TRADITION
Neopaganismo
Source entries are currently shown in Spanish; English-first entries arrive with the next cataloguing pass.
El corpus llama neopaganismo a un conjunto de movimientos modernos, y casi siempre lo hace desde fuera. La definición que más circula es la de Wouter Hanegraaff, que en New Age Religion la da en dos condiciones: «As a general term, "neopaganism" covers all those modern movements which are, firstly, based on the conviction that what Christianity has traditionally denounced as idolatry and superstition actually represents/ represented a profound and meaningful religious worldview and, secondly, that a religious practice based on this worldview can and should be revitalized in our modern world.» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 92». Le lee al nombre, usado por los propios grupos, una carga contra la Iglesia: «The very use of the term "neopaganism" as a self-designation clearly contains a polemical thrust towards institutionalized Christianity2, which is held responsible for the decline of western paganism and the subsequent blackening of its image.» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 92». Joanne Pearson abre con esa misma definición la entrada del diccionario de Hanegraaff «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 253», y dice qué tienen en común los grupos: «They have in common a worldview which reveres nature as sacred, ensouled or alive, and they draw on pagan beliefs and practices of the past, either those of classical civilisations or of indigenous peoples, and thus tend to be polytheistic, pantheistic and/or duotheistic rather than monotheistic, at least to the extent of accepting the divine as both male and female and thus including both gods and goddesses in their pantheons» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 257», y bajo cuántas formas se presentan: «Neopagan groups take many forms, from Wiccan covens to Druid groves, from Heathen hearths to magical lodges, and entry into them may be by formal rituals of initiation or informal groupings based on friendship. Some groups may practice magic, whilst others do not. Many use ritual, and almost all make use of myth, celebrating eight seasonal festivals which together constitute a mythicritual cycle, usually referred to as The Wheel of the Year» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 257».
La voz de dentro que el corpus tiene fichada es la de Doreen Valiente, que escribe como bruja y no como estudiosa. Al abrir el último capítulo de su libro dice primero «Witchcraft today has become a world-wide movement.» «Valiente — The Rebirth of Witchcraft (1989) · p. 185» y sigue, en la misma frase del impreso: «So has Neo-Paganism; for it should be remembered that, while all witches are pagans, not all pagans would call themselves witches.» «Valiente — The Rebirth of Witchcraft (1989) · p. 185». De los paganos de su tiempo dice a qué se dedican: «They are interested in such things as ecology, the protection of the environment and holistic medicine.» «Valiente — The Rebirth of Witchcraft (1989) · p. 190», y de la House of the Goddess cita el propósito que declara su fundadora, Jayran: «One of the reasons for founding the House of the Goddess, she says, is ‘to provide clear, public information about Paganism and the Craft in Britain today’.» «Valiente — The Rebirth of Witchcraft (1989) · p. 174». Otros practicantes lo nombran desde otra casa, la de la magia ceremonial o la alquimia. Donald Michael Kraig lo trae en su glosario, en tres tiempos: «PAGAN: From the Latin Paganus, “those of the earth.” Originally it was a derogatory term used to describe people of the land and their simplicity. Later, it focused on their choice of Pre-Christian deities. Today, many Witches and Wiccans consider themselves to be Pagans or Neo-Pagans.» «Kraig — Modern Magick (tercera edición, 2010) · p. 807». En el volumen de Lon Milo DuQuette, un recuadro que firma Theanos Thrax separa el neopaganismo del politeísmo: «While Neopaganism is a distinctly modern concept born of intersecting spiritual practices of the twentieth-century West, polytheism includes non-Western cultures and identities that are put at risk not only by oppressive evangelized and secularizing dominance but also by the casual erasure or disregard» «DuQuette y Shoemaker (eds.) — Llewellyn's Complete Book of Ceremonial Magick (2020) · p. 381». Mark Stavish lo pone al lado de otros caminos: «In alchemy, just as in Wicca, Neopaganism, or Qabala, we use the four elements to explain the relationships between energy and matter.» «Stavish — The Path of Alchemy · p. 42».
De dónde viene, las obras no lo dicen de una sola manera, y aquí van sin conciliar. Pearson pone los antecedentes a fines del siglo XIX: «The antecedents of neopaganism can be found in the late r9th century, in academic developments such as Egyptology, the development of tourism to sites of ancient pagan civilisations in Greece and Rome, the rise of occult [> occult / occultism] and magical societies such as the > Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, the eastern emphasis of the Theosophical Society, and the writings of key figures such as > Aleister Crowley and > Dion Fortune» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 253», y el neopaganismo en sentido estricto en la Inglaterra de los años cuarenta: «Modern neopaganism in the strict sense originated in 1940s Britain in the form of a ‘relatively self-contained, England-based occultist religion’ (Hanegraaff 1998a, 85) known as Wicca. From this, other neopagan traditions and other varieties of witchcraft have developed. It is largely undisputed that the development of Wicca was initiated by Gerald Brosseau Gardner (1884-1964), under the influence of (among others) Margaret Murray’s 1921 publication The Witch-cult in Western Europe, Robert Graves, and Aleister Crowley» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 254». En la entrada de magia del mismo diccionario, Hanegraaff lo asienta en la filosofía de la naturaleza romántica: «Neopaganism is grounded in a Romantic Naturphilosophie, espousing a holistic worldview of correspondences, organicism and “many levels of reality”. But under the impact of popular psychology, neopagans tend to take a very pragmatic attitude towards the question of whether those levels, and the “entities” (gods, goddesses, angels etc.) by which they are inhabited, exist only in the mind or “in reality”. In line with assumptions typical of New Age thinking generally, it is doubted whether such dualisms are helpful at all: if mind and matter are intimately interrelated, it becomes difficult and perhaps pointless to distinguish the invocation of “higher beings” from exploring the contents of the psyche (whether personal or collective). Such opinions illustrate, perhaps clearer than anything else, the gulf that yawns between ancient, medieval and early modern notions of magic, on the one hand, and their modern and contemporary counterparts, on the other» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 167», y en New Age Religion en la magia ritual: «Neopaganism is a continuation of nineteenth-century occultist ritual magic, which in turn has its historical roots in the hermetic revival of the sixteenth century.» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 100». Ronald Hutton pone el lenguaje en el romanticismo alemán: «It may be argued instead that the characteristic language of a committed modern paganism has its direct origin in German Romanticism, the result of a fusion in late eighteenth-century Germany of three powerful forces: admiration for ancient Greece, nostalgia for a vanished past, and desire for an organic unity between people, culture, and nature.» «Hutton — The Triumph of the Moon (2.ª ed., 2019) · p. 38», y le concede a Estados Unidos un renacer propio: «There is no doubt that the USA had its own indigenous pagan revival; indeed, it possibly produced the very first self-conscious modern pagan religion, in the Church of Aphrodite, established in Long Island in 1938.» «Hutton — The Triumph of the Moon (2.ª ed., 2019) · p. 425». Egil Asprem y Kennet Granholm hablan de una primera ola germánica: «In this context we also find the “first wave” of Germanic neopaganism – as a “folk-oriented” religiosity to replace universalistic Christianity – as well as examples of the racialism that would later find violent political expression in the regime of the National Socialist Party in the 1930s» «Asprem y Granholm (eds.) — Contemporary Esotericism (2013), ed. inglés 2013 · p. 50», y Hanegraaff avisa de ese otro uso de la palabra: «Commentators of the contemporary neopagan movement(s) usually seem unaware of the fact that the term neopaganism is also used in quite different contexts, particularly in connection with certain religious and philosophical developments in prewar Germany» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 92».
