The Great Introduction to the Science of the Judgments of the Stars

«known as Abu Ma'shar the astrologer, said: The reason that called us to write The Book of the Introduction to the Science of the Judgments of the Stars, is that I saw that the lovers of science aspire to the knowledge of things and the discovery of the sciences, and compiling them, so when that is prepared for them their desire is fulfilled: because the fulfillment of scholars' goals happens» — el arranque del capítulo I.1, en tercera persona y con la fórmula *dijo*: el motivo declarado para escribir es que los amantes de la ciencia aspiran al conocimiento de las cosas y a compilarlas

«This is the book which the famous astrologer Ja'far b. Muhammad b. Abi Ma'shar,3 of Balkh in Khurasan, wrote on the art of the introduction to the science of the judgments of the stars; and it is in eight Books, and in each Book we will state the number of its chapters.» — la obra se nombra a sí misma y nombra a su autor: Ja'far b. Muhammad b. Abi Ma'shar, de Balj en Jurasán, y anuncia los ocho libros. La grafía del nombre y el 3 de llamada a nota van tal cual los imprime el troceo

«In the name of God the Merciful, the Compassionate: Praise be to God Who created the heavens and the earth, and the wonders which are in them, and Who made the planets as embellishments and lamps, and appointed them as indicators and guidance to follow, and made the earth a resting place, and decreed its nourishment in it; and there is no God but God alone, He has no partner; and the praise of God be upon Muhammad the prophet, his slave and messenger, and upon his family» — la *basmala* y la doxología con que abre el libro: Dios hizo los planetas adorno y lámparas y los designó indicadores y guía. La frase sigue en la plana siguiente

«And we have found many books which [our] predecessors among the people of the profession of the stars wrote, but have not seen a book among them in which this profession is established by means of sufficient arguments, nor a [sufficient] beginning in what someone looking into this science needs.» — el estado de la cuestión que declara I.1, 2: hay muchos libros de los predecesores en la profesión de las estrellas, y ninguno donde la profesión quede establecida con argumentos suficientes

«And we have found that people have disagreed about the essence of judgments: for [some] people said that the power of the planets' motions have no effect in this world at all,4 while other people said that they have an effect in genera, species, and the four principles, but in no other thing.» — I.1, 3 enumera el desacuerdo sobre la esencia de los juicios: unos niegan todo efecto a los movimientos planetarios, otros lo limitan a géneros, especies y los cuatro principios

«And [some] people said that they have an effect in just the shifting of the season and its alteration,6 while other people said (within the torrent of differing statements) that they have an effect in everything in this world: and this is the teaching of the masters of the profession of the stars.» — I.1, 4 completa el reparto de posiciones: unos limitan el efecto al cambio de estación, otros lo extienden a todo, y esto último es lo que la obra adjudica a los maestros de la profesión

«Many people have thought that the judgments of the stars are something which people found by guesswork and estimation, without their having a sound basis to work on or measure against, and indeed that they have no explanation nor proof, nor defense against objections,7 and that all people among those of this profession follow the ancients of the old eras in all things of this science, and if one of the ancients had not set forth a prior statement on one of the topics, the scholars of this profession were unable to generate knowledge about that matter.» — I.1 enuncia la objeción a la que responde el libro entero: que los juicios de las estrellas se hallaron por conjetura y estimación, sin base ni prueba, y que sus practicantes solo repiten a los antiguos

«So we have written this book of ours on the establishing of judgments by sufficient arguments and proofs, and in it we have made clear the explanation of the conditions of the planets and signs, and their natures and conditions (both separately and in composite), according to the detailed examination which is needed in this book.» — y el propósito con que la responde: establecer los juicios por argumentos y pruebas suficientes, explicando las condiciones de planetas y signos por separado y en composición

«indeed, the knowledge there is of it, is not "found,"8 but its derivation is possible for scholars by means of the foundations of this profession.» — niega que el saber astrológico se haya *hallado*: sostiene que se deriva de los fundamentos de la profesión. La llamada a nota 8 va dentro del tramo

«And the wise needed to know the name of the author of the book, because when the reader is aware that the author of a book is knowledgeable in the doctrine of the book [and] sincere in talking about it, he will accept its teaching and be confident in the truth of what he reads.» — la tercera de las siete rúbricas —el nombre del autor— y la razón que le da: el lector confía en la enseñanza cuando sabe que quien la escribe la conoce y habla con sinceridad

