TRADICIÓN
Antroposofía
La palabra es más vieja que el movimiento que hoy la lleva, y las obras del corpus lo dicen sin que ninguna lo discuta. Erik Hornung abre su capítulo retrocediendo tres siglos: «We find mention of theosophy and anthroposophy as early as the sixteenth century. Jakob Bohme in particular has been designated a theosophist, but there were also Franz Xaver von Baader (1765-1841) and others.» «Hornung — The Secret Lore of Egypt (2001) · p. 155», y acota en seguida cuál de las dos antroposofías le ocupa: «As early as 1783, a Theosophical Society was founded in London; it was influenced by another theosophist, the Swedish "ghost-seer" Em¬ manuel Swedenborg. Here, however, we shall concern ourselves with its later successor and with the anthroposophy of Rudolf Steiner (not that of Robert Fludd) that emerged from it.» «Hornung — The Secret Lore of Egypt (2001) · p. 155». Cees Leijenhorst da los usos decimonónicos del título en el diccionario de Wouter Hanegraaff: «In the r9th century the title was used by, among others, the philosopher Immanuel Hermann Fichte (17971879), son of the famous Johann Gottlob Fichte, and Robert Zimmermann (1824-1898), professor of philosophy at the university of Vienna.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 114». El corpus conserva además el uso más antiguo de todos en su propio impreso, el primer tratado que Thomas Vaughan publicó en 1650: «ANTHROPOSOPHIA THEOMAGICA, OR A DISCOURSE OF THE NATURE OF MAN AND HIS STATE AFTER DEATH» «Vaughan — The Works of Thomas Vaughan, ed. Waite (1919) · p. 61», que Mary Anne Atwood inventaría dos siglos después como «They are as follows: Magia Adamica, or the Antiquity of Magic; whereto is added, A Discovery of the Coelum Terrae, or Magician’s Heavenly Chaos; Anthroposophia Theomagica, a discourse on the nature of man grounded on the protochemistry of Hermes, and verified by a practical examination of principles;» «Atwood — A Suggestive Inquiry into the Hermetic Mystery (1850) · p. 47». Y Helena Blavatsky escribe todavía, sin relación con Steiner, de una clave humana «This is the meaning when the allegory and symbol are opened and read by means of the human key, or the key to Terrestrial Anthroposophy.» «Blavatsky — Essential Works (siete obras reunidas, 1877–1892) · p. 2879». De esa palabra disponible se apropia uno: «Steiner used the term to refer to his own esoteric doctrine, as distinguished from the older theosophy of the > Theosophical Society with which he broke in 1913.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 114».
Lo que la tradición dice de sí misma llega al corpus por boca ajena, y va con el nombre de quien la recogió. Leijenhorst cita dos definiciones del propio Steiner: «According to one of the definitions that Steiner has given of anthroposophy, it is ‘a path of knowledge that connects the spiritual in man with the spiritual in the cosmos’.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 114», y el deslinde que las acompaña, «Steiner claimed that anthroposophy is not a matter of revealed religious doctrine, but of ‘spiritual science’ that one has to develop oneself:» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 114», porque «it does not teach ‘the wisdom of man’ but tries to awaken the ‘consciousness of one’s own humanity’» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 114». Lo que Steiner declara como origen de todo ello es una facultad propia: «According to Steiner himself, all the doctrines discussed so far are the outcome of independent spiritual research, based on his innate clairvoyant capacities.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 120». El nombre que él le da al conjunto lo consigna el mismo firmante: «Steiner calls anthroposophy “Michaelic”, referring to Michael’s apocalyptic battle with the dragon.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 117». Olav Hammer entrecomilla a un antropósofo de hoy que repite la fórmula en presente: «One of the foremost present-day anthroposophists remarks that anthroposophy “contains no dogmas or other doctrines that cannot be reached by rational means. Nor is it a philosophical system that somebody has thought out. Anthroposophy is a path to knowledge”.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 518», y resume qué es la ciencia espiritual para quien está dentro: «For the anthroposophist, spiritual science is as inexorably logical as the natural sciences.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 518». Los textos que sostienen esa voz son de un solo hombre, y Hammer lo dice al describir su propio aparato: «The cosmological myths of anthroposophy are in no way less complex or detailed than those of theosophy. Since the central movement texts of anthroposophy are the writings of Rudolf Steiner, his views are authoritative.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 362», «The following description is taken from three of Steiner’s texts that deal particularly with the question of method, and that have achieved near-canonical status within the anthroposophic community: Theosophy, Outline of Esoteric Science, and How to Know Higher Worlds.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 445», con la lista que la comunidad recomienda, «The first category consist of books recommended by anthroposophists as introductions to his works. These are Die Philosophie der Freiheit, Theosophie, Wie erlangt man Erkentnisse der höheren Welten?, Umriss der Geheimwissenschaft and Mein Lebensgang.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 531», y en las traducciones que ella misma autoriza, «These have English translations, sometimes under several different titles, authorized by the Anthroposophical Society, and it is from these translations that quotes are taken.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 531».
La escisión de la Sociedad Teosófica está fechada por todos en 1913 y contada con verbos que no son el mismo, y esta ficha no los unifica. El punto de partida es común: «Together with his later second wife Marie von Sivers (1867-1948), Steiner became the leader of the German Section of the Theosophical Society in 1902, the year in which he also publicly announced himself to be a theosophist.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 512», y en esos años, dice Hammer, se escribe lo que después se tendrá por fundamental, «The theosophical years from 1902 to 1913 were particularly productive. Several books that are considered fundamental to anthroposophy were written during this period, particularly Theosophie (1904), Wie erlangt man Erkentnisse der höheren Welten (1904) and Die Geheimwissenschaft im Umriss (1910).» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 86». Hammer dice expulsión: «A break came in early 1913, when Steiner was expelled from the Theosophical Society, formed the Anthroposophical Society and was followed by the majority of German theosophists.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 86». Leijenhorst dice ruptura, en dos sitios del diccionario: «Steiner used the term to refer to his own esoteric doctrine, as distinguished from the older theosophy of the > Theosophical Society with which he broke in 1913.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 114» y «Especially since the break with the Theosophical Society in 1913, anthroposophy and the later Anthroposophical Society have had a strongly - though not exclusively - Middle European, German-speaking character.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 121». Antoine Faivre no dice ni una cosa ni otra, sino deslinde deliberado: «Steiner called his system "Anthroposophy" to distinguish it from the teaching of the Theosophical Society, and gave that name to the Society he founded in 1913 (the Anthroposophische Gesellschaft).» «Faivre — Access to Western Esotericism (1994) · p. 101». Hammer cuenta además la escisión por el lado de quienes se fueron: «German branch that followed Rudolf Steiner into a new organization, the Anthroposophical Society;205 and the controversies that led to the expulsion of Alice Bailey from the TS.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 438». Lo que sí coincide en las tres voces es el cambio de vocabulario que siguió: «After the break, Steiner came to consistently refer to his own esotericism as “anthroposophy”, and increasingly used his own terminology instead of the old theosophical vocabulary, which was also deleted from the new editions of works such as 1090 Theosophy and Knowledge of the Higher Worlds.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 514». De ahí en adelante, la crónica institucional: «The Anthroposophic Society, which in 1923 became the Allgemeine Anthroposophische Gesellschaft, has maintained an intense activity that its founder's death did not diminish. As before, Dornach remains a place of rich culture and an illustrious center favored by the success of Steiner schools for children. (The first Freie Waldorfschule was established at Stuttgart in 1919.)» «Faivre — Access to Western Esotericism (1994) · p. 114», con las aplicaciones que Hammer enumera hasta la muerte del fundador, «Anthroposophical teachings have been applied to fields such as education (Waldorf schools), medicine, art (especially eurythmics) and agriculture (biodynamic farming). Steiner died on March 30, 1925.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 86», y el dato con que Hornung la distingue de sus vecinas, «sory for all esoteric groups, was officially abolished in 1923, creating a marked distinction from other esoteric circles.» «Hornung — The Secret Lore of Egypt (2001) · p. 165».
El edificio es la parte de la tradición que las obras describen con más acuerdo. Faivre lo pone del lado del arte total: «Esotericism, however, is explicit in the architectual undertakings of Rudolf Steiner who, like Wagner in Bayreuth, created a Gesamtkunstwerk ("total artistic work," a very Germanic idea) in Dornach (in the vicinity of Basel). Construction of the building, the Goetheanum, began in 1913.» «Faivre — Access to Western Esotericism (1994) · p. 104». Hornung lo data en el mismo año que la Sociedad: «thereafter, an Anthroposophical Society was founded by Rudolf Steiner and his followers; in the same year, they began the construction of the first Goetheanum in Dornach.» «Hornung — The Secret Lore of Egypt (2001) · p. 159». Leijenhorst consigna su final: «On New Year’s Eve 1922/1923 the Goetheanum was set on fire and completely destroyed.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 515». Stephen Skinner sigue la línea formal hasta Goethe: «of plants and animals that he referred to Goethe as ‘the Galileo of the organic.’ He also applied Goethe’s ideas of metamorphosis to art and architecture, copying the dynamics of form visible in all living organisms, whereby an orderly and cyclic transformation can be traced from seed to calyx to blossom to fruit (and back to seed again). These, together with Goethe’s theory of color, hada deep impact on Steiner’s later life and his anthroposophic architectural theories.» «Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 143», y mide lo que salió de ahí: «His two Goetheanums were dramatic buildings illustrative of this new style. Such architecture has now grown into an international ‘organic’ movement, with examples in Europe, USA and Australia.» «Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 143», con el edificio puesto en una serie que llega hasta hoy, «Organic forms inspired architecture, such as Antonio Gaudi’s cathedral in Barcelona, as well as artistic styles such as art nouveau and surrealism. They culminated in the complex geometry of structures, such as the Goetheanum in Switzerland and the Sydney Opera House, where culture has to an extent replaced religion as the patron of sacred geometry.» «Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006) · p. 14». Hornung recuerda además lo que se dijo dentro de esas paredes: «Even the modern myth of the "curse of the pharaohs" entered into this belief: according to Steiner, there was always a "poisoned atmosphere" surrounding a mummy, for it was implanted with a threat through the power of words, a threat that remains effective to this day and kills people who come into contact with Egyptian mummies and tombs. Steiner delivered this explanation to the staff of the Goetheanum in Dornach in 1924, shortly after the discovery of Tutankhamun's treasure and the death of the Earl of Carnarvon.» «Hornung — The Secret Lore of Egypt (2001) · p. 164». Y Leijenhorst describe el Dornach de ahora: «In recent years, the Anthroposophical Society and Movement have had a wider international expansion, with more room for English-language conferences at the Society’s headquarters in Dornach, Switzerland, official publications in English and a stronger presence in North- and South America and Asia.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 121».
