The Origins of Freemasonry: Scotland's Century, 1590–1710

«The origin o/Freemasonry is one of the most debated, and debatable, subjects in the whole realm of historical inquiry» — epígrafe de Frances Yates con que Stevenson abre la introducción (su nota remite a *The Rosicrucian Enlightenment*, 252): la frase es de Yates, no del autor, y reconoce que el asunto es de los más discutidos de toda la investigación histórica. La grafía «o/Freemasonry» es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es «of Freemasonry».

«that masonic history should follow the rules accepted for other branches of history» — su regla de método, dicha contra los dos extremos que describe: la fábula inverosímil por un lado y el descarte en bloque de toda evidencia masónica por el otro.

«I am not myself a freemason, and have no intention of becoming one» — declara su posición respecto del objeto.

«The present one seeks to trace the influences which formed early freemasonry and to analyse the evidence relating to its emergence primarily in Scotland and its subsequent spread to England» — la tesis en su propia formulación: emergencia primaria en Escocia, difusión posterior a Inglaterra.

«the formation of Grand Lodge was an event of very minor importance in the development of freemasonry, and in no sense constituted a milestone in masonic history» — de la Gran Logia de Londres de 1717, que al fundarse solo reunía cuatro logias londinenses. La frase es de Gould y Stevenson la suscribe.

«the Mason Word was a Scottish institution» — lo da por demostrado concluyentemente por Knoop y Jones en 1939.

«had a very distinctive organisation based on the lodge, unique and elaborate symbolic rituals and secrets revolving round the Mason Word» — lo que ya existía en Escocia hacia 1600, y que atrajo después a hombres que no eran canteros.

«No master should work with, or let his servants work with, 'cowans» — de los Primeros Estatutos Schaw (1598), la prohibición que separa al iniciado del que no lo es.

«a man 'without the word'» — su definición del *cowan*: no es el obrero sin oficio sino el hombre sin la Palabra, es decir, sin iniciación.

«This was Hermes Trismegistus, and from this pillar he taught the sciences to man» — en la historia legendaria de los *Old Charges*, quien halla el pilar que sobrevivió al Diluvio y enseña con él las ciencias. El texto lo nombra antes «The great Hermarius» y lo hace bisnieto de Noé.

«the king of Babylon himself, Nimrod, was a mason» — la misma historia legendaria hace de Nimrod el primer patrón real y legislador del oficio.

«The Hermetic movement was soon to be discredited on historical grounds, but its influence on the Scottish masonic lodges was permanent» — su lectura de la relación: el descrédito filológico del hermetismo no deshizo lo que ya había depositado en las logias.

«For we be brethren of the Rosie Crosse; We have the Mason Word and second sight» — los versos que constituyen, según él, la primera referencia conocida a la Palabra del Masón, fechable a comienzos de la década de 1630, y que la acoplan al rosacrucismo. El propio Stevenson se pregunta acto seguido si no será solo la reunión de tres cosas tenidas por misteriosas, sin conexión real entre ellas.

«I had no idea, when I first began research into early freemasonry in Scotland, that I would end up arguing that the essentials of the complicated cocktail of diverse influences and trends that make up modern freemasonry were brought together in Scotland.» — cuenta que la tesis escocesa no era su punto de partida sino el resultado al que llegó investigando.

«Rather this was a conclusion that was gradually forced on me by the evidence.» — insiste en el orden: la conclusión se le impuso por la evidencia, no la trajo consigo.

«My reaction was one of bewilderment, for I had no idea that masonic lodges had existed at that time.» — el origen del libro: trabajando en los archivos covenanter se topó con logias escocesas del siglo XVII cuya existencia desconocía.

«What did it mean to be a mason in the 1640s? Nothing I found to read threw significant light on the matter.» — la pregunta con que arranca la investigación, y la constatación de que la bibliografía disponible no la contestaba.

«I soon found I had entered into a major research topic on which a vast amount had been published, though academic historians like myself had largely ignored or overlooked it.» — describe el estado del campo: mucho publicado, y casi todo fuera del radar de la historia académica.

«I quickly discovered how wrong I was, as a whole new world of masonic lodges unfolded before me, social organisations previously unknown to Scottish historians of the period which now demand a place in the social and cultural history» — sostiene que esas logias son organizaciones sociales que la historia de Escocia no tenía registradas y que deben entrar en su historia social y cultural.

«Firstly, one could waste a lifetime reading the sheer nonsense written in past generations by masonic authors, and this has often led academic historians who» — primera de las tres razones que da del abandono académico del tema: el volumen de disparate publicado hace recular al que se asoma. La frase se completa en la plana siguiente.

«Secondly, though there have been many excellent masonic historians, without whose work this book could not have been written, their work has tended to be not just by masons but for masons, published by specialist publishers and (though not kept secret) only publicised in masonic circles.» — segunda razón: la buena historiografía masónica existe, pero se escribe y se difunde solo dentro del oficio.

«Most general historians remain unaware of a remarkable development which takes place in seventeenth-century Britain, while masonic historians, concentrating on the emergence of freemasonry, are usually not equipped with the wider knowledge of historical developments» — el costo de esa separación en las dos direcciones: unos no saben que el fenómeno existe y los otros no tienen el marco para leerlo.

«Their many works greatly enhanced the credibility of masonic history, and they argued with vigour that masonic history should not be studied in isolation from other aspects of historical development.» — de Douglas Knoop y G. P. Jones, profesores en Sheffield —uno masón y el otro no—, a quienes nombra la excepción a esa separación y de quienes toma la regla de método del libro.

«This latter attitude is obviously absurd; if historians confined themselves exclusively to studying aspects of the past they positively approved of, our understanding would be limited to say the least.» — responde a la tercera razón que registra, el prejuicio de que el asunto es indigno de estudio.

«Some features of the movement that may be regarded as absurd or distasteful when viewed in the context of the late twentieth century, may be better understood (even if still, perhaps, not positively approved of!) when seen in the context of their true origins.» — su oferta al lector reticente: entender algo en su contexto no obliga a aprobarlo.

«The second book, The first freemasons. The early Scottish lodges and their members, concentrates on the development of individual lodges.» — anuncia que la investigación se reparte en dos libros: este traza las influencias, el otro sigue logia por logia.

«Discussions with Professor Roger Emerson (London, Ontario) have been very useful to me in the field of the late seventeenth-century background to the Enlightenment, and I have benefited much from correspondence with Professor Wallace McLeod (Toronto) about the Old Charges - though he would not wish to be associated with some of the arguments put forward in this book.» — en los agradecimientos deja constancia de que McLeod, su corresponsal sobre los *Old Charges*, no suscribe algunos de los argumentos del libro.

«This book is a study of the emergence in seventeenth-century Scotland of freemasonry, a brotherhood of men bound together by secret initiations, by secret rituals, and by secret modes of identification, organised in groups known as lodges.» — su definición de trabajo del objeto: una hermandad definida por iniciación, ritual y modos de reconocimiento secretos, organizada en logias.

«At first, and in some cases well into the eighteenth century, one of the basic functions of many of the lodges was regulating the working lives of stonemasons.» — reconoce que la logia empieza cumpliendo una función de oficio, y que en algunos casos la sigue cumpliendo hasta entrado el siglo XVIII.

«But from the start social and ritual functions lay at the heart of the lodges.» — su matiz decisivo sobre lo anterior: lo social y lo ritual no son un añadido tardío a la logia gremial, están desde el principio.

«Already by the mid seventeenth century ideals resembling in many respects those of modern freemasonry can be detected in the lodges, and significant numbers of men who were not stonemasons were being admitted to these lodges.» — data hacia mediados del siglo XVII la aparición conjunta de dos cosas: ideales reconocibles como masónicos y admisión de hombres ajenos al oficio.

«The evidence relating to the emergence of modern freemasonry is complex, confusing, and often fragmentary.» — advierte de entrada el estado del material sobre el que va a argumentar.

«The purpose of this introduction is to help readers gain their bearings before plunging into the jungle of more detailed arguments and explanations.» — declara la función de la introducción: orientar antes de entrar en el detalle.

«This study is based as far as possible on contemporary written sources, evaluated like other historical sources.» — su base documental y el criterio con que la trata: fuentes de la época evaluadas como cualesquiera otras.

«Knoop and Jones themselves failed to provide a properly balanced approach to masonic history, for it should not be seen as a branch of social history, but simply as a branch of history;» — corrige a sus predecesores en el encuadre: llamarla historia social terminó reduciéndola a historia económica y dejando fuera lo político, lo religioso, lo intelectual y lo cultural.

«If they cannot be found no attempt should be made to fill the gap.» — resume así el credo de Knoop y Jones, que juzga demasiado estricto: sin hechos nuevos, el hueco se deja como está.

«Imagination is in fact an essential item in the historian's toolkit, both in trying to make sense of facts and in speculating when facts are lacking, though it must of course be intelligent and informed imagination, and it must be made clear where fact ends and interpretation and speculation begin.» — su respuesta a ese credo, con el límite dentro: la imaginación es herramienta legítima siempre que se marque dónde acaba el hecho.

«Thus though much of this book is based on sound documentary evidence, I make no apology for the fact that it also contains much in the way of tentative interpretation and imaginative guesswork.» — declara por adelantado la mezcla de documento y conjetura que el lector va a encontrar.

«The alternative would be to present a heap of disjointed facts, which would be an abdication of the historian's duty to do all that is possible to make the past comprehensible.» — su razón para no abstenerse de interpretar: el hecho suelto no cumple el deber del oficio.

«As many aspects of early freemasonry are obscure, the book is littered with phrases such as 'it is possible that', 'it may well be that' and 'it would seem that' - clumsy but necessary to draw the reader's attention to the problems and uncertainties inevitably involved in attempting to fill those gaps» — explica el rasgo de estilo del libro como una señalización deliberada de la incertidumbre.

«Though the work of Knoop and Jones may be criticised in some respects, their work provides a strong and essential foundation for masonic history, vastly superior to what had preceded it:» — acota su propia crítica: los corrige sobre un cimiento que reconoce suyo.

«criticising them is a backhanded compliment, for they must be taken seriously and their works should still be studied,» — cierra el matiz anterior sobre Knoop y Jones.

«But when the seventeenth-century evidence relating to the development of freemasonry is examined, it is immediately apparent that documentary evidence is astonishingly copious in Scotland, almost entirely absent in England.» — el hecho documental sobre el que apoya toda la tesis: el archivo del siglo XVII está en Escocia.

«This has often been perceived as an embarrassment, and a number of arguments more ingenious than plausible have been put forward to explain away the overwhelmingly Scottish provenance of the evidence to pander to the patriotic prejudices of English masons.» — sostiene que la historiografía inglesa ha tratado esa procedencia escocesa como un estorbo a explicar, no como un dato.

«But the heretical implications of this arrangement were too much for English twentieth-century masonic editors.» — el caso que da: en la primera edición de 1884-7 Gould trató la masonería escocesa antes que la inglesa por ser anterior la evidencia, y los editores del siglo XX invirtieron el orden de los capítulos.

«No doubt this arrangement was justified by the order in which the national grand lodges were founded, but the result is an absurdity.» — sobre ese reordenamiento, que dejó a Escocia después de Inglaterra y de Irlanda: señala que los capítulos ingleses discuten en realidad evidencia escocesa, porque la inglesa sola no da para un relato coherente.

«for though the English Grand Lodge came in time to play a major role in organising freemasonry, when founded it merely brought together four London lodges:» — su medida de lo que fue 1717 en el momento de ocurrir, distinta de lo que la Gran Logia llegó a ser después.

«But their understanding of the Scottish contribution was inevitably limited by the fact that they studied it within an English framework, as they still regarded» — de Knoop y Jones: les reconoce haber destacado la aportación escocesa y les objeta haberla leído dentro de un marco inglés.

«Georg Begemann produced a history which at least admitted in its title what it was, but did so in Germany and at a time, 1914, when German works were unlikely to receive widespread distribution or a welcome in Britain.» — el segundo de los dos únicos intentos previos de historia de la masonería escocesa que reconoce, tras el de David Murray Lyon en 1873. El nombre de pila que imprime la capa de texto es Georg y queda pendiente de cotejo contra el facsímil.

«but has been chosen as marking approximately the point at which the popularity of masonry in England led to developments there which ended the period of Scottish domination of early freemasonry.» — justifica el corte de 1710 del subtítulo: no es una fecha de acontecimiento sino el punto en que Inglaterra toma la delantera.

«Masons doubtless had some sort of ceremony or ritual to mark the initiation of new members of the craft, but in this they were no different from other crafts.» — la parte que no le concede al oficio medieval: iniciar tenía ceremonia, y eso lo compartía con cualquier gremio.

«Nonetheless, to speak of 'freemasonry' in the modern sense in the Middle Ages is anachronistic; there is no indication that the mason trade was to be singled out from the rest for a remarkable and unique future.» — su límite explícito contra el relato de origen medieval.

«The Medieval contribution, of craft organisation and legend, provided some of the ingredients essential to the formation of freemasonry, but the process of combining these with other ingredients did not take place until the years around 1600, and it took place in Scotland.» — reparte lo medieval y lo escocés: la Edad Media pone ingredientes, Escocia hacia 1600 hace la mezcla.

«It is in this late Renaissance Scottish phase, according to the main argument of this book, that modern freemasonry was created.» — la tesis dicha como tesis, con la fase renacentista tardía escocesa como momento de creación.

«Initiation of gentlemen into lodges in England is also recorded from the 1640s, but the process there is much more obscure.» — reconoce evidencia inglesa contemporánea y la califica de mucho más oscura.

«The link with working stonemasons and their organisations was weak, and the secrets possessed by English masons and their organisation in lodges seem to have derived from Scotland suggesting that, whereas in Scotland freemasonry grew out of the genuine practices of working stonemasons, in England it was in part at least imported from Scotland, with lodges being from the first created by gentlemen and for gentlemen.» — la diferencia que sostiene entre los dos países, dicha con su reserva: en Escocia crece del oficio real, en Inglaterra es al menos en parte importada y de caballeros para caballeros.

«But from the early eighteenth century the English began to innovate and adapt the movement, though Scottish influence remained strong, and at this point England took over the lead in the development of freemasonry from Scotland.» — el relevo: a partir de comienzos del XVIII la iniciativa pasa a Inglaterra sin que la influencia escocesa desaparezca.

«The Scottish phase, that of the Renaissance contribution, was being succeeded by a new phase - in both Scotland and England - in which some of the values which were to be associated with the Enlightenment were incorporated into the movement: as the Age of Reason dawned freemasonry, Renaissance in origin, was adapted to fit a new climate.» — su periodización en dos tiempos: renacentista de origen, ilustrada por adaptación.

«Yet even as freemasonry emerged and spread as a world-wide movement, it diversified in the most bewildering way.» — el rasgo que le atribuye a la difusión: no una doctrina que viaja intacta sino una diversificación desconcertante.

«It could be committedly Catholic (until outlawed by the papacy) or protestant.» — ejemplo de esa plasticidad en materia religiosa.

«It could nurture conspiracies of left or right.» — el mismo argumento en lo político.

«It is as if the lodge system, combined with secrecy, ideals of loyalty and secret modes of recognition, had created an ideal organisational framework, into which members could put their own values and which they could adapt for their own uses.» — su explicación de esa plasticidad, dicha como comparación y no como afirmación: la logia sería una forma organizativa vacía de contenido propio que cada grupo llena.

«Many of these variants arising from masonry which survive today are not recognised by British masonic organisations, being regarded as having abandoned the original ideals of the movement, but it is nonetheless true that masonry has provided the classic structure for secret organisations in the modern world.» — separa la cuestión del reconocimiento oficial de la del efecto histórico: la masonería dio el molde de la sociedad secreta moderna.

«The claim that it is in Scotland in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that the essentials of modern freemasonry emerge is a large one, but the following list of 'firsts' that Scotland can claim on the basis of surviving sources is a crude indication of the evidence on which the claim rests:» — presenta su prueba como una lista de primicias documentales escocesas, y la califica él mismo de indicación cruda.

«Earliest use of the word 'lodge' in the modern masonic sense, and evidence that such permanent institutions exist» — primera de las primicias escocesas de esa lista.

«Earliest evidence connecting lodge masonry with specific ethical ideas expounded by use of symbols» — otra de las primicias escocesas: el paso de la herramienta al símbolo moral está documentado antes en Escocia.

«Earliest evidence of the use of two degrees or grades within masonry» — la primicia escocesa en materia de grados, con los términos *entered apprentice* y *fellow craft* documentados también primero allí.

«Earliest copies of the Old Charges (no Scottish copies are known which pre-date the mid seventeenth century)» — primera de las cuatro primicias que sí concede a Inglaterra en la misma lista.

«Earliest lodge composed entirely of 'non-operatives' (which can be interpreted as indicating how English masonry was, much more than Scottish, an artificial creation, not something that grew out of the beliefs and institutions of working stonemasons)» — otra primicia inglesa, que lee como indicio de artificio: allí la logia se funda, aquí crece del oficio. La lectura la marca él mismo como interpretación posible.

«Of these, the Old Charges which developed in England were to become an essential part of freemasonry, but they were not in their origins part of it, while the other 'English' developments are late and, it might be argued, comparatively superficial, not affecting the basic nature of the movement.» — su balance de las primicias inglesas, con la reserva expresa de que la segunda mitad es discutible.

«Up to the end of the sixteenth century there is no evidence indicating that the masons of Scotland differed much from other types of craftsmen, except that the nature of their trade meant that masons often moved from one place to another in search of work.» — su línea de base antes de 1590: el cantero escocés no se distingue de otro artesano salvo por la movilidad que le impone el oficio.

«But from the 1590s evidence that the craft was unique emerges with bewildering rapidity.» — data en la década de 1590 el cambio, y subraya su velocidad.

«In 1598 William Schaw, the king's master of works, issued a code of statutes regulating the organisation and conduct of masons.» — el hecho central de su cronología: el maestro de obras del rey legisla sobre el oficio en 1598.

«In 1600 or 1601 William Schaw and representatives of five lodges confirmed the position of William Sinclair of Roslin as hereditary patron of the craft; the five lodges included one not referred to before, Dunfermline.» — el segundo hito, y lo que la lista de firmantes deja ver de paso: había más logias de las que constan por otra vía.

«Thus we know (either certainly or in a few instances on good though not conclusive evidence) of 25 lodges scattered throughout Lowland Scotland and into the fringes of the Highlands,» — la cuenta de logias escocesas anteriores a 1710, dada con su grado de certeza declarado.

«including lodges in all the largest burghs: and it would be remarkable (considering that some are only known through single fragments of surviving evidence) if other lodges did not exist in this period of which all trace has been lost.» — el argumento que añade sobre esa cuenta: si varias se conocen por un solo fragmento, lo esperable es que otras se hayan perdido enteras.

«These new masonic lodges are, it will be argued, from their first appearance, as much or more concerned with rituals and secrets as with regulating the working practices of stonemasons.» — anuncia el argumento del libro sobre la naturaleza de esas logias desde su primera aparición.

«Generally only the latter aspects of the work of the lodges get recorded in their minute books, but this is hardly surprising; by definition the secret is unlikely to be recorded, and historians of any institution know to their cost that minutes are likely to be silent on many of the most interesting features of its activities.» — su respuesta al silencio de las actas sobre lo ritual: el acta registra lo administrativo porque el secreto, por definición, no se escribe.

«From the 1630s there is a steady trickle of references to the Mason Word, a secret means of identification.» — data en la década de 1630 el comienzo del rastro documental de la Palabra del Masón y la define como medio secreto de identificación.

«All the earliest references are in non-masonic sources, but soon they are joined by ones in lodge records.» — precisa de dónde sale ese rastro: primero de fuera del oficio, después de las actas de logia.

«Much remains unknown, and always will, but compared with the situation in England, where only isolated scraps of evidence of masonic activity survive, the historian of early Scottish freemasonry has remarkable wealth at his disposal.» — su balance del archivo, con el límite dicho: mucho seguirá sin saberse, y aun así la comparación con Inglaterra es abrumadora.

«Frequently this is not die case, for the term 'non-operative' contains a hidden ambiguity.» — abre su crítica del vocabulario heredado. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«They tend to assume that the non-operatives whom they should identify and discuss are not 'all members who are not stonemasons', but 'all members who are not craftsmen', which is a much more limited group.» — el deslizamiento que denuncia en la historiografía: de no cantero a no artesano.

«Thus an important group of members of some lodges, men who were operatives in that they were working men but who were not operative stonemasons, has fallen through a definitional gap and disappeared from view.» — el efecto de ese deslizamiento: los artesanos de otros oficios admitidos en logias quedaron fuera del recuento.

«An operative lodge is taken to be one which is made up mainly of stonemasons and is largely concerned with regulating the mason trade.» — la definición corriente que va a discutir cuando se aplica a logias enteras y no a personas.

«It is then assumed that the former type of lodge was largely concerned with functioning as a trade guild, regulating the craft, while the latter was concerned with esoteric rituals, freemasonry proper.» — el supuesto encadenado que rechaza: gremio de un lado, esoterismo del otro.

«Thus the assumption imposed by the terminology, if one is not careful, is that operative lodges, made up of stonemasons, must do operative things; non-operative lodges of gentlemen or speculatives do speculative things.» — nombra el círculo: la terminología decide de antemano lo que cada logia pudo hacer.

«This may make some sense in an English context, where nearly all lodges were 'artificial' foundations by gentlemen, but it is totally inappropriate for Scotland where virtually all the pre-1710 lodges were originally, and often long remained, closely tied to the mason trade.» — acota dónde vale y dónde no ese esquema.

«The older masonic historians who invented these terms seem to have been influenced by the snobbish assumption that, though freemasonry recognised in its very name its connection with the mason trade, and based its ritual and symbolism on the trade's tools and practices, nonetheless mere working stonemasons could not have developed interesting rituals comparable with those of later freemasonry; that must have been the work of respectable, educated gentlemen.» — su diagnóstico del origen del esquema: un prejuicio de clase que niega a los canteros la capacidad de haber hecho su propio ritual.

«Thus speculative equals gentleman equals non-operative.» — la ecuación que resume ese prejuicio y que su libro deshace.

«In this book 'non-operative' means a man who is not a stonemason, whether he be a craftsman or a gentleman.» — fija su propio uso del término para el resto del libro.

«Sometimes he would work on his own, or with just a few colleagues; but on major building projects he might be part of a labour force of dozens or even hundreds.» — la condición material del cantero medieval, que va a explicar por qué su organización difiere de la de los demás oficios.

«It was, from one point of view, the institution through which a town's authorities sought to control and regulate the craft, but it simultaneously gave a craft a corporate identity, and through it the craft held its rights and privileges concerning the organisation of the trade.» — su lectura de doble filo del gremio urbano: instrumento de control del burgo y a la vez el título con que el oficio tiene derechos.

«These guilds, usually strictly limited in number, are often referred to as the incorporations of a burgh, but the word was also sometimes used more widely (by the seventeenth century at least) to include craft organisations given only very limited public recognition and authority.» — advierte de la elasticidad del término *incorporación* en las fuentes, que en el siglo XVII cubre también organizaciones apenas reconocidas.

«As corporate bodies they were incorporations, but not among the elite of the incorporations.» — el matiz de rango dentro de esa elasticidad.

«These seals should not, however, be taken to mark the beginnings of organisation by the crafts concerned; rather it would usually be the case that craft organisation had existed and evolved for generations, with the granting of a seal representing the culmination of the process, even though it is often the first point at which the organisation becomes visible to the historian.» — regla de lectura que aplicará después a las logias: el documento fundacional marca cuándo el historiador ve la organización, no cuándo empezó.

«Originally a mason's lodge was, it seems, simply a sheltered working place, a temporary construction on the building site, perhaps a sort of lean-to against the wall of an existing building or of that under construction, or a separate shed, where the masons could shape and carve the stone out of the sun or rain.» — el punto de partida material de la palabra *lodge*: un cobertizo de obra, dicho con su cautela.

«But it developed far beyond this; masons can be found eating and resting in lodges, and even sleeping there when they were not local men with homes they could return to each night.» — el paso del cobertizo a la vida en común, que atribuye a la movilidad de los canteros.

«The lodge building might serve several purposes - working shelter and tool store on the one hand, barrack accommodation on the other.» — la doble función del edificio antes de que la palabra designe una institución.

«Because conventional guilds, especially when shared with other, much larger, related crafts such as the wrights, were not completely suited to the circumstances of the mason craft, the guilds came to be complemented by parallel, overlapping organisations which took account of the special needs which arose from the mobility of many masons and their concentration at the sites of particular buildings.» — su explicación del origen de la logia como organización paralela: el gremio urbano no servía para un oficio itinerante y compartido con los carpinteros.

«Many lodges of this sort would be short-lived, but on major building projects work might continue, with greater or lesser intensity, for many years, even for generations.» — la condición que permite que una logia de obra se vuelva duradera: la obra larga.

«In 1544 the lodge building was again referred to, and finally in 1605 orders were given that it be repaired and divided up to provide accommodation for three schools, this last reference indicating both that the building must have been a fairly substantial one and that by the beginning of the seventeenth century the Aberdeen 'lodge' in the Medieval sense was no longer active.» — el caso de Aberdeen, del que saca dos cosas a la vez: el tamaño del edificio y la fecha en que la logia medieval deja de funcionar.