«As for [6] which of the parts of this profession it belongs to, it is of the part of theory: and indeed in it there is something of the theoretical part which the follower of an introduction needs for the knowledge of judgments.» — la sexta rúbrica: el libro se adscribe a la parte teórica de la profesión, y da de ella lo que necesita quien sigue una introducción

«And indeed the book is divided into Books and Chapters, because when a book is understood [only] with difficulty but is then divided and rendered into parts, it is easier for the reader's comprehension, and more convenient for him.» — la razón didáctica de la partición en libros y capítulos: lo que se entiende con dificultad se entiende mejor dividido

«Now the earth is round, and the spheres are round [and] encompass it; the highest sphere rotates in its own right, and these [other] spheres and what is in them in terms of the planets [all] rotate about the earth by one rotation in a [single] day and night, from the east to the west.» — la cosmología que da por supuesta: tierra redonda, esferas redondas que la envuelven, y una rotación diaria de oriente a poniente

«And all of the higher bodies move in two motions: many of the spheres travel in a way that is in agreement with the course of the highest sphere, from east to west," while as for the planets, they travel from west to east,12 contrary to the course of the highest sphere.» — el doble movimiento: las esferas acompañan a la más alta de oriente a poniente y los planetas van de poniente a oriente, en contra

«Regarding the stars and their motion, there are two species of the science, wonderful to consider and great in value:» — abre la división de la ciencia de los astros en dos especies

«Now as for much of the quality [which is] evident [in] the science of the whole, it is discovered by direct observation; and what is not discovered by that observation is by inference from it, compelling [us] to accept it: because the indications and proofs of it are due to plain and clear reasons agreed upon in the science of calculation, geometry, and land-measurement which doubt does not enter into, and rational minds will not refrain from accepting, nor would one push away this science unless he stubbornly resists the truth.» — la primera especie, la ciencia del todo, se apoya en observación directa y, donde no alcanza, en inferencia por cálculo, geometría y medición de la tierra; y quien la rechace, dice, resiste tercamente a la verdad

«The first species, on the science of the stars (which is the science of the whole), is relied upon for information about the second species (which is the science of the judgments of the stars).» — la relación entre las dos especies: la ciencia del todo sirve de base informativa a la ciencia de los juicios

«As for most of the science of judgments, it is apparent, clear, and ready-to-hand; but what is not apparent in it is inferred by clear analogies from the science of the natures of things,14 and what is apparent from the powers of the planets' motions over this world at the time of their culmination15 over some places, and their distance from the earth (and their nearness to it).» — sostiene que la mayor parte de la ciencia de los juicios está a la vista, y que lo que no lo está se infiere por analogías claras tomadas de la ciencia de las naturalezas

«Of the apparent ones which the general public understands by their clear experience, is that they find the seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) existing by means of the Sun's shifting in the quarters of the [zodiacal] sphere; and they find that the natures alter and shift from one to another, and some of them are strong and some weak in the seasons, and in their agreement with [the seasons] and their being contrary to them.» — la primera analogía pública: las estaciones existen por el desplazamiento del Sol por los cuartos de la esfera

«For if the natures alter with the seasons, and the seasons alter by the Sun's shifting in the quarters of the sphere, then the shifting of the natures from one to another will therefore be by means of the Sun's shifting in the quarters of the sphere.» — y el silogismo que arma con ella: si las naturalezas cambian con las estaciones y las estaciones con el Sol, el cambio de las naturalezas se debe al Sol

«And that is like what we see at the beginning of the stirring of a man and the rest of the animals upon the Sun's reaching their east: for so long as the Sun is rising up to their Midheaven, their movement is in [a state of] increase and power; but when the Sun inclines away from the Midheaven, their motion weakens and decreases up to the setting of the Sun.» — el ejemplo diario: el hombre y los demás animales se agitan al llegar el Sol a su oriente

«Now when the Sun sets from them, it is night and bodies become still in it, and become tranquil and weaken, and they become relaxed for sleeping and quiet, and generally animals go to their homes and lairs.» — y su reverso nocturno: los cuerpos se aquietan y los animales vuelven a sus casas y guaridas

«As for plants, the effect of the Sun is apparent in them, because many of them appear, become strong, flourish, and increase upon the rising of the Sun: such as the fragrant herb which is called the nilufar,'6 the marigold, the mallow, and the leaves of the castor-oil plant, and many other things among vegetation which stir and flourish along with his motion.» — el mismo argumento en las plantas, que se fortalecen y crecen al salir el Sol