La ciencia espiritual es el punto en que la voz de dentro y el estudio que la examina dicen lo contrario, y los dos van enteros. Hammer marca primero el contraste con la teosofía: «Whereas theosophy is clearly articulated against the backdrop of a general belief in evolution, anthroposophy constructs its scientism from partly different premises.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 247», y nombra los dos focos que le encuentra: «Secondly, and addressed more closely in chapter 6, anthroposophy has an overtly formulated epistemology, which claims rational status for its visionary means of attaining knowledge.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 247», con la consecuencia que saca, «Since anthroposophical, visionary knowledge is not only claimed to be built on rational foundations, but is also, in the terms of a central Steinerian work, “knowledge of higher worlds”,93 science in the ordinary sense of the term is necessarily construed as a lower form of knowledge.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 248». Su juicio comparativo es el más fuerte del libro: «Anthroposophy carries scientism to lengths unparalleled in any other Esoteric position.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 249». Enumera los campos: «Due to the more spiritually based form of knowledge afforded by the anthroposophical imaginative process, Steiner felt competent to present his views on the most diverse subjects: matters normally defined as belonging to the domain of science, yet made immune to scientific critique because of Steiner’s radical dichotomy—agronomy, chemistry, pharmacology, physiology, anatomy, developmental psychology, astronomy, physics etc.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 249», describe en qué consiste la medicina, «Thus, anthroposophical medicine represents a complete reformulation of physiology and pharmacology from the standpoint of a theory of man and nature that encompasses non-material factors: spiritual forces, normally invisible components of the self, spiritual beings.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 249», y cuáles siguen practicándose, «Of these spiritualized sciences, anthroposophical medicine and agriculture continue to be widely practiced among his followers.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 249», con el terreno en que se defienden, «Criticism of the applications of mainstream sciences is commonly formulated in ethical or moral terms: anthroposophical (i.e. biodynamic) agriculture is to be preferred, not primarily because it is based on a better or more spiritual science, but because it treats the earth, crops and animals better than does conventional agriculture.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 249». Su balance entre las posiciones posteosóficas: «With the exception of anthroposophy, few post-theosophical positions unambiguously construe themselves as scientific enterprises.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 259», y el modo de argumento que aísla, «Yet another mode of scientism consists in the claims that one’s theories are logical or rational, i.e. in the way that Steiner explains that anthroposophy is logical because geometry is logical, or Lewis writes that astrology is rational inter alia because it can be subjected to statistical calculations.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 265». De ahí saca el precio que la pretensión tiene: «The first point of controversy centers on the truth claims of anthroposophy. Steiner’s insistence that he presented an objective spiritual science renders anthroposophy wide open to critique.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 448», y lo lleva al presente, «The truth claims of anthroposophy remain controversial to this day. Thus, on the Internet, there are discussions on the empirical evidence for and against Waldorf pedagogy, anthroposophical medicine or biodynamic farming.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 449», con lo que sigue en pie, «Suffice it to say that to this day, Steiner’s Geisteswissenschaft continues to inspire researchers with an allegiance to anthroposophy to experimentally study and defend even the most unorthodox of Steiner’s claims.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 250». Sobre el método da la doble lectura sin ocultar cuál es la suya: «detail in several of his works.226 From an anthroposophical perspective, they afford the adept a reliable discovery procedure. From a sociocognitive perspective, Steiner’s method primes the adept to generate experiences matching the pre-established anthroposophical norm.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 445», y el fin que le ve, «The implicit goal of the anthroposophical path to knowledge is to reproduce the doctrinal statements already presented by Steiner.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 440», junto con los dos frenos que describe, «However, there are, in fact, two counteracting strategies at work. Firstly, no follower of Steiner has been deemed by the various local anthroposophical societies to have attained the same mastery of the methods of spiritual exploration.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 362» y «Not even if one follows the anthroposophical method of attaining “knowledge of the higher worlds” (see the section on second-person narratives below), can one guarantee that one’s experiences will be the same as Steiner’s, although anthroposophists have strong apologetic reasons for making such a claim.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 370». Le reconoce con todo un aparato propio: «However, the discursive mechanisms of anthroposophy are considerably more elaborate and subtle. Steiner, a doctor of philosophy, constructed his own epistemology.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 497», y advierte contra leerla como resto: «Considering the strongly pre-modern flavor of many of Steiner’s claims, it should be remembered that anthroposophy is not merely an isolated “survival” in an otherwise disenchanted world.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 518». La parte contraria queda dicha con la misma extensión: «As an example, few modern revelations draw on as many and as diverse sources as Rudolf Steiner’s anthroposophy. Nevertheless, his followers adamantly insist that his entire teachings are perfectly consistent and have sprung directly from Steiner’s spiritual insights.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 32», «Anthroposophists will admit in theory that Steiner’s clairvoyant faculties were not infallible. In practice, however, anthroposophy is clearly based on the assumption that Steiner revealed a scientifically accurate as well as objectively true picture of spiritual realities.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 398», «Steiner writes extensively on karma, often in terms that make it less than obvious how he wishes to be understood. Although anthroposophists claim that his work is free from contradictions, it is hard to see how to reconcile claims that karma stemming from a given action always has its effects (zurückschlagende Wirkung) on the individual himself 73 with claims that other individuals or groups can take over karmic effects.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 500» y «Not only did Steiner access the Akashic record, he also gave detailed instructions for would-be followers on the path of anthroposophical knowledge.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 440».
De dónde viene la doctrina es lo que más se disputa, y las voces no coinciden. Hammer da un inventario de fuentes: «Rudolf Steiner’s worldview is composed of elements from the most disparate sources. His epistemology is influenced by German idealism, especially Fichte. His doctrines combine Christian mysticism, rosicrucian esotericism, Goethean science and, perhaps most importantly, a substantial theosophical element, with a generous dose of personal creativity.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 86», y el juicio que le corresponde desde su propia perspectiva, «From an analytical (etic) perspective, many of the details of anthroposophical doctrine are directly borrowed from second-generation theosophy.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 441», con el caso que declara instructivo, «The contrast between Leadbeater and Steiner is instructive. Sections of Steiner’s anthroposophy seem directly taken from the pages of Leadbeater’s writings.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 497». Leijenhorst reparte la raíz de otro modo: «Steiner’s thought plunges its threefold roots into Early Rosicrucian literature, German Romantic Naturphilosophie, and the Theosophical Society of Mme Blavatsky, more than into the theosophical current proper.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 299», y le sigue la línea rosacruz desde el herbolario de la juventud, «Kogutzki transmitted to Steiner a non-academic, traditional and spiritual knowledge of nature, which the latter would later refer to as the last vestiges of Rosicrucian wisdom [- Rosicrucianism].» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 508», hasta la lectura de Goethe, «Thus, the transition from Idealist philosopher to esoteric teacher was marked by a discussion of Goethe, who, according to Steiner, not only stood on an Idealist basis, but was also profoundly influenced by the alchemical-Rosicrucian tradition.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 511», y el lugar que Steiner da a Rosencreutz, «According to Steiner, Rosencreutz is the leading Master of the modern West, who will help us find the etheric Christ.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 514». De la masonería consigna distancia y no filiación: «Likewise, Steiner’s relation to > Freemasonry was a rather loose one, and during the First World War Steiner even publicly accused Anglo-American masonic lodges from manipulating politics in order to gain world dominance.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 513», y de la Golden Dawn, una negativa expresa del propio Steiner: «Steiner later denied, in a conversation with A.E. Waite, that any initiation had taken place during the ceremonies that Felkin and his wife observed, but he did admit to teaching them a series of psychic “processes”.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 516». En la otra dirección, el diccionario registra deuda ajena hacia él: «However a statement of Rudolf Steiner himself and Heindel’s fundamental text The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception, written after this stay and the first edition of which (1909) contains a dedication to Steiner ‘for much valuable information’, suggest that Heindel largely took over the ideas of Steiner» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 495». Sobre Oriente, Hammer objeta el enlace: «Rudolf Steiner, who vacillated, during a productive period of his life, between Indian terminology and Christian/ Rosicrucian esoteric thought, created some highly tenuous links between Indian and Western concepts.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 187», «Thus, Steiner’s India has little to do with what emic history knows of the continent, despite the use of a number of Sanskrit terms in anthroposophical texts, such as karma and maya.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 148» y «In a double movement not untypical of Steiner, anthroposophy is the key to discovering the inner meaning of older religious traditions, which then turn out not only to be basically identical with anthroposophy, but to symbolically point to the arrival of Steiner’s revelations as the apex of human spirituality.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 149»; los antropósofos responden lo contrario, y él lo consigna: «Steiner’s admirers might claim that he did not actually borrow ideas from Oriental sources. To the extent that there are similarities between these worldviews, a more likely reason, according to anthroposophists, is that Hindu sages glimpsed the same reality that Steiner saw.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 519». Frente al préstamo teosófico, Leijenhorst pone la diferencia que le parece decisiva: «Although this “U-shape” version of evolution going from original purity through decay and back again to a new form of purity is common to many forms of esotericism and especially prominent in modern theosophy, the central place accorded to the coming of Christ in the planetary evolution makes anthroposophy different from older theosophical accounts of planetary evolution, with which Steiner otherwise has a lot in common.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 118», mientras Hammer mide el contraste por el tamaño del relato: «shorter time span, concentrating exclusively on the present cycle. It makes up for its narrower perspective by giving even more lavish attention to detail than theosophy.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 191». Las dos lecturas quedan enteras y sin tercero que las concilie.