«The only other reference known in Scotland to a Medieval lodge which indicates that it was an institution as well as a building also occurs in connection with a burgh church.» — la escasez del material medieval escocés, dicha como cuenta: dos referencias, ambas ligadas a iglesias de burgo.

«Lodges attached to specific buildings gave the mason trade one type of organisation its particular circumstances required.» — cierra el tramo anterior y abre el siguiente: la logia de obra resolvía una necesidad, pero no todas.

«But there was a need for more.» — la bisagra de su argumento: hacía falta una organización que excediera la obra concreta.

«They wanted to limit entry to the trade to men who had been properly trained in its 'mysteries', its skills and techniques.» — el motivo que da del control de entrada al oficio, con el término *mysteries* usado aquí en su sentido gremial de destrezas.

«But when masons gathered from a wide area for a major building project, how was a mason to know if the strangers were qualified masons he could accept as colleagues?» — la pregunta práctica de la que hace derivar los medios secretos de reconocimiento.

«In Britain the word lodge was not used, so far as is known, to denote bodies claiming jurisdiction or authority for their rules and customs other than for particular buildings, but the Old Charges speak of annual assemblies.» — el estado del vocabulario antes de 1590, con su reserva declarada, y la única alternativa que ofrecen los *Old Charges*.

«The organisation they describe, of regional or national meetings with legislative and judicial powers, doubtless represents an ideal rather than reality, but informal assemblies of masons probably did meet from time to time to try to regulate the trade, perhaps taking advantage of the opportunities offered by intensive phases of work on major buildings, making decisions which masons who had gathered from a wide area would report in their own localities on returning to their homes.» — cómo lee las asambleas de los *Old Charges*: ideal más que realidad, aunque no descarta reuniones informales al calor de las grandes obras.

«The involvement (in theory at least) of such important local figures doubtless in part indicates a wish for powerful patrons to protect the craft: but such patrons may also have been intended to supervise the activities of the masons to ensure that they did not act against the public interest - as by fixing wages.» — la doble cara que atribuye al patronazgo señorial del oficio: protección y vigilancia.

«The involvement of local landowners and officials in the mason trade and the holding of assemblies cannot in practice be traced in Britain in the Middle Ages, but traces of such activities in England relating to another wandering craft suggest that the idea of such a practice is not totally absurd.» — declara el vacío documental y el único apoyo indirecto que encuentra: otro oficio itinerante inglés.

«But either through this act or other developments there are two instances in Scotland of lairds claiming hereditary rights to jurisdiction over masons by the end of the sixteenth century.» — el hecho escocés que sí documenta: dos lairds reclamando jurisdicción hereditaria sobre los canteros a fines del siglo XVI.

«When a stranger appeared, before guild, lodge or simply other masons working on a building, claiming to be a qualified member of the craft, he would be examined, perhaps by a practical test of skill but also, it may well be, by questions which might relate to practical knowledge, to the legendary lore of the craft, or by standard questions with answers that constituted identification codes or passwords.» — su reconstrucción del examen al forastero, marcada como conjetura, donde la prueba de destreza convive con el interrogatorio de contraseñas.

«There is no direct evidence of them in Britain, but in view of the needs of masons to identify true colleagues to whom the skills and secrets of the craft had been properly and regularly imparted, it is far from fanciful to suppose that some accepted means of identification had emerged, and later formed the basis for the Mason Word and its attendant rituals.» — su hipótesis sobre el antecedente medieval de la Palabra del Masón, dicha con la falta de evidencia por delante.

«No doubt where there were guilds of masons, the apprentice mason who had served his time had such matters revealed to him when he was received into the guild as a freeman, a brother of the craft.» — sitúa la revelación de los secretos en el momento de la recepción como hermano del oficio.

«But where there was no guild his master may have either imparted this knowledge himself, or a lodge attached to a building may have done this, as part of an initiation ceremony.» — la alternativa donde no había gremio, y la primera aparición de la ceremonia de iniciación en su relato.

«But their basic form and message is unchanging, and as diis book is a study primarily of Scottish masonry it is appropriate to use an early Scottish version to outline die contents of the Old Charges.» — justifica citar los *Old Charges* por una copia escocesa temprana pese a que las más antiguas son inglesas. Las grafías *diis* y *die* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *this* y *the*.

«Moreover, it was maintained, all seven sciences were founded on one science, that of geometry.» — de la historia legendaria de los *Old Charges*: las siete artes liberales descansan todas en la geometría.

«Therefore it is the most worthy of sciences and underlies all the rest.» — el corolario que el mismo texto legendario saca sobre la geometría, y que permitirá identificar el oficio con ella.

«Lamech's eldest son, Jabal, founded geometry, but he and his brothers feared the wrath of God for their sins, and therefore wrote down their great discoveries on pillars of stone that could survive fire or flood.» — el arranque de la historia legendaria en los *Old Charges*: la geometría la funda Jabal, y el saber se graba en pilares a prueba de fuego y de agua.

«The next stage of development was in Egypt, for Abraham and his wife Sarah went there and taught the seven sciences to the Egyptians; and Abraham had a scholar called Euclid who 'learned right weel' and became a master of all the sciences.» — el tramo egipcio de la historia legendaria de los *Old Charges*, donde Abraham y Sara llevan las siete ciencias a Egipto y Euclides es su discípulo.

«Egypt therefore summoned parliament to consider the problem, but it found no solution.» — en la misma leyenda, el rey de Egipto convoca parlamento por el exceso de hijos de los señores que la tierra no puede mantener, y es Euclides quien resuelve.

«did so, and offered to teach the children one of the seven sciences whereby they could live honestly as gentlemen.» — la solución de Euclides en la leyenda: enseñarles un arte con el que vivir honradamente como caballeros.

«taught the sons of the Egyptian lords 'the Science of Geometrie in practicke, for to worke in stone of all manner of worthy works that belongeth to churches, temples, castles, towers, and mannors, and all the other manner building'» — el contenido que la leyenda pone en la enseñanza de Euclides: la geometría en su ejercicio práctico sobre la piedra.

«Masons should call each other brother or fellow, and not knave or servant or any other derogatory name.» — de los cargos que la leyenda atribuye a Euclides, el que instituye el tratamiento fraterno dentro del oficio.

«Masons should work for their masters honestly, choosing the wisest mason working on a building to be their master of works, and they should assemble» — otro de esos cargos: el maestro de obras se elige por saber, no por rango.

«'And thus was the Craft governed there; and that worthie Clarke Euclide gave it the name of Geometrie; and now it is called through all this land Maissonrie.'» — de la copia escocesa de los *Old Charges* que usa: la identidad entre geometría y masonería queda establecida por el propio Euclides de la leyenda.

«But 'England in all this season was voyd of any Charge of Massonrie.'» — el mismo texto legendario data tarde la llegada del oficio a Inglaterra, ya en tiempos de San Albano.

«He obtained a charter from his father commissioning the craft to hold an annual assembly, and gathered information about masonry at home and abroad.» — en la leyenda, Edwin hijo de Athelstan obtiene la carta de la asamblea anual y compila los cargos antiguos en un libro.

«These Charges that wee have now rehearsed unto yow, and all others that belongeth to Massons, yow shall keep; so help yow GOD and your Halydoome.» — la fórmula de juramento con que cierran los *Old Charges*, que Stevenson toma como prueba de que el texto se recitaba en voz alta.

«There is no direct evidence of the use to which the Old Charges were put by masons in the later Middle Ages, but internal evidence indicates that they were intended to be read out or recited at meetings, especially when entrants were admitted to the craft.» — lo que infiere del texto mismo a falta de testimonio externo: se leían al admitir.

«Thus it may be that at almost any gathering of masons in connection with their craft, whether in guild, lodge or otherwise, the craft's lore would be solemnly rehearsed at greater or lesser length.» — extiende esa lectura a cualquier reunión del oficio, marcándolo como posibilidad.

«Through it they were taught pride in their craft; its importance in the general scheme of human knowledge; its antiquity; and of the great men who had revered and patronised it.» — la función que atribuye a esa recitación: fabricar orgullo de oficio mediante antigüedad y patrocinio ilustre.

«The two earliest versions, which differ greatly (one being in verse) date from around 1400.» — la datación de los dos testimonios más antiguos de los *Old Charges*.

«Perhaps a century then elapses before the next supposed version (it has long been lost) is recorded, and it is followed by another six in the sixteenth century (mainly in the second half of the century)» — el hueco de un siglo y el goteo posterior en la transmisión manuscrita.

«The first half of the seventeenth century then produces 11 copies.» — la curva de copias, que hace el argumento del interés creciente.

«Thus the impression is of relatively little interest in, or knowledge of, the Old Charges until the later sixteenth century.» — la lectura que saca de esa curva.

«This may be misleading to some extent, through accidents of survival and perhaps a tendency until the later sixteenth century to regard the Old Charges as secret, to be memorised rather than committed to paper.» — el límite que él mismo le pone a esa lectura: memorizar en vez de escribir también produce silencio documental.

«Nonetheless, a surge of interest, which it can plausibly be suggested derives from a connection being made between parts of the charges and later Renaissance themes (the glorification of mathematics and the architect, and the obsession with the Hermetic quest for the lost wisdom of the ancients), does seem to have taken place after about 1550.» — su explicación del auge posterior a 1550, dicha como sugerencia plausible: los cargos se vuelven interesantes cuando enganchan con la matemática, el arquitecto y la búsqueda hermética de la sabiduría perdida.

«But not until a century later, after nearly 20 English copies have been recorded, do Scottish texts begin to survive, and all the early Scottish texts clearly derive from English originals.» — concede sin rodeos la prioridad inglesa en el texto de los *Old Charges*.

«Yet the Schaw Statutes give reason to believe that the essentials at least of the Old Charges were known in Scotland by 1600, and when the Scottish copies do appear they are distinctive not in their contents but in their context.» — el matiz con que compensa esa prioridad: en Escocia lo distinto no es el texto sino el uso que se le da.

«Thus from the mid seventeenth century onwards the evidence is far stronger for Scottish working masons being acquainted with the contents of the Old Charges than it is for their English counterparts.» — el desenlace de ese contraste: el texto es inglés, el conocimiento documentado entre canteros en activo es escocés.

«All crafts sought to uphold their own supremacy on grounds of utility or antiquity, and recitation of lore supporting such claims combined with sworn obedience to rules was commonplace. Though there is talk in the Old Charges of secrecy there is no unique emphasis on it.» — su cautela contra leer los *Old Charges* como ya masónicos: ni la leyenda ni el juramento ni el secreto distinguen a los canteros de otros oficios.

«But in spite of this the Charges do not mean that the masons can be regarded as qualitatively different from other crafts; there is little in the Old Charges that cannot be paralleled in the legendary histories proudly maintained by many trades17 (though static crafts had no need of the sorts of assemblies the masons claimed to have held for ages past» — la misma cautela dicha en negativo, con la única excepción que admite: la asamblea, que solo un oficio itinerante necesita.

«Thus in making grandiose claims the masons were doing no more than other trades.» — el cierre de esa cautela.

«Yet it is nonetheless the case that the masons' claims to high status were unusually impressive.» — la salvedad que abre en seguida sobre la cautela anterior.

«Classical authors had seen architecture as the practical application of geometry and therefore had equated the two.» — la autoridad antigua sobre la que descansa la ecuación entre arquitectura y geometría.

«Thus a mason was an architect, and the architect was accepted as a geometer, and, as the Old Charges boasted, geometry was often held not just to be one of the seven liberal arts or sciences, but to be the discipline underlying all the others.» — la cadena de equivalencias que sostiene la pretensión de rango del oficio: cantero, arquitecto, geómetra.

«That they did so is suggested by the fact that though the Old Charges are basically similar to other craft histories, they are unusually elaborate, and the equation of masonry and architecture was not confined to the craft but was accepted by a number of late Medieval writers.» — la prueba que ofrece de que la pretensión se tomaba en serio fuera del oficio.

«The permanence of the materials it used was impressive, and the greatest products of the mason craft, the vast cathedrals and abbeys, were arguably the most awe-inspiring creations of man in the Middle Ages, astonishing testaments not just to love and fear of God but to the ability of man and his power to change the world about him.» — su explicación material del prestigio del oficio.

«The great stone ecclesiastical buildings - and stone castles - were dominant features in landscapes which contained no other constructions which could even begin to rival them in scale.» — el mismo argumento desde el paisaje.

«That the men whose skill built them should develop an immense pride in their craft and make great claims for it was natural; and it is equally understandable that others should take such claims seriously.» — su conclusión sobre el orgullo de oficio: no hace falta doctrina esotérica para explicarlo.

«If there are doubts as to how far the lore contained in the Old Charges had spread among masons in England by the end of the Middle Ages, the situation in Scotland is even more difficult to assess as no copies of the Old Charges are known.» — declara el vacío de partida en Escocia antes de ofrecer su indicio indirecto.

«But one fragment of evidence has come to light recently that strongly suggests that Scottish masons were fully aware of one element of the Old Charges' legends, the emphasis on Solomon's Temple as the greatest of all building projects, central to the development and dissemination of masonry.» — anuncia el único indicio que tiene de que la leyenda del Templo circulaba entre canteros escoceses medievales.

«A Latin inscription on the west front of the chapel of King's College, Aberdeen, reads (in translation) 'By grace of the most serene, illustrious and ever-victorious Kingjames IV: On the fourth before the nones of April in the year one-thousand five-hundred the masons began to build this excellent college.'» — el indicio, en su propia traducción: la inscripción de 1500 fecha el inicio de la obra y nombra a los canteros junto al rey. La grafía *Kingjames* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *King James*.

«The significance of the date, 2 April, is almost certainly that it was the date on which it was calculated, by reference to the Bible, that the building of Solomon's Temple had begun. It was, therefore, evidently chosen as a highly appropriate date for a building project to be started.» — su lectura de la fecha: el 2 de abril es el día en que se calculaba que había empezado el Templo de Salomón.

«It is surprising that an inscription of diis sort should specifically mention the craftsmen responsible for the work at all, yet here they are standing alongside the king.» — lo que le llama la atención de la redacción, y de donde saca su hipótesis. La grafía *diis* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *this*.

«Is it possible that die masons were mentioned because it was they who, drawing on their traditions, pointed out that 2 April was a particularly appropriate day on which to start building?» — formula su hipótesis como pregunta, no como afirmación: la fecha la habrían aportado los canteros desde su propia tradición. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«There thus may be in these two instances traces of a Medieval masonic custom that has previously been overlooked, though 2 April starting dates for other buildings need to be sought to confirm this.» — con el segundo caso, el King's College de Cambridge iniciado el 2 de abril de 1441, deja la costumbre planteada y pide expresamente más casos antes de darla por buena.

«2 April in 1441 was Passion Sunday (the fifth in Lent) and as this is mentioned in the verse that records the starting date it is possible that that, and not any connection with Solomon's Temple, was why the day was chosen.» — la explicación alternativa que él mismo pone contra su hipótesis, sin descartarla.

«But by the late sixteenth century the craft was in fact on the verge of a remarkable development which would make it different in kind from all other crafts and give birth to freemasonry.» — la bisagra del libro: hasta aquí el oficio no se distingue, a partir de aquí sí.

«The transformation came about, so far as can be discerned, because one man saw that some aspects of the traditional heritage of the craft of masonry linked up with a whole series of trends in the thought and culture of the age, and worked to introduce them into the craft.» — su explicación del cambio, con la reserva delante: lo hace un hombre que conecta la herencia del oficio con las corrientes de su tiempo.

«This man was William Schaw, and his appointment as master of works to the Scottish crown placed him in a position in which he had power over the craft and could attempt to remodel it in accordance with his own visions of its high status.» — nombra al autor de la transformación y explica de dónde le venía el poder para hacerla.

«In the early sixteenth century the kings of Scotland began to appoint principal masters of works, with responsibility for all royal castles and palaces for life, in place of (or in addition to) temporary masters for specific buildings.» — el origen del cargo que Schaw ocupará: de encargado de una obra a responsable vitalicio de todas las del rey.

«The separation of functions was not a rigid one, however, for masters of works were often men with particular expertise and interest in architecture and sometimes took an active part in designing buildings.» — matiza que el maestro de obras no era solo un administrador.

«Details of Schaw's life are sparse, and much of what is known is derived from the Latin epitaph placed over his tomb in Dunfermline Abbey (see plate 1) after his death in 1602.» — declara la base documental de su biografía de Schaw: sobre todo un epitafio.

«Beneath this lowly pile of stones lies a man illustrious for his rare experience, his admirable rectitude, his unmatched integrity of life, and his consummate qualities, William Schaw, the King's Master of Works, Master of the Ceremonies, and Chamberlain to the Queen.» — el epitafio de Dunfermline en su traducción, que enumera los tres cargos de Schaw.

«Queen Anne ordered a monument to be set up to the memory of a most admirable and most upright man lest the recollection of his high character, which deserves to be honoured for all time, should fade as his body crumbles into dust.» — el resto del mismo epitafio: la tumba la manda erigir Ana de Dinamarca.

«He may be the William Schaw who appears in the accounts of the treasurer as a page to Mary of Guise, Queen Dowager and Regent of Scotland, for whom black velvet was brought to make a cloak on 1 June 1560.» — una identificación temprana de Schaw dada como posible, no como cierta.

«After 1560 nothing is known for certain of William Schaw's activities for more than 20 years; it is unlikely that he was the William Schaw who stole 4,500 crowns from a follower of Mary Queen of Scots» — el hueco de veinte años en la biografía, y un homónimo que descarta.

«Family disaster was averted, however; a gift of the escheated goods was made to his sons, John and William, and Broich himself and his servants were soon granted a remission or pardon.» — el desenlace del episodio familiar de los Schaw de Broich.

«Thus the appointment, which involved displacing his predecessor (Sir Robert Drummond of Carnock) from an office he had been granted for life,» — señala que el nombramiento de Schaw como maestro de obras se hizo desplazando a un titular vitalicio.

«When in 1588 there were renewed fears of Catholic intrigues at court, and the presbytery of Edinburgh summoned before it 'papists and apostates quho sail happin to resort to Court' or to Edinburgh, William Schaw was among those ordered to appear.» — la primera prueba documental de la posición confesional de Schaw: figura entre los citados como papistas por el presbiterio de Edimburgo.

«Again, when in 1593 an English agent drew up a list of those at court who supported English interests and those who were hostile to them, Schaw was listed in the latter group and described as 'a suspected Jesuit'» — la segunda: un agente inglés lo clasifica como hostil y sospechoso de jesuita.

«Like a number of other Scots in court circles, though remaining a Catholic he avoided actions that might provoke persecution, probably even attending protestant services from time to time.» — su lectura de cómo Schaw sostuvo su fe y su cargo a la vez, marcada como probable.

«Of William Schaw's extensive travels abroad, mentioned in his epitaph, tantalisingly little is known.» — declara el límite de lo que puede decir sobre la formación continental de Schaw.

«Schaw's inclusion in the mission - and indeed his appointment as master of works - may be due to the fact that he had managed to obtain much more powerful patronage than that offered by his Schaw of Sauchie cousins, namely that of the Setons.» — atribuye la carrera de Schaw al patrocinio de los Seton, dicho como posibilidad.

«Indeed both Alexander and his father hoped to use the mission to France to further Catholic interests, by getting foreign help to restore the old religion in Scotland.» — el trasfondo confesional de la embajada francesa de 1584-85 en que Schaw participa.

«It was to be he who, by then first earl of Dunfermline, erected Schaw's tomb.» — el vínculo con Alexander Seton se prolonga más allá de la muerte de Schaw: es él quien manda hacer la tumba.

«Lord Seton returned to Scotland late in 1584, and Schaw was certainly back in Scotland by 1585, for in that year he was one of three men chosen by the king to entertain Danish ambassadors who had arrived in the hope of getting the Orkney and Shetland Islands restored to Denmark.» — la primera misión diplomática documentada de Schaw, y la fecha firme de su regreso.

«But he left fixing the price and the 'contryveance' or design to Alexander, Lord Seton 'he being one of the greatest builders in that age; and at that tyme had the king's master of worke at Seatoune, building that large quarter of his palace towards the north-east'.» — el testimonio que sitúa a Schaw trabajando en el palacio de Seton, citado de una fuente que Stevenson califica en seguida de confusa.

«This account is confused; the new Lord Seton was not Alexander but his elder brother Robert, later first earl of Winton, but the confusion of names» — corrige el testimonio anterior en el punto del nombre, sin descartar el hecho.

«Whether Schaw, in addition to his work at Seton Palace, had any part in the rebuilding of Pinkie House and Fyvie Castle, the outstanding testimonies to the architectural interests and skills of his friend Alexander Seton, is unknown.» — se abstiene de atribuirle las dos obras que serían las más lógicas.

«Schaw's main love might have been architecture, but the fact that he was appointed, soon after returning from the French mission, to look after the Danish ambassadors indicates that he was also regarded as a diplomat.» — el doble perfil del personaje, que después usará para explicar su acceso a la cultura continental.

«It was no doubt this earlier contact with the Danes that led James VI to include Schaw in his retinue when he set out late in 1589 to fetch home his wife, Anne of Denmark, who had been delayed by storms in Norway.» — el segundo viaje continental de Schaw, en el séquito del rey a Dinamarca.

«As with Schaw's mission to France, it can be suggested that the Danish trip was intellectually rewarding and that he took full advantage of it to advance his knowledge of the architectural subjects close to his heart, but no specific details of his visit survive.» — la conjetura sobre lo que Schaw pudo traer de esos viajes, dicha con la falta de detalle por delante.

«In Anne of Denmark Schaw found a new friend at court, and he was soon appointed chamberlain of the lordship of Dunfermline, which had been assigned to her.» — el patrocinio de la reina, del que dependen los cargos últimos de Schaw.

«All that is known is that the English ambassador reported in 1591 that the office, vacant through the death of the previous holder, was likely to be given to Schaw; and that his epitaph shows he held the office at the time of his death.» — la escasez de la base documental sobre uno de esos cargos: un rumor de embajada y un epitafio.

«In 1594 he was ordered by king and council to 'caus entir workmen' to destroy the earl of Huntly's great castle at Strathbogie, a task which can hardly have been congenial to an architect and must have been especially distasteful to Schaw, as Huntly was a leading Catholic who was in trouble for intriguing with foreign powers.» — el encargo que subraya la contradicción de su posición: un arquitecto católico mandado a demoler el castillo de un señor católico.

«By this time court favour and office had led William Schaw to greater prosperity than the senior members of his family, and by 1588 the barony of Sauchie was in his possession.» — el ascenso patrimonial que le da el favor de la corte.

«The councillors stressed that William 'in his lyfetyme, and during the tyme of his seruice ... was a most painefull, trustye, and well affectit seruand to your maiestie'.» — del informe del consejo sobre las pensiones impagadas de Schaw, que es la fuente de la que sale buena parte de lo que se sabe de su servicio.

«The total lack of letters or other personal or family papers inevitably leaves much of William Schaw's life and work obscure.» — el límite general que declara sobre toda su reconstrucción del personaje.

«He set out to reorganise the mason craft in Scotland and endow it with a new stature and meaning: and in doing so he created freemasonry.» — la formulación más escueta de su tesis sobre Schaw: al reorganizar el oficio creó la masonería.

«On 25 September 1590 a letter was issued under the privy seal stating diat die king had been informed of die qualifications of Patrick Copland of Udoch» — el documento anterior a Schaw que muestra cómo se organizaba el oficio antes de sus estatutos. Las grafías *diat* y *die* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *that* y *the*.

«Therefore the king confirmed Patrick in die office of wardenry over die craft of masons in die diree shires, making him warden and justice over them for life.» — el contenido de esa carta: una guarda vitalicia sobre los canteros de tres condados, regional y no nacional. Las grafías *die* y *diree* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *three*.

«He was to exercise this office as freely 'as any udiir wardane of die said craft widiin diis realme dois or may do', or as» — la fórmula del documento da por supuesto que había otros guardianes del oficio en el reino. Las grafías *udiir*, *widiin* y *diis* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *uther*, *within* y *this*.

«Patrick was to have die right to all fees and privileges pertaining to die office, widi power to hold warden and justice courts, and to appoint deputies, clerks and odier court officials.» — el alcance jurisdiccional del cargo regional: cortes propias y oficiales propios. Las grafías *die*, *widi* y *odier* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *with* y *other*.

«It is hard to know how much credence to give to these statements, but (as seen in chapter 2) English evidence indicates diat for members of a wandering trade to accept (or have imposed) a local landlord as patron and protector was not unknown.» — su cautela sobre esas fórmulas, apoyada en el único paralelo que tiene. La grafía *diat* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *that*.

«There is no evidence that Copland, his predecessors, or his son actively exercised their authority over masons.» — el límite duro del caso Copland: el título consta, el ejercicio no.

«It could also be that the Coplands were delegated power over the masons by the earls of Huntly, the masons having asked the earls to be their patrons because of their powerful position in the region and as they were major employers of masons - the great castle of Strathbogie or Huntly (which William Schaw was to be ordered to destroy) was almost entirely rebuilt in the 1550s.» — la hipótesis de una cadena feudal detrás de la guarda regional: los canteros habrían buscado el patrocinio de los Huntly, grandes empleadores de la región.

«But, in the absence of any real evidence, all this must remain mere speculation.» — cierra el tramo llamando especulación a lo que acaba de exponer.