De su relación con la wicca, el corpus dice cosas que no casan entre sí, y esta ficha no las arbitra. Hanegraaff la pone en el centro y hace salir de ella lo demás: «The most convenient way to bring some order into the variety of New Age neopagan perspectives is to start with the original founding movement of modern witchcraft known as Wicca31, and to picture neopaganism in general as "fanning out" from this relatively clearly circumscribed center into increasingly syncretistic and nondogmatic directions.» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 100»; «If Wicca is at the center of neopaganism, and the Goddess movement represents a heterodox divergence from that center, then women's spirituality can be located partly at its circumference and partly (perhaps mainly) beyond the neopagan and New Age domain altogether.» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 101». Le da además una segunda filiación: «The complicating factor with regard to our concerns is that Wicca is a neopagan development of traditional occultistic ritual magic, but that the latter movement is not itself pagan.» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 101». Pearson dice que en Norteamérica los dos nombres se confunden: «in North America Wicca and neopaganism are virtually synonymous. Wicca had been exported to the United States in the 1960s by an initiate of Gardner’s, Raymond Buckland, and throughout the late 1970s and 1980s, in North America, neopaganism increasingly became influenced by the emerging > New Age Movement and feminist spirituality. As a result, it was transformed into a very NEOPAGANISM different kind of religion, with a less formal and hierarchical ritual style, Native American influences such as shamanism and drumming, the increasing use of psychotherapy within Wicca, and Wiccan involvement in political and environmental activism» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 255». Marco Pasi lo dice de Gerald Gardner en la entrada de Crowley: «Gerald Gardner (1884-1964), the founder of the neo-pagan movement known as Wicca, was certainly influenced by Crowley’s writings on magic as well.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 319», y Kraig pone la variante de Alex Sanders entre las primeras: «Alex Sanders (1926-1988) was the founder of the Alexandrian system of Wicca, one of the earliest forms of Neopaganism, developed slightly later than Gardnerian Wicca. Sanders, who claimed to have been initiated by his grandmother, blended Gardnerian concepts with even more ceremonial magick than was used by Gardner.» «Kraig — Modern Magick (tercera edición, 2010) · p. 97». En el volumen de DuQuette, el capítulo sobre la magia ceremonial politeísta nombra dos wiccas como movimientos neopaganos pioneros: «While such pioneering Neopagan movements as Gardnerian and Alexandrian Wicca borrowed certain elements from ceremonial magic, those borrowings were used to flesh out traditions of religious ritual and folk magic; the broader possibilities open to the ceremonial magician were too rarely explored from that perspective.» «DuQuette y Shoemaker (eds.) — Llewellyn's Complete Book of Ceremonial Magick (2020) · p. 375». Hutton dice que el centro se mudó de país: «From the 1970s onward the United States, and not Britain, has been the world centre of modern paganism, exerting the greatest influence over its development, as over most forms of Western culture, and probably containing the largest number of its adherents.» «Hutton — The Triumph of the Moon (2.ª ed., 2019) · p. 425», y que allí hubo paganismos distintos de la wicca desde temprano: «It is significant that both men were intellectuals with allegiances to modern pagan traditions that were alternatives to Wicca, a reflection of the much greater early diversity of modern paganism in the United States, which itself reflected a much more heterogenous society.» «Hutton — The Triumph of the Moon (2.ª ed., 2019) · p. 460». Stavish, en cambio, nombra a wiccanos y neopaganos como dos poblaciones: «Many Wiccans and Neopagans who have left these traditions retain a strong negative emotional connection to them that prevents them from really progressing on their new paths.» «Stavish — The Path of Alchemy · p. 156».
Si es parte del New Age es otra pregunta que las voces contestan distinto. Hanegraaff dice que sí, con una reserva: «the neopagan movement should be treated as part of the New Age movement, but it should nonetheless be seen as a special, relatively clearly circumscribed subculture within that movement.» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 94». Cita a Aidan Kelly, a quien llama investigador y neopagano a la vez, en sentido contrario: «The Neopagan movement ... parallels the New Age movement in some ways, differs sharply from it in others, and overlaps it in some minor ways» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 93», y le atribuye un motivo: «It is difficult to escape the impression that his attempt to separate neopaganism from the New Age as much as possible is inspired by apologetic considerations—Kelly is not only a well-known researcher, but also a neopagan— rather than by empirical ones.» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 93». Olav Hammer, que lo deja fuera de su estudio, da su razón: «Neopaganism, although included in several earlier studies of the New Age,52 has developed into an increasingly distinctive movement that is often intensely critical of the New Age as understood here.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 102».
Lo que hacen y lo que creen es lo último que las obras describen, cada una a su modo. Hanegraaff lo llama movimiento religioso fundado en la magia: «neopaganism may legitimately be regarded as a religious movement based on magic in the sense of a certain ritual practice (i.e., as defined by Van Baal) which expresses a comprehensive worldview (or, conversily, a 'worldview presented with the emphasis upon rite'» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 99», y le atribuye una elección consciente: «rather, neopaganism is based on a conscious rejection of that worldview.» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 99». Hutton lo dice por el lado de la creencia: «It is impossible now to tell how serious all this was; but even if it was largely in play, that is in itself (as will be made clear later) a hallmark of ‘genuine’ modern paganism, in which literal belief in deities is not an essential feature of religious practice.» «Hutton — The Triumph of the Moon (2.ª ed., 2019) · p. 41». Per Faxneld recoge de Graham Harvey que los neopaganos saben lo que reconstruyen: «As Harvey has pointed out, neopagans “are usually fully aware of the disjunctions between the past and the present”, and know very well that they are making a reconstruction based on scanty sources» «Asprem y Granholm (eds.) — Contemporary Esotericism (2013), ed. inglés 2013 · p. 99», y le da la vuelta: «The very fact that neopaganism is an invented tradition can also be considered part of its appeal, since people can then freely continue inventing» «Asprem y Granholm (eds.) — Contemporary Esotericism (2013), ed. inglés 2013 · p. 99». John L. Crow los cuenta entre los más activos en línea: «In fact, as Stef Aupers remarks, recent studies have found that neopagans are more active on the Internet than any other religious group» «Asprem y Granholm (eds.) — Contemporary Esotericism (2013), ed. inglés 2013 · p. 181», y dice por qué: «Coming from a relatively new and individualistic religion, neopagans are not averse to religious experimentation and change. Indeed, they are willing to take traditional forms of practice and adapt them for online use» «Asprem y Granholm (eds.) — Contemporary Esotericism (2013), ed. inglés 2013 · p. 181».
Dentro del nombre caben cosas que el corpus trata aparte y que aquí no se abren como ramas. Del druidismo, el diccionario acota: «The emphasis on Celtic, Arthurian, and > Grail mythology is typical of neopagan Druidry, but not all Druid groups are neopagan. For the r9th and much of the 2oth centuries, Druidry overlapped with Christianity and many Druid orders operated» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 256». Del paganismo germánico y escandinavo, dice cómo se nombran sus practicantes: «Given the Latinisation of the West by Christian hegemony, people and groups who are drawn to Anglo-Saxon, Germanic and Scandinavian traditions and languages prefer to be called Heathen rather than neopagan» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 256». Del ásatrú, el capítulo de Johnston trae un estudio: «It is clear in Michael F. Strmiska and Baldur A. Sigurvinsson’s study of Icelandic and American Ásatrú that normative gender essentialism features in contemporary Nordic neopagan practices» «Asprem y Granholm (eds.) — Contemporary Esotericism (2013), ed. inglés 2013 · p. 428». Del Báltico, Pearson dice el papel que ha tenido: «In newly re-emerging countries such as Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, neopaganism has played an important part in efforts to establish national identities. Reinstated neopagan festivals attract many thousands of people who believe that participating in the rites of their ancestors is an important part of their cultural heritage» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 257». Y de la Nueva Derecha europea, Jacob Senholt recoge su propia definición: «According to the New Right, (neo)paganism is neither a cult phenomenon, involving religious practice, nor Christianity turned upside down. Rather, it has a positive and autonomous content» «Asprem y Granholm (eds.) — Contemporary Esotericism (2013), ed. inglés 2013 · p. 267».
in the library: 0 ascribed works (plus 5 in its branches) · 0 linked authors
Branches
traditions that hang from this one; each branch declares its house in its own entryWorks of its branches
ascribed to a branch, not to the house: shown here by inheritanceWhat the works say about it
how each work defines it, with its passageAsprem — Arguing with Angels (2012)
Asprem y Granholm (eds.) — Contemporary Esotericism (2013)
Brown — The Channeling Zone (1997)
Rankine — Climbing the Tree of Life (2005)
DuQuette y Shoemaker (eds.) — Llewellyn's Complete Book of Ceremonial Magick (2020)
Gilmore — Theater in a Crowded Fire (2010)
Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004)
Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism
Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996)
Hutton — The Triumph of the Moon (2.ª ed., 2019)
Kraig — Modern Magick (tercera edición, 2010)
Letcher — Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom (2006)
Rätsch — The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants (2005)
Schultes, Hofmann y Rätsch — Plants of the Gods (2001)
Skinner & Rankine (eds.) — Practical Angel Magic of Dr John Dee's Enochian Tables (2004)
El Umbral de la Consciencia (2026, en curso)
Valiente — The Rebirth of Witchcraft (1989)
Claims
163 entries«One of the reasons for founding the House of the Goddess, she says, is ‘to provide clear, public information about Paganism and the Craft in Britain today’.» — cita el propósito que ella misma declara para la casa: dar información pública y clara sobre el paganismo y el oficio en la Gran Bretaña de hoy.