«As for minerals, precious stones are born in them in accordance with their nearness to the orbit of the Sun (or their distance from it), because when the Sun culminates over some place, there is heat; while when he moves away, there is cold.» — y en los minerales: las piedras preciosas se generan según la cercanía o lejanía de la órbita solar

«And an evident effect is also found for the Moon in many things, because the more that the Moon changes from condition to condition, many alterations take place in animals, plants, and minerals, and in the water of the sea, and in the falling of the sperm, the birthing of animals, and the inception of offspring and pollination: and that is in accordance with her increase in glow and her decrease in it, and the rest of the variation of her conditions.» — extiende el efecto evidente a la Luna, cuyos cambios de condición alteran animales, plantas y minerales

«For if there were no partnership of the planets with them, no summer would be hotter than another, nor one winter colder than another.» — el argumento por el que introduce a los demás planetas: sin su participación ningún verano sería más caliente que otro ni ningún invierno más frío

«But as for people with prior experience and whose days and years are long in it, they have learned some of that from their predecessors; but when they drew analogies from these evident matters which they found of the activity of the planets in the seasons and these natures in terms of alteration, they knew recondite and subtle things from them.» — distingue al público general de quienes tienen larga experiencia y, sacando analogías de lo evidente, llegaron a lo recóndito y sutil

«As for sowers, they know the time in which sowing is better for plants greater for profit and growth, so they sow in that time.» — el primer oficio de la lista: los sembradores conocen el tiempo en que la siembra rinde más

«And sailors and the managers of ships understand the time in which the sea is stirred up due to the blowing of winds, and waves, and the time in which it is calm, and at which time of the year every wind blows: so they refrain from sailing the sea during a time when they know that the sea is disturbed by bad winds and waves, and sail it during times of the year when they know that the wind will be with them and not harming them.» — el segundo: marinos y patrones de nave conocen cuándo se levanta y cuándo se calma el mar

«They report that they know it by long examination and their experience in the divisions of the year and its conditions, and the course of the Sun and Moon, and the Moon's being in any of the 28 mansions, and from the Moon's increase and decrease in glow, and from the planets' easternization and westernization in that time.» — y la fuente de ese saber, según ellos mismos: examen largo y experiencia del curso del Sol y de la Luna. La obra lo consigna en boca ajena, con *they report*

«Likewise, the people of all crafts: for in their crafts they have subtle things they know by long experience and do not make mistakes in it, and they say that the reasons by which they know these things, is by their long experience in the alterations of the air, its variation, and the mansions1' of the Sun and Moon.» — generaliza el argumento a todos los oficios: lo que saben por larga experiencia lo remiten al Sol y a la Luna

«And people do also perceive many things by experience, apart from the indications of the stars.» — concede el límite del argumento: también se percibe mucho por experiencia al margen de las indicaciones de los astros

«And that is like midwives, for they understand by experience whether a woman is pregnant or not, and [whether] the fetus is male or female; and they also understand from a first-born child whether the woman will give birth after that or not, and the number she will give birth to: and their errors are few in what they report about these things due to the length of their experience and the abundance of what they have heard from the ancestors who had experienced these things from ancient times.» — el ejemplo de las parteras, que conocen por experiencia el embarazo y el sexo del feto

«So as for their knowledge of whether a woman is pregnant or not, they looked at the woman whom they suspect to be pregnant, and if they saw the tips of her breasts to have expanded and changed from the color which they had, she was pregnant.» — el primer signo que les atribuye, tomado de los pechos

«And what they also drew inferences from about a pregnant woman, was looking at the eyes of that woman: for if they saw they were sunken, and droopiness in her eyelids, and they saw she was sharp of gaze, with clear, full pupils, the white of the eye thick, they knew that she was pregnant.» — el segundo, tomado de los ojos y los párpados

«As for their knowledge of masculinity and femininity, they looked at the woman's belly: if they saw it full, round, and coarse, with firmness in it,18 and they saw her having a clear color,19 they knew that the fetus was male.» — el signo del vientre para el sexo masculino

«Then after that they looked at the tips of her breasts: for if they had changed to black, they knew that the fetus was female; while if they had changed to red, they knew that the fetus was male22—except that this indication by itself is sometimes misleading from woman to woman.» — el signo del color de los pechos, y su límite: la obra consigna que varía de mujer a mujer