«On diis argument it was Schaw, a well-established court figure close to the king, who took the initiative in getting royal confirmation under the privy seal for die rights of the Coplands over masons.» — la posibilidad de que la propia carta de 1590 fuera obra de Schaw. Las grafías *diis* y *die* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *this* y *the*.

«But, if this is what happened, Schaw soon changed his mind, and within a few years he was working on a new system of organisation in which there was no place for regional wardens.» — el giro que le atribuye: del guardián regional al guardián general único.

«Thus eight years after evidence is found of die office of regional warden, a general warden of all Scottish masons appears.» — la cronología del cambio en ocho años. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«He did this, no doubt, to make his jurisdiction over masons more explicit dian it had previously been, in order to strengdien his position in implementing die ambitious reforms he had in mind for die mason craft.» — el motivo que atribuye a Schaw para asumir el título de guardián general. Las grafías *dian*, *strengdien* y *die* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *than*, *strengthen* y *the*.

«The statutes open by binding master masons to observe all die good ordinances previously made by their predecessors (1).» — el primer artículo de los Primeros Estatutos Schaw: obediencia a las ordenanzas anteriores. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«It seems that Schaw was here thinking primarily of die charges or orders contained in the Old Charges, for die clauses which follow appear to be based on them,» — su lectura de ese primer artículo, que enlaza los estatutos de 1598 con los *Old Charges*. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Next, the statutes ordered that a warden was to be elected yearly by the master masons to have charge of'everie ludge as they ar devidit particularlie'.» — de los Primeros Estatutos Schaw: la elección anual del guardián de cada logia, primer indicio de una red de logias territoriales.

«No master was to take more than three apprentices in his lifetime without special consent of the wardens, deacons and masters of the shire.» — de los mismos estatutos, el tope de aprendices por maestro.

«Apprentices were to be bound to their masters for at least seven years, and were not to be made 'brother and fallow in craft' until they had worked for at least another seven years after that.» — de los mismos estatutos, los dos plazos de siete años que separan al aprendiz del compañero.

«No master or fellow of craft was to be admitted to a lodge unless at least six masters (including the warden) and two entered apprentices were present, and the skills and worthiness of the candidates were to be tried.» — de los mismos estatutos, el quórum de admisión, donde aparece ya el aprendiz ingresado como categoría con presencia propia.

«Finally, the statutes ordered that masons who did not attend meetings of which they had been informed were to be fined, and masters attending assemblies or meetings were to tell of any wrongs they knew of committed by other masons against their fellows or their employers.» — de los Primeros Estatutos Schaw: la asistencia obligatoria y el deber de denunciar dentro del oficio.

«All fines imposed by lodges for breaches of these regulations were to be devoted to pious (charitable) causes (20-2).» — de los mismos estatutos, el destino piadoso de las multas.

«To these statutes all the master masons present agreed, and they requested William Schaw to sign them and send a copy to every lodge within the realm.» — la cláusula de promulgación, que da por existente una red de logias a las que enviar copia.

«The First Schaw Statutes provide a flood of new evidence about masonic organisation in Scotland, but it is not easy to distinguish innovations by Schaw» — el problema de método que abre en seguida: el documento no dice qué es nuevo y qué es recogido.

«Nor is it easy to understand the meaning of the statutes if they are considered in isolation.» — su regla de lectura para los estatutos: no se entienden sin lo que había alrededor.

«There is no evidence of such lodges having jurisdiction over all masons working in an area, or having general control over who could enter the trade, or of individual lodges having links with others to exercise jurisdiction on a wider basis, over whole shires - though the Second Schaw Statutes were soon to indicate that Kilwinning Lodge claimed to have had such rights in the past.» — la diferencia entre la logia medieval y la de Schaw, con la única reclamación en contra: la de Kilwinning, que decía haberlas tenido.

«But, whether temporary or semi-permanent, the late Medieval lodges (die fragments of evidence indicate) had only been concerned with masons working on a single building, or perhaps at most on all public buildings in a particular burgh.» — el alcance limitado de la logia anterior a Schaw. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Just as there is no evidence of continuity of ritual, so there is none of organisation.» — su negativa doble contra el relato de la descendencia directa desde la logia medieval.

«Doubtless some of the new-type lodges which appeared around 1600 claimed from the first links with these shadowy earlier lodges (as many certainly did later), but there is not a single scrap of evidence to give plausibility to the idea of the direct and continuous descent of any of the 'Schaw' lodges from earlier organisations.» — separa la reclamación de antigüedad, que documenta, de la continuidad real, que no encuentra.

«The name of the chief official in the new lodges was also a legacy from the past.» — reconoce lo que sí es herencia: el nombre del cargo.

«But again similarity of name should not be taken as proof that the Medieval official was identical to the official described in the Schaw Statutes and presided over an identical institution.» — la advertencia que acompaña a esa herencia de nombre.

«In 1616 John Service, 'warden of the maissouns ludge' at Edinburgh Castle, was paid for his pains in having charge over the other masons 'and in trying of their wark'.» — el caso con que sostiene su punto: en 1616 todavía existe un guardián de logia de obra, con funciones de control de calidad.

«Service's office of warden over a site lodge was nothing to do with the lodges of the Schaw Statutes and their wardens, and the fact that the Medieval-style site lodges could exist alongside the new Schaw lodges but entirely separate from them emphasises that they were very different even if they had the same name.» — la conclusión que saca del caso: dos instituciones distintas conviviendo bajo un mismo nombre.

«So too does the fact that a site lodge could be owned by a woman, the widow of a mason.» — el dato que remata esa distinción: la logia de obra era una propiedad, y podía ser de una viuda.

«In both ritual and organisation William Schaw may have built on fragmentary traditions of the craft, but the central theme appears to be innovation rather than continuity.» — su balance sobre Schaw, con la concesión y el énfasis dichos juntos.

«The wardens were themselves master masons, and they and the other masters controlled the lodges.» — quién manda dentro de la logia Schaw.

«When a master mason first took an apprentice he was supposed to 'book' him - have his name inserted in the lodge's records.» — el primer trámite de la carrera masónica según los estatutos.

«Nothing was said in the First Schaw Statutes as to how entered apprentices were to be admitted to the lodge, but it is clear that the fellow crafts were admitted with some sort of ceremony;» — el silencio de 1598 sobre la admisión del aprendiz frente a la ceremonia expresa del compañero.

«Other sources make it evident that these intenders prepared the candidate for initiation by teaching him the secrets and rituals of the fellow craft.» — la función de los intendentes que los estatutos nombran sin explicar: instruir al candidato en secretos y ritual.

«There were also in the seventeenth-century secrets and rituals taught to the entered apprentices, but the silence of the Schaw Statutes may indicate that these had not been created by 1598.» — de ese silencio saca una hipótesis de cronología del ritual, marcada como tal.

«Wardens, according to the statutes, were to be elected by the masters of the lodge, but there was also another lodge official mentioned, the deacon, and nothing was said about how he was appointed:» — el segundo silencio de los estatutos, del que va a salir toda la cuestión de la incorporación.

«The reason for this was that, though he was accepted as a lodge official, he was not usually chosen by the lodge.» — su explicación del silencio sobre el diácono.

«In many urban lodges he was the head of whatever incorporation included masons, being elected by the incorporation, or by a system that gave both the incorporation and the burgh council a say in the appointment.» — de dónde venía realmente el diácono: de la corporación municipal, no de la logia.

«It is tempting to link the timing of this with William Schaw's attempts to reorganise the mason craft, but whatever the reason for the split it meant that in Glasgow there was after 1600 an incorporation consisting entirely of masons and alongside it a lodge with virtually the same membership.» — el caso de Glasgow, donde se abstiene de afirmar la conexión con Schaw y se queda con el hecho.

«Both types of institution regulated entry to the trade, made rules as to working practices, punished transgressors, sought to settle disputes between masons, and had social functions in bringing masons together to eat and drink.» — el solapamiento funcional entre logia y corporación que hace difícil separarlas.

«In Stirling and Dundee it is impossible to separate lodge and incorporation, a single body performing the functions of both.» — el extremo de ese solapamiento.

«But it is probably significant that in both these cases the lodge/incorporation was not a full incorporation but only a trade society given limited recognition by the burgh council.» — el matiz con que explica ese extremo: se fusionan donde la corporación era débil.

«Incorporations are usually defined as bodies which, authorised by the burgh authorities, gave the craft concerned privileges and status in the burgh, and a share (though a limited one) in governing the burgh.» — la definición corriente de corporación urbana, que va a completar con su reverso.

«But there was another side to incorporation by a seal of cause: it created an organisation through which the burgh magistrates and council could control and regulate the craft.» — el reverso: el sello de causa da privilegios y a la vez entrega el oficio al control del burgo.

«They had been seen as a threat to the authority of burgh councils, and as designed to push up wages and introduce restrictive practices in the crafts.» — cómo se veían las organizaciones de oficio desde el consejo del burgo.

«Interestingly, the masons and wrights were singled out on several occasions as notable offenders here.» — el dato que aísla a canteros y carpinteros dentro de esa sospecha general.

«But by the late sixteenth century the incorporations had been brought firmly under burgh control, and though having an incorporation brought a craft privileges it also involved recognition that ultimate control of the craft lay in the hands of a merchant-dominated burgh council.» — el estado de cosas del que, sostiene, la logia es la salida.

«In any case (as indicated in chapter 2) incorporations were designed to meet the needs of static crafts, of tradesmen whose working lives would be spent in the burgh, and this made them not entirely suitable for masons who frequently moved in search of work.» — la segunda insuficiencia de la corporación para los canteros: está pensada para oficios sedentarios.

«In these circumstances masons may well have concluded that incorporations could not protect their interests and regulate their trade adequately.» — la inferencia que hace, marcada como probable, sobre el motivo de los canteros.

«Moreover, they had their own lore and rituals, greatly revived and elaborated by William Schaw, which were exclusive to their craft.» — el segundo motivo: tenían algo propio que ninguna corporación mixta podía albergar.

«The lodge system of the First Schaw Statutes offered a solution to such difficulties.» — su tesis sobre la función de las logias Schaw.

«Masons could retain membership of incorporations for the advantages this brought them within burghs, while through lodges they could have their own organisations outside the control of the burgh councils.» — el reparto que permite el sistema doble: privilegios en el burgo, autonomía fuera de él.

«Thus through lodges the masons asserted their right to their own autonomous organisations, established by themselves without seal of cause or other authorisation from outside the craft.» — lo que a su juicio es nuevo en la logia: una organización que no pide permiso a nadie.

«Support is given to this suggestion by the strong tradition that lodges should not meet within burghs.» — la prueba que ofrece de esa autonomía: la logia se reúne fuera de la jurisdicción del burgo.

«Melrose masons met outside the burgh at Newstead: Aberdeen masons crossed the River Dee to meet outside the burgh's jurisdiction.» — los dos casos concretos de esa costumbre.

«But though the incorporations accepted the lodges they only did so tacitly, turning a blind eye to their existence.» — la forma que toma la convivencia entre las dos instituciones.

«If the minutes of the Incorporation of Mary's Chapel are any guide, incorporations avoided all reference to lodges in their records.» — el silencio documental recíproco, medido en las actas de la corporación.

«Similarly, only in the most unusual of circumstances do lodge records contain any indication that there were such things as incorporations - as when the extraordinary circumstances of the foundation of the Lodge of Journeymen Masons forced the Lodge of Mary's Chapel to acknowledge the fact that there was an Incorporation of Mary's Chapel acting as a public front for it.» — el mismo silencio del otro lado, y la excepción que lo delata.

«Lodges liked to pretend that they alone exercised authority over the mason craft, but the circumspection with which they acted in practice indicates their awareness of the existence of incorporations and burgh councils and of the necessity to avoid provoking them by presenting any threat to their interests.» — separa la pretensión de las logias de su conducta efectiva.

«Like lodge records, the Schaw Statutes ignored the existence of incorporations, except indirectly through their acceptance that deacons had authority over lodges.» — el silencio deliberado de los estatutos sobre las corporaciones, con la única grieta por donde asoman.

«The statutes assumed (or pretended) that all the stages of a mason's career were recorded and controlled by the lodge.» — su lectura del alcance que los estatutos se atribuyen, dicha con la alternativa dentro.

«In practice, where lodges and incorporations existed side by side, lodges only controlled parts of the process.» — lo que ocurría de hecho, contra lo que los estatutos suponían.

«Booking of apprentices was left to the incorporation or to the burgh authorities.» — el reparto real de trámites entre las dos instituciones.

«In Edinburgh at least, the start of the apprenticeship (which should have been accompanied by booking, though in practice this was often delayed for several years) was normally followed two or three years later by admission to the lodge as an entered apprentice.» — la secuencia efectiva de la carrera en Edimburgo.

«Several later seventeenth-century indentures specifically committed the master to having his apprentice thus 'entered' to a lodge within a time limit.» — la prueba contractual de que la entrada a logia era parte esperada del aprendizaje.

«Perhaps seven or so years after being entered, the entered apprentice was promoted in the lodge to fellow craft master, after initiation but without any 'essay' or test of his practical skills as a craftsman such as had been intended by Schaw - and without the 14-year wait between the start of apprenticeship and promotion to fellow craft he had stipulated.» — la distancia entre lo que Schaw legisló y lo que las logias hicieron: sin prueba de oficio y con menos años.

«By this promotion the mason became a master so far as the lodge was concerned: but to the incorporation he remained simply a time-served apprentice earning his living as a wage-earning journeyman.» — el punto donde las dos jerarquías divergen y un mismo hombre tiene dos rangos.

«Many never rose beyond this status, but a privileged minority went on to become mason burgesses and (on approval of an essay) masters of the incorporation.» — la parte estrecha de la carrera corporativa.

«In the course of their careers masons thus advanced up two interlocked but distinct hierarchies, those of lodge and of incorporation/burgh.» — la formulación del sistema doble de jerarquías.

«sometimes ignored cowans, but in some cases they licensed cowans to work or even (in Perth) admitted them to membership.» — lo que hacían las corporaciones con los *cowans*, y que contrasta con la hostilidad de las logias.

«Building accounts show cowans and masons working side by side.» — el dato de las cuentas de obra: en el trabajo real convivían.

«But the Schaw Statutes and the masonic lodges are positively hostile to cowans.» — el contraste que quiere hacer notar entre la práctica de la obra y la norma de la logia.

«It is not just that they are seen as semi-skilled men who have to be kept in their place, excluded from some types of work to enforce traditional ideas of trade demarcation.» — descarta la explicación gremial como suficiente para esa hostilidad.

«Masons are banned from working with cowans at all, and though in practice some lodges made exceptions this was always done reluctantly.» — el alcance de la prohibición y su cumplimiento a regañadientes.

«It seems possible that lodge and incorporation had in fact different definitions of cowans, just as they had different definitions of masters.» — la hipótesis que resuelve la contradicción entre cuentas de obra y estatutos: las dos instituciones no llamaban *cowan* a lo mismo.

«Thus to some extent what made a man a cowan was not lack of skill, but lack of initiation into the esoteric lore of the Mason Word.» — el desplazamiento del criterio, dicho con su acotación: en parte, no del todo, lo que define al *cowan* es no estar iniciado.

«In refusing to work or associate with cowans, lodge members were evidently, in part at least, bringing pressure on men qualified for membership to accept initiation into the lodge and thus make it easier to find employment.» — la función práctica que atribuye al veto: forzar a los canteros capaces a iniciarse para poder trabajar.

«Other cowans, not having been properly trained in the mason craft, would not have the option of lodge membership and were excluded from the Mason Word as they were not qualified to receive it.» — la otra mitad de la categoría, para la que el veto no era una presión sino una exclusión.

«The hostility to cowans, now defined in part at least as men whose deficiency lay in lack of initiation, probably arose from William Schaw's ambitions for the craft.» — el origen que atribuye a esa hostilidad, marcado como probable.

«He wanted masons to be an exclusive body of men qualified as masons both through training in trade skills and through initiation to the esoteric lore of the craft.» — el programa que le atribuye a Schaw: doble requisito de oficio y de iniciación.

«For this to be achieved masons had to distance themselves both from the semi-skilled and from the uninitiated, and the word cowan was used to embrace both categories.» — su explicación de por qué una sola palabra cubre dos exclusiones distintas.

«The most widely accepted patron saint of the mason craft was St John, though there was sometimes confusion as to whether this was St John the Baptist, whose feast-day was 24 June, or St John the Evangelist, whose feast fell on 27 December.» — el patronazgo del oficio y la ambigüedad entre los dos Juanes, que deja dos fechas en juego.

«In Edinburgh the Incorporation of Masons and Wrights had, in pre-Reformation times, been responsible for the upkeep of the chapel of St John the Evangelist in the burgh church, St Giles,50 and most seventeenth-century lodges held their main meeting of the year - sometimes their only one - on 27 December (unless that was a Sunday, when the meeting would be held on 28 December).» — resuelve la ambigüedad por la práctica documentada: la reunión anual cae el 27 de diciembre, día del Evangelista.

«It is highly likely that William Schaw had convened his meeting of master masons on 27 December, the most important day in the masonic calendar, and that it was as a result of the discussions then held that the First Schaw Statutes were drafted and agreed the following day.» — su explicación de la fecha de los Primeros Estatutos, el 28 de diciembre de 1598.

«This is certainly what happened with the Second Schaw Statutes the following year.» — el apoyo que le da a esa explicación: en 1599 la secuencia está documentada.

«Local practices varied greatly, and there is no evidence of cooperation between die lodges in a shire.» — el límite de lo que los estatutos lograron: ni uniformidad ni red efectiva entre logias. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Nonetheless, the statutes defined the basic character of the seventeenth-century lodge and its work.» — lo que sí concede a los estatutos pese a ese límite.

«Next, it was declared expedient by 'my lord warden generall' that every lodge in Scotland have 'the auld and antient liberteis thereof vsit and wont of befoir'.» — de los Segundos Estatutos Schaw (1599): el respeto a las libertades antiguas de cada logia, apelación al pasado que no está en los Primeros.

«The statutes then announced that it was needful and expedient that 'in all tyme cuming, as of befoir' Edinburgh should be the 'principall ludge in Scotland'.» — de los mismos estatutos, la adjudicación de la primacía a Edimburgo.

«Kilwinning was to be the second, as of before, this being 'notourlie manifest in our awld antient writtis'.» — de los mismos estatutos, el segundo lugar de Kilwinning, justificado por escritos antiguos.

«The warden of Kilwinning was to have power to summon all wardens and deacons in this area - or, indeed, in any other part of the west of Scotland - and, along with the deacon of Kilwinning, power to judge them (2).» — la jurisdicción regional que los Segundos Estatutos reconocen a Kilwinning sobre el oeste de Escocia.

«The next 'Kilwinning' statute ordered the warden of Kilwinning to elect and choose 'sex of the maist perfyte and worthiest of memorie within [their bounds], to tak tryall of the qualificatioun of the haill masonis within the boundis foirsaid, of thair art, craft, scyance and antient memorie', and the warden (and deacon, it is now added) would be held responsible for seeing that diis was done (6).» — de los Segundos Estatutos: el examen de los canteros incluye expresamente la *antient memorie*. La grafía *diis* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *this*.

«All statutes and acts made by the predecessors of the masons of Kilwinning were to be observed faithfully, and no apprentice or craftsman (fellow craft?) was to be admitted except within the church of Kilwinning.» — de los mismos estatutos, con el lugar de admisión fijado en la iglesia; el signo de interrogación sobre *fellow craft* es de Stevenson.

«The warden and deacon of Kilwinning were to take oaths from all masters and fellow crafts within their bounds that they would neither keep company nor work with cowans or their servants and apprentices (12).» — la prohibición de los *cowans* reforzada ahora por juramento.

«Finally, the officials of Kilwinning Lodge were to 'tak tryall of the art of memorie and science thairof, of euerie fallowe of craft and euerie prenteiss, according to ather of thair vocationis; and in cais that thai have lost ony point thairof they were to be fined, the money being paid to the lodge, 'and that conforme to the commoun vse and pratik of the commoun lugis of this realm' (13).» — el artículo 13 de los Segundos Estatutos, que impone examen del arte de la memoria a compañeros y aprendices bajo multa, y lo declara uso común de las logias del reino.

«But no fellow craft was to be admitted 'without ane sufficient essay and pruife of memorie and art of craft' to warden, deacon and quartermasters (10, 11).» — la prueba de admisión al grado de compañero, donde la memoria va junto al oficio.

«It looks as if there had been protests that in some respects the First Statutes contravened the traditions and customs of the craft, perhaps especially in failing to take account of local claims to precedence and jurisdiction.» — su explicación del giro de tono entre los dos códigos, dicha como lectura.

«How far these protests reflected the reality of craft organisation which had once existed, and how far simply local patriotism of the 'we are the greatest' type is impossible to say, but the protests were clearly strong enough for Schaw to feel he had to take account of them.» — se abstiene de decidir si las tradiciones invocadas eran reales, y se queda con el efecto comprobable.

«One explanation that has been suggested is that though Kilwinning was called the head lodge, what is meant is that it was a head lodge, all three lodges mentioned in the statutes being a special type of lodge, different to and superior to others in that they had jurisdiction over areas which included other lodges, and power to supervise such lodges within their territory.» — la lectura ajena del título de *head lodge* que va a discutir.

«Of course, it might still be claimed that Schaw had intended Edinburgh and Stirling to be 'head lodges', even if they did not in the event develop as he wished.» — recoge la objeción posible a su propia lectura antes de contestarla.

«In the case of Edinburgh there is some evidence that Schaw tried to push it into accepting a special role, but he seems to have been trying to get it to act as first lodge of Scotland, rather than as merely one of three head lodges.» — su contestación: lo que Schaw buscaba para Edimburgo era la primacía única, no una cabecera entre tres.

«It seems therefore more likely that in the Second Statutes Schaw was attempting to arbitrate between conflicting claims for precedence.» — su lectura de los Segundos Estatutos como laudo en una disputa de precedencia.

«Kilwinning, it may be suggested, argued strongly that it should be recognised as first lodge of Scotland, its claims being put forward by the lodge's commissioner, Archibald Barclay, at the meetings in Edinburgh on 27 and 28 December 1599.» — la reconstrucción de la disputa, con el comisionado de Kilwinning nombrado y fechado.

«But Schaw resolved that Edinburgh had a better case - with the masters of the Edinburgh Lodge, the only others present at the meeting, naturally supporting him.» — el desenlace del laudo, y quiénes eran los únicos presentes al dictarlo.

«As some consolation to Kilwinning, however, Schaw declared diat diough it was the second lodge of Scotland, it could call itself fAe head lodge of Scotland, a special title recognising the fact that there was a strong tradition that masons based on Kilwinning had claimed at some time in the past precedence over other masons, and therefore over other lodges.» — el premio de consolación: el título honorífico sin el rango. Las grafías *diat*, *diough* y *fAe* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *that*, *though* y *the*.

«Schaw was prepared to go so far as allowing Kilwinning Lodge the consolation of the title of head lodge of Scotland, but he was nonetheless determined to make it accept that it was subordinate to Edinburgh: it was to be the second lodge in die country, not the first as it demanded.» — el reparto exacto entre título y jerarquía. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Nearly every time the lodge is mentioned in the statutes it is repeated that it is second lodge - seven times in all - whereas that it is head lodge is only mentioned once.» — la prueba de conteo con que sostiene esa lectura del documento.

«Archibald Barclay doubtless had need of Schaw's statement that he had acted honestly and carefully, for when he returned to Kilwinning he had to report diat he had failed to get the lodge declared first in the land.» — el detalle que humaniza el laudo: el comisionado vuelve derrotado y con un certificado de buena conducta. La grafía *diat* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *that*.

«The fact that the seventeenth-century minutes of the lodge never refer to the Second Schaw Statutes may well be an indication that die lodge, far from being proud of the statutes as diey declared dieir lodge the second in die country, spurned diem for not making it die first.» — lee el silencio de las actas de Kilwinning como despecho, marcándolo como posibilidad. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *they*, *their* y *them*.

«It is true diat die First Statutes had opened widi an order to masons to observe all good ordinances which had previously been set down, and diat some of its clauses were derived from die Old Charges.» — concede la apelación al pasado que ya había en el primer código. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *that*, *the* y *with*.

«But diis cannot compare widi die Second Statutes, which contain explicit appeals to die past in 7 of die 14 statutes.» — la medida del contraste entre los dos códigos: siete de catorce artículos apelan al pasado. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *this*, *with* y *the*.

«This assumes that the statutes which refer to lodges in general, without specific mention of Kilwinning, were intended to be incorporated in codes of statutes issued to other lodges, but there is no evidence of this ever being done.» — el supuesto que hace falta para leer los Segundos Estatutos como código general, y que no está documentado.

«Schaw was intending to get King James VI to give royal authority to the privileges of the masons, no doubt based on revision and amalgamation of the First and Second Statutes, and copies of such a royal grant would have been circulated to all lodges - had such a grant in fact ever been made.» — el plan que atribuye a Schaw y su desenlace: la concesión real nunca llegó.