La doctrina, en los términos en que las obras la exponen, va aquí sin juicio. De la constitución humana, Leijenhorst: «They have their basis in the concept, provided in his book Theosophy (1904) and elsewhere, of a tripartition of body, soul and spirit.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 114», «In Theosophy and elsewhere, however, this tripartition is transformed into a four-fold distinction between physical body, etheric body, astral body and I, which is reminiscent of» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 114», con el yo que «It is the eternal, imperishable Self that reincarnates in a new physical body and is the bearer of karma.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 115». De Cristo: «For Steiner, Jesus Christ was essentially the divine Logos incarnate.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 116», con el momento desde el cual cabe nombrarlo, «In fact, according to Steiner we can only legitimately speak of Jesus Christ from the Baptism in the Jordan onwards, which he sees as the moment in which Christ truly descended into Jesus and became man.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 116», y lo que Steiner le atribuye frente a los misterios antiguos, «Christ did not just teach these things, but physically went through all these processes in broad daylight, thereby turning secret knowledge into a public, physical fact.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 512». De las dos potencias: «Lucifer stands for the forces that try to lift man from the earth by accelerating normal development.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 116», «Ahriman, by contrast, stands for the forces that fetter man to the earth by retarding normal development.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 116», con la tarea que se les opone, «In a quite manichaeistic manner [> Manichaeism], Steiner describes Christ’s task as consisting not in eradicating this two-fold evil, but in transforming and redeeming it.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 116» y «Christ is the world-I that can find the balance and harmony between these two powers, using them for a good purpose.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 116», y el lugar que todo ello ocupa en la historia, «The Death and Resurrection of Christ in the Greco-Roman culture epoch is thus the “midpoint” of planetary evolution, providing a remedy for the decay that had set in through Luciferic and Ahrimanic influences.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 118». Hammer mide qué pasó con ese Cristo: «Through what appears to be the idiosyncrasy of religious history, this way of perceiving Christ has remained the prerogative of the anthroposophical movement.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 175», y Hanegraaff consigna la variante teosófica que se le opone: «we find the view that the "grounding" of the Christ principle is not a unique turning point in history (as believed by Anthroposophists) but a regular event repeated at the beginning of every new Age of the world» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 207». De las épocas: «According to Steiner, Saturn, Sun and Moon are recapitulated during the respective phases of that he calls the Polarian, Hyperborean, Lemurian and Atlantean epoch.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 117», con la huida que las cierra, «Only a very small group was able to escape to the continent of Atlantis, where they became the ancestors of the fourth “root-race” of humankind, as Steiner refers to it, using theosophical vocabulary.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 117», y el diagnóstico del presente, «Our present epoch, that of the spiritual soul, is determined above all by the development of natural science, by means of which we have been able to conquer and command nature, thereby alienating ourselves from the spiritual world.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 118», más la tarea que Hammer le ve asignada a los antropósofos, «Anthroposophists have the task of renewing human knowledge of the creative forces in nature, as the Egyptians attempted to do through the Osiris-Isis myth.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 138». En la misma plana en que expone ese esquema, Leijenhorst deja juntas y sin conciliar dos cosas: lo que la lógica evolutiva implica, «His evolutionary logic, which is quite reminiscent of Hegel’s philosophy of world history, implies that some “culture epochs”, and also some races, are higher — closer to the nucleus of contemporary world development — than others.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 118», con lo que Steiner dice de los judíos, «Steiner speaks of the Jewish people as having fulfilled its mission and facing no other choice than either complete assimilation or extinction.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 118», y lo que sus opositores señalan, «Steiner’s opponents point to a few very unfortunate passages which, for instance, speak of native Americans being decadent and more or less “ready” for the mass murder committed by the Europeans.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 118»; y al lado, «Steiner actively combated antisemitism in his Berlin years and opened the newly founded Anthroposophical Society in 1923/24 for everyone, regardless of sex, race or religion.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 118». Las dos afirmaciones van como están.
Lo demás de esta ficha no es voz de dentro y se dice así. Lo más cerca que el corpus llega de una voz émica es una carta dentro de un libro de alquimia: Armand Barbault cuenta que «Then I had the idea of putting myself in the hands of researchers of the anthroposophic movement. I reckoned that I would be likely to find men willing and able to understand my approach.» «Gold of a Thousand Mornings — Armand Barbault (traducción inglesa de Neville Spearman) · p. 71», nombra el laboratorio al que llegó, «Mr. H. Spindler, a friend of Dr. Hauschka’s, seeing that I had little inclination to go to Eckwalden, introduced me to a second laboratory. This, too, was imbued with anthroposophical ideas. It was the Weleda A.G. of Stuttgart, which had a French branch at St. Louis, near the Swiss frontier» «Gold of a Thousand Mornings — Armand Barbault (traducción inglesa de Neville Spearman) · p. 72», y reproduce la respuesta de W. Cloos, que habla en primera persona desde el movimiento: «I have for many years been studying the question of Humus in liaison with Rudolf Steiner’s Anthroposophical movement. Much of what I have been searching for over the last fourteen years now finds an answer and my thoughts are turned in new directions. I hope that we shall be able to work profitably together in the future. With my best wishes, Yours, W. Cloos» «Gold of a Thousand Mornings — Armand Barbault (traducción inglesa de Neville Spearman) · p. 76». El propio Barbault no habla desde ahí, y lo marca en su prosa: «Other people, imbued with theosophic or anthroposophic conceptions, have assured me th at this was perfectly normal, that the gold was transported straightway from the ph ysical to the etheric plane and indeed th at this is the origin of the gold's therapeutic properties.» «Gold of a Thousand Mornings — Armand Barbault (traducción inglesa de Neville Spearman) · p. 57»; el prólogo de Raymond Abellio anuncia pruebas de un antropósofo como cosa ajena al autor, «At the end of the book will be found a brief resume of the tests carried out according to the method of Professor Theodor Schwenk, a member of the anthroposophical movement founded by Rudolf Steiner.» «Gold of a Thousand Mornings — Armand Barbault (traducción inglesa de Neville Spearman) · p. 9». Manfred Junius cierra su tratado de espagiria con una frase prestada: «Finally, let us remember an idea of Rudolf Steiner’s: he said that the laboratory table must once again become an altar. With that everything is said.» «Spagyrics (Junius) · p. 228». Jason Reza Jorjani usa a Steiner de fuente y no de objeto: «The first section of this chapter examines evidence for the existence of Atlantis, with an emphasis on the writings of three philosophers: Plato, Rudolf Steiner, and Colin Wilson» «Jorjani — Closer Encounters (2021) · p. 125», «Steiner describes the Atlanteans as having descended to Earth from the celestial plane.» «Jorjani — Closer Encounters (2021) · p. 128», «According to Steiner, Atlantean technology would be considered “magical” by modern materialistic scientists. Their “machines” interfaced with the psyche, requiring the cultivation of abilities such as Telepathy and Telekinesis in order to make them function properly» «Jorjani — Closer Encounters (2021) · p. 128». Jon Klimo lo coloca entre los canalizadores citando su instrucción: «Rudolf Steiner suggests: Persevere in silent inner seclusion; close the senses to all that they brought you before your training;» «Klimo — Channeling (1987) · p. 348»; Gurdjieff lo nombra en una burla: «In this connection, it is interesting to note that another famous professor of theirs, named Steiner, in the course of his what are called ‘scientific investigations of supernatural phenomena,’ established mathematically that when these chickens were served at these ‘invitation dinners,’ the hostess would always recite the same little speech.» «Gurdjieff — Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson (1950) · p. 509». Y los estudios se saben estudios: Hammer declara la falta de bibliografía y su excepción, «There are no monograph-length studies of the doctrines developed by any of these individuals, with the exception of Rudolf Steiner’s creation anthroposophy.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 41» y «Among the few scholarly books devoted to anthroposophy as a new religious movement, the best is perhaps Geoffrey Ahern’s Sun at Midnight.» «Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004) · p. 41»; Hanegraaff explica por qué no le dedica capítulo, «In spite of the importance of anthroposophical Christology to the New Age sensu stricto, I have estimated the specific influence of anthroposophy on New Age religion as not decisive enough to necessitate a separate discussion in the previous chapter. Anthroposophy is interesting, however, because it is an occultist movement which explicitly emphasizes the western esoteric tradition and is strongly indebted to Romantic Naturphilosophie. Rudolf Steiner's work would be a particularly interesting case for testing my distinction between Romanticism and occultism.» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 533», después de dejarla fuera de su objeto por fecha y por rechazo propio, «Anthroposophy is a clearly demarcated organisation which emerged and developed into its current shape far earlier than the period in which the term New Age began to be used as a general label. Furthermore, Anthroposophists will usually reject the label "New Age" as unrelated to the specific teachings of their founder Rudolf Steiner.» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 25», con la salvedad que añade, «the fact that outsiders or New Age believers associate these movements with each other (which is reflected by the presence of anthroposophical literature in most New Age bookshops) is in itself highly significant. It may alert us to the possibility of affinities between the religious views of Anthroposophy and New Age, or of a historical connection between the two.» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 25», y mide su rastro en lo que sí estudia: «This movement had its roots primarily in England, a country where Theosophy and Anthroposophy have traditionally been strongly represented. Accordingly, the New Age sensu stricto showed a strong Theosophical and Anthroposophical flavour.» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 112», «The theories about a range of subtle bodies developed by modern Theosophy and Anthroposophy provide the direct literary source for New Age versions.» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 237», «Modern theosophy and anthroposophy in particular have accommodated traditional stories and theories about the civilizations of Atlantis, Lemuria and Mu, and accorded them a central place in their visions of history» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 324». Hornung sigue la huella en la egiptología de la casa —«In 1955, Ernst Uehli (1873-1959) offered a more detailed account of an¬ cient Egyptian culture from an anthroposophical point of view, that is, from the perspective of a "mystery science." He proceeds from Steiner's thought, but he makes use of modern Egyptology to enhance it with a more detailed portrayal of Egyptian history» «Hornung — The Secret Lore of Egypt (2001) · p. 165», «Frank Teichmann adopted and elaborated Rudolf Steiner's idea of Pharaoh's initiation, which itself goes back to formulations in the works of Clement of Alexandria and Plutarch. Teichmann represents a younger generation of anthroposophists, and he has examined ancient Egypt thor¬ oughly, doing research of his own.» «Hornung — The Secret Lore of Egypt (2001) · p. 167», «The anthroposophic poet Albert Steffen turned this story into a drama, "Fahrt ins andere Land" (Journey to an¬ other land), which was performed in the municipal theater of Basel in the autumn of 1938. The drama is centered on the mummy of a princess "of Dynasty 16" who brings disaster to all.» «Hornung — The Secret Lore of Egypt (2001) · p. 166»— y concede al cerrar: «It cannot be denied, though, that much fruitful guid¬ ance in practical life has emerged from the esoterica of anthroposophy.» «Hornung — The Secret Lore of Egypt (2001) · p. 168». Egil Asprem y Kennet Granholm la ponen de ejemplo dos veces: «Since Rudolf Steiner was able to gain mystical insights about the Guardian of the Threshold, research demonstrating the fact that this concept was derived from the fiction of Edward Bulwer-Lytton would to an Anthroposophist simply be a reflection of the scholar’s lacking mystical abilities that hinder a higher understanding of esoteric tradition» «Asprem y Granholm (eds.) — Contemporary Esotericism (2013), ed. inglés 2013 · p. 100» y «Here, however, I will show further examples of conspiracy theory in esoteric societies, with three largely different usages; in anthroposophy, Satanism and Discordianism» «Asprem y Granholm (eds.) — Contemporary Esotericism (2013), ed. inglés 2013 · p. 212». Leijenhorst enumera lo que quedó fundado: «Steiner moreover put down the foundations for a new, so-called bio-dynamic agriculture, based on knowledge of the spiritual, especially astrological [> astrology], forces operative in the earth.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 515» y «Steiner propagated the so-called tri-partition of society, distinguishing between the domain of the state or the legal sphere, responsible only for inner and outer security» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 514». El resto son menciones de paso: «Gnostic thought lives on today in theosophy and anthroposophy, and it even assumes concrete form in modern gnostic "churches." For Eric Vogelin, modernity is essentially gnostic antiquity; and with his "thrownness" of existence, Martin Heideg¬ ger seized on an ancient gnostic buzzword.» «Hornung — The Secret Lore of Egypt (2001) · p. 61», «In 1952, Colombian Samael Aun Weor (1917-1977) founded the Gnostic Association for Anthropological and Cultural Studies. It too is very eclectic, mixing Buddhism, Tantrism, Steinerian anthroposophy, sexual alchemy, and the teachings of Gurdjieff.» «Faivre — Access to Western Esotericism (1994) · p. 115», «It was then that there arose movements such as the spiritualism of Allan Kardec; Theosophy, which drew its inspiration from the Far East; and the Anthroposophism of Rudolf Steiner, which are among the best known.» «Dubois — Fulcanelli and the Alchemical Revival (2006) · p. 10», «It was he who introduced René Guénon to Julius Evola,s who was at the time head of the group called Ur, which published monographs in which the articles were signed with pseudonyms: EA was the pseudonym of Evola; Pietro Negri was that of Arturo Reghini; Luce was the pen name of G. Parise; Leo was used by the anthroposophist Colazza; and the appellation Abraxas was taken by the hermeticist Ercole Quadrelli.» «Dubois — Fulcanelli and the Alchemical Revival (2006) · p. 18», «While Roché and Gadal did much to revive both local and international interest in Catharism, they ultimately isolated themselves from the larger milieu of Cathar enthusiasts by each joining a specific movement (Anthroposophy for Roché, and the Lectorium for Gadal» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 251», «One of the most distinguished members of the Italian Anthroposophical Society [- Anthroposophy], Scaligero was born as Antonio Scabelloni in Veroli (not far from Rome) on September 17, 1906.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 462», «This change of orientation was due partly to his own Christianity, which was more christocentric than > Rudolf Steiner’s, and partly to various conflicts within the European Anthroposophical Society Sections after Steiner’s death in 1925.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 547», y en español «Pero fue Valentin Tomberg, el pensador más difícil de clasificar y probablemente el más profundo de los tres, quien llevó la comprensión del Tarot a su nivel más radical. Tomberg, nacido en Estonia en 1900, pasó de la Antroposofía al catolicismo, trabajó» «El Umbral de la Consciencia (2026, en curso) · p. 588». Por eso esta raíz nace sin una sola obra adscrita.