«So has Neo-Paganism; for it should be remembered that, while all witches are pagans, not all pagans would call themselves witches.» — y en la misma plana pone al lado de la brujería al neopaganismo, que dice movimiento mundial también, y deslinda los dos: toda bruja es pagana, pero no todo pagano se llamaría a sí mismo brujo. En el crudo el guion de Neo-Paganism cae a fin de renglón y la continuación va en mayúscula; releído en el troceo, el guion es de la fuente.
«They are interested in such things as ecology, the protection of the environment and holistic medicine.» — describe los intereses del paganismo contemporáneo: ecología, protección del ambiente y medicina holística.
«Alex Sanders (1926-1988) was the founder of the Alexandrian system of Wicca, one of the earliest forms of Neopaganism, developed slightly later than Gardnerian Wicca. Sanders, who claimed to have been initiated by his grandmother, blended Gardnerian concepts with even more ceremonial magick than was used by Gardner.» — la cuarta variante trae a la wicca dentro del rito ceremonial; Kraig marca como reivindicación propia de Sanders la iniciación por su abuela y consigna las fechas tal cual las imprime el troceo.
«Part of this training was actually the untraining of various ideas and beliefs into which people had been indoctrinated throughout their lives. Without this some modern Pagans have simply adopted selections of their old belief systems into their Paganism. One of these sets of ideas was Christian morality, which portrayed the naked body as evil.» — Kraig explica por el paso del grupo a la práctica solitaria el rechazo actual a operar desnudo, y lo atribuye a moral cristiana no desaprendida.
«PAGAN: From the Latin Paganus, “those of the earth.” Originally it was a derogatory term used to describe people of the land and their simplicity. Later, it focused on their choice of Pre-Christian deities. Today, many Witches and Wiccans consider themselves to be Pagans or Neo-Pagans.» — la historia del término en tres tiempos, del insulto a la autodenominación.
«It would go on to influence Rosicrucianism, Thelema, Neopaganism, and Wicca, and a host of other traditions that have come down to us today.» — y el alcance que le da a la aportación de Dee y Kelley: influyó en el rosacrucismo, la Telema, el neopaganismo y la wicca, y en otras tradiciones más.
«While such pioneering Neopagan movements as Gardnerian and Alexandrian Wicca borrowed certain elements from ceremonial magic, those borrowings were used to flesh out traditions of religious ritual and folk magic; the broader possibilities open to the ceremonial magician were too rarely explored from that perspective.» — y el límite de lo que la wicca gardneriana y la alexandrina tomaron de la magia ceremonial: préstamos usados para llenar tradiciones de rito religioso y magia popular, con las posibilidades más amplias del mago ceremonial muy poco exploradas desde ahí.
«Polytheism is a category of world religions that includes various ancient, indigenous, modern, and reconstructed or revived devotions, defined by their affirmation with religious regard of many gods.» — del recuadro sobre politeísmo y neopaganismo, firmado por Theanos Thrax y no por Greer: el politeísmo es categoría de religiones del mundo, antiguas, indígenas, modernas y reconstruidas, definida por afirmar con consideración religiosa a muchos dioses.
«While Neopaganism is a distinctly modern concept born of intersecting spiritual practices of the twentieth-century West, polytheism includes non-Western cultures and identities that are put at risk not only by oppressive evangelized and secularizing dominance but also by the casual erasure or disregard» — y la distinción que insiste en marcar: el neopaganismo es concepto claramente moderno nacido de prácticas del Occidente del siglo XX, y el politeísmo incluye culturas e identidades no occidentales puestas en riesgo también por el borrado casual de movimientos occidentales vecinos; el tramo se corta antes del cambio de plana.
«Modern Pagans very often assume as a matter of course that deities can only be assigned to directions on the basis of elemental symbolism.» — y el supuesto que enmienda: los paganos modernos suelen dar por hecho que las deidades solo pueden asignarse a las direcciones por simbología elemental.
«To assist in this critical interior part of alchemy, this book includes extensive meditations and visualizations to assist in building the psychic bridge between the inner and outer worlds of the aspiring alchemist. These meditations are based upon the principles of natural magic, making them simple, direct, easy to practice, and beneficial to anyone regardless of his or her main spiritual path-be it Qabala, Wicca, or Neopaganism.» — [ONE · The Key of All Magic] anuncia las meditaciones y visualizaciones del libro como puente psíquico, fundadas en la magia natural y útiles al de cábala, al de wicca o al neopagano
«In alchemy, just as in Wicca, Neopaganism, or Qabala, we use the four elements to explain the relationships between energy and matter.» — [TWO · The Three Essentials and the Elements] pone los cuatro elementos, en alquimia como en wicca, neopaganismo o cábala, a explicar la relación de energía y materia
«To do this, we use the alchemist's chief tool-fire. Fire is the energetic expression of the universe. Of the four elements common to Wicca, Neopaganism, Qabala, and Hermeticism, fire is the only one that can completely transform and regenerate.» — [TWO · What to Do When the Tincture Is Complete] declara el fuego herramienta principal del alquimista y el único de los cuatro elementos que transforma y regenera del todo
«How many initiations we experience is dependent upon our chosen path, be it alchemical, Qabalistic, Wiccan, or Neopagan. But even here, the idea of division is more of a function of our exterior consciousness than our interior awareness.» — [SIX · Initiation] hace depender el número de iniciaciones del camino elegido y llama a la división función de la conciencia exterior
«Many Wiccans and Neopagans who have left these traditions retain a strong negative emotional connection to them that prevents them from really progressing on their new paths.» — [EIGHT · Ora et Labora] objeta a wiccanos y neopaganos el lastre emocional negativo que dice que arrastran de esas tradiciones
«This represents the formula of self-sacrifice as expressed through the myth of Christ, and the Buddha, where the good of the whole is put before the good of the individual. This formula is also seen in modern paganism in the harvest myth of the slain corn king at Lughnasadh, whose body feeds his people.» — la tercera imagen mágica de Tiphereth: el dios sacrificado, que Rankine lleva del Cristo y el Buda al rey del grano del paganismo moderno
«Neopaganism is grounded in a Romantic Naturphilosophie, espousing a holistic worldview of correspondences, organicism and “many levels of reality”. But under the impact of popular psychology, neopagans tend to take a very pragmatic attitude towards the question of whether those levels, and the “entities” (gods, goddesses, angels etc.) by which they are inhabited, exist only in the mind or “in reality”. In line with assumptions typical of New Age thinking generally, it is doubted whether such dualisms are helpful at all: if mind and matter are intimately interrelated, it becomes difficult and perhaps pointless to distinguish the invocation of “higher beings” from exploring the contents of the psyche (whether personal or collective). Such opinions illustrate, perhaps clearer than anything else, the gulf that yawns between ancient, medieval and early modern notions of magic, on the one hand, and their modern and contemporary counterparts, on the other» — visión holística de correspondencias, organicismo y muchos niveles de realidad, pero con actitud muy pragmática sobre si esos niveles y sus entidades existen solo en la mente o en la realidad; se duda de que tales dualismos sirvan de algo. Esas opiniones ilustran, quizá más claramente que ninguna otra cosa, el abismo entre las nociones antigua, medieval y moderna temprana de magia y las contemporáneas
«According to Hanegraaff (1998, 77), this is ‘based on the conviction that what Christianity has traditionally denounced as idolatry and superstition actually represents/represented a profound and meaningful religious worldview and .. . that a religious practice based on this worldview can and should be revitalized in our modern world» — Joanne E. Pearson define el neopaganismo citando a Hanegraaff: la convicción de que lo que el cristianismo denunció como idolatría y superstición representaba en realidad una cosmovisión religiosa profunda y significativa, revitalizable hoy
«He goes on to argue that the term “neopaganism” itself contains a ‘polemical thrust’? towards Christianity as the religion which is held responsible for the decline of western paganism and the negative perception of it over the past two thousand years» — consigna que el propio término lleva un empuje polémico contra el cristianismo
«Much changed in the 1990s, as the influence of historical research permeated neopaganism and historical claims were re-evaluated. Along with this re-evaluation of the past has come a re-evaluation of Christianity. Neopagans are involved in the development of interfaith meetings with members of other religions, and as neopaganism has grown in popularity, and public awareness of it has increased, it has adopted a less reactive posture which no longer requires legitimisation through false histories or hatred of the Christian Church» — el límite temporal: mucho cambió en los noventa cuando la investigación histórica permeó el medio y las pretensiones históricas se reevaluaron, y el neopaganismo adoptó una postura menos reactiva, que ya no requiere legitimación mediante falsas historias ni odio a la Iglesia cristiana