«And if they saw two crowns on its head, they knew that she would give to two boys in a single belly after that.» — el signo de las dos coronillas para el parto doble

«For when the one born falls upon the earth, in the length of its umbilical cord are lumps and knots: so they saw how many lumps and knots there were, and said that that woman would give birth to as many individual children as there were lumps and knots in the length of that cord.» — los nudos del cordón umbilical como cuenta de los hijos por venir

«As for doctors, they know what occurs in the seasons of the year in people's bodies, with respect to the dominance of the heating, cooling, moistening, or drying.» — pasa a los médicos, que conocen el dominio de calentar, enfriar, humedecer o secar según la estación

«by Abu Ma'shar The Complete Edition from Arabic Transl ated &Edit ed by Benja min N, Dykes, PhD The Cazimi Press Minneapolis; Minnesota 2020» — la portada interior, con el pie de imprenta y el año: es de donde sale la fecha del encabezado, porque el troceo no trae página de derechos. El OCR parte las palabras —*Transl ated &Edit ed*, *Benja min N, Dykes*— y así se citan

«Abu Ma'shar s famous Great Introduction to traditional astrology was a major influence on medieval astrologers through its Latin versions, and is available and explained to modem audiences in this new translation from the Arabic original.» — [solapa editorial] enuncia la posición que la editorial reclama para el libro: influencia sobre los astrólogos medievales por sus versiones latinas, y traducción nueva desde el árabe. Es texto de solapa, no voz de la obra ni del traductor

«Written in the early 800s during the Golden Age of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad, the Great Introduction falls into two parts.» — [solapa editorial] data la composición en los primeros años del siglo IX, en la Bagdad abasí, y anuncia la partición en dos mitades

«Books I-IV present a theory of astrology and its primary concepts in the language ofAristotelian philosophy, including a lengthy defense of astrology.» — [solapa editorial] describe la primera mitad: teoría y conceptos primarios en lengua aristotélica, con una defensa extensa de la astrología. El troceo imprime *ofAristotelian* sin separar

«Books V-VIII contain numerous lists and descriptions of sign categories, planetary conditions, and planetary configurations.» — [solapa editorial] describe la segunda mitad como listas y descripciones de categorías de signos, condiciones y configuraciones planetarias

«Book VII describes how to judge elemental combinations in planetary conjunctions, and Book VIII contains Abu Ma'shar's classic list of Lots and how to interpret them.» — [solapa editorial] singulariza el libro VII, sobre las combinaciones elementales en las conjunciones, y el VIII, con la lista de *Lots*

«The Great Introduction is a landmark in astrological history, and is a must-have for practitioners and historians.» — [solapa editorial] cierra con la fórmula de venta: hito y libro imprescindible. Se consigna como reclamo editorial, no como juicio de la obra

«DR. BENJAMIN DYKES is a leading traditional astrologer and translator who earned his PhD in philosophy from the University of Illinois. In 2007 he published the complete Book of Astronomy by Guido Bonatti. Since 2009 he has released numerous translations from Latin and Arabic, including natal, mundane, electional, and horary woiks, as well as the introductory manual TraditionalAstrologyfor Today. He offers lectures on MP3 for astrologers and speaks to astrology groups worldwide.» — [solapa de autor] los datos biográficos del traductor: doctorado en filosofía por la Universidad de Illinois, el Book of Astronomy de Guido Bonatti en 2007 y traducciones del latín y del árabe desde 2009. El troceo imprime *woiks* por *works* y pega *TraditionalAstrologyfor Today*

«I would like to thank the following friends and colleagues, in alphabetical order: Steven Birchfield, Chris Brennan, Margherita Fiorello, Philip Graves, and Sharon Knight.» — [Dykes] nombra a quienes agradece la ayuda en la edición

«Anth. Valens, Anthology Aphorisms Sahl, The Fifty Aphorisms (in ASB1) ASB1 Sahl, The Astrology of Sahl b. Bishr Volume I AW1 Dykes, Astrology of the World, Volume I AW2 Dykes, Astrology of the World, Volume II BA The Book of Aristotle {in PNl) Carmen Dorotheus, Carmen Astrologicum» — [Dykes] la primera mitad de la tabla de abreviaturas: el aparato remite a Valente, a Sahl b. Bishr, a Doroteo y a tres traducciones propias del editor. El troceo imprime *PNl* con ele por uno y abre con llave en *{in PNl)*