en la biblioteca: 0 obras adscritas · 0 autores vinculados
Qué dicen de ella las obras
cómo la define cada obra, con su pasajeAsprem y Granholm (eds.) — Contemporary Esotericism (2013)
Gold of a Thousand Mornings — Armand Barbault (traducción inglesa de Neville Spearman)
Blavatsky — Essential Works (siete obras reunidas, 1877–1892)
Dubois — Fulcanelli and the Alchemical Revival (2006)
Faivre — Access to Western Esotericism (1994)
Gurdjieff — Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson (1950)
Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004)
Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism
Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996)
Hornung — The Secret Lore of Egypt (2001)
Jorjani — Closer Encounters (2021)
Skinner — Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code (2006)
Vaughan — The Works of Thomas Vaughan, ed. Waite (1919)
El Umbral de la Consciencia (2026, en curso)
Afirmaciones
131 entradas«We find mention of theosophy and anthroposophy as early as the sixteenth century. Jakob Bohme in particular has been designated a theosophist, but there were also Franz Xaver von Baader (1765-1841) and others.» — Hornung retrocede al siglo XVI al abrir su capítulo: teosofía y antroposofía se mencionan desde entonces, con Jakob Böhme llamado teósofo y Franz Xaver von Baader al lado. La grafía Bohme es la de la capa de texto.
«As early as 1783, a Theosophical Society was founded in London; it was influenced by another theosophist, the Swedish "ghost-seer" Em¬ manuel Swedenborg. Here, however, we shall concern ourselves with its later successor and with the anthroposophy of Rudolf Steiner (not that of Robert Fludd) that emerged from it.» — y acota su propio objeto: la sucesora tardía de aquella Sociedad Teosófica de Londres y la antroposofía de Rudolf Steiner, no la de Robert Fludd. El troceo parte Emmanuel con guion de renglón.
«In the r9th century the title was used by, among others, the philosopher Immanuel Hermann Fichte (17971879), son of the famous Johann Gottlob Fichte, and Robert Zimmermann (1824-1898), professor of philosophy at the university of Vienna.» — Leijenhorst da los usos decimonónicos del título: el hijo de Johann Gottlob Fichte y el profesor vienés Robert Zimmermann; la capa de texto corrompe el ordinal y las fechas.
«Steiner used the term to refer to his own esoteric doctrine, as distinguished from the older theosophy of the > Theosophical Society with which he broke in 1913.» — y deslinda el término en Steiner: designa su doctrina esotérica propia frente a la teosofía más vieja de la Sociedad con la que rompió en 1913.
«ANTHROPOSOPHIA THEOMAGICA, OR A DISCOURSE OF THE NATURE OF MAN AND HIS STATE AFTER DEATH» — la portadilla del primer tratado de Thomas Vaughan, de 1650, que lleva la palabra dos siglos y medio antes que el movimiento y declara otro objeto: la naturaleza del hombre y su estado después de la muerte.
«They are as follows: Magia Adamica, or the Antiquity of Magic; whereto is added, A Discovery of the Coelum Terrae, or Magician’s Heavenly Chaos; Anthroposophia Theomagica, a discourse on the nature of man grounded on the protochemistry of Hermes, and verified by a practical examination of principles;» — cómo Mary Anne Atwood inventaría ese mismo tratado: discurso sobre la naturaleza del hombre fundado en la protoquímica de Hermes y verificado por examen práctico de principios.
«This is the meaning when the allegory and symbol are opened and read by means of the human key, or the key to Terrestrial Anthroposophy.» — Blavatsky usa la palabra sin relación con Steiner: la clave humana con que se abren alegoría y símbolo es la de una antroposofía terrestre.
«According to one of the definitions that Steiner has given of anthroposophy, it is ‘a path of knowledge that connects the spiritual in man with the spiritual in the cosmos’.» — una de las definiciones que Leijenhorst atribuye al propio Steiner: vía de conocimiento que conecta lo espiritual del hombre con lo espiritual del cosmos.
«Steiner claimed that anthroposophy is not a matter of revealed religious doctrine, but of ‘spiritual science’ that one has to develop oneself:» — y el deslinde con que Steiner la presentaba, según el mismo firmante: no doctrina religiosa revelada sino ciencia espiritual que cada quien tiene que desarrollar por su cuenta.
«it does not teach ‘the wisdom of man’ but tries to awaken the ‘consciousness of one’s own humanity’» — lo que según eso no hace y lo que busca: no enseñar la sabiduría del hombre sino despertar la conciencia de la propia humanidad.
«One of the foremost present-day anthroposophists remarks that anthroposophy “contains no dogmas or other doctrines that cannot be reached by rational means. Nor is it a philosophical system that somebody has thought out. Anthroposophy is a path to knowledge”.» — la voz de dentro en presente, que Hammer entrecomilla sin nombrar al antropósofo: ni dogmas ni doctrinas inalcanzables por medios racionales, ni sistema filosófico cavilado por alguien, sino un camino al conocimiento.
«For the anthroposophist, spiritual science is as inexorably logical as the natural sciences.» — y lo que la ciencia espiritual es para quien está dentro, según el mismo pasaje: tan inexorablemente lógica como las ciencias naturales.
«According to Steiner himself, all the doctrines discussed so far are the outcome of independent spiritual research, based on his innate clairvoyant capacities.» — el origen que Steiner declaraba para todas esas doctrinas, según Leijenhorst: investigación espiritual independiente apoyada en capacidades clarividentes innatas.
«As an example, few modern revelations draw on as many and as diverse sources as Rudolf Steiner’s anthroposophy. Nevertheless, his followers adamantly insist that his entire teachings are perfectly consistent and have sprung directly from Steiner’s spiritual insights.» — Hammer usa la antroposofía de ejemplo en nota: pocas revelaciones modernas beben de fuentes tan diversas, y sus seguidores insisten en que toda la enseñanza es coherente y brota directamente de las visiones espirituales de Steiner.
«Anthroposophists will admit in theory that Steiner’s clairvoyant faculties were not infallible. In practice, however, anthroposophy is clearly based on the assumption that Steiner revealed a scientifically accurate as well as objectively true picture of spiritual realities.» — el matiz que le consigna: en teoría los antropósofos admiten que las facultades clarividentes de Steiner no eran infalibles, y en la práctica la doctrina se apoya en que reveló un cuadro científicamente exacto y objetivamente verdadero.
«Steiner calls anthroposophy “Michaelic”, referring to Michael’s apocalyptic battle with the dragon.» — el nombre que Steiner da al conjunto y su referencia, según Leijenhorst: miguelina, por la batalla apocalíptica del arcángel con el dragón.
«Steiner’s admirers might claim that he did not actually borrow ideas from Oriental sources. To the extent that there are similarities between these worldviews, a more likely reason, according to anthroposophists, is that Hindu sages glimpsed the same reality that Steiner saw.» — el argumento que Hammer atribuye a los admiradores de Steiner frente al reproche de préstamo oriental: que las semejanzas se explican porque los sabios hindúes vislumbraron la misma realidad que él vio.
«The theosophical years from 1902 to 1913 were particularly productive. Several books that are considered fundamental to anthroposophy were written during this period, particularly Theosophie (1904), Wie erlangt man Erkentnisse der höheren Welten (1904) and Die Geheimwissenschaft im Umriss (1910).» — la productividad que Hammer sitúa dentro de los años teosóficos: entre 1902 y 1913 se escriben los libros que se tienen por fundamentales, con sus títulos alemanes y sus fechas.
«A break came in early 1913, when Steiner was expelled from the Theosophical Society, formed the Anthroposophical Society and was followed by the majority of German theosophists.» — cómo Hammer cuenta la ruptura, con el verbo que él elige: a comienzos de 1913 Steiner es expulsado de la Sociedad Teosófica, forma la Antroposófica y lo sigue la mayoría de los teósofos alemanes.
«Especially since the break with the Theosophical Society in 1913, anthroposophy and the later Anthroposophical Society have had a strongly - though not exclusively - Middle European, German-speaking character.» — y el carácter que Leijenhorst le reconoce desde esa fecha: fuertemente centroeuropeo y germanohablante, aunque no de manera exclusiva.
«Steiner called his system "Anthroposophy" to distinguish it from the teaching of the Theosophical Society, and gave that name to the Society he founded in 1913 (the Anthroposophische Gesellschaft).» — cómo la cuenta Faivre, sin expulsión ni ruptura sino deslinde: Steiner llamó antroposofía a su sistema para distinguirlo de la enseñanza de la Sociedad Teosófica y dio ese nombre a la sociedad que fundó en 1913.