«The antecedents of neopaganism can be found in the late r9th century, in academic developments such as Egyptology, the development of tourism to sites of ancient pagan civilisations in Greece and Rome, the rise of occult [> occult / occultism] and magical societies such as the > Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, the eastern emphasis of the Theosophical Society, and the writings of key figures such as > Aleister Crowley and > Dion Fortune» — sitúa los antecedentes en el siglo XIX tardío: egiptología, turismo a sitios paganos, Golden Dawn, Sociedad Teosófica, Crowley y Dion Fortune
«Modern neopaganism in the strict sense originated in 1940s Britain in the form of a ‘relatively self-contained, England-based occultist religion’ (Hanegraaff 1998a, 85) known as Wicca. From this, other neopagan traditions and other varieties of witchcraft have developed. It is largely undisputed that the development of Wicca was initiated by Gerald Brosseau Gardner (1884-1964), under the influence of (among others) Margaret Murray’s 1921 publication The Witch-cult in Western Europe, Robert Graves, and Aleister Crowley» — data el neopaganismo moderno en sentido estricto en la Gran Bretaña de los años cuarenta, como religión ocultista relativamente autocontenida y de base inglesa llamada Wicca, cuyo desarrollo inició Gardner de manera en gran medida indisputada, bajo la influencia de The Witch-cult in Western Europe de Margaret Murray, de Robert Graves y de Crowley
«in North America Wicca and neopaganism are virtually synonymous. Wicca had been exported to the United States in the 1960s by an initiate of Gardner’s, Raymond Buckland, and throughout the late 1970s and 1980s, in North America, neopaganism increasingly became influenced by the emerging > New Age Movement and feminist spirituality. As a result, it was transformed into a very NEOPAGANISM different kind of religion, with a less formal and hierarchical ritual style, Native American influences such as shamanism and drumming, the increasing use of psychotherapy within Wicca, and Wiccan involvement in political and environmental activism» — en Norteamérica Wicca y neopaganismo son virtualmente sinónimos, y allí se transformó en una religión muy distinta: estilo ritual menos formal y jerárquico, influencias nativas americanas como chamanismo y tambores, uso creciente de psicoterapia y activismo político y ambiental
«Modern neopagan Druids draw their inspiration from early evidence of Druidry gleaned from the works of writers such as Pliny the Elder and Julius Caesar, as well as from Celtic traditions, since Bardic Colleges in Ireland and Scotland continued until the 16th and 17th centuries respectively» — las fuentes del druidismo: Plinio el Viejo, Julio César y las tradiciones célticas, siendo que los colegios bárdicos de Irlanda y Escocia continuaron hasta los siglos XVI y XVII respectivamente
«The emphasis on Celtic, Arthurian, and > Grail mythology is typical of neopagan Druidry, but not all Druid groups are neopagan. For the r9th and much of the 2oth centuries, Druidry overlapped with Christianity and many Druid orders operated» — el límite que invierte la lectura corriente: el énfasis en la mitología céltica, artúrica y del Grial es típico del druidismo neopagano, PERO NO TODOS LOS GRUPOS DRUÍDICOS SON NEOPAGANOS — durante el XIX y buena parte del XX el druidismo se solapó con el cristianismo y muchas órdenes operaron como cuerpos sociales o caritativos, no religiosos
«This is not surprising, given the diversity within contemporary Druidry, which includes neo-pagan Druids, Christian Druids, Zen Druids and even Hasidic Druids. There are also some more light-hearted versions, such as the Berengaria Order of Druids which draws its inspiration from science fiction series such as Star Trek and Babylon 5» — en el druidismo contemporáneo sigue en debate si es religión, filosofía o ciencia, dada su diversidad: druidas neopaganos, cristianos, zen e incluso jasídicos, y la Orden Berengaria como versión más desenfadada
«It was not until the 1980s that Druid orders which specifically proclaimed themselves neopagan were established, with the foundation of orders such as the British Druid Order (1979), which has a shamanic and Wiccan influence» — solo en los ochenta se establecieron órdenes que se proclamaran neopaganas, con influencia chamánica y wicca
«their attraction being that they are indigenous to northern European lands which were converted to Christianity much later than its homeland around the Mediterranean, and that they provide what are believed to be the only genuine paganisms to exist outside Christian constructs» — la razón del atractivo del heathenry en boca de sus practicantes: son tradiciones indígenas de tierras norteuropeas cristianizadas mucho más tarde que el Mediterráneo, y proveen lo que se cree que son los únicos paganismos genuinos existentes fuera de constructos cristianos
«Given the Latinisation of the West by Christian hegemony, people and groups who are drawn to Anglo-Saxon, Germanic and Scandinavian traditions and languages prefer to be called Heathen rather than neopagan» — de ahí la preferencia por el término Heathen sobre neopagan
«Asatru has a reputation for being more male-oriented than some neopagan religions, but Asatri groups are led by both men and women and both officiate in religious ceremonies» — acota la fama de Asatru: tiene reputación de ser más masculina que otras religiones neopaganas, PERO los grupos los lideran hombres y mujeres y ambos ofician
«In newly re-emerging countries such as Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, neopaganism has played an important part in efforts to establish national identities. Reinstated neopagan festivals attract many thousands of people who believe that participating in the rites of their ancestors is an important part of their cultural heritage» — en el Báltico el neopaganismo ha jugado papel importante en la construcción de identidades nacionales de Lituania, Letonia y Estonia, con festivales reinstaurados que atraen a miles
«They have in common a worldview which reveres nature as sacred, ensouled or alive, and they draw on pagan beliefs and practices of the past, either those of classical civilisations or of indigenous peoples, and thus tend to be polytheistic, pantheistic and/or duotheistic rather than monotheistic, at least to the extent of accepting the divine as both male and female and thus including both gods and goddesses in their pantheons» — el denominador común del campo: veneran la naturaleza como sagrada, animada o viva, se nutren de creencias paganas del pasado y tienden a ser politeístas, panteístas o duoteístas más que monoteístas
«Neopagan groups take many forms, from Wiccan covens to Druid groves, from Heathen hearths to magical lodges, and entry into them may be by formal rituals of initiation or informal groupings based on friendship. Some groups may practice magic, whilst others do not. Many use ritual, and almost all make use of myth, celebrating eight seasonal festivals which together constitute a mythicritual cycle, usually referred to as The Wheel of the Year» — sin autoridad central, con entradas por iniciación formal o por amistad, unos practicando magia y otros no, y casi todos celebrando las ocho fiestas estacionales de la Rueda del Año
«One of the main figures in the history of English occultism [> occult / occultism]. Despite his bad reputation and the controversies that have marked his life, his ideas have heavily influenced contemporary new religious movements of a magical [> Magic] and neo-pagan bent [~ Neopaganism].» — Pasi abre la entrada de Crowley pesando la mala fama contra la influencia: una de las figuras principales de la historia del ocultismo inglés, cuyas ideas, pese a su reputación y a las polémicas que marcaron su vida, han influido mucho en los movimientos religiosos nuevos contemporáneos de corte mágico y neopagano
«Gerald Gardner (1884-1964), the founder of the neo-pagan movement known as Wicca, was certainly influenced by Crowley’s writings on magic as well.» — Pasi extiende la herencia crowleyana al neopaganismo por la vía de Gardner y la Wicca.
«As a general term, "neopaganism" covers all those modern movements which are, firstly, based on the conviction that what Christianity has traditionally denounced as idolatry and superstition actually represents/ represented a profound and meaningful religious worldview and, secondly, that a religious practice based on this worldview can and should be revitalized in our modern world.» — la definición de neopaganismo, en sus dos cláusulas.
«The very use of the term "neopaganism" as a self-designation clearly contains a polemical thrust towards institutionalized Christianity2, which is held responsible for the decline of western paganism and the subsequent blackening of its image.» — el filo polémico que el término lleva dentro.
«The problems of the modern world, particularly the ecological crisis, are regarded as a direct result of the loss of pagan wisdom about man's relationship to the natural world, and a recovery of this wisdom is regarded not only as desirable but as urgently needed.» — el diagnóstico ecológico que el neopaganismo hace, según Hanegraaff.
«the phenomenon of neopaganism as such is not in fact synonymous with its postwar "New Age" manifestation.» — el deslinde que introduce entre neopaganismo y su versión New Age.
«Commentators of the contemporary neopagan movement(s) usually seem unaware of the fact that the term neopaganism is also used in quite different contexts, particularly in connection with certain religious and philosophical developments in prewar Germany» — el uso del término en la Alemania de preguerra, que según él los comentaristas suelen ignorar.
