkably biased conception of Roman delicacy and humanity as opposed to a typically Oriental cruelty.»Y ve en todo eso una concepción notablemente sesgada de la delicadeza y la humanidad romanas frente a una crueldad típicamente oriental

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 228»

«And that gladiators once fought funerary battles in the Forum is well known; now the arena claims as its own proper prey those who towards the end of December appease with their blood the sickle-bearing son of Heaven.»Ausonio dice que los *munera* gladiatorios estaban dedicados a Saturno: se sabe bien que los gladiadores libraron en otro tiempo combates funerarios en el Foro, y ahora la arena reclama como presa propia a quienes hacia fines de diciembre aplacan con su sangre al hijo del Cielo que lleva la hoz

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 229»

«These munera, as we learn from the calendar of Philocalus253, were given by the quaestors in two different periods: from the 2nd to the 8th and from the 19th to the 24th of December.»Esos *munera*, según el calendario de Filócalo, los daban los cuestores en dos periodos, del 2 al 8 y del 19 al 24 de diciembre, y las Saturnales caían exactamente en medio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 229»

«Julian Or. 4, 156 (Hertlein I p.202-3) mentions spectacles (theamata) which take place in the month of Kronos and bear a horrible nature ( skuthropon). He connects these spectacula, which cannot be anything else than the munera, with the Saturnalia.»Juliano menciona espectáculos del mes de Crono de naturaleza horrible, que no pueden ser otra cosa que los *munera*, y los conecta con las Saturnales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 229»

«Cyrillus, Contra jul. 4, 128 (PC 76, 698) relates that during the m~nera "some Saturn" was hidden under the ground, with his mouth wide open under perforated stones in order to be imbued with the blood offallen gladiators»Cirilo cuenta que durante los *munera* se escondía bajo tierra a un tal Saturno, con la boca abierta bajo piedras perforadas, para empaparse de la sangre de los gladiadores caídos; el OCR pega *offallen* e imprime *jul.*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 229»

«Lactantius ID 6, 20, 35, refers to the same custom: venationes, quae vocantur munera, Saturno sunt attributa (the hunting spectacles, which are called munera, belong to Saturn»Lactancio remite a la misma costumbre: los espectáculos de caza llamados *munera* están atribuidos a Saturno

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 229»

«The alleged Etruscan origins of both the god and the gladiatorial munera provided an additional argument.»Y los orígenes etruscos supuestos del dios y de los *munera* le dieron un argumento más

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 229»

«Piganiol did succeed in supporting his theory with an important observation: the republican munera of December, which were official performances and not private initiatives as were all other munera, were organized by the quaestors and paid for from the aerarium Saturni»Le concede a Piganiol una observación importante que sí apoya su teoría: los *munera* republicanos de diciembre, que eran actos oficiales y no iniciativas privadas como los demás, los organizaban los cuestores y se pagaban con el *aerarium Saturni*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 230»

«The rest is sheer hypothesis, not least his assumption that the gladiators were dedicated to Saturn like the victims who were thrown from the Tarpeian rock to find their death close to the temple of Saturn»Y el resto le parece pura hipótesis, sobre todo el supuesto de que los gladiadores estuvieran consagrados a Saturno como las víctimas arrojadas desde la roca Tarpeya, que morían cerca de su templo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 230»

«His theory has met with quite divergent reactions. Some scholars, including a few authors of important recent studies on Saturn, follow him blindly»Su teoría recibió reacciones muy divergentes, y algunos, incluidos autores de estudios recientes importantes sobre Saturno, lo siguen a ciegas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 230»

«Besides Saturn there were other gods who were said to be daubed with the blood of human victims261 . Iupiter Latiaris is singled out in a number of accounts, not just Christian ones.»Junto a Saturno hubo otros dioses de quienes se decía que se les untaba la sangre de víctimas humanas, y Júpiter Laciar destaca en varios relatos, no solo cristianos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 231»

«and thrown into the face or the open mouth of the statue oflupiter Latiaris»La sangre de gladiadores, criminales o *bestiarii* se recogía en una pátera y se arrojaba a la cara o a la boca abierta de la estatua de Júpiter Laciar; el OCR pega *oflupiter*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 231»

«by a person of high rank, possibly even the emperor or one of the consuls»Y lo hacía una persona de rango alto, quizá el emperador o uno de los cónsules

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 231»

«Without any doubt this custom refers to the damnati ad bestias, who thus undergo their punishment, which is at the same time an atrocious sacrifice, in the centre ofRome268, possibly in the Colosseum and during the munera of December.»Y no le cabe duda de que esa costumbre remite a los *damnati ad bestias*, que sufrían así su castigo y a la vez un sacrificio atroz en el centro de Roma, quizá en el Coliseo y durante los *munera* de diciembre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 231»

«Talia pro patriae censere litanda salute religionis opem subternis poscere ab antris»Prudencio: creían que con esos sacrificios expiatorios por la salud de la patria se podía llamar el auxilio religioso desde las cavernas subterráneas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 231»

«Again, the existence of official munera enabled people to continue the practice of human sacrifice which, as an independent cultic act, had been officially suppressed long before.»Y de nuevo, la existencia de *munera* oficiales permitió a la gente continuar la práctica del sacrificio humano, suprimida oficialmente mucho antes como acto cúltico independiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 232»

«In the Passio Perpetuae et Felicitatis 7, it is related that the martyrs had to fight in a munus on the occasion of the dies natalis of Geta. According to custom the convicts who were to die in a venatio were made up and dressed like priests of Saturn, that is to say: they were 'devoted' to the god. Thus the law was bypassed and Saturn-in this case the Punic variant-received his human sacrifices»La *Passio Perpetuae et Felicitatis* cuenta que los mártires debían combatir en un *munus* por el cumpleaños de Geta, y que por costumbre a los condenados que iban a morir en una *venatio* se los maquillaba y vestía como sacerdotes de Saturno, es decir se los consagraba al dios, con lo que se sorteaba la ley y Saturno —aquí el púnico— recibía sus sacrificios humanos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 232»

«Italian and Roman acounts of Saturn as the god of munera or venationes, like, for instance, the one by Lactantius quoted above, are, in the opinion of Ville, projections of these Punic customs.»Y los relatos italianos y romanos de Saturno como dios de los *munera* o de las *venationes*, como el de Lactancio, son a juicio de Ville proyecciones de esas costumbres púnicas; el OCR imprime *acounts*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 232»

«We are thus confronted with a choice of different ideas on the 'Saturnian munera' of late antiquity, which immediately recall the variety of reactions to the 'Saturnalian sacrifice' ofDasius. Both discussions focus on questions of origin, tradition or influences.»Quedan así varias ideas sobre los *munera* saturnales de la antigüedad tardía, que recuerdan en el acto la variedad de reacciones al sacrificio saturnal de Dasio, y ambas discusiones giran sobre cuestiones de origen, tradición o influjos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 232»

«cording to Wissowa, the Dasius story could not be authentic because it is inconceivable that human sacrifice still existed in the Rome of 303 AD.»Para Wissowa el relato de Dasio no podía ser auténtico porque es inconcebible que en la Roma del 303 d. C. siguiera habiendo sacrificio humano; el tramo arranca en la segunda mitad de la palabra que el troceo parte al saltar de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 233»

«Others only felt free to accept its authenticity by the discovery of age-old Near Eastern parallels which could explain its sudden appearance in a Roman setting»Otros solo se sintieron libres de aceptar su autenticidad al descubrir paralelos antiquísimos del Próximo Oriente que explicaran su aparición súbita en un marco romano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 233»

«This again turned the discussion to questions of origin: Saturn's cruelty had its origin in Etruscan culture»Y eso volvió a llevar la discusión a cuestiones de origen: la crueldad de Saturno venía de la cultura etrusca

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 233»

«One theoretical possibility is conspicuously absent in this survey, namely the possibility that rituals of human sacrifice can have originated more or less spontaneously in the period under discussion.»Y señala la posibilidad teórica llamativamente ausente de ese repaso: que los ritos de sacrificio humano hayan nacido de modo más o menos espontáneo en el periodo discutido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 233»

«Whenever considered at all, it is rejected out of hand, as a rule implicitly, sometimes with deliberate emphasis»Cuando se la considera, se la rechaza de entrada, por regla de modo implícito y a veces con énfasis deliberado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 233»

«I would not attempt to categorically disprove the correctness of these views. Our evidence is of a nature and scarcity that will support practically any theory.»No intenta refutar de plano esas miradas y reconoce que los testimonios son de tal índole y escasez que sostienen casi cualquier teoría

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 234»

«Still, it will do no harm to realize that without exception these suggestions are based on a range of prejudices, of which the conviction that Christians generally told lies about pagan religions is only the most conspicuous (and refutable) one.»Pero recuerda que esas sugerencias descansan sin excepción en una serie de prejuicios, de los que la convicción de que los cristianos mentían por lo general sobre las religiones paganas es solo el más llamativo y refutable

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 234»

«Some other and far more interesting presuppositions are: firstly, that similar unpleasant rituals could not and did not come into being in imperial Rome, or, more generally phrased, that "Menschenopfer auf romischen Boden auch in jener roher werdenden Zeit (3d and 4th centuries AD) vollig unerhort sind"276; and secondly, that if they do suddenly appear in our sources they are consequently either survivals of a hoary past or inherited from other cultures, where they are supposed to have been age-old customs as well.»Y nombra otros presupuestos más interesantes: que ritos desagradables así no podían nacer ni nacieron en la Roma imperial, y que si aparecen de pronto en las fuentes han de ser supervivencias de un pasado remoto o herencias de otras culturas donde también se suponen costumbres antiquísimas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 234»

«When I now propose to suggest the possibility that rituals like that of human sacrifice could develop spontaneously-albeit on the fertile soil of various existing rituals-in imperial Rome, I realize that I shall not be able to prove it any more than the sceptics could really substantiate their negative verdict.»Y al proponer la posibilidad de que ritos como el del sacrificio humano se desarrollaran de modo espontáneo, aunque sobre el suelo fértil de ritos existentes, en la Roma imperial, reconoce que no podrá probarlo más de lo que los escépticos pudieron fundar su veredicto negativo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 234»

«They simply did not need concoction, reality being sufficiently disreputable as it was.»Y anota en nota por qué los apologistas, y sobre todo Tertuliano, no solían desbarrar al informar de los excesos paganos: sencillamente no necesitaban inventar, porque la realidad ya era bastante deshonrosa

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 234»

«It so often appears that myth and ritual are rooted in age-old beliefs and practices that this has given rise to the mistaken and sheer ineradicable notion that they are, by their very nature, nothing but survivals.»Enuncia el error que combate: que mito y rito estén tan a menudo enraizados en creencias y prácticas antiquísimas dio pie a la noción errada e inextirpable de que por su naturaleza misma no son sino supervivencias

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 235»

«Unfortunately, these newer insights only slowly penetrate into specialist text-books, where a romantic preoccupation with relics and the concomitant search for origins have largely dominated research until very recently»Y lamenta que esos hallazgos entren despacio en los manuales especializados, donde la preocupación romántica por las reliquias y la búsqueda de orígenes dominaron la investigación hasta hace muy poco

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 235»

«The revolutionary institution of ruler cult in Rome provides a revealing example of the co-operation of myth and ritual in creating new expressions of adoration.»Y pone el culto al gobernante en Roma como ejemplo revelador de la cooperación de mito y rito para crear expresiones nuevas de adoración

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 235»

«At Athens, Lysimache, the priestess of Athena Polias, when asked for a drink by mule drivers who had transported the sacred vessels, replied, "no, for fear it will get into the ritual»La nota trae de Plutarco una anécdota reveladora: en Atenas, Lisímaca, sacerdotisa de Atenea Polias, respondió a unos arrieros que le pedían de beber tras transportar los vasos sagrados que no, por miedo a que aquello entrara en el rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 235»

«Hundreds of books and articles have been devoted to questions of origin and derivation: where did the idea of the divine child originate? Where the idea of the magnus saeclorum ordo? Who was the model for the divine ruler: Romulus, Scipio, Pompeius, Caesar, Alexander, Hellenistic rulers in general, Egyptian kings in particular? Legitimate questions, no doubt, which, however, have for a long time impeded the interest in, for instance, the nature of the relationship between new concepts and new forms.»Cientos de libros y artículos, dice, se dedicaron a cuestiones de origen y derivación, preguntas legítimas sin duda que sin embargo estorbaron largo tiempo el interés por la relación entre conceptos nuevos y formas nuevas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 236»

«it adopted a radically novel shape which is directly relevant to the subject under discussion: the ( re-)birth of the idea that human life should be sacrificed for the well-being of emperor and/or imperium.»El culto imperial adoptó una forma radicalmente nueva que toca de cerca el asunto: el renacimiento de la idea de que la vida humana debe sacrificarse por el bienestar del emperador o del imperio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 236»

«The early principate witnessed the new phenomenon of people making vows to offer their lives for the well-being of the emperor»El principado temprano vio el fenómeno nuevo de gente que hacía votos de ofrecer su vida por el bienestar del emperador

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 236»

«some householders provided in their wills that their heirs should drive victims to the Capitol and pay thank-offerings on their behalf, because Augustus had survived them and that a placard to this effect should be carried before them»Suetonio cuenta que algunos cabezas de familia dispusieron en sus testamentos que sus herederos llevaran víctimas al Capitolio y pagaran ofrendas de gracias en su nombre porque Augusto los había sobrevivido, y que se llevara delante un cartel que lo dijera

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 236»

«This can result in the decision to meet a voluntary death in order to prevent being left superstes after the premature death of a beloved emperor.»Y eso puede acabar en la decisión de darse muerte voluntaria para no quedar *superstes* tras la muerte prematura de un emperador amado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 237»

«On the 16th of January 27 BC, a tribunus plebis S. Pacuvius (or Ampudius) "devoted" (kathOsiose) himself to the princeps "in the Iberian manner" and he invited others to join his action»El 16 de enero del 27 a. C., un tribuno de la plebe se consagró al príncipe a la manera ibérica e invitó a otros a sumarse

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 237»

«Undoubtedly there is an Iberian component in the so-called devotio Iberica, by which Iberian warriors promised to give their lives to defend their general and, if necessary, to follow him in his death»Hay sin duda un componente ibérico en la llamada *devotio Iberica*, por la que los guerreros íberos prometían dar la vida en defensa de su general y seguirlo en la muerte si hacía falta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 237»

«However, this devotio stands in the tradition of authentically Roman customs too, like the sacramentum, which displays identical vows»Pero esa *devotio* está también en la tradición de costumbres auténticamente romanas como el *sacramentum*, que muestra votos idénticos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 237»

«The most explicit case is related by Suetonius Cal. 14, 2: during a sickness of C aligula non defuerunt qui depugnaturos se armis pro salute aegri quique capita sua titulo proposito voverent»El caso más explícito lo cuenta Suetonio: durante una enfermedad de Calígula no faltó quien jurara combatir con las armas por la salud del enfermo y quien votara su propia cabeza con un cartel puesto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 237»

«One case in point is the common belief that Antinous drowned himself by way of devotio pro salute principis»Un caso a la mano es la creencia común de que Antínoo se ahogó a modo de *devotio pro salute principis*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 238»

«In all these expressions we can detect a development of ideas and practices which moulded various traditional 'rituals' into a novel phenomenon.»Y en todas esas expresiones detecta un desarrollo de ideas y prácticas que moldeó varios rituales tradicionales en un fenómeno nuevo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 238»

«The manner one of the devoti mentioned above selected to meet his death attracts our attention: he promised to fight as a gladiator in the arena and was afterwards compelled to fulfil his vow.»Y llama la atención sobre cómo eligió morir uno de esos *devoti*: prometió combatir como gladiador en la arena y luego se le obligó a cumplir su voto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 238»

«In fact it was at times quite in vogue for equites, and even for an occasional senator, to appear in a gladiatorial show despite the concomitant infamia»De hecho estuvo a veces bastante de moda que los *equites*, y algún senador ocasional, salieran en un espectáculo gladiatorio pese a la *infamia* consiguiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 238»

«the munera should not be given huper tes heautou soterias (on behalf of his own welfare) anymore295 , and he forced the equites who were accustomed to appear on stage during the reign ofCaligula to appear once more.»Entre las medidas de Claudio sobre los espectáculos: que los *munera* ya no se dieran por su propia salvación, y que los *equites* acostumbrados a salir a escena bajo Calígula volvieran a hacerlo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 239»

«Time and again, from Augustus onwards, decrees had been issued forbidding equestrians to appear in the arena, apparently with very poor results»Una y otra vez, desde Augusto, se dictaron decretos que prohibían a los caballeros salir a la arena, al parecer con muy poco resultado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 239»

«Nor had Claudius' issue any lasting effect, since the gladiatorial munera soon obtained a fixed and permanent function in the emperor cult throughout the empire»Tampoco la medida de Claudio tuvo efecto duradero, porque los *munera* gladiatorios obtuvieron pronto una función fija y permanente en el culto imperial de todo el imperio; el tramo corta antes del genitivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 239»

«Having originated as a ceremony for propitiating the dead or the gods of the netherworld, a function which became obsolete in the course of time»Nacidos como ceremonia para propiciar a los muertos o a los dioses del inframundo, función que con el tiempo quedó obsoleta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 239»

«regained a propitiatory connotation in the course of the principate, in particular in connection with the salus Augusti»Recobraron, dice, una connotación propiciatoria en el curso del principado, sobre todo en relación con la *salus Augusti*. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 240»

«The military training of the iuvenes was essentially directed at exhibitions in and hunting-activities in- and outside the amphitheatre»El entrenamiento militar de los *iuvenes* apuntaba en lo esencial a exhibiciones y cacerías dentro y fuera del anfiteatro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 240»

«The Iuvenalia, which formed the central occasion in which these skills were demonstrated in the arena, were especially connected with imperial ideology and celebrations.»Las *Iuvenalia*, ocasión central donde esas destrezas se mostraban en la arena, iban especialmente ligadas a la ideología y a las celebraciones imperiales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 240»

«Attractive as this theory may be, it does not account for all the aspects, notably the notion of 'sacrifice' pro salute principis.»Y por atractiva que le parezca esa teoría, no da cuenta de todos los aspectos, en particular de la noción de sacrificio por la salud del príncipe

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 240»

«multi dicunt apud veteres hanc devotionem contra hostes factam ut civium sanguine litato specie pugnarum se Nemesis, id est vis quaedam Fortunae, satiaret»La *Historia Augusta* dice que muchos cuentan que entre los antiguos esa *devotio* se hacía contra los enemigos, para que Némesis, cierta fuerza de la Fortuna, se saciara con la sangre de los ciudadanos ofrecida bajo especie de combates

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 241»

«Of course the comment itself does not antedate the fourth century but this makes it only the more interesting»El comentario mismo no es anterior al siglo IV, cosa que a su ver lo vuelve más interesante

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 241»

«Thus we see that there are plenty of reasons for taking the 'sacrificial' connotations of rituals like the munera more seriously than has been done so far.»Y concluye que sobran razones para tomar más en serio las connotaciones sacrificiales de ritos como los *munera*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 241»

«the gladiatorial performances-unmatched, by the way, in any non-Roman barbaric civilization and one of the really astonishing riddles of Roman culture»Las representaciones gladiatorias, dice, no tienen igual en ninguna civilización bárbara no romana y son uno de los enigmas de veras asombrosos de la cultura romana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 241»

«were a willing prey for re-interpretation as 'sacrifices'309. "In gladiatorial contexts ( .... ) the Romans came very close to ( .... ) human sacrifice»Por su derramamiento de sangre y su matanza, los espectáculos eran presa dispuesta para reinterpretarse como sacrificios, y en contextos gladiatorios, dice la fórmula mínima de Hopkins que hay que conceder, los romanos se acercaron mucho al sacrificio humano. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 242»

«To express it metaphorically: in Ave Caesar, morituri te salutant the salutatio regained its etymological connection with salus, the salus publica embodied in the salus principis»Y lo dice en metáfora: en el saludo de los que van a morir, la *salutatio* recobró su conexión etimológica con la *salus*, la *salus publica* encarnada en la *salus principis*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 243»

«The later devotional wish de nostris annis tibi luppiter annos augeat has a remarkable prefiguration in the spontaneous sacrifices for Augustus on New Year's day: omnes ordines threw stipes into the puteal of the lacus Curtius 314, an unequivocal reference to their personal devotio to the princeps.»El voto devocional tardío tiene una prefiguración notable en los sacrificios espontáneos por Augusto el día de Año Nuevo: todos los órdenes echaban monedas al brocal del lago Curcio, referencia inequívoca a su *devotio* personal al príncipe

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 243»

«All this may warn us against too easily rejecting as Christian concoctions the reports which interpreted gladiatorial games as 'sacrifices' to various gods for the well-being of empire and emperor»Y advierte contra el rechazo fácil, como invenciones cristianas, de los informes que interpretaban los juegos gladiatorios como sacrificios a varios dioses por el bien del imperio y del emperador

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 243»

«Even the variety of gods connected with the munera in our sources can be explained in a different way than by assuming confusion or fraud.»Y hasta la variedad de dioses ligados a los *munera* en las fuentes se explica de otro modo que suponiendo confusión o fraude

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 243»

«It appears to be characteristic of precisely this type of devotional 'human sacrifices' in general that people did not know exactly to which god they were devoted.»Porque parece característico de este tipo de sacrificios humanos devocionales que la gente no supiera con exactitud a qué dios estaba consagrada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 243»

«People could leave it at that and accept the anonymity of these gods, as often happened»Podían dejarlo así y aceptar el anonimato de esos dioses, como ocurrió a menudo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 243»

«One of them was Saturn, whose 'negative' aspects had never been forgotten and who, as we have seen, enjoyed a virtual renaissance in late antiquity.»Uno de ellos era Saturno, cuyos aspectos negativos nunca se olvidaron y que gozó de un renacimiento virtual en la antigüedad tardía

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 244»

«I would by no means deny that foreign customs may have exercised their influence, both in the Roman sacrificial munera317 and in the Saturnalian scene of Durostorum, but it is obviously too simple-and therefore wrong-to deny any Roman contribution to the development.»No niega en absoluto que las costumbres extranjeras influyeran, tanto en los *munera* sacrificiales romanos como en la escena saturnal de Durostorum, pero le parece demasiado simple, y por eso errado, negar toda contribución romana al desarrollo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 244»

«Of course, the connections with Saturn certainly do not prove that this god had always been connected with munera and their sacrificial meaning.»Y aclara que las conexiones con Saturno no prueban que ese dios estuviera siempre ligado a los *munera* ni a su sentido sacrificial

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 244»

«Nevertheless, I hope that the above survey will invite further serious reconsideration of the unremitting vitality and creativity of ritual action and its implications for the meaning of' Saturnian' munera in late antiquity»Pero espera que el repaso invite a reconsiderar en serio la vitalidad y la creatividad incesantes de la acción ritual y lo que implican para el sentido de los *munera* saturnales de la antigüedad tardía

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 244»

«It fits in very well that, recently, three of the most imaginative specialists in ritual studies: W. Burkert, R. Girard, and J. Z. Smith318 , have once more demonstrated that the creative force of human agressiveness as the ultimate means for maintaining social cohesion is ubiquitous in time and space.»Y le cuadra que tres de los especialistas más imaginativos en estudios rituales —Burkert, Girard y J. Z. Smith— hayan mostrado de nuevo que la fuerza creadora de la agresividad humana como medio último de mantener la cohesión social es ubicua en el tiempo y en el espacio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 244»

«who, for whatever reason, were associated with murder, killing or human sacrifice.»Podían buscar divinidades adecuadas, halladas naturalmente entre los dioses asociados por la razón que fuera al asesinato, la matanza o el sacrificio humano. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 244»

«She must visit the neigbouring and other women very seldom, and not have them either in the house or in her part of it. She must not go out to meals or be a gad-about. She must not engage in religious worship herself or get others to engage in it for her without the orders of the master or the misstress; let her remember that the master attends to the devotions for the whole household.»Catón prescribe cómo ha de portarse la *vilica*: que visite rarísima vez a las vecinas y a otras mujeres y no las reciba en la casa ni en su parte de ella, que no salga a comer ni sea callejera, y que no practique culto por sí ni haga que otros lo practiquen por ella sin orden del amo o del ama, recordando que es el amo quien atiende las devociones de toda la casa; el OCR imprime *neigbouring*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 245»

«Similar instructions for women in general, often with such specifications as the prohibition to attend nocturnal ceremonies or to be initiated into foreign mysteries, are typical of republican Rome, no less than of Greece»Instrucciones parecidas para las mujeres en general, con prohibiciones de asistir a ceremonias nocturnas o de iniciarse en misterios extranjeros, son típicas de la Roma republicana tanto como de Grecia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 245»

«According to the antiquarian tradition, the consumption of wine-an occasional pull of Spiitlese excepted as we shall see-, in particular, was forbidden»Y según la tradición anticuaria estaba prohibido en particular el consumo de vino, salvo algún trago ocasional

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 245»

«in the times of our ancestors women did not drink wine, with the exception of a few fixed days on the occasion of religious festivals»Servio: en tiempos de nuestros antepasados las mujeres no bebían vino, salvo unos pocos días fijos con ocasión de fiestas religiosas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 245»

«and he adds that during the reign of Romulus a certain M(a)etennius had scourged his wife to death for having broken this rule.»Y añade que bajo el reinado de Rómulo un tal Metenio azotó hasta matarla a su mujer por romper esa regla

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 246»

«No less dubious from the point of historicity, but equally meaningful as a cultural signal is the theory that the kiss between relatives was invented in order to enable men to subject the female section of his family to an-admittedly rather primitive-breath test»Igual de dudosa en historicidad pero igual de significativa como señal cultural es la teoría de que el beso entre parientes se inventó para que los hombres sometieran a la parte femenina de su familia a una prueba de aliento, ciertamente primitiva

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 246»

«No sacrifices shall be performed by women at night except those offered for the people in proper form; nor shall anyone be initiated except into the Greek rites of Ceres, according to the custom.»La ley antigua que cita Cicerón: no habrá sacrificios de mujeres por la noche salvo los ofrecidos por el pueblo en debida forma, ni se iniciará a nadie sino en los ritos griegos de Ceres, según la costumbre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 246»

«perhaps the only-exception referred to here is the festival of Bona Dea. This December festival, about which little is known, has made its name by a notorious incident in 62 BC»La excepción, quizá la única, es la fiesta de Bona Dea, fiesta de diciembre de la que poco se sabe y que se hizo famosa por un incidente notorio del 62 a. C.

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 246»

«During the festival, which was strictly reserved for women and which, in accordance with the rules, was celebrated in the house of a magistrate with imperium (in this case Caesar), the tribunus plebis P. Clodius was caught roaming through the house dressed up as a woman.»Durante la fiesta, reservada estrictamente a las mujeres y celebrada según las reglas en casa de un magistrado con *imperium*, en este caso César, se sorprendió al tribuno de la plebe P. Clodio merodeando por la casa vestido de mujer

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 246»

«On the eve of the festive day all the male inhabitants leave the magistrate's house. Even male animals or images of male personages are removed.»La víspera del día festivo, todos los habitantes varones dejan la casa del magistrado, y hasta los animales machos y las imágenes de personajes masculinos se retiran

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 247»

«Assisted by her servants the magistrate's wife decorates the house with all kinds of plants and flowers, inter alia arranging bowers made of wine leaves»Con ayuda de sus criadas, la mujer del magistrado adorna la casa con toda clase de plantas y flores y dispone enramadas de hojas de vid; el tramo corta antes del genitivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 247»

«The cult image of Bona De a is transported from her temple and set up in the festive hall together with the image of a serpent. A pulvinar for the goddess is arranged as well as a table from which the goddess is supposed to take her dinner.»La imagen de culto de Bona Dea se traslada desde su templo y se instala en la sala festiva junto a la imagen de una serpiente, con un *pulvinar* para la diosa y una mesa de la que se supone que cena; el troceo parte *Dea*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 247»

«There is a sacrifice of a sow8 pro populo Romano (on behalf of the Roman people) and the mistress of the house performs a libatio over a fire in the presence of the Vestal Virgins.»Hay sacrificio de una cerda por el pueblo romano y la señora de la casa hace una libación sobre el fuego en presencia de las vestales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 247»

«Then the women, including the Vestals, make merry: there are references to festive eating and drinking, music, jests, all summarized in the term ludere used in a number of sources.»Después las mujeres, vestales incluidas, se divierten: hay referencias a comida y bebida festivas, música y bromas, resumidas en el término *ludere*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 247»

«The most surprising and interesting aspect is the nature of the drinks: during this secret, exclusively female, nocturnal festival the women were allowed to drink-at the very least to handle9-wine»Y el aspecto más sorprendente e interesante es la naturaleza de las bebidas: en esa fiesta secreta, exclusivamente femenina y nocturna, a las mujeres se les permitía beber, o al menos manejar, vino; el tramo corta antes de la palabra final

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 247»

«Both are typical representatives of the monolithic 'vegetation' model, which, just as in other issues discussed in the present book, appears to exert a dominant influence even in the most recent textbooks and monographs.»Los dos tipos de interpretación de la fiesta son representantes típicos del modelo monolítico de la vegetación, que a su ver sigue dominando incluso en los manuales y monografías más recientes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 248»

«In one of them the goddess Bona Dea is pictured as a very ancient goddess of fertility, a kind of 'Earth Mother', whose rites and cult focused on the protection and promotion of agricultural and female fertility.»En el primero se pinta a Bona Dea como diosa antiquísima de la fertilidad, especie de Madre Tierra, cuyos ritos y culto atendían a proteger y promover la fertilidad agrícola y femenina

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 248»

«In this view fertility cult invariably involves a primeval antiquity, just as, vice versa, the most ancient cults are automatically assumed to relate to fertility.»Y en esa mirada el culto de fertilidad implica siempre una antigüedad primordial, así como a la inversa los cultos más antiguos se dan automáticamente por relativos a la fertilidad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 248»

«Without denying its relevance and value, it should be regretted that this frame of reference tends to monopolize the interpretation of the various elements of the ritual, including the most enigmatic ones.»Sin negarle relevancia ni valor, lamenta que ese marco de referencia tienda a monopolizar la interpretación de los elementos del rito, incluidos los más enigmáticos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 248»

«Plutarch QR 20 records that in honour of Bona Dea the women offered wine as a libation which, however, they called 'milk', and Macrobius Sat. 1, 12, 25, specifies that the wine»Plutarco registra que en honor de Bona Dea las mujeres ofrecían vino en libación pero lo llamaban leche; el tramo corta antes de la palabra siguiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 248»

«into the temple of Bona Dea is not referred to with its own name, but that the vessel (vas) containing the wine is called 'honey-jar' (mellarium) and the wine»Y Macrobio precisa que el vino introducido en el templo de Bona Dea no se nombra con su propio nombre, sino que al vaso que lo contiene se le llama tarro de miel y al vino, leche. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 249»

«The traditional interpretation understands these data as unequivocally referring to the oldest stratum of Roman religion. For in these primeval times people did not yet offer wine (or meat), but only milk, honey (and sacrificial cakes)»La interpretación tradicional toma esos datos por referencia inequívoca al estrato más viejo de la religión romana, porque en aquellos tiempos primordiales no se ofrecía aún vino ni carne sino solo leche, miel y tortas sacrificiales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 249»

«The second current theory holds that we are dealing with an essentially Greek goddess, whose cult was adopted by Rome without serious alteration.»La segunda teoría corriente sostiene que se trata de una diosa esencialmente griega cuyo culto Roma adoptó sin alteración seria

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 249»

«Scholars who hold this view often assume that the Greek ritual was superimposed on top of an ancient Italo-Roman cult, which gradually succumbed under the weight.»Quienes la sostienen suelen suponer que el rito griego se superpuso a un culto ítalo-romano antiguo que fue sucumbiendo bajo el peso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 249»

«Furthermore, it is suggested that her cult may have reached Rome via Tarente, perhaps in 272 BC, the year in which this Greek city was conquered by the Romans.»Y se sugiere que su culto llegó a Roma vía Tarento, quizá en el 272 a. C., año en que los romanos tomaron esa ciudad griega

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 249»

«Latte, who denies an identification with Damia, seeks support for the deity's Greek origin in archaeological representations, especially in the frequent presence of the snake. Snakes were kept in the precinct of the temple of Bona De a, which also contained an apotheke, where medicines could be obtained.»Latte, que niega la identificación con Damia, busca apoyo para el origen griego en las representaciones arqueológicas, sobre todo en la presencia frecuente de la serpiente: se tenían serpientes en el recinto del templo de Bona Dea, que albergaba también una *apotheke* donde se conseguían medicinas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 249»

«Indeed, inscriptions testify that Bona Dea was widely invoked for her healing qualities by both women and men.»Y en efecto las inscripciones atestiguan que a Bona Dea se la invocaba mucho por sus cualidades curativas, tanto mujeres como hombres

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 249»

«For present purposes it is not absolutely necessary to choose between a Roman and a Greek origin, and I therefore leave this problem aside.»Declara que para su propósito no hace falta elegir entre un origen romano y uno griego y deja el problema de lado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 250»

«I personally prefer the former option, and it is at least worth noting that the numerous images of the goddess with a cornucopia or a snake are anything but decisive for the Greek case, since they cannot be attested before the first century AD.»Aunque prefiere el romano y señala que las numerosas imágenes de la diosa con cornucopia o serpiente no son nada decisivas para la tesis griega, porque no se atestiguan antes del siglo I d. C.