«But Kilwinning Lodge had, perhaps, reacted to the First Statutes with such indignation that Schaw hastily compiled the Second Statutes, a provisional and temporary code intended to placate Kilwinning (though it failed to do so) until a royal grant could be obtained which would greatly strengthen Schaw's hand in dealing with recalcitrant lodges.» — su hipótesis sobre la naturaleza del segundo código: provisional, apresurado y fallido en su propósito.

«Does the emphasis on old statutes and acts, and on ancient order, contained in the Second Schaw Statutes cast doubt on the argument (put forward on the basis of the First Statutes) that the lodge and ritual systems for which evidence now begins to appear were largely the creations of William Schaw?» — se plantea a sí mismo la objeción más fuerte contra su tesis.

«Certainly putting the two sets of statutes side by side brings out the need for caution in trying to deduce conclusions from them on the point.» — concede el peso de esa objeción antes de contestarla.

«In particular, it could be argued that why evidence about lodges suddenly begins to appear at this time is not that Schaw had created a new system, but simply that he had insisted that already-existing lodges maintain proper written records (First Statutes) kept by a well-qualified lodge clerk (Second Statutes).» — la explicación alternativa que expone con toda su fuerza: lo nuevo sería el registro, no la institución.

«there is absolutely no written evidence for the existence of the sort of lodges which appear from 1598 onwards before that date.» — el hecho con que responde a esa alternativa.

«Therefore it seems reasonable, on the available evidence, to conclude that William Schaw reworked the traditions of the craft and its former institutions into something essentially new.» — su conclusión sobre Schaw, dicha con la evidencia disponible por delante.

«But the bombshell which reveals conclusively the full significance of such references explodes in statute 13.» — anuncia el artículo del arte de la memoria como el punto decisivo del documento.

«It was a technique for memorising things which had its roots in ancient Greece.» — su primera definición del arte de la memoria.

«The reference to the art of memory in the Second Schaw Statutes provides the only direct evidence, as opposed to strong circumstantial evidence, that in remodelling the mason craft William Schaw was deliberately introducing Renaissance influences into the craft, and for that reason it is immensely important.» — el peso exacto que le da a esa mención: única prueba directa, todo lo demás es indicio.

«The question of whether Schaw was introducing the art of memory to the masons for the first time, or whether he was continuing an existing practice is one of the many that cannot be answered with certainty.» — se abstiene expresamente sobre la novedad de la práctica.

«In a society dominated by custom and appeals to the past, it was far more effective to claim to be reviving or continuing past practices than to admit to innovation.» — la regla general con que desactiva las apelaciones a la antigüedad de los estatutos.

«It is true that they do not describe secret practices, but this is hardly surprising in codes which were public enough for Schaw to seek royal confirmation of them.» — responde a quien objete que los estatutos no hablan de ritual: eran documentos públicos.

«Further, as the First Statutes mark the arrival of the modern type of lodge, the grades of entered apprentice and fellow craft master, to argue they are not pertinent to the history of masonry suggests a perverse determination to reject evidence which is unwelcome because it shows that these elements emerge in Scotland and not England!» — su reproche a quien descarta los estatutos por no ser masónicos.

«As regards the Second Statutes, die diree simple words 'art of memory' may be taken as proof that from the first the Schaw lodges were at least dabbling in occult and mystical strands of late Renaissance diought.» — su conclusión sobre el artículo 13, con el verbo acotado: coquetear, no adoptar. Las grafías *die*, *diree* y *diought* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *three* y *thought*.

«The date 20 December on which Kilwinning Lodge was to hold elections differs from die 27 December, St John's Day, elections in other lodges.» — la anomalía del calendario de Kilwinning. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«This presumably reflects some Kilwinning tradition, though die significance of the date is unknown.» — se abstiene de explicar esa anomalía. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«From 'aige to aige it hes bene observit amangs ws', it is stated, that the lairds of Roslin 'hes ever bene patrones and p[ro]tectors of ws and our previleges', but within the past few years by negligence and slothfulness the office had passed out of use.» — de la Primera Carta St Clair (c. 1600-01): los canteros declaran una tradición inmemorial de patronazgo de los Sinclair de Roslin caída en desuso por descuido.

«The uncertainty as to the number of lodges represented arises from the fact that one of the parties to the charter was described by a notary as warden of the Lodge of Dunfermline and St Andrews, which suggests that at this point diere was a single united lodge in Fife, but later the notary named the two lodges separately.» — el problema de recuento que plantea el propio documento y que él deja abierto. La grafía *diere* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *there*.

«The First St Clair Charter is a much shorter and simpler document than the Schaw Statutes, but it too raises problems in striving to understand precisely what was going on in the mason craft.» — su valoración del documento y anuncio de las preguntas que le hace.

«Why were deacons and masters mentioned in the text of the charter, but not the lodges and their distinctive officials, the wardens?» — la primera anomalía que señala en la carta: desaparecen las logias y sus guardianes.

«Why is William Schaw called master of works, but not general warden of the masons?» — la segunda anomalía: Schaw firma sin el título que se había dado en los estatutos.

«William Schaw's work in reorganising the craft might have led William Sinclair of Roslin to revive old family claims to patronage of the craft which had been allowed to lapse, and on agreeing to support such claims Schaw might have decided to drop his title of general warden as it seemed to conflict with the jurisdiction of the Sinclairs.» — su explicación de las dos anomalías a la vez, planteada en condicional.

«Certainly Schaw's support for Sinclair does seem to represent a change of plan since the Second Statutes.» — lo único que da por seguro en ese punto: hubo cambio de plan.

«In the latter he had confidently claimed to be on the verge of getting royal sanction for the privileges of the craft, presumably with his authority over the craft as general warden recognised and confirmed.» — qué esperaba Schaw un año antes, y que hace visible el giro.

«Had Schaw therefore decided instead to try to get royal approval for the organisation of the mason craft by embracing the claims of the Sinclairs to be protectors of die trade, in the hope that it would be more difficult for the crown to ignore their supposedly traditional rights to leadership of the craft than it had been to ignore Schaw's own pretensions?» — la hipótesis de la vía indirecta, formulada como pregunta. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«The First St Clair Charter can be seen as indicating either that Schaw was forced to change his plans to take account of claims over the craft by the Sinclairs which were too strong for him to resist, or that, thwarted in his attempts to get royal approval for the privileges of the craft directly, he used Sinclair of Roslin's claims to seek royal approval indirectly through him.» — deja las dos lecturas del documento planteadas sin decidir entre ellas.

«The character of William Sinclair of Roslin, indeed, provides the strongest argument in favour of accepting that the First St Clair Charter's claim that the Sinclairs of Roslin had well-established rights as patrons of the craft represented a genuine tradition, not one invented to help gain approval for a newly chosen patron.» — su argumento más ingenioso: el patrón era tan inconveniente que nadie lo habría inventado.

«If the masons had had a free choice in seeking a suitable patron to advance the craft's interests they would never have chosen the laird of Roslin!» — el mismo argumento dicho en una línea.

«It seems likely that the tradition of patronage of the mason craft by the Sinclairs of Roslin was connected somehow with the remarkable church of Rosslyn built by William Sinclair, earl of Caithness and Orkney, and his son in the mid fifteenth century.» — el origen que atribuye a la tradición: la construcción de la iglesia de Rosslyn en el siglo XV.

«These men must have been excited and had their skills challenged by working on such an outstanding project; and of course there was the hope of much similar work to come if the rest of the great church was built.» — la relación entre los canteros y la obra que explicaría el reconocimiento del patrón.

«In the circumstances it would have been understandable for the masons to have hailed their Sinclair employers as patrons and protectors of the craft - though it is more plausible to conceive of this as having been a local arrangement than as a national one.» — la reserva que le pone a su propia reconstrucción: un arreglo local, no nacional.

«However, there is no direct evidence for the Sinclairs having a regional position comparable to that of the Coplands of Udoch in the north east, and it may be that the tradition of the Sinclair patrons of the craft was connected with Rosslyn church in a different way.» — descarta el paralelo con los Copland y abre una segunda explicación.

«Once the choir had been built, succeeding generations of masons must have been awed by it and struck by its uniqueness.» — el arranque de esa segunda explicación: el prestigio del edificio, no un contrato.

«In trying to account for this, the idea that the Sinclairs had some special relationship with the craft could have arisen, to emerge around 1600 - and be believed by the Sinclairs themselves — when interest in the craft was stirred up by the activities of William Schaw.» — la tradición como retroproyección, creída de buena fe también por los Sinclair.

«It has been argued that any claim to patronage of the masons derived from the church would have descended with the senior line, and that this proves that the Sinclair of Roslin claim is false.» — recoge el argumento ajeno que declara falsa la reclamación.

«Sir William Sinclair of Roslin had died in 1584,4 having resigned his baronies ofRoslin and Pentland to his eldest son Edward in 1574.» — la genealogía inmediata del patrón de la Primera Carta. La grafía *ofRoslin* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *of Roslin*.

«William Sinclair was a Catholic, and diis and pride in the work of his» — la doble motivación que le atribuye para defender Rosslyn: fe y orgullo de linaje. La grafía *diis* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *this*.

«In 1589 he had one of his children baptised in the church, to the fury of the protestant established church as Rosslyn was not a parish church; the minister who had officiated was made to beg forgiveness in public for his action.» — el primero de los choques documentados entre William Sinclair de Roslin y la iglesia establecida.

«The following year Sinclair was being investigated by the presbytery of Dalkeith for keeping images in his church, and it was alleged he had entertained a man who had been excommunicated.» — el segundo choque, ya por las imágenes de la capilla.

«In 1591 the presbytery was still incensed at Sinclair 'keiping images and uther monumentis of idolatrie' in Rosslyn church, but had to delay action against him as he had been arrested.» — la calificación que el presbiterio da a las esculturas de Rosslyn.

«It was evidently involvement with the earl of Bothwell's extraordinary antics in making raids on the royal court and threatening the king's person that had led to Sinclair's arrest,9 but he was soon free and continuing his struggle with the church.» — el motivo del arresto, ajeno al pleito religioso.

«He agreed to make his tenants attend their parish church, but modestly declined the suggestion that he should himself become an elder, declaring his insufficiency for such a position.» — la maniobra de Sinclair ante la presión eclesiástica.

«That shortly thereafter he was forced to confess to fornication seemed to prove his point; but though threatened with excommunication at first he stubbornly resisted demands that he remove the 'images' from Rosslyn church.» — el desenlace irónico de esa maniobra, y la resistencia sostenida sobre las imágenes.

«But soon he had to submit; on 31 August 1592 it was reported that the altars in the church had been demolished 'till one stane or tua hight', though some sort of tacit compromise may have been reached since, though the altars were demolished, many carved figures were allowed to survive.» — el resultado material del pleito: caen los altares y sobrevive la talla.

«When accused of not attending his parish church he confused the issue by claiming that he was not resident in Lasswade (which included his castle and church of Rosslyn) but in another parish which had no minister!» — el argumento con que Sinclair enreda la acusación.

«The presbytery, horrified at his lewd arguments, summoned him to appear before the synod; the unrepentant sinner retorted that he was as happy to face a hundred ministers as one, and that the ministers of the church could not have much to do if they bothered him about such trifles!» — el carácter del personaje, que es la base de su argumento sobre la autenticidad de la tradición St Clair.

«However, in the end the combined efforts of presbytery and synod seem to have forced the laird of Roslin to make some sort of submission.» — el desenlace del pleito, dicho con cautela.

«Sinclair's attempts to protect Rosslyn church may have won him respect even from protestant masons reluctant to see the great works of their predecessors destroyed, and his Catholicism obviously provides a link between him and William Schaw.» — el puente que traza entre Sinclair, los canteros y Schaw: la defensa del edificio y la fe común.

«Further, in the 1590s William Sinclair became a significant employer of masons, by building a massive dwelling block at Rosslyn Castle.» — el vínculo material entre el patrón y el oficio en la misma década de la carta.

«It is possible that such professional contacts between masons (probably from Edinburgh, just 8 miles from Rosslyn) and the supposed traditional patron of their craft was in some way connected with the revival of the Sinclair claim to the position.» — su conjetura sobre cómo se reactiva la reclamación, marcada como posible.

«But it is hardly surprising that the king failed to appoint as patron of the mason craft the fornicating, brawling Catholic laird of Roslin.» — su explicación del fracaso de la Primera Carta ante la corona.

«Eventually, late in the second decade of the seventeenth century, William Sinclair of Roslin, 'a lewd man' who 'kept a miller's daughter', retired (with his mistress) to Ireland where presumably he hoped life would be easier for a Catholic.» — el final del primer patrón St Clair, citado con la calificación de las fuentes.

«The greatest mystery of the First St Clair Charter is how on earth William Schaw and the masons thought the craft could possibly benefit from reviving the claims over it» — nombra lo que sigue sin explicarse del episodio.

«By 1617 he was a knight, and it was probably then that his father went to Ireland, for the lands of Roslin were transferred to him in that year.» — el relevo generacional que hace posible la Segunda Carta.

«He was appointed a justice of the peace in 1615 and repeatedly in later years, and took office as sheriff of the shire of Edinburgh in 1622.» — las credenciales del segundo Sinclair, opuestas a las del padre.

«To this respectable laird ofRoslin the masons turned in the late 1620s in another attempt to acquire a patron and protector - unless it was the laird himself who took the initiative.» — el segundo intento, con la duda expresa sobre quién lo promovió. La grafía *ofRoslin* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *of Roslin*.

«Again the fact that masons were being employed at Rosslyn may have helped to revive links between craft and putative patron, for in the early 1620s Sir William completed the dwelling block begun by his father at Rosslyn Castle.» — repite el mismo mecanismo material una generación después.

«The Second St Clair Charter is about three times the length of its predecessor, the extra length being achieved mainly by repetition.» — su valoración escueta del segundo documento.

«But these grants had been lost when Rosslyn Castle was burnt, and through neglect the rights of the Sinclairs had fallen out of use.» — lo que la Segunda Carta añade respecto de la primera: unas concesiones reales anteriores, perdidas en un incendio.

«Therefore, considering the skill and judgement in their craft of his son, Sir William Sinclair of Roslin, the parties to this new document now ratified, in favour of him and his heirs, the First St Clair Charter.» — la cláusula de ratificación de la Segunda Carta a favor del hijo.

«He and his wardens and deputies were to have full jurisdiction over the craft, with power to summon meetings of the craft, to legislate for it and to punish offenders.» — el alcance de la jurisdicción que la Segunda Carta reclama para el patrón.

«the fact that the Second Charter was uncertain as to the date (for which a blank is left) on which the supposed royal grants had been destroyed does not inspire confidence.» — el detalle material con que desconfía de esas concesiones reales: la fecha quedó en blanco.

«Having failed to obtain royal approval through the First Charter, it seems that the masons sought to strengthen their case in the second by inventing previous royal grants - which they may well have genuinely convinced themselves had once existed.» — su conclusión sobre la invención, con la buena fe de los inventores incluida.

«The Second Charter was issued not just in the name of the masons, but of the hammermen as well.» — la ampliación de firmantes que distingue al segundo documento.

«masons and wrights did of course use the hammer and occasionally they joined the smiths in a single institution, as in the Incorporation of Hammermen of Selkirk.» — la base gremial de esa ampliación a los *hammermen*.

«If this was accepted, then other crafts which employed the skills of geometry were 'masonic'.» — la consecuencia de identificar el oficio con la geometría: la etiqueta se estira a otros oficios.

«Thus the hammermen may be seen to be included in the Second St Clair Charter as 'honorary masons' through their use of geometry, an attempt at empire-building by the Sinclair patrons of the craft.» — su lectura de la ampliación a los *hammermen*: geometría como argumento y ambición jurisdiccional como motivo.

«However, the hammermen did not respond to the offer of Sinclair patronage: all those who signed the Second St Clair Charter were (in so far as they can be identified) masons and members of lodges, with two exceptions.» — el fracaso de esa ampliación, medido en las firmas del documento.

«The non-mason signatories were a glazier and a wright.» — las dos únicas excepciones a esa cuenta.

«But a very noticeable absentee is Kilwinning.» — la ausencia que más le llama la atención entre las firmas.

«Though this is conjectural, it seems the only plausible explanation of the Ayr signatures.» — marca como conjetura su reconstrucción del episodio de Ayr.

«But as other lodges are known which did not sign the Second Charter (Aitchison's Haven and Haddington), for unknown reasons, it may be unwise to read too much into the absence of Kilwinning signatures.» — se frena a sí mismo en la lectura de esa ausencia.

«The masons and hammermen to whom the Second St Clair Charter was addressed were presumably intended to include all building and metal working trades.» — el alcance que atribuye a los destinatarios de la carta.

«It is notable that the master of works was not a party to the Second Charter» — la diferencia decisiva entre las dos cartas St Clair: en la segunda falta el maestro de obras.

«The implication is that whereas William Schaw as master of works had supported the pretensions of William Sinclair in the First Charter, his successor was hostile to the renewed claims of Sir William Sinclair when the Second Charter was drawn up.» — lo que deduce de esa ausencia: el cargo real pasó de aliado a adversario del patronazgo.

«The king's masters of works asserted their power over all those in the building trades working on royal buildings:» — el título con que los maestros de obras se oponen al patronazgo Sinclair.

«With the master of works claiming jurisdiction over a number of trades, it seems that his rival, Sir William Sinclair, and the latter's supporters attempted to do the same by including the hammermen in the charter.» — su explicación de la ampliación a los *hammermen* como respuesta simétrica en una carrera de jurisdicciones.

«In so far as the Sinclair patrons were intending to act as supervisors of the working activities of craftsmen, adding hammermen to masons might make sense.» — la lectura operativa de la carta, que hace inteligible la ampliación.

«One question remains, however.» — la bisagra hacia la pregunta que no resuelve esa lectura operativa.

«One explanation could be that the Sinclairs were only concerned with the outward, operative side of the mason craft, so the question of admission of other crafts to the stonemasons' secrets did not arise.» — la explicación que ofrece y que su propia evidencia va a complicar.

«But evidence from the end of the century reveals that the Sinclairs were themselves admitted to the esoteric side of masonry: in 1697 it was reported that the Sinclairs of Roslin were obliged to receive the Mason Word.» — el dato que complica esa lectura: hacia 1697 los patrones mismos reciben la Palabra del Masón.

«The hammermen, however, failed to respond to the invitation to join the masons under Sinclair patronage, perhaps because they interpreted it in this way - as an attempt to subject them to the vainglorious masons.» — su hipótesis sobre el rechazo de los *hammermen*.

«On the death of William Schaw in 1602, David Cunningham of Robertland had succeeded him as master of works.» — la sucesión en el cargo desde el que Schaw hizo su reforma.

«But there is no sign that he tried to continue Schaw's work of reforming the mason trade.» — el dato que aísla la reforma como obra personal de Schaw: nadie la continuó.

«It was James Murray of Kilbaberton who first clashed with Sir William Sinclair ofRoslin.» — el arranque del pleito de jurisdicción entre maestros de obras y patrones. La grafía *ofRoslin* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *of Roslin*.

«It had long been accepted that the masters of works had the right to control admission of craftsmen to royal works;» — el título antiguo sobre el que los maestros de obras apoyan su posición.

«The fact that Murray had this gift of rights over craftsmen confirmed by Charles I in May 162826 looks (as has already been suggested) very much like a reaction to the Second St Clair Charter.» — lee la confirmación real de 1628 como respuesta a la Segunda Carta.

«Moreover, it is probable that the masters of works regarded these grants as in effect giving them general rights over the building crafts, not only over craftsmen engaged on royal works: the fact that William Schaw was active in the Incorporation of Mary's Chapel certainly suggests as much.» — la ampliación de hecho que atribuye al cargo, apoyada en la conducta de Schaw.

«If this is not just a mistake made in London, it may be that a reference to masters of works had been slipped into the text to give the impression that the joint king's masters of works supported the charter, while avoiding actual perjury» — su sospecha sobre una cláusula del expediente, dicha sin cerrarla.

«The supporters of the charter had persuaded the king, but he or his advisers wisely decided that a check was necessary to make sure that there were no objections to ratification that were not known about in London.» — el primer freno a la ratificación de la Segunda Carta St Clair.

«On 22 March the privy council ordered him to produce the 'patents' on which he based his claim to be judge and overseer of 'the trade of maissonis hammermen', and a week later it was agreed that the king's masters of works should be allowed to see the text of the ratification of his rights sought by Sinclair.» — la exigencia de títulos que hunde la pretensión de Sinclair.

«After this there is no direct reference to the Sinclair claim for nearly four years, and it is to be presumed that after reading the proposed ratification of the Second St Clair Charter James Murray and Anthony Alexander had objected strongly to it, thus preventing it passing the seals.» — el silencio documental de cuatro años y lo que presume que ocurrió en él.

«The first move Murray and Alexander made was to get a ratification of their powers.» — la contraofensiva de los maestros de obras.

«They and their successors were to have power over all craftsmen and artificers whatsoever 'belonging to building within the kingdome quha salbe fund to wrong or deceave' any of the king's subjects in 'anie poynt of thair calling or tred concerning building or quha doethe not fulfill and keip thair covenant or contract be word or writ in thair said tred or quho doethe neglect or rin away' from the king's or anyone else's works.» — la ratificación real de enero de 1634, cuyo alcance cubre a todo oficio ligado a la construcción en el reino.

«The masters of works were to try any complaints made to them by owners of works about the faults of craftsmen, and punish the guilty as they thought expedient.» — la facultad judicial que ese documento les concede.

«Thus Sir James Murray and Anthony Alexander replied to Sir William Sinclair's attempt to exercise jurisdiction over masons and hammermen by themselves gaining jurisdiction over all trades even remotely connected with building.» — su resumen de la escalada: cada reclamación se responde ampliando la propia.

«This looks like an attempt by Anthony Alexander to show an interest in things masonic and flatter the masons by joining in the affairs of their lodge, in order to improve his standing with them and thus bring himself an advantage in the dispute with Sinclair.» — su lectura del ingreso de Alexander en la logia de Mary's Chapel: táctica en un pleito, no vocación.

«The haste suggests that Alexander feared that Sinclair might seek to take advantage of the situation before the new grant was ratified, by renewing his own claims to jurisdiction over the masons and hammermen.» — lo que deduce de la prisa de Alexander tras la muerte de Murray.

«If this was the case Sinclair was too slow off the mark, for the king signed the new grant to Alexander on 15 December.» — el desenlace de esa carrera, en diciembre de 1634.

«The king, however, was indignant at this interference, writing (27 February 1635) of Alexander's grant having been stopped by Sinclair 'pretending ane heritable charge of the Maissones of our said kingdome, though we have nevir gevin warrant for strengthning of aney» — la reacción de Carlos I, que en su propia carta califica de pretensión la carga hereditaria de los Sinclair.

«But Charles did agree to an investigation into the Sinclairs' case.» — la concesión que el rey hace pese a esa reacción.

«Charles was determined that his master of works should have the full rights of his predecessors unless there was some just reason for determining otherwise.» — la posición de fondo del rey en el pleito.

«What riches there would be for historians if this ambitious systematic national survey of the organisation and rights of masons, both in burghs and the countryside, had taken place! Alas, there is no sign that any attempt was made to carry out the king's orders.» — lamenta la encuesta nacional sobre los canteros que se ordenó y nunca se hizo.

«The chancellorship was held by the archbishop of St Andrews, who thus combined the highest civil and ecclesiastical offices in Scotland; and he, Archbishop Spottiswood, was Sir William Sinclair's father-in-law.» — el parentesco que explica la resistencia del expediente en Edimburgo.

«But for this, Sinclair's vague claims to traditional rights would probably have been rejected out of hand when they were found to conflict with the powers of a royal official.» — lo que atribuye a ese parentesco: sin él la pretensión no habría durado.

«The chancellor controlled the seals through which Alexander's grant had to pass, but the secretary controlled the king's correspondence which gave orders as to what should pass the seals!» — el reparto de palancas cortesanas que explica el empate.

«A few days later a further letter from the king confused matters by suggesting that he was now inclined to show Sinclair some favour: he was to be appointed 'judge and overseer of the hammermen'.» — el vaivén real que complica el desenlace.

«But when on 1 August the exchequer at last reached a decision it ruled against Sinclair.» — la resolución de agosto de 1635.

«The commissioners of exchequer resolved that Alexander's grant should now pass the seals - but then indicated that this should not necessarily be seen as a final settlement, as it should be without prejudice to Sinclair's lawful rights!» — el modo en que esa resolución deja el pleito abierto.

«Nonetheless, the decision was clearly a victory for Alexander, and he was quick to follow it up.» — su balance del episodio.

«But at this point references to the long dispute between the masters of works and the would-be patrons of the masons cease abruptly.» — el corte del expediente en 1637-38.

«The reason was not that both parties were satisfied, nor that one had scored a decisive victory over the other, but that all those concerned in the dispute had much more important things to worry about.» — la explicación del corte: la revolución política vuelve irrelevante el pleito.

«But then silence descends again until the formation of the Grand Lodge of Scotland in 1736, when it was presented with a formal resignation by the then William St Clair (as the family now spelt its name) of his and his heirs' claims over the craft.» — el reaparecer de los St Clair seis décadas después, y solo para renunciar.