«Heph. Hephaistion of Thebes, Apotelesmatika Mil Introduction Sahl, The Introduction, (in ASB1) ITA Dykes, Introductions to Traditional Astrology Mathesis Firmicus Matemus, Mathesis Nativities Sahl b. Bishr, On Nativities (in ASB1) PNl - PN3 Dykes, Persian Nativities Vols. I - III Abu Ma'shar, On the Revolutions of the Years of Nativities (= Persian Nativities IV) Questions Sahl b. Bishr, On Questions (in ASB1) TBN 'Umar al-Tabari, Three Books on Nativities (in PN2) Tet. Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos» — [Dykes] la segunda mitad de la misma tabla: Hefestión de Tebas, Fírmico Materno, 'Umar al-Tabari y el Tetrabiblos de Ptolomeo, más las Persian Nativities del propio editor. Es el corpus de referencia contra el que anota la traducción

«Figure 5: Hermes-Agathodaimon passages in Gr. Intr 28 Figure 6: Special Arabic terminology in Ch. VI.3 32» — [Dykes] dos entradas de la tabla de figuras que declaran dos frentes propios del aparato: los pasajes de Hermes y Agathodaimon dentro de la obra, y la terminología árabe del capítulo VI.3

«The other is a work on political and historical astrology, The Book of Religions and Dynasties, also known from the Latin version as On the Great» — [Dykes] nombra la otra obra célebre del autor, sobre astrología política e histórica, conocida en latín como De magnis coniunctionibus; el título se corta en el salto de plana

«It was published in manuscript and printed editions, before disappearing from the astrological scene along with most other traditional works.» — [Dykes] relata la desaparición del texto de la escena astrológica junto con casi toda la tradición

«In 1995 an American scholar, Richard Lemay, published critical editions of both the Arabic and Latin versions but without translating them.» — [Dykes] fecha en 1995 las ediciones críticas de Lemay, del árabe y del latín, sin traducción

«In 2019 Charles Burnett and Keiji Yamamoto (here abbreviated as BY) published their critical edition of the Arabic, along with an English translation.» — [Dykes] fecha en 2019 la edición crítica del árabe de Burnett y Yamamoto, con traducción inglesa

«Since they had access to more Arabic manuscripts than Lemay did, they could be more certain about correct readings; I generally follow them where they and Lemay disagree.» — [Dykes] declara su criterio editorial ante el desacuerdo entre las dos ediciones críticas: sigue a Burnett y Yamamoto por su acceso a más manuscritos

«Throughout I have added numerous footnotes, cross-references, tables, and diagrams, to explain what Abu Ma'shar wants to do in his Great Introduction.» — [Dykes] enumera lo que añade de su mano: notas al pie, remisiones, tablas y diagramas

«He was active during most of the 9l,, Century, during the "golden age" of the 'Abbasid Caliphate, and for a variety of reasons attracted both acclaim and criticism.» — [Dykes] sitúa la actividad del autor en el siglo IX, en la llamada edad de oro abasí, y consigna que recibió a la vez aclamación y crítica. El troceo imprime el ordinal como *9l,,*

«What I want to emphasize here is that the Gr. Intr. was probably his first major foray into astrological writing.» — [Dykes] sostiene, con *probably*, que esta obra fue la primera incursión mayor del autor en la escritura astrológica

«As the story goes, Abu Ma'shar had been a religious and philosophical scholar before being introduced to astrology by al-Kindi, a major philosophical figure in Baghdad in the 800s.» — [Dykes] repite el relato de la conversión a la astrología por al-Kindi, y lo marca como relato con la fórmula *as the story goes*

«Taken together, the eight books of Gr. Intr. are a major contribution to theoretical astrology.» — [Dykes] valora los ocho libros como aportación mayor a la astrología teórica

«Agathodaimon ("Good Spirit"), who according to some traditions is the father of Hermes Trismegistus; his views are put into the mouth of Hermes in many places in Gr. Intr.» — [Dykes] abre la lista de fuentes seguras del autor por Agathodaimon, padre de Hermes Trismegisto según algunas tradiciones, cuyas opiniones el libro pone en boca de Hermes

«Al-Andarzaghar (active perhaps 650 AD?), a Persian astrologer whom I have argued wrote the Arabic original of the later Book of Aristotle, which Sahl quotes extensively in his Nativities.» — [Dykes] adjudica a al-Andarzaghar el original árabe del llamado Book of Aristotle, y lo declara argumentación suya