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 250»

«My point is that neither interpretation, either the ancient Roman or the Greek one (which can also be found in combination: Greifenhagen 1937; Bomer 1957), is completely satisfactory.»Su punto es que ninguna de las dos interpretaciones, ni la romana antigua ni la griega, satisface del todo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 250»

«One crucial objection is that both tend to select some data for their interpretation and ignore others, including the most remarkable and enigmatic.»Y la objeción crucial: ambas tienden a seleccionar unos datos para su interpretación y a ignorar otros, incluidos los más notables y enigmáticos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 250»

«The advocates of an ancient Roman agricultural nature of the goddess, on the other hand, ought to show some concern at least regarding the obvious question of why the 'primeval' libations of milk and honey-their trump card-were changed into wine-offerings against all codes of female behaviour, while still retaining their original names»Y a los defensores de la naturaleza agrícola romana antigua les reclama que se hagan cargo de la pregunta obvia de por qué las libaciones primordiales de leche y miel, su carta de triunfo, se cambiaron por ofrendas de vino contra todos los códigos de conducta femenina y conservando los nombres originales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 250»

«Damia, the name of a Greek women»Wissowa apoya su tesis en el apodo Damiatrix de la diosa, probablemente latinización de la griega Damia, nombre de una diosa de mujeres; el tramo arranca tras el salto que el troceo abre al reabrir la plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 249»

«It is not by chance that the two conventional interpretations end up in identical questions.»No le parece casual que las dos interpretaciones convencionales acaben en las mismas preguntas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 251»

«It soon becomes apparent that there, too, interpretations do not usually go beyond the magical code word»Porque también en los manuales de religión griega, dice, las interpretaciones no suelen pasar de la palabra clave mágica; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 251»

«The reference to the Thesmophoria is particularly relevant, since, as we shall see, this Greek women's festival for Demeter, who is doubtless either the same goddess as Damia or at least very similar to her, shares a number of essential features with the festival of Bona Dea.»Y la referencia a las Tesmoforias le parece relevante, porque esa fiesta griega de mujeres para Deméter —que es sin duda la misma diosa que Damia o muy semejante— comparte varios rasgos esenciales con la de Bona Dea

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 251»

«That both the goddess Bona Dea and her festival were connected with human and agricultural fertility can hardly be disputed.»Concede que difícilmente se discute que Bona Dea y su fiesta se ligaran a la fertilidad humana y agrícola

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 251»

«Difficult problems loom up, though, when it appears that this characterization provides satisfactory answers to only a fraction of the questions raised by the evidence.»Pero asoman problemas cuando resulta que esa caracterización solo contesta una fracción de las preguntas que los testimonios levantan

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 251»

«Not only will it appear that here, too, progress can still be made, but I also hope to show that the two festivals-closely related in terms of myth and ritual-contain practically identical messages at three levels: the substantivist (referring to fertility), the functionalist, and the semiotic.»Y espera mostrar que las dos fiestas, emparentadas de cerca en mito y rito, contienen mensajes casi idénticos en tres niveles: el sustantivista, que remite a la fertilidad, el funcionalista y el semiótico

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 252»

«The Thesmophoria, the most widespread Greek festival and the principle cultform for Demeter (and Kore), was held in autumn-in Athens (and a few other places) on the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth day of Pyanopsion-just before the sowing season»Las Tesmoforias, la fiesta griega más extendida y la forma principal de culto a Deméter y Core, se celebraban en otoño, en Atenas los días once, doce y trece de Pianopsión, justo antes de la temporada de siembra

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 252»

«Though the evidence is not free of contradictions there is reason enough to assume that the three-day festival17 was reserved for married women, probably more especially women of the upper classes18 under the direction of two female officials, the Archousai.»Y aunque los testimonios no estén libres de contradicciones, hay razón para suponer que la fiesta de tres días quedaba reservada a mujeres casadas, probablemente de clases altas, bajo la dirección de dos oficiantas, las *Archousai*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 252»

«In order to arrive at a more complete and coherent assessment, the most promising way to approach the Roman festival will be by making a detour via the Greek»Para llegar a una evaluación más completa y coherente, el camino más prometedor a la fiesta romana pasa por un rodeo griego. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 251»

«The first day bore the name 'Road Up' (Anhodos), probably referring to the procession to and the assembling at the Thesmophorion. Thesecond was known as 'Fast' (Nesteia). On it the women abstained from food and sat on the ground. The third day was called Kalligeneia 'day of fair offspring', a name that refers to the concern for bearing fine children.»Los tres días: el primero se llamaba Camino Arriba, quizá por la procesión y la reunión en el Tesmoforio; el segundo, Ayuno, en que las mujeres se abstenían de comer y se sentaban en el suelo; y el tercero, Caligenia, día de la bella progenie, nombre que remite al cuidado de tener hijos hermosos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 252»

«The mixture of these unsavoury ingredients was placed on altars. When scattered with seed in the field it was supposed to promote fertility of crops»La mezcla de esos ingredientes repugnantes se ponía sobre altares, y esparcida con la semilla en el campo se suponía que promovía la fertilidad de las cosechas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 253»

«It can hardly be denied, then, that the core of this Demeter festival is the concern for the promotion of human and cereal fertility»Y concede que difícilmente se niega que el núcleo de esa fiesta de Deméter sea el cuidado de la fertilidad humana y cerealera

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 253»

«However, this 19th century discovery, though revealing and productive in some respects, had damaging consequences in others: the wish to impose a monolithic pattern entailed the need to explain every single bit of information in this perspective.»Pero ese descubrimiento del siglo XIX, revelador y productivo en algunos respectos, tuvo consecuencias dañinas en otros, porque el afán de imponer un patrón monolítico obligó a explicar cada dato en esa perspectiva

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 253»

«In some cases this did not raise serious difficulties23, but in others succes could only be attained by distortion or even suppression of the facts: the paradigm tyrannized the evidence.»En algunos casos eso no trajo dificultades serias, pero en otros solo se logró distorsionando o suprimiendo los hechos: el paradigma tiranizó los testimonios

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 253»

«women had thrown various objects related to fertility into megara (caverns in the ground»En otra fiesta, poco antes del solsticio de verano y probablemente las Esciras, las mujeres habían arrojado objetos ligados a la fertilidad a los *megara*, cavernas del suelo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 252»

«The chief objects were sacrificed piglets, and models of snakes and male genitals shaped out of dough.»Los objetos principales eran lechones sacrificados y figuras de serpientes y de genitales masculinos hechas de masa

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 252»

«First of all, during the three days of the festival the women used to camp in booths or shelters25 , arranged in rows within the open space of the Thesmophorion.»Primer dato: durante los tres días de la fiesta las mujeres acampaban en cabañas o refugios dispuestos en filas dentro del espacio abierto del Tesmoforio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 253»

«This clearly recalls the bowers of the Bona Dea festival.»Y eso recuerda con claridad las enramadas de la fiesta de Bona Dea

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 253»

«Quite a number of authors report that the women slept on beds (stibades) made of lugos ( = [Gr.] agnos: [Lat.] vitex agnus castus, withy, chaste tree, a kind of willow»Varios autores cuentan que las mujeres dormían en lechos de *lugos*, el sauzgatillo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 253»

«No manoeuvre illustrates better how relentlessly a paradigm can impose its laws on the believer than the following argument put forward by Nilsson and adopted by Deubner»Y ninguna maniobra ilustra mejor, dice, con qué inclemencia un paradigma impone sus leyes al creyente que el argumento que Nilsson propuso y Deubner adoptó

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 254»

«regarded as unproductive and infertile, was supposed to work as a strong antaphrodisiac and hence to prevent all sorts of undesirable sexual impulses»Esa planta, tenida en general por improductiva e infértil, se suponía antiafrodisiaca fuerte y capaz de prevenir toda clase de impulsos sexuales indeseables. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 254»

«It is also reported that the women indulged in uttering abuse at each other and even in striking each other with a scourge plaited out of bark»Se cuenta también que las mujeres se insultaban unas a otras y hasta se golpeaban con un azote trenzado de corteza

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 255»

«Both types of action were all the rage in the fertility paradigm, as they reminded of Iambe's aeschrology and the 'Schlag mit der Lebensrute' (blow with the life-giving rod), respectively»Las dos acciones hicieron furor en el paradigma de la fertilidad, porque recordaban la aiscrología de Yambe y el golpe con la vara de la vida; el tramo corta antes de la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 255»

«On the middle day prisoners were freed from their chains34, a custom explained by Deubner 1932, 58, as a magical means to promote fertility in women: knots and chains had negative effects on everything connected with (re)production, especially confinement.»El día de en medio se liberaba a los presos de sus cadenas, costumbre que Deubner explica como medio mágico de promover la fertilidad de las mujeres, porque nudos y cadenas tenían efectos negativos sobre todo lo ligado a la reproducción y en especial al parto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 255»

«However, this-in itself not impossible-idea puts its advocates into serious trouble. First, liberation from bondage is also attested for the Panathenaea and the Dionysia»Pero esa idea, no imposible de suyo, mete en aprietos a sus defensores: primero, la liberación de los presos está atestiguada también en las Panateneas y en las Dionisias

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 255»

«And secondly, what are we to do with the complication that on the same (second) day of the Thesmophoria the law courts and council meetings were suspended as well?»Y segundo, qué hacer con que ese mismo día segundo de las Tesmoforias se suspendieran también los tribunales y las sesiones del consejo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 255»

«The correct course of action, I would suggest, is to ask what the three festivals may have had in common and to take this common characteristic as the point of departure for further interpretation.»Y propone el proceder correcto: preguntar qué tenían en común las tres fiestas y tomar ese rasgo común por punto de partida de la interpretación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 256»

«The second problem was not responded to at all. This occurrence is ignored even in Deubner's very complete collection of the evidence»Al segundo problema, dice, no se respondió en absoluto, y el dato se ignora hasta en la colección completísima de testimonios de Deubner

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 256»

«the suspension of law courts and council meetings, so Parke 1977, 86, suggests, had to do with the disruption of ordinary life caused by the departure of the women.»La solución sin adornos que Parke propone: la suspensión de tribunales y sesiones tendría que ver con la interrupción de la vida ordinaria causada por la marcha de las mujeres

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 256»

«Finally, there are two isolated, very enigmatic details that have kept their secret to the present day. We hear of two sacrifices offered by the women during or at the end of the Thesmophoria. One was called zemia: 'punishment/penalty', and Hesychius, our sole source, says: thusia tis apodidomene huper ton ginomenon en Thesmophoriois ("a sacrifice made [to pay, compensate] for the things that happened during the Thesmophoria»Y quedan dos detalles aislados y enigmáticos: dos sacrificios que ofrecían las mujeres durante las Tesmoforias o al final, uno llamado *zemia*, castigo o pena, que Hesiquio define como sacrificio ofrecido por lo ocurrido en la fiesta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 256»

«To the best of my knowledge, Deubner is the only one who attempted an explanation. He thinks it must be a kind of expiatory sacrifice to pay for things that might have gone wrong-"Verfehlungen" (occasional errors)-during the festival.»Y hasta donde sabe, solo Deubner intentó explicarlo: sería sacrificio expiatorio por cosas que hubieran salido mal durante la fiesta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 256»

«And this, in its turn, fosters conjecture. Beforeginomenon, a term like akairos or paranomos ('wrong') should be added.»Y eso, a su vez, alimenta la conjetura de que antes del participio habría que añadir una palabra que significara inoportuno o contra la ley

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 256»

«The other (secret) sacrifice was called the 'Chalcidian Pursuit' (Chalkidikon [apojdiogma). A mythical aition explains that once during a war the women had prayed for victory and the enemy had fled and had been pursued to Chalcis39 . And that is all we know.»El otro sacrificio secreto se llamaba Persecución Calcídica, y un *aition* mítico explica que una vez, durante una guerra, las mujeres habían rezado por la victoria y el enemigo huyó y fue perseguido hasta Calcis; y eso es todo lo que se sabe

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 256»

«If I am now going to try and search for a more coherent and satisfactory explanation of this collection of oddities, I emphatically do not wish to reject or play down the aspects that refer to fertility, both human and agrarian.»Al buscar una explicación más coherente y satisfactoria de ese conjunto de rarezas, declara con énfasis que no quiere rechazar ni rebajar los aspectos que remiten a la fertilidad humana y agraria

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 257»

«This feature is simply too obvious for doubt. In this connection I would once more profess my conviction that any attempt to radically replace the old fertility paradigm by any later-functionalistic, structuralistic or semiotic-interpretation, is unwise and uncalled for.»Ese rasgo le parece demasiado obvio para dudarlo, y profesa una vez más su convicción de que todo intento de sustituir de raíz el viejo paradigma de la fertilidad por una interpretación posterior —funcionalista, estructuralista o semiótica— es imprudente y está de más

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 257»

«Such a procedure will inevitably end up in distortion of the evidence, just as the old vegetation paradigm did, as we just observed.»Porque tal proceder acabaría sin remedio distorsionando los testimonios, igual que hizo el viejo paradigma de la vegetación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 257»

«We do have the right, however, to look for another frame of reference in order to elucidate those elements which have failed to find a convincing interpretation within the old paradigm.»Aunque sí cabe buscar otro marco de referencia para aclarar los elementos que no hallaron interpretación convincente en el paradigma viejo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 257»

«men found it just a bit too troublesome to do business»A los hombres, dice, les resultaba un poco demasiado molesto hacer negocios en semejante caos; el troceo parte la frase en el renglón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 256»

«And, after the previous chapters, it will not surprise the reader that we shall start our quest in the context of the 'festivals of exception'. For, indeed, the Thesmophoria (as well as the festival of Bona Dea) clearly belongs in this category, as do, in a different social context, the Kronia and Saturnalia.»Y anuncia dónde arranca la búsqueda: en el contexto de las fiestas de excepción, porque las Tesmoforias y la fiesta de Bona Dea pertenecen con claridad a esa categoría, como en otro contexto social las Kronia y las Saturnales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 257»

«During these few days the women laid off the burden of their normal routine and of their submissiveness to male dominance, more especially their obedience to male phallokratia.»Durante esos pocos días las mujeres se quitaban de encima la carga de su rutina normal y de su sumisión al dominio masculino, y en particular su obediencia a la falocracia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 257»

«For once, they enjoyed privileges that were unimaginable in normal life: the right to organize a women's society with complete autonomy and proper female archontes»Por una vez gozaban de privilegios inimaginables en la vida normal: el derecho de organizar una sociedad de mujeres con autonomía completa y con *archontes* propias

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 257»

«to ward off male intervention41 (except for financial support)»De rechazar la intervención masculina, salvo el sostén financiero

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 257»

«to leave their houses and stay outside, even during the night, to perform private and secret rituals.»De dejar sus casas y quedarse fuera, aun de noche, y de celebrar ritos privados y secretos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 257»

«The only source that hints in this direction is Aristophanes Thesm. 730 ff., which has a satirical flavour, just asJuvenal's malicious references to drunken women during the secret ceremonies for Bona Dea.»La única fuente que apunta en esa dirección es Aristófanes, de sabor satírico, como las referencias maliciosas de Juvenal a las mujeres ebrias en las ceremonias secretas de Bona Dea

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 258»

«But the women's festival of the Haloa, also in honour of Demeter, which displays closely related features, though in a more hilarious and exalted fashion, was notorious for the profusion of wine (and sexual sym holism and obscene language»Pero la fiesta femenina de las Haloa, también en honor de Deméter y de rasgos muy emparentados aunque más hilarante y exaltada, era notoria por la profusión de vino, el simbolismo sexual y el lenguaje obsceno; el tramo corta antes del paréntesis de cierre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 258»

«Thesmophoriazousai enjoyed the privilege of drinking wine is a matter of dispute.»Si las *Thesmophoriazousai* ordinarias gozaban del privilegio de beber vino es cosa discutida. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 258»

«Diodorus Sic. 5, 4, reports that the Syracusans celebrated the Thesmophoria mimoumenoi ton archaion bion ("imitating the old way of life»Diodoro cuenta que los siracusanos celebraban las Tesmoforias imitando el modo de vida antiguo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 259»

«Another significant testimony records that the Eretrian women during the Thesmophoria "did not prepare the meat on fire but by the heat of the sun»Y otro testimonio registra que las mujeres eretrias no preparaban la carne al fuego durante las Tesmoforias, sino con el calor del sol

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 259»

«Even if this were an age-old heritage46 and not a spontaneous act of mimesis (as Diodorus phrases it), origin is not to be identified with meaning.»Y aun siendo herencia antiquísima y no acto espontáneo de *mimesis*, el origen no ha de identificarse con el significado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 259»

«The meaning of its supposed 'preservation' can only be explored by asking why this specific habit was maintained in so limited a number of exceptional festivals, whereas in other equally old-fashioned agrarian ceremonies 'it had gradually fallen into abeyance', as it is generally phrased.»El sentido de esa preservación supuesta solo se explora preguntando por qué se mantuvo esa costumbre en un número tan limitado de fiestas excepcionales, cuando en otras ceremonias agrarias igual de anticuadas se dice que fue cayendo en desuso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 259»

«aspects of 'primitivism' in rituals of exception generally refer to the exceptional nature of the situation itself, signifying the reverse of normality, a temporary return to an a- or precultural way of life, where various aspects of disorder yield an ambivalent amalgam of hilarious euphoria and of disquieting»Y da la respuesta hallada en otros contextos del libro: los aspectos de primitivismo en los ritos de excepción remiten en general a la naturaleza excepcional de la situación misma, significan el revés de la normalidad y una vuelta temporal a un modo de vida acultural o precultural, donde el desorden da una amalgama ambivalente de euforia hilarante y de inquietud; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 259»

«this immediately entails a most natural and, above all, coherent explanation of the liberation of prisoners and the suspension of court sessions and council meetings, rites that have never been understood correctly»Y eso trae una explicación natural y sobre todo coherente de la liberación de los presos y de la suspensión de sesiones de tribunales y de consejo, ritos nunca entendidos bien

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 260»

«For, as a matter of fact, they are the very expression of the anomia characteristic of this type of festival of reversal.»Porque son la expresión misma de la *anomia* característica de este tipo de fiesta de inversión

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 260»

«Temporary liberation from chains and bondage was the central feature of Kronia and Saturnalia.»La liberación temporal de cadenas y ataduras era el rasgo central de Kronia y Saturnales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 260»

«Moreover, the Saturnalia also shared the official cessation of all public services with some other Roman 'interstitional' ceremonies, such as the mundus patet.»Y las Saturnales compartían además el cese oficial de todos los servicios públicos con otras ceremonias intersticiales romanas, como el *mundus patet*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 260»

«can then be excellently understood as signals of primitivism»El sentarse en el suelo y el dormir en *stibades* se entienden muy bien como señales de primitivismo. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 260»

«I have argued that the Roman iustitium (literally the cessation of jurisdiction) mirrors Greek anomia, both being markers of 'periods of exception'-either of mourning, or of licence (or both, for instance in festivals of the turning of the year»Sostiene que el *iustitium* romano, cese de la jurisdicción, refleja la *anomia* griega, marcadores ambos de periodos de excepción, sea de duelo o de licencia, o de ambos, como en las fiestas del cambio de año

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 260»

«From this point of view the ribald cheers and indecent speech of the women-even if originating in fertility rites-acquire an overtone: they, too, suggest a reversal of the normal, in particular the sexual, order: women usurp»Desde ahí, los vítores procaces y el habla indecente de las mujeres, aunque vengan de ritos de fertilidad, cobran un matiz: sugieren también una inversión del orden normal, y en particular del sexual; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 261»

«This becomes particularly evident when we compare modern Greek women's festivals, where the element offertility has now practically disappeared54, but indecent behaviour with imitations and manipulations of male sexual organs and dirty language is still a standard ingredient.»Y se ve sobre todo al comparar las fiestas femeninas de la Grecia moderna, donde el elemento de fertilidad casi desapareció pero la conducta indecente con imitaciones y manipulaciones de órganos sexuales masculinos y el lenguaje sucio siguen siendo ingrediente estándar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 261»

«Clearly, the Thesmophoria is a festival of fertility and a number of its most conspicuous aspects can be explained from this perspective. It is also a festival of exception, in some respects even of reversal, a feature which helps us to elucidate other elements.»Y resume: las Tesmoforias son fiesta de fertilidad y varios de sus aspectos más llamativos se explican desde ahí, y son también fiesta de excepción y en ciertos respectos de inversión, cosa que aclara otros elementos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 261»

«If origin should not be identified with meaning, function is not identical to meaning either.»Y añade la tercera distinción: si el origen no ha de identificarse con el significado, tampoco la función es lo mismo que el significado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 261»

«Though I do not quite subscribe to the depreciation of the functionalistic approach voiced here, I do agree that, whereas functionalism asks what rites do for society, one can -and should -also ask what rites say about society.»No suscribe del todo esa desestimación del enfoque funcionalista, pero concede que si el funcionalismo pregunta qué hacen los ritos por la sociedad, cabe y conviene preguntar también qué dicen los ritos sobre la sociedad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 261»

«You can read them, analyse the implied connotations, and inquire what they signify»Se los puede leer, analizar sus connotaciones implícitas y preguntar qué significan

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 261»

«They signify the interruption of normality through the suspension of normal law»Significan la interrupción de la normalidad por la suspensión de la ley normal; la frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 260»

«This third level of interpretation has been broached for the Thesmophoria in various ways by various scholars, who have considerably advanced our perception of the festival»Ese tercer nivel de interpretación lo abordaron de varios modos varios estudiosos que hicieron avanzar bastante la percepción del sentido de la fiesta; el tramo corta antes del genitivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 262»

«Although their semiotic interpretations hide a common denominator, each of them detects a different (aspect of the) message.»Y aunque sus interpretaciones semióticas escondan un denominador común, cada una detecta un mensaje distinto o un aspecto distinto del mensaje

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 262»

«I shall focus on what I consider the core of the message hidden in the myth and ritual of the Thesmophoria.»Declara su deuda con Detienne, Winkler y Zeitlin y se concentra en lo que tiene por el núcleo del mensaje escondido en el mito y el rito de las Tesmoforias

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 262»

«The beds of antaphrodisiac lugos confront us with a glaring inconsistency»Y los lechos de sauzgatillo antiafrodisiaco le ponen delante una inconsistencia chillona

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 262»

«The name Kalligeneia and a variety of fertility symbols confirm this.»Porque por un lado la fiesta atiende a la fertilidad de campos y mujeres, cosa que sostienen el nombre Caligenia y varios símbolos de fertilidad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 262»

«unique in being the only certain instance of a classical Greek festival where the laywomen were required to keep themselves pure in the period of preparation and during the festival»Señala lo único del caso: es la única instancia segura de una fiesta griega clásica donde se exigía a las laicas mantenerse puras en el periodo de preparación y durante la fiesta. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 263»

«In sum, during the Thesmophoria the matrons were temporarily reduced to the status of virgins before marriage: though sexually mature they are not (yet) available for consummation»En suma, durante las Tesmoforias las matronas quedaban reducidas por un tiempo al estatus de vírgenes antes del matrimonio: sexualmente maduras pero no disponibles todavía para la consumación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 263»

«The paradox is further complicated by the fact that 'real' virgins were not admitted»Y la paradoja se complica porque las vírgenes de verdad no eran admitidas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 263»

«In this connection, it is also significant that Demeter and her daughter were called 'sacred-pure' (hagne thea) and that Demeter's priestesses, like the Roman Vestal Virgins must be unmarried»Y también es significativo que a Deméter y a su hija se las llamara diosa pura y que sus sacerdotisas, como las vestales romanas, hubieran de ser solteras

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 263»

«It will be immediately evident now that sleeping on beds of antaphrodisiac lugos is the perfect manner to express (and effect) one side ofthis paradox.»Y de ahí que dormir en lechos de sauzgatillo antiafrodisiaco sea la manera perfecta de expresar y de efectuar una cara de esa paradoja; el OCR pega *ofthis*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 263»

«This suspension of the procreative function in an otherwise overtly procreative context is exactly what I regard as the core of the»Y esa suspensión de la función procreadora en un contexto abiertamente procreador es lo que él tiene por el núcleo del mensaje de la fiesta; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 264»

«The fact that lugos is particularly associated with the virgin goddess Artemis68, adds support to this view.»Y que el sauzgatillo se asocie en particular a la diosa virgen Ártemis apoya esa mirada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 264»

«sian custom of inserting a pine twig under these stibades of withies, which, seen in this light, now reveals its meaning.»La costumbre milesia única de meter una rama de pino bajo esos lechos de mimbre revela así su sentido; el tramo arranca en la segunda mitad de la palabra que el troceo parte al saltar de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 265»

«It 'translates' the paradox just described in a very precise manner: indeed, the festival is about fertility and this is symbolized through the pine branch, but it is not accorded consummation; as yet, the pine branch is 'under cover', camouflaged by the antaphrodisiac lugos, which forms a temporary barrier between the bearers and the symbol of fertility.»Traduce con precisión la paradoja: la fiesta trata de la fertilidad, simbolizada en la rama de pino, pero no se le concede consumación, porque la rama queda cubierta y camuflada por el sauzgatillo antiafrodisiaco, barrera temporal entre las portadoras y el símbolo de la fertilidad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 265»

«the 'Bailers' fetch up 'unspeakable sacred things' that are made of dough: models of snakes and male membra; they also take pine branches»La fuente principal dice que las achicadoras suben cosas sagradas indecibles hechas de masa, figuras de serpientes y de miembros masculinos, y que toman también ramas de pino

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 265»

«Here we have the very same paradox condensed in one sentence: overtly sexual symbols are manipulated by a group of women who have strict instructions to preserve a state of purity»Y ahí está la misma paradoja condensada en una frase: símbolos abiertamente sexuales manipulados por un grupo de mujeres con instrucciones estrictas de conservar un estado de pureza

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 265»

«And it is as if this is all summarized in the amazing ambivalence of the word kneoron. Hesychius s. v. says that it is a plant used for the Thesmophoriac stibades with the function of (sexual) purification, but that it also means female pudendum.»Y como si todo se resumiera en la ambivalencia asombrosa de la palabra *kneoron*, que según Hesiquio nombra una planta usada en los lechos tesmofóricos para la purificación sexual y a la vez el pudendo femenino

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 265»

«The first sacrifice raised the question of what could be so wrong in the ritual»El primer sacrificio plantea la pregunta de qué podía haber tan mal en la conducta ritual de las mujeres durante las Tesmoforias como para merecer un castigo; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 265»

«Because he could not find offences Deubner had to invent them: possible ritual errors that had to be propitiated.»Y como no halló ofensas, Deubner tuvo que inventarlas: posibles errores rituales que hubiera que propiciar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 265»

«we do not need to look for possible flaws in parts of the ritual, for the whole festival itself is manifestly (and necessarily) wrong (as myth will unequivocally confirm»Y la respuesta natural que él propone: no hace falta buscar fallas en partes del rito, porque la fiesta entera es manifiesta y necesariamente errada, como el mito dirá sin equívoco

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 266»

«The normal codes of behaviour are suspendend or reversed, women conspicuously do wrong things, they manifest subversive traits in acts of aggression or self-assertion, and as if this were not enough, during this festival for human and agrarian fertility, the male katalyst was banned, temporary sterility being the paradoxical result.»Los códigos normales de conducta quedan suspendidos o invertidos, las mujeres hacen cosas malas de modo llamativo, muestran rasgos subversivos en actos de agresión o de autoafirmación, y en esta fiesta de fertilidad humana y agraria se destierra al catalizador masculino, con la esterilidad temporal por resultado paradójico; el OCR imprime *suspendend*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 266»

«Reason enough for a ritual zemia for this fundamental offence and with this the sacrifice falls into the category of-mostly mythical-punishments for unavoidable wrongdoings»Razón bastante, dice, para una *zemia* ritual por esa ofensa fundamental, con lo que el sacrificio entra en la categoría de los castigos, casi siempre míticos, por faltas inevitables

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 266»

«Ultimately, female martial aggression may release itself against the»En último término, dice, la agresión marcial femenina puede soltarse contra sus propios maridos, como ilustra del modo más obvio el mito y el rito del fuego de Lemnos; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 267»

«After this analysis of the elements that, together, construct the essential ambiguity of the Thesmophoria-matrons celebrating their procreative qualities while being temporarily deprived of any opportunity of sexual fulfilment-it remains to ask what this means.»Tras analizar los elementos que construyen la ambigüedad esencial de las Tesmoforias —matronas que celebran sus cualidades procreadoras mientras quedan privadas por un tiempo de toda ocasión de cumplimiento sexual—, queda preguntar qué significa eso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 267»

«As so often, myth will put us on the track. Unfortunately, the Thesmophoria does not abound in mythical 'commentary' but the little we have is informative.»Y como tantas veces, el mito pone en la pista, porque aunque las Tesmoforias no abunden en comentario mítico, lo poco que hay informa

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 267»

«One myth 77 , belonging to a common type, tells us that in Cyrene slaughterers (sphaktriai), their faces smeared with blood and swords in hand, castrated the man who came to spy on them at the festival, who was no other than King Battus himself.»Un mito cuenta que en Cirene unas degolladoras, con la cara untada de sangre y espadas en la mano, castraron al hombre que fue a espiarlas en la fiesta, que no era otro que el propio rey Bato; el tramo corta antes de la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 267»

«This is a mythical expression of the Thesmophoriac hostility to men, blown up to a gruesome picture.»Y lo lee como expresión mítica de la hostilidad tesmofórica a los hombres, agrandada en un cuadro espantoso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 267»

«Likewise, Aristomenes of Messenia, when he came too close to women celebrating the Thesmophoria, was overpowered with sacrificial knives, roasting spits, and torches, and then taken captive»Igualmente, Aristómenes de Mesenia, al acercarse demasiado a unas mujeres que celebraban las Tesmoforias, fue reducido con cuchillos de sacrificio, asadores y antorchas, y hecho cautivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 267»

«They also clearly demonstrate that the festival is essentially wrong, disruptive and, consequently in the eyes of one half of the society, threatening.»Y muestran que la fiesta es esencialmente errada, disruptiva y, por tanto, amenazante a ojos de una mitad de la sociedad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 268»

«the specific threat of the Thesmophoria in contradistinction to Bacchic 'excursions', lies in the fact that the Demeter festival is directly connected with the overt aims and goals of the polis, not least in its focus on the production of legitimate citizen children»Y precisa dónde está la amenaza específica frente a las excursiones báquicas: la fiesta de Deméter se liga directamente a los fines declarados de la polis, y no menos a la producción de hijos ciudadanos legítimos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 268»

«Disruption within the boundaries of, and even in the political centre of the polis, may be expected to provoke a different set of responses, both ritually and in the imagination, than do Bacchic excursions eis oros (''to the mountain"), where reversal of cultural codes 'naturally»La disrupción dentro de los límites, y aun en el centro político de la polis, provoca, dice, otro juego de respuestas rituales e imaginarias que las excursiones báquicas al monte; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 268»