«The general definition of neopaganism given above encompasses both these often politically suspect movements and tendencies, and the contemporary "New Age" phenomenon.» — el alcance de su propia definición, que abarca los dos usos.
«the term "neopaganism" is not sufficient in itself as a designation for the movements studied here. "New Age" neopaganism should be distinguished from other (earlier or contemporary) attempts to revitalize the worldview of pre-christian European cultures. When in the rest of the discussion I refer to "neopaganism", I will be referring to the New Age variety only.» — el acotamiento del término para el resto del libro.
«The Neopagan movement ... parallels the New Age movement in some ways, differs sharply from it in others, and overlaps it in some minor ways» — la separación entre movimiento neopagano y New Age es de Aidan A. Kelly; los puntos suspensivos están en la fuente.
«such a categorical statement is possible only if both movements are already clearly defined and demarcated. It is a basic assumption of the present study, however, that at least the New Age movement is not.» — lo que le objeta a Aidan A. Kelly: su deslinde tajante supone dos movimientos ya definidos.
«It is difficult to escape the impression that his attempt to separate neopaganism from the New Age as much as possible is inspired by apologetic considerations—Kelly is not only a well-known researcher, but also a neopagan— rather than by empirical ones.» — y la razón que le atribuye al deslinde, señalando que Kelly es a la vez investigador y neopagano.
«My own research confirms Luhrmann's conclusion that neopaganism is part of the New Age in this general sense at least.» — lo que dice de su propia investigación en relación con la conclusión de Tanya Luhrmann.
«neopaganism definitely has its own distinctive flavour which sets it apart from other New Age trends.» — y lo que le concede a Kelly: el neopaganismo tiene sabor propio.
«Kelly's position is therefore not totally unfounded, but is best regarded as an overstatement resulting from the exaggeration of real differences at the expense of similari» — el juicio final sobre la posición de Kelly: exageración de diferencias reales.
«the neopagan movement should be treated as part of the New Age movement, but it should nonetheless be seen as a special, relatively clearly circumscribed subculture within that movement.» — la decisión que toma: subcultura circunscrita dentro del New Age.
«it is precisely the overlap between the two movements/perspectives which constitutes the uniqueness of "New Age" neopaganism.» — dónde localiza la singularidad del neopaganismo New Age.
«Looking at neopaganism from the perspective of the study of religions, we are confronted with the notorious problem of the conceptual status of magic» — el problema que abre el capítulo.
«ual magic is the central neopagan practice and, according to neopagan self-understanding, it is the key to the pagan worldview.» — el lugar emic de la magia ritual en el neopaganismo; el arranque de la palabra queda del otro lado del salto de plana.
«However, to what extent is it legitimate for us to adopt this emic view and describe the essence of neopaganism as "magic" in an etic sense?» — y la pregunta etic que se hace a continuación.
«The defense of "magic" by neopagans is very clearly based on a rejection of the 'cold world of cause and effect' in favour of an "enchanted" world of the kind described by Levy-Bruhl, Wax & Wax, Tambiah and Van Baal.» — el uso que le da a todo ese aparato: la defensa neopagana de la magia como rechazo del mundo frío de causa y efecto.
«Neopagan magic indeed functions as a means of invoking and reaffirming mystery in a world which seems to have lost it; the subjective attraction and persuasiveness of this practice is convincingly explained by Van Baal.» — lo que dice que la magia neopagana hace, y a quién atribuye la explicación.
«neopaganism may legitimately be regarded as a religious movement based on magic in the sense of a certain ritual practice (i.e., as defined by Van Baal) which expresses a comprehensive worldview (or, conversily, a 'worldview presented with the emphasis upon rite'» — la conclusión sobre el estatuto del neopaganismo.
«Neopagan magic is different from traditional magic in that the magical worldview is purposely adopted as a reaction to the "dis» — con la salvedad crucial: la cosmovisión mágica se adopta a propósito, como reacción; la frase se parte en el salto de plana.
«rather, neopaganism is based on a conscious rejection of that worldview.» — y su formulación: rechazo consciente de la cosmovisión científica.
«There is a certain irony in the fact that the scientific study of religion—with its frequent descriptions of magic as opposed to science—has itself significantly contributed to this phenomenon. By confirming the popular view that magic is the natural alternative for the modern western worldview, scholarship has made itself into a powerful factor in the very emergence and persistence of neopaganism as a new religious movement» — la ironía que señala: el propio estudio científico de la religión alimentó el fenómeno.
«Neopagans are avid readers34 and it is in the scholarly literature, and its semi-scholarly spin-off, that they have found and continue to find much of the information enabling them to revive or rein» — de dónde sacan los neopaganos su material, según él.
«Neopaganism is a continuation of nineteenth-century occultist ritual magic, which in turn has its historical roots in the hermetic revival of the sixteenth century.» — la genealogía que le traza al neopaganismo: magia ritual ocultista decimonónica y, detrás, el renacer hermético del siglo XVI.
«these roots of neopaganism are reason for characterizing it as magic in a historical sense as well (i.e, as a continuation of what was traditionally—emically—known as "magic" in the west» — el segundo sentido en que lo llama magia: el histórico.
«The most convenient way to bring some order into the variety of New Age neopagan perspectives is to start with the original founding movement of modern witchcraft known as Wicca31, and to picture neopaganism in general as "fanning out" from this relatively clearly circumscribed center into increasingly syncretistic and nondogmatic directions.» — el esquema del capítulo: la Wicca al centro y el neopaganismo abriéndose en abanico.
«the Craft—as it is also called—was exported to the U.S.A. by Raymond Buckland during the 1960s38. In its new environment, it was interpreted and developed in increasingly unorthodox and syncretistic directions.» — según Hanegraaff, Raymond Buckland llevó la Craft a Estados Unidos en los sesenta.
«The most important influence on the development of the movement beyond its original boundaries has been a section of the feminist» — la influencia decisiva que le adjudica; la frase se parte en el salto de plana.
«movement known as women's spirituality39. The cross-fertilization between Craft traditions and spiritually-oriented feminism resulted in a type of neopaganism which is often referred to as the Goddess movement» — y su cierre, con el resultado del cruce entre tradiciones de la Craft y feminismo espiritual.
«If Wicca is at the center of neopaganism, and the Goddess movement represents a heterodox divergence from that center, then women's spirituality can be located partly at its circumference and partly (perhaps mainly) beyond the neopagan and New Age domain altogether.» — el mapa de los tres dominios y dónde queda cada uno.
«this picture is no more than a crude idealtypical approximation, justified only by its heuristic usefulness.» — la reserva sobre su propio esquema.
«The complicating factor with regard to our concerns is that Wicca is a neopagan development of traditional occultistic ritual magic, but that the latter movement is not itself pagan.» — la complicación que consigna: la Wicca sale de una magia ritual que no es pagana.
«there are two ways in which neopaganism overlaps with something else. The overlap with occultistic ritual magic is a legacy of the historical roots of Wicca in English occultism. The overlap with women's spirituality is a later, essentially American development.» — el resumen de los dos traslapes.
«Wiccan rituals and mythology are centered around the Goddess and her male partner, the Horned God. The polarity of male and female expressed by these divinities (or, as many neopagans will say, archetypes) is basic to the Wiccan worldview.» — el eje de la Wicca: la Diosa y el Dios Cornudo, y la polaridad.
«Most neopagans, in the tolerant spirit characteristic for the movement, tend to see Christianity as containing at least a core of truth which is compatible with paganism, and they generally regard Jesus in a positive light as an inspired teacher whose spiritual teachings were perverted by the church.» — la posición neopagana corriente ante el cristianismo y ante Jesús.
«For Budapest, however, Christianity is the sworn enemy of wimmin's religion, and Jesus is a welcome target for sarcastic remarks. This militant hostility to everything regarded as patriarchal makes Budapest less than fully representative of the New Age movement and neopaganism, but as an extreme example of the latter she cannot be ignored.» — y la excepción de Budapest, con la razón por la que aun así la incluye.
«Her approach is different from many other forms of neopaganism in that she primarily adresses people who want to practice magic alone, rather than in a coven.» — lo que distingue a Marian Green: se dirige a quien practica en solitario.
«The Matthews are prolific authors in the English magical subculture. Their perspective comprises both the "western mysteries" and specifically neopagan ideas.» — el lugar de Caitlin & John Matthews entre los dos dominios.