«Yet the only contribution the Sinclairs are known to have made either to the welfare of the operative craft or to the development of freemasonry is die negative one of resigning their position so they could be succeeded by grand masters.» — su balance del patronazgo Sinclair: la aportación documentada es la renuncia. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Nonetheless, the story of the Sinclair patrons, fragmentary though it is, dirows flashes of light on the special position among the crafts claimed by the masons - even if the cavalier attitude of many of the documents to distinguishing one trade from another spreads confusion.» — lo que sí rescata del episodio, con su límite documental dicho. La grafía *dirows* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *throws*.

«On 26 October 1636 at a meeting held at Falkland Sir Anthony Alexander exercised these powers for die first time - though he claimed to be acting as general warden as well as master of works, and the former title had no official standing.» — los Estatutos de Falkland y el título sin respaldo con que se promulgan. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«He dius revived the title used by William Schaw but not heard of since his deadi.» — la reaparición del título de guardián general tras la muerte de Schaw. Las grafías *dius* y *deadi* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *thus* y *death*.

«Schaw had only claimed to be general warden of die masons, and though there may have been an implicit claim to audiority over odier crafts which could be regarded as subordinate to die masons diis was not made explicit.» — la diferencia de alcance entre el título de Schaw y el que Alexander se atribuye. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *authority*, *other* y *this*.

«The deacon or warden was also to have general responsibility for keeping order and enforcing obedience; and half the fines he collected from offenders were to go to the box, half to the general warden, a stipulation also applied to all the other fines and fees mentioned in the statutes.» — de los Estatutos de Falkland, el reparto de multas que da a Alexander la mitad de todo lo recaudado.

«Each master on admission was to pay £30, of which half would go to the company's box and half to the general warden.» — la misma mitad aplicada a las cuotas de admisión.

«Thus Sir Anthony Alexander recognised that he had no» — el límite que Alexander mismo admite frente a las corporaciones existentes.

«hope of exercising authority over the incorporations, but was willing to offer them extended jurisdictions and accept them as the equivalents of his companies, the main differences between old incorporations and new companies being that the latter were under his control and would not be exclusive, in the sense of seeking to bar craftsmen who were not members of a particular company from working in its territory.» — el arreglo que ofrece a las corporaciones y en qué se distinguen de sus nuevas compañías.

«William Schaw had sought to organise the mason craft on the basis of a lodge system; in many burghs the lodges would be separate from but parallel to the incorporations.» — el contraste con el diseño de Schaw, que le sirve para medir el de Alexander.

«On the other hand, there is no explicit statement in the Falkland Statutes of the superiority of the masons over the other crafts, though they are listed first among the crafts, and there is no reference to the esoteric concerns which lay at the heart of the lodges.» — el silencio de los Estatutos de Falkland sobre lo esotérico, que es el dato del tramo.

«There is possibly an element of such ambitions present.» — la concesión mínima que hace a la lectura vitruviana de las intenciones de Alexander.

«But it is unlikely that this was Alexander's main motive.» — su reserva sobre esa misma lectura.

«Thus, though Alexander was an initiated member of Edinburgh Lodge and may have harboured grandiose dreams of himself as the Vitruvian architect, his motives in issuing the Falkland Statutes were probably largely economic» — su conclusión sobre Falkland: iniciación real, motivo probablemente pecuniario.

«But in the 1630s a movement for further reform emerged in Scotland.» — el contexto general en que sitúa los Estatutos de Falkland.

«The king responded in May 1634 by instructing Edinburgh to take action 'for distributing your Inhabitants in severall companeis'.» — la instrucción real de la que sale la idea de compañías.

«Nothing was done, so he raised the matter again two years later.» — el destino corriente de esas instrucciones.

«The reorganisation then proposed was evidently directed mainly at merchants, not craftsmen, but this background of discussion of companies as a basis for reorganisation of economic activity probably influenced Sir Anthony Alexander's decision to seek major changes in the organisation of the crafts over which he claimed authority.» — de dónde toma Alexander el modelo de compañía, dicho como influencia probable.

«Alexander clearly intended to provide himself with a substantial income through claiming, as general warden of the new companies, a full half of all fines and entry fees.» — el móvil económico dicho sin reservas.

«William Schaw in his two sets of statutes had sought no financial advantage for himself as general warden of the masons.» — el contraste con Schaw que hace visible ese móvil.

«Sir Anthony Alexander's interest in architecture was no doubt genuine, but in seeking to extend his powers over the building trades his interest perhaps lay more in profit than anything else.» — su juicio final sobre Alexander, con las dos cosas separadas.

«The statutes themselves were virtually stillborn, for before they could have any significant effects the outbreak of rebellion against the king made their implementation impossible.» — el desenlace de los Estatutos de Falkland.

«On 14 January 1637 the members of the Lodge of Aitchison's Haven convened in the presence of Sir Anthony and signed the statutes.» — la única adhesión documentada de una logia a esos estatutos.

«The only known success of the campaign was in Stirling.» — el alcance de la campaña, medido en un solo lugar.

«On 27 April 1637 Alexander held a court in Stirling Castle, presumably as general warden, and the 'luge of Stirling' is mentioned.» — el segundo episodio documentado, con la reserva sobre el título.

«After the death of Sir Anthony Alexander in September his brother and successor, Henry, appeared in Aitchison's Haven Lodge (17 March 1638) and those present again approved the statutes.» — la continuidad del intento en manos del hermano.

«It appears from this fragmentary evidence that Sir Anthony and Henry Alexander were seeking to make lodges the basis for their new companies.» — lo que deduce de esos dos episodios sobre el plan de los Alexander.

«Answers to such questions are impossible through lack of evidence.» — se abstiene expresamente sobre cómo habría funcionado ese plan.

«Aitchison's Haven Lodge remained the exclusive preserve of masons even after accepting the statutes, and it seems likely that both lodges gave their assent to them reluctantly.» — la adhesión de las logias, leída como formal y no entusiasta.

«But no attempt was made to turn the lodge into a company, suggesting that members were unenthusiastic.» — la prueba de esa falta de entusiasmo: la logia firmó y no cambió.

«It is possible that the company had a place in the obscure evolution of the Incorporation of Mechanics, but references to the lodge and company soon disappear.» — el único rastro posterior que rastrea, y su desaparición.

«When Henry Alexander visited Aitchison's Haven Lodge in March 1638 the National Covenant, the symbol of resistance to the religious and other policies of Charles I, had just been produced, and it was soon being signed with enthusiasm throughout much of Lowland Scotland.» — el acontecimiento que sepulta el proyecto, fechado junto a la última visita.

«Henry had probably retreated to England in 1638, and the rest of his life is so obscure that it is not known for certain when he died» — el final del último impulsor del proyecto.

«Sir John Veitch of Dawyck was appointed general surveyor, master of works and king's architect for life in May 1641 - a good example of the way titles of offices sometimes became increasingly elaborate and impressive over time.» — la sucesión en el cargo y la observación sobre la inflación de títulos.

«It seems, however, that the covenanters (whose successful rebellion against Charles I had given them control of this country) did not at first recognise the appointment of Veitch, for when the king came to Scotland later in the year to make his peace with them the matter of who should be master of works was discussed.» — el pulso político sobre el cargo en plena revolución.

«The document described die qualifications which a new master should have.» — la remonstranza de los artesanos, que por primera vez fija requisitos para el cargo. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«He should be 'eminent for his skill in all mechanick artes, discretion, honestie and painfulnes'.» — el perfil que los propios oficios exigen al maestro de obras.

«Now, in 1641, the building crafts indicated that they attached importance to the office and that it was separable from that of master of works, though it was best if both offices were held by one man.» — la consolidación del cargo de guardián general como entidad separable.

«Unfortunately for the craftsmen, the covenanters were no more willing than the king to give them a say in appointing masters of works, and they seem to have accepted the king's appointment of Sir John Veitch of Dawyck (though they did not specifically confirm it).» — el desenlace de esa reclamación de los oficios: el cambio de régimen no cambió nada.

«The partnership with John Carmichael failed to lessen the burdens on Veitch for long, for in 1644 Carmichael was killed fighting for the king at the Battle of Marston Moor.» — el episodio que deshace el nombramiento conjunto.

«While there is no direct evidence for it, it is highly likely that he was also instrumental in obtaining royal recognition of the office of general warden.» — atribuye a Sir Robert Moray la oficialización del cargo de guardián general, declarando que no tiene prueba directa.

«Now, in the 1660s, the general warden had become a crown office. But its apogee was also its swansong: no further references whatever to the office are known.» — el cargo alcanza su reconocimiento y desaparece de la documentación en el mismo momento.

«Had Sir Robert plans for the mason craft in Scotland which he hoped to implement through his brother? This is quite possible, though in the event nothing was attempted.» — deja abierta como pregunta la intención de Moray, y cierra el hecho: no se intentó nada.

«Sir William Bruce (appointed in 1671), was titled general overseer and superintendent of the king's buildings, though he was in effect master of works.» — el cambio de título que cierra la serie del maestro de obras escocés.

«He gave the masons a lodge system through which they could organise the operative side of the craft as well as its esoteric rituals; and it is highly probable that these rituals themselves, and the values and beliefs they enshrined, also owed much to Schaw.» — su balance de lo que Schaw aporta, con lo seguro y lo probable separados.

«For, to adopt a culinary metaphor, if early freemasonry was concocted from a Scottish recipe, many of the ingredients involved were exotic imports from abroad.» — la imagen con que abre la parte renacentista del libro: receta escocesa, ingredientes importados.

«What was wrong with this sort of picture of the Renaissance was not what it said but what it failed to say.» — su objeción a la imagen corriente del Renacimiento como pura racionalidad.

«So far as it went it was accurate, but on its own it gave a highly misleading impression of rationality and modernity of outlook, ignoring central features of the age which seemed irrational and discreditable.» — precisa la objeción: no es falsedad sino omisión.

«In recent decades, however, historians have increasingly realised that Renaissance interest in subjects like astrology, magic and alchemy, and the Neoplatonic philosophy which largely underlay them, should not be dismissed with embarrassment as unfortunate aberrations on the fringes of the Renaissance.» — el giro historiográfico del que se declara deudor: astrología, magia y alquimia dejan de ser el margen.

«Such concerns are now seen as central to the understanding of the whole Renaissance, and particularly late Renaissance, attitude to the world.» — el alcance que atribuye a ese giro.

«From a modern viewpoint they may seem as superstitious as many of the beliefs of the despised Middle Ages; but not only were they of great significance at the time, they can be seen as making their own contributions to the future.» — su defensa del interés histórico de esas materias, sin suscribirlas.

«Thus all matter was regarded as being animate, all that existed was bound together by a network of spiritual forces, and everything shared in some way in the divine.» — su exposición del neoplatonismo renacentista: materia animada y red de fuerzas espirituales.

«In this great system of animate matter there was a complex web of correspondences or relationships which linked matter at different levels, the microcosm of man and the macrocosm of the universe.» — la doctrina de las correspondencias entre microcosmos y macrocosmos, expuesta como marco de la época.

«Thus, for example, occult forces linked the movements of the stars and the fortunes of men, and it was the task of astrologers to interpret such astral influences.» — el ejemplo con que ilustra esas correspondencias.

«By study of these correspondences and of the spiritual forces that animated the universe in general man could gain understanding and spiritual enlightenment, a oneness with the divine.» — el fin que ese marco asigna al estudio: no manipulación sino unión con lo divino.

«Once magic is seen in this way, it is understandable that Sir Walter Raleigh could write that 'The art of magic is the art of worshipping God', for magic was essentially 'a humble supplication that God should extend' to the practitioner 'the privilege of a unique view of his mysteries':» — cita a Walter Raleigh para mostrar que en ese marco la magia se entendía como culto y no como transgresión.

«The pursuit of this quest through alchemy reached its peak in the decades before and after 1600; alchemy has been described as the greatest passion of the age in Central Europe.» — sitúa el máximo de la alquimia en las décadas en torno a 1600, las mismas de la reforma de Schaw.

«The search for the philosophers' stone was not, in the hands of the true alchemist, merely a materialistic search for ways of turning base metals into gold, but an attempt to achieve 'the moral and spiritual rebirth of mankind'.» — su definición de la alquimia de la época, con la acotación *in the hands of the true alchemist*.

«The Neoplatonist universe was drenched in the spiritual, and was to be understood through purification and revelation.» — las dos vías de conocimiento que el marco neoplatónico admite: purificación y revelación, no experimento.

«The ultimate goal was spiritual perfection, in which man merged with the divine spirit which pervaded the universe, himself becoming godlike in the process.» — el fin último que atribuye a esa búsqueda.

«The climax of the Neoplatonist occult striving in general, like that of alchemy, came around 1600.» — vuelve a fechar el máximo del movimiento en 1600.

«The philosopher sought understanding of the hidden or secret spiritual forces of the universe, and though the understanding achieved was to be utilised to benefit mankind as a whole it was not to be communicated to all.» — la tensión interna que hace de esa búsqueda una empresa secreta: beneficio universal, saber reservado.

«Partly it was secrecy for its own sake, based on the common tendency to feel that the more exclusive knowledge was, the more valuable it must be.» — la primera razón del secreto, que no idealiza.

«Moreover, it was of the essence of really significant knowledge or revelation to be secret: the great secrets of the universe would be cheapened if revealed to all.» — la segunda razón, interna a la doctrina.

«Along with this was associated the belief that just as only the pure would achieve true revelation, so knowledge achieved through such revelation should belong exclusively to them - not least because great danger would lie in revealing how to summon up the powers of nature to the untrained and untrustworthy who might misuse such knowledge.» — la tercera razón: pureza del receptor y peligro del saber en malas manos.

«The Neoplatonist striving was linked inextricably with symbolism, especially in the form of hieroglyphs and emblems.» — el enlace entre esa búsqueda y el símbolo, que es lo que le interesa para las logias.

«If the symbols could be read correctly the structure and forces controlling the universe would be revealed.» — la función cognoscitiva que la época atribuye al símbolo.

«Thus nature was God's symbolically revealed - and simultaneously concealed - truth.» — la doble cara del símbolo natural en ese marco.

«The sacred truths had been deliberately hidden in the hieroglyphs to conceal them from the profane, but the hieroglyphs were not regarded merely as a form of writing that no one could read any longer.» — cómo se leía el jeroglífico en el Renacimiento: no escritura perdida sino ocultación deliberada.

«They were believed somehow to enshrine the truth in a more perfect form than mere words could do.» — la superioridad que se atribuía a la imagen sobre la palabra.

«From this concept grew the vast emblematic literature of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.» — el efecto editorial de esa creencia.

«The pictures encapsulated underlying Platonic ideas, and if studied properly communicated deep wisdom which could not be expressed in words.» — la función que se daba al emblema impreso.

«The superiority of the visual image over the word was not universally accepted, however, as was indicated by a fascinating and revealing controversy in early seventeenth-century England between the playwright Ben Jonson and the architect Inigo Jones.» — introduce la disputa Jonson-Jones como prueba de que la primacía de la imagen se discutía.

«Ben Jonson maintained that his poetry was what really mattered; the elements of spectacle provided by Jones were mere illustrations of his words, expressing in visual form the meaning of the words.» — la posición de Jonson en esa disputa.

«On the contrary, argued the architect, it was the visual spectacle, speaking directly to the soul, that had the real meaning.» — la posición de Inigo Jones.

«Even Jonson, while arguing his case, that the poet's pen was more noble than the artist's pencil, admitted the outstanding place conventionally given to the visual image: 'Picture is the invention of Heaven: the most ancient, and most a kinne to nature'» — la concesión de Jonson, citada de su propia letra.

«In the Neoplatonist world symbolism was more than a matter of conventional symbols and meanings, of interpreting and identifying, for example, figures by their allegorical attributes -Jupiter by his thunderbolt, Pax by her olive branch, St Andrew by his cross.» — distingue el símbolo neoplatónico del atributo alegórico corriente.

«Simple and literal language is too shallow, poverty-stricken and vulgar to convey great truths.» — la premisa que sostiene esa distinción.

«Moray was willing to try to explain his symbol in plain language, but there was a strong tendency to avoid this, not just because words could not fully express the meaning of emblems but also because the essence of a symbol's significance was obscure and complicated.» — el caso de Moray como excepción a una regla de reticencia.

«If God had seen fit to conceal the secrets of the universe in the emblems of nature, then surely man should not strip them naked for all to see.» — el argumento teológico del secreto, que él expone como razonamiento de la época.

«Thus much of the alchemical, Rosicrucian and astrological literature of the age is largely incomprehensible not merely through the inability of authors to express their meanings clearly, but through the desire even when publishing» — su explicación de la oscuridad de esa literatura: en parte deliberada, en parte no.

«Nonetheless, the obsession of the period with symbolism may be assumed to have had a major influence on the development of the mason craft's rituals and on the emergence of the symbolism of freemasonry.» — el puente que traza hacia las logias, dicho como supuesto.

«The square, the tool for checking right angles, had long been accepted as standing for rectitude and fair-dealing, for example.» — el ejemplo con que muestra que la herramienta ya cargaba sentido moral antes de la logia.

«If old was good, oldest must be best.» — la lógica renacentista de la sabiduría antigua que explica la fascinación por Egipto.

«The Hermetic movement owed its existence to a miscellaneous body of works ascribed to Hermes Trismegistus and his circle.» — su presentación del hermetismo, con la atribución marcada como atribución.

«The Greeks had identified their god Hermes widi the Egyptian god Thodi, scribe to die gods and himself god of wisdom, and under this name he was known to the Renaissance, widi die epidiet Trismegistus (Thrice Great).» — el origen del nombre por identificación de Hermes con Thoth. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *with*, *Thoth*, *the* y *epithet*.

«The works confidently assigned to Hermes were in fact written in die second and diird centuries after Christ, but up to 1614 were universally believed to be Egyptian works dating from many centuries before.» — la datación real de los tratados y la fecha en que se descubre, 1614. Las grafías *die* y *diird* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *third*.

«The Hermetic works, mainly Greek in origin, may show signs of Egyptian influence, but essentially diey reflected die prevailing Platonic and Stoic philosophy of die period in which diey were written, being filled widi an intense piety and sense of spiritual quest whereby man could seek to distance himself from die material world and become imbued widi divine power and virtues.» — su caracterización del contenido de los tratados. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *they*, *the* y *with*.

«Though die tracts were very diverse die emphasis was on 'Egyptian' religion, ritual and astrology, and on die occult methods die Egyptians had used to summon and control die powers of die stars.» — lo que la época leía en ellos. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«As die writings in fact post-dated Christ and contained elements drawn from many faidis and philosophies, the presence of Christian elements in diem is not surprising, but of course dieir true age was unknown to die Renaissance Hermetics.» — el equívoco que hacía leer como profecía lo que era préstamo. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *faiths*, *them* y *their*.

«holding that the Egyptian religion was the only true religion, Christianity being a corruption of it.» — la posición extrema dentro del hermetismo, que atribuye a Giordano Bruno.

«Very few went this far, however, and most Hermeticists, protestant or Catholic, avoided overt appeals to magic and other aspects of Egyptian lore that could be seen as conflicting with true religion.» — la acotación inmediata: esa posición era excepcional.

«But the fact that protestantism neither triumphed completely nor failed completely left Europe torn apart by religious dispute.» — el contexto confesional del que hace derivar el atractivo del hermetismo como salida.

«If, as the evidence suggests, the essentials of freemasonry did emerge around 1600, then chronological considerations alone would make it truly extraordinary for Hermetic influences not to be present.» — su argumento cronológico a favor del influjo hermético en las logias.

«These years saw the peak of the Hermetic striving for enlightenment and the spiritual rebirth of mankind, based on secret knowledge and secret societies or cults.» — la coincidencia de fechas sobre la que descansa ese argumento.

«When a system of lodges emerges in Scotland with secret rituals and identification signs, just as the great esoteric Hermetic movement was sweeping across Europe, there surely must be a link between them.» — el argumento dicho en su forma más fuerte, apoyado en la coincidencia y no en documento.

«This is all the more the case as the masons had long possessed a tradition, enshrined in the Old Charges, that Hermes had played a major part in preserving knowledge of the mason craft and transmitting it to mankind after the flood,» — el refuerzo que añade: el oficio ya tenía a Hermes en su leyenda antes del Renacimiento.

«Any educated man of the day would have some knowledge of Hermetic lore, and would pick up the reference to Hermes in die Old Charges and thus be likely to see masonry as a Hermetic art bound up with one of the great intellectual movements of the day.» — el mecanismo concreto del enlace: un lector culto reconoce el nombre y relee el oficio entero. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«As if to confirm this, Hermes, in his Greek guise as the divine messenger, was often identified with John the Baptist, the forerunner and announcer (of the coming of Christ).» — la identificación de Hermes con el Bautista, que enlaza con el patronazgo de San Juan en el oficio.

«Thus the masons could be seen as having long recognised Hermes Trismegistus as their patron.» — la consecuencia que saca de esa identificación.

«Of course masons themselves must surely have been delighted and flattered by the links that could be made associating their craft with the Hermetic quest, for such connections could if exploited give their craft a unique status.» — el interés propio de los canteros en aceptar ese enlace.

«He is known to have wanted in 1599 to make masons skilled in the art of memory;» — el único hecho documentado que enlaza a Schaw con el Renacimiento hermético.

«Moreover, as the next section of this chapter will indicate, Schaw may have discussed the art with a disciple of Giordano Bruno.» — el segundo enlace, dicho en potencial.

«Thus Frances Yates' speculation that not just Hermeticism but specifically Bruno's own version of Hermeticism may have influenced freemasonry may well have some truth in it, with Schaw providing the link between them.» — su adhesión matizada a la conjetura de Yates, poniendo a Schaw como eslabón.

«Tracing the influence of Hermeticism in Scotland, to provide a local context for the work of William Schaw, is not easy, for no systematic study of the subject has ever been attempted.» — el límite del estado de la cuestión que declara antes de reunir sus indicios escoceses.

«But interest in the art of memory at the court of James VI can be convincingly established, and Scotland did have a strong tradition in alchemy,» — los dos indicios escoceses que sí puede sostener.

«though it is true that by no means all alchemists of the period were Hermeticists.» — la reserva con que acota el segundo de esos indicios.

«There are resemblances between Hermeticism and freemasonry which cannot be dismissed as mere coincidences.» — su adhesión, en voz propia, a la intuición de Yates.

«Any assessment of the extent of Hermetic influences in Scotland must await further research, but the evidence given above of interest in the Hermetic arts of memory and alchemy at least indicates that such influences were present in the general intellectual climate there as in the rest of Europe.» — su conclusión sobre el hermetismo escocés, acotada a lo que la evidencia soporta: clima intelectual, no doctrina probada.

«Suggesting a connection between the Scottish mason craft and Hermeticism is not seeking to link masonry with some disreputable and obscure fringe phenomenon, but rather demonstrating the strong circumstantial evidence for relating it to one of the greatest intellectual movements of the Renaissance.» — su defensa del enlace frente a quien lo lea como desprestigio, con la naturaleza de la prueba dicha: circunstancial.

«Frances Yates' remarkable book The art of memory21 provides a splendid introduction to the subject, but even she felt that full understanding of how the art worked had eluded her, and that her very substantial book was merely an introduction to a neglected subject on which a vast amount of research still needed to be done.» — declara su deuda con Yates y a la vez el límite que ella misma reconoció.

«It was held to be of particular value to orators and lawyers in memorising long speeches, but was also seen as being of much wider application in the ages before printing, and indeed before widespread and cheap availability of a medium on which to write; a capacious and wellorganised memory was regarded as central to education and culture.» — la función práctica del arte de la memoria en una cultura sin imprenta ni papel barato. La grafía *wellorganised* viene de unir el guion de corte; la fuente imprime *well-organised*.

«When memorising a speech, he should then imagine himself to be walking through this building on his set route, and in each of the loci or places he had memorised he should establish imagines or images which were to be attached to each argument or point in his speech.» — la mecánica del arte clásico: recorrer un edificio imaginario y depositar imágenes en sus lugares.

«A first reaction to the art of memory is likely to be that it would surely hinder rather than help the unfortunate orator.» — la objeción del lector moderno, que él recoge antes de contestarla.

«Even though his memorybuilding could be used again and again for different speeches (the memory-places being furnished with new images for each), the need to remember very large numbers of places, the order in which to visit them, the images in them, and the significance of these images, seems a crippling burden.» — la objeción desplegada. La grafía *memorybuilding* viene de unir el guion de corte; la fuente imprime *memory-building*.

«Yet the system evidently worked, and it was evidently responsible for some of the remarkable feats of memory recorded of ancient poets and orators.» — su respuesta: el sistema funcionaba, y señala los resultados que lo respaldan.

«The peculiarities of the mind that can lead people to find it easier to memorise the seemingly complex than a simple fact were elaborated by the art of memory into a systematic and powerful mental tool, the artificial memory.» — su explicación de por qué funciona.

«Peace holding an olive branch, or Abundance holding ears of corn and a horn of plenty, could be called, in a very broad sense, memory images, and indeed many other kinds of symbolism can be seen in the same way, for symbols or images have always been widely used to remind the beholder of certain things.» — el puente que traza entre el arte de la memoria y el simbolismo en general.

«With the coming of Christianity the Roman system of personifications was taken over and developed as part of Christian iconography in which each saint had his own attributes (recalling his or her life, particular virtues, or martyrdom) to aid identification.» — la continuidad de ese sistema en la iconografía cristiana.

«Above all, the art of memory was based on mental images which had no physical existence.» — la diferencia decisiva entre el arte de la memoria y la iconografía visible.