«Persephone was abducted in the period in which, as a numphe, she was preparing herselffor marriage inter alia by weaving clothes for her wedding and marital life.»Otro mito: a Perséfone la raptaron en el periodo en que, como *numphe*, se preparaba para el matrimonio tejiendo ropa para la boda y la vida conyugal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 268»

«After her disappearance, her mother Demeter entrusted the basket (kalathos) in which these clothes had been stored to the Nymphs, but the clothes themselves she took with her when she went to the isle of Paros, where she was hosted by King Melisseus, 'king of the bees»Tras su desaparición, Deméter confió a las ninfas la cesta donde esa ropa se guardaba, pero se llevó la ropa consigo a la isla de Paros, donde la hospedó el rey Meliseo, rey de las abejas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 268»

«After her stay there she showed her gratitude by giving the bridal dress of Persephone to the sixty daughters of the king, while also revealing the secret rituals of the Thesmophoria to them. From that time on all the women celebrating the Thesmophoria bear the ritual name of»Y en gratitud dio el vestido nupcial de Perséfone a las sesenta hijas del rey y les reveló los ritos secretos de las Tesmoforias, de donde todas las mujeres que las celebran llevan el nombre ritual de abejas; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 268»

«The bee distinguishes itself by a diligent and-above all-chaste way of life, and by an extreme abstinence in sexual matters.»La abeja se distingue por un modo de vida diligente y sobre todo casto y por una abstinencia extrema en materia sexual

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 269»

«we may conclude that the ritual name of 'bees' exactly symbolizes the expectations concerning the female behaviour during this festival of reversal: although everything may be messed up, and all sorts of extravagancies condoned, the sexual codes should be carefully maintained»Y concluye que el nombre ritual de abejas simboliza con exactitud lo que se esperaba de la conducta femenina en esa fiesta de inversión: aunque todo se revuelva y se toleren toda clase de extravagancias, los códigos sexuales han de mantenerse con cuidado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 269»

«For, apart from and beyond being the examples of chastity, bees are often regarded as remaining virginal throughout their lifetime, being notable for their asexual manner of reproduction87. Here, indeed, we have the ideal virgin mothers.»Y más que con cuidado, porque además de ejemplos de castidad, a las abejas se las tiene a menudo por vírgenes de por vida, notables por su modo asexual de reproducción: madres vírgenes ideales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 270»

«Now, the little myth about Demeter at Paros contains one curious detail: the aition of the Thesmophoria does not refer to matrons, but to numphai, here (as usually) in the explicit sense of virgins on the eve of marriage»Y el mito de Deméter en Paros trae un detalle curioso: el *aition* de las Tesmoforias no remite a matronas sino a *numphai*, aquí en el sentido explícito de vírgenes en vísperas de boda

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 270»

«this is a strikingly accurate mythical translation of what we inferred from our analysis of the ritual data»Y lejos de ser otra pista de una naturaleza iniciática supuesta, eso le parece traducción mítica notablemente exacta de lo que infirió del análisis de los datos rituales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 270»

«the melissa was the emblem of female domestic virtue.»En quince siglos de literatura grecorromana, muestra Detienne, la *melissa* fue el emblema de la virtud doméstica femenina

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 269»

«reduced to the status of numphai. They become melissai, in the sense of virginal and sexually abstinent maiden-bees»Durante las Tesmoforias las matronas quedan reducidas por un tiempo al estatus de *numphai* y se vuelven *melissai*, abejas doncellas virginales y sexualmente abstinentes. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 271»

«So, on the one hand, a numpM is a young maiden shortly before or during the period of her transition from virgin (parthenos or kort) to wife or woman (gune or meter»Por un lado, la *numphe* es la muchacha joven poco antes o durante el paso de virgen a esposa o mujer

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 271»

«On the other hand, it is the term for that part of the female body where eros and sexuality are concentrated.»Y por otro nombra la parte del cuerpo femenino donde se concentran el eros y la sexualidad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 271»

«So, the notion of nu;npM structurally betrays the same paradox as the Thesmophoriac 'bee-nymphs' do during a limited period: they directly and emphatically refer to sexuality and the erotic, but only as a potential quality, not to be consummated for the time being.»De modo que la noción misma delata la misma paradoja que las abejas ninfas tesmofóricas durante un periodo limitado: remiten directa y enfáticamente a la sexualidad y a lo erótico, pero solo como cualidad potencial, no consumada por ahora; el OCR estropea la palabra griega

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 271»

«He says that '' Thesmophoriazousae were not supposed to eat the seeds of the pomegranates that had fallen on the ground»Clemente dice que a las *Thesmophoriazousae* no se les permitía comer las semillas de granada caídas al suelo; el tramo corta antes de las comillas de cierre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 271»

«However, Deubner 1932, 58, correctly argued that the expression can only mean that pomegranates must have belonged to the Thesmophoriac diet.»Deubner argumentó con razón que la expresión solo puede significar que las granadas formaban parte de la dieta tesmofórica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 271»

«Like apples, with wich they are often subsumed under the collective term mela91 ' pomegranates92 more specifically refer to courtship, focusing attention on the sexually maturing maiden before marriage and to the wedding ceremony itself.»Como las manzanas, con las que a menudo se agrupan bajo el término colectivo *mela*, las granadas remiten más específicamente al cortejo, con la atención puesta en la doncella que madura sexualmente antes del matrimonio y en la ceremonia nupcial misma; el OCR imprime *wich*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 272»

«In other words, if they relate to fertility-or rather, sexuality-, the reference is to potentials and expectations rather than to fulfilment, least of all during the regular married life»Es decir: si remiten a la fertilidad, o más bien a la sexualidad, la referencia es a potencialidades y expectativas más que a cumplimiento, y menos aún al de la vida conyugal regular

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 272»

«Accordingly, it was by eating from the pomegranate that Kore confirmed her marriage in the netherworld.»Y por eso fue comiendo de la granada como Core confirmó su matrimonio en el inframundo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 273»

«And among the few goddesses who are (sometimes) connected with the pomegranate97 the bride Kore/Persephone is by far the most prominent.»Y entre las pocas diosas ligadas a veces a la granada, la novia Core Perséfone es con mucho la más prominente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 273»

«If, then, the pomegranate specifically98 symbolizes the introductory period before99 , the initiation into, or the confirmation of marriage, this again perfectly fits the Thesmophoriac symbolism that reduces matrons to the status of numphai before or on the brink of marriage, according to our earlier conclusions.»Si la granada simboliza específicamente el periodo introductorio previo al matrimonio, la iniciación en él o su confirmación, eso encaja perfectamente con el simbolismo tesmofórico que reduce a las matronas al estatus de *numphai* en vísperas o al filo de la boda

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 273»

«The other detail concerns the term choiros. It has the double meaning of 'pig' and 'female sexual organ»El otro detalle es el término *choiros*, con el doble significado de cerdo y de órgano sexual femenino

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 273»

«In his view the emphasis on pigs in the Thesmophoria holds a message: "women's sexuality, like the pig, could help or harm»A su ver el acento en los cerdos lleva un mensaje: la sexualidad de las mujeres, como el cerdo, puede ayudar o dañar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 273»

«argued that the choiros of the Thesmophoria, far beyond simply combining these two meanings, stands for a potentially hostile natural force which can be tamed to benefit human society; that force is female sexuality.»M. Golden sostuvo hace poco que el *choiros* de las Tesmoforias, más allá de combinar esos dos sentidos, está por una fuerza natural potencialmente hostil que puede domesticarse en beneficio de la sociedad humana: la sexualidad femenina

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 273»

«which makes maidens female (naturam quajeminae sunt in virginibus), and Greek women call it choiros, signifying that it is ready for marriage (significantes esse dignum insigne nuptiarum»Varrón: nuestras mujeres, sobre todo las nodrizas, llaman *porcus* a la naturaleza que hace femeninas a las doncellas, y las griegas la llaman *choiros*, dando a entender que está lista para el matrimonio. La cita arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 274»

«Once more, this time in the double meaning of the Greek and Latin terms for 'pig', we discover the same emphasis on the virginal girl during her maturation towards marriage-i.e., on the numphe»Y otra vez, ahora en el doble sentido de las palabras griega y latina para cerdo, halla el mismo acento en la muchacha virginal que madura hacia el matrimonio, es decir en la *numphe*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 274»

«All this seems to confirm our previous conclusions that the central inconsistency of the Thesmophoria is the paradox between its focus on the fertility and sexuality of the married woman on one hand, and the emphatic suppression of any opportunity to consummate this, on the other.»Todo eso apoya, dice, la conclusión anterior: la inconsistencia central de las Tesmoforias es la paradoja entre su foco en la fertilidad y la sexualidad de la mujer casada y la supresión enfática de toda ocasión de consumarla

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 274»

«This paradox is consistently expressed by symbols indicating the matron's temporary return to the premarital virginal existence of the numphe.»Paradoja expresada de modo consistente por símbolos que indican el regreso temporal de la matrona a la existencia virginal prematrimonial de la *numphe*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 274»

«In other words: whereas (ritual) references to female sexuality and eroticism are accepted in the context of numphai, they tend to be avoided, as soon as regular house-wives are involved.»Y en otras palabras: las referencias rituales a la sexualidad y al erotismo femeninos se aceptan en el contexto de las *numphai* y tienden a evitarse en cuanto entran en juego las amas de casa regulares

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 274»

«It also appears that the Greek term choiros is predominately applied to young pigs101 and, accordingly, to (parts of) young girls»El término griego *choiros* se aplica sobre todo a cerdos jóvenes y, en consecuencia, a partes de muchachas jóvenes; el tramo corta antes del paréntesis

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 274»

«out by H. J. Rose in the context of eunuchs in the service of fertility deities-the paradox that ''a goddess of fertility should be worshipped by the unfertile»Lo sitúa como variante de la contradicción general que H. J. Rose señaló a propósito de los eunucos al servicio de deidades de la fertilidad: que a una diosa de la fertilidad la veneren los infértiles

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 275»

«and he fails to pay attention to the Thesmophoriac paradox.»Y le reprocha no atender a la paradoja tesmofórica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 276»

«It has often been remarked that the ideal wife of the Mediterranean man, ancient and modern, is a virgin mother, and it is this ambiguity that forms the frame of Zeitlin»Se ha señalado a menudo, dice, que la esposa ideal del hombre mediterráneo, antiguo y moderno, es una madre virgen, y esa ambigüedad es el marco de las interpretaciones de Zeitlin; el tramo corta antes del genitivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 277»

«Different approaches and suggestions need not necessarily monopolize the scene to the effect of excluding all others: festivals like the Thesmophoria may foster a variety of different 'meanings', depending on the gender, the social position and the degree of involvement of the (participant) observers.»Y su propio temperamento de método: los enfoques distintos no tienen que monopolizar la escena excluyendo a los demás, porque fiestas como las Tesmoforias pueden alimentar significados varios según el género, la posición social y el grado de implicación de los observadores participantes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 277»

«In other words, myth and ritual can have various different layers, they can be and often are polyvalent, and should be analysed according to their specific cultural environment.»Es decir: mito y rito pueden tener capas distintas, son y suelen ser polivalentes, y han de analizarse según su entorno cultural específico

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 277»

«Both festivals are strictly reserved to (decent or even well-born) matrons, men being demonstratively exluded, but they are both held in the political centre of the city.»Y lo suscribe: ambas fiestas se reservan estrictamente a matronas decentes o aun bien nacidas, con los hombres excluidos de modo demostrativo, y ambas se celebran en el centro político de la ciudad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 278»

«They refer to closely related 'fertility' goddesses and the rites show interest in cereal and female fecundity.»Remiten a diosas de fertilidad muy emparentadas y sus ritos se interesan por la fecundidad cerealera y femenina

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 278»

«As for specific ritual elements both festivals reveal similar features relating to an atmosphere of 'otherness' and these take the form of a type of primitivism.»Y en los elementos rituales específicos ambas revelan rasgos parecidos de una atmósfera de alteridad que toma forma de primitivismo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 278»

«Both are marked by the use of primitive bowers or huts made of leaves, while the Thesmophoria adds rites such as sitting on the ground and lying on beds of twigs, and the Bona Dea festival references to honey and milk as primitive signals.»Ambas se marcan con enramadas o cabañas primitivas de hojas; las Tesmoforias añaden el sentarse en el suelo y el dormir en lechos de ramas, y la fiesta de Bona Dea las referencias a la miel y a la leche como señales primitivas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 278»

«In both rites serpents play a role as do, even more emphatically, pigs. Most significantly, both are characterized by bloody sacrifices performed by matrons.»En ambos ritos cuentan las serpientes y, con más énfasis, los cerdos; y lo más significativo, ambos se caracterizan por sacrificios sangrientos hechos por matronas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 278»

«There is, moreover, an exceptionally close intimacy with the central deity. The Greek women understand their fast and 'primitive' behaviour as acts of sympathy with the mourning Demeter, the Roman women invite the goddess to come in person and arrange a table from which she is supposed to take her dinner.»Y hay además una intimidad excepcionalmente estrecha con la deidad central: las griegas entienden su ayuno y su conducta primitiva como actos de simpatía con la Deméter en duelo, y las romanas invitan a la diosa a venir en persona y le disponen una mesa donde se supone que cena

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 278»

«Finally, besides being very serious and holy rites, they also betray their nature of exception by female licence: we have noticed remarkable analogies in various elements of 'ludic behaviour', although the emphatic references to wine are only attested for the Roman festival.»Y aunque sean ritos muy serios y santos, delatan su naturaleza de excepción por la licencia femenina, con analogías notables en la conducta lúdica, salvo las referencias enfáticas al vino, atestiguadas solo en la fiesta romana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 278»

«Two ritual elements attract attention because of their diametrically opposite applications: whereas wine was explicitely welcomed, myrtle was banned.»Dos elementos rituales llaman la atención por sus aplicaciones diametralmente opuestas: el vino se acogía de modo explícito y el mirto quedaba prohibido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 278»

«Why is it that women when they put up in their houses a shrine to the Women's Goddess, whom they call the Good Goddess, bring in no myrtle, though they take pride in making use of all kinds of growing and blooming plants?»Plutarco se pregunta por qué las mujeres, al levantar en sus casas un santuario a la Diosa de las Mujeres, a la que llaman Buena Diosa, no llevan mirto, aunque se precian de usar toda clase de plantas que crecen y florecen

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 279»

«Or is this because they abstain from many things, and particularly from sexual pleasures, when celebrating this religious service? For they not only exclude their husbands from the houses but they also remove everything male when performing the customary rites in honour of the goddess. Now, as the myrtle is sacred to Aphrodite, they shun it on religious grounds»Y su segunda explicación: porque se abstienen de muchas cosas y en particular de los placeres sexuales al celebrar ese servicio religioso, pues no solo excluyen a sus maridos de las casas sino que retiran todo lo masculino, y como el mirto es sagrado para Afrodita lo evitan por motivos religiosos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 279»

«in accordance with its ubiquitous connections with Aphrodite-Venus»En consonancia con sus conexiones ubicuas con Afrodita y Venus

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 279»

«Added to this, the word murtos also means female pudendum, more especially the clitoris»Y a eso se añade que la palabra *murtos* significa también el pudendo femenino, y en especial el clítoris

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 279»

«make it abundantly clear that in Greek and Roman culture the plant was notorious for its erotic-sexual symbolism»Los trabajos sobre las plantas, dice, dejan clarísimo que en la cultura griega y romana el mirto era notorio por su simbolismo erótico y sexual; el troceo parte la palabra en el renglón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 279»

«twigs were common material for making wreaths in a wide range of applications-funerary, for magistrates, for the Roman ovatio, in various cults115-the plant was conspicuously avoided as material for the bridal crown in Rome116, while it is hardly if at all attested for the ancient Greek wedding»Aunque las ramas de mirto fueran material común para coronas en aplicaciones muy variadas, la planta se evitaba de modo llamativo como material de la corona nupcial en Roma y apenas se atestigua, si acaso, en la boda griega antigua. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 280»

«Incidentally, the majority of heroes, heroines and semi-goddesses that are connected with (the name) of the myrtle are conspicuously marked by frustrated or illicit love affairs, or they concern Amazon-like types»Y de pasada: la mayoría de héroes, heroínas y semidiosas ligadas al mirto o a su nombre están marcados de modo llamativo por amores frustrados o ilícitos, o son tipos amazónicos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 281»

«Significantly, the Samian Hera, who was bound with lugos during the festival of the Tonaia120, was also the goddess in whose cult myrtle was strictly forbidden»Y es significativo que la Hera samia, atada con sauzgatillo en las Tonaya, fuera también la diosa en cuyo culto el mirto estaba estrictamente prohibido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 281»

«Consequently, the exclusion of myrtle from the Roman ritual is homologous with the inclusion of lugos in the Greek Thesmophoria: both signify that during the festival, in spite of the overtly sexual atmosphere, there is no place for erotic lust (let alone for seductive actions by males such as Clodius»Y saca la homología: excluir el mirto del rito romano equivale a incluir el sauzgatillo en las Tesmoforias griegas, porque ambos significan que durante la fiesta, pese a la atmósfera abiertamente sexual, no hay sitio para la lujuria erótica ni para las acciones seductoras de varones como Clodio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 281»

«That wine was taboo for Roman women is recorded by a number of ancient sources.»Varias fuentes antiguas registran que el vino era tabú para las mujeres romanas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 281»

«However, as recent research has shown, the sacrificial use of wine by women, perhaps even more than its alleged consumption, was a downright violation of Roman social and ritual codes.»Pero la investigación reciente ha mostrado que el uso sacrificial del vino por mujeres, quizá más aún que su consumo supuesto, era una violación rotunda de los códigos sociales y rituales romanos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 282»

«Gellius 10, 23, 1-2, says that women of all periods abstained from the wine called temetum, but that they did drink loream, passum, murrinam and similar»Gelio dice que las mujeres de todas las épocas se abstenían del vino llamado *temetum* pero sí bebían *lorea*, *passum*, *murrina* y otros vinos endulzados; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 282»

«myrtle from the bridal crown should be explained by its erotic connotations: being the signum of Aphrodite/ Venus118, it denotes erotic seduction, and for that reason should be shunned in the context of regular marriage, where Hera/Iuno reigns.»La exclusión del mirto de la corona nupcial se explica por sus connotaciones eróticas, porque siendo *signum* de Afrodita y Venus denota seducción erótica y por eso ha de evitarse en el matrimonio regular, donde reina Hera o Juno. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 281»

«This statement, combined with others, can throw light on recent archaeological discoveries, which seem to contradict the prevailing literary evidence.»Y esa afirmación, unida a otras, alumbra hallazgos arqueológicos recientes que parecen contradecir los testimonios literarios dominantes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 282»

«Archaic Latin graves of aristocratic women contain wine-amphorae-one even contained an olla for wine with the text salvetod Tita-thus irrefutably linking (aristocratic) women with the consumption of wine»Las tumbas latinas arcaicas de mujeres aristócratas contienen ánforas de vino, y una hasta una *olla* para vino con el texto *salvetod Tita*, lo que liga sin remedio a las aristócratas con el consumo de vino

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 282»

«Now, if according to Gellius we should make a distinction between 'sweetened' (or, more generally, processed) and pure wines, the contradiction is solved»Y si con Gelio se distingue entre vinos endulzados o procesados y vinos puros, la contradicción queda resuelta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 282»

«in the archaic period aristocratic women were allowed to drink certain brands of imported or processed wines (spurcum vinum), as a token of their social status, but they had to abstain from the pure, indigenous temetum, which was reserved for men and gods»En época arcaica las aristócratas podían beber ciertas marcas de vino importado o procesado como señal de su estatus social, pero debían abstenerse del *temetum* puro e indígena, reservado a los hombres y a los dioses

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 282»

«For this temetum, as Piccaluga had pointed out in an earlier article128, is the only wine suited for sacrificial use.»Porque ese *temetum*, como Piccaluga señaló en otro artículo, es el único vino apto para uso sacrificial

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 282»

«the prohibition of temetum for women exposes their political and religious inferiority, since it involves their exclusion from the ceremony that creates contact between men and gods: sacrifice»De Cazanove subraya el corolario más importante: la prohibición del *temetum* a las mujeres expone su inferioridad política y religiosa, porque implica su exclusión de la ceremonia que crea contacto entre hombres y dioses, el sacrificio; el tramo corta antes de la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 283»

«According to Plutarch, the Sabine women, once Romanized, were officially assigned the tasks of processing wool and weaving, but they were denied the tasks of grinding grain and preparing meat»Según Plutarco, a las sabinas romanizadas se les asignaron oficialmente las tareas de trabajar la lana y tejer, y se les negaron las de moler grano y preparar carne

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 283»

«Now, keeping women from the kitchen is keeping them from sacrifice»Y apartar a las mujeres de la cocina es apartarlas del sacrificio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 283»

«To all this there is only one exception: the Vestal Virgins, who did have the task of preparing the mola salsa for sacrificial purposes.»Con una sola excepción: las vestales, que sí tenían la tarea de preparar la *mola salsa* para fines sacrificiales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 283»

«However, as we shall see in more detail below, the Vestals are not matrons. Their 'extra-sexual' condition sets them outside the family, with a judicial status that resembles that of men.»Pero las vestales no son matronas: su condición extrasexual las pone fuera de la familia, con un estatus jurídico parecido al de los hombres

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 283»

«Men and Vestals-as opposed to matrons-have legal standing, the right to process grain and meat, and the right to sacrifice in official state ceremonies»Primera serie de oposiciones: hombres y vestales, frente a las matronas, tienen personalidad jurídica, derecho a procesar el grano y la carne y derecho a sacrificar en las ceremonias oficiales del Estado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 283»

«Gods are accorded temetum, men may drink both temetum and processed wines, while women may only drink processed wines.»Segunda: a los dioses les toca el *temetum*, los hombres pueden beber *temetum* y vinos procesados, y las mujeres solo vinos procesados

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 283»

«All this implies that women were marginalized as compared to men whose place was in the political and cultic centre of the city.»Todo eso implica que las mujeres quedaban marginadas frente a los hombres, cuyo lugar estaba en el centro político y cúltico de la ciudad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 283»

«incapables mais indispensables" as J. Scheid aptly phrased»Eran incapaces pero indispensables, en la fórmula certera de J. Scheid sobre su posición cúltica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 283»

«When they reflected on the prohibition of wine, they tended to relate it to the supposed aphrodisiac effects of wine on women.»Y advierte que eso no era inferencia que los propios romanos formularan: al reflexionar sobre la prohibición del vino tendían a ligarla a sus supuestos efectos afrodisiacos en las mujeres

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 284»

«says that if a woman has drunk wine or committed adultery, she must be punished136, thus linking the two sins.»Catón dice que si una mujer ha bebido vino o ha cometido adulterio ha de ser castigada, ligando así los dos pecados

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 284»

«In olden days the use of wine was unknown to women, for fear that they might lapse into some disgraceful act. For it is only a step from the intemperance of Liber pater to the forbidden things of Venus»Valerio Máximo es más explícito: antiguamente el uso del vino era desconocido para las mujeres, por miedo a que cayeran en algún acto vergonzoso, porque de la intemperancia de Líber padre a lo prohibido de Venus hay un solo paso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 284»

«A comparison of the evidence on myrtle and wine reveals their correlation.»Comparar los testimonios sobre el mirto y el vino revela su correlación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 284»

«Hence: if wine comes in, myrtle must go out.»De ahí que si entra el vino, tenga que salir el mirto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 285»

«This is strikingly analogous to the Thesmophoriac licence (perhaps including wine) and the significant suppression of lurking erotic enticements through the application of lugos, konuza and kneoron.»Y eso es llamativamente análogo a la licencia tesmofórica, quizá con vino, y a la supresión significativa de los señuelos eróticos al acecho mediante el sauzgatillo, la *konuza* y el *kneoron*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 285»

«cial case the ritual use of wine139 did not entail the disruptive erotic effects generally associated with it.»La fiesta de Bona Dea hacía urgente aclarar que en ese caso especial el uso ritual del vino no traía los efectos eróticos disruptivos que se le asociaban; el tramo arranca en la segunda mitad de la palabra que el troceo parte al saltar de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 285»

«Rome, as can be expected, displayed even more rigour: ritual effected a duplication of the»Roma, como cabe esperar, mostró más rigor aún, porque el rito duplicó la advertencia; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 285»

«For only now do we fully understand the curious detail that women called the wine 'milk' and the wine vessel 'honey-jar', to which we may add an additional fact reported by Arnobius141 , that the wine vessel was present but covered with a cloth.»Y solo ahora se entiende del todo el detalle curioso de que las mujeres llamaran leche al vino y tarro de miel al vaso, a lo que se añade lo que cuenta Arnobio: que el vaso estaba presente pero cubierto con un paño

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 285»

«If wine is permitted to women-surprisingly and exceptionally-it must be covered, disguised and made harmless by an innocent incognito»Si se permite vino a las mujeres, de modo sorprendente y excepcional, ha de estar cubierto, disfrazado y vuelto inofensivo por un incógnito inocente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 285»

«These pseudonyms, in their turn, carry several layers of significance. Milk and honey are the markers par excellence of 'otherness', especially in the precultural sense of the term143, and as such, even as mere denominators, they help to determine the exceptional nature of this festival of reversal.»Esos seudónimos llevan a su vez varias capas de significado: la leche y la miel son los marcadores por excelencia de la alteridad, sobre todo en sentido precultural, y como tales, aun siendo meros nombres, ayudan a determinar la naturaleza excepcional de esta fiesta de inversión

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 285»

«On the other hand, the mimicry may also have functioned as fuel for "women's laughter", as Winkler characterized the women's festivals144: "say, dear, would you be so kind as to pass the milk?»Y por otro lado la mímica pudo servir de combustible para la risa de las mujeres: oye, querida, ¿serías tan amable de pasarme la leche?

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 285»

«Side by side with the Roman matrons the Vestal Virgins played an important part in the Bona Dea festival.»Junto a las matronas romanas, las vestales cumplían un papel importante en la fiesta de Bona Dea

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 286»

«That there was something queer about the Virgines Vestales has long been noticed.»Y que algo raro pasaba con las *Virgines Vestales* se ha notado desde hace tiempo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 286»

«The debate on their sexual status seems to have no end. The central question that haunts the older studies and that-unavoidably-was posed in terms of origins, is this: if the sacred flame tended by these holy women is to be identified with the hearth-fire of the royal house, who, then, were these guardians 'originally': the king»El debate sobre su estatus sexual parece no tener fin, y la pregunta central de los estudios viejos, formulada sin remedio en términos de origen, es si esas guardianas del fuego sagrado fueron en origen las esposas o las hijas del rey; el tramo corta antes del genitivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 286»

«For, as a matter of fact, the Vestals carry traits both of the matron and of the unmarried maiden.»Porque las vestales llevan rasgos de la matrona y de la doncella soltera

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 286»

«Festus 454 L is explicit on this point when he says that the hairstyle of the sex crines typifies both the Vestals and the bride»Festo es explícito al decir que el peinado de las seis trenzas caracteriza a las vestales y a la novia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 287»

«I believe that this particular insight is not only right but that it is also an essential element in the 'construction' of the Vestal Virgin»Y él tiene esa intuición por acertada y por elemento esencial en la construcción de la vestal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 287»

«While appreciating the general part of her exposition, I have grave doubts with respect to this specific interpretation.»Aprecia la parte general de esa exposición pero tiene dudas graves sobre esa interpretación específica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 288»

«The obvious objection is that we are not talking about fire in general but about the hearth-fire. And the basic connotations of this fire refer exclusively to civilizing, productive, beneficial forces, whereas the opposing qualities are the preserve of Vulcanus»La objeción obvia: no se habla del fuego en general sino del fuego del hogar, cuyas connotaciones básicas remiten en exclusiva a fuerzas civilizadoras, productivas y benéficas, mientras las cualidades opuestas son cosa de Vulcano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 288»

«when pointing out the resemblance to the sexual status of nuns: they too are virgins (or at least chaste) with clear maternal and even male aspects»Y el argumento más decisivo contra su interpretación lo aporta la propia Beard al señalar el parecido con el estatus sexual de las monjas, también vírgenes o al menos castas, con aspectos maternales y aun masculinos claros

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 289»

«However, there is no spark of fire here.»Pero ahí, dice, no hay chispa de fuego alguna

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 289»

«And she invites the reader, for a more complete understanding of the Vestals' ambiguous position, to dig more deeply, suggesting that the Vestals themselves are independent mediators between the opposed terms of 'man' and 'woman', which might, in the end, also cast more light on their involvement in such festivals as that of Bona Dea.»Y ella invita a cavar más hondo, sugiriendo que las vestales son mediadoras independientes entre los términos opuestos de hombre y mujer, cosa que alumbraría también su participación en fiestas como la de Bona Dea

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 289»

«For the Vestal Virgins were not the only women marked by the ambiguity of being both virgins and matrons.»Acepta la invitación: las vestales no eran las únicas mujeres marcadas por la ambigüedad de ser vírgenes y matronas a la vez

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 289»

«They were matched, though for a restricted period of time, by the Thesmophoriazousai, who, as we have seen, betrayed the very same ambiguity in their sexual status: despite being matrons they were reduced to the status of virgins.»Las igualaban, por un periodo limitado, las *Thesmophoriazousai*, que delataban exactamente la misma ambigüedad de estatus sexual, porque siendo matronas quedaban reducidas al estatus de vírgenes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 289»

«And in this case it is in myth that virgins take the place of matrons.»Y que en este caso sea en el mito donde las vírgenes ocupan el lugar de las matronas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 289»

«the festival of Bona Dea is the only certain Roman ceremony in which matrons and Vestals were associated»Le anima seguir esa pista que la fiesta de Bona Dea sea la única ceremonia romana segura donde matronas y vestales se asocian

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 289»

«This aition is also known to Arnobius, Nat. 5, 18, who identifies Bona Dea with Fenta Fatua, beaten to death with myrtle by her husband because she had "emptied a full vessel of pure wine»Arnobio conoce el mismo *aition* e identifica a Bona Dea con Fenta Fatua, muerta a golpes de mirto por su marido porque había vaciado un vaso lleno de vino puro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 290»

«Lactantius DI 1, 22, 9-11, adds that Faun us afterwards deified his wife regretting his rash act»Lactancio añade que Fauno deificó después a su mujer, arrepentido de su acto precipitado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 290»

«It is said too that she was the daughter of Faun us, and that she resisted the amorous advances of her father who had fallen in love with her, so that he even beat her with myrtle twigs because she did not yield to his desires though she had been made drunk by him on wine. It is believed that the father changed himself into a serpent, however, and under this guise had intercourse with his daughter»La versión distinta de Macrobio: se dice también que fue hija de Fauno y que resistió los avances amorosos de su padre, enamorado de ella, tanto que él la golpeó con ramas de mirto porque no cedía a sus deseos aunque la había emborrachado con vino, y se cree que el padre se mudó en serpiente y bajo esa forma tuvo trato con su hija

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 290»

«It will be immediately apparent that these two related but diverging versions of a mythical theme, refer to the most remarkable elements of the ritual and the cult of Bona Dea: wine, myrtle, serpents, female modesty blemished.»Y es patente, dice, que esas dos versiones divergentes remiten a los elementos más notables del rito y del culto de Bona Dea: vino, mirto, serpientes y pudor femenino mancillado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 290»

«These stories of excess and punishment constructed after the model of the well-known Maetennius story (above p.229) strongly corroborate our views of the interrelated meanings of wine and myrtle.»Y esos relatos de exceso y castigo, construidos sobre el modelo de la historia de Metenio, apoyan con fuerza su lectura de los significados entrelazados del vino y del mirto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 290»

«The first version reflects the general taboo on wine for women and pictures the consequences when this code is violated.»La primera versión refleja el tabú general del vino para las mujeres y pinta las consecuencias de violar ese código

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 290»

«The sole additional element, viz. the fact that the matron is beaten to death with myrtle, cannot but signify that myrtle in this context bears strongly negative connotations.»Y el único elemento añadido, que a la matrona la maten a golpes de mirto, solo puede significar que en ese contexto el mirto lleva connotaciones fuertemente negativas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 290»