«German branch that followed Rudolf Steiner into a new organization, the Anthroposophical Society;205 and the controversies that led to the expulsion of Alice Bailey from the TS.» — la misma escisión contada por Hammer desde quienes se fueron: la rama alemana que siguió a Steiner a una organización nueva, junto a las controversias que llevaron a la expulsión de Alice Bailey.
«After the break, Steiner came to consistently refer to his own esotericism as “anthroposophy”, and increasingly used his own terminology instead of the old theosophical vocabulary, which was also deleted from the new editions of works such as 1090 Theosophy and Knowledge of the Higher Worlds.» — en lo que las voces sí coinciden: tras la ruptura, Steiner pasa a llamar antroposofía a su esoterismo y sustituye el vocabulario teosófico, borrado también de las ediciones nuevas; el número de plana queda metido en la línea.
«Together with his later second wife Marie von Sivers (1867-1948), Steiner became the leader of the German Section of the Theosophical Society in 1902, the year in which he also publicly announced himself to be a theosophist.» — el punto de partida común, según Leijenhorst: en 1902 Steiner dirige con Marie von Sivers la Sección Alemana de la Sociedad Teosófica y se declara teósofo en público.
«thereafter, an Anthroposophical Society was founded by Rudolf Steiner and his followers; in the same year, they began the construction of the first Goetheanum in Dornach.» — cómo Hornung enlaza las dos fundaciones: la Sociedad Antroposófica por Steiner y sus seguidores y, el mismo año, el comienzo del primer Goetheanum en Dornach.
«The Anthroposophic Society, which in 1923 became the Allgemeine Anthroposophische Gesellschaft, has maintained an intense activity that its founder's death did not diminish. As before, Dornach remains a place of rich culture and an illustrious center favored by the success of Steiner schools for children. (The first Freie Waldorfschule was established at Stuttgart in 1919.)» — el estado de la Sociedad que describe Faivre: en 1923 pasa a Allgemeine Anthroposophische Gesellschaft, la muerte del fundador no le bajó la actividad, Dornach sigue de centro y las escuelas Steiner prosperan desde la primera de Stuttgart en 1919.
«Anthroposophical teachings have been applied to fields such as education (Waldorf schools), medicine, art (especially eurythmics) and agriculture (biodynamic farming). Steiner died on March 30, 1925.» — los campos prácticos en que Hammer dice que se aplicó la doctrina: educación con las escuelas Waldorf, medicina, arte con la euritmia y agricultura biodinámica, hasta la muerte de Steiner el 30 de marzo de 1925.
«Steiner actively combated antisemitism in his Berlin years and opened the newly founded Anthroposophical Society in 1923/24 for everyone, regardless of sex, race or religion.» — lo que Leijenhorst pone al lado y sin conciliar, en la misma plana en que recoge los reproches: Steiner combatió activamente el antisemitismo en sus años berlineses y abrió la Sociedad recién fundada a todos sin distinción de sexo, raza ni religión.
«Esotericism, however, is explicit in the architectual undertakings of Rudolf Steiner who, like Wagner in Bayreuth, created a Gesamtkunstwerk ("total artistic work," a very Germanic idea) in Dornach (in the vicinity of Basel). Construction of the building, the Goetheanum, began in 1913.» — dónde ve Faivre esoterismo explícito: en las empresas arquitectónicas de Steiner, que como Wagner en Bayreuth hizo una obra de arte total en Dornach, con el Goetheanum empezado en 1913. La grafía architectual es la de la capa de texto.
«On New Year’s Eve 1922/1923 the Goetheanum was set on fire and completely destroyed.» — el final del primer edificio, según Leijenhorst: en la Nochevieja de 1922 el Goetheanum ardió y quedó destruido por completo.
«of plants and animals that he referred to Goethe as ‘the Galileo of the organic.’ He also applied Goethe’s ideas of metamorphosis to art and architecture, copying the dynamics of form visible in all living organisms, whereby an orderly and cyclic transformation can be traced from seed to calyx to blossom to fruit (and back to seed again). These, together with Goethe’s theory of color, hada deep impact on Steiner’s later life and his anthroposophic architectural theories.» — lo que Skinner consigna de Steiner y Goethe: lo llamó el Galileo de lo orgánico, aplicó sus ideas de metamorfosis al arte y a la arquitectura copiando la dinámica de forma de los organismos vivos, y eso con la teoría del color marcó sus teorías arquitectónicas; el troceo pega hada por had a.
«His two Goetheanums were dramatic buildings illustrative of this new style. Such architecture has now grown into an international ‘organic’ movement, with examples in Europe, USA and Australia.» — el alcance que Skinner da a esa vía: los dos Goetheanums ilustran el estilo nuevo, y la arquitectura orgánica es hoy un movimiento internacional con ejemplos en Europa, Estados Unidos y Australia.
«Organic forms inspired architecture, such as Antonio Gaudi’s cathedral in Barcelona, as well as artistic styles such as art nouveau and surrealism. They culminated in the complex geometry of structures, such as the Goetheanum in Switzerland and the Sydney Opera House, where culture has to an extent replaced religion as the patron of sacred geometry.» — la serie en que Skinner coloca el edificio: de las formas orgánicas a la catedral de Gaudí, el art nouveau y el surrealismo, hasta el Goetheanum y la Ópera de Sídney, donde dice que la cultura sustituyó en parte a la religión como patrona de la geometría sagrada.
«Even the modern myth of the "curse of the pharaohs" entered into this belief: according to Steiner, there was always a "poisoned atmosphere" surrounding a mummy, for it was implanted with a threat through the power of words, a threat that remains effective to this day and kills people who come into contact with Egyptian mummies and tombs. Steiner delivered this explanation to the staff of the Goetheanum in Dornach in 1924, shortly after the discovery of Tutankhamun's treasure and the death of the Earl of Carnarvon.» — lo que Hornung recoge de una conferencia dada en esas paredes: según Steiner había siempre una atmósfera envenenada en torno a una momia, implantada como amenaza por el poder de las palabras, explicación dada al personal del Goetheanum en 1924, poco después del hallazgo de Tutankamón y de la muerte de Carnarvon.
«In recent years, the Anthroposophical Society and Movement have had a wider international expansion, with more room for English-language conferences at the Society’s headquarters in Dornach, Switzerland, official publications in English and a stronger presence in North- and South America and Asia.» — el Dornach de ahora, según Leijenhorst: expansión internacional reciente, más congresos en inglés en la sede, publicaciones oficiales en esa lengua y mayor presencia en América y Asia.
«Whereas theosophy is clearly articulated against the backdrop of a general belief in evolution, anthroposophy constructs its scientism from partly different premises.» — el contraste con que Hammer abre su capítulo sobre la antroposofía: la teosofía se articula sobre una creencia general en la evolución y la antroposofía construye su cientificismo desde premisas en parte distintas.
«Secondly, and addressed more closely in chapter 6, anthroposophy has an overtly formulated epistemology, which claims rational status for its visionary means of attaining knowledge.» — el segundo de los dos focos que le encuentra: una epistemología formulada de manera abierta, que reclama estatuto racional para sus medios visionarios de conocer.
«Since anthroposophical, visionary knowledge is not only claimed to be built on rational foundations, but is also, in the terms of a central Steinerian work, “knowledge of higher worlds”,93 science in the ordinary sense of the term is necessarily construed as a lower form of knowledge.» — la consecuencia que saca de que ese conocimiento se diga racional y a la vez conocimiento de mundos superiores: la ciencia en sentido ordinario queda por fuerza como forma inferior de conocimiento; la llamada de nota va pegada al entrecomillado.
«Anthroposophy carries scientism to lengths unparalleled in any other Esoteric position.» — el juicio comparativo que da: la antroposofía lleva el cientificismo a extremos sin paralelo en ninguna otra posición esotérica.
«Due to the more spiritually based form of knowledge afforded by the anthroposophical imaginative process, Steiner felt competent to present his views on the most diverse subjects: matters normally defined as belonging to the domain of science, yet made immune to scientific critique because of Steiner’s radical dichotomy—agronomy, chemistry, pharmacology, physiology, anatomy, developmental psychology, astronomy, physics etc.» — los campos en que dice que Steiner se sintió competente por ese modo de conocer: agronomía, química, farmacología, fisiología, anatomía, psicología del desarrollo, astronomía y física, asuntos del dominio de la ciencia vueltos inmunes a la crítica por una dicotomía radical.
«Thus, anthroposophical medicine represents a complete reformulation of physiology and pharmacology from the standpoint of a theory of man and nature that encompasses non-material factors: spiritual forces, normally invisible components of the self, spiritual beings.» — en qué consiste la medicina antroposófica según él: reformulación completa de la fisiología y la farmacología desde una teoría del hombre y de la naturaleza que incluye fuerzas espirituales, componentes invisibles del yo y seres espirituales.
«Of these spiritualized sciences, anthroposophical medicine and agriculture continue to be widely practiced among his followers.» — cuáles de esas ciencias espiritualizadas siguen practicándose entre los seguidores: la medicina y la agricultura antroposóficas.
«Criticism of the applications of mainstream sciences is commonly formulated in ethical or moral terms: anthroposophical (i.e. biodynamic) agriculture is to be preferred, not primarily because it is based on a better or more spiritual science, but because it treats the earth, crops and animals better than does conventional agriculture.» — en qué términos dice que se critica entonces a la ciencia ordinaria: en términos éticos o morales, de modo que la agricultura biodinámica se prefiere no por apoyarse en mejor ciencia sino por tratar mejor la tierra, los cultivos y los animales.
«With the exception of anthroposophy, few post-theosophical positions unambiguously construe themselves as scientific enterprises.» — el balance que hace de las posiciones posteosóficas: salvo la antroposofía, pocas se construyen sin ambigüedad como empresas científicas.
«Yet another mode of scientism consists in the claims that one’s theories are logical or rational, i.e. in the way that Steiner explains that anthroposophy is logical because geometry is logical, or Lewis writes that astrology is rational inter alia because it can be subjected to statistical calculations.» — el modo de argumento que aísla: decir que las propias teorías son lógicas o racionales, como cuando Steiner dice que la antroposofía es lógica porque la geometría lo es.
«The first point of controversy centers on the truth claims of anthroposophy. Steiner’s insistence that he presented an objective spiritual science renders anthroposophy wide open to critique.» — el precio que le ve a esa pretensión: la insistencia de Steiner en presentar una ciencia espiritual objetiva deja a la antroposofía abierta de par en par a la crítica.
«The truth claims of anthroposophy remain controversial to this day. Thus, on the Internet, there are discussions on the empirical evidence for and against Waldorf pedagogy, anthroposophical medicine or biodynamic farming.» — el estado presente de esa controversia según él: sigue viva, con discusiones en internet sobre la evidencia empírica a favor y en contra de la pedagogía Waldorf, la medicina antroposófica y la agricultura biodinámica.