«In the ancient world the art of memory was classified as an aspect of Rhetoric, but Cicero - himself an advocate of the art - classified memory as one of the three parts of the virtue of Prudence (the others being intelligence and foresight).» — el primer desplazamiento del arte: de la retórica a la virtud.

«Thus in time the art of memory, identified with prudence, came to be regarded as an aspect of ethics.» — la consecuencia de ese desplazamiento.

«The work of St Augustine added further significance to memory, for he regarded it as one of the three parts of the soul (the others being understanding and will), and taught that through exploring the memory men could find a memory-image of God embedded in their own souls.» — el segundo desplazamiento, con Agustín: la memoria como parte del alma y vía hacia Dios.

«What had begun as a utilitarian technique for improving the memory had come to be seen as being of importance in religion not just as a valuable method of imprinting religious truths on the mind, but also as something that in itself had moral value and would lead to knowledge of God.» — el resumen de esa deriva, de técnica a disciplina moral y religiosa.

«The art, many varieties of which developed, was not always fully understood and was sometimes viewed with suspicion.» — la sospecha que acompañó al arte desde temprano.

«Moreover, though in the Middle Ages it had a central place in schemes of knowledge, it was nonetheless a minor place, and information about its development is scarce.» — el lugar del arte en la Edad Media, con la escasez de fuentes declarada.

«Then, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the art became highly fashionable.» — el auge renacentista del arte.

«These often included lists of images to be learnt and pictures or diagrams of buildings with places in which images were to be put.» — lo que traían los tratados impresos de ese auge.

«But one strand of Renaissance thought made the art of memory its own.» — la bisagra hacia la versión hermética del arte.

«The first person to bring this new type of memory system to prominence was Giulio Camillo, who died in 1544.» — el primer nombre de esa versión.

«His activities aroused intense interest, especially in France and Italy, for he constructed an elaborate wooden model 'memory theatre', attributing remarkable powers to its workings, but refusing to reveal them to anyone» — el teatro de la memoria de Camillo y la reserva con que lo rodeó.

«Alas, the secrets never were revealed, but Frances Yates' reconstruction of the theatre reveals it as having been based on the classical theatre as described by the Roman architect Vitruvius, though with the addition of biblical influences,» — la reconstrucción que toma de Yates, y de donde saldrá el enlace con Vitruvio y con los pilares de Salomón.

«The utilitarian art of memory has thus been transformed into an occult method whereby man could understand the universe and harness its powers, the leap from an earthly building to the heavens being facilitated by the fact that, though since ancient times the art of memory had usually been based on buildings, a variant of the tradition had sought its memory-places in the signs of the zodiac and the stars.» — la transformación del arte en método oculto, y el puente que la hizo posible: la variante zodiacal de los lugares de memoria.

«The other famous sixteenth-century exponent of the Hermetic version of the art of memory was Giordano Bruno (1548-1600).» — el segundo nombre de esa versión hermética, con sus fechas.

«His art of memory evidently owed nothing to the example of Camillo, and differed from it considerably; the classical elements are less prominent, the occult and mystical are dominant.» — la diferencia entre las dos versiones herméticas del arte.

«A number of his works were largely concerned with memory, and they show that he saw the art as a Hermetic secret of the distant past primarily significant through the magical powers it could be used» — cómo entendía Bruno el arte: secreto hermético antiguo con poderes mágicos.

«As compared with Camillo, he was infinitely more daring in the use of notoriously magical images and signs in the occult memory',25 for his ambitions as a Hermetic magus who sought to call on the powers of the universe were much greater than those of his predecessor.» — la comparación entre ambos, con la valoración tomada de la bibliografía que cita.

«Bruno's first work on memory was explicitly Hermetic; it opens with a dialogue in which a treatise on the art of memory is presented by Hermes himself.» — el dato textual que sostiene esa lectura de Bruno: es Hermes quien expone el arte.

«Dickson appeared in the work as one of the main speakers, being introduced as a 'clever, honest, kind, gentlemanly and faithful friend' dearly loved by Bruno.» — la posición de Alexander Dickson dentro de la obra de Bruno, citada de su propia letra.

«It is likely that Bruno and his disciple Alexander Dickson met while the former was in England in 1583-5; but whether they did or not, the episode reveals that the foremost supporter of Bruno in Britain was a Scotsman, and though he was living in England at the time he retained close contacts with his native land.» — el eslabón escocés de la cadena, con el encuentro dicho como probable y el hecho de la nacionalidad como firme.

«Through him knowledge of the Brunonian art may have spread to Scotland.» — la hipótesis de transmisión, dicha en potencial.

«He had charged £1 sterling for a full month's teaching of die 'great and swelling art', but it was almost entirely dieoretical: when it came to die practice, Platt complained, Dickson 'coulde scarcely tell which way to bestowe a full house in demonstration'.» — la queja del alumno Hugh Platt, que documenta la enseñanza del arte y su flojedad práctica. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *theoretical*.

«Platt nonetheless found the art useful: it never failed him in learning pleasant tales and histories with which to regale others at table, and card players found it valuable for memorising cards played!» — el uso efectivo que el mismo alumno le dio al arte.

«He gathered miscellaneous papers (in connection with his studies, he alleged) which included confidential naval and military information about England, and either took or sent this to France.» — el otro oficio de Dickson, que es el que lo documenta en los archivos.

«Early in 1592 they were worried by the presence of Dickson (described as master of the art of memory) at the Scottish court, and believed he was about to set out on another mission to the Spanish Netherlands for the Catholic earls;» — la presencia documentada de Dickson en la corte escocesa, con el título por el que se le conocía.

«Later the same year he was called before the general assembly of the Church of Scotland for attending mass and declaring his approval of the Church of Rome.» — la confesión de Dickson, que lo emparenta con Schaw.

«But his problems were acute enough for him to consider changing his allegiance; in 1593 he is found offering to persuade the Catholic earls to serve the English, or to spy for England in Scotland, Spain or the Spanish Netherlands, in return for a pension.» — el carácter del personaje, que Stevenson no idealiza al hacerlo eslabón de su cadena.

«Nothing is known of his activities in Scotland relating to the art of memory, but he was widely known to be a master of that art, and the reprinting of his 1584 works on the subject in 1597 must have drawn renewed attention to this aspect of his interests.» — el límite exacto de lo que puede afirmar sobre Dickson en Escocia, y el indicio de reedición que ofrece a cambio.

«William Fowler, poet, man of letters and secretary to the queen, Anne of Denmark, includes in a list of 'My Works' a treatise on 'art of memorye'.» — el segundo escocés de corte con obra sobre el arte de la memoria.

«Even more intriguingly, a note in Fowler's manuscripts refers to 'teaching your majestie the art of me[m]orye\ Fowler records that in return he was being instructed in poetry by James VI (who not only wrote poetry himself but produced a work on how to write verse in Scots).» — el dato que lleva el arte de la memoria hasta el propio Jacobo VI. La barra invertida es del OCR, por la comilla de cierre de la cita.

«This snap decision meant that the chapel was not ready for the baptism when the foreign ambassadors and others assembled for the event: indeed the king would not even fix a date for the baptism, though the ambassadors began to grumble that they would have to leave if they were to get home before winter set in.» — el episodio del bautizo real de 1594, que le sirve para poner a Schaw y a Fowler en la misma obra.

«There is no specific mention of the master of works being present, but it is inconceivable that he would have been absent; royal building works were his responsibility, and this was work of great urgency with the king himself 'on site'.» — cómo argumenta la presencia de Schaw sin documento que la registre.

«Arrangements for the magnificent pageants which accompanied the baptism (when it did at last take place) were entrusted by the king to two men, one of them being William Fowler - though disappointingly some of the events planned had to be cancelled 'by reason, that the artisans were employed in other businesse', doubtless hijacked by William Schaw for last-minute work on the chapel.» — el mismo episodio del otro lado: Fowler organizando los festejos y Schaw quedándose con los artesanos.

«No direct contact between the two men can be traced, but it would strain credulity more to suppose that the two men did not know each other, since they moved in similar circles, than to assume that they did.» — la forma exacta de su argumento sobre Schaw y Fowler: no hay documento, hay verosimilitud comparada.

«James VI's The essayes of a prentice, in the divine Art ofpoesie (Edinburgh, 1584) ends with a 'Table of some obscure words and their significations'.» — el libro del propio rey donde aparece la tabla de palabras oscuras. La grafía *ofpoesie* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *of poesie*.

«She suggested that in England 'the Hermetic form of the art of memory perhaps goes more [than in Italy] underground, becoming associated with secret Catholic sympathisers, or with» — de Frances Yates, la sugerencia sobre el arte de la memoria hermético en Inglaterra que Stevenson va a aplicar al caso escocés.

«But though this aspect of the art of memory was almost certainly present in Schaw's mind, it must surely have been other, older aspects of the art of memory which led him to believe it had special relevance for the mason craft.» — separa lo hermético de lo antiguo en la motivación de Schaw.

«The features of the classical art of memory which made it seem particularly relevant to the mason craft are obvious.» — la razón por la que el arte encaja con el oficio: se practica recorriendo edificios.

«Thus this powerful art, which like other arts believed to enhance human capabilities could easily take on occult overtones, was in a sense based on the skills of the architect/mason.» — la formulación de ese encaje: el arte de la memoria descansa en la destreza del arquitecto.

«It is conceivable that the art of memory, in some form, was used by Scottish masons before 1599, for though it can usually only be studied today through the works of the scholars who wrote about it, it was used by men at all levels of society:» — deja abierta la anterioridad de la práctica entre canteros, con el sesgo de las fuentes señalado.

«It is even possible that the reason why, though some at least of the contents of the Old Charges were known in Scotland by this time (as the First Schaw Statutes show), there are no Scottish manuscript versions until about half a century later is that the Old Charges were regarded in Scotland as too secret to be committed to paper.» — su explicación posible del hueco documental escocés: se memorizaban en vez de copiarse.

«William Schaw's injunction that masons must be tested in the art of memory and the science thereof has been read by generations of masonic historians but the significance of it has never been noticed.» — reclama el hallazgo como propio: el texto estaba a la vista y nadie lo había leído así.

«Yet that single short phrase provides a key to understanding major aspects of the origins of freemasonry, linking the operative mason craft with the mighty strivings of the Hermetic magus.» — el peso que le da a esa frase de los Segundos Estatutos.

«It would also immediately recall the coat of arms adopted by Martin Luther, a rose with a cross emerging from it,37 thus specifying that the movement was a protestant one which strove for religious reform in the tradition of Luther - though it was not narrowly and exclusively bound» — la primera lectura del emblema rosacruz: la rosa y la cruz de Lutero.

«for she interpreted the movement as being primarily dedicated to advancing the protestant cause» — la lectura del rosacrucismo que atribuye a Frances Yates.

«This was the meaning that Frances Yates concentrated on in her book on The Rosicrucian enlightenment (though she indicated that the rose probably also» — sitúa esa lectura en la obra de Yates antes de completarla por su cuenta.

«But in concentrating on this she largely ignored another aspect of the symbol which is intimately linked to the nature of the movement.» — su objeción a Yates: la lectura confesional del emblema deja fuera lo que él considera decisivo.

«The rose, and especially the red rose, had been from ancient times the symbol of Aphrodite or Venus, the goddess of love. It was symbolic of love, and making love was something private and not to be discussed openly: Cupid therefore dedicated the rose to Harpocrates, the god of silence.» — la genealogía del símbolo que propone: de la diosa del amor al dios del silencio.

«Hence the red rose of Aphrodite became a general symbol of silence and secrecy, and perhaps also of invisibility.» — la conclusión de esa genealogía, con la invisibilidad dicha como posible.

«A French pamphlet of 1623 related that in Germany (which was where Rosicrucianism began) inn-keepers hung roses in their taverns as a reminder to customers that by convention what was heard there was secret.» — la práctica alemana que documenta ese sentido de la rosa.

«Invisibility and secrecy were to be identified as hallmarks of the supposed Rosicrucian controversy, and surely the rosy cross symbolises this Christian secrecy above all else.» — su lectura del emblema, dicha con el adverbio que la marca como convicción y no como prueba.

«The Rosicrucian movement emerged from previous obscurity in a work known as the Fama which was published in Germany in 1614. It had been circulating in Germany at least since 1610, and evidently originated in the work of Lutheran esoteric mystics at the end of the sixteenth century.» — la datación del origen del rosacrucismo, anterior a la impresión.

«Publication transferred the Fama from the underground realm of secretive mystics to the full glare of public scrutiny, and it was quickly followed by publication of the other key document for the study of Rosicrucianism, the Confessio, in 1615.» — los dos textos fundacionales y el efecto que tuvo imprimirlos.

«The Fama aimed at, as its full title announced, the 'Universal and General Reformation of the whole wide world» — el programa que la *Fama* anuncia desde su propio título.

«The movement which was to culminate in this enlightenment had been begun (the Fama alleged) by Christian Rosencreutz, who had travelled widely» — la figura fundadora del relato, consignada con el verbo que marca la atribución.

«The fact that Rosicrucianism was largely based on Hermeticism is obvious.» — la filiación que da por sentada antes de marcar las diferencias.

«But some aspects of the central Hermetic tradition have been abandoned.» — la bisagra hacia lo que el rosacrucismo deja fuera del hermetismo.

«The appeal to ancient Egypt, worrying to many Christians even if Egyptian religion was seen as a precursor of Christianity, has gone, being replaced by vague references to Christian Rosencreutz having absorbed the ancient wisdom of the East.» — la primera de esas ausencias: Egipto desaparece y lo sustituye un Oriente vago.

«The emphasis of many Hermetic writers on the openly occult and on the existence of complex orders of spiritual beings, perhaps especially difficult for protestants to accept, has also disappeared.» — la segunda ausencia: se van las jerarquías de espíritus.

«These changes reflect the other main influence which shaped the Rosicrucian literature, Lutheranism.» — su explicación de las dos ausencias.

«In one sense the movement was 'an eccentric expression of the outlook which had been developed by the Lutheran mystics of the sixteenth century'.» — la caracterización del movimiento que toma de la bibliografía y suscribe.

«The publication of the Fama and the Confessio aroused intense excitement, for they appealed very directly to the mood of the age and met its needs.» — la recepción de los manifiestos, explicada por el estado de ánimo de la época.

«There was much desperation in the mood of the age.» — el diagnóstico de esa época en una línea.

«Renaissance developments in thought and culture, die discovery of the New World, and technological progress might be seen as positive achievements, but diey were also profoundly unsettling, calling into question accepted beliefs of all sorts.» — el reverso desestabilizador de los logros renacentistas. Las grafías *die* y *diey* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *they*.

«There was a feeling that die whole world was in a state of flux, on die point of disintegration, and men looked desperately for some new way ahead, which would save mankind from uncertainty and despair, putting an end to instability.» — el estado de ánimo del que hace derivar el éxito de los manifiestos. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«In diis mood of heightened expectancy and frantic searchings for solutions, die Rosicrucian tracts of 1614—15 were seized upon widi enormous endiusiasm.» — la conclusión de ese análisis de recepción. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *this*, *the*, *with* y *enthusiasm*.

«The Hermetic search for wisdom through study of nature and ancient Egyptian mysteries was an exciting one, but long established and not noticeably successful (except in die eyes of diose» — lo que el rosacrucismo ofrecía y el hermetismo ya no: novedad y resultados. Las grafías *die* y *diose* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *those*.

«Rosicrucianism added novelty by claiming that a brotherhood, hidden from the rest of mankind, had long existed, and already had the knowledge on which to base enlightenment, world reform, and religious reconciliation, rediscovered in the tomb of Christian Rosencreutz.» — la novedad concreta del rosacrucismo: el saber ya está hallado y lo custodia una hermandad oculta.

«In reality there was, it is all but certain, no Rosicrucian Brotherhood, either newly founded or long established.» — su juicio sobre la existencia de la hermandad, dicho con la reserva justa.

«The tracts were elaborate allegories based on Hermeticism, Lutheranism, the cult of the esoteric and of secret societies, and the general mood of expectancy arising from fear and uncertainty as to the future.» — lo que a su juicio son los manifiestos: alegorías, no actas de una orden.

«Though the tracts claimed to reveal the existence of the brotherhood, it was stressed that its membership and the location of its headquarters would remain secret; the brotherhood was an 'invisible' one.» — el rasgo que hace irrefutable la afirmación de los manifiestos.

«But publication sparked off an extraordinary search, centred on Germany, for the fraternity, and many clamoured to join it.» — el efecto social de esa invisibilidad declarada.

«Frederick V, the Elector Palatine, emerged as a protestant champion, and in 1613 (just before the Rosicrucian excitement burst on Europe) he had married Elizabeth, daughter of James VI and I whose greatest kingdom was England, the land of the red cross» — el enlace dinástico que ata el rosacrucismo a la política británica.

«When Frederick was chosen king of Bohemia in 1619, to rescue the country from Catholic and Habsburg control, the crucial showdown between Catholic and protestant was regarded by many as having begun, and it was assumed that James, king of the red rose and cross, would mobilise the resources of Great Britain to intervene to support his son-in-law and protestantism.» — la expectativa política que el emblema alimentó.

«But the great clash between good and evil failed to take place.» — el desengaño que sigue, y del que hace derivar el declive del movimiento.

«It undoubtedly became an element of the movement in German eyes, but the English were unresponsive.» — el reparto desigual del entusiasmo entre Alemania e Inglaterra.

«The Rosicrucian legend had, however, been absorbed into the culture of the day.» — lo que queda tras el desengaño: la leyenda, ya incorporada.

«Knowledge of Rosicrucianism in Scotland is demonstrated by the fact that Lord Balcarres, the collector of alchemical manuscripts, also collected Rosicrucian works.» — su prueba de que el rosacrucismo se conocía en Escocia.

«Balcarres' daughter married Sir Robert Moray, the well-known soldier, politician and scientist, who had been initiated into the Lodge of Edinburgh and created an elaborate symbolism for his mason mark.» — el parentesco que enlaza la colección rosacruz escocesa con la logia de Edimburgo.

«The text of the 1652 edition is very closely related to the 1633 Scottish manuscript, but is not descended directly from it.» — la relación entre la traducción escocesa de 1633 de los manifiestos rosacruces y el impreso inglés de Thomas Vaughan de 1652.

«One possible scenario is that Balcarres, having obtained the original manuscript of the translation, himself copied it into one of the volumes of tracts he was compiling, and that he subsequently gave the original to Moray who passed it on to Vaughan.» — la cadena de transmisión que propone, marcada como escenario posible: Balcarres, Moray, Vaughan.

«But this may result from the confused situation in the early seventeenth century when Scots was fast declining as a written language.» — su explicación de las mezclas de escocés e inglés en el manuscrito de 1633.

«Thus the inconsistencies of the 1633 version may be a symptom of the cultural confusion of Balcarres or the author of the lost original.» — la consecuencia de esa explicación para el análisis del texto.

«Yates argued that this probably pre-dated the Scottish 1633 text, but this rests solely on the judgement that the handwriting is 'certainly not later than the reign of Charles I'.» — su objeción al fechado de Yates de la traducción inglesa conservada entre los papeles de Ashmole.

«But two-thirds of Charles' reign came after 1633, and the conclusion that the English text pre-dates the Scottish seems largely to rest on an anglocentric assumption that nothing can appear in Scotland until it is already known in England.» — el argumento con que desmonta ese fechado, y el sesgo que le atribuye.

«The existence of Scots and English translations of the leading Rosicrucian tracts demonstrates interest in Britain in the movement, though an interest that developed rather late and, coming years after the great excitement generated by the original publication of the tracts in Germany had collapsed, was relatively limited and sober.» — el alcance que concede al interés británico por el rosacrucismo, acotado en tiempo y en temperatura.

«But Sir Robert Moray, the most interesting Scottish freemason of the century, was also reputed to be much involved with Rosicrucian matters; and south of the Border Elias Ashmole, who provides the closest English parallel to Moray in the development of masonry, being initiated in 1646, shared Moray's Rosicrucian interests.» — los dos hombres que reúnen en una misma persona logia y rosacrucismo.

«It might (though alternative interpretations will be put forward in the next chapter), but even if the direct evidence is inconclusive, the circumstantial is very strong.» — la forma exacta de su argumento sobre el enlace rosacruz-masónico: prueba directa no concluyente, indicios fuertes.

«Just 15 years before the Rosicrucian explosion of 1614 William Schaw had reworked the remnants of older masonic organisation in Scotland into a lodge system of secret societies, and had (to a greater or lesser extent) injected into these lodges Hermetic influences.» — la cronología sobre la que descansa ese indicio, con su acotación de grado.

«Other aspects of Renaissance thought (to be discussed in the next section) led to the conclusion that the mason craft was far superior to all others, with a central place in the advancement of knowledge - and of course knowledge and spiritual enlightenment were inextricably linked. Surely masons and their lodges, accepting such a picture of their role, would immediately see the supposed Rosicrucian Brotherhood» — su reconstrucción de cómo los canteros habrían leído la aparición de la hermandad invisible. La frase se corta aquí en la capa de texto, donde entra una nota al pie.

«There is, moreover, one specific reference in the Fama which could be seen as directly linking the craft to the Rosicrucians.» — anuncia el único apoyo textual que ofrece del enlace.

«But the promotion of the architect to a central position in the sphere of knowledge was a very real phenomenon, and the identification within the mason craft of the architect and the mason was centuries old.» — el apoyo del enlace: la tumba de Christian Rosencreutz la descubre un arquitecto en ejercicio.

«Thus on one level the discovery of the tomb had been an accident; but, on another, it had taken place because an architect had been exercising his skills.» — la lectura doble que hace de ese episodio de la *Fama*.

«It may be objected that this is to read too much into one casual phrase, but presumably the phrase was there to serve some purpose,» — recoge la objeción a su propia lectura y contesta sin cerrarla.

«Thus the Rosicrucian episode may have played a part in directing the attention of the educated upper ranks of society in Scotland to the masons and their lodges.» — su conclusión sobre el efecto del rosacrucismo, dicha en potencial.

«The Rosicrucian quest for ultimate secrets was infinitely more simple.» — el contraste con la búsqueda hermética, que exigía estudio.

«All that had to be done was to find the invisible brethren, for they already possessed the knowledge that all sought so frantically.» — en qué consistía esa simplificación.

«When from the 1630s onwards a trickle of gentlemen began to join the masonic lodges, did they do so because they hoped to find Rosicnician enlightenment in them?» — plantea como pregunta el motivo de los caballeros que empiezan a entrar en las logias. La grafía *Rosicnician* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *Rosicrucian*.

«But it is likely that the whole Hermetic and Rosicnician atmosphere helped to draw them towards the lodges as secret societies possessing at least Hermetic and Rosicnician overtones,» — su respuesta a esa pregunta, en términos de atmósfera y no de doctrina. La grafía *Rosicnician* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *Rosicrucian*.

«If the invisible brethren remained stubbornly invisible, then the semi-visible masonic lodges were better than nothing.» — la formulación más escueta de ese motivo.

«She speculated that in later sixteenth-century England 'an idea of something like what was later the masonic idea' had developed and later moved abroad and influenced Rosicrucianism.» — la hipótesis inversa de Frances Yates, que hace a la masonería influir sobre el rosacrucismo.

«It is far more likely that any influences connecting the two movements worked in the opposite direction.» — su rechazo de esa hipótesis inversa.

«Emerging freemasonry did not help to form Rosicrucianism, but Rosicrucianism may have influenced the early development of freemasonry, adding a new strand of ideals and beliefs to those already present in the Scottish mason craft.» — el sentido de la influencia tal como él lo fija, con la segunda mitad en potencial.

«By the late Middle Ages, as seen in chapter 2, masons (in England at least) were boasting that the art of masonry was the same as that of the architect, and that it could be identified with geometry.» — el punto de partida de la ecuación, ya presente en el oficio medieval inglés.

«In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the situation changed dramatically, for the architect came to occupy a remarkably exalted position in Renaissance thought.» — lo que cambia: no la ecuación sino el prestigio de uno de sus términos.

«This came about largely through the acceptance of the claims made for the architect by the Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, who had served under Julius Caesar as a military engineer.» — la causa que atribuye a ese ascenso, con el autor identificado.

«But it was in fifteenth-century Italy that Vitruvius first became a dominating influence, first through manuscript texts of his work and then, after 1486, through printed versions.» — la cronología de la difusión de Vitruvio, manuscrita y luego impresa.

«By the mid sixteenth century Vitruvius was available in Latin, Italian and German, and treatises based on his work were common.» — el alcance de esa difusión a mediados del XVI.

«Absorbing Vitruvian ideas was seen as of central importance in seeking to achieve the Renaissance ideal of re-creating the classical world.» — el lugar que Vitruvio ocupa en el programa renacentista.

«The architect should be equipped with knowledge of many branches of study and varied kinds of learning, for it is by his judgement that all work done by the other arts is put to the test.» — de Vitruvio, citado en bloque: el arquitecto juzga la obra de las demás artes y por eso ha de saber de todas.

«It follows, therefore, that architects who have aimed at acquiring manual skill without scholarship have never been able to reach a position of authority to correspond to their pains, while those who relied only upon theories and scholarship were obviously hunting the shadows, not the substance.» — de la misma cita de Vitruvio: ni la destreza sin letras ni las letras sin destreza bastan.