«Antiochus (perhaps ls,-2nd Centuries AD), an astrologer whose work on astrological principles is known today only in summary and by later quotation (see Schmidt 2009).» — [Dykes] consigna a Antíoco entre las fuentes, conocido hoy solo por resumen y cita posterior. El troceo imprime el ordinal como *ls,*

«According to Gutas,' Arabic translations of most of these works were not available until the middle of the 9lh Century.» — [Dykes] apoya en Gutas la fecha de disponibilidad de las traducciones árabes de Aristóteles

«I suspect that the works of someone like Alexander of Aphrodisias, an Aristotelian commentator of the 2nd-3td Centuries AD, might have been involved.» — [Dykes] conjetura, con *I suspect*, la mediación de un comentarista como Alejandro de Afrodisias. Lectura restituida: el impreso parte el rango de siglos *2nd-3td* en el salto de renglón, y el ordinal ya viene corrompido por el OCR

«It has been attributed to a Persian vizier named Buzurjmihr (ca. 500 - 580 AD).» — [Dykes] consigna la atribución del Bizidaj a un visir persa, en pasiva y sin hacerla suya

«If so, then adding 1,160 years to Alexander's epoch gives us about 830 AD (-330 + 1,160 = 830).» — [Dykes] hace la cuenta de la que sale la datación: el año 1160 de la era de Alejandro equivale a 830 d.C.

«It may seem strange that he uses the Alexander calendar, but he must be doing it right because this is the correct era for Abu Ma'shar's life, and for the known Arabic translations of the Almagest which he would have worked from.» — [Dykes] defiende el uso del calendario de Alejandro como correcto para la vida del autor y para las traducciones árabes del Almagesto

«If we allow for scribal errors, the positions are on average about 10° 30' greater than those in Ptolemy's Almagest.» — [Dykes] mide la precesión aplicada: unos 10° 30' de más sobre las posiciones del Almagesto, admitiendo error de copista

«Since Abu Ma'shar uses Ptolemy's incorrect precession rate of lo/100y, this amount equals 1,050 years (10.5° * 100 = 1,050).» — [Dykes] deriva de la tasa de precesión ptolemaica de un grado por siglo el intervalo de 1050 años. El troceo imprime la tasa como *lo/100y*

«The consequences of this error are important: not only was Abu Ma'shar using the wrong rate of precession, but adding it four centuries too early.» — [Dykes] enuncia las dos consecuencias que atribuye al desfase: tasa de precesión equivocada y punto de partida cuatro siglos anterior

«I am pleased to present my translation of the complete Arabic edition of one of Abu Ma'shar's two most celebrated works, The Great Introduction to the Science of the Judgments of the Stars, or the Great Introduction» — [Dykes] presenta el volumen como su traducción de la edición árabe completa, y da el título abreviado con que citará la obra

«We can associate this view generally with Ptolemy.» — [Dykes] adjudica a Ptolomeo la posición de causalidad directa de los planetas, dentro de su cuadro de posiciones

«We can associate this view broadly with the Stoics.» — [Dykes] adjudica a los estoicos la posición contraria, la de los planetas como signos y no como causas

«Abu Ma'shar summarizes this neatly in III.2,4-14, where he points out that celestial activities and patterns "indicate something even though they are not that thing."» — [Dykes] remite a III.2, 4-14 y cita la fórmula de la obra: lo celeste indica algo sin ser esa cosa

«Abu Ma'shar does not fully answer the question, and perhaps he thinks it's a matter of for metaphysicians.» — [Dykes] consigna la abstención del autor ante la cuestión metafísica de cómo un signo indica lo que no es. El troceo imprime *a matter of for metaphysicians*, con palabra perdida

«If we contrast it with astronomy, astrology depends on astronomy but takes astronomical measurements further and describes what they mean, in the form of astrological judgments about earthly events.» — [Dykes] sitúa la astrología sobre la astronomía: depende de sus medidas y añade lo que significan, en forma de juicios sobre lo terrestre

«Astrology also compares favorably to medicine, for doctors monitor, predict, and manage health and disease through their knowledge of changes in "natures" (i.e., physical changes); but astrologers go a step further by studying the planets whose motions cause those natural changes.» — [Dykes] reconstruye la comparación con la medicina: el médico maneja los cambios de las *natures*, el astrólogo estudia los movimientos que los causan