«Suffice it to say that to this day, Steiner’s Geisteswissenschaft continues to inspire researchers with an allegiance to anthroposophy to experimentally study and defend even the most unorthodox of Steiner’s claims.» — lo que consigna que sigue en pie: hasta hoy la Geisteswissenschaft de Steiner inspira a investigadores de lealtad antroposófica a estudiar experimentalmente y defender hasta sus afirmaciones más heterodoxas.
«detail in several of his works.226 From an anthroposophical perspective, they afford the adept a reliable discovery procedure. From a sociocognitive perspective, Steiner’s method primes the adept to generate experiences matching the pre-established anthroposophical norm.» — la doble lectura que hace del método, con la nota que la precede: desde la perspectiva antroposófica da al adepto un procedimiento de descubrimiento fiable, y desde la sociocognitiva lo predispone a generar experiencias que casen con la norma antroposófica preestablecida.
«The implicit goal of the anthroposophical path to knowledge is to reproduce the doctrinal statements already presented by Steiner.» — el fin implícito que le ve al camino: reproducir los enunciados doctrinales ya presentados por Steiner.
«Not even if one follows the anthroposophical method of attaining “knowledge of the higher worlds” (see the section on second-person narratives below), can one guarantee that one’s experiences will be the same as Steiner’s, although anthroposophists have strong apologetic reasons for making such a claim.» — el límite que pone, con el motivo que adjudica a la parte contraria: ni siguiendo el método cabe garantizar que las experiencias propias sean las de Steiner, y los antropósofos tienen fuertes razones apologéticas para afirmar que sí.
«The cosmological myths of anthroposophy are in no way less complex or detailed than those of theosophy. Since the central movement texts of anthroposophy are the writings of Rudolf Steiner, his views are authoritative.» — de dónde viene la autoridad dentro del movimiento, según él: los mitos cosmológicos no son menos complejos que los teosóficos, y como los textos centrales son los escritos de Steiner, sus ideas son las autorizadas.
«However, there are, in fact, two counteracting strategies at work. Firstly, no follower of Steiner has been deemed by the various local anthroposophical societies to have attained the same mastery of the methods of spiritual exploration.» — el primero de los dos frenos que describe: ninguna sociedad antroposófica local ha considerado que un seguidor de Steiner alcanzara el mismo dominio de los métodos de exploración espiritual.
«The following description is taken from three of Steiner’s texts that deal particularly with the question of method, and that have achieved near-canonical status within the anthroposophic community: Theosophy, Outline of Esoteric Science, and How to Know Higher Worlds.» — las fuentes de su descripción del método, en nota: tres textos de Steiner que tratan la cuestión y tienen estatus casi canónico en la comunidad antroposófica, Theosophy, Outline of Esoteric Science y How to Know Higher Worlds.
«Steiner writes extensively on karma, often in terms that make it less than obvious how he wishes to be understood. Although anthroposophists claim that his work is free from contradictions, it is hard to see how to reconcile claims that karma stemming from a given action always has its effects (zurückschlagende Wirkung) on the individual himself 73 with claims that other individuals or groups can take over karmic effects.» — la contradicción que señala sin armonizarla, con el desacuerdo dentro: aunque los antropósofos sostienen que la obra está libre de contradicciones, cuesta ver cómo reconciliar que el karma de un acto recaiga siempre sobre el individuo mismo con que otros puedan asumir efectos kármicos.
«However, the discursive mechanisms of anthroposophy are considerably more elaborate and subtle. Steiner, a doctor of philosophy, constructed his own epistemology.» — lo que le reconoce de propio: los mecanismos discursivos de la antroposofía son bastante más elaborados y sutiles, y Steiner, doctor en filosofía, construyó su propia epistemología.
«The contrast between Leadbeater and Steiner is instructive. Sections of Steiner’s anthroposophy seem directly taken from the pages of Leadbeater’s writings.» — el contraste que declara instructivo: secciones de la antroposofía de Steiner parecen tomadas directamente de las páginas de Leadbeater.
«From an analytical (etic) perspective, many of the details of anthroposophical doctrine are directly borrowed from second-generation theosophy.» — el juicio que da desde su perspectiva declarada como ética: muchos detalles de la doctrina antroposófica están tomados directamente de la teosofía de segunda generación.
«Rudolf Steiner’s worldview is composed of elements from the most disparate sources. His epistemology is influenced by German idealism, especially Fichte. His doctrines combine Christian mysticism, rosicrucian esotericism, Goethean science and, perhaps most importantly, a substantial theosophical element, with a generous dose of personal creativity.» — el inventario de fuentes que le adjudica: idealismo alemán y en especial Fichte para la epistemología, y en la doctrina misticismo cristiano, esoterismo rosacruz, ciencia goetheana y un elemento teosófico sustancial, con buena dosis de creatividad personal.
«Considering the strongly pre-modern flavor of many of Steiner’s claims, it should be remembered that anthroposophy is not merely an isolated “survival” in an otherwise disenchanted world.» — la advertencia que pone contra leerla como resto: pese al sabor fuertemente premoderno de muchas afirmaciones de Steiner, la antroposofía no es una mera supervivencia aislada en un mundo por lo demás desencantado.
«Not only did Steiner access the Akashic record, he also gave detailed instructions for would-be followers on the path of anthroposophical knowledge.» — el paso que describe: Steiner no solo accedió al registro akásico, sino que dio instrucciones detalladas a los aspirantes sobre el camino del conocimiento antroposófico.
«For Steiner, Jesus Christ was essentially the divine Logos incarnate.» — lo que Cristo es para Steiner, según Leijenhorst: esencialmente el Logos divino encarnado.
«Lucifer stands for the forces that try to lift man from the earth by accelerating normal development.» — lo que Lucifer representa en ese esquema: las fuerzas que intentan levantar al hombre de la tierra acelerando el desarrollo normal.
«Ahriman, by contrast, stands for the forces that fetter man to the earth by retarding normal development.» — y lo que representa Ahrimán: las fuerzas que encadenan al hombre a la tierra retardando ese mismo desarrollo.
«In a quite manichaeistic manner [> Manichaeism], Steiner describes Christ’s task as consisting not in eradicating this two-fold evil, but in transforming and redeeming it.» — la tarea que Steiner asigna a Cristo frente a ese mal doble, en un esquema que el firmante llama bastante maniqueo: no erradicarlo sino transformarlo y redimirlo.
«Christ is the world-I that can find the balance and harmony between these two powers, using them for a good purpose.» — y qué es Cristo en ese reparto: el yo del mundo que halla el equilibrio y la armonía entre las dos potencias y las emplea para un fin bueno.
«In fact, according to Steiner we can only legitimately speak of Jesus Christ from the Baptism in the Jordan onwards, which he sees as the moment in which Christ truly descended into Jesus and became man.» — desde cuándo cabe hablar de Jesucristo según Steiner: desde el bautismo en el Jordán, momento en que Cristo desciende realmente a Jesús y se hace hombre.
«The Death and Resurrection of Christ in the Greco-Roman culture epoch is thus the “midpoint” of planetary evolution, providing a remedy for the decay that had set in through Luciferic and Ahrimanic influences.» — el lugar que ocupa ese acontecimiento en la historia planetaria: la muerte y resurrección de Cristo en la época grecorromana son el punto medio de la evolución y el remedio de la decadencia luciférica y ahrimánica.
«Through what appears to be the idiosyncrasy of religious history, this way of perceiving Christ has remained the prerogative of the anthroposophical movement.» — lo que Hammer mide de ese Cristo, con su grado: por lo que parece idiosincrasia de la historia religiosa, esa manera de verlo quedó como prerrogativa del movimiento antroposófico.
«we find the view that the "grounding" of the Christ principle is not a unique turning point in history (as believed by Anthroposophists) but a regular event repeated at the beginning of every new Age of the world» — la variante teosófica que Hanegraaff pone enfrente y que no concilia con la antroposófica: la fijación del principio crístico no sería un giro único de la historia, como creen los antropósofos, sino suceso regular al comienzo de cada era nueva.
«Christ did not just teach these things, but physically went through all these processes in broad daylight, thereby turning secret knowledge into a public, physical fact.» — lo que Steiner atribuye a Cristo frente a los misterios antiguos, según Leijenhorst: no enseñó esos procesos sino que los recorrió físicamente a plena luz, volviendo público el saber secreto.
«They have their basis in the concept, provided in his book Theosophy (1904) and elsewhere, of a tripartition of body, soul and spirit.» — la base de todas las perspectivas de Steiner según Leijenhorst: la tripartición de cuerpo, alma y espíritu que expone en su libro de 1904.
«In Theosophy and elsewhere, however, this tripartition is transformed into a four-fold distinction between physical body, etheric body, astral body and I, which is reminiscent of» — y en qué se transforma esa tripartición: una distinción cuádruple de cuerpo físico, cuerpo etérico, cuerpo astral y yo; el tramo se corta en el salto de plana.
«It is the eternal, imperishable Self that reincarnates in a new physical body and is the bearer of karma.» — qué es el yo en ese esquema: el sí mismo eterno e imperecedero que reencarna en un cuerpo físico nuevo y lleva el karma.
«Kogutzki transmitted to Steiner a non-academic, traditional and spiritual knowledge of nature, which the latter would later refer to as the last vestiges of Rosicrucian wisdom [- Rosicrucianism].» — de dónde viene, según Leijenhorst, el primer saber no académico de Steiner: Felix Kogutzki le transmitió un conocimiento tradicional y espiritual de la naturaleza que él llamaría después los últimos vestigios de la sabiduría rosacruz.
«Thus, the transition from Idealist philosopher to esoteric teacher was marked by a discussion of Goethe, who, according to Steiner, not only stood on an Idealist basis, but was also profoundly influenced by the alchemical-Rosicrucian tradition.» — qué marcó su paso de filósofo idealista a maestro esotérico: una discusión de Goethe, que según Steiner no solo estaba en base idealista sino hondamente influido por la tradición alquímico-rosacruz.
«According to Steiner, Rosencreutz is the leading Master of the modern West, who will help us find the etheric Christ.» — el lugar que Steiner da a Rosencreutz: Maestro director del Occidente moderno, que ayudará a hallar el Cristo etérico.
«Steiner’s thought plunges its threefold roots into Early Rosicrucian literature, German Romantic Naturphilosophie, and the Theosophical Society of Mme Blavatsky, more than into the theosophical current proper.» — cómo reparte el diccionario la raíz del pensamiento de Steiner, en otra firma: triple raíz en la literatura rosacruz temprana, en la Naturphilosophie romántica alemana y en la Sociedad Teosófica de Blavatsky, más que en la corriente teosófica propiamente dicha.