«WW1 presents the neopagan strand of occultism, and WW2 discusses the hermetic tradition and its connection with modern magical move» — el reparto de los dos volúmenes de The Western Way.
«Surprisingly many neopagans, including well-known figures as Caithlin Matthews or Maxine Sanders, consider themselves both pagan and Christian.» — la nota consigna neopaganos que se dicen a la vez paganos y cristianos, y nombra a Caithlin Matthews con esa grafía, distinta de la *Caitlin* del índice.
«Murray's central thesis that the witches persecuted by the inquisition were members of a secret pagan fertility religion is now generally discredited by scholars. This has led to the so-called "Murrayite controversy" among neopagans.» — la nota sobre la tesis de Murray y el estado de su recepción entre estudiosos, con la controversia que abrió entre neopaganos.
«Some continue to believe that Murray was right after all and that Wicca is the continuation of an ancient pagan tradition, but many neopagans are quite comfortable seeing themselves as members of a newly, founded religion which is connected with ancient paganism only "in spirit".» — y las dos posturas neopaganas ante esa controversia, en la misma nota.
«On the strong this-worldly pole we find, first of all, many neopagans, particularly those of a strongly Goddess-centered perspective. Neopagans generally emphasize the beauty and splendour of the natural world, and show relatively little interest in non-empirical realities other than the "inner worlds" of the» — quiénes ocupan el polo de la mundanidad fuerte; la frase se parte en el salto de plana.
«They often explicitly attack New Age tendencies to escape from this world either spatially (into "higher spiritual spheres") or temporally (into past-life experiences or expectations of future bliss), emphasizing that our business is the here and now.» — la crítica neopagana a la evasión espacial o temporal, según Hanegraaff.
«New Paradigm and Neopagan views about nature, although expressed in different literary styles and terminologies, are fundamentally compatible.» — la compatibilidad que le encuentra a las dos visiones de la naturaleza.
«This passage also exemplifies the neopagan emphasis on natural cycles of birth, death and rebirth. Women are naturally linked to the Goddess and share in her natural rhythms.» — el énfasis neopagano en los ciclos naturales.
«Symbolic associations of this kind are responsible for the fact that neopaganism, in spite of all efforts towards inclusiveness, is and remains oriented primarily towards the feminine polarity.» — la consecuencia que registra: pese al afán de inclusión, el neopaganismo queda orientado a lo femenino.
«even in less extremist groups, the symbolism of the Horned God is inevitably somewhat less developed and his role in the neopagan worldview is less immediately obvious than that of the Goddess.» — y el lugar menor del Dios Cornudo, aun fuera de las posturas extremas.
«Particularly in neopagan contexts, the result is often a kind of "qualified polytheism» — el resultado en contexto neopagano.
«Like the New Age God, the Goddess is not a personal being, although she may be adressed in a personal way.» — el estatuto de la Diosa neopagana.
«To an even greater extent than in other sectors of New Age religion, divinity in neopaganism is radically immanent, and the Goddess is a metaphor for that immanence.» — lo que distingue a la Diosa: inmanencia radical reconocida como metáfora.
«Starhawk's term "power-from-within" perfectly catches the essence of why neopagans come to speak of the Goddess.» — el término de Starhawk que Hanegraaff toma por clave.
«Consequently, neopagans fully accept all those aspects of life which spiritual idealism attempts to "overcome". The Goddess encompasses the dark and tragic side of life, and her power is celebrated in sexuality and bodily pleasure» — lo que el neopaganismo acepta por esa vía.
«All traditional pantheons of the world, but "western" ones in particular, are used as a repository of gods and goddesses eligible for being evoked in rituals.» — el uso neopagano de los panteones tradicionales.
«Individual neopagans may develop a special preference for a certain God(dess), but this never involves rejection of other people's preferences.» — la preferencia personal sin rechazo de las ajenas.
«The emphasis on symbols and myths as imaginative "masks of God"42 is most characteristic of neopaganism specifically.» — lo que ese pasaje muestra como propio del neopaganismo.
«Once again we encounter the primacy of practical, phenomenal experience over theoretical considerations. Neopagans address the gods because it works.» — el principio que gobierna la práctica neopagana, según él.
«The underlying idea is quite similar to the neopagan view of the "gods/goddesses": one draws towards oneself those "energies" which accord with one's own current personality.» — el principio común: uno atrae las energías acordes con su personalidad.
«It is characteristic for Starhawk's neopagan immanentism that she does not use the term Higher Self, but prefers to speak of the Deep Self (or God Self)» — el término que Starhawk prefiere, y por qué.
«The emphasis on the unconscious world of symbols and archetypes as the only way to reach the divine (and the corresponding concentration on art, myth and ritual) is particularly characteristic for neopaganism» — lo que es propio del neopaganismo en ese esquema.
«Both Shamanic journeys and Houston's exercises are similar to the practices known as "pathworking" among neopagans.» — el nombre neopagano de esas prácticas.
«The only other place where the common human experience of death (as opposed to spiritual views or theories about death, or rather, about its absence) receives explicit attention is in neopaganism.» — el otro lugar donde la muerte recibe atención.
«The eternal life force expresses itself in cycles of growth and decay. Finite beings come to an end; and that is how it should be, for it is only thus that the infinite life stream can go on.» — la muerte en el ciclo neopagano.
«Some authors with a strong this-worldly orientation—neopagans in particular—have criticized New Age tendencies to emphasize only "light and love" and ignore (i.e., repress) the dark» — la nota registra la crítica neopagana al New Age que solo habla de luz y amor, con Shakti Gawain sumada.
«Furthermore, we should certainly mention the strong tendency in neopagan circles to see the Piscean Age as the logical result of the "great reversal" from matriarchy to patriarchy. The latter is seen as exemplified by religious exclusivism and intolerance, reaching its culmination in Christianity: the "burning times" are emphasized as the period in which patriarchy fully revealed its true face of terror and suppression» — la lectura neopagana: la era de Piscis como resultado del vuelco al patriarcado.
«Another neopagan, Vivianne Crowley, expresses the common neopagan opinion98 in her account of the rise of Christianity: 'Christianity, true to its Judaic parent, was an intolerant masculine monotheism and there could be no question of co-existence alongside the older religions'» — lo que Vivianne Crowley da por opinión neopagana común sobre el ascenso del cristianismo.
«The somewhat problematic status of neopaganism within the New Age movement (cf. chapter four) is confirmed by the fact that the former tends towards a strong this-worldliness, while weak this-worldliness is the rule in most other expressions of New Age religion.» — dónde queda el neopaganismo respecto de esa primera tendencia.
«As a result, Christian kabbalism eventually survived in occultist forms which are more properly called post-Christian. As such, they have most strongly affected the contemporary "magical" scene from which neopaganism emerged.» — en qué formas sobrevivió la cábala cristiana.
«However, in sharp contrast to the contemporary current mostly referred to as "High Magic", neopaganism tends to disemphasize precisely the "kabbalist" element in occultist magic.» — lo que el neopaganismo hace con el elemento cabalístico.
«My own book came down heavily against the claim of continuity and, indeed, the notion that modern paganisms had very much in common with those of the ancient world.» — recuerda que su libro anterior se pronunció en contra del reclamo de continuidad entre el paganismo antiguo y el moderno, y aun de que tuvieran mucho en común.
«It may be argued instead that the characteristic language of a committed modern paganism has its direct origin in German Romanticism, the result of a fusion in late eighteenth-century Germany of three powerful forces: admiration for ancient Greece, nostalgia for a vanished past, and desire for an organic unity between people, culture, and nature.» — la tesis que propone en su lugar: el lenguaje característico de un paganismo moderno comprometido tiene su origen directo en el Romanticismo alemán, fusión de admiración por Grecia, nostalgia y deseo de unidad orgánica.
«It is impossible now to tell how serious all this was; but even if it was largely in play, that is in itself (as will be made clear later) a hallmark of ‘genuine’ modern paganism, in which literal belief in deities is not an essential feature of religious practice.» — aquí enuncia una de sus tesis de fondo, con el límite dentro: aunque aquel juego pagano fuera en buena parte broma, eso mismo es marca del paganismo moderno genuino, donde creer literalmente en las deidades no es rasgo esencial.
«Swinburne’s influence upon modern paganism can hardly be overestimated; he was much admired, and quoted by (to name but three figures who will feature prominently in its story) Aleister Crowley, Dion Fortune, and Gerald Gardner.» — su adjudicación de influencia, apenas acotada: la de Swinburne sobre el paganismo moderno difícilmente puede sobrestimarse, y lo citaron Crowley, Dion Fortune y Gardner.