«But those who have a thorough knowledge of both, like men armed at all points, have the sooner attained their object and carried authority with them...» — el cierre de la cita de Vitruvio, que une teoría y práctica en una sola figura.

«The Vitruvian architect was thus not the specialist practitioner of a single art, but the master of all the arts central to human knowledge, including the mathematical arts.» — su lectura de esa cita: el arquitecto como hombre universal.

«Architecture, moreover, was the culmination of all other studies, and therefore superior to them.» — la consecuencia jerárquica de esa lectura.

«In 1563 John Shute wrote a treatise influenced by Vitruvius which declared that 'Architectur ... ys of all artes, the most noble and excellent, contayning in it sundry sciences and knowlaiges wherwyth it is furnished.'» — la recepción inglesa de Vitruvio, citada de la letra de John Shute.

«John Dee was translating Vitruvius when he wrote in 1570 of architecture as 'a Science garnished with many doctrines, and diuers Instructions: by whose iudgement, all workes by other workmen finished, are iudged'» — la misma recepción en John Dee, y en el marco de su traducción de Vitruvio.

«John Dee sung the praises of the architect in his preface to Euclid, claiming that 'all the mathematical arts subserve Architecture as their queen'.» — la fórmula de Dee en su prefacio a Euclides, que coloca a la arquitectura por encima de las matemáticas.

«The concept of the architect/mathematician became particularly important in the later sixteenth century through increasing confidence in the potential powers of man over nature.» — lo que da fuerza a esa figura a fines del XVI.

«The dominant tradition in the ancient world had been that man could not imitate or dominate nature, and indeed should not attempt to do so.» — el contrapunto antiguo contra el que ese cambio se produce.

«Plato rebuked friends who tried to use instruments to demonstrate theses in geometry for spoiling the beauty of the art by abandoning the intellect in favour of despicable manual work.» — el desprecio antiguo por lo manual, con su ejemplo.

«Plato regarded architecture as the least reprehensible of the manual trades, as it involved the greatest use of mathematics and the architect constructed machines for war (war being entirely respectable): nonetheless, he indicated that you would not want your daughter to marry an architect.» — la excepción parcial que la antigüedad hacía con la arquitectura, y su límite.

«One of the reasons that Renaissance interest in doing or 'operating', rather than just thinking, centred on the architect was that his trade had, in Vitruvius, a classical authority to grant it full respectability, and that even Plato had given it a half-hearted blessing.» — su explicación de por qué el arquitecto y no otro oficio encabeza la rehabilitación de lo manual.

«The ancient world's attitude to manual work was also weakened by Christian emphasis on the value of labour, and as time passed a major new challenge to old prejudices separating the theorist from the practitioner arose from developments that proved the limitations of the ancients.» — los dos golpes que recibe el prejuicio antiguo: el cristianismo y la evidencia de que los antiguos se equivocaban.

«Gunpowder had transformed warfare, printing was revolutionising the dissemination of knowledge, and above all else the magnetic compass and the work of Portuguese and Spanish navigators had demonstrated that whole new continents existed and were inhabited by strange peoples of whose existence the ancients had been totally ignorant.» — las pruebas concretas de esa limitación de los antiguos.

«Recognition of this fact led some at least to a revolutionary change in perception of the manual trades.» — el efecto de esas pruebas sobre el estatuto del oficio manual.

«That the universe was constructed by God according to mathematical principles was an ancient idea; in the new mood of optimism based on recognition that the ancients had been surpassed, that technological progress based on mathematical skills was changing the world, this idea was re-emphasised.» — la idea antigua que el Renacimiento reactiva y que conduce al Dios arquitecto.

«Plato was said to have stated that 'God is continually exercised in Geometry.'» — la fórmula atribuida a Platón que circula en esa reactivación, consignada con el verbo que marca la atribución.

«in the fifteenth century, for example, Pico della Mirandola had hailed God as 'the best of artisans',» — la misma idea en Pico della Mirandola, con Dios como artesano.

«When Johann Valentin Andreae created his remarkable Utopia Christianopolis it assigned a central place to the endeavours in practical science or technology of the artisan, with God as the» — la misma idea en el autor ligado a los manifiestos rosacruces.

«in the 1630s Sir Thomas Browne called God the 'High Architect of the world', but elsewhere made it clear that He was not a geometrician but was like a skilful geometrician.» — la metáfora del Dios arquitecto en Thomas Browne, con la cautela que el propio Browne le pone.

«If God was a mechanic or architect, many argued, then the trades pursued by the artisan could not be contemptible.» — el argumento que esa metáfora pone a disposición del artesano.

«Pessimism as to man's capacities to understand and change the universe was sometimes replaced by wild over-optimism as to the likely achievements of the now respectable technologies; several authors around 1600 cheerfully talked of colonising the moon.» — el vuelco de ánimo del periodo, ilustrado con su exceso.

«'The world is a machine; it is the most purposeful and beautiful instrument', wrote a French author in 1599, for God the artisan or architect had created this mechanism according to mathematical principles.» — la formulación del universo-máquina, citada de un autor francés de 1599.

«Renewed emphasis on the Bible led to protestants stressing the sanctity of labour in general.» — la aportación protestante a la dignificación del trabajo manual.

«The sixteenth century saw the apotheosis of the architect as the king of the artisans.» — el resultado de ese proceso en una línea.

«the architect could both put theory into practice, and (as was now seen as important) bring the practical discoveries of the craftsman to bear on philosophy.» — la doble dirección del oficio de arquitecto en esa valoración nueva.

«Jones practised what he preached, taking a close interest in the concerns of craftsmen.» — el caso de Inigo Jones como arquitecto vitruviano en ejercicio.

«Not all, however, were willing to accept the inflated Vitruvian estimation of the architect; and least of all Ben Jonson, in his long dispute with Jones over the relative importance of the visual and the verbal contributions to masques.» — la resistencia contemporánea a esa exaltación, y quién la encabeza.

«In 1624 Jonson satirised the pretensions of the architect by transferring to the master cook claims to skill in many arts, especially in fortification, astronomy and alchemy.» — la primera sátira de Jonson contra la pretensión universal del arquitecto.

«Ten years later Jonson was back on the attack, presenting Jones as 'Coronell [Colonel] Vitruvius' accompanied by a mob of craftsmen, 'my Musicall, Arithemeticall, Geometrical, Gamesters! or rather my true Mathematicall Boyes' - who included 'Master Maul! our Freemason'.» — la segunda sátira, citada de la letra de Jonson, donde aparece un *Freemason* entre los artesanos matemáticos.

«Generally, however, the Vitruvian pretensions of the architect were respected, though some (like Henry Wotton in 1624) tried to separate the liberal or theoretical side of architecture from the mechanical, being unable to overcome a distaste for the latter.» — el balance de la recepción, con la reserva de los que seguían separando lo liberal de lo mecánico.

«Though the Vitruvian concept of the architect can be traced in late sixteenth-century England through published works like those of Dee and Shute, this cannot be done in Scotland: the publishing industry was small,» — el límite documental del caso escocés: no hay libros donde rastrearlo.

«When in the 1590s he worked to reorganise the mason craft in Scotland he must surely have been partly inspired by the Vitruvian vision of the architect/mathematician and the late Renaissance vision of the place of the artisan (the architect as mason in this instance) in the advancement of learning: and perhaps he saw himself as establishing this unique status as the heritage of the Scottish working masons - who obviously would be likely to respond favourably to this enhancement of their position.» — su reconstrucción del programa de Schaw, con los dos grados de certeza marcados: *must surely* y *perhaps*.

«The fact that in the 1590s Schaw was sometimes referred to as king's architect instead of, as was traditional, king's master of works demonstrates the influence of the new concept of the architect, attaching to his office all the grandiose connotations of that word.» — el indicio léxico que ofrece de esa influencia vitruviana sobre Schaw.

«When James Murray surrendered his office of overseer of the king's works in favour of his son (the future master of works) in 1605, he remained master gunner of Scotland until his death.» — el dato de la acumulación de cargos que enlaza obras y artillería.

«That this association of the office of master gunner with those of master of works and master mason indicates Vitruvian influence as well as convenience is suggested by the fact that the 1634 and 1661 grants» — su lectura de esa acumulación como vitruviana y no meramente administrativa.

«It seems unlikely, and the alternative explanation, that they and the lodges that welcomed them were under Vitruvian influence and regarded gunnery as an aspect of masonry or architecture, seems far more plausible.» — su explicación de la presencia de artilleros en las logias.

«The numbers of these mathematician masons are small, but they form too noticeable a trickle to be the result of mere chance.» — su criterio para leer un goteo pequeño como indicio y no como ruido.

«It would seem, then, that some men joined lodges through identifying masonry with Vitruvian concepts of architecture; and those of whom this can be said with some confidence (as they are known to have had mathematical interests) may be only the tip of the iceberg.» — su conclusión sobre el motivo de esos ingresos, con la advertencia de que la muestra visible es sesgada.

«The Vitruvian concept was nothing esoteric but a part of the general cultural background of the age, and architecture was regarded as something any well-educated gentleman should study.» — acota el alcance de lo vitruviano: era cultura general, no doctrina reservada.

«Thus many gentlemen members of lodges may have joined through architectural interests even though these are not detectable as they did not make careers for themselves in architecture or related subjects.» — la consecuencia metodológica de esa acotación.

«The idea of the architect as mathematician may have led to the evolution of one of the most distinctive products of the seventeenth-century Scottish mason - sundials.» — su hipótesis sobre los relojes de sol escoceses.

«This rich legacy has never been explained.» — el estado de la cuestión sobre esos relojes antes de su propuesta.

«'Dialling' was one of the skills of the architect, as defined by Vitruvius, and he had stated that knowledge of astronomy was essential to the architect so he could construct sundials.» — el apoyo textual de la hipótesis: Vitruvio incluye el reloj de sol entre las destrezas del arquitecto.

«Did these remarkable objects develop partly as a means whereby the working mason could demonstrate his mathematical skills and the connection between his craft and the heavens above?» — formula la hipótesis como pregunta y no como afirmación.

«The use might be a humble one, getting the sun to tell the time, but even that could be seen as of great significance in principle.» — el sentido que atribuye a un objeto de función modesta.

«But there is one piece of evidence suggesting that sundials held a particular fascination for Scottish masons independently of the tastes of their employers.» — anuncia el dato que separa el gusto del cantero del del comitente.

«The identification of the mason with the mathematician and the astronomer forms a plausible and logical link» — el enlace que propone entre oficio, matemática y astronomía, calificado por él de plausible.

«It was not the masons themselves who had laid the intellectual foundations for such pretensions by exalting the Vitruvian architect.» — precisa de dónde vino el prestigio: no del oficio sino de los sabios.

«Similarly the recognition of the artisan as someone who could make a useful contribution to human knowledge was flattering to craft pride, but it would not have become of practical significance unless it had been accepted by scholars.» — la misma precisión aplicada al reconocimiento del artesano.

«By the sixteenth century such acceptance was becoming common, and increasing numbers of investigators made contacts with craftsmen, both to learn from them and to offer the benefit of their own knowledge» — el trato efectivo entre sabios y artesanos en el siglo XVI.

«John Dee's English translation of Euclid was addressed to the artisans of London, and earlier in the century a German ironfounder can be found asking that the same work be translated into the vernacular for the use of artisans.» — los dos casos con que documenta ese trato.

«Both Sir Robert Moray and Elias Ashmole took an active interest in the project, and both men decided that their own contributions would be 'histories' of masonry.» — el dato que enlaza la logia con la Royal Society: los dos masones ofrecen historias del oficio al proyecto.

«He evidently started with an account of the builder's materials (perhaps based on Book Two of Vitruvius), but though he wrote 57 pages he then seems to have abandoned the work.» — el destino de una de esas historias, con la fuente conjeturada.

«These two men presumably believed that their connections with the mason craft through initiation would help them contribute to the work of the Royal Society as it brought them into contact with craftsmen and their practical knowledge.» — el motivo que atribuye a Moray y a Ashmole, marcado como presunción.

«The developing concepts of the architect, and of the artisan as a man from whom even the philosopher could learn, also contributed to one of the main themes of freemasonry, the idea of differences of social rank being irrelevant in the lodge.» — de dónde hace derivar la igualdad de rango dentro de la logia.

«Partly this arose out of the general ideal of the brotherhood or fraternity, but this was reinforced (once men from the upper ranks of society began to join the craftsmen in their lodges) by the fact that philosopher and artisan were seen as united in the quest for knowledge, each with an essential contribution to make.» — el reparto de causas de esa igualdad: fraternidad gremial y búsqueda común de conocimiento.

«This levelling in pursuit of the quest applied with greater force to masonry/architecture than to any other craft.» — por qué el nivelamiento fue más fuerte en este oficio que en ningún otro.

«Nowhere is this point brought out more clearly than in the epitaph of John Mylne, master mason to the king of Scots, who died in 1667.» — el documento en que apoya ese punto.

«The epitaph opens with a startling juxtaposition in the very first line.» — cómo lee ese epitafio: por la yuxtaposición de rangos que hace desde el primer verso.

«John Dee, translator of Euclid and advocate of the artisans, was also the Hermetic magus who spoke with spirits.» — el caso con que muestra que las dos corrientes convivían en una misma persona.

«Emphasis on mathematics may have led to mechanistic interpretations of the universe, but mathematics was also closely bound up with, and extensively employed in, the occult arts.» — su advertencia contra separar limpiamente ciencia y ocultismo en el periodo.

«Both held out the ultimate possibility of fully comprehending the universe and then using the power over nature that this gave to exploit nature to the advantage of man.» — lo que las dos corrientes tenían en común.

«Thus that the Hermetic dead-end and the trends which were to lead to the development of modern science should stand side by side as facets of the Renaissance contribution to freemasonry is logical and natural.» — su conclusión: la coexistencia de hermetismo y ciencia en el origen de la masonería no es una anomalía que haya que resolver.

«Some (like the art of memory) can be attributed to William Schaw, that frustratingly elusive figure so central to the sudden emergence of the lodges around 1600.» — su balance sobre Schaw al cerrar el capítulo renacentista, con lo esquivo del personaje dicho.

«One objection to all this may be that it seems to postulate that some Renaissance ideas were influential in a unique way in Scotland, in that they led to developments in the mason craft that took place nowhere else.» — se plantea la objeción de excepcionalidad contra su propia tesis.

«But research in recent decades has destroyed this caricature.» — descarta la imagen corriente de una Escocia aislada y sin Renacimiento.

«But in none of these things was she unique among the nations of Europe and, what is of particular relevance here, in cultural terms she was very much a part of Europe.» — su respuesta a la objeción: Escocia no era una excepción cultural.

«It may be that Scotland herself made no contributions of European importance to the Renaissance - with the possible exception of the work of the great humanist scholar and Latin poet George Buchanan - and that Renaissance influences were often more studied than put into practice, for» — la concesión que hace en el mismo movimiento, con Buchanan como única excepción posible.

«In a way, however, this can be seen as a sign of the strength of Scotland's existing culture;» — reinterpreta esa concesión como fortaleza y no como atraso.

«James VI may have been no great scholar, and have been perennially short of cash, but he encouraged the flourishing of the courtly arts and himself published poetry and works on the rules of poetry, theology, political thought, witchcraft, and tobacco.» — el papel cultural de Jacobo VI, con la lista de sus propias publicaciones.

«Nor was it only at court that Scotland experienced a modest cultural revival, strongly influenced by Renaissance ideas, at the end of the sixteenth century.» — el alcance de ese renacimiento escocés más allá de la corte.

«Scottish architecture remained 'obstinately Scottish, classical motifs penetrating only as ingredients of an essentially vernacular style of decoration', though there are isolated examples of more thorough French, English and Italian influences.» — cómo entra lo renacentista en la arquitectura escocesa: como ornamento sobre un cuerpo vernáculo.

«Yet, as those elements of Renaissance design that do appear indicate, it was not that Scottish architects were unaware of Renaissance architecture styles, but that they nonetheless» — descarta la ignorancia como explicación de ese carácter vernáculo.

«In considering actual building activity in Scotland in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries in the context of developments in the organisation and methods of the mason trade, the increasing emergence of Renaissance decorative features is, however, less important than the simple fact that far more stone buildings were being constructed in Scotland than ever before.» — desplaza el foco del estilo a la cantidad de obra, que es lo que afecta al oficio.

«Neither the church nor the crown were great builders in the period, but there was a boom in building by burgesses, lairds and nobles in these decades of peace and stability.» — quién construía en ese auge, y en qué condiciones.

«No attempt has been made to quantify this, but the evidence 'on the ground' in the shape of surviving or recorded buildings seems overwhelming.» — declara la naturaleza no cuantificada de esa afirmación.

«Very few houses survive in the Scottish burghs which date from before the later Renaissance; from that time on their numbers increase rapidly, as the better-off merchants and craftsmen provided themselves with solidly built stone dwellings.» — la prueba material del auge en los burgos.

«In the countryside this was the great age of the tower house, some adapted from earlier towers, which display both the status and the taste of their owners, retaining defensive features but also indicating delight and interest in appearance.» — la misma prueba en el campo, con la casa-torre.

«Pride in the way their activities were transforming both the towns and the countryside surely increased the self-esteem and confidence of Scotland's masons, giving new meaning to traditional accounts of the glorious history of the craft and its unique status among the crafts as a whole.» — el efecto que atribuye al auge sobre la conciencia del oficio.

«Did William Schaw draw on this new mood in the craft in planning an even more exalted future for it? Yet again, direct evidence is lacking but the chronological coincidence is striking.» — deja la conexión como pregunta y nombra el tipo de prueba que tiene: coincidencia de fechas.

«Schaw's reforms of the trade came not only just when the rich mix of Renaissance ideas already described was coming to a climax, but just when a building boom was in progress and may have led to a mood in the trade of optimism and expectancy.» — la doble coincidencia sobre la que apoya su lectura de la reforma.

«Seventeenth-century Scottish freemasonry grew out of the Renaissance in many respects, but its evolution was also profoundly influenced by Reformation, and it can be seen as being in some respects a reaction against some of the changes that the coming of protestantism brought to Scotland.» — la segunda gran causa que introduce: la Reforma, y en parte como reacción contra ella.

«Before the Reformation religion had been, it has been argued, important for most people not because it offered a code of beliefs, but 'because its rites were an essential accompaniment to the important events of... life - birth, marriage and death.» — la caracterización de la religión prerreformada que toma prestada y suscribe.

«With the coming of protestantism emphasis shifted from behaviour and actions to abstract beliefs and individual faith.» — el desplazamiento que la Reforma introduce.

«For many people the Reformation of 1560 must have created a deep sense of loss at so much in the way of ritual and pageantry being outlawed.» — el vacío ritual del que hará derivar la vida secreta del oficio.

«Virtually every craft guild functioned as a religious fraternity, and there were in addition many fraternities both in town and country which existed independently of the guilds.» — la dimensión religiosa del gremio antes de 1560.

«They had also been religious fraternities, and the destruction of this aspect of the craft guild which protestant Reformation entailed must have been a devastating blow.» — el golpe que la Reforma asesta a esa dimensión.

«In the early sixteenth century Hamburg (with a population of about 13,000) had over a hundred fraternities, and there» — la cifra con que da idea de la densidad de cofradías en la Europa prerreformada.

«The fraternity has been defined as 'an association of layfolk who, under the patronage of a particular saint... undertook to provide the individual member of the brotherhood with a good funeral ... together with regular prayers and mass-saying thereafter for the repose of the dead person's soul'.» — la definición de cofradía que toma de la bibliografía, centrada en el funeral y los sufragios.

«Finally, the fraternity had the attraction of being under lay control; a priest was of course necessary to say mass, but such chaplains were appointed and paid by the fraternity, and laymen responded to the idea of having one aspect of religion which they organised and regulated according to their own needs and wishes.» — el rasgo de la cofradía prerreformada que más pesa en su argumento: religión administrada por laicos.

«There is insufficient evidence to try to estimate how common fraternities not combined with craft guilds were in Scotland, but enough is known to indicate that there were considerable numbers of them» — el límite de lo que puede cuantificar en el caso escocés.

«John Knox described, in disgust, the St Giles' Day procession in Edinburgh in 1558, with the clergy of the collegiate church, the guilds and the confraternities - 'priests, friars, canons, and rotten Papists, with tabors and trumpets, banners and bagpipes, and who was there to lead the ring, but the Queen Regent [Mary of Guise] herself,» — la procesión gremial de 1558 vista por John Knox, testimonio hostil de lo que la Reforma iba a suprimir.

«Reformation meant the complete abolition of the religious side of the guild-fraternity, while those organisations which were solely fraternities disappeared altogether.» — el alcance exacto de la supresión.

«Plays as such were not banned, but the strict limitations placed on them meant the death of the old craft plays.» — el efecto colateral sobre el teatro de los oficios.

«Guild members might sit together in church, their meetings might be opened with a brief prayer, but apart from such pathetic remnants the religious side of the guild had gone entirely.» — lo que quedó de la vida religiosa del gremio después de 1560.

«The basic justification of the fraternity had been the doctrine of purgatory, making necessary the saying of masses to free the souls of departed brethren from it.» — la doctrina cuya supresión deja sin razón de ser a la cofradía.

«But then, within two generations, one craft developed an elaborate secret life of ritual and ceremony of its own.» — la pregunta central del capítulo: por qué solo un oficio llenó ese vacío.

«The answer is that the mason craft was already in some respects different from other crafts.» — su respuesta a esa pregunta.

«Renaissance influences from the Vitruvian architect to the cult of Egypt to the art of memory all further singled out the craft as something special, and William Schaw reformed its organisation, giving it a lodge system within which ritual could develop.» — la suma de causas que reúne: herencia del oficio, influjos renacentistas y la reforma de Schaw.

«Whether or not Schaw himself consciously encouraged ritual development to fill the vacuum left by the Reformation cannot be known, but one explanation of why so many outsiders sought to join the lodges during the seventeenth century may have been the desire to satisfy the human craving for ritual that the Scottish reformed church ignored.» — se abstiene sobre la intención de Schaw y ofrece la explicación por el lado de la demanda.

«This should not, however, be taken to suggest that the lodges and their secret rituals were in any way intended to subvert protestantism.» — su límite expreso contra leer las logias como subversión religiosa.

«William Schaw may have been a Catholic, but his lodges were protestant, loyal to the established church.» — la distinción entre la fe del reformador y la de la institución que crea.

«In the relationship of the lodges in the years around 1600 with the Church of Scotland, however, may lie the origins of one of the most distinctive features of later freemasonry: the exclusion of overt religious elements from lodge activities while at the same time clearly accepting the existence of God and the truth of Christianity.» — su explicación histórica del rasgo que después se leerá como deísmo o tolerancia.

«But may it have originated in the fact that in the previous century Scots protestants could only justify ritual if it was made clear that it was not used in a religious context?» — formula esa explicación como pregunta.

«Thus the emergence of freemasonry in seventeenth-century Scotland as a system of morality illustrated by symbols, allegories and rituals does not indicate any precocious deistic or tolerant attitudes to religion, but simply acceptance that the lodge was not a valid place for masons to indulge their (orthodox) religious inclinations in.» — su corrección de la lectura anacrónica: la exclusión de lo religioso no es tolerancia sino ortodoxia bien entendida.

«The idea that the Church of Scotland was ready to accept the existence of lodges, and of rituals within them, provided they were not religious rituals, would go a long way to explain the otherwise astonishing lack of concern (with a few exceptions) in the church about the lodges.» — el hecho que su explicación resuelve: el silencio casi total de la iglesia sobre las logias.

«The church had no need to persecute the lodges because it knew that they were no threat to its exclusive authority in religion.» — la misma explicación en una línea.

«But generally its attitude to the arts (in the modern sense) was that they were legitimate provided that they were entirely separated from religious worship.» — la regla general de la iglesia escocesa que hace inteligible ese silencio.

«Nearly all that is known of the secrets and rituals of the Scottish masons in the seventeenth century is derived from the catechisms which survive from the end of that century and the beginning of the next.» — declara la base documental de todo lo que va a decir sobre el ritual, y su desfase temporal.

«At the centre of the esoteric activities described in the catechisms lay the Mason Word, and it was through talk of it that outsiders first learned that the masons had secrets.» — el lugar de la Palabra del Masón en esos textos y en la percepción externa.

«Scattered references to the Word occur from the 1630s onwards, and through them something can be discerned of how outsiders perceived the masons and their rumoured secrets.» — la naturaleza de la evidencia sobre la Palabra: dispersa, externa y a partir de 1630.

«Surprisingly, this handful of references in non-masonic sources to the Mason Word is not accompanied by similar references to the masonic lodges, suggesting that convention among the masons dictated that lodges should not be mentioned to outsiders, but that it was permissible (or gradually became permissible) to intrigue the uninitiated by referring to the existence of the Word - though of course without revealing its secrets.» — el reparto del silencio que deduce de esa asimetría: la Palabra podía nombrarse fuera, la logia no.

«It was certainly composed after 1625, as it refers to King Charles I, and 'Mr Gall' was probably the Mr James Gall who became a burgess of Perth in 16282 but died a few years thereafter.» — cómo data el poema de Henry Adamson, por indicios internos y por la biografía de sus personajes.