«And so it is applied: as an aetiological explanation of its exclusion from the festival»Y así se aplica: como explicación etiológica de su exclusión de la fiesta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 290»

«who makes Faunus regret the death of his wife and deify her so that she becomes Bona De a, may refer to the exceptional situation of the Bona Dea festival: what is not allowed in daily life is allowed to the goddess and her servants.»Lactancio, que hace a Fauno arrepentirse de la muerte de su mujer y deificarla, quizá remita a la situación excepcional de la fiesta: lo no permitido en la vida diaria se le permite a la diosa y a sus servidoras. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 291»

«The other version, however, is both more enigmatic and more instructive. First, there is an unequivocal linkage of wine drinking, myrtle and excessive erotic desire.»La otra versión le parece más enigmática y más instructiva, porque liga sin equívoco el beber vino, el mirto y el deseo erótico excesivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 291»

«Faunus uses both wine and myrtle as instruments to stimulate his daughter's erotic appetite.»Fauno usa el vino y el mirto como instrumentos para estimular el apetito erótico de su hija

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 291»

«But, of course, the shocking part is the act of incest performed by father Faunus.»Y lo chocante, claro, es el acto de incesto del padre Fauno

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 291»

«Even acknowledging this god's doubtful reputation when it comes to assaulting unwary women, an attempt to rape his own, very prude, daughther is something special indeed.»Y aun reconociéndole al dios su reputación dudosa en materia de asaltar mujeres desprevenidas, intentar violar a su propia hija, muy pudorosa, es algo especial

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 291»

«we can regard this version as an extreme 'blow up' of the most threatening expectations concerning the relation of wine and erotic myrtle in the context of Bona Dea»Tiene esa versión por una ampliación extrema de las expectativas más amenazantes sobre la relación del vino y del mirto erótico en el contexto de Bona Dea

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 291»

«However, I would draw the attention to one striking-and to my mind meaningful-coincidence: in this unique version, presenting an extreme erotic excess, the matron of all other versions has disappeared, yielding her place to a virgin»Pero llama la atención sobre una coincidencia llamativa y a su ver significativa: en esa versión única de exceso erótico extremo, la matrona de las demás versiones desaparece y cede su sitio a una virgen

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 291»

«When we survey this section on the myth and ritual of Bona Dea the remarkable parallelism with the Thesmophoria strikes the eye.»Al repasar la sección sobre el mito y el rito de Bona Dea, dice, salta a la vista el paralelismo notable con las Tesmoforias

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 291»

«Women violate the normal codes of behaviour, but, just as in the Thesmophoria, there are warning signs: if wine is in, myrtle, symbol of eros, must be out.»Las mujeres violan los códigos normales de conducta, pero hay señales de aviso, como en las Tesmoforias: si entra el vino, el mirto, símbolo del eros, tiene que salir

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 291»

«And just as in the Thesmophoria, the female sexuality and fertility, which is in the centre of things, is curiously frustrated: no men are admitted to bring it to completion.»Y como en las Tesmoforias, la sexualidad y la fertilidad femeninas, que están en el centro, quedan curiosamente frustradas, porque no se admite hombre alguno que las lleve a término

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 291»

«again comparably to the Greek festival, there is a marked emphasis on virgins, both in ritual (Vestal Virgins) and myth (Faunus and his daughter), who assist or take the place of the matrons as soon as the situation seems to require this.»Y hay un acento marcado en las vírgenes, en el rito con las vestales y en el mito con Fauno y su hija, que asisten a las matronas o toman su lugar en cuanto la situación parece exigirlo. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 292»

«So, in the end, the two closely related festivals of Greece and Rome confront us with the same paradox: matrons celebrate their basic procreative qualities by rites that focus on sexual symbolism.»Las dos fiestas emparentadas de Grecia y de Roma dejan, al final, la misma paradoja: las matronas celebran sus cualidades procreadoras básicas con ritos centrados en el simbolismo sexual

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 292»

«At the same time they are rigorously prevented from satisfying erotic desire by antaphrodisiac symbolism.»Y a la vez se les impide con rigor satisfacer el deseo erótico mediante simbolismo antiafrodisiaco

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 292»

«Matrons become virgins, more precisely, virgins on the brink between virginal and marital status.»Las matronas se vuelven vírgenes, y más precisamente vírgenes al filo entre el estatus virginal y el marital

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 292»

«The answer to this question should be sought in the fundamental tension hidden in these two ambivalent festivals.»Y la respuesta hay que buscarla en la tensión fundamental escondida en esas dos fiestas ambivalentes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 292»

«In terms of the dominant ideology of Greece and Rome, the ceremonies are beneficial and necessary from a socio-biological point of view but wrong and undesirable from a socio-cultural point of view.»En términos de la ideología dominante de Grecia y de Roma, las ceremonias son benéficas y necesarias desde el punto de vista sociobiológico y erradas e indeseables desde el sociocultural

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 292»

«Matrons are in the centre of things, both literally and figuratively. Their specific procreative potential is celebrated as essential for the continuity of the community and this takes place in the centre of the community: Kalligeneia close to the Pnyx, pig's sacrifice pro populo Romano in the highest magistrate»Las matronas están en el centro, literal y figuradamente: su potencial procreador específico se celebra como esencial para la continuidad de la comunidad y en el centro mismo de la comunidad, con la Caligenia junto al Pnix y el sacrificio del cerdo por el pueblo romano en casa del magistrado supremo; el tramo corta antes del genitivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 292»

«The matrons enjoy a licentious excursion from reality, but do so right in the centre of the city.»Las matronas gozan de una excursión licenciosa fuera de la realidad, y la hacen justo en el centro de la ciudad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 292»

«Hence these festivals affect the prevailing codes in two respects. First, they focus the attention on the women's sexual import by references to erotic aspects through licentious behaviour, dirty language, sexual symbolism, drinking of wine etc.»De ahí que esas fiestas afecten a los códigos vigentes en dos respectos: primero, fijan la atención en el peso sexual de las mujeres con referencias eróticas por conducta licenciosa, lenguaje sucio, simbolismo sexual y bebida de vino

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 292»

«And secondly, they present women taking over (part of) men's predominance while expelling the men from the centre of things and adopting their dominant roles.»Y segundo, presentan a las mujeres tomando parte de la preeminencia de los hombres, expulsándolos del centro y adoptando sus papeles dominantes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 292»

«The first is intolerable in terms of the family codes, the second unthinkable in terms of the codes of the community.»Lo primero es intolerable según los códigos de la familia y lo segundo impensable según los de la comunidad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 292»

«Now, I would suggest that there is only one way of coping with the intolerable and of depriving the unthinkable of its extreme disruptive effects.»Y propone que solo hay un modo de vérselas con lo intolerable y de quitarle a lo impensable sus efectos disruptivos extremos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 292»

«The incompatibility of matrons doing un-matronlike things should be mitigated.»Hay que mitigar la incompatibilidad de matronas que hacen cosas impropias de matronas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 292»

«So, if for some indisputable reason matrons must act as they do, they cannot remain matrons: for the time being they must give up this status and adopt another, that of the unmarried maiden.»De modo que si por alguna razón indiscutible las matronas han de actuar así, no pueden seguir siendo matronas: por un tiempo han de dejar ese estatus y adoptar otro, el de la doncella soltera

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 292»

«This, at any rate, is what both myth and ritual unequivocally express.»Y eso es, al menos, lo que mito y rito expresan sin equívoco

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 292»

«In the eyes of the 'club d'hommes' which, in the famous words of Vidal-Naquet160, constituted the citizenry of Athens the female race was marked by excessive expenditure on food, drink, clothing, or any other bodily comfort or pleasure, and, more especially, by excessive sexual indulgence»A ojos del club de hombres que, en la frase célebre de Vidal-Naquet, formaba la ciudadanía de Atenas, la raza femenina se marcaba por el gasto excesivo en comida, bebida, ropa y cualquier comodidad o placer del cuerpo, y sobre todo por la indulgencia sexual excesiva; el tramo corta antes de las comillas de apertura

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 293»

«is the behaviour of a licentious woman, not a man'', thus the 4th century Anaxandrides fr. 60 sums up a ubiquitous judgement.»Anaxándrides resume un juicio ubicuo: ser esclavo del placer es conducta de mujer licenciosa, no de hombre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 294»

«In the background of these specific weaknesses is women's lack of self-control, a deficiency common to women, slaves and children 162, in contradistinction to men who innately possess self-control.»Y detrás de esas debilidades específicas está la falta de autocontrol de las mujeres, deficiencia común a mujeres, esclavos y niños, frente a los hombres, que lo poseen por naturaleza

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 294»

«Both slaves and women are naturally deprived of male logos or, in the words of Aristotle Pol. 12 53b 14 ff. , of "the deliberative faculty of the psyche and autonomy»Esclavos y mujeres carecen por naturaleza del *logos* masculino o, en palabras de Aristóteles, de la facultad deliberativa del alma y de la autonomía; el tramo va entre las comillas del impreso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 294»

«But there is a clear dividing line between the free male citizen and all other human beings: the line between autonomy and dependence.»Pero hay una línea divisoria clara entre el ciudadano varón libre y todos los demás seres humanos: la que va de la autonomía a la dependencia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 294»

«Atalanta and the countless anonymous nymphs of forests, rivers and mountains, who are all pictured as virginal creatures of the wild.»Atalanta y las incontables ninfas anónimas de bosques, ríos y montes se pintan como criaturas virginales de lo salvaje. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 295»

«Numphai of this type cannot be tamed: gods or demi-gods they keep outside the borders of culture, in a landscape composed of natural and imaginary elements»Las *numphai* de ese tipo no se dejan domesticar: dioses o semidioses, se quedan fuera de las fronteras de la cultura, en un paisaje compuesto de elementos naturales e imaginarios

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 295»

«Human numphai, on the other hand, can-and must-be subjugated.»Las *numphai* humanas, en cambio, pueden y deben ser sometidas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 295»

«Unmarried maidens are consistently referred to as fields to be cultivated, ploughed, sown, animals to be broken in, mounted, domesticated.»A las doncellas solteras se las nombra sin falta como campos por cultivar, arar y sembrar, y como animales por domar, montar y domesticar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 295»

«Women, especially in their premarital state, are part of nature, part of wild, which men must»Las mujeres, sobre todo en estado prematrimonial, son parte de la naturaleza, parte de lo salvaje que los hombres han de cultivar; el tramo corta antes de la palabra entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 295»

«References to the domestication of young horses, being the symbols of unbridled violence167, are especially rife in the imagery of marriage, terms like polos being as common metaphors of the young ( fe )male as are yoking and taming of marriage»Las referencias a la doma de caballos jóvenes, símbolos de violencia sin freno, abundan en las imágenes del matrimonio, y palabras como *polos* son metáforas tan comunes del joven o de la joven como el uncir y el domar lo son del matrimonio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 295»

«Comparably (perhaps: consequently) the mythical sacrificial death of maidens is often represented in terms of their marriage170, as, reversely, marriage is closely associated with death and funeral171 : both denote a radical and definitive subjugation»Y del mismo modo la muerte sacrificial mítica de las doncellas se representa a menudo en términos de su matrimonio, como a la inversa el matrimonio se asocia de cerca a la muerte y al funeral, porque ambos denotan un sometimiento radical y definitivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 296»

«The only way to incorporate women in society-that is to mould them from a natural into a cultural being-is through marriage.»El único modo de incorporar a las mujeres a la sociedad, es decir de moldearlas de seres naturales en seres culturales, es el matrimonio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 297»

«The wild, 'natural' and as such 'bewildering' aspects of the female race are conceived as being operative and virulent only in-and necessarily restricted to-the premarital period.»Los aspectos salvajes y naturales, y por eso desconcertantes, de la raza femenina se conciben como operantes y virulentos solo en el periodo prematrimonial

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 297»

«Rightly rejecting the make-shift solutions of this paradox as presented in the well-known commentaries, Loraux points out that it is exactly her nature of parthenos that makes the first woman so alarming: in the mythical universe there is no character more ambiguous than the parthenos, who unites in her person every frightful inclination denied to the adult woman, in particular the works of Aphrodite»Y con razón, dice, rechaza las soluciones de emergencia de los comentarios y señala que es justamente su naturaleza de *parthenos* lo que vuelve tan alarmante a la primera mujer, porque en el universo mítico no hay personaje más ambiguo que la *parthenos*, que reúne en su persona toda inclinación espantosa negada a la mujer adulta, en particular las obras de Afrodita

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 297»

«Consequently, the parthenos must be tamed, yoked, domesticated, cultivated, through marriage.»Por consiguiente, la *parthenos* ha de ser domada, uncida, domesticada y cultivada por el matrimonio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 297»

«The transition from premarital wildness associated with mythical virginal females to the desired inclusion in society is marked by rituals.»El paso de la fiereza prematrimonial asociada a las hembras virginales míticas a la inclusión deseada en la sociedad se marca con ritos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 297»

«explains the girls' ritual at Brauron as a preparation for their future marriage. By imitating bears they would rid themselves of all savagery, shedding their wild state»Eliano explica el rito de las muchachas en Brauron como preparación para su matrimonio futuro: imitando osas se despojarían de toda fiereza y dejarían atrás su estado salvaje; el tramo corta antes del genitivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 297»

«which the Greeks interpreted as referring to the transition from the 'thorny' life (bios akanthOdes) to the 'cultivated life' (bios hbneros) or from the wild life (bios agroios) to the 'life of milled corn' (bios alelismenos»Los griegos lo interpretaban como el paso de la vida espinosa a la vida cultivada, o de la vida salvaje a la vida del grano molido; el tramo corta antes del paréntesis

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 298»

«Both transitions, the one from virgin to matron and the transition of mankind from a pre-agricultural to an agricultural age, involve the domestication of nature and a shift from the province of Artemis to that of Demeter»Los dos pasos, el de virgen a matrona y el de la humanidad de una edad preagrícola a una agrícola, implican la domesticación de la naturaleza y un traslado del dominio de Ártemis al de Deméter

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 298»

«from a winnowing basket to all the guests saying: "I have fled from evil and found what is best»La ceremonia nupcial que Detienne alumbra: un niño con corona de plantas espinosas ofrecía pan de un cesto aventador a todos los invitados diciendo que había huido del mal y hallado lo mejor. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 298»

«However, this subjugation never loses a taint of precariousness. Women remain a potential source of disorder.»Pero ese sometimiento nunca pierde un dejo de precariedad, porque las mujeres siguen siendo fuente potencial de desorden

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 298»

«Though their domestication could be so complete that they would express and enforce the male model of society178 the risk that they would run wild could never be completely ruled out.»Y aunque su domesticación pudiera ser tan completa que expresaran e impusieran el modelo masculino de sociedad, el riesgo de que se desbocaran nunca podía descartarse del todo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 298»

«The result is a lasting ambiguity between women's natural characteristics that are peripheral to the male dominated body politic-woman as outsider-and her vital significance for the existence of the state through her progeny-woman as insider»El resultado es una ambigüedad duradera entre los rasgos naturales de la mujer, periféricos al cuerpo político dominado por los hombres —la mujer como forastera—, y su significado vital para la existencia del Estado por su progenie: la mujer como de casa

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 298»

«In other words, marriage retains a certain duality in that the sexual-erotic facet (especially attributed to the 'female intruder') belongs to nature and thus affects its character as a social and cultural institution»Es decir: el matrimonio conserva cierta dualidad, porque la faceta sexual y erótica, atribuida sobre todo a la intrusa, pertenece a la naturaleza y afecta así a su carácter de institución social y cultural

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 298»

«as the positive values of 'woman' tended to be centred on the concept of the reproducer, the gune, so the negative values shifted to the unmarried girl.»Y observa, como otros autores citados, que mientras los valores positivos de la mujer se centraban en la reproductora, la *gune*, los negativos se corrieron a la muchacha soltera; el tramo corta antes de las comillas de apertura

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 299»

«Significantly, the only phase of life in which the female can be equated with the male-at least in some respects-is the period in which she is still a parthenos.»Y es significativo que la única fase de la vida en que la hembra puede igualarse al varón, al menos en algunos respectos, sea aquella en que todavía es *parthenos*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 299»

«in myth the parthenos often leads a life comparable to that of the ephebos. Atalanta, Artemis, the Amazones by applying themselves to hunting, use of arms, even war, usurp male/ephebic functions»En el mito la *parthenos* lleva a menudo una vida comparable a la del efebo: Atalanta, Ártemis y las Amazonas usurpan funciones masculinas y efébicas dedicándose a la caza, al uso de las armas y aun a la guerra

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 299»

«Significant, too, is the fact that, whenever members of the female race are represented as acting on their own accord in the centre of the city, this is practicaly always restricted to virgin maidens, as witness for instances the Arrhephoroi on the Acropolis and the Vestal Virgins in their sacred housing at the Roman forum»Y también es significativo que, cuando las mujeres aparecen actuando por su cuenta en el centro de la ciudad, casi siempre se trate de doncellas vírgenes, como las arréforas en la Acrópolis y las vestales en su casa sagrada del foro romano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 299»

«(Some) barbarians are promiscuous, (all»Algunos bárbaros son promiscuos y todos los griegos monógamos; el tramo corta antes del paréntesis

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 300»

«And promiscuity may effect political equality among the sexes or even the superiority of the females in non-Greek cultures»Y la promiscuidad puede traer igualdad política entre los sexos o aun superioridad de las hembras en culturas no griegas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 300»

«If, then, matrons are "onlookers by destination" 187 , and if women's membership of the polis is always derivative, dependent on their association with the men»Si las matronas son espectadoras por destino y su pertenencia a la polis es siempre derivada y dependiente de su asociación con los hombres; el tramo corta antes de las comillas de apertura

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 300»

«problems loom up as soon as a structural and professional feminine authority is required in a domain that is independent of male dominance.»Asoman problemas en cuanto se requiere una autoridad femenina estructural y profesional en un dominio independiente del dominio masculino

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 300»

«Significantly, women performing structural sacral roles were, as a rule, not selected from the matrons but from virgins (or widows).»Y es significativo que a las mujeres con papeles sacros estructurales no se las eligiera por regla entre las matronas sino entre las vírgenes o las viudas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 300»

«drawing boundaries and delineating culture: while transforming wild animals into respectable women it also represents a definite stage in the evolution from barbarism to civilization: telos ho gamos»El matrimonio es instrumento esencial para trazar fronteras y delinear la cultura, porque al transformar animales salvajes en mujeres respetables representa además una etapa definida en la evolución de la barbarie a la civilización. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 300»

«This is conspicuously so in the case of the priestesses of Demeter and of the Vestal Virgins-as argued above-but for instance also in that of the Pythia, who was an old woman dressed up as a virgin maiden»Y eso salta a la vista con las sacerdotisas de Deméter y con las vestales, y también con la Pitia, que era una anciana vestida de doncella virgen

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 300»

«During their celebration Aristotle's famous dictum that the rule of a husband over his wife is 'political', but, in contradistinction to democratic practice, permanent, is set at nought.»Durante esas fiestas queda anulado el dicho célebre de Aristóteles de que el mando del marido sobre la mujer es político pero, a diferencia de la práctica democrática, permanente; el tramo corta antes del genitivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 301»

«The solution of the problem that women's psyche was by nature akuron (inoperative, without command) by placing them under the kurieia of the husband is cancelled during the women»La solución del problema de que el alma de las mujeres fuera por naturaleza *akuron*, ponerlas bajo la *kurieia* del marido, queda cancelada durante las fiestas femeninas; el tramo corta antes del genitivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 301»

«They temporarily recreate a liberty that was incompatible with the status of the matron.»Recrean por un tiempo una libertad incompatible con el estatus de matrona

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 301»

«Moreover, by their emphasis on the matrons' natural predominance in the process of procreation they suggest men's superfluity in this sector.»Y al acentuar la preeminencia natural de las matronas en la procreación sugieren que los hombres sobran en ese sector

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 301»

«Matrons did things that were unimaginable in terms of the normal codes of family and society»Las matronas hacían cosas inimaginables según los códigos normales de la familia y de la sociedad; el tramo corta antes de la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 301»

«They usurped man's political roles (dominant functions in the centre of the state), man's cultural privileges (sacrifice, wine), man's language (sexual jokes) and discarded their own specifically female roles (care for the house) and sexual codes (chastity by staying in the house and submission to the phallokratia of their husbands»Usurpaban los papeles políticos del hombre, sus privilegios culturales —sacrificio, vino— y su lenguaje, con bromas sexuales, y descartaban sus propios papeles femeninos, el cuidado de la casa, y sus códigos sexuales, la castidad de quedarse en casa y la sumisión a la falocracia de sus maridos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 301»

«In sum, during the festivals the ever lurking threat of matrons 'running wild' materialized.»En suma: durante las fiestas se materializaba la amenaza siempre al acecho de matronas desbocadas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 301»

«This necessarily evoked other stereotyped components of the complex of 'nature' in women's life and behaviour. Female 'wildness' was as inextricably interwoven with-or rather sublimated in-the representation of the parthenoslnumpM-including its Amazonian 'masculine' independence-as was incest with parricide or cannibalism as negative signals of anticulture, and marriage with Olympian sacrifice or agriculture as positive signals of culture.»Y eso evocaba por fuerza otros componentes estereotipados del complejo de la naturaleza en la vida y la conducta de las mujeres: la fiereza femenina iba tan trabada con la representación de la *parthenos* y la *numphe*, con su independencia masculina amazónica, como el incesto con el parricidio o el canibalismo entre las señales negativas de la anticultura, y el matrimonio con el sacrificio olímpico o la agricultura entre las positivas de la cultura La capa de texto del troceo corrompe *parthenoslnumpM*; se cita tal cual y se declara.

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 301»

«Expose one item in myth or ritual, and others will be automatically attracted.»Basta exponer un elemento en el mito o en el rito para que los otros acudan solos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 301»

«One can try to cover, that is hide from sight, one of the conflicting elements, for instance by calling wine 'milk', expelling myrtle when introducing wine, covering pine-branches under lugos beds, calling women 'bees' when they indulge in obscene language.»Una estrategia es cubrir, esconder de la vista, uno de los elementos en conflicto: llamar leche al vino, expulsar el mirto al introducir el vino, cubrir las ramas de pino bajo lechos de sauzgatillo, llamar abejas a las mujeres cuando sueltan lenguaje obsceno

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 302»

«One can also resort to strategies of negotiation or adjustment: if matrons must return to nature they cannot do so as matrons.»Otra es negociar o ajustar: si las matronas han de volver a la naturaleza, no pueden hacerlo como matronas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 302»

«Then the web of associations closes: in breaking the fetters of social and marital codes women inevitably return to nature; in returning to nature they inevitably return to the premarital status of the maiden.»Y ahí se cierra la red de asociaciones: al romper las ataduras de los códigos sociales y maritales las mujeres vuelven sin remedio a la naturaleza, y al volver a la naturaleza vuelven sin remedio al estatus prematrimonial de la doncella

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 302»

About the work

393 entries — what the apparatus and scholarship say about it

«STUDIES IN GREEK AND ROMAN RELIGION EDITED BY H.S. VERSNEL IN CO-OPERATION WITH F.T. VANSTRATEN VOLUME 6, II»La página de serie del volumen: la colección la dirige el propio Versnel en cooperación con F. T. van Straten, y esta entrega lleva el número 6, II. El OCR imprime *VANSTRATEN* sin espacio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 3»

«INCONSISTENCIES IN GREEK AND ROMAN RELIGION II TRANSITION AND REVERSAL IN MYTH AND RITUAL BY H.S. VERSNEL E.J. BRILL LEIDEN • NEW YORK • KOLN»La portada, con el autor y el pie de imprenta; el OCR pierde la diéresis de *Köln*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 4»

«Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman religion. (Studies in Greek and Roman religion, 0169-9512; V. 6) Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: 1. Ter Unus. Isis, Dionysos, Hermes - 2. Transition and reversal in myth and ritual.»La ficha de la Library of Congress encabeza el conjunto bajo el nombre de Versnel y desglosa los dos tomos, con el segundo como *Transition and reversal in myth and ritual*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 5»

«© Copyright 1993 by E.]. Brill, Leiden, The Ndherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by E. ]. Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 2 7 Congress Street, SALEM MA 01970, USA. Fees are subject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS»La página de derechos, con el OCR estropeando el nombre del editor (*E.]. Brill* por *E. J. Brill*) y el del país (*Ndherlands* por *Netherlands*)

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 5»

«FOR HADEWYCH the second»La dedicatoria del volumen

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 6»

«Toch hou ik er niet van, Marij"ke. Zeljs als 't iets zij"n zou waar het echte niettemin als je het schrijft met een volmaakte tegenzin stralend uit oplicht-wie wordt er gelukkig van? Anton Korteweg, Stand van zaken, Amsterdam 1991»El epígrafe del volumen, unos versos neerlandeses de Anton Korteweg que el propio Versnel declara haber retocado; el OCR entrevera comillas dobles dentro de las palabras (*Marij"ke*, *zij"n*)

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 7»

«4. LOOKING FORWARD: THE CONTINUING STORY OF MYTH AND RITUAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 1. The ambivalence of the Satumalian king: Mythical topicalities . . . 191 a. Redeunt Saturnia Regna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 b. Non semper Saturnalia erunt ....................... 205 2. The king must die. Ritual re-enactments»El índice del capítulo III anuncia sus dos movimientos, hacia atrás (orígenes) y hacia adelante (la historia que sigue), con los dos lemas latinos que rotulan la ambivalencia del rey saturnal y el apartado sobre el rey que debe morir

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 9»

«Some chapters (or sections of chapters) of this book originated as short( er) essays-two of them in Dutch-and have been completely rewritten and elaborated. Others are original contributions.»Versnel declara en el prefacio la procedencia del libro: unos capítulos vienen de ensayos más breves, dos de ellos en neerlandés, reescritos por entero; otros son contribuciones originales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 12»

«Gerhard Binder, Josine Blok, Jan Bremmer, Fritz Graf and Renate Schlesier have offered helpful advice and valuable criticism on various sections, which will be accounted for in more detail in the introduction.»Nombra a quienes le dieron consejo y crítica por secciones, y remite a la introducción para el detalle

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 12»

«I trust nobody will be offended when I single out Stella Georgoudi, the mater castrorum, for a special tribute to her Greek hospitality and helpfulness.»Singulariza a Stella Georgoudi, a quien llama *mater castrorum*, por su hospitalidad griega

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 12»

«present book to this happy class (the only part of the book, by the way, that does not provide full translations of all the quotations in foreign languages).»La broma con que cierra el prefacio: dedica a sus alumnos de Leiden las notas al pie —la frase arranca al final de la plana anterior, *I dedicate the footnotes of the*—, única parte del libro que no traduce todas las citas en lengua extranjera

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 13»

«Once more, too, it was Peter Mason who conscientiously corrected most of the English text, though some sections, to be detailed in the introduction, had been translated by others in earlier stages.»Atribuye a Peter Mason la corrección del inglés y remite a la introducción por las secciones que otros tradujeron antes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 13»

«I am grateful to all of them for their efforts to improve the text, and apologize that the profusion of my later insertions, especially in the footnotes, has eventually distorted the picture.»Y se disculpa por lo que a su juicio estropeó el conjunto: la profusión de inserciones tardías, sobre todo en las notas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 13»

«Books and articles for which I use the name-date system are given in the bibliography. Other books (mainly works of reference) which I cite simply by (name and) abbreviated title are given here. For the abbreviations of periodical titles I have followed the conventions of L 'Annie philologique. For the abbreviations of collections of papyri see: J. F. Oates, R. S. Bagnall and W. H. Willis, Checklist of Editions of Greek Papyri and Ostraca (BASP Suppl. 1, 19782). Corpora of inscriptions are referred to as (e.g.) l.Priene; these works are either list»La nota que abre las abreviaturas declara el sistema de citación del volumen y la base documental con que trabaja: nombre y fecha para libros y artículos, título abreviado para las obras de referencia, las convenciones de *L'Année philologique* para las revistas, la lista de Oates, Bagnall y Willis para los papiros y los corpora epigráficos para las inscripciones. El OCR imprime *L 'Annie philologique* y *edinJ.J.*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 14»

«And it was in this way that the complex of myth and ritual, though not indissoluble, became a major force in forming ancient cultures, and as it were, dug those deep vales of human tradition in which even today the streams of our experience will tend to flow.»El epígrafe del capítulo I, de Walter Burkert: el complejo de mito y rito, sin ser indisoluble, fue fuerza mayor en la formación de las culturas antiguas y cavó los valles hondos de la tradición por donde aún corren nuestras experiencias

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 32»

«When she returns to this relationship at greater length later on in the book (pp. 3 2 7 ff.), she describes myth as the words uttered by the participants in a ritual, originally probably no more than cries and interjections. In fact, this explains their simultaneous occurrence: "(myth) is the spoken correlative of the acted rite, the thing done; it is to legomenon as contrasted with or rather as related to to dromenon" (p.328).»Sigue la cadena de Harrison hasta el final del libro: allí describe el mito como las palabras que profieren los participantes de un rito, al principio poco más que gritos e interjecciones, y de ahí su simultaneidad, el mito como correlato hablado del rito actuado, *to legomenon* frente a *to dromenon*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 45»

«Two genuine classical philologists, G. Murray and F.M. Cornford, each contributed a chapter to Themis.»Presenta a los dos filólogos clásicos que aportaron sendos capítulos a *Themis*: G. Murray y F. M. Cornford

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 46»

«Murray explains the rise of tragedy from a dancing ritual around the eniautos daimon Dionysos.»G. Murray, en el excurso sobre las formas rituales conservadas en la tragedia griega, hace nacer la tragedia de un rito danzado en torno al *eniautos daimon* Dioniso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 47»

«holds, the following underlying pattern may be discovered: 1) agon, a fight between the year god and his enemy; 2) pathos, the year god suffers sacrificial death; 3) messenger arrives, bringing word of the god's death; 4) threnos, lamentation; 5) anagnorisis, the killed god is recognized; 6) theophany, the god's resurrection and manifestation.»El patrón que Murray dice descubrir bajo la tragedia, adoptando los esquemas de Harrison: *agon*, *pathos*, la llegada del mensajero, *threnos*, *anagnorisis* y teofanía; el tramo arranca tras la raya que el troceo parte en el renglón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 47»

«Here at last a connection emerges between Greece and the ancient Near East, which had been exploited hardly or not at all in the Cambridge school since Frazer.»Versnel sitúa en el prefacio de Murray al *Thespis* de Th. Gaster la aparición de un vínculo entre Grecia y el Próximo Oriente antiguo, apenas explotado en la escuela de Cambridge desde Frazer

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 48»

«It was F.M. Cornford who went farthest in this respect. In his The Origin of Attic Comedy ( 1914) he held the rather surprising view that comedy, no less than tragedy, arose from a ritual New Year festival around the death and rebirth of the god.»F. M. Cornford llevó eso más lejos: en *The Origin of Attic Comedy* sostuvo que la comedia, no menos que la tragedia, nació de una fiesta ritual de Año Nuevo en torno a la muerte y el renacimiento del dios

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 48»

«He had already adumbrated this theory in his contribution to Themis, in which he discussed the origin of the Olympic games: the winner in the contest, the Megistos Kouros of the year, is led in a wild komos, and celebrates a sacral marriage with the king's daughter. These, he held, are also the ingredients of comedy.»Y ya lo había apuntado en su capítulo de *Themis* a propósito del origen de los juegos olímpicos: el vencedor, Megistos Kouros del año, llevado en *komos* desenfrenado y casado sacralmente con la hija del rey, ingredientes que Cornford da también por los de la comedia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 48»

«man evolves from the magical (Frazer) through the mythical (Frazer/Harrison) to the philosophical/rational stage, the stage to which Cornford in fact devoted the bulk of his studies.»En su obra tardía Cornford amplió la mirada a una evolución del hombre de lo mágico (Frazer) a lo mítico (Frazer y Harrison) y de ahí al estadio filosófico y racional, al que dedicó el grueso de sus estudios; el tramo arranca tras la llamada a nota que el troceo pega al apellido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 48»