«If the term ‘pagan’ had acquired an exciting cachet, conservative critics were now using that of ‘neo-pagan’ to indicate disapproval of the libertarian attitudes embodied in the latter.» — registra el momento en que neopagano se vuelve etiqueta de reproche que los críticos conservadores usan contra esas actitudes libertarias.
«He extended his attack to the ‘New Paganism (or neo-Paganism)’ of fiction and light literature, complaining that it embodied a largely imaginary view of the ancient Greek and Romans as ‘continually crowning themselves with flowers and dancing about in an irresponsible state…above all things inebriate and lawless’.» — recoge la queja de W. F. Barry contra el nuevo paganismo de la literatura ligera, por presentar a griegos y romanos coronándose de flores y danzando irresponsablemente.
«The language of pagan revival diminished accordingly, but also adapted, as the Grecian background was exchanged for a more general association with the powers of nature.» — y su matiz: el lenguaje del renacer pagano disminuyó, pero también se adaptó, cambiando el fondo griego por una asociación más general con las potencias de la naturaleza.
«One was that medieval churches overlay pagan temples and medieval saints were ‘really the Old Gods with a coat of whitewash’; so a pagan revival involved abandoning neither familiar holy places nor familiar heavenly figures.» — y las dos ideas que le permitían el tránsito sin ruptura, la primera que las iglesias medievales cubren templos paganos y los santos son los Viejos Dioses con una capa de cal.
«These considerations would at least make Gardner’s witchcraft worthy of study as a part of modern history, but until now the only significant research into its origins has been carried out within the modern Pagan community.» — señalando a la vez el hueco: hasta ahora la única investigación significativa sobre sus orígenes se hizo dentro de la propia comunidad pagana moderna.
«In view of the cultural patterns outlined above, it is precisely from this more educated esoteric milieu that one would expect a modern pagan revival to commence.» — de ahí su expectativa de fondo, que un renacer pagano moderno empezara justamente en ese medio esotérico más educado.
«It remains an open question, moreover, how many of the consumers of the ‘neo-pagan’ literature which burgeoned from the 1890s internalized or even acted out its ideas; how many admirers of the classics and of Romantic verse followed Shelley and Calvert in building altars to Pan.» — deja abierta otra pregunta cuantitativa: cuántos consumidores de aquella literatura neopagana interiorizaron o llegaron a actuar sus ideas.
«From the 1970s onward the United States, and not Britain, has been the world centre of modern paganism, exerting the greatest influence over its development, as over most forms of Western culture, and probably containing the largest number of its adherents.» — declara el desplazamiento del centro: desde los setenta el centro mundial del paganismo moderno es Estados Unidos, no Gran Bretaña.
«There is no doubt that the USA had its own indigenous pagan revival; indeed, it possibly produced the very first self-conscious modern pagan religion, in the Church of Aphrodite, established in Long Island in 1938.» — concede que Estados Unidos tuvo su propio renacer pagano nativo, quizá con la primera religión pagana moderna autoconsciente en la Iglesia de Afrodita de 1938.
«It is significant that both men were intellectuals with allegiances to modern pagan traditions that were alternatives to Wicca, a reflection of the much greater early diversity of modern paganism in the United States, which itself reflected a much more heterogenous society.» — señalando lo significativo de que ambos críticos fueran intelectuales adscritos a tradiciones paganas alternativas a la wicca.
«Nothing as intellectually rigorous and powerful as this had emerged from a modern Pagan’s pen before, but as it was more demanding, more expensive, and less intoxicating than The Spiral Dance, its impact was proportionately more muted, and especially so in Britain where its readership was long mostly confined to Wiccan intellectuals.» — y su lectura del efecto, más exigente y menos embriagador que el de Starhawk, y por eso de impacto proporcionalmente más apagado.
«reviewed the whole history of European paganism using the best available scholarship and showed how culturally rich it was, and how ‘Neo-Paganism’ was a viable reaffirmation of it, while stating that the identification of the victims of the early modern witch trials as pagans had been a ‘false trail’, and that Margaret Murray had distorted her evidence.» — cuyo contenido él resume con precisión: riqueza cultural del paganismo europeo, neopaganismo como reafirmación viable, y la identificación de las víctimas de los procesos como pista falsa.
«Modern pagan witchcraft had, after all, appeared as a movement with a very specific historical claim, and sooner or later it had to make a relationship with current academic historiography in order to put itself into a more secure, and durable, perspective.» — explica por qué el encuentro con la historiografía era inevitable, porque ese movimiento apareció con un reclamo histórico muy específico.
«there is much in the annals of medieval and early modern culture that provides images and ideas which, detached from context, can inspire modern Pagans; but for a historian, that loss of context is crucial.» — señalando por qué eso no le sirve a un historiador, porque la pérdida de contexto es crucial.
«Revision of the traditional history of modern pagan witchcraft has much greater implications than the merely theoretical, because different senses of the past produce different forms of identity, and selfmodelling, in the present.» — y por qué la revisión importa más allá de lo teórico, porque distintos sentidos del pasado producen distintas formas de identidad en el presente.
«At a glance it should be obvious that these principles can also characterize not only every other variety of modern Paganism, but some varieties of Hindu and Shinto beliefs and many tribal religious systems.» — con la objeción que él mismo le hace: esos principios caracterizan también a otros paganismos, a variedades del hinduismo y el sintoísmo y a muchos sistemas tribales.
«The essence of religious experience in modern pagan witchcraft lies in the awakening or enhancement of powers within the participant, by contact with deity forms which may or may not be regarded as objectively real but are treated as though they are.» — Hutton sitúa la esencia de la experiencia religiosa de esa brujería en el despertar de potencias dentro del participante por contacto con formas divinas tratadas como si fueran reales.
«The third major characteristic which I would myself attribute to modern pagan witchcraft is that it is a mystery religion, or set of mystery religions.» — enuncia su tercer rasgo mayor de esa brujería, que es una religión mistérica o un conjunto de ellas.
«If the Judaeo-Christian tradition has depended on the proposition ‘this is how you should feel about the divine’, modern pagan witchcraft says ‘this is how you feel the divine; now work out what it means for yourself, if you wish.’» — y la fórmula con que contrasta las dos tradiciones, la judeocristiana diciendo cómo hay que sentir lo divino y esta diciendo así lo sientes, ahora averigua qué significa.
«Stark and Bainbridge may well, however, have hardened an orthodoxy: in 1985 J. Gordon Melton lumped ‘Witchcraft, Neopaganism and Magick’ together as ‘newer cults’ in his Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America (New York: Garland).» — y cómo la ortodoxia se endureció, con un manual de 1985 que metía a la brujería, el neopaganismo y la magia en un mismo saco de cultos nuevos.
«So-called “pagan studies” is a problematic field, which often seems more interested in developing (neo)pagan theology than conducting unbiased and critical scholarly investigation» — en nota al pie, Asprem y Granholm objetan al campo vecino de los pagan studies que atienda más a la teología neopagana que a la investigación.
«Religion is furiously present online, and, as several scholars have noted, esotericists – particularly neopagans – “are more active on the Internet than any other religious group» — el dato que los editores recogen para presentar el capítulo 8, de John L. Crow: los neopaganos como el grupo religioso más activo en Internet.
«In this context we also find the “first wave” of Germanic neopaganism – as a “folk-oriented” religiosity to replace universalistic Christianity – as well as examples of the racialism that would later find violent political expression in the regime of the National Socialist Party in the 1930s» — lo que los autores sitúan en ese mismo contexto, con su desenlace político nombrado.
«That occultists and neopagans are avid readers of works produced by scholars of esotericism is no secret, and we know historically that cultural knowledge produced or repackaged by academia, having received its official stamp of “quality goods” (with all its attendant commodity fetishism), tends to become a sought-after commodity in the more literate milieus of practitioners» — el mecanismo de mercado que los autores describen para el paso del saber académico al medio esotérico.
«As Harvey has pointed out, neopagans “are usually fully aware of the disjunctions between the past and the present”, and know very well that they are making a reconstruction based on scanty sources» — lo que Harvey sostiene sobre la consciencia histórica de los neopaganos, según Faxneld.
«The very fact that neopaganism is an invented tradition can also be considered part of its appeal, since people can then freely continue inventing» — y la vuelta de tuerca que Faxneld recoge: lo inventado es parte del atractivo.
«If neopagans have similar ideas as LaVey, as I suspect at least some of them do, the paradox is dissolved. The “willing suspension of disbelief” in the ritual context then becomes an instrument to make the rituals more effective» — cómo se disuelve esa paradoja, según Faxneld, con su grado de certeza dentro.