«Rudolf Steiner, who vacillated, during a productive period of his life, between Indian terminology and Christian/ Rosicrucian esoteric thought, created some highly tenuous links between Indian and Western concepts.» — el reproche de Hammer sobre el enlace con Oriente: vacilando entre terminología india y pensamiento esotérico cristiano y rosacruz, Steiner creó enlaces muy tenues entre conceptos indios y occidentales.
«Likewise, Steiner’s relation to > Freemasonry was a rather loose one, and during the First World War Steiner even publicly accused Anglo-American masonic lodges from manipulating politics in order to gain world dominance.» — la distancia que Leijenhorst consigna con la masonería: relación más bien floja, y durante la Primera Guerra una acusación pública contra las logias angloamericanas de manipular la política para ganar dominio mundial.
«However a statement of Rudolf Steiner himself and Heindel’s fundamental text The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception, written after this stay and the first edition of which (1909) contains a dedication to Steiner ‘for much valuable information’, suggest that Heindel largely took over the ideas of Steiner» — la deuda en sentido inverso que registra el diccionario, en la entrada de Max Heindel: una declaración del propio Steiner y la dedicatoria de la primera edición de The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception apuntan a que Heindel tomó en buena parte sus ideas.
«Steiner later denied, in a conversation with A.E. Waite, that any initiation had taken place during the ceremonies that Felkin and his wife observed, but he did admit to teaching them a series of psychic “processes”.» — la negativa del propio Steiner ante A. E. Waite, según Robert Gilbert: niega que hubiera iniciación en las ceremonias que los Felkin presenciaron, y admite haberles enseñado una serie de procesos psíquicos.
«Anthroposophy is a clearly demarcated organisation which emerged and developed into its current shape far earlier than the period in which the term New Age began to be used as a general label. Furthermore, Anthroposophists will usually reject the label "New Age" as unrelated to the specific teachings of their founder Rudolf Steiner.» — la primera razón por la que Hanegraaff la deja fuera de su objeto: es una organización bien delimitada, anterior al uso general del rótulo New Age, y los antropósofos suelen rechazar la etiqueta por ajena a las enseñanzas de su fundador.
«the fact that outsiders or New Age believers associate these movements with each other (which is reflected by the presence of anthroposophical literature in most New Age bookshops) is in itself highly significant. It may alert us to the possibility of affinities between the religious views of Anthroposophy and New Age, or of a historical connection between the two.» — la salvedad que añade en seguida: que los de fuera y los creyentes New Age las asocien, reflejado en la literatura antroposófica de casi toda librería New Age, es de suyo significativo y puede señalar afinidad o conexión histórica.
«In spite of the importance of anthroposophical Christology to the New Age sensu stricto, I have estimated the specific influence of anthroposophy on New Age religion as not decisive enough to necessitate a separate discussion in the previous chapter. Anthroposophy is interesting, however, because it is an occultist movement which explicitly emphasizes the western esoteric tradition and is strongly indebted to Romantic Naturphilosophie. Rudolf Steiner's work would be a particularly interesting case for testing my distinction between Romanticism and occultism.» — la nota en que explica por qué no le dedica capítulo aparte y qué le parece interesante: movimiento ocultista que subraya explícitamente la tradición esotérica occidental y muy deudor de la Naturphilosophie romántica, con Steiner como caso de prueba de su distinción entre romanticismo y ocultismo.
«This movement had its roots primarily in England, a country where Theosophy and Anthroposophy have traditionally been strongly represented. Accordingly, the New Age sensu stricto showed a strong Theosophical and Anthroposophical flavour.» — dónde mide su rastro: el New Age sensu stricto tuvo raíz inglesa, en un país donde teosofía y antroposofía han estado fuertemente representadas, y de ahí su sabor teosófico y antroposófico.
«Modern theosophy and anthroposophy in particular have accommodated traditional stories and theories about the civilizations of Atlantis, Lemuria and Mu, and accorded them a central place in their visions of history» — lo que dice que hicieron teosofía y antroposofía con la Atlántida, Lemuria y Mu: las acomodaron y les dieron lugar central en sus visiones de la historia.
«The theories about a range of subtle bodies developed by modern Theosophy and Anthroposophy provide the direct literary source for New Age versions.» — la fuente literaria directa que adjudica a las versiones New Age de los cuerpos sutiles: las teorías desarrolladas por la teosofía moderna y la antroposofía.
«It cannot be denied, though, that much fruitful guid¬ ance in practical life has emerged from the esoterica of anthroposophy.» — la concesión con que Hornung cierra su capítulo: no se puede negar que del esoterismo de la antroposofía ha salido mucha orientación fructífera para la vida práctica; el troceo parte guidance con guion de renglón.
«Frank Teichmann adopted and elaborated Rudolf Steiner's idea of Pharaoh's initiation, which itself goes back to formulations in the works of Clement of Alexandria and Plutarch. Teichmann represents a younger generation of anthroposophists, and he has examined ancient Egypt thor¬ oughly, doing research of his own.» — a quién sigue Hornung en la generación siguiente: Frank Teichmann, que retoma y elabora la idea steineriana de la iniciación del faraón, remontada a Clemente de Alejandría y a Plutarco, con investigación propia sobre el Egipto antiguo.
«In 1955, Ernst Uehli (1873-1959) offered a more detailed account of an¬ cient Egyptian culture from an anthroposophical point of view, that is, from the perspective of a "mystery science." He proceeds from Steiner's thought, but he makes use of modern Egyptology to enhance it with a more detailed portrayal of Egyptian history» — el relato egipcio más detallado hecho desde la antroposofía, según Hornung: el de Ernst Uehli en 1955, desde lo que llama una ciencia de los misterios y a la vez con uso de la egiptología moderna.
«sory for all esoteric groups, was officially abolished in 1923, creating a marked distinction from other esoteric circles.» — el rasgo con que Hornung la distingue de sus vecinas, en frase que arranca en la plana anterior sobre el secreto obligatorio: quedó abolido oficialmente en 1923, lo que marcaba una diferencia nítida con los demás círculos esotéricos.
«The anthroposophic poet Albert Steffen turned this story into a drama, "Fahrt ins andere Land" (Journey to an¬ other land), which was performed in the municipal theater of Basel in the autumn of 1938. The drama is centered on the mummy of a princess "of Dynasty 16" who brings disaster to all.» — hasta dónde sigue Hornung el cuento de la maldición: al drama del poeta antroposófico Albert Steffen, estrenado en el teatro municipal de Basilea en otoño de 1938 y centrado en la momia de una princesa que trae la desgracia a todos.
«Steiner moreover put down the foundations for a new, so-called bio-dynamic agriculture, based on knowledge of the spiritual, especially astrological [> astrology], forces operative in the earth.» — lo que Leijenhorst pone entre lo fundado por Steiner: los cimientos de una agricultura biodinámica basada en el conocimiento de las fuerzas espirituales, en especial astrológicas, que operan en la tierra.
«Steiner propagated the so-called tri-partition of society, distinguishing between the domain of the state or the legal sphere, responsible only for inner and outer security» — y la propuesta social que consigna: la tripartición de la sociedad, con un dominio del Estado o esfera jurídica responsable solo de la seguridad interior y exterior; el tramo se corta en el salto de plana.
«Gnostic thought lives on today in theosophy and anthroposophy, and it even assumes concrete form in modern gnostic "churches." For Eric Vogelin, modernity is essentially gnostic antiquity; and with his "thrownness" of existence, Martin Heideg¬ ger seized on an ancient gnostic buzzword.» — dónde dice Hornung que sigue vivo hoy el pensamiento gnóstico: en la teosofía y la antroposofía, y con forma concreta en iglesias gnósticas modernas; el troceo parte Heidegger con guion de renglón.
«In 1952, Colombian Samael Aun Weor (1917-1977) founded the Gnostic Association for Anthropological and Cultural Studies. It too is very eclectic, mixing Buddhism, Tantrism, Steinerian anthroposophy, sexual alchemy, and the teachings of Gurdjieff.» — una de las mezclas que Faivre registra: la asociación gnóstica que el colombiano Samael Aun Weor funda en 1952, que junta budismo, tantrismo, antroposofía steineriana, alquimia sexual y enseñanzas de Gurdjieff.
«It was then that there arose movements such as the spiritualism of Allan Kardec; Theosophy, which drew its inspiration from the Far East; and the Anthroposophism of Rudolf Steiner, which are among the best known.» — las tres corrientes que Geneviève Dubois nombra como las más conocidas de esa coyuntura: el espiritismo de Allan Kardec, la teosofía de inspiración oriental y el antroposofismo de Rudolf Steiner.
«It was he who introduced René Guénon to Julius Evola,s who was at the time head of the group called Ur, which published monographs in which the articles were signed with pseudonyms: EA was the pseudonym of Evola; Pietro Negri was that of Arturo Reghini; Luce was the pen name of G. Parise; Leo was used by the anthroposophist Colazza; and the appellation Abraxas was taken by the hermeticist Ercole Quadrelli.» — dónde aparece un antropósofo en el grupo Ur, según Dubois: Leo era el seudónimo del antropósofo Colazza, entre los de Evola, Reghini, Parise y Quadrelli.
«While Roché and Gadal did much to revive both local and international interest in Catharism, they ultimately isolated themselves from the larger milieu of Cathar enthusiasts by each joining a specific movement (Anthroposophy for Roché, and the Lectorium for Gadal» — lo que el diccionario consigna de dos catarófilos: acabaron aislándose del medio más amplio al unirse cada uno a un movimiento específico, Déodat Roché a la antroposofía y Antonin Gadal al Lectorium.
«One of the most distinguished members of the Italian Anthroposophical Society [- Anthroposophy], Scaligero was born as Antonio Scabelloni in Veroli (not far from Rome) on September 17, 1906.» — cómo sitúa el diccionario a Massimo Scaligero: entre los miembros más distinguidos de la Sociedad Antroposófica italiana, nacido Antonio Scabelloni en Veroli el 17 de septiembre de 1906.
«This change of orientation was due partly to his own Christianity, which was more christocentric than > Rudolf Steiner’s, and partly to various conflicts within the European Anthroposophical Society Sections after Steiner’s death in 1925.» — las dos causas del giro de Valentin Tomberg, según Faivre en el diccionario: un cristianismo más cristocéntrico que el de Steiner y varios conflictos dentro de las secciones europeas de la Sociedad Antroposófica tras la muerte de Steiner en 1925.
«Pero fue Valentin Tomberg, el pensador más difícil de clasificar y probablemente el más profundo de los tres, quien llevó la comprensión del Tarot a su nivel más radical. Tomberg, nacido en Estonia en 1900, pasó de la Antroposofía al catolicismo, trabajó» — cómo presenta el Umbral a ese mismo Tomberg, en español: el más difícil de clasificar y probablemente el más profundo de los tres, nacido en Estonia en 1900, que pasó de la Antroposofía al catolicismo; el enunciado se corta en el salto de plana.