«The contacts with the cultures of the Near East were specified by Cornford in a posthumous publication, The Unwritten Philosophy (1950), in which he linked motifs from Hesiod's Theogony with seasonal myths from the Near East, an initiative that has had a highly productive sequel in the last twenty years or so»Y en la póstuma *The Unwritten Philosophy* ligó motivos de la *Teogonía* de Hesíodo con mitos estacionales del Próximo Oriente, iniciativa de secuela muy productiva en los veinte años anteriores al volumen

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 48»

«In 1933 the Old Testament scholarS. H. Hooke edited a volume of studies to which many scholars contributed: Myth and Ritual: Essays on the Myth and Ritual of the Hebrews in Relation to the Culture Pattern of the Ancient East, and 25 years later he edited another volume titled Myth, Ritual and Kingship (1958), in which both opponents and supporters had their say-an ideal state of affairs for later historians»Da la partida de nacimiento de la otra escuela: en 1933 el veterotestamentario S. H. Hooke editó un volumen colectivo sobre el mito y el rito de los hebreos en relación con el patrón cultural del Oriente antiguo, y veinticinco años después otro sobre mito, rito y realeza donde hablaron opositores y partidarios. El OCR pega *scholarS.* sin espacio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 49»

«It was this school of myth and ritual theorists that gave this complex its characteristic name and content»Atribuye a esa escuela el nombre y el contenido característicos del complejo mito y rito; el tramo corta antes de la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 49»

«The titles of these books are programmatic, pointing as they do to cultures of the ancient Near East, including the Israelite one, and the theme is the interrelation of myth and ritual in a context in which kingship plays an important role»Lee los títulos como programa: apuntan a las culturas del Próximo Oriente antiguo, la israelita incluida, y el tema es la interrelación de mito y rito en un contexto donde la realeza pesa

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 49»

«So recently: Auffarth 1991, who holds that the festivals marking the turn of the year should not be seen as an annual recreation of the natural world (in the sense of Eliade's 'eternal return', which he rejects) but rather as periods in which people experience and dramatize the catastrophes that would occur if the gods were not there to protect order and prosperity. Now, these gods (more often the God) might decide to surrender the nation to chaos if the king, guarantor of justice, would fail to do his duty. Thus, according to Auffarth, the festivals in discussion, which are all marked by signals of reversal (for this aspect see below and chapter II) have their focus in the legitimation and evaluation of kingship, rather than in issues of fertility or cyclical re-creation.»La nota resume a Auffarth: las fiestas del cambio de año no serían recreación anual del mundo natural —rechaza el *eterno retorno* de Eliade— sino periodos en que se dramatizan las catástrofes que sobrevendrían sin los dioses, de modo que su foco está en la legitimación y evaluación de la realeza más que en la fertilidad o la recreación cíclica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 49»

«have tried to discover this New Year complex in other Near Eastern cultures as well»Numerosos estudiosos, sobre todo británicos y escandinavos, buscaron ese complejo de Año Nuevo en otras culturas del Próximo Oriente; la enumeración de nombres queda al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 52»

«According to Hooke and others, the theory is not to blame for the unavoidable problems that arise. In many cultures, only the mythic component has been preserved; everywhere we have to allow for disintegration of the pattern due to migration, retouching or theological intervention»La defensa que Hooke y otros oponen a los problemas inevitables: la teoría no tiene la culpa, en muchas culturas solo se conservó el componente mítico y siempre hay que contar con la desintegración del patrón por migración, retoque o intervención teológica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 52»

«As for Israel, one could already hark back to the fundamental studies by S. Mowinckel, who had recognized in some psalms mythic-ritual texts accompanying the king's enthronement as Yahweh's representative»Para Israel remite a los estudios de S. Mowinckel, que reconoció en algunos salmos textos mítico-rituales de la entronización del rey como representante de Yahvé

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 52»

«As stated earlier, this myth and ritual school had hardly any contact with the earlier Cambridge school»Registra la falta de contacto entre esta escuela de mito y rito y la anterior de Cambridge

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 52»

«Frazer, who was honoured by the Cambridge group46, is virtually ignored by Hooke and his followers.»Y el trato dado a Frazer: honrado por el grupo de Cambridge, prácticamente ignorado por Hooke y los suyos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 52»

«historical method of the purely comparative approach'', and this leads to several other characteristic differences between Hooke and Harrison, to single out these two scholars.»Hooke se opone con fuerza al método de Frazer, que llama no histórico y meramente comparativo —el troceo parte *non-historical* en el renglón y el tramo arranca en su segunda mitad—, y de ahí, dice Versnel, otras diferencias características entre él y Harrison

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 52»

«As Harrison saw it, in the last analysis everything had started with magic and had developed gradually»Para Harrison, en último análisis todo había empezado con la magia y se había desarrollado gradualmente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 52»

«Hooke, on the other hand, was not interested in the magical origins of sacral kingship, if any.»Hooke, en cambio, no se interesaba por los orígenes mágicos de la realeza sacra, si los hubo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 52»

«Hooke adopted a diffusionist view. He thus betrayed his own origin, the Pan-Egyptian diffusionism advocated by G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry and the Pan-Babylonian version defended by A. Jeremias and others»Sitúa la procedencia de Hooke: adoptó una mirada difusionista y con ello delató su origen, el difusionismo panegipcio de G. Elliot Smith y W. J. Perry y la versión panbabilonia de A. Jeremias

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 53»

«The strongly astral emphasis in these positions may be considered a late offshoot of Max Muller's astral mythology»La nota liga el fuerte acento astral de esas posiciones a un brote tardío de la mitología astral de Max Müller; el OCR pierde la diéresis

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 53»

«There are further differences, such as the stronger emphasis on kingship, which is understandable against the background of the culture of the ancient Near East.»Y otras diferencias, como el acento más fuerte en la realeza, comprensible con el trasfondo de la cultura del Próximo Oriente antiguo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 53»

«By far the most significant one, however, is the fact that in the relation of myth and rite the order is reversed, or at least given a reversed bias.»La diferencia que a su juicio pesa más: en la relación de mito y rito el orden queda invertido, o al menos sesgado al revés

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 53»

«Whereas the Cambridge ritualists in general, in spite of variants, believed in the rise of myth from rite, the new Orientalist myth and ritual theorists shifted the emphasis.»Los ritualistas de Cambridge creían, con variantes, que el mito nace del rito; los nuevos teóricos orientalistas desplazaron el acento

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 53»

«Hooke did not exactly exclude this sequence, but he side-stepped the question of origin. Taking a synchronic viewpoint, he regarded royal ritual as a dramatic representation of the mythical scenario.»Hooke no excluyó del todo esa secuencia pero esquivó la cuestión del origen: desde un punto de vista sincrónico tomó el ritual regio por representación dramática del escenario mítico

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 53»

«In his first volume of papers he writes: "In general the spoken part of a ritual consists of a description of what is being done, it is the story which the ritual enacts. This is the sense in which the term 'myth' is used in our discussion. The original Myth, inseparable in the first instance from its ritual, embodies in more or less symbolic fashion, the original situation which is seasonally reenacted in the ritual" (p.3).»La formulación de Hooke en su primer volumen: la parte hablada de un rito describe lo que se hace, es el relato que el rito representa, y ese es el sentido en que usan la palabra mito, el Mito original inseparable de su rito que encarna de modo más o menos simbólico la situación original que el rito reactualiza cada estación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 53»

«Eliade has unequivocally opted for this view of the relationship between myth and ritual.»Eliade optó sin equívocos por esa manera de ver la relación entre mito y rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 53»

«However, his definition of myth is so broad that it practically covers the concept 'content of belief.»De A. E. Jensen, que también da precedencia al mito, objeta en nota que su definición es tan ancha que cubre en la práctica el concepto de contenido de creencia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 53»

«who wrote in 1929 that '' alles irdische Sein und Geschehen einem himmlischen Sein und Geschehen entspricht'' (''everything that exists and happens on earth reflects something that exists and happens in heaven'') and that the earthly king is an'' Abbild des himmlischen Konigs" ("an image of the heavenly king»Jeremias en 1929: todo ser y acontecer terrestre corresponde a un ser y acontecer celeste, y el rey terrenal es imagen del rey celeste; el OCR pega el artículo a las comillas (*an'' Abbild*) y pierde la diéresis de *Königs*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 54»

«In one of her later works, with the appropriate title Epilegomena to the Study of Greek Religion (1921 ), Jane Harrison threatened to prove that the well-known legend of Don juan had arisen from a fertility ritual»En una obra tardía, *Epilegomena to the Study of Greek Religion*, Jane Harrison amenazó con probar que la leyenda de Don Juan había nacido de un rito de fertilidad; el OCR imprime *Don juan* con minúscula

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 54»

«Murray had already preceded her by applying the myth and ritual scheme to Shakespeare's works»Murray se le había adelantado aplicando el esquema de mito y rito a la obra de Shakespeare

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 54»

«Thus we have gone round the world in search of the true myth, the myth that is bound up with life. We have found it in India, beneath the Southern Cross, in the plains of North America. We have come to find it at our doors»La frase con que A. M. Hocart cierra su trabajo y el volumen *The Labyrinth*: han dado la vuelta al mundo en busca del verdadero mito, el que está atado a la vida, y lo hallaron en la India, bajo la Cruz del Sur y en las llanuras de Norteamérica, para acabar encontrándolo en su propia puerta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 54»

«In an earlier work, Kingship (1927), he had already discovered a coronation ritual that had spread all over the world, starting from Mesopotamia. It was based completely on the New Year scheme but consisted of a much greater number of elements, twenty-six in fact,»En *Kingship* Hocart había descubierto un ritual de coronación difundido por todo el mundo desde Mesopotamia, basado por entero en el esquema de Año Nuevo pero con veintiséis elementos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 54»

«maintained that all myths in the whole world, without exception, were based on a single primordial rite, sacral regicide, and had their origin in Mesopotamia.»Lord Raglan, en *The Hero: A Study in Tradition, Myth and Drama*, sostuvo que todos los mitos del mundo entero, sin excepción, se basan en un solo rito primordial —el regicidio sacro— y nacieron en Mesopotamia; el tramo arranca tras la llamada a nota que el troceo pega al año

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 55»

«And soon Guy Fawkes, William Tell, Robin Hood and Thomas a Becket came to follow suit»Y detrás fueron Guy Fawkes, Guillermo Tell, Robin Hood y Tomás Becket

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 55»

«Since none of these rites and customs can reasonably be supposed to arise naturally in the human mind, their distribution must be due to historical causes.»Raglan, discípulo fiel de Hocart, en la introducción a *The Life-giving Myth*: como no cabe suponer que ninguno de estos ritos y costumbres surja naturalmente en la mente humana, su distribución ha de tener causas históricas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 55»

«It would be convenient if the use of the word myth could be confined to such sequences, such stories as are involved in rites»El deseo piadoso de Jane Harrison en *Themis*, que Versnel llama cauto por una vez: convendría reservar la palabra mito para las secuencias y relatos implicados en ritos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 55»

«a forceful advocate of the myth and ritual theory and admirer of Harrison's Themis,»S. E. Hyman, defensor enérgico de la teoría de mito y rito y admirador de la *Themis* de Harrison

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 55»

«the most revolutionary book of the 20th century»Hyman llamó a ese libro el más revolucionario del siglo XX

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 55»

«not only asserted that myth was always concomitant with rite, "like a child's patter as he plays", but also showed that Darwin's evolutionary theories followed the myth and ritual pattern»Hyman no solo afirmó que el mito acompaña siempre al rito, como la cháchara de un niño mientras juega, sino que atribuyó el patrón de mito y rito a las teorías evolutivas de Darwin

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 55»

«the 'struggle for life' is the agon, the 'survival of the fittest' the theophany of Murray's tragic scheme.»Con el reparto correspondiente: la lucha por la vida es el *agon* y la supervivencia del más apto la teofanía del esquema trágico de Murray

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 55»

«The wildest excesses, however, were due to Murray's namesake, the well-known Margaret Murray»Los excesos más salvajes, dice, se deben a la tocaya de Murray, la conocida Margaret Murray

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 55»

«Some recent, though quite different, theories on the relationship between witches and pagan myth and ritual: H. P. Duerr, Dreamtime: Concerning the Boundary between Wilderness and Civilization (Oxford 1985); C. Ginzburg, I Benandanti: Stregoneria e culti agrari Ira Cinquecento e Seicento (Turin 1966); idem, Storia notturna. Una decifrazione del sabba (Turin 1989). Especially the latter books are fascinating and innovative.»La nota registra teorías recientes y muy distintas sobre brujas y mito y rito paganos —Duerr, y los *Benandanti* y la *Storia notturna* de Ginzburg—, y llama fascinantes e innovadores sobre todo los últimos libros; el OCR imprime *Ira* por *tra*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 55»

«about witches as later priestesses of ancient pagan rituals. She manages to demonstrate that ''at least in every reign from William the Conqueror to James I the sacrifice of the incarnate God was consummated either in the person of the king or in that of his substitute»Sus tesis sobre las brujas como sacerdotisas tardías de rituales paganos antiguos, y la conclusión que según Versnel se las arregla para sostener: en todo reinado de Guillermo el Conquistador a Jacobo I se consumó el sacrificio del Dios encarnado, en la persona del rey o en la de su sustituto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 56»

«This study gives a concise survey of what is known about the 'Seasonal Pattern' of the Near East and discusses the related Canaanite, Hittite and Egyptian myths, with a few excursions into Greek drama and English mummery play.»Lo que ese libro hace: un repaso conciso del *Seasonal Pattern* del Próximo Oriente y de los mitos cananeos, hititas y egipcios relacionados, con incursiones en el drama griego y en la pantomima inglesa

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 56»

«Theodor Gaster is perhaps the last true Frazerian.»La nota llama a Theodor Gaster quizá el último frazeriano verdadero

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 56»

«A practising anthropologist himself, he gave a definition of myth as, above all, 'charter', an explanation providing legitimation and foundation of customs, rules, moral codes and rites: ''There is no important magic, no ceremony, no ritual without belief; and the belief is spun out into accounts of concrete precedent. The union is very intimate, for myth is not only looked upon as a commentary or additional information, but is a warrant, a charter, and often even a practical guide to the activities with which it is connected»B. Malinowski definió el mito ante todo como *charter*, explicación que legitima y funda costumbres, reglas, códigos morales y ritos: no hay magia ni ceremonia ni rito importante sin creencia, y la creencia se hila en relatos de precedentes concretos, de modo que el mito es garantía, carta de fundación y a menudo guía práctica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 57»

«This is one of the monolithic theories of myth attacked by Kirk and others.»Versnel la cuenta entre las teorías monolíticas del mito que Kirk y otros atacaron

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 57»

«In this respect Malinowski still betrays the influence of his mentors, without being a genuine myth and ritual theorist: other phenomena besides rites also find their legitimation in myths, and he later speaks of "myth as a dramatic development of dogma»Y matiza: Malinowski delata ahí la influencia de sus maestros sin ser un verdadero teórico de mito y rito, porque también otros fenómenos hallan legitimación en los mitos, y más tarde habla del mito como desarrollo dramático del dogma

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 57»

«Kluckhohn 1942, 58, claims that we cannot speak of priority in the relation between myth and ritual: "The myth is a system of word symbols, whereas ritual is a system of object and act symbols. Both are symbolic processes for dealing with the same type of situation in the same affective mode»Kluckhohn niega que quepa hablar de prioridad entre mito y rito: el mito es un sistema de símbolos verbales y el rito uno de símbolos de objeto y de acto, y ambos son procesos simbólicos para tratar el mismo tipo de situación en el mismo modo afectivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 57»

«That is why they are interdependent, and the task they have in common is to "reduce the anticipation of disaster'' (p. 69).»De ahí su interdependencia y la tarea común que Kluckhohn les da: reducir la anticipación del desastre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 57»

«E. Leach puts it in an even less equivocal way: "myth, in my terminology, is the counterpart of ritual: myth implies ritual, ritual implies myth, they are one and the same»E. Leach lo dice aún menos equívocamente: el mito es la contraparte del rito, el mito implica rito y el rito mito, y son una y la misma cosa

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 57»

«they share one basic assumption. This is the assumption that myths and rituals are to be explained by reference to their function for the solidarity or unity of society and the psyche»La nota trae a Penner sobre lo que Harrison, Hooke, Gaster, Malinowski, Kluckhohn, Spiro y Leach comparten: el supuesto de que mitos y ritos se explican por su función para la solidaridad o la unidad de la sociedad y de la psique

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 57»

«His criticsm of this functionalistic approach, which often confuses goal with effect, is refreshing.»Y Versnel llama refrescante esa crítica al enfoque funcionalista que a menudo confunde el fin con el efecto; el OCR imprime *criticsm*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 57»

«Ein wichtiger Gesichtspunkt ist, dass der Untergang gerade nicht Realitat wird, es beiSpiel mit einer suspendierten»La misma nota cierra con Auffahrt: lo importante es que la caída justamente no se vuelve realidad, sino que queda en una realidad suspendida; el troceo estropea el alemán (*beiSpiel*, *Realitat*) y el tramo corta antes de la palabra siguiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 57»

«Others put more emphasis on myth and ritual as symbolic means of giving sense, form and definition to the social universe within which man functions as a social being.»Otros ponen el acento en mito y rito como medios simbólicos de dar sentido, forma y definición al universo social en que el hombre funciona como ser social

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 58»

«In Natural Symbols Mary Douglas maintains that "Ritual is the institutionalized rhetoric of symbolic order»En *Natural Symbols*, Mary Douglas sostiene que el rito es la retórica institucionalizada del orden simbólico

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 58»

«an absolute condition for the idenfication of the group and the integration of the individual in the group.»Y esa retórica, condición absoluta de la identificación del grupo y de la integración del individuo en él; el OCR imprime *idenfication*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 58»

«Many objections have been raised against the generalizing and totalizing claims of the statements quoted above»Registra las muchas objeciones levantadas contra las pretensiones generalizadoras y totalizadoras de esas formulaciones

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 58»

«The real difference between Douglas and her antagonists is that she concentrates on the meaning, not the effect, of ritual, if not myth. For Harrison and Hooke, Durkheim, Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown, the meaning of myth and ritual is secondary. Its effect, on either society or the individual, is primary. The meaning is at most a means to that effect. For Douglas the reverse is true.»La nota trae a Segal sobre la diferencia real entre Douglas y sus antagonistas: ella se concentra en el significado y no en el efecto del rito, mientras que para Harrison y Hooke, Durkheim, Malinowski y Radcliffe-Brown el significado es secundario y el efecto sobre la sociedad o el individuo es lo primario

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 58»

«In this regard is the function of myth to supply a solution to the problem raised at the conceptual level and the function of concomitant ritual to supply a solution at the level of action»La nota apunta también al origen neurobiológico de los lazos entre mito y rito, con d'Aquili, Laughlin y McManus: el mito da solución al problema planteado en el plano conceptual y el rito concomitante la da en el plano de la acción

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 58»

«There is a story that Bertrand Russell once proposed to get Jane Harrison a bull on condition that she and her lady friends would demonstrate how maenads managed to tear such a beast to pieces with their bare hands.»La anécdota que abre el apartado de crítica: Bertrand Russell habría ofrecido un toro a Jane Harrison a condición de que ella y sus amigas mostraran cómo las ménades lograban despedazar semejante bestia con las manos desnudas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 58»

«Russell, the logician, simply could not believe that the unaided human hand was capable of such an act. His proposal is a mild form of criticism, but matters could be different»Russell el lógico no podía creer que la mano humana sin ayuda fuera capaz de tal cosa, y Versnel llama a su propuesta una forma suave de crítica, frente a otras que no lo son

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 58»

«Professor Murray has done much harm by helping to substitute in the minds of an entire generation for Arnold's andjebb's conception of the serene rationality of the classics the corybantic Hellenism of Miss Harrison and Isadora Duncan and Susan Glaspell and Mr. Stark Young's 'Good Friday and Classical Professors', the higher vaudeville Hellenism of Mr. Vachel Lindsay, the anthropological Hellenism of Sir James Frazer, the irrational, semi-sentimental, Polynesian, free-verse and sex-freedom Hellenism of all the gushful geysers of' rapturous rubbish' about the Greek spirit»El juicio del platonista P. Shorey sobre Murray: haber hecho mucho daño al sustituir, en la cabeza de una generación entera, la serena racionalidad de los clásicos de Arnold y Jebb por el helenismo coribántico de Miss Harrison, Isadora Duncan y Susan Glaspell, el de variedades de Vachel Lindsay, el antropológico de Frazer y el irracional, medio sentimental, polinesio, de verso libre y libertad sexual de los géiseres de arrebatada basura sobre el espíritu griego; el OCR pega *andjebb's*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 59»

«That is how real classical scholars judged the Cambridge school, and Dodds, therefore, with his irrational Greeks was not always taken seriously either.»Así juzgaban los clasicistas de verdad a la escuela de Cambridge, y por eso tampoco a Dodds y sus griegos irracionales se los tomaba siempre en serio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 59»

«Indeed, Cambridge was in such bad odour that M. I. Finley»Cambridge llegó a tal mala fama que el historiador más conocido de allí creyó necesario deslindarse; el troceo imprime *Finley12* con la llamada a nota pegada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 59»

«the best-known ancient historian there, saw fit to point out en passant that he wrote his World of Odysseus before he ever set foot in Cambridge, and Kirk his Myth after he left his Cambridge post for Yale. Both books were said to exude a Cambridge odour.»M. I. Finley señaló de paso que escribió su *World of Odysseus* antes de pisar Cambridge, y Kirk su *Myth* tras dejar el puesto por Yale, porque de ambos libros se decía que olían a Cambridge

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 59»

«Murray, by the way, was an "unregenerate Oxford Australian»Y de Murray se decía que era un australiano de Oxford sin redención

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 59»

«His mind is like a shop with a big cellar behind it, and having good shelves and windows ( ... ). But he doesn't grow his own wool, nor does he spin the thread, nor weave the webs that are in his cellar or on his shelves. All his goods come in paper parcels from Germany»Lo que le tocó oír a Robertson Smith: que su mente es una tienda con gran sótano, buenos anaqueles y escaparates, pero que él ni cría la lana ni hila el hilo ni teje los paños, y que toda su mercancía le llega en paquetes de papel desde Alemania

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 59»

«A notorious 'Robertson Smith case' resulted, partly in reaction to his blasphemous conviction that Moses could never have written the entire Pentateuch. This led to his dismissal from the chair of Old Testament studies of Free Church College in Aberdeen in 1881. Two years later he moved to Cambridge, where he came to hold a chair of Arabic.»El caso Robertson Smith, en parte por su convicción blasfema de que Moisés no pudo escribir el Pentateuco entero, le costó en 1881 la cátedra de Antiguo Testamento del Free Church College de Aberdeen; dos años después pasó a Cambridge, a una cátedra de árabe

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 59»

«was the first to aver that some alleged dying and rising gods, such as Attis or Adonis, did die in the myth but did not disertis verbis rise again.»P. Lambrechts fue el primero en afirmar que algunos presuntos dioses que mueren y resucitan, como Atis o Adonis, mueren en el mito pero no resucitan *disertis verbis*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 60»

«He argues that the New Year complex was the product of Hellenistic apocalyptic ideas.»La nota registra a J. Z. Smith, muy escéptico, para quien el complejo de Año Nuevo fue producto de ideas apocalípticas helenísticas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 60»

«Although he rejects the idea of a dying and rising god, he accepts a parallelism between the enthronement rites of Marduk and those of the king.»Y a J. A. Black, que rechaza el dios que muere y resucita pero acepta un paralelismo entre los ritos de entronización de Marduk y los del rey

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 60»

«mentions the possibility that the Epic of Creation after all is not as old as is usually assumed and may have been created in praise of Marduk as the royal god of Babylon.»Y a Auffarth, que apunta la posibilidad de que el poema de la creación no sea tan antiguo como suele suponerse y se haya compuesto en alabanza de Marduk como dios regio de Babilonia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 60»

«A similar statement was made about Tammuz by other scholars»Otros estudiosos dijeron lo mismo de Tammuz; el tramo corta antes de la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 61»

«A one-to-one correspondence between myth and ritual is not to be found in Greece.»La nota cita a Pembroke: en Grecia no se halla una correspondencia uno a uno entre mito y rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 61»

«among Western European sectarians in: N. Cohn, Europe's Inner Demons (St. Albans 1976) 16 ff., and R. Po-chia Hsia, The Myth of Ritual Murder. Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany (London 1988).»La misma nota remite, para la Europa medieval y moderna, a la larga lista de caníbales entre los sectarios de Europa occidental de N. Cohn y al libro de R. Po-chia Hsia sobre el mito del crimen ritual; la frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 62»

«Anyone who wants a survey of such instances of specific and detailed criticism should consult J. Fontenrose»Remite a J. Fontenrose a quien quiera un repaso de esa crítica puntual y detallada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 62»

«who stated categorically as early as 1959 in his book Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and its Origins (pp.461-2): "The rituals did not enact the myth, the myth did not receive its plot from the rituals", and who, responding to the criticism from the myth and ritual quarter, devoted a book to The Ritual Theory of Myth ( 1966).»Fontenrose sostuvo ya en 1959, en *Python*, que los ritos no representaban el mito ni el mito recibía su trama de los ritos, y respondió a la crítica del bando de mito y rito con un libro entero

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 62»

«The discussion on the meaning of regicide has received a fresh impulse by the provocative theories of Rene Girard.»La nota registra el impulso fresco que las teorías provocadoras de René Girard dieron a la discusión sobre el sentido del regicidio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 62»

«This neatly sums up Kirk's approach in his works mentioned above»Ese es, dice, el procedimiento de Kirk en las obras ya mencionadas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 63»

«In The Nature of Greek Myths he proves that the five monolithic theories of the origin and essence of myth»En *The Nature of Greek Myths*, Kirk toma por insostenibles las cinco teorías monolíticas del origen y la esencia del mito; el troceo pega *myth* a la palabra siguiente y el tramo corta ahí

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 63»

«theories claiming to possess general and exclusive validity-are untenable because we can always find some myth that does not fulfill the conditions stipulated.»Y la razón que da: pretenden validez general y exclusiva, y siempre se halla algún mito que no cumple las condiciones estipuladas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 63»

«if an interrelation could be proved, it would not provide the one and only explanation for the rise of myths, for we know many myths that cannot possibly have any ritual connection, such as myths which explain why it is that a snake has no feet and walks on his belly.»El razonamiento de Kirk sobre mito y rito: aunque se probara una interrelación, no sería la única explicación del surgimiento de los mitos, porque hay muchos que no pueden tener conexión ritual alguna, como los que explican por qué la serpiente no tiene pies y anda sobre el vientre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 63»

«And in so far as there really are demonstrable relations between ritual and myth, their nature varies widely.»Y donde sí hay relaciones demostrables entre rito y mito, su naturaleza varía mucho

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 63»

«There are instances in which the myth arises from the ritual or is invented for the occasion as an aetiological explanation-the types we have dealt with for the most part so far. Then there are forms in which myth and ritual arose independently but were compounded-for instance, again, as an explanation of the rite»Primeros dos tipos de Kirk: el mito que nace del rito o se inventa para la ocasión como explicación etiológica, y las formas en que mito y rito nacieron por separado y luego se compusieron

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 63»

«And there are a few myths that generate a ritual. Certain dramatic actions in the mysteries imitate the myth of Demeter and Kore, which in its turn may have been based on an older rite.»Tercer tipo: unos pocos mitos generan rito, como ciertas acciones dramáticas de los misterios que imitan el mito de Deméter y Core, el cual a su vez pudo apoyarse en un rito más antiguo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 63»

«And it may also happen-but such cases are extremely rare-that ritual and myth arise simultaneously as parallel responses to some critical situation, in Kluckhohn's words: "to reduce the anticipation of disaster»Y el caso rarísimo: que rito y mito surjan a la vez como respuestas paralelas a una situación crítica, en las palabras de Kluckhohn, para reducir la anticipación del desastre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 63»

«There have been no answers because there were no questions»La sentencia de J. Z. Smith, uno de sus críticos más ingeniosos, parafraseando a Gertrude Stein: no hubo respuestas porque no había preguntas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 64»

«I am not so presumptuous as to expect or to desire for mine an exemption from the common lot. I hold them all very lightly, and have used them chiefly as convenient pegs on which to hang my collection of facts»Y el propio Frazer en la introducción a la tercera edición de *The Golden Bough*: no es tan presuntuoso como para pedir a sus teorías exención del destino común, las sostiene con ligereza y las ha usado sobre todo como perchas cómodas donde colgar su colección de hechos. La frase arranca al otro lado del salto que el troceo abre dentro de la nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 64»

«Mircea Eliade, for one, has given an excellent sketch of all this and we shall discuss various instances in the present book.»Y remite a Mircea Eliade por el esbozo excelente de todo eso, con instancias que el libro discutirá

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 64»

«A name is associated with this combination of initiation and myth and ritual in a new key: Walter Burkert.»Y pone nombre a esa combinación de iniciación y mito y rito en clave nueva: Walter Burkert

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 65»

«D. Richard, Tolerance and Intolerance of Ambiguity in Northern Tai Myth and Ritual, Ethnology (1974) 1-24, demonstrates that ritual may function in a conservative fashion while myth may be tolerant towards modern ideas.»La nota deja sitio a los matices con D. Richard sobre el mito y el rito tai del norte: el rito puede funcionar de modo conservador mientras el mito tolera ideas modernas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 65»

«A typical Einzelgiinger like Walter Otto makes the "Zusammenfall von Kultus und Mythos" the central doctrine of his most celebrated book Dionysos. Mythos und Kultus (Frankfurt 1933). This founder of (another) 'Frankfurter' school eschewed any contact with anthropological theory or comparativist trends in the history of religions and by no means borrowed his ideas from jane Harrison.»La nota registra a Walter Otto, solitario que hizo de la coincidencia de culto y mito la doctrina central de su *Dionysos. Mythos und Kultus*, fundador de otra escuela de Fráncfort que esquivó todo contacto con la teoría antropológica y el comparativismo y no tomó sus ideas de Jane Harrison; el OCR imprime *Einzelgiinger* y *jane* con minúscula

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 65»

«Harrison's Themis, though valued more highly by the writer herself, was generally much less appreciated than her Prolegomena»La *Themis* de Harrison, que ella misma tenía en más, fue en general mucho menos apreciada que sus *Prolegomena*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 65»

«I think there was also, in conservative or orthodox circles, rather more dislike of Themis as a 'dangerous book' than there had been of the Prolegomena»Murray, en la conferencia en memoria de Harrison: en los círculos conservadores u ortodoxos hubo bastante más rechazo de *Themis* como libro peligroso que de los *Prolegomena*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 65»

«but could not sympathize with apparently 'aimless' myth and ritual complexes in which the much sought-after element of fertility was not paramount.»Pero no podía simpatizar con complejos de mito y rito al parecer sin fin, donde el elemento buscado de la fertilidad no mandaba

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 66»

«It might appear surprising at first sight that Themis was not enthusiastically received in Durkheim's circles either, which took offence-not unfairly-at the erratic, associative and intuitive nature of the book.»Y registra que tampoco los círculos de Durkheim recibieron con entusiasmo *Themis*, ofendidos, no sin razón, por el carácter errático, asociativo e intuitivo del libro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 66»

«maxim that as soon as a psychological explanation is suggested somewhere you may be sure that it is a wrong one proved to be ominous in this context.»La máxima de Durkheim —en cuanto alguien sugiere una explicación psicológica se puede estar seguro de que es errada— resultó ominosa en ese contexto; el troceo separa el genitivo, *Durkheim' s*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 66»

«I hate 'daemons' of all sorts, and 'year-daemons' worse than any", wrote Cook in a letter to Murray of23 august 1923 (as quoted by R. Ackerman, in: Calder 1991, 15), but, then, Cook had never reached the rank of epoptes in Harrison's teletai.»La nota trae la carta de Cook a Murray —odia toda clase de démones y los del año más que ninguno— y el comentario de Versnel: Cook nunca había alcanzado el rango de *epoptes* en las *teletai* de Harrison

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 66»