«In contrast, the Church of Satan’s disdain towards devil worshippers, neopagans and occultists is widely documented, even though LaVey frequently borrowed from them all» — la contradicción que Petersen consigna en la Church of Satan, sin armonizarla.
«Neither field is completely congruent with each other, but they do share a lot of discursive ground, most notably the focus on expressing or transforming the self and the eclectic use of ritualized practices such as magical work, art, music, poetry, or any combination of these» — lo que comparten el medio satánico y el neopagano, según Petersen.
«Both cyberspace and magical space are purely manifest in the imagination. … Both spaces are entirely constructed by your thoughts and beliefs» — lo que el programador y neopagano Mark Pesce le dice a Erik Davis, citado por Crow.
«Within neopaganism, the astral plane became fused with traditions claimed to trace back to ancient times» — cómo entra lo astral en el neopaganismo, según Crow.
«In fact, as Stef Aupers remarks, recent studies have found that neopagans are more active on the Internet than any other religious group» — el dato sobre los neopaganos en línea que Crow toma de Stef Aupers.
«Coming from a relatively new and individualistic religion, neopagans are not averse to religious experimentation and change. Indeed, they are willing to take traditional forms of practice and adapt them for online use» — por qué los neopaganos adaptan sus prácticas al medio, según Crow.
«One cybercoven, called Covenstead, consists of a massive digital campus with multiple parts, including a pub for drinking cyber-mead, dancing and playing trivia, a library with digital versions of magical and neopagan texts, a marketplace to purchase various virtual clothes and objects for use by the avatar, a large field for group meditation, a Stonehenge setting used for community ritual (complete with altar and central bonfire» — el inventario del cibercoven Covenstead que Crow describe.
«Scholars standardize and publicize knowledge about religion to such an extent that in some instances they can even be considered the founders of new religions. This is particularly true with regard to Theosophy, witchcraft, neopaganism, modern Western shamanism, and various New Age milieus» — y hasta dónde llega ese papel, según von Stuckrad.
«A key concern for the radical right is religious and cultural preservation and resurrection. These ideas are often directly coupled to esoteric notions and politicized neopaganism, as well as attacks against Christianity, which is perceived as being the cause of the decline and degeneration of the modern age and the attendant promulgation of its values of liberalism, capitalism and egalitarianism» — lo que la derecha radical busca en lo esotérico, según Senholt.
«The Anti-modern traditionalism of René Guénon and Julius Evola, influencing the Right since the early twentieth century 2) Völkisch and communitarian nationalism focusing on continental identity 3) Neopaganism as opposition to the Judaeo-Christian heritage, stressing the importance of “primordial European values” 4) Postmodernism, celebrating cultural pluralism as the new alternative after the breakdown of modernity’s totalizing structures 5) Scientism, focusing on life sciences, genetics, eugenics, and their ideological implications 6) Geopolitics, such as the ideas of Eurasianism promulgated by Alexandr Dugin16» — los seis elementos ideológicos de la Nueva Derecha que Senholt toma de Pierre Vial y Michael O'Meara; tramo largo releído entero en el crudo.
«According to the New Right, (neo)paganism is neither a cult phenomenon, involving religious practice, nor Christianity turned upside down. Rather, it has a positive and autonomous content» — cómo se define el neopaganismo de la Nueva Derecha, según Senholt.
«Most tellingly, there is the work of the Church of Deep Ecology, which openly embraces a neopagan form of nature worship in their efforts to evangelize Sessions’s interpretation of Deep Ecology» — y el caso de la Church of Deep Ecology.
«As far as Sessions’ is concerned, esoteric, New Age, Wiccan and neopagan discourses can be a part of Deep Ecology, but Deep Ecology is not to be mistaken as inherently related to any of these discourses» — cómo queda lo esotérico dentro de la definición de Sessions, según Greer.
«It is clear in Michael F. Strmiska and Baldur A. Sigurvinsson’s study of Icelandic and American Ásatrú that normative gender essentialism features in contemporary Nordic neopagan practices» — el esencialismo de género que Johnston documenta en el ásatrú; se corta antes de la llamada de nota.
«Neopaganism, although included in several earlier studies of the New Age,52 has developed into an increasingly distinctive movement that is often intensely critical of the New Age as understood here.» — por qué deja fuera el neopaganismo: se ha vuelto un movimiento cada vez más distintivo y a menudo muy crítico del New Age tal como aquí se lo entiende.
«In particular, she inspired a retired colonial civil E LEM Gardner (1884-1964), to set about ‘reviving’ (that is, a 8) her witchcraft religion: currently, Wicca is the largest and 5t popular of the modern Pagan religions in Britain and America,» — Letcher traza de Murray a Gerald Gardner la revivificación de la religión de las brujas, y sitúa a la wicca como la mayor de las religiones paganas modernas de Britania y América; el troceo pierde el arranque de un renglón
«The most dramatic expressions of gender-focused spirituality take place farther from the mainstream, in ecofemimst workshops, neopagan covens, Goddess seminars, men’s drumming groups, and, in smaller numbers, communities that experiment with nontraditional family arrangements and sexual practices.» — el censo de lo que Brown pone más lejos de la corriente principal: talleres ecofeministas, aquelarres neopaganos, seminarios de la Diosa y grupos de tambor de hombres; el troceo imprime ecofemimst.
«An anthropologist who worked closely with neopagan groups, some of which promote a militantly feminist spirituality, found that they celebrate what she calls “images of anger and destruc» — el contraste que Brown trae de otra investigadora sobre los grupos neopaganos, algunos de espiritualidad feminista militante, que celebrarían imágenes de ira y destrucción; el tramo se corta al cambiar de plana, donde ella las declara terapéuticas.
«In Celtic rituals and in the neo-pagan rituals of certain modern “witches cults” (Wicca) that are based upon these, following a fasting period of fourteen days50 (one fortnight), the oracular fumigation noted above was and is still carried out during the night of the full moon preceding the festival of Samhain» — el uso ritual contemporáneo que Rätsch consigna: en rituales celtas y en los ritos neopaganos de ciertos cultos de brujas modernos, que nombra Wicca, la fumigación oracular se hace tras catorce días de ayuno en la luna llena anterior a Samhain.
«neopagans and underground Druids continue to consume “liberty caps” (Psilocybe semilanceata) as a sacrament to invoke the elves» — el uso vivo que registra en las islas británicas: neopaganos y druidas clandestinos toman *Psilocybe semilanceata* como sacramento para invocar a los elfos.
«Another pagan custom that has come down to us is that of drinking on Samhein [November 1] a special tea brewed from the peeled-off skin of a fly agaric that was picked during the full moon» — la voz de Magister Botanicus que el libro cita sobre el uso neopagano vivo: en Samhain se bebe un té hecho con la piel pelada de una amanita cortada en luna llena.
«Today, Psilocybe cyanescens is used in Central Europe and North America in neo-pagan rituals.» — sigue la entrada, con un uso ritual de hoy que el volumen llama neopagano y no adscribe a ninguna tradición nombrada.
«There is difficulty too in labeling this social phenomenon a “movement,” as that term can imply something far more unified than the loosely aggregate affinities into which the so-called pastiche or cafeteria spiritualities of “new age” seekers, “neo”-Pagan devotees, Buddhist dabblers, and yoga practitioners (along with myriad other communities» — Objeta que llamar *movimiento* al fenómeno sugiere más unidad de la que hay entre las afinidades sueltas de buscadores *new age*, devotos neopaganos, aficionados al budismo y practicantes de yoga (el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana; la frase sigue en la 16 con *and spiritual ideologies) are usually, and sometimes uncharitably, lumped*)
«The no-vending policy distinguishes Burning Man from both commercial events like the neo-Woodstock concerts or the Coachella Music Festival, as well as from other so-called counterculture festivals such as the Rainbow Gathering and most contemporary Pagan festivals, at which many attendees fund their travels by selling food or arts and crafts.» — Usa esa prohibición como línea divisoria frente a los conciertos comerciales y también frente a otras fiestas contraculturales —el Rainbow Gathering, la mayoría de los festivales paganos contemporáneos— donde muchos costean el viaje vendiendo
«There is some general sympathy for alternative spiritualities and practices such as contemporary Paganism, along with other, more generic new age spiritualities and mysticisms, but very few people whom I encountered actively embrace or adopt specific practices or identities.» — Matiza ese cuadro: hay simpatía general por el paganismo contemporáneo y por misticismos *new age* genéricos, pero muy pocos de quienes trató adoptan prácticas o identidades concretas