«Since Rudolf Steiner was able to gain mystical insights about the Guardian of the Threshold, research demonstrating the fact that this concept was derived from the fiction of Edward Bulwer-Lytton would to an Anthroposophist simply be a reflection of the scholar’s lacking mystical abilities that hinder a higher understanding of esoteric tradition» — el ejemplo con que Per Faxneld muestra una manera de blindarse ante la erudición: para un antropósofo, la investigación que hace venir el Guardián del Umbral de la ficción de Bulwer-Lytton reflejaría la falta de capacidades místicas del estudioso.
«Here, however, I will show further examples of conspiracy theory in esoteric societies, with three largely different usages; in anthroposophy, Satanism and Discordianism» — los tres casos que ese capítulo del volumen de Asprem y Granholm examina: la antroposofía, el satanismo y el discordianismo.
«Then I had the idea of putting myself in the hands of researchers of the anthroposophic movement. I reckoned that I would be likely to find men willing and able to understand my approach.» — a quién decidió acudir el alquimista Armand Barbault: a los investigadores del movimiento antroposófico, con los que contaba hallar hombres dispuestos y capaces de entender su planteamiento.
«Other people, imbued with theosophic or anthroposophic conceptions, have assured me th at this was perfectly normal, that the gold was transported straightway from the ph ysical to the etheric plane and indeed th at this is the origin of the gold's therapeutic properties.» — cómo nombra Barbault a quienes le dieron una explicación que él consigna como ajena: otras personas, imbuidas de concepciones teosóficas o antroposóficas, que le aseguraron que el oro pasaba del plano físico al etérico; el troceo separa sílabas dentro de varias palabras.
«Mr. H. Spindler, a friend of Dr. Hauschka’s, seeing that I had little inclination to go to Eckwalden, introduced me to a second laboratory. This, too, was imbued with anthroposophical ideas. It was the Weleda A.G. of Stuttgart, which had a French branch at St. Louis, near the Swiss frontier» — el segundo laboratorio al que llegó y quién lo llevó: H. Spindler, amigo del doctor Hauschka, lo presentó a la Weleda A.G. de Stuttgart, también imbuida de ideas antroposóficas, con filial francesa en St. Louis.
«I have for many years been studying the question of Humus in liaison with Rudolf Steiner’s Anthroposophical movement. Much of what I have been searching for over the last fourteen years now finds an answer and my thoughts are turned in new directions. I hope that we shall be able to work profitably together in the future. With my best wishes, Yours, W. Cloos» — la única voz del corpus que habla en primera persona desde el movimiento, y es una carta dentro de un libro ajeno: W. Cloos dice llevar años estudiando el humus en enlace con el movimiento antroposófico de Rudolf Steiner.
«At the end of the book will be found a brief resume of the tests carried out according to the method of Professor Theodor Schwenk, a member of the anthroposophical movement founded by Rudolf Steiner.» — cómo el prólogo de Raymond Abellio anuncia las pruebas del final del volumen: hechas por el método del profesor Theodor Schwenk, miembro del movimiento antroposófico fundado por Rudolf Steiner.
«Finally, let us remember an idea of Rudolf Steiner’s: he said that the laboratory table must once again become an altar. With that everything is said.» — con qué frase prestada cierra Manfred Junius su tratado de espagiria: una idea de Rudolf Steiner, que la mesa de laboratorio ha de volver a ser un altar.
«The first section of this chapter examines evidence for the existence of Atlantis, with an emphasis on the writings of three philosophers: Plato, Rudolf Steiner, and Colin Wilson» — cómo clasifica Jorjani a los tres autores de su capítulo atlante, Steiner incluido: los llama filósofos, y es adscripción disciplinar deliberada.
«Steiner describes the Atlanteans as having descended to Earth from the celestial plane.» — la versión de Steiner que Jorjani expone junto a la de Platón: los atlantes habrían descendido a la Tierra desde el plano celeste.
«According to Steiner, Atlantean technology would be considered “magical” by modern materialistic scientists. Their “machines” interfaced with the psyche, requiring the cultivation of abilities such as Telepathy and Telekinesis in order to make them function properly» — la tecnología atlante según ese mismo relato: sería tenida por mágica por los científicos materialistas modernos, porque sus máquinas se acoplaban a la psique y exigían cultivar telepatía y telequinesis.
«There are no monograph-length studies of the doctrines developed by any of these individuals, with the exception of Rudolf Steiner’s creation anthroposophy.» — la falta de bibliografía que Hammer declara en nota y su única excepción: no hay monografías sobre las doctrinas de esos individuos salvo sobre la creación de Rudolf Steiner.
«Among the few scholarly books devoted to anthroposophy as a new religious movement, the best is perhaps Geoffrey Ahern’s Sun at Midnight.» — cuál tiene por el mejor de los pocos libros académicos sobre la antroposofía como nuevo movimiento religioso: el Sun at Midnight de Geoffrey Ahern.
«The first category consist of books recommended by anthroposophists as introductions to his works. These are Die Philosophie der Freiheit, Theosophie, Wie erlangt man Erkentnisse der höheren Welten?, Umriss der Geheimwissenschaft and Mein Lebensgang.» — la primera categoría de su lista de fuentes, con la falta de concordancia del impreso: los libros que los antropósofos recomiendan como introducción a la obra de Steiner, con sus cinco títulos alemanes.
«These have English translations, sometimes under several different titles, authorized by the Anthroposophical Society, and it is from these translations that quotes are taken.» — de dónde toma las citas de esos libros: de las traducciones inglesas autorizadas por la Sociedad Antroposófica, a veces publicadas bajo varios títulos distintos.
«Rudolf Steiner suggests: Persevere in silent inner seclusion; close the senses to all that they brought you before your training;» — lo que Jon Klimo atribuye a Steiner al colocarlo entre los canalizadores: perseverar en el silencioso retiro interior y cerrar los sentidos a lo que le traían antes del entrenamiento.
«In this connection, it is interesting to note that another famous professor of theirs, named Steiner, in the course of his what are called ‘scientific investigations of supernatural phenomena,’ established mathematically that when these chickens were served at these ‘invitation dinners,’ the hostess would always recite the same little speech.» — cómo nombra a Steiner el Belcebú de Gurdjieff, en una burla: otro famoso profesor de ellos que establecía matemáticamente, en sus llamadas investigaciones científicas de fenómenos sobrenaturales, lo que la anfitriona recitaba en las cenas.
«His evolutionary logic, which is quite reminiscent of Hegel’s philosophy of world history, implies that some “culture epochs”, and also some races, are higher — closer to the nucleus of contemporary world development — than others.» — lo que Leijenhorst dice que implica la lógica evolutiva de Steiner, con la comparación hegeliana dentro: que unas épocas culturales y también unas razas están más cerca del núcleo del desarrollo mundial que otras.
«Steiner speaks of the Jewish people as having fulfilled its mission and facing no other choice than either complete assimilation or extinction.» — lo que consigna que Steiner dice del pueblo judío: que cumplió su misión y no tiene ante sí más salida que la asimilación completa o la extinción.
«Steiner’s opponents point to a few very unfortunate passages which, for instance, speak of native Americans being decadent and more or less “ready” for the mass murder committed by the Europeans.» — lo que el mismo firmante consigna que señalan los opositores: pasajes muy desdichados que presentan a los nativos americanos como decadentes y poco menos que listos para la matanza cometida por los europeos.
«According to Steiner, Saturn, Sun and Moon are recapitulated during the respective phases of that he calls the Polarian, Hyperborean, Lemurian and Atlantean epoch.» — las épocas en que Steiner reparte la historia planetaria, según Leijenhorst: Saturno, Sol y Luna se recapitulan en las fases polar, hiperbórea, lemúrica y atlante.
«Only a very small group was able to escape to the continent of Atlantis, where they became the ancestors of the fourth “root-race” of humankind, as Steiner refers to it, using theosophical vocabulary.» — cómo se cierra la fase lemúrica en ese relato: solo un grupo muy pequeño escapó a la Atlántida y engendró la cuarta raza raíz, término que el firmante marca como vocabulario teosófico.
«Although this “U-shape” version of evolution going from original purity through decay and back again to a new form of purity is common to many forms of esotericism and especially prominent in modern theosophy, the central place accorded to the coming of Christ in the planetary evolution makes anthroposophy different from older theosophical accounts of planetary evolution, with which Steiner otherwise has a lot in common.» — la diferencia con la teosofía que Leijenhorst tiene por decisiva, y que no coincide con la de Hammer: el esquema de pureza, decadencia y nueva pureza es común a muchas formas de esoterismo, y lo que aparta a la antroposofía es el lugar central que da a la venida de Cristo en la evolución planetaria.
«shorter time span, concentrating exclusively on the present cycle. It makes up for its narrower perspective by giving even more lavish attention to detail than theosophy.» — cómo mide Hammer el mismo contraste, por el tamaño del relato y en frase que arranca en la plana anterior: la antroposofía abarca menos tiempo, se ciñe al ciclo presente y compensa el foco estrecho con un detalle aún más pródigo que el de la teosofía.
«Thus, Steiner’s India has little to do with what emic history knows of the continent, despite the use of a number of Sanskrit terms in anthroposophical texts, such as karma and maya.» — lo que Hammer saca de su recorrido por la India de Steiner: tiene poco que ver con lo que la historia emic sabe del subcontinente, pese al uso de términos sánscritos como karma y maya en los textos antroposóficos.
«In a double movement not untypical of Steiner, anthroposophy is the key to discovering the inner meaning of older religious traditions, which then turn out not only to be basically identical with anthroposophy, but to symbolically point to the arrival of Steiner’s revelations as the apex of human spirituality.» — el doble movimiento que le atribuye, con su litote: la antroposofía es la llave del sentido interno de las tradiciones antiguas, que resultan a la vez idénticas a ella y símbolo anticipado de las revelaciones de Steiner como cumbre de la espiritualidad humana.
«Anthroposophists have the task of renewing human knowledge of the creative forces in nature, as the Egyptians attempted to do through the Osiris-Isis myth.» — la tarea que Hammer consigna asignada a los antropósofos: renovar el conocimiento humano de las fuerzas creadoras de la naturaleza, como los egipcios intentaron por el mito de Osiris e Isis.
«Our present epoch, that of the spiritual soul, is determined above all by the development of natural science, by means of which we have been able to conquer and command nature, thereby alienating ourselves from the spiritual world.» — el diagnóstico del presente en ese esquema, según Leijenhorst: la época actual, la del alma espiritual, está determinada por el desarrollo de la ciencia natural, que dio dominio sobre la naturaleza al precio de alienar del mundo espiritual.