«Before the sixties H. Jeanmaire's Couroi et Couretes ( 1939, reprinted 1978) was the only major study in the classical field in which the initiation scheme was applied to Greek myths and rites in a consistent manner, to which we might add G. Dumezil, Le probleme des centaures: Etude de mythologie comparee indo-europienne ( 1929).»Antes de los sesenta, *Couroi et Couretes* de H. Jeanmaire era el único estudio mayor del campo clásico que aplicaba el esquema de iniciación a mitos y ritos griegos de manera consistente, y junto a él cabría poner el libro de Dumézil sobre los centauros

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 66»

«The proviso in the classical field is important, however, for outside that domain, notably in the Germanic and Old Persian contexts, numerous studies were devoted to Miinnerbunde, Jungmannschaften and Geheimbunde, which were generally recognized as historical reflections of groups of youths in the initiation phase»Fuera del campo clásico, sobre todo en los contextos germánico y persa antiguo, hubo numerosos estudios sobre *Männerbünde*, *Jungmannschaften* y *Geheimbünde*, tenidos en general por reflejos históricos de grupos de jóvenes en fase de iniciación; el OCR imprime esas palabras sin diéresis

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 66»

«is no need to ask why. The strongly utilitarian and ritualistic approach to the ancient religions in particular might, at a pinch, swallow an occasional eniautos daimon-the term is even found once in Nilsson's handbook, and Nilsson was surely not one of Harrison's admirers»Explica el poco aprecio: el enfoque utilitario y ritualista de las religiones antiguas podía tragarse a lo sumo un *eniautos daimon* ocasional —el término aparece hasta una vez en el manual de Nilsson, que no era admirador de Harrison—; la frase arranca al final de la plana anterior, *There*, y el tramo corta antes de la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 66»

«No doubt A. Brelich may be credited with having encouraged the interest in this subject in the sixties, with such studies as Le iniziazioni I, II (1960-61), which remained rather obscure, and above all with Paides e Parthenoi I (1969), which was already in manuscript in 1960 (volume II was never published).»Acredita a A. Brelich el haber alentado el interés por el asunto en los sesenta con *Le iniziazioni*, que quedó oscuro, y sobre todo con *Paides e Parthenoi I*, ya en manuscrito en 1960; el segundo volumen nunca se publicó

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 67»

«In an extensive introduction Brelich presents an anthropological typology of initiation customs, which he then applies to Greek situations.»En una introducción extensa, Brelich presenta una tipología antropológica de las costumbres de iniciación y la aplica luego a situaciones griegas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 67»

«It was precisely in this period that anthropological interest in initiatory rites was given a new incentive»Y en ese mismo periodo el interés antropológico por los ritos iniciáticos recibió un incentivo nuevo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 67»

«Eliade's Birth and Rebirth (1958; reprinted as Rites and Symbols of Initiation, 1975) has done much to make the typical characteristics of initiation more widely known.»*Birth and Rebirth* de Eliade, reeditado como *Rites and Symbols of Initiation*, hizo mucho por difundir los rasgos típicos de la iniciación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 67»

«N aquet published 'Le chasseur noir et 1' origine de 1' ephebie athenienne' 92, a study in which he maintained that it was not only the Spartan but also the Athenian youths that were subjected to initiation rites of a strongly archaic type well into historical times.»En la misma década de brío juvenil y protestas estudiantiles, P. Vidal-Naquet publicó *Le chasseur noir et l'origine de l'éphébie athénienne*, donde sostuvo que no solo los jóvenes espartanos sino también los atenienses pasaban por ritos de iniciación de tipo fuertemente arcaico hasta bien entrada la época histórica; el troceo parte el apellido en el salto de plana y estropea los artículos franceses

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 68»

«His Weisheit und Wissenschaft: Studien zu Pythagoras, Philolaus und Platon (1962)94 had already drawn attention to initiation symptoms»Su *Weisheit und Wissenschaft*, sobre Pitágoras, Filolao y Platón, ya había llamado la atención sobre síntomas de iniciación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 68»

«rhephoria' ( 1966b ), an ideal case of myth and ritual.»Y la aplicación básica llegó con su trabajo sobre la saga de las Cecrópidas y la Arreforia, que Versnel llama caso ideal de mito y rito; el troceo parte el título en el salto de plana y el tramo arranca en su segunda mitad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 68»

«Apparently, great heroes come into being during periods of intense crisis and transition in their mother's lives and they become the more extraordinary thanks to their mother's hardships»La nota trae la solución de Bremmer, que disputa la lectura iniciática de Burkert: los grandes héroes nacen en periodos de crisis y transición intensa en la vida de sus madres y se vuelven más extraordinarios por las penalidades de ellas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 69»

«This was not the first time that the Arrhephoria were explained as a relic of initiation ritual: Jeanmaire 1939, 264 ff.; Brelich 1961, II, 123-6; cf. idem 1969,»La nota recuerda que ya Jeanmaire y Brelich habían explicado la Arreforia como reliquia de rito iniciático

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 69»

«Recently, several authors have remarked that the rites represent a preparatory stage rather than being real initiatons in view of the age of the girls»Y que varios autores recientes las tienen por etapa preparatoria más que por iniciación real, dada la edad de las niñas; el OCR imprime *initiatons*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 69»

«regards the Arrhephoria among other things as an ordeal of virginity in the last year before menarche.»Brulé las ve, entre otras cosas, como ordalía de virginidad en el último año antes de la menarquia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 69»

«F. Sierksma's book De roof van het vrouwengeheim (The Theft of the Female Secret, 1962), which deals with this subject among others, was renamed Religie, sexualiteit en agressie (Religion, Sexuality, and Repression)-and justly so-when it was reprinted in an academic edition»Cuenta el cambio de título del libro de F. Sierksma, *De roof van het vrouwengeheim*, rebautizado —con razón, dice— *Religie, sexualiteit en agressie* al reimprimirse en edición académica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 70»

«This is the explanation Burkert gave for the secret in the kiste which the girls were not allowed to know and yet had to discover»Esa es la explicación que Burkert dio del secreto de la *kiste* que las niñas no debían conocer y sin embargo tenían que descubrir; la frase sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 70»

«Acting as the she-bear' the maiden arktoi entered these hiding places where they like the hibernating she-bear were transformed, at least ritually, from maiden to mother»La nota trae la interpretación curiosa de P. Perlman sobre la Arkteia de Brauron: al actuar de osa, las doncellas *arktoi* entraban en los escondrijos donde, como la osa que hiberna, quedaban transformadas, al menos ritualmente, de doncella en madre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 70»

«fertility, notably the child, which may also be recognized in the object, swaddled in cloths, that is returned after the girls' stay in Aphrodite's garden.»Y el contenido de esa explicación: los símbolos de la fertilidad de la mujer, sobre todo el niño, reconocible también en el objeto envuelto en telas que vuelve del jardín de Afrodita. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior, *we have here the symbols of woman's*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 71»

«For her theory Harrison could consult Les rites de passage (1909) by A. van Gennep100, the first to make a systematic study of rites of transition.»Harrison pudo consultar para su teoría *Les rites de passage* de A. van Gennep, el primero en estudiar sistemáticamente los ritos de transición

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 71»

«The distinction he makes between rites de separation, rites de marge' and rites d J agrigation, through which the youth took leave of the old situation, remained in seclusion for some time, and entered his new status, respectively, is still exemplary.»La distinción de Van Gennep entre ritos de separación, de margen y de agregación —dejar la situación vieja, permanecer recluido un tiempo y entrar en el estatus nuevo— le sigue pareciendo ejemplar; el OCR estropea el francés (*rites d J agrigation*)

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 71»

«Later anthropologists have added many typical features to the ones gathered by Van Gennep, the marginal period having increasingly become the center of interest.»Los antropólogos posteriores añadieron muchos rasgos típicos a los reunidos por Van Gennep, y el periodo marginal fue volviéndose el centro del interés

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 71»

«Looking for remnants of these initiatory elements is a fascinating pursuit and Jeanmaire's book mentioned above makes for absorbing reading. In point of fact he already adumbrated virtually all that later scholars were to deal with at greater length and in greater detail»Llama fascinante la búsqueda de restos de esos elementos iniciáticos y absorbente el libro de Jeanmaire, que ya apuntó casi todo lo que los estudiosos posteriores tratarían con más extensión y detalle

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 72»

«These mids have been treated by K. Meuli in a series of studies on masks, carnival lore and charivari»La nota remite a K. Meuli y su serie de estudios sobre máscaras, folclore de carnaval y charivari; el OCR imprime *mids* por *raids*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 72»

«had already pointed out that Achilles, who hides in the isle of Skyros disguised as a girl, and who has been reared, moreover, outside the domain of civilisation by a centaur, represents the typical initiation candidate.»Ya en 1893, E. Crawley señalaba que Aquiles, escondido en Esciros vestido de niña y criado además fuera del dominio de la civilización por un centauro, representa al candidato típico a la iniciación; el troceo pega la llamada a nota al apellido y el tramo arranca después

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 73»

«Paederasty as an act of subjection during initiation: Van Gennep 1960, 171; Jeanmaire 1939, 455-60; Brelich 1969,84 f.»La nota reúne la bibliografía que lee la pederastia como acto de sujeción durante la iniciación, de Van Gennep y Jeanmaire a Brelich

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 73»

«Various forms of temple prostitution are also explained as (relics of) initiation ritual: Graf 1978, 73.»Y registra que también varias formas de prostitución sagrada se explican como reliquias de rito iniciático

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 73»

«As early as 1895 Th. Homolle»Ya en 1895, Th. Homolle; el troceo pega la llamada a nota al apellido y el tramo corta ahí

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 74»

«was aware that the Spartan apellai, notably those celebrated in the initial month of the year, Apellaios, were the rite during which the young men were admitted into the community of adults»Homolle vio que las *apellai* espartanas, sobre todo las del primer mes del año, Apeleo, eran el rito por el que se admitía a los jóvenes en la comunidad de los adultos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 74»

«Apollon] is the projection of these rites; he, like Dionysos, like Herakles, is the arch-ephebos, the Megistos Kouros»La conclusión de Harrison en *Themis*, con gracias a Homolle y a Van Gennep: Apolo es la proyección de esos ritos y, como Dioniso y como Heracles, es el arquiefebo, el Megistos Kouros; la frase arranca al final de la plana anterior con la forma antigua del nombre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 75»

«Hence a paper by W. Burkert: 'Apellai und Apollon>1°9 , followed by another by one of his pupils, F. Graf, about Apollo Delphinios110, the god that is more immediately concerned with the young man's admission into the official political and social roles»De ahí el trabajo de W. Burkert sobre las *apellai* y Apolo y el de su discípulo F. Graf sobre Apolo Delfinio, el dios que atañe más de cerca a la admisión del joven en los papeles políticos y sociales oficiales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 75»

«kert's final synthesis is pure 'Harrison': '' Achilleus, fast ein Doppelganger Apellons" (Achilles, almost a double of Apellon»Llama pura Harrison la síntesis final de Burkert: Aquiles, casi un doble de Apolo; el troceo parte el apellido en el renglón y el tramo arranca en su segunda mitad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 75»

«Cf. also the recent attempt to trace back the Lupercalia to initiation ritual in: Chr. Ulf, Das Romische Lupercalienjest. Ein Modelljall fur Methodenprobleme in der Altertumswissenschajt (Darmstadt 1982),»La nota registra el intento reciente de Chr. Ulf de remontar las Lupercales a un rito de iniciación La capa de texto del troceo corrompe *Altertumswissenschajt*; se cita tal cual y se declara.

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 75»

«even contends that the term heros originally denoted a youth as member of a Mii.nnerbund or jungmannschajt.»La nota cierra con F. Crevatin, que llega a sostener que el término *heros* designó en origen a un joven miembro de un *Männerbund* o *Jungmannschaft*; el OCR imprime las palabras alemanas sin diéresis y con jota baja

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 76»

«In a paper entitled 'Milch, Honig und Wein' F. Graf»El trabajo de F. Graf sobre la leche, la miel y el vino; el troceo pega la llamada a nota al apellido y el tramo corta ahí

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 80»

«made a study of the frame of reference of these ingredients. He found that milk and honey in particular are the liquid signals of marginal and abnormal situations and groups»Graf estudió el marco de referencia de esos ingredientes y halló que la leche y la miel en particular son las señales líquidas de situaciones y grupos marginales y anormales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 80»

«thesis is fully demonstrable: "Honig und Milch ... waren also abnorm, marginale»Llama del todo demostrable la tesis de Graf: miel y leche eran líquidos anormales, marginales; el OCR estropea el alemán y el genitivo de *Grafs*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 80»

«In a paper on the Greek pharmakos J.N. Bremmer»El trabajo de J. N. Bremmer sobre el *pharmakos* griego; el troceo pega la llamada a nota al apellido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 80»

«sheds new light on this scapegoat and the related rites from the point of view of 'the margin'.»Bremmer alumbra de nuevo ese chivo expiatorio y los ritos emparentados desde el punto de vista del margen

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 80»

«The fact, for instance, not understood hitherto, that the pharmakos is beaten with 'squills or twigs of the wild fig tree'»El dato que nadie había entendido: que al *pharmakos* se lo golpea con escilas o ramas de higuera silvestre. La frase sigue al otro lado del salto que el troceo abre al reabrir la plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 80»

«convincingly explained by the fact that these plants, being sterile, belonged to the 'marginal' sphere.»Y la explicación que Bremmer le da: esas plantas, por estériles, pertenecían a la esfera marginal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 80»

«Dans Ia cite grecque, comme on le sait, ce sont les marginaux qui manquent le moins.»La nota lo apoya con Detienne: en la ciudad griega, como se sabe, lo que menos falta son los marginales; el OCR imprime *Ia* por *la*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 81»

«it was the more poorly educated, the unemployed, non-white, females, the unmarried, the overweight, the ill, and the lonely, who were most taken with astrology.»El estudio de R. Wuthnow sobre astrología y marginalidad concluye que quienes más se prendaron de la astrología fueron los de menor educación, los desempleados, los no blancos, las mujeres, los solteros, los obesos, los enfermos y los solitarios

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 81»

«symmetry between the pharmakos and the king of legend in which the former, at the bottom of the scale, took on a role analogous to that which the latter played at the top»La nota trae a Vernant y Vidal-Naquet sobre la simetría entre el *pharmakos* y el rey de la leyenda: el primero, al fondo de la escala, asumía un papel análogo al del segundo en la cumbre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 82»

«It may seem shocking or insensitive to those used to structuralist approaches to systems of gods to assert that goddesses appear largely interchangeable in our study»La nota trae a Dowden: puede parecer chocante o insensible a quien está hecho a los enfoques estructuralistas afirmar que las diosas resultan en gran medida intercambiables

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 82»

«In this way all the different motifs which, taken separately, may of course occur in different contexts, are explained by one hermeneutic key which is, from a methodic point of view, to be preferred to all kinds of supposed influences»El pasaje característico que cita, de Bremmer: así todos los motivos distintos, que por separado pueden por supuesto darse en contextos distintos, quedan explicados por una sola clave hermenéutica, preferible desde el punto de vista del método a toda clase de influencias supuestas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 83»

«nature (versus culture), travelling and provisional lodging (versus sedentary life), non-violence and solidarity»La nota trae el estudio comparado de A. Droogers sobre las biografías de innovadores religiosos y seculares —Jesús, Valdés, Booth, Kimbangu, Buda, Mahoma y Marx—, donde las señales liminales son la naturaleza frente a la cultura, el viaje y el alojamiento provisional frente a la vida sedentaria, la no violencia y la solidaridad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 83»

«Although this structural aproach has its demonstrable merits whenever the ritual context of wineless libations is known, our lack of information renders it inapplicable in all but one of the cases listed above.»La nota trae la objeción de Henrichs a Graf: el enfoque estructural tiene méritos demostrables cuando se conoce el contexto ritual de las libaciones sin vino, pero la falta de información lo vuelve inaplicable en todos los casos menos uno; el OCR imprime *aproach*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 83»

«He held that the enumeration of facts must form the staple of the argument, and that the limit of needful detail was reached only when each group of facts so displayed its general law that fresh ones came to range themselves in their proper niches as new instances of an already established rule»El elogio del *Times* a la obra de Tylor: sostenía que la enumeración de hechos ha de ser el grueso del argumento y que el límite del detalle necesario se alcanza solo cuando cada grupo de hechos muestra su ley general y los nuevos se colocan solos en su nicho como instancias de una regla ya establecida

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 84»

«In a paper entitled 'Heroes, Rituals and the Trojan War' J. N. Bremmer»El trabajo de J. N. Bremmer sobre héroes, ritos y la guerra de Troya; el troceo pega la llamada a nota al apellido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 85»

«discusses a number of heroes who figure in the epics, concluding that the traditions ''designate their protagonists as young men in the transition from boyhood to adulthood»Bremmer discute varios héroes de la épica y concluye que las tradiciones señalan a sus protagonistas como jóvenes en el paso de la niñez a la adultez

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 85»

«has made the revealing discovery that Herodotus IV understands the Scythians as cunning ephebes and P. Vidal-Naquet, The Black Hunter Revisited, PCPS 212 (1986) 124-44, to whom I owe some of these references, infers that ephebeia has become a semantic category by the fifth century, working as a 'symbolic operator'.»La nota registra el hallazgo de F. Hartog —Heródoto IV entiende a los escitas como efebos astutos— y la inferencia de Vidal-Naquet de que la *ephebeia* se volvió categoría semántica en el siglo V y funciona como operador simbólico

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 85»

«What conclusion can we draw? It will be clear that we recognize an evident case of royal initiation in the tale of the prince, who has to leave home, wanders around, is present at cannibalistic activities, visits the underworld, has a wound in the thigh, is an archer, is sexually very active, returns as a beggar, restores the cultural order as a symbolic survivor of the Flood and finally becomes king»La conclusión de Bremmer que Versnel reproduce: caso evidente de iniciación regia en el relato del príncipe que ha de dejar su casa, vaga, asiste a actos de canibalismo, visita el inframundo, tiene una herida en el muslo, es arquero, es muy activo sexualmente, vuelve como mendigo, restaura el orden cultural como superviviente simbólico del Diluvio y acaba siendo rey

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 86»

«In support of this thesis a number of parallels had been listed before, showing, for instance, that cannibalistic performances, the notion of the primeval flood, sexual activities, and so forth are typical of the atmosphere of initiation and transitional rites.»Y los paralelos con que Bremmer lo apoya: canibalismo, diluvio primordial y actividades sexuales serían típicos de la atmósfera de los ritos de iniciación y de transición

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 86»

«The day of Odysseus' return coincides with the day of the ephebic initiation (including the bow-test). After nineteen years the king returns on the day of the initiation of his nineteen year old son. It is the festive day of Apollo, a New Year's festival. Odysseus is not an ephebos, but a sacral king, who by his safe return from great dangers and his excellence at the bow-contest proves his righteousness»La nota expone la lectura de Auffarth: el día del regreso de Odiseo coincide con el de la iniciación efébica y su prueba del arco, y tras diecinueve años el rey vuelve el día de la iniciación de su hijo de diecinueve, fiesta de Apolo y de Año Nuevo; Odiseo no es efebo sino rey sacro que prueba su rectitud con el regreso a salvo y con el certamen del arco

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 87»

«has not the slightest difficulty in interpreting motifs such as sleep, purification by baths, the threshold, or, if necessary, the total Odyssey, as one great 'transition' from death to life»La nota trae a Ch. Segal, que no halla dificultad en leer el sueño, la purificación por baños, el umbral o, si hace falta, la *Odisea* entera como una gran transición de la muerte a la vida

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 87»

«There is a striking parallel in a debate between A. Henrichs and J. Winkler»Y señala un paralelo llamativo en el debate entre A. Henrichs y J. Winkler; el troceo pega la llamada a nota al segundo apellido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 88»

«The former, basing himself on, among other things, cannibalistic elements in a recently discovered Lollianus fragment, discovers a ritual background in the context of secret cult societies, whereas the latter shows in detail that all the elements belonged to the stock in trade of classic fiction.»Henrichs, apoyado entre otras cosas en los elementos caníbales de un fragmento de Loliano hallado poco antes, encuentra un trasfondo ritual de sociedades de culto secretas; Winkler muestra en detalle que todos esos elementos eran mercancía corriente de la ficción clásica

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 88»

«There is some affinity between Henrich's approach and that of R. Merkelbach»Ve afinidad entre el enfoque de Henrichs y el de R. Merkelbach; el troceo pega la llamada a nota al apellido

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 88»

«who defended the theory that virtually all remaining classical novels are based on some initiation pattern, but this time initiation into theHellenistic mysteries.»Merkelbach defendió que casi todas las novelas clásicas conservadas se basan en algún patrón de iniciación, esta vez la iniciación en los misterios helenísticos; el OCR pega *theHellenistic*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 88»

«Everything fits perfectly: "This book only [!] intends to prove that the novels are really mystery texts" (from the preface).»Y cita el prefacio de ese libro, donde todo encaja a la perfección: solo pretende probar que las novelas son en realidad textos mistéricos; el signo de admiración entre corchetes es de Versnel

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 88»

«Freilich sollte die Frage nach der Verbinding von Epos und Ritual mit einem prazisen hermeneutischen Instrumentarium angegangen werden»La nota trae la advertencia de Graf, simpatizante en general del argumento de Bremmer: la cuestión del vínculo entre epopeya y rito debería abordarse con un instrumental hermenéutico preciso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 88»

«ha implicata quasi una meccanica riduzione al rito dell' immenso patrimonio mitologico condensato nell»La nota trae la advertencia de P. Scarpi: buscar trasfondos rituales a los mitos heroicos ha implicado casi una reducción mecánica al rito del inmenso patrimonio mitológico condensado en la epopeya homérica; el tramo corta antes de la palabra siguiente

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 89»

«And after that one should continue and read Auffarth 1991, a considerably heavier but equally provocative work on the same theme with a different approach.»Y recomienda seguir con Auffarth, obra bastante más pesada e igual de provocadora sobre el mismo tema con otro enfoque

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 90»

«It would be possible, and indeed easy, to find parallels in myth and ritual for every incident in the Odyssey'', says Lord Raglan in The Hero, referring to sacral kingship.»Lord Raglan, en *The Hero*, a propósito de la realeza sacra: sería posible, y de hecho fácil, hallar paralelos de mito y rito para cada incidente de la *Odisea*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 90»

«In 1970 Burkert published a paper entitled 'Iason, Hypsipyle and New Fire at Lemnos: A Study in Myth and Ritual»El trabajo de Burkert de 1970 sobre Jasón, Hipsípila y el fuego nuevo en Lemnos, estudio de mito y rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 91»

«Burkert, too, conceded whole-heartedly that there exist myths without a rite, and rites without a myth, that we know of aetiological myths of the most trite variety, and that it is out of the question, therefore, that myth should always be connected with ritual.»Burkert concedió de buena gana que hay mitos sin rito y ritos sin mito, que se conocen mitos etiológicos de la variedad más trillada y que por eso queda descartado que el mito vaya siempre unido al rito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 91»

«Still, there exist complexes-such as the Arrhephoria complex he had discussed before-in which the connection is so close that the observer feels spurred on to consider the matter afresh.»Pero hay complejos, como el de la Arreforia, donde la conexión es tan estrecha que el observador se siente empujado a mirar de nuevo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 91»

«It stands out, then, as the one clear case in the whole range of Greek heroic myths - with the Cecropides tale as a weaker ally - in which the myth-and-ritual theory is vindicated»La nota trae la concesión de Kirk: destaca como el único caso claro en todo el repertorio de mitos heroicos griegos —con el relato de las Cecrópidas como aliado más débil— donde la teoría de mito y rito queda vindicada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 92»

«Burkert refuses to answer this question, since in his words, it' 'transcends philology, since both myth and ritual were established well before the invention of writing»Burkert se niega a contestarla porque, dice, la pregunta trasciende la filología: mito y rito quedaron establecidos mucho antes de la invención de la escritura

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 92»

«In his conclusion, though, he hints more than once that myth and ritual, in the final analysis, derive from one single origin, for instance when he maintains that myth may become independent of ritual (p .14) or when he stresses the importance of myths for the reconstruction of rites: "Myth, being the plot, may indicate connections between rites which are isolated in our tradition»Aun así, en la conclusión insinúa más de una vez un origen único: el mito puede volverse independiente del rito, y los mitos importan para reconstruir ritos, porque el mito, al ser la trama, puede indicar conexiones entre ritos que en nuestra tradición aparecen aislados

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 92»

«Anyway, rite is considered a necessary means of communication and solidarity within a social group. Feigned fear and agression may prevent real disaster. Myth, however, does the same with different means. Here too the theme is menace and death, but now the victims are human beings, whereas the ritual confines itself to animals: "only the myth carries, in phantasy, to the extreme what, by ritual, is conducted into more innocent channels»En su lectura, el rito es medio necesario de comunicación y solidaridad dentro del grupo social, y el miedo y la agresión fingidos pueden evitar el desastre real; el mito hace lo mismo por otros medios, con amenaza y muerte, pero con víctimas humanas, mientras el rito se ciñe a los animales: solo el mito lleva en la fantasía al extremo lo que el rito conduce por canales más inocentes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 92»

«Burkert's 'Griechische Mythologie und die Geistesgeschichte der Moderne', a treatise published in 1980154, and find that with regard to the myth and ritual relation Harrison and the anthropologists are quoted emphatically and with approval, criticism is relegated to a footnote, and Kirk-in this connection, that is-is not even mentioned.»En su tratado de 1980 sobre la mitología griega y la historia intelectual moderna, Burkert cita a Harrison y a los antropólogos con énfasis y aprobación en lo tocante a la relación de mito y rito, relega la crítica a una nota y ni siquiera menciona a Kirk en ese punto. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 93»

«In dealing with myth Burkert takes as a starting point the structural approach to the fairy tale narrative inaugurated by V. Propp and simplified and transformed later by others»Para el mito, Burkert parte del enfoque estructural del relato de cuento de hadas inaugurado por V. Propp y simplificado y transformado después por otros

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 93»

«According to Propp, all Russian fairy tales of a certain category were found to consist of sequences of thirty-one elements (functions, motifemes), a number that strikes us as sufficiently arbitrary to have been discovered, not imposed»Según Propp, todos los cuentos rusos de cierta categoría constan de secuencias de treinta y un elementos —funciones, motivemas—, cifra que a Versnel le parece bastante arbitraria como para haber sido descubierta y no impuesta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 93»

«In point of fact A. Dundes, in his introduction to the latest edition, points out that Propp follows an empirical, inductive method (which Dundes calls syntagmatic), that stands in stark contrast to the speculative, deductive (paradigmatic) approach of the structuralist par excellence Claude Levi-Strauss.»A. Dundes señala en su introducción que Propp sigue un método empírico e inductivo, que él llama sintagmático, frente al enfoque especulativo y deductivo, paradigmático, del estructuralista por excelencia Claude Lévi-Strauss

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 93»

«Whereas the latter starts from hypothetical polar oppositions, trying to place everything within this structure, Propp simply describes the linear order of narrative elements he perceives again and again.»Lévi-Strauss parte de oposiciones polares hipotéticas y trata de colocar todo dentro de esa estructura; Propp se limita a describir el orden lineal de elementos narrativos que percibe una y otra vez

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 93»

«The final twenty elements of Propp's collection have been summed up by Burkert as follows: there is an instruction, a task to go in search of something (something lost) and to get it, the hero gathers relevant information, decides to set out upon the quest, starts on his way, meets with others, either helpers or enemies, there is a change of scenery»El resumen que Burkert hace de los últimos veinte elementos de Propp: hay una instrucción, la tarea de ir en busca de algo perdido y conseguirlo, el héroe reúne información, decide emprender la búsqueda, se pone en camino, encuentra a otros, auxiliares o enemigos, y cambia el escenario. La lista sigue al otro lado del salto de plana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 93»

«the object is found and taken possession of by force or by cunning, it is brought back, the hero being chased by the adversary, success is there, the hero comes off triumphant.»El final de esa lista: el objeto se halla y se toma por la fuerza o con astucia, se trae de vuelta con el adversario a la zaga, llega el éxito y el héroe sale triunfante. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 94»

«It is this linear aspect in particular that strongly appeals to Burkert, who has no use for Levi-Strauss' algebra»Lo que atrae a Burkert es justamente ese aspecto lineal, y no el álgebra de Lévi-Strauss; el troceo pega la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 94»

«does not show any appreciable affinity with the approaches of V ernant or Detienne either.»Y por eso tampoco muestra afinidad apreciable con los enfoques de Vernant o de Detienne

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 94»

«Numerous other schemes have already been suggested as an organizational principle of fairy tales and the like158, but none as short as Burkert's proposal.»Se han propuesto muchos otros esquemas como principio organizador de los cuentos, pero ninguno tan corto como el de Burkert

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 94»

«It is not possible, even approximately, to do justice to the very scholarly discourse, which shows a marked receptiveness to the new doctrine of sociobiology. I note the conclusion: ''Tale structures, as sequences of motifemes, are founded on basic biological or cultural programs of action»Renuncia a hacer justicia a ese discurso eruditísimo, receptivo a la doctrina nueva de la sociobiología, y anota su conclusión: las estructuras del relato, como secuencias de motivemas, se fundan en programas de acción biológicos o culturales básicos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 94»

«In the second chapter Burkert deals with ritual. Here he has already been preceded by several others on the avenue which he wants to take himself and which proves to lead to biology once more.»En el segundo capítulo Burkert trata el rito, por una avenida ya recorrida por otros que lleva de nuevo a la biología

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 94»

«he borrows the definition of ritual: "Ritual is action redirected for demonstration»La definición de rito que Burkert toma de Julian Huxley y Konrad Lorenz: acción redirigida para la demostración. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 95»

«With many animal species living socially it has been found that certain types of group behaviour possessed an evidently biological function originally, but became detached from their origin and acquired a new function: that of a communication signal, the effect of which is binding on the group»El hallazgo en que se apoya: en muchas especies animales sociales, ciertos comportamientos de grupo tenían en origen función biológica evidente, se desprendieron de ese origen y adquirieron otra, la de señal de comunicación que obliga al grupo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 95»

«These ritual acts are highly stereotyped, are repeated»Esos actos rituales son muy estereotipados y repetidos; el troceo pega la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 95»

«and exaggerated, often manifested in theatrical and dramatic forms, and are pre-eminently social actions.»Y exagerados, manifestados a menudo en formas teatrales y dramáticas, y sociales por excelencia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 95»

«had already observed that with humans, too, ritual behaviour might become divorced from its original roots and acquire some new function fostering solidarity, such as mourning behaviour.»K. Meuli ya había observado que también en los humanos la conducta ritual puede desligarse de sus raíces y adquirir una función nueva que fomenta la solidaridad, como el comportamiento de duelo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 95»

«Sociologists and anthropologists in their turn have said repeatedly and in various contexts that the integration of the group is maintained primarily by ritual means.»Y los sociólogos y antropólogos han dicho una y otra vez que la integración del grupo se sostiene ante todo por medios rituales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 95»

«A great number of ritual customs are interpreted by Burkert as ritualized, therefore stereotyped and 'degenerate' biological actions.»Burkert lee muchas costumbres rituales como acciones biológicas ritualizadas, es decir, estereotipadas y degeneradas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 96»

«We knew that the Olympian sacrifice should be understood as a relic from palaeolithic hunting customs»Ya se sabía que el sacrificio olímpico ha de entenderse como reliquia de costumbres de caza paleolíticas; el troceo pega la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 96»

«but it may come as a surprise to many a reader to learn that the ritual of pouring out oil on to a sacred stone derives, in the final analysis, from the canine habit of demarcating territory.»Pero sorprenderá a muchos lectores, dice, que el rito de verter aceite sobre una piedra sagrada venga en último análisis de la costumbre canina de marcar territorio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 96»

«riten erneuert sich das Leben der Gemeinschaft, in den daraus gewachsenen Neujahrsriten erneuert sich die Ordnung der Polis»La nota trae a Burkert: en los ritos de iniciación se renueva la vida de la comunidad y en los ritos de Año Nuevo nacidos de ellos se renueva el orden de la polis; el troceo parte la palabra al reabrir la plana y el tramo arranca en su segunda mitad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 97»

«Jene 'regeneration totale du temps' ist von alten Volkern begriffen und dargestellt worden als das Auftauchen einer neuen, reinen Welt aus den Wassern der Sintflut»La nota trae a Meuli: los pueblos antiguos entendieron y representaron la regeneración total del tiempo como la emergencia de un mundo nuevo y puro desde las aguas del diluvio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 98»

«I have spent three years in northern Luzon living with a group who are headhunters. Their headhunting is vastly exaggerated and overreported, but they do headhunt; there is no question about that»La nota trae a R. Rosaldo: pasó tres años en el norte de Luzón con un grupo de cazadores de cabezas cuya práctica está muy exagerada y sobrerreportada, pero que la practican sin duda alguna

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 99»

«It was this choice that was made long ago by Lord Raglan and others, witness the way he manages to fit all details into his pattern.»Esa fue la elección que hizo hace tiempo Lord Raglan, a la vista de cómo se las arregla para encajar todos los detalles en su patrón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 99»

«This seems to be implied in Burkert's clearly evolved view»Y lo ve implícito en la mirada claramente evolucionada de Burkert; el troceo pega la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 101»

«The author of 'Kekropidensage und Arrhephoria: vom Initiationsritus zum Panathenaenfest' now writes (1979, 57): "The pattern called 'the girl's tragedy' can [my italics H.S.V] be interpreted as reflecting initiation rituals; but these, in turn, are demonstrative accentuations of biologically programed crises, menstruation, defloration, pregnancy, birth»El autor de la *Kekropidensage* escribe ahora que el patrón llamado la tragedia de la muchacha *puede* leerse como reflejo de ritos de iniciación, pero que esos ritos son a su vez acentuaciones demostrativas de crisis programadas biológicamente: menstruación, desfloración, embarazo, parto; las cursivas del *can* son de Versnel

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 101»

«In the latter study, Odysseus and the Cyclops no longer have anything to do with initiation. Instead, they are related to very remote reminiscences from even palaeolithic action patterns ( cf. the lance tempered in the fire»En ese estudio último, Odiseo y el Cíclope ya no tienen nada que ver con la iniciación y se ligan a reminiscencias remotas de patrones de acción paleolíticos, como la lanza templada al fuego

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 101»

«And when Burkert discusses phenomena of role reversal and sexual submission (pp. 29-30), initiation is found to play only a marginal role in the predominantly biologically oriented argument (apes also offer themselves in an act of submission»Y al tratar la inversión de papeles y la sumisión sexual, la iniciación cumple en Burkert un papel apenas marginal dentro de un argumento sobre todo biológico, con los simios que también se ofrecen en acto de sumisión

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 101»

«One perceives traces of a shift in the frame of interpretation in later works of Burkert. Burkert 1980, 184, discusses the overtly Freudian theory of 0. Rank, Der Mythos der Geburt des Heiden (Vienna 1909), in which the 'Aussetzung- und Riickkehrformel' is traced back to the 'father-son conflict'. Burkert considers this "eine der solidest en Leistungen" and states: "dies leuchtet wei thin ein". The implications of this assessment are crucial: one of the traditional ingredients of the initiation theory has been detached from this context and is now exploited in a different type of interpretation.»La nota mide ese giro: Burkert llama de las más sólidas la teoría abiertamente freudiana de O. Rank, que remonta la fórmula de exposición y retorno al conflicto padre-hijo, con lo que uno de los ingredientes tradicionales de la teoría de la iniciación queda desprendido de ese contexto y usado en otro tipo de interpretación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 101»

«Though no doubt often connected with initiation-ritual, its application generally exceeds the strict boundaries of the period of initiation. Homosexual subjection appears to have a broader function as a powerful component of social hierarchy: it supports the status and position of older men over and against women and young men.»La nota sobre la homosexualidad institucionalizada: aunque a menudo ligada al rito de iniciación, su aplicación excede los límites estrictos de ese periodo, y la sujeción homosexual parece tener función más ancha como componente poderoso de la jerarquía social, que sostiene el estatus de los hombres mayores frente a las mujeres y a los jóvenes

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 101»

«In a series of books-especially The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949, 197 52)-, that have come in for a good deal of discussion, J. Campbell deals with a mythical complex 'the adventure of the hero', whose structure he outlines as follows: 1. departure; 2. initiation; 3.»En una serie de libros, sobre todo *The Hero with a Thousand Faces*, J. Campbell trata un complejo mítico, la aventura del héroe, cuya estructura traza en tres tiempos: partida, iniciación y retorno; el troceo corta la lista en el renglón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 102»

«This is a familiar scheme by now, but what is interesting is that Campbell proceeds totally independently of the scholars referred to above. He interprets the entire scheme with the help of Freud and Jung above all in terms of depth psychology, citing material from dreams.»Y lo que a Versnel le parece interesante: que Campbell procediera con total independencia de los estudiosos citados y leyera todo el esquema con Freud y Jung en clave de psicología profunda, con material de sueños

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 102»

«every human life is made up of a series of ordeals, of 'deaths' and of' resurrections»Eliade concede en esa nota que toda vida humana se compone de una serie de pruebas, de muertes y de resurrecciones; el tramo corta antes de las comillas de cierre

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 102»

«When ritual works [ ... ] it powerfully relieves man's existential anxiety and, at its most powerful, relieves him of the fear of death and places him in harmony with the universe»La nota trae a d'Aquili y los suyos: cuando el rito funciona, alivia poderosamente la angustia existencial del hombre y, en su forma más potente, lo libra del miedo a la muerte y lo pone en armonía con el universo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 102»

«The longer I occupy myself with questions of ancient mythology, the more diffident I become of success in dealing with them, and I am apt to think that we who spend our years in searching for solutions of these insoluble problems are like Sisyphos perpetually rolling his stone uphill only to see it revolve again into the valley»El suspiro de Frazer en el cuarto tomo de *The Golden Bough*: cuanto más se ocupa de mitología antigua, menos confía en resolver nada, y tiende a pensar que quienes pasan los años buscando solución a esos problemas insolubles son como Sísifo, que sube la piedra para verla rodar de nuevo al valle

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 104»

«the limitations of the method in particular. It will return only in that spiral movement, so characteristic of scientific thought, arriving after half a century at the same point but at a higher level. It will know better how and what to compare than it knew fifty years ago»El resto de la cita de Ackerknecht: la antropología volverá al comparativismo solo en ese movimiento en espiral tan propio del pensamiento científico, llegando medio siglo después al mismo punto pero en un nivel más alto, y sabiendo mejor cómo y qué comparar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 105»

«Ce Cronos, pere de Zeus ( ... ) est un personnage divin fort ambigu.»El epígrafe del capítulo II, de P. Vidal-Naquet: ese Cronos, padre de Zeus, es un personaje divino muy ambiguo; el OCR pierde los acentos del francés

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 106»

«The striking resemblance between the two tales has even led to the hypothesis, notably argued by W. Burkert11 , that the derivation of the Theogony myth from an oriental tradition could not have taken place until the eighth or seventh century, as this was the period in which orientalisation had a much greater impact on the Greek world than scholars have previously been inclined to believe.»La hipótesis que W. Burkert defiende a partir de ese parecido llamativo: la derivación del mito de la *Teogonía* de una tradición oriental no pudo ocurrir antes de los siglos VIII o VII, cuando la orientalización pesó sobre el mundo griego mucho más de lo que se solía creer

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 110»

«Cronus' eternal sleep is a kind of death: his boundaries are those between life and death as well as the Straits of Gibraltar. Reality is double»La nota trae a F. M. Ahl: el sueño eterno de Cronos es una especie de muerte, y sus fronteras son las que hay entre la vida y la muerte tanto como el estrecho de Gibraltar, porque la realidad es doble

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 114»

«In Indian myth, for instance, Yama is the first king, the first mortal and the first of the dead (he is depicted as being chained with a fetter on his foot). The Irish Donn was the first king, who also was the first to die and establish the realm of the dead, according to Irish tradition a paradisiac faery-land.»La nota trae los paralelos indoeuropeos de B. Lincoln: en el mito indio Yama es el primer rey, el primer mortal y el primero de los muertos, representado con un grillete en el pie, y el Donn irlandés fue el primer rey y el primero en morir y fundar el reino de los muertos, tierra de hadas paradisiaca en la tradición irlandesa

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 115»

«Kronos scheint im Kult keinen festen Platz zu haben, er ist ein Schatten" (apparently, Kronos has no fixed place in cult: he is a shadow) thus Nilsson, unconsciously paraphrasing a statement by von Wilamowitz: "Er ist eben ein Gott ausser Diensten, abgetan wie die rohe Urzeit»Nilsson dice que Cronos no parece tener lugar fijo en el culto y que es una sombra, parafraseando sin saberlo a Wilamowitz, para quien es un dios fuera de servicio, liquidado como la edad primitiva ruda

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 116»

«Er ist mythologisch, nicht kultisch»La fórmula de Nilsson que Versnel retoma: Cronos es mitológico, no cúltico

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 117»

«regards this as a misinterpretation of the mythical weapon-dance round the child Zeus.»La nota registra que F. Jacoby ve en eso una malinterpretación de la danza mítica de armas en torno al niño Zeus

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 118»

«This schizophrenic vision of inferiority and of utopia gives rise to an inherently contradictory portrayal of the barbarian world. It is the home on the one hand of tyrants and savages, and on the other of idealized peoples and harmonious relations with heaven»La nota trae a Hall: esa visión esquizofrénica de inferioridad y de utopía produce un retrato inherentemente contradictorio del mundo bárbaro, casa de tiranos y salvajes por un lado y de pueblos idealizados en relación armoniosa con el cielo por el otro

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 124»

«Ethnocentrism, defined as the inability to escape from the central and irreflexive categories and concepts of one's own culture, is responsible for the fact that wildness cannot but be modelled on the important aspects of one»La nota define el etnocentrismo con Vandenbroeck: la incapacidad de salir de las categorías centrales e irreflexivas de la propia cultura, que obliga a modelar lo salvaje sobre los aspectos importantes de la cultura propia; el tramo corta antes del genitivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 124»

«exemplarily summarizes recent research when she concludes that incest, polygamy, murder, sacrilege, castration, female power, and despotism are images by which the Athenian tragedies defined the non-Greek world.»La nota resume con Hall la investigación reciente: incesto, poligamia, asesinato, sacrilegio, castración, poder femenino y despotismo son las imágenes con que las tragedias atenienses definieron el mundo no griego

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 125»

«Diese Vorstellungen sind unvereinbar" (these representations are irreconcilable), von Wilamowitz wrote in 1929; "Ce Cronos, pere de Zeus ... est un personnage divin fort ambigu»Los dos juicios que Versnel recoge: Wilamowitz en 1929 llama irreconciliables esas representaciones y Vidal-Naquet, cincuenta años después, llama a Cronos personaje divino muy ambiguo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 127»

«the eating of his children by Kronos is a form of 'culinary incest' in which can be perceived an overlapping of the two semantic fields which we see separately in the representations of the savage world.»La nota trae a Mason: que Cronos coma a sus hijos es una forma de incesto culinario donde se percibe el solape de los dos campos semánticos que en las representaciones del mundo salvaje aparecen separados

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 127»

«age de Cronos, !'age pn~culinaire et presacrificiel, !'age 'vegetarien' que nous decrivent tant de textes, est ( .... ) aussil'age de l'anthropophagie et du sacrifice humain»La nota trae a Vidal-Naquet sobre la paradoja: la edad de Cronos, preculinaria y presacrificial, la edad vegetariana que tantos textos describen, es también la de la antropofagia y del sacrificio humano; el OCR estropea el francés (*pn~culinaire*, *aussil'age*) y el tramo arranca tras la edad de oro de Hesíodo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 127»

«Pohlenz, for instance, searches for a solution to his problem: "das goldene Zeitalter ... passt schlecht genug zu dem Frevler Kronos" (the Golden Age does not go with the criminal Kronos), in a merging of different traditions: the mythical one involving an evil Kronos was supposedly combined later with the merry agricultural festival that was assumed to be specifically Attic.»Pohlenz busca solución a su problema —la edad de oro casa mal con el Cronos criminal— en una fusión de tradiciones: la mítica del Cronos malvado se habría combinado después con la alegre fiesta agrícola que se suponía específicamente ática

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 128»

«even perceives two completely independent original Kronos figures, namely, a cosmo gonic and a vegetative dying and rising god»Marót llega a ver dos figuras originales de Cronos del todo independientes, una cosmogónica y otra vegetativa de dios que muere y resucita

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 128»

«for one day, people wish to revive the blissful life, as it had been in the Golden Age»La traducción que da del alemán de Wilamowitz: por un día la gente quiere revivir la vida bienaventurada de la Edad de Oro de Cronos; el OCR pega *ofKronos*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 130»

«No, the ritualists reply, "antike Feste entstehen nicht auf diese Weise" (ancient festivals do not originate in this manner: Deubner, as well as Nilsson, Ziehen, Jacoby, Bomer and others), and Ed. Meyer explains that the image of the Golden Age arose precisely from this type of festival»La réplica de los ritualistas —Deubner, Nilsson, Ziehen, Jacoby, Bömer—: las fiestas antiguas no nacen de ese modo; y Ed. Meyer explica que la imagen de la Edad de Oro surgió justamente de este tipo de fiesta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 130»

«has integrated the whole of the Kronos myth and ritual complex in his comprehensive theory of the year-god: he pictures Kronos as a dying and rising god of vegetation. His festival therefore must be considered a celebration surrounding the turn of the year; the human sacrifices are explained as a substitute for regicide.»Frazer integró el complejo entero en su teoría del dios del año: Cronos como dios de la vegetación que muere y resucita, su fiesta como celebración del cambio de año y los sacrificios humanos como sustituto del regicidio

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 130»

«Within this theory the dark and the bright aspects are indeed integrated in one comprehensive picture.»Dentro de esa teoría, los aspectos oscuros y los luminosos sí quedan integrados en un cuadro abarcador

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 130»

«Gods in chains manifest the connection between life and death, between happiness and horror; they are malignant and dangerous. For this reason they are fettered. But when they are released from their fetters, they are merciful and gentle and give happiness to mankind»La traducción que Versnel da del alemán de Karl Meuli: los dioses encadenados manifiestan la conexión entre vida y muerte, entre felicidad y horror; son malignos y peligrosos, y por eso se los ata, pero sueltos de sus grilletes son misericordiosos y benignos y dan felicidad a los hombres

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 131»

«What applies to the gods, also applies to mankind: during the festival they, too, are released and freed from the constraints of daily life»Y la traducción de la otra frase de Meuli: lo que vale para los dioses vale para los hombres, y en la fiesta también ellos quedan sueltos y libres de la coacción de lo cotidiano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 131»

«In modern literature, this kind of festival is known under different names: 'periods of licence' (Frazer), 'rituals of rebellion' (Gluckman), 'rituals of conflict' (Norbeck), 'legitimate rebellion' (Weidkuhn), side by side with German terms such as 'legale Anarchien', 'Ventilsitten', 'Ausnahmezeiten' or 'gelegentliche Entgleisung'»Los nombres que la literatura moderna le ha dado: periodos de licencia en Frazer, ritos de rebelión en Gluckman, ritos de conflicto en Norbeck, rebelión legítima en Weidkuhn, junto a los términos alemanes de anarquías legales, costumbres de válvula, tiempos de excepción y descarrilamiento ocasional

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 132»

«The supreme ruse of power is to allow itself to be contested ritually in order to consolidate itself more effectively»La fórmula de Balandier que cita: la astucia suprema del poder es dejarse contestar ritualmente para consolidarse mejor

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 133»

«We should at least ask: legitimation for whom? Perhaps in the eyes of the masters but hardly for the slaves»La nota trae la advertencia de Bremmer: habría que preguntar legitimación para quién, porque quizá a ojos de los amos, pero difícilmente para los esclavos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 133»

«Das Fest der verkehrten Welt bietet auch die Gelegenheit, das Selbstbewusstsein der Gemeinde zu formieren und zu zeigen»La nota trae a Auffarth: la fiesta del mundo al revés ofrece también la ocasión de formar y de mostrar la conciencia de sí de la comunidad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 133»

«die Grundgesetze der Gesellschaft zu priifen, indem man ihr Gegenteil durchspielt. Harmonie ist nicht der Inhalt des Fests, allenfalls sein Ergebnis.»Y sigue: sirve para poner a prueba las leyes fundamentales de la sociedad jugando su contrario, porque la armonía no es el contenido de la fiesta sino a lo sumo su resultado; el OCR imprime *priifen* por *prüfen*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 133»

«A precursor in this view was Gluckman92, according to whom these rites "give expression, in a reversed form, to the normal rightness of a particular kind of social order''. Their main function is to attain ''cohesion in the wider society»Gluckman fue precursor de esa mirada: esos ritos expresan en forma invertida la rectitud normal de cierto orden social, y su función principal es lograr cohesión en la sociedad más amplia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 134»

«We may be disorderly in games either because we have an overdose of order or because we have something to learn through being disorderly»La frase de B. Sutton Smith sobre el juego: podemos ser desordenados en los juegos porque tenemos una sobredosis de orden o porque hay algo que aprender siendo desordenados

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 134»

«explains why: in a rapidly changing and ever more complex society social and cultural categories tend to become unstabilized and liable to re-classification. In primitive cultures-including the Ancient World-, social categories are so firmly fixed that in ritual reversal, however revolutionary its images, the playful alternatives never carry the germs of structural social change.»V. W. Turner lo explica: en una sociedad que cambia rápido y se complica, las categorías sociales y culturales se desestabilizan y se reclasifican, mientras que en las culturas primitivas, el mundo antiguo incluido, están tan fijas que en la inversión ritual, por revolucionarias que sean sus imágenes, las alternativas lúdicas nunca llevan el germen de un cambio social estructural

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 135»

«All societies are constructions in the face of chaos. The constant possibility of anomie terror is actualized whenever legitimations obscuring the precariousness are threatened or collapse»Berger y Luckman: todas las sociedades son construcciones frente al caos, y la posibilidad constante del terror anómico se actualiza cuando las legitimaciones que ocultan lo precario se ven amenazadas o se derrumban

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 136»

«Eliade and Lanternari 102 in particular have given a complete taxonomy of this 'grande festa'.»Eliade y Lanternari dieron, dice, una taxonomía completa de esa gran fiesta

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 137»

«describes a particularly interesting Swazi ritual, during which the king is temporarily dethroned and humiliated at the occasion of a festival of the First Fruits.»La nota trae de Gluckman el rito suazi donde el rey es destronado y humillado temporalmente en la fiesta de los primeros frutos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 137»

«main difference from Eliade is that he wishes to see the New Year festivals essentially as a threat of destruction ('Drohender Untergang"), which, thank God, does not come to realization, but is only experienced as a serious possibility.»La nota mide la diferencia de Auffarth con Eliade: quiere ver las fiestas de Año Nuevo como amenaza de destrucción que, gracias a Dios, no se realiza y solo se vive como posibilidad seria

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 137»

«age d'or n'oppose pas un etat de nature a un etat civilise; il gomme entre eux toute difference. II presente les nourritures civilisees comme des produits spontanes de Ia nature que l'homme trouverait sans rien avoir a faire, deja cultives, recoltes, engranges, cuisines, tout prets a etre consommes»La nota trae a Vernant: la edad de oro no opone un estado de naturaleza a uno civilizado, sino que borra entre ambos toda diferencia, y presenta los alimentos civilizados como productos espontáneos de la naturaleza, ya cultivados, cosechados, almacenados y cocinados, listos para consumirse; el OCR pierde los acentos del francés

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 139»

«Phaeacia is an ideal land and an impossible society»Y la sentencia de Vidal-Naquet: Feacia es una tierra ideal y una sociedad imposible

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 142»

«Die Verhii.ltnisse der goldenen Zeit in ihrer Ambivalenz von Eutopie und Dystopie, diese Utopie wird in den Grenzen des festlichen Spiels Reali tat»La nota registra que Auffarth llega a las mismas conclusiones y adopta la formulación de Versnel de la primera versión del trabajo: las condiciones de la edad de oro en su ambivalencia de eutopía y distopía, esa utopía se vuelve realidad dentro de los límites del juego festivo; el OCR estropea el alemán (*Verhii.ltnisse*, *Reali tat*)

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 146»

«demonstrates how the Gorgo unites oppositions (masculine and feminine, young and old, beautiful and ugly, human and beastly) and thus evokes a disorder which is experienced as extremely threatening. Here is precosmic chaos, composed into one horrible being.»La nota trae a Vernant sobre la Gorgona, que une masculino y femenino, joven y viejo, bello y feo, humano y bestial, y evoca así un desorden que se vive como amenaza extrema: caos precósmico compuesto en un solo ser horrible

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 147»

«Kronos, the god of the first age, of reversal, and possibly of the last age»La nota trae a Burkert: Cronos, el dios de la primera edad, de la inversión y posiblemente de la última edad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 149»

«What is constant in all instances is the fundamental perception that it is anomalies such as these-places outside space, moments outside time; people and things beyond easy classification-that are most dangerous and most creative as well»La nota trae a B. Lincoln sobre las situaciones intersticiales: lo constante es la percepción de que son las anomalías —lugares fuera del espacio, momentos fuera del tiempo, personas y cosas que no se dejan clasificar— las más peligrosas y también las más creativas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 150»

«Saturnus was a slave himself»La frase antigua de W. B. Kristensen que Versnel recoge: Saturno fue él mismo un esclavo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 150»

«Liminal symbols tend to be ambiguous, equivocal, neutral, ambisexual rather than classificatory reversals. This is because liminality is conceived of as a season of silent, secret growth, a mediatory movement between what was and what will be where the social process goes inward and underground for a time that is not profane time»La nota trae a Turner sobre lo liminal: los símbolos liminales tienden a ser ambiguos, equívocos, neutros, ambisexuales, más que inversiones clasificatorias, porque la liminalidad se concibe como una estación de crecimiento callado y secreto, movimiento mediador entre lo que fue y lo que será, donde el proceso social se vuelve hacia adentro y bajo tierra por un tiempo que no es profano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 150»

«denn Freiheit ist etwas, das womoglich noch schwerer zu ertragen ist als Herrschaft»La frase de Weidkuhn con que lo remata: la libertad es algo quizá aún más difícil de soportar que la dominación

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 152»

«The desperation of modern scholarship is exemplarily illustrated by Latte»La desesperación de la erudición moderna, dice, la ilustra de modo ejemplar Latte

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 157»

«die Festfeier des alteinheimischen Gottes Saturn us erfiihrt eine vollige U mgestalltung nach griechischen Vorbilde»La conclusión de Wissowa que muchos aceptaron: la fiesta del dios indígena Saturno sufre una transformación completa según un modelo griego

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 158»

«Wir diirfen getrost annehmen, class die Romer fur die Art, wie sie mit ihren Sklaven feierten, ihren eigenen Stil hatten und dafiir nicht auf griechische Importe angewiesen waren.»La nota trae a Bömer: cabe suponer con confianza que los romanos tenían su propio estilo para festejar con sus esclavos y no dependían para eso de importaciones griegas; el OCR imprime *diirfen* por *dürfen*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 158»

«On the 'melancholic' interpretation of Saturn: R. Klibanski, E. Panofsky and F. Saxl, Saturn and Melancholy. Studies in the History of Natural Philosophy, Religion and Art (London 1964).»La nota registra la pervivencia de esa creencia hasta la Edad Media y la primera modernidad y remite, para la lectura melancólica de Saturno, al libro de Klibansky, Panofsky y Saxl

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 162»

«grand probleme, que nous ne sommes pas encore en etat de resoudre»Dumézil confiesa en ese punto que la posición de Saturno entre las dos fiestas de diciembre es para él un gran problema que aún no está en condiciones de resolver; el OCR pierde los acentos del francés

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 186»

«II fondatore e una figura ambivalente-come lo e, p. es. su un piano cosmogonico, Ia generazione divina o titanica che precede quella dei padroni definitivi del cosmo-rappresenta il non-ordine, rna anche Ia condizione imprescendibile dell' ordine: percio elementi 'positivi' e 'negativi' si mescolano nel suo carattere e nella sua storia»La nota trae a Brelich: el fundador es figura ambivalente, como en el plano cosmogónico la generación divina o titánica que precede a los dueños definitivos del cosmos, porque representa el no orden y a la vez la condición imprescindible del orden, y por eso se mezclan en su carácter y en su historia elementos positivos y negativos; el OCR imprime *II* por *Il*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 196»

«So the message is clear: in the underworld Claudius' Saturnalian licence may continue forever, but on earth it has to stop»La conclusión de Nauta que Versnel cita: el mensaje es claro, en el inframundo la licencia saturnal de Claudio puede seguir para siempre, pero en la tierra tiene que parar

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 225»

«adduced the story as an argument for his thesis that jesus played the role of the dying Saturnalian king»La nota registra que P. Wendland, en un trabajo titulado Jesús como rey de las Saturnales, adujo ese relato para su tesis de que Jesús hizo el papel del rey saturnal que muere

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 227»

«Geffcken and Wissowa251 , on the other hand, rejected the historicity of the event»Geffcken y Wissowa, en cambio, rechazaron la historicidad del suceso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 228»

«Preller, Lafaye, Wissowa and Schwenn255 denied any essential connection between Saturn and the gladiatorial munera, mainly on the ground that the sources are late and betray contaminations or confusions with other ceremonies.»Preller, Lafaye, Wissowa y Schwenn negaron toda conexión esencial entre Saturno y los *munera* gladiatorios, sobre todo porque las fuentes son tardías y delatan contaminaciones o confusiones con otras ceremonias

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 229»

«On the other hand, Saturn as the god of the munera found an enthusiastic advocate in Piganiol»Y Saturno como dios de los *munera* halló defensor entusiasta en Piganiol

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 229»

«He argued that Saturn was a chthonic god, who, like Consus, was worshipped by shedding blood into a pit, which he identified as a kind of mundus»Piganiol sostuvo que Saturno era un dios ctónico al que, como a Conso, se veneraba derramando sangre en un pozo que él identificó con una especie de *mundus*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 229»

«who denies any connection between Saturn and the munera, either in the republican or the imperial period»G. Ville criticó a Piganiol en detalle y niega toda conexión entre Saturno y los *munera*, tanto en época republicana como en la imperial. La frase arranca al final de la plana anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 231»

«Ville wishes to prove that the munera of late antiquity had an exclusively secular function and, consequently, he is obliged to discard the testimonia just mentioned.»Ville quiere probar que los *munera* de la antigüedad tardía tenían función exclusivamente secular y por eso se ve obligado a descartar esos testimonios

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 231»

«Exactly the same, so Ville contends, occurred in the case of Saturn, whose proximity to the 17th of December fostered the connection with the munera in the same month, but who, in his view, traditionally had nothing to do with them.»Ville sostiene que lo mismo ocurrió con Saturno, cuya proximidad al 17 de diciembre alentó la conexión con los *munera* del mismo mes aunque tradicionalmente, a su ver, nada tuviera que ver con ellos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 232»

«If the works of S. Price280 have made one thing clear it is that the revolutionary new phenomenon of authoritative rulership in Hellenistic times simply necessitated the creation of new ritual forms and concepts in order to come to terms with this new reality.»Y si algo dejaron claro las obras de S. Price es que el fenómeno nuevo y revolucionario del gobierno autoritario en época helenística exigió sin más la creación de formas y conceptos rituales nuevos para hacerse cargo de esa realidad nueva

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 236»

«He explains the munera as a ritual expression of the monarchical monopoly over life and death: the emperor's privilege of rightfully putting people to death should be demonstrated ad oculos»R. Merkelbach explica los *munera* como expresión ritual del monopolio monárquico sobre la vida y la muerte: el privilegio del emperador de dar muerte con derecho había de mostrarse *ad oculos*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 240»

«There is a considerable sophistication today among the various disciplines in the study of ritual behavior which makes us dissatisfied with the more facile explanations, the purely functional social or psychological rationales, which refer every phenomenon to such superficial commonplaces as release from tensions with social solidarity as the optimum goal»F. I. Zeitlin: hoy hay bastante sofisticación en las disciplinas que estudian la conducta ritual como para no contentarse con las explicaciones fáciles, con los argumentos puramente funcionales, sociales o psicológicos, que remiten cada fenómeno a lugares comunes superficiales como la liberación de tensiones con la solidaridad social por meta óptima

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 261»

«In every ritual context this vegetable symbol warranted a 'virginal', 'pure' state that points already to its termination. The use of withy demonstrated ( .... ) that the cult participants were subject to a cultural suspension of the procreative function»D. Baudy concluye que en cada contexto ritual ese símbolo vegetal garantizaba un estado virginal y puro que apuntaba ya a su terminación, y que el uso del sauzgatillo mostraba que los participantes del culto quedaban sujetos a una suspensión cultural de la función procreadora

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 264»

«numpM has many meanings: at the center of this extended family are 'clitoris' and»Winkler: *numphe* tiene muchos significados y en el centro de esa familia extendida están el clítoris y la novia; el troceo estropea la palabra griega y el tramo corta antes de la conjunción

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 271»

«The classical custom of throwing an apple into a girl's lap as a sign oflove is a method of wooing still known to the rustic swain. It is not indeed regarded as a highly respectable method. ( .... ) The quince and the pomegranate however are employed without any offence to propriety. The pomegranate is far more commonly used.»Lawson sobre la Grecia moderna: la costumbre clásica de echar una manzana al regazo de una muchacha como señal de amor sigue siendo modo de cortejo del galán rústico, aunque no muy respetable, mientras que el membrillo y la granada se emplean sin ofensa al decoro, y la granada mucho más a menudo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 272»

«the requirement of chastity in sacred ministers was based much more on the impurity involved in sexual intercourse than on any peculiar powers resting in the pure»A. D. Nock rechazó las teorías dinamistas de su tiempo y sugirió que la exigencia de castidad en los ministros sagrados se basaba mucho más en la impureza del trato sexual que en algún poder peculiar de los puros

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 275»

«explains the contradiction between sexual symbolism and the demand of abstinence during the Thesmophoria as an ''antithetic preparation which seeks fulfilment in procreation and birth»Burkert explica la contradicción entre el simbolismo sexual y la exigencia de abstinencia durante las Tesmoforias como preparación antitética que busca cumplimiento en la procreación y el parto

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 275»

«A final layer of significance derives, perhaps, from contrast. Sexual abstinence is required before and during the Thesmophoria precisely because, without sexuality, there can be no fertility. The ritual focuses attention on the idea of productive sexual union by a paradoxical temporary insistence upon its opposite. Everything marks the period of abstinence as abnormal; virgins, who are permanently pure, have no parts in the rites»Parker: una capa última de significado viene quizá del contraste, porque la abstinencia sexual se exige antes y durante las Tesmoforias justamente porque sin sexualidad no hay fertilidad, y el rito enfoca la idea de la unión sexual productiva insistiendo de modo paradójico y temporal en su opuesto; todo marca el periodo de abstinencia como anormal, y las vírgenes, puras de modo permanente, no tienen parte en los ritos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 275»

«Les femmes au sacrifice, surtout quand il est sanglant, ne peuvent etre majeures»Y una frase suya en otro contexto, que a juicio de Versnel va al corazón del asunto: las mujeres en el sacrificio, sobre todo cuando es sangriento, no pueden ser mayores de edad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 276»

«In a frontal attack on the 'phallocratic bias' in Detienne's discussions of Adonia and Thesmophoria, Winkler asks the rhetorical question ''why women would be celebrating their own inferiority»En ataque frontal al sesgo falocrático de Detienne, Winkler pregunta retóricamente por qué habrían de celebrar las mujeres su propia inferioridad

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 276»

«In his search for women's own view of the meaning ofthe festival he, like Detienne, discovers a 'structured opposition of the sexes'. However, in his view the focus is on the notion that "phallic men are peripheral and their pretensions amusing»Y en su busca de la mirada propia de las mujeres sobre el sentido de la fiesta halla, como Detienne, una oposición estructurada de los sexos, pero con el foco en que los hombres fálicos son periféricos y sus pretensiones, divertidas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 276»

«Inherent in this harnessing of the powers of female fecundity which necessitates an active, even violent, role for women, is the anxiety which surrounds the giving power to women, power that is as close to parthenogenesis as possible»Zeitlin: inherente a ese aprovechamiento de los poderes de la fecundidad femenina, que exige un papel activo y aun violento de las mujeres, está la angustia que rodea el dar poder a las mujeres, poder tan cercano a la partenogénesis como cabe

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 276»

«The female role in procreation is "paradoxically more clearly defined by the cultic chastity, which seems to separate sexuality and fertility even as it separates male and female spaces.»Y el papel femenino en la procreación queda, para ella, definido con más claridad de modo paradójico por la castidad cúltica, que parece separar sexualidad y fertilidad como separa los espacios masculino y femenino

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 276»

«the other (Thesmophoriac) by invoking rituals of abstention, which, however, are homologues to each other, one from above the norm (too much), the other from below»Zeitlin opone dos maneras de promover la fertilidad: la sacralización de la sexualidad, como en los ritos de promiscuidad, y la tesmofórica de los ritos de abstención, homólogas entre sí porque una va por encima de la norma y la otra por debajo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 277»

«Rite in fact, acts out the contradictions of female roles which are defined by chastity, on the one hand, and obscenity on the other. Both are diametrically opposed and yet correlated with each other within the rite for the accomplishment of a common goal. The coexistence of these two within a single ritual expresses, in fact, more openly than one might have suspected, the inherent "double bind" under which the woman operates. This double bind demands chastity from the wife and yet insists on her sexual nature. Ritual is a frame that defines itself as a bounded situation relegated to sacred time, space, and story, but at the same time, it insists upon representing the 'facts' of social life, secret in both domains but illicit in one and obligatory in the other»Zeitlin: el rito actúa las contradicciones de los papeles femeninos, definidos por la castidad de un lado y por la obscenidad del otro, diametralmente opuestos y correlacionados dentro del rito para un fin común, y su coexistencia en un solo rito expresa más abiertamente de lo que cabría sospechar el doble vínculo bajo el que opera la mujer, que exige castidad a la esposa y a la vez insiste en su naturaleza sexual

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 277»

«The female worshippers of Demeter correspond with the Roman matrons who celebrated-also with secret rites-the festival of Bona Dea»E. Simon: las devotas de Deméter se corresponden con las matronas romanas que celebraban, también con ritos secretos, la fiesta de Bona Dea

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 278»

«argued amongst other things that the prohibition of wine was not as absolute as is often assumed.»G. Piccaluga argumentó, entre otras cosas, que la prohibición del vino no era tan absoluta como suele suponerse

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 282»

«she concludes that the Vestal Virgins possessed an essentially ambiguous sexual status.»M. Beard concluye que las vestales tenían un estatus sexual esencialmente ambiguo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 287»

«the Vestal Virgin, as both matron and virgin, is also and particularly a bride.»Y atiende a la situación en que ambas cualidades coinciden: la vestal, matrona y virgen a la vez, es además y en particular una novia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 287»

«Rather more reluctantly, Beard also hints at male aspects in that some of the Vestals' privileges (the lictor, the right to give evidence in court, the right to bequeath property in their own right) are otherwise almost exclusively associated with men.»Con más reticencia, Beard apunta aspectos masculinos, porque algunos privilegios de las vestales —el lictor, el derecho a testificar en juicio, el de legar bienes por sí mismas— se asocian casi en exclusiva a los hombres

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 287»

«Beard vindicates the ambiguity as an essential and structural feature of the Virgines Vestales.»Beard reivindica la ambigüedad como rasgo esencial y estructural de las vestales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 287»

«Ambiguity is one way to designate sacredness, the ambiguous object or person being radically set apart and distinguished from any normal category»Su sentido genérico: la ambigüedad es un modo de designar lo sagrado, porque el objeto o la persona ambigua queda radicalmente aparte y distinguida de toda categoría normal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 288»

«Hence, the Vestals were categorically separated from their families and any conventional social structure: their isolation puts them in a marginal position.»De ahí que las vestales quedaran separadas por categoría de sus familias y de toda estructura social convencional, con su aislamiento en posición marginal

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 288»

«like the girl on the day of her wedding, they are seen as on the brink between virginal and marital status, but perpetually on the brink, perpetually fixed at the moment of transition from one category to another»Y la frase de Beard que él tiene por central para su argumento: como la muchacha el día de su boda, se las ve al filo entre el estatus virginal y el marital, pero perpetuamente al filo, fijadas para siempre en el momento del paso de una categoría a otra

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 288»

«Beard argues that the ambiguity of the Vestals mirrors that of the focus of their cult: the sacred fire, which evokes the following sets of oppositions: pure/sterile-male/productive; earth-heaven; beneficial/ civilizing-destructive/ threatening. Fire as the centre of the cult, "is a classic mediating force, reconciling apparently irreconcilable extremes»Beard sostiene que la ambigüedad de las vestales refleja la del foco de su culto, el fuego sagrado, que evoca las oposiciones de puro y estéril frente a masculino y productivo, tierra y cielo, benéfico y civilizador frente a destructivo y amenazante, porque el fuego es fuerza mediadora clásica que reconcilia extremos al parecer irreconciliables

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 288»

«Emotional, self-indulgent, inebriate, gluttonous, irrational, weak-willed: these form the common-place description of women in the fifth- and fourth-century Athens»R. Just resume la descripción corriente de las mujeres en la Atenas de los siglos V y IV: emotivas, indulgentes consigo mismas, bebedoras, glotonas, irracionales, de voluntad débil

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 293»

«Shunning contact with males, living far from men and the life of the city, the kore (maiden), like Artemis, the Virgin huntress, misstres over wild animals and uncultivated land, shares in the life of the wild»Vernant: rehuyendo el contacto con los varones y viviendo lejos de los hombres y de la vida de la ciudad, la *kore*, como Ártemis, virgen cazadora y señora de los animales salvajes y de la tierra sin cultivar, participa de la vida de lo salvaje

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 295»

«The notion of the girl as a wild thing to be captured and tamed through marriage ( ... ) is one of the perceptions expressed in our erotic pursuits»Sourvinou-Inwood: la idea de la muchacha como cosa salvaje que hay que capturar y domesticar por el matrimonio es una de las percepciones que expresan esas persecuciones eróticas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 296»

«makes the salient observation that the first woman, kalon kakon (pretty evil) Pandora, who combines all these negative features with the seductiveness of her beauty, is presented in the appearance of a parthenos az'doz'e, a respectable maz'den (Hes. Th. 772).»N. Loraux observa que la primera mujer, Pandora, el mal hermoso que reúne todos esos rasgos negativos con lo seductor de su belleza, se presenta con la apariencia de una doncella respetable

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 297»

«is thus both excluded and included, alien and familiar. For the Greeks woman is a necessary evil, a kalon kakon (Hesiod, Th. 585); an evil because she is undisciplined and licentious»H. King formula esa tensión esencial: la mujer queda a la vez excluida e incluida, ajena y familiar, y para los griegos es un mal necesario, un *kalon kakon*, mal porque es indisciplinada y licenciosa

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 298»

«She even argues that in Greek eyes all women are potential whores if they are allowed to surrender to their uncontrolled desires; all women are slaves of their emotions181 of which only man can be master.»King sostiene que a ojos griegos todas las mujeres son prostitutas potenciales si se les deja ceder a sus deseos incontrolados, y esclavas de sus emociones, de las que solo el hombre puede ser señor

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 299»

«probably the majority of cultures sex and sensuousness are associated with wildness, evil, lack of control, both external and internal, and, more generally, with an animal or primitive order of being»Friedrich: en la mayoría de las culturas el sexo y la sensualidad se asocian a la fiereza, al mal, a la falta de control externo e interno y, más en general, a un orden de ser animal o primitivo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 303»

«Without exaggeration and oversimplification little progress is made in most fields of humanistic investigation. A.D. Nock»El epígrafe del capítulo V, de A. D. Nock: sin exageración y sin simplificación excesiva se avanza poco en la mayoría de los campos de la investigación humanística

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 306»

«It may therefore seem surprising that, more than a century ago, W. H. Roscher, undertook to show that Apollo and Mars were, essentially and originally, one and the same god.»Y por eso sorprende que hace más de un siglo W. H. Roscher se propusiera mostrar que Apolo y Marte eran, en esencia y en origen, un solo y mismo dios

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 306»

«The cause of this decline, he believed, was a lack of method, and the way to break out of this impasse was to follow the lead of a science which was characterized by a refined methodical approach: comparative linguistics.»La causa de ese estancamiento de la mitología era a su ver la falta de método, y la salida, seguir a una ciencia de enfoque metódico refinado: la lingüística comparada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 306»

«If Indo-european languages could be traced back to one primeval language, why should not the same principle apply to gods?»Su pregunta: si las lenguas indoeuropeas se remontan a una sola lengua primordial, por qué no valdría el mismo principio para los dioses

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 306»

«The sun traverses the course of the year, as do Mars and Apollo. The first month of the year is sacred to them.»El sol recorre el curso del año, como Marte y Apolo, y el primer mes del año les está consagrado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 307»

«Moreover, the twelve priests of Mars, the Salii, represent the twelve months.»Y los doce sacerdotes de Marte, los Salios, representan los doce meses

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 307»

«During the summer the gods display an ambiguous nature: they are both benevolent and frightening. Indeed, the sun's warmth promotes fertility and makes the crops grow, but, on the other hand, heat may cause fever, epidemics, mildew and bad harvests. Then, the wrath of the gods must be expiated by lustral rites, for instance by the expulsion of a pharmakos and the Roman ritual of lustratio.»En verano los dioses muestran naturaleza ambigua, benévola y temible, porque el calor del sol promueve la fertilidad y hace crecer las cosechas pero también puede traer fiebre, epidemias, tizón y malas cosechas, y entonces hay que expiar su ira con ritos lustrales, como la expulsión de un *pharmakos* o la *lustratio* romana

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 307»

«The oracular qualities, of course most in evidence for Apollo, are directly connected with the solar nature: during its course, the sun sees and hears everything»Las cualidades oraculares, más patentes en Apolo, se ligan directamente a la naturaleza solar, porque en su curso el sol lo ve y lo oye todo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 307»

«This again is a solar function, since in mythology the sun is represented as a youthful warrior who triumphs over such mythical opponents as dragons and monsters. The arrows are the victorious rays of the sun.»Y también los rasgos marciales de Apolo serían función solar, porque en la mitología el sol se representa como guerrero joven que triunfa sobre dragones y monstruos, y las flechas son los rayos victoriosos del sol

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 307»

«Both gods are frequently pictured as ancestors of tribes and nations and founders of cities: patrooi and archegetai»A ambos dioses se los pinta con frecuencia como antepasados de tribus y naciones y fundadores de ciudades: *patrooi* y *archegetai*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 308»

«Finally, there are also animals and plants that the two gods have in common: wolf, goshawk and laurel are sacred to them.»Y comparten también animales y plantas: el lobo, el azor y el laurel les están consagrados

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 308»

«so beweist das einerseits eine Verkennung der Anfiinge mythologisches Denkens ( ... ) und andererseits die verhiingnisvolle Dehnbarkeit der angewandte Methode»Wissowa: eso prueba, por un lado, un desconocimiento de los comienzos del pensamiento mitológico y, por otro, la elasticidad fatal del método aplicado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 308»

«denn diese weitliiufige Literatur wird heutzutage kaum mehr vonjemand eingesehen. ( ... ) Der grosse Bauder vergleichenden Mythologie ist eingestiirtzt»Nilsson: hoy casi nadie consulta ya esa literatura prolija, porque el gran edificio de la mitología comparada se ha derrumbado; el OCR estropea el alemán

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 308»

«Few eminent victorians are so forgotten as Max Muller; and few once famous scholars have so lost their fame»Lloyd-Jones: pocos victorianos eminentes están tan olvidados como Max Müller y pocos eruditos antaño famosos perdieron así su fama

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 308»

«the sun3. In accordance with this thesis a number of common qualities were explained as solar functions.»Los dos dioses resultaron representaciones del sol, y en consonancia con esa tesis varias cualidades comunes se explicaron como funciones solares; el tramo arranca en la palabra que el troceo pega a la llamada a nota

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 307»

«For Nilsson this was the theory of the vegetation cult, which took its inspiration from the works of Mannhardt and Frazer, and which, as we have noticed above, has dominated the textbooks until recently.»Para Nilsson fue la teoría del culto de la vegetación, inspirada en Mannhardt y Frazer, que ha dominado los manuales hasta hace poco

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 309»

«Apollo is described as a god connected with the fertility of cattle an»Nilsson describe a Apolo como dios ligado a la fertilidad del ganado y de las cosechas, aunque esa función sea derivación de una cualidad más vieja, porque en origen fue un dios que aparta el mal; el tramo corta antes de la palabra alemana entrecomillada

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 309»

«From this kernel the god evolved towards the 'healer' (and e contrario the sender of pestiferous arrows), the cathartic and purifying god»De ese núcleo, dice Nilsson, el dios evolucionó al sanador —y por el contrario al que lanza flechas pestíferas— y al dios catártico y purificador

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 310»

«The art of healing requires pharmaka and carmina (Paean), which explains the mantic and musical aspects.»Y el arte de curar exige *pharmaka* y *carmina*, lo que explica los aspectos mánticos y musicales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 310»

«The origin of the god and his name may be traced back to Asia Minor. Apollo had already been recognized as door-keeper (Aguieus) in Hittite texts12 and his purifying nature together with his sacred seventh day of the month point to Babylonia.»El origen del dios y de su nombre se remontaría a Asia Menor, con Apolo reconocido como guardián de la puerta en textos hititas, y su naturaleza purificadora junto al séptimo día sagrado del mes apuntarían a Babilonia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 310»

«radiant one', but means 'averter of wolves»Y *Lukeios* no sería el radiante sino el que aparta a los lobos; el tramo va entre las comillas del impreso

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 310»

«On the one hand, Mars was seen as a vegetation god by inter alios Frazer, Eitrem, Warde Fowler, Clemen, and Rose. In this connection he was pictured as a dying and rising god, a representative of the agricultural year.»Por un lado, Frazer, Eitrem, Warde Fowler, Clemen y Rose vieron en Marte un dios de la vegetación, pintado como dios que muere y resucita y representante del año agrícola

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 311»

«Accordingly, the equus october was sometimes interpreted as the corn-demon.»Y en consecuencia el *equus october* se interpretó a veces como el demonio del grano

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 311»

«As the defender of fields and crops he also became the protector of the community, the city and its inhabitants and, consequently, acquired military traits»Como defensor de campos y cosechas se volvió protector de la comunidad, de la ciudad y de sus habitantes, y adquirió así rasgos militares

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 311»

«At the end of his life Wissowa grudgingly relented to the extent that he differentiated between a Roman military Mars and an Italic Mars with primarily agricultural features»Al final de su vida Wissowa cedió a regañadientes hasta distinguir entre un Marte militar romano y un Marte itálico de rasgos primordialmente agrícolas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 311»

«But Dumezil resisted any temptation to make concessions. To him Mars was essentially military and all possible agricultural elements were exposed either as military or as the results of an evolution: as the defender of the community, Mars also acquired the task of protecting the fields and the harvest against human or demonic aggressors»Dumézil resistió toda tentación de conceder: para él Marte fue esencialmente militar, y todo posible elemento agrícola quedaba expuesto como militar o como resultado de una evolución, porque el defensor de la comunidad recibió también la tarea de proteger campos y cosecha de agresores humanos o demoniacos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 311»

«Following Fowler, Rose and Eitrem, it was above all Latte20 who regarded Mars as the fear-inspiring spirit of the wilds»Tras Fowler, Rose y Eitrem, fue sobre todo Latte quien tuvo a Marte por el espíritu temible de lo salvaje

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 311»

«From here he draws two logical lines of development, one towards the god of the fields-agriculture-and one towards the god who averts enemies from the outer world-the soldier.»Latte traza desde ahí dos líneas lógicas de desarrollo: hacia el dios de los campos, la agricultura, y hacia el dios que aparta a los enemigos del mundo exterior, el soldado

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 312»

«Further, there is the theory that views Mars primarily as a chthonic deity of fertility and death»Y está además la teoría que ve en Marte ante todo una deidad ctónica de la fertilidad y de la muerte

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 312»

«introduced a new monolithic theory: Mars is essentially the central state god protecting the king and the community, father ofltalic tribes and founder of cities, a position later usurped by Iupiter.»En 1970, U. W. Scholz propuso otra teoría monolítica: Marte sería en esencia el dios central del Estado que protege al rey y a la comunidad, padre de tribus itálicas y fundador de ciudades, posición que Júpiter usurpó después

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 312»

«Another parallel, namely with the dance of the armed Kouretes in Crete round the birth of the Cretan Zeus, the Megistos Kouros, was noticed by Jane Harrison»Jane Harrison notó otro paralelo con la danza de los Curetes armados en Creta en torno al nacimiento del Zeus cretense, el Megistos Kouros

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 315»

«He suggested that Apollo was the archegetes because he was a founding deity, and that he was a founding deity because he was an important deity.»Roscher sugirió que Apolo era el *archegetes* porque era deidad fundadora, y que era deidad fundadora porque era deidad importante

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 326»

«Apollo gave oracular advice on every occasion, consequently also on the occasion of colonization. From oracular advisor he became guide and leader.»Nilsson y otros lo ligaron a las funciones oraculares: Apolo daba consejo oracular en toda ocasión y por tanto también en la colonización, y de consejero oracular pasó a guía y jefe

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 327»

«In an article published in 197 5 Burkert80 , though unconditionally acknowledging Apollo's polyvalence and complicated nature81 , elucidated one major aspect which had already been noticed by Jane Harrison82 fifty years before: the ephebic-initiatory elements.»En un artículo de 1975, Burkert, reconociendo sin condiciones la polivalencia y la naturaleza complicada de Apolo, alumbró un aspecto mayor que ya Jane Harrison había notado cincuenta años antes: los elementos efébicos e iniciáticos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 330»

«The name Apellon (Doric for Apollon) should be connected with the name of the Doric month Apellaios and the allied feast of the Apellaia.»El nombre Apelón, forma doria de Apolo, habría que ligarlo al nombre del mes dorio Apelayo y a la fiesta de las Apeleas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 330»

«found that Apollo Delphinios had the special, though not exclusive task of controlling the civic documents of the city; that hetairiai came together in his temple; and that he was directly connected with the closure of the ephebic situation. Apparently, he was the god who introduced the young man into the community and registered him as a full citizen»F. Graf halló que Apolo Delfinio tenía la tarea especial, aunque no exclusiva, de controlar los documentos cívicos de la ciudad, que las *hetairiai* se reunían en su templo y que se ligaba directamente al cierre de la situación efébica, de modo que era el dios que introducía al joven en la comunidad y lo registraba como ciudadano pleno

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 332»

«This sanctuary was outside the walls of Athens and its territory was used for military exercises and musters.»El santuario de Apolo Licio estaba fuera de las murallas de Atenas y su territorio se usaba para ejercicios y revistas militares

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 347»

«The Lykeion developed into the famous philosophical school, but it was originally a gymnasium intended for physical exercises.»El Liceo se volvió la escuela filosófica célebre, pero en origen era un gimnasio para ejercicios físicos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 347»

«Apollo Lykeios at Athens conspicuously represents the culmination of the initiatory, integrating process. He is the god of the adult males, hoplites who have passed their tests and have been fully accepted»Jameson: el Apolo Licio de Atenas representa de modo llamativo la culminación del proceso iniciático e integrador, porque es el dios de los varones adultos, hoplitas que han pasado sus pruebas y han sido aceptados del todo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 348»

«At Athens he was the god of the initiated, not of the initiants»Y en Atenas fue el dios de los iniciados, no el de los iniciandos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 348»

«the figure of Apollo Lykeios came to be fixed on the moment of passing out of the transition into full manhood, the end rather than the beginning of the ephebeia, and thus attached to the assembled adult males»Y la figura de Apolo Licio quedó fijada en el momento de salir de la transición a la hombría plena, al final y no al comienzo de la *ephebeia*, y por eso unida a los varones adultos reunidos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 348»

«provides a survey of the cults of Apollo Lykeios in the Greek world and finds that Apollo Lykeios was connected with two aspects of social reality.»F. Graf repasa los cultos de Apolo Licio en el mundo griego y halla que se ligaba a dos aspectos de la realidad social

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 348»

«The first was the political and civic function of the polis: his temple was often situated at the agora, and it is the place where official documents, treaties etc. were kept»El primero, la función política y cívica de la polis: su templo solía estar en el ágora y allí se guardaban los documentos oficiales, los tratados y demás

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 348»

«More specifically, the god was connected with mythical and historical instances of a political restoration and a new beginning.»Y más en concreto se lo ligaba a casos míticos e históricos de restauración política y de comienzo nuevo

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 348»

«The second connection is with the ephebic stage, particularly, as Jameson found, with the military aspects of this social stage.»La segunda conexión es con la etapa efébica, sobre todo, como halló Jameson, con sus aspectos militares

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 348»

«argued forcibly that picturial art does not enjoy the same freedom of manipulation as language and (visual) phantasy.»T. Hölscher argumentó con fuerza que el arte figurativo no goza de la misma libertad de manipulación que la lengua y la fantasía visual; el OCR imprime *picturial*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 351»

«The bibliography includes only frequently cited books and articles, for which I use the name-date system. Some other important works are given in the list of abbreviations. For a systematic bibliography see the relevant notes, especially those at the beginning of each chapter.»La nota que abre la bibliografía: solo incluye los libros y artículos citados con frecuencia, por el sistema de nombre y fecha, y remite a la lista de abreviaturas y a las notas de cada capítulo para lo demás

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 352»

«is really the same formula as the one in Festus and means: "the total citizen body including the youthful warrior-class»J. P. Morel mostró que la fórmula de Plauto es la misma que la de Festo y significa el cuerpo ciudadano entero, incluida la clase guerrera juvenil

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 351»

«Binder, G. Die Aussetzung des Konigskindes. Kyros und Romulus (Meisenheim 1964). Blech, M. Studien zum Kranz bei den Griechen»La bibliografía, por orden alfabético: Binder sobre la exposición del niño regio, Ciro y Rómulo, y Blech sobre la corona entre los griegos

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 353»

«Homo Necans. The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth (Berkeley-Los Angeles-London 1983), translation of Burkert 1972a.»La bibliografía registra la traducción inglesa del *Homo Necans* de Burkert

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 354»

«Dumezil, G. Deesses latines et mythes vidiques (Leiden 1956). --La religion romaine archai·que (Paris 1966). -- Idees romaines (Paris 1969). --Fetes romaines»La bibliografía reúne cuatro títulos de Dumézil, de las diosas latinas y los mitos védicos a la religión romana arcaica, las ideas romanas y las fiestas romanas; el OCR imprime *vidiques* y el tramo corta antes del resto del título

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 355»

«Freedom, Slavery and the Female Psyche, in: P. A. Cartledge and F. D. Harvey ( edd. ), Crux»La bibliografía registra el trabajo de Just sobre la libertad, la esclavitud y la psique femenina; el tramo corta antes del título del homenaje

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 357»

«Meer, L. B. van der, The Bronze Liver of Piacenza (Amsterqam 1987). Meslin, M. La jete des kalendes de janvier»La bibliografía registra el hígado de bronce de Piacenza de Van der Meer y la fiesta de las calendas de enero de Meslin; el OCR imprime *Amsterqam* y *jete*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 358»

«Poucet, J. Recherches sur Ia Mgende sabine des origines de Rome (Lou vain 1967). Pouthier, P. Ops et la conception divine»La bibliografía registra las investigaciones de Poucet sobre la leyenda sabina de los orígenes de Roma y el libro de Pouthier sobre Ops y la concepción divina de la abundancia

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 359»

«Vidal-Naquet, P. Le chasseur noir. Formes de pensee etformes de societe dans le monde grec (Paris 1981). Ville, G. Les jeux de gladiateurs»La bibliografía cierra con el cazador negro de Vidal-Naquet y los juegos de gladiadores de Ville

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 361»

«Stern, H. Les calendriers romains illustres, in: ANRW II, 12 (1981) 432-75. Stibbe, C. M. et alii, Lapis Satricanus»La bibliografía registra los calendarios romanos ilustrados de Stern y el *Lapis Satricanus* de Stibbe y otros

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 360»

«Abaris 302 abduction 278, 279, 283 abstinence (sexual)»El índice de materias abre con Abaris, el rapto y la abstinencia sexual

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 362»

«arbitrariness 191, 192, 205, 206, 209 archer 57, 69 (see also: bow, hunting) Ares 157, 249 Argonauts»El índice registra la arbitrariedad, el arquero, Ares y los Argonautas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 363»

«creation (myth of) 33, 34, 178, 179 crisis (period of) 119, 130, 131, 170, 177, 179, 180, 187, 188 (see also: anomy, stagnation»El índice registra el mito de la creación y el periodo de crisis, con reenvío a anomia y estancamiento

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 364»

«permanence of 202-205 return of 192-205, 207»El índice desglosa la Edad de Oro en su permanencia y en su retorno

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 365»

«licence (festival/period of) 55, 61, 73, 115-121, 128, 129, 157, 185, 188, 230, 240-245, 252, 261»El índice registra la fiesta o periodo de licencia con una larga lista de planas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 366»

«mythology (Roman) 189 navel of the world 91, 173-175 (see also: omphalos»El índice registra la mitología romana y el ombligo del mundo, con reenvío al *omphalos*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 367»

«rites de separation, de marge, d'agregation' 54, 82, 83, 121,320,321,327 (see also: marginal»El índice registra los ritos de separación, de margen y de agregación, con reenvío a lo marginal; el troceo parte los términos franceses en el renglón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 368»

«fertility rite 235-238, 241, 244, 245, 248, 254, 257 functionalistic interpretation»El índice desglosa las Tesmoforias en rito de fertilidad y en interpretación funcionalista

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 369»

«II. GREEK WORDS adunata 126, 127 aiei 203 Aionlaion»La segunda parte del índice, de palabras griegas, abre con *adunata* y *aiei*; el OCR pega *Aion* y *aion*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 370»

«ED. H.S. VERSNEL & F.T. VANSTRATEN 1. Wagenvoort, H. Pietas. Selected Studies in Roman Religion. 1980. ISBN 90 04 06195 9 2. Versnel, H.S. (ed.). Faith, Hope and Worship. Aspects of Religious Mentality in»La lista de la serie al final del volumen, dirigida por Versnel y Van Straten, abre con la *Pietas* de Wagenvoort y el volumen de fe, esperanza y culto editado por el propio Versnel; el OCR pega *VANSTRATEN*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 372»

«devotio 217-221, 224-227 dice see: gambling diffusionism 36-38 Dis pater 172, 173, 175, 176 divine rulership 196-205 'dreamthinking' 104 Dumezil, G. 18 Durkheim, E. 26 dying and rising gods 23, 34, 43, 44, 113, 154 eccentricity 72 eleven 162 Eliade, M. 18 Elysian Fields (see: Isles of the Blessed) eniautos daimon 26, 27, 29, 30, 49 (see also: Year God) Enuma Elish 33, 34 ephebe 57, 58, 68-74, 282, 313-319, 328-334 equality (in myth and ritual) 122-126, 149, 157, 158, 189, 200, 201, 205, 209, 283 equus october»Un tramo del índice general de materias, de la D a la E: *devotio*, dados, difusionismo, Dis Pater, realeza divina, el pensamiento de sueño, Dumézil, Durkheim, los dioses que mueren y resucitan, la excentricidad, el once, Eliade, los Campos Elíseos, el *eniautos daimon*, el *Enuma Elish*, el efebo, la igualdad en el mito y el rito y el *equus october*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 364»

«GANDER: MYTH AND RITUAL, OLD AND NEW 10 QUESTIONS»El índice imprime el título del capítulo I, con el refrán de la oca y el ganso aplicado al mito y al rito, viejos y nuevos, y su primer apartado de cuestiones; el OCR numera *10* por *1.*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 8»

«1. MYTH 90 20 RITUAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 99 30 CoNTRADICTIONS»El índice del capítulo II, con sus tres primeros apartados —mito, rito y contradicciones— y los puntos suspensivos que el troceo rinde como ceros La capa de texto del troceo corrompe *CoNTRADICTIONS*; se cita tal cual y se declara.

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 8»

«THE ROMAN FESTIVAL FOR BONA DEA AND THE GREEK THESMOPHORIA 1. THE FESTIVAL oF BoNA DEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 1. Traditional interpretations»El índice imprime el título del capítulo IV, la fiesta romana de Bona Dea y las Tesmoforias griegas, con su primer apartado y sus interpretaciones tradicionales

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 10»

«Numphai sleeping on lugos: the paradox of the Thesmophoria . . . 245 4. The contribution of myth»El índice anuncia el apartado que da la paradoja del capítulo: las *numphai* que duermen sobre sauzgatillo, y el de la contribución del mito

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 10»

«Wine in, myrtle out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 2. The presence of wine ............................... 264 3. Ambiguous virgins»Y los apartados del regreso a Bona Dea: el vino que entra y el mirto que sale, la presencia del vino y las vírgenes ambiguas

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 10»

«C. Daremberg & E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquites grecques et romaines (Paris 1877 -1918) F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Histon·- ker (Berlin- Leiden 1923-58) Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum»La lista de abreviaturas registra el diccionario de Daremberg y Saglio, los fragmentos de los historiadores griegos de Jacoby y los *Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 15»

«Papyri Craecae Magicae. Die griechischen Zauberpapyri I-II (edd. K. Preisendanz et alii, Stuttgart 1973-42) Poetae melici graeci»La lista de abreviaturas registra los *Papyri Graecae Magicae*, los papiros mágicos griegos editados por Preisendanz y otros, junto a los *Poetae melici graeci*; el OCR imprime *Craecae* con ce

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 16»

«Paulys Real-Encyclopiidie der classischen Altertumswissenschaften (ed. G. Wisowa, E. Kroll et alii, Stuttgart-Munich 1893-) Ausjuhrliches Lexicon der griechischen und rom is chen Mythologie ( ed. W. H. Roscher et alii»Y el gran léxico de Roscher de mitología griega y romana, junto a la *Realencyclopädie* de Pauly; el OCR imprime *Encyclopiidie* y *Wisowa*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 16»

«lucem facere 186 ludere 230 luere 181, 183, 184 lues 144, 181, 183»La tercera parte del índice, de palabras latinas, registra *lucem facere*, *ludere*, *luere* y *lues*

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 371»

«Frazer, The Golden Bough I-XIII (London 1911-363) M. P. Nilsson, Geschichte der griechischen Reli»La lista de abreviaturas registra los trece tomos de *The Golden Bough* de Frazer y la historia de la religión griega de Nilsson; el troceo parte los títulos en el renglón

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 15»

«Milch, Honig und Wein. Zum Verstandnis der Libation im Griechischen Ritual, in: G. Piccaluga»La bibliografía registra el trabajo de Graf sobre la leche, la miel y el vino para entender la libación en el rito griego; el tramo arranca tras el folio que el troceo intercala en la entrada anterior

Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993)«Versnel — Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual (1993) · p. 356»

Concepts treated

Iniciación (recepción por grados / metamorfosis del ser)El libro toma la iniciación como el segundo gran complejo de mito y rito, y la describe como el rito que vuelve hombres a los muchachos, con sus tres tiempos de separación, margen y agregación

«versnel-transition-and-reversal · p. 45»

Iniciación (recepción por grados / metamorfosis del ser)Y hace del margen iniciático el lugar donde se aprenden los mitos secretos de la tribu, las costumbres rituales y el uso de las armas

«versnel-transition-and-reversal · p. 72»

Daimon (entidad intermedia, ni ángel ni demonio)Expone el *eniautos daimon* de Harrison —el dios del año— como la categoría con que la escuela de Cambridge sustituyó el esquema frazeriano

«versnel-transition-and-reversal · p. 43»

Secreto (lo que se jura no fijar por escrito)Consigna el secreto como regla de las dos fiestas de mujeres: la de Bona Dea es nocturna, exclusivamente femenina y secreta, y las achicadoras suben de los *megara* «cosas sagradas indecibles»

«versnel-transition-and-reversal · p. 247»

Prodigio (prodigium, portentum, ostentum)Registra el *prodigium* que provocó la fundación del santuario de Fortuna en Preneste: dicen que manó miel de un olivo

«versnel-transition-and-reversal · p. 194»

Works cited

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