«Thus the poem can be dated to within a few years of 1630. It takes the form of an imaginary dialogue between Gall and another friend of Adamson's, George Ruthven, and at one point Gall assures Ruthven that the bridge over the River Tay (swept away by a flood in 1621) would be rebuilt,» — la fecha resultante y la forma del texto donde aparece la primera mención conocida de la Palabra.

«What is the significance of the grouping together of the three terms brethren of the Rosy Cross, the Mason Word, and second sight? Adamson was addicted to obscure words and arcane references to bewilder and impress the unfortunate reader, but the conjunction of the diree terms is not just random.» — plantea su pregunta sobre el verso y descarta que la reunión de los tres términos sea casual. La grafía *diree* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *three*.

«The Rosicrucian brethren were held to be invisible, either meaning that though they existed they could not be identified, or that they were literally invisible.» — el primero de los tres términos, con sus dos lecturas posibles.

«Second sight was the ability literally to 'see' die future, dirough visual images of future events.» — el tercero de los tres términos, definido. Las grafías *die* y *dirough* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *through*.

«It was regarded as specifically Scottish, and Highland radier than Lowland, and only one reference to it is known before Adamson's: in 1616 a Caithness woman accused in Orkney of witchcraft confessed diat she had been taught a spell to know and see anything she desired while on a visit to Lochaber as a girl.» — la geografía y la escasez documental de la segunda vista antes de 1630. Las grafías *radier* y *diat* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *rather* y *that*.

«Adamson's mention of die Mason Word does not necessarily imply diat he expected his readers to know what it meant, given his love of trying to impress by being obscure.» — la cautela que pone a su propia lectura del verso. Las grafías *die* y *diat* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *that*.

«The treasurer, John Stewart, earl of Traquair, maintained contacts widi die opposition, and claimed diat he did diis to try to bring about a settlement in» — el personaje al que se acusó de poseer la palabra secreta. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *with*, *the*, *that* y *this*.

«but it obviously had connotations of some secret bond - and one that bound men together for sinister purposes.» — cómo sonaba el término en boca de quien lo usaba como acusación.

«that to their judgment ther is neither sinne nor scandale in that word because in the purest tymes of this kirke maisons haveing that word have been ministers, that maisons and men haveing that word have been and daylie are elders in our sessions, and many professors haveing that word are daylie admitted to the ordinances.» — el dictamen de la Asamblea General de la Iglesia de Escocia sobre la Palabra, que la declara sin pecado ni escándalo.

«Discussion in the assembly about the Mason Word did, however, spread doubts about it, and in 1652 this led to concern when a candidate for the ministry was found to have the Word.» — el efecto contrario que tuvo ese dictamen: al discutirlo, lo volvió sospechoso.

«There is absolutely no direct evidence to support the statement, and yet it should not be dismissed out of hand as being untrue.» — su posición ante la afirmación de que ministros tuvieron la Palabra: sin prueba y sin descarte.

«But it may be diat less reliance can be placed on die claim diat in die 'purest times' of die church men widi die Word had been ministers.» — la reserva que añade sobre esa misma afirmación. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *that*, *the* y *with*.

«Thus a man having the Mason Word became a minister, but only after considerable debate.» — el desenlace del caso de James Ainslie.

«It was suggested at die end of the last chapter diat die remarkable failure of die Church of Scotland to try to suppress die masonic lodges which emerged around 1600 as subversive of true religion may be explicable at least in part by die hypodiesis diat the masons made it clear to die church diat dieir rituals were not religious ones.» — retoma su hipótesis sobre el silencio de la iglesia y la enlaza con el episodio de la Palabra. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *that*, *hypothesis* y *their*.

«Not proven maybe, but the lack of persecution and the assertion that ministers had had the Word mesh together very neatly.» — el grado de certeza que reclama para esa hipótesis: no probada, coherente.

«But conveniently just a year later another reference throws light on both matters, and. its context suggests that its author, Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty, knew of the recent controversy in the church.» — la fuente que ilumina el episodio eclesiástico desde fuera, en 1653.

«Urquhart rejects such an occult interpretation, but shows no sign of knowing the secrets of the Word himself.» — la posición de Urquhart: se burla de los ministros que ven magia y tampoco está iniciado.

«Next in sequence comes a very different type of reference, concerned with the Word not as something mysterious but from a utilitarian point of view.» — el cambio de registro que anuncia: del rumor al contrato de aprendizaje.

«By including a stipulation that an apprentice be admitted to the Word and to a lodge, and further explaining that this was to be done so the apprentice would become as free a workman as any other, the indenture proves conclusively that the Mason Word was not some archaic leftover from a distant past, or some artificial invention of men with a taste for secrecy and mystery, but something of importance in the day-to-day life of the working mason.» — el contrato de 1660 como prueba de que la Palabra tenía función laboral, no solo ritual.

«Two rather later indentures are known which bind masters to have their apprentices admitted to a lodge (1683 and 1712),13 but neither of them mention the Word.» — el límite de la serie documental: los otros contratos hablan de logia y no de Palabra.

«But what lodge he belonged to is unknown: he does not appear in the records of either Edinburgh Lodge or the only other lodge known to have existed at the time in the vicinity, Aitchison's Haven.» — el hueco que ese mismo contrato deja abierto, y que él consigna.

«He was a staunch presbyterian, deprived of his ministry in the parish of Fenwick in 1664 for his opposition to the restoration of episcopacy, but he did not share the doubts about the Word» — la posición del ministro William Guthrie, que usa la Palabra como símil sin recelo.

«I cannot compare it better to you nor [than] to that they call the Masson-Word; there is a signe among the Massons that they call the Masson-Word; I wot not what it is but they say one of them cannot be in that dress but another will take him up to be a man of th[a]t same trade.» — el símil de Guthrie, citado de su predicación: la Palabra como signo que se reconoce a distancia.

«I cannot tell what passeth betwixt Christ and his people, but there is some signe th[a]t he giveth them th[a]t will everymore know him, be in what dress he will.» — el segundo término del símil de Guthrie, que compara la Palabra con la señal entre Cristo y los suyos.

«Thus he believed that masons identified each other by taking up some posture which was not eccentric enough to be noticed by anyone except a fellow mason, who would know what to look for.» — su lectura de lo que Guthrie entendía por ese signo.

«These declare that Wee Maister Meassones and entered premises all of ws wnder subscryvers doe heir protest and vowe as hitherto wee have done at our entrie, when we receaved the benefit of the Measson word, that wee shall owne this honourable Lodge at all occationes except those who can give ane Lawfull excuse or [of?] sicknes or [are] out of towne.» — de los estatutos de la Logia de Aberdeen, donde recibir la Palabra es la condición del vínculo con la logia.

«Another statute, 'Lawes for our box for the poor never practised heirtofoir in Aberdeine', declares that Wee wndersubscryers doe heir Protest be all the oathes wee receaved at our entrie to the benefit off the measson word that wee shall own and mentaine the Measson box of Aberdeine and of this our lodge, according as wee have begun as the Authoires of it.» — de los mismos estatutos: el juramento de la Palabra sostiene también la caja de los pobres.

«The following statute adds Wee ordaine lykwayes that our eldest sones who are the authoires of this Book, and all our after comeres, shall have the benefit of the measson word free of most of the dues usually exacted.» — de los mismos estatutos: la Palabra como derecho hereditario y exención de cuotas.

«At about the same time as the Aberdeen reference, in 1672, the Word was mentioned by an Englishman for the first time.» — la primera mención inglesa de la Palabra, fechada.

«Marvell knew that the Mason Word was a secret means of identification, and his use of the term indicates that by this time it could be expected that English readers would have heard of it - just as the increasingly common references in England in the later seventeenth century to that other Scottish mystery, the second sight, indicate that it too was becoming well known.» — lo que la sátira de Andrew Marvell le indica sobre la difusión del término en Inglaterra.

«Robert Kirk had a great interest in Scottish folklore and supernatural phenomena, and while dining with him Stillingfleet 'came to enquire of the 2d Sight, only heard of in the highlands of Scotland'.» — el marco de la conversación entre Robert Kirk y el obispo Stillingfleet.

«Stillingfleet's argument, at least as reported by Kirk, was distinctly confused, suggesting that the second sight might exist, but that to believe in its existence was blameworthy!» — la posición del obispo, consignada con la salvedad de que solo se conoce por Kirk.

«Kirk, on the other hand, though often regarded as credulous because of his interest in the supernatural, argued for a natural or 'scientific' explanation.» — la posición de Robert Kirk frente al obispo, contraria a la fama que arrastra.

«Perhaps Kirk argued that just as the Mason Word was held to be supernatural by non-masons, as it involved invisible communication, but in reality had a natural explanation in signs and postures, so the second sight was not necessarily supernatural just because it was not understood.» — su reconstrucción del argumento de Kirk, marcada con *perhaps*: la Palabra como analogía naturalista de la segunda vista.

«Kirk related that he had found five 'Curiosities' in Scotland 'not much observ'd to be elsewhere'.» — la lista de curiosidades escocesas en que Kirk incluye la Palabra del Masón.

«At last a mention of the Mason Word by someone who both knew its secrets, and was prepared to commit them (or at least part of them) to paper!» — lo que hace de Kirk una fuente distinta de todas las anteriores.

«He does, however, reveal (as he had evidently done to Stillingfleet a few years before) what the verbal part of the Mason Word was:» — el punto en que Kirk pone por escrito la parte verbal de la Palabra.

«Kirk does not actually identify them as words that were part of the Word - he merely says the Word was a comment on these words - but the masonic catechisms reveal that Boaz» — la precisión sobre lo que Kirk dice y lo que no dice, y el apoyo que le prestan los catecismos.

«When Kirk had explained this to Stillingfleet the latter had called it a 'Rabbinical mystery': as the words of the Mason Word were connected with Solomon's Temple it was» — la calificación del obispo, y su razón: los nombres vienen del Templo.

«The search for understanding of the Cabbala, which sometimes merged with the Hermetic search for lost knowledge, was hampered by the fact that it was believed that its secrets were never written but (like the Mason Word) handed down by word of mouth.» — el paralelo que traza entre la cábala y la Palabra: transmisión oral y no escrita.

«By the 1660s and 1670s masons themselves were becoming willing to use the term in writing (as the apprenticeship indenture and records of Aberdeen Lodge show).» — el momento en que el término deja de ser impronunciable por escrito dentro del oficio.

«Belief that the Word was linked with the supernatural lingered on, however.» — la persistencia de la lectura sobrenatural fuera del oficio.

«Bishop Stillingfleet would doubtless have reached the same conclusion, but this reference is unique in linking the Word to witchcraft by suggesting that a compact with the devil was involved - no stonemason is known to have been involved in any of the hundreds of witchcraft cases in Scotland.» — el caso Mackie como excepción única, y la negativa que lo enmarca: ningún cantero aparece en los cientos de causas de brujería escocesas.

«And the mason involved was able to refute the charge by stating that he had not got the Word, either because of limitations in his skill and training or because he had not sought to be initiated.» — cómo se deshizo esa acusación, y las dos razones posibles de no tener la Palabra.

«Masons with the Word would probably have said that Mackie was not a mason but a cowan.» — la lectura que el propio oficio habría hecho del caso.

«The connection of the Word with Solomon's Temple, first revealed by Robert Kirk a few years before, is also present, but some are not satisfied with this, and take the Word's origins further back to the Tower of Babel.» — las dos genealogías que circulaban del origen de la Palabra.

«Even when considered in isolation the seventeenth-century references to the Mason Word provide enough evidence for it to be certain that the masons of Scotland had elaborate lore and rituals.» — lo que da por probado solo con las fuentes externas.

«But it is only when the masonic catechisms are examined alongside these references that it really becomes possible to understand the place of the Word in the life of the Scottish mason.» — por qué necesita los catecismos pese a ser posteriores.

«It is perhaps conceivable that they emerge then because the rituals they reveal had just been invented, but a much more likely explanation lies in the fact that the last decade of the seventeenth and the first decade of the eighteenth centuries saw a very marked increase in the numbers of non-operatives joining lodges.» — su explicación de por qué los catecismos aparecen tan tarde, con la alternativa considerada y descartada.

«The appearance of the catechisms is surely connected with this upsurge of interest in freemasonry, with the catechisms being written down mainly by and for the non-operatives, recording old rituals which had not previously been committed to paper.» — quién escribe los catecismos y para quién, según su hipótesis.

«The Word is known for certain to have existed by about 1630, but as it dealt with the admission of entered apprentices and fellow crafts, the two grades of mason which were described in the First Schaw Statutes of 1598 and which thereafter became standard (as is shown by lodge minutes), it seems probable that the essentials of the rituals of the Word detailed in the catechisms already existed in the time of William Schaw, and may indeed have been largely created by him out of earlier practices of the craft.» — su argumento para retrotraer el ritual hasta Schaw, con los dos grados de certeza escalonados.

«As will be seen, the revealing of secret words forms the culmination of the rituals, but the adoption of the singular form 'Word' probably reflects post-Reformation protestant influence.» — su explicación del singular del nombre.

«The new Calvinist church in Scotland put great emphasis on the fact that the only sure guide to truth lay in die Bible, the Word of God.» — el uso calvinista del término del que hace derivar esa influencia. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Thus simply by calling their secrets the Mason Word the masons summoned up strong connotations of ultimate truth and mysterious power.» — el efecto que atribuye a esa elección de nombre.

«The first is the catechism proper, being a series of questions and answers through which one mason could assure himself of the identity of another, culminating in the acknowledgement of this by use of a secret word or words.» — la primera de las dos partes del Register House Manuscript de 1696: el interrogatorio de reconocimiento.

«The second section outlines the initiation ceremonies whereby the two grades of masons were admitted to the secrets of the Word.» — la segunda parte del mismo manuscrito: las ceremonias de admisión a los dos grados.

«Two other manuscripts are very closely related to the Register House Manuscript, the Chetwode Crawley and the Kevan, and all three may derive from a single lost original.» — la familia textual de los catecismos escoceses tempranos.

«That this is the case, rather than the three having much in common simply because they all describe the same rituals, is shown by descriptive phrases being virtually identical in all three texts.» — el criterio filológico con que sostiene esa filiación.

«Thus at one point the Register House Manuscript describes the candidate being frightened widi '1000 ridicolous postures and grimmaces', Crawley does the same (with different spelling), while Kevan has the phrase with the word ridiculous omitted.» — la prueba concreta de esa filiación: la frase compartida de las mil posturas ridículas. La grafía *widi* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *with*.

«The Register House version was found among miscellaneous court of session papers in 1930;» — la procedencia del manuscrito principal.

«Crawley turned up in an Irish bookseller's shop in about 1900 but is clearly Scottish in origin;» — la procedencia del segundo, con la adjudicación de origen hecha.

«Kevan, found in 1954, probably came from the papers of a solicitor in Duns, Berwickshire, and has on the back a list of lands in diat area and rents payable, confirming that it is of local provenance.» — la procedencia del tercero, establecida por lo escrito al dorso. La grafía *diat* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *that*.

«Neither Crawley nor Kevan are dated, but both probably belong to the opening years of the eighteenth century.» — la datación de los dos manuscritos sin fecha.

«That written catechisms were coming to be used in the lodges, and were not just illicit copies of oral rituals which were not supposed to be committed to paper, is evident from two sources.» — la cuestión que decide sobre el estatuto de esos textos: eran de uso interno, no filtraciones.

«In 1699 Aberdeen Lodge paid a printer 'for printing of a Broad Side of an whole sheet concerning the Measone Word',28 and this was almost certainly a catechism.» — la primera de esas dos pruebas: una logia manda imprimir el texto.

«A catechism was also written at the beginning of the minute book of Haughfoot Lodge in 1702.» — la segunda prueba: un catecismo copiado al frente del libro de actas.

«Later it was torn out in the interests of secrecy, but the last few lines were left as they occurred at the top of the page containing the first minute.» — cómo sobrevivió ese fragmento: por descuido al arrancar la hoja.

«This fragment contains enough to indicate that the lost text belonged to the Register House group of catechisms.» — lo que el fragmento permite establecer pese a su tamaño.

«The Sloane Manuscript shows some signs of English influence in wording, but most if not all of its contents are Scottish in origin.» — la adjudicación de origen del manuscrito Sloane, con su matiz.

«The lodge described is obviously not a real, standardised type of building in which the members of lodges actually met.» — la constatación de que la logia de los catecismos no es un edificio.

«It was a symbolic building, an ideal lodge diat all masons had in common.» — qué es entonces esa logia: un edificio simbólico compartido. La grafía *diat* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *that*.

«The fanciful remoteness attributed to the meeting place of lodges relates to the tendency for lodges to meet outside burghs rather than in them, or more commonly to regard diemselves as meeting metaphorically 'outside' burghs in diat they were free from control by the burgh authorities; it may also be that the idea of die remote meeting place was connected with secrecy.» — cómo enlaza el emplazamiento fabuloso de los catecismos con la práctica real de reunirse fuera del burgo. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *themselves*, *that* y *the*.

«The reference to die Tower also indicates diat the English visitor who in 1697 stated that some said that Solomon's Temple was where the Word originated but others said the Tower of Babel was drawing on information based on both die Sloane and Register House variants of rituals.» — lo que la doble genealogía le indica sobre las fuentes de un testimonio externo. La grafía *die* y *diat* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *that*.

«In their rituals the seventeenth-century Scottish masons may have marked out, with chalk or otherwise, the outline of» — la conjetura sobre cómo se materializaba en el suelo esa logia ideal.

«The question was posed in chapter 3 when considering William Schaw's determination in the Second Schaw Statutes of 1599 that masons should be skilled in the art of memory, and it had previously been posed by Frances Yates - who knew nothing of Schaw's activities.» — retoma la pregunta del arte de la memoria y reconoce que Yates la había planteado sin conocer a Schaw.

«Certainly we have a building visualised in the mind in which features and objects are associated with concepts to be remembered.» — la coincidencia formal entre la logia mental de los catecismos y el arte clásico de la memoria.

«First there are the three windows, which stand for the master of the lodge, the warden, and the 'setter croft' according to the Register House catechism.» — las tres luces de la logia mental y su primera interpretación.

«The last of these is obviously a corruption of 'fellow craft'; like a number of elementary errors, this indicates that whoever wrote the catechisms, or the originals from which they were copied, had little understanding of things masonic.» — lo que las erratas de los catecismos le dicen sobre sus copistas.

«The Sloane Manuscript awards the three windows to the sun, the master and the square.» — la segunda interpretación de las tres luces, en otro manuscrito.

«This may at first seem an odd mixture but the theme of authority may be present here as well, with the windows 'illuminating' the lodge through the divine sun, the wisdom of the master, and the eternal mathematical principles enshrined in the square.» — su lectura de esa segunda versión, que la reconcilia con la primera.

«The three windows were doubtless also intended to call to mind the Trinity, and some of the printed catechisms do ascribe them to the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost.» — la tercera interpretación, documentada en los catecismos impresos.

«But these three different interpretations should not be seen as mutually exclusive: it would be a poor symbol that had only one level of meaning.» — su regla de lectura del símbolo masónico: los sentidos se acumulan, no se excluyen.

«A perpend ashlar was a dressed or squared stone which spanned the full thickness of a wall from one side to the other.» — la definición técnica de uno de los objetos del catecismo.

«A squared pavement might be a single flat block of stone, or a floor made up of such blocks, but the 'broad ovall' or 'broked-malP (Crawley) or 'covered Kinall' (Kevan) is more obscure.» — las variantes de un término que los propios manuscritos deforman.

«It was evidently a term that was not understood by the writers of the catechisms.» — su explicación de esas variantes.

«The suggestion (based on the Crawley reading) that it refers to a mall or mallet used in cutting a stone with a pointed chisel known as a broach33 seems weak.» — la lectura ajena que descarta.

«More plausible is the interpretation which takes 'ornel' to be a type or cut of stone (as in an Inverness building account of about 1680).» — la lectura que prefiere, apoyada en una cuenta de obra.

«A 'broached ornel' would then have been a block of stone the surface of which had been roughened or furrowed by use of a broach.» — el resultado de esa lectura.

«In Sloane, however, die diree jewels become die square pavement, die blazing star and die bewildering 'Danty tassley'.» — la variante del manuscrito Sloane en las tres joyas de la logia. Las grafías *die* y *diree* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *three*.

«The diree 'lights' of die lodge have been interpreted above as windows; but die word is also used in contexts which indicate that diey could be lights or candles set up widiin die lodge.» — la ambigüedad de las tres luces entre ventanas y velas. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *three*, *the*, *they* y *within*.

«but this may be merely a desperate attempt to make sense of die Sloane text which is in fact hopelessly corrupt at diis point.» — su juicio sobre el estado del texto Sloane en ese pasaje. Las grafías *die* y *diis* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *this*.

«It is three-and-a-half feet from the lodge door: Crawley reads 'from the Lodge' which sounds as if the key lay outside the lodge, but presumably the meaning is inside the door.» — la lectura que propone de la ubicación de la llave de la logia.

«According to Sloane the keys of the lodge lie in a bound case or under a triangular pavement, while Dumfries No. 4 only refers to the location of the keys in the second sense given in the other catechisms - the keys or secrets lie in the hearts and tongues of masons, the latter being in the 'bone box' of the skull.» — los dos sentidos de la llave en los catecismos: un lugar en la logia y el cuerpo del propio masón.

«The symbolism seems fragmentary and confused in places - though of course this may be partly» — su valoración honesta del estado del simbolismo en los catecismos.

«The Sloane catechism does, however, include references to the masons deriving their principles from Christ.» — el elemento cristiano explícito que sí aparece en uno de los catecismos.

«Nonetheless 'images', such as windows or blocks of stone, appear in defined 'places' within the framework of a building as in the classical art of memory, though there are few images and they are tame compared with the grotesque or striking images recommended in the art.» — la comparación con el arte clásico de la memoria, con la diferencia dicha: pocas imágenes y sosas.

«And die Kevan Manuscript overcomes die coyness of the other two, which conceal die actual words of the Mason Word in biblical references, by giving diem as Jachin and Boaz, die two pillars of Solomon's Temple, as Robert Kirk had earlier revealed.» — el manuscrito que pone por escrito las palabras que los otros dos ocultan. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *them*.

«Quite where die words fit into diis climax of the identification ritual is not made clear in this group of manuscripts, but Sloane describes die embrace that constitutes the sign of fellowship in more detail and indicates that it included die exchange of words.» — el punto que los manuscritos no aclaran y el que sí. Las grafías *die* y *diis* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *this*.

«The five points of fellowship described here are slightly different from those of the Register House texts, for though the Sloane text describes foot to foot, heart to heart and hand to hand, ear to ear has become mouth to ear, and knee to knee is hand to back.» — las variantes de los cinco puntos de la fraternidad entre manuscritos.

«However crude and limited the lodge and its symbolism as described in the early catechisms may seem when compared to the classical art of memory, it may nonetheless have its origins in the concept of a temple of memory illustrating eternal truths and moral principles through images appropriate to the mason craft.» — su tesis sobre la logia mental como templo de la memoria, dicha con la objeción incorporada.

«The corpse was dien raised, holding it foot to foot, knee to knee, breast to breast, cheek to cheek and hand to back; but die real secret was not discovered.» — de la leyenda de los hijos de Noé, donde los cinco puntos aparecen como maniobra para levantar un cadáver. Las grafías *dien* y *die* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *then* y *the*.

«The second version, the Hiramic legend, first appeared in its full form in Samuel Prichard's Masonry dissected, a catechism of 1730, but there are clear indications that the story had been known at least a few years» — la datación de la leyenda hirámica y su límite: el impreso es de 1730, la historia es anterior.

«These legends concern necromancy, die magical art of obtaining knowledge, especially of future events, from die dead - though in its original classical form die knowledge was obtained by summoning die spirits of the dead rather than by exhuming corpses.» — la calificación que da a esas leyendas y la diferencia con la nigromancia clásica. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Hiram was, however, murdered by three masons who tried to extort die secrets of the masters' Word from him.» — el núcleo de la leyenda hirámica tal como la resume. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«One likely source for this embracing of a corpse is the biblical accounts of the miraculous restoration of die dead to life by lying on the corpse.» — la fuente bíblica que propone para los cinco puntos. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Thus Elisha lay upon a child's body, moudi to moudi, eyes to eyes and hands to hands, a description diat recalls the points of fellowship.» — el pasaje de Eliseo, con el paralelo formal señalado. Las grafías *moudi* y *diat* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *mouth* y *that*.

«By the later seventeendi century some credited die Rosicrucians widi die ability to raise die dead to life, and extracting secrets from a corpse could be seen as entailing restoring life to it.» — el enlace que traza entre la leyenda masónica y la fama de los rosacruces. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *seventeenth*, *the* y *with*.

«The key or secret contained in die grave is not openly referred to in die very earliest catechisms, but die key that lay below a green divot surely indicates a grave.» — cómo lee la llave bajo el césped verde de los catecismos tempranos. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«'The master' here is surely Hiram, and thus it is Hiram who holds die key or secret.» — la identificación que propone del maestro de los catecismos. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Presumably diis is to be interpreted as a statement that though in becoming a mason a man was admitted to secrets, much greater secrets remained to be discovered.» — el sentido que atribuye a esa reserva del secreto mayor. La grafía *diis* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *this*.

«The secrets to be discovered from corpses are referred to as words, and die ritual also involves actual words as part of die identification codes.» — la doble presencia de la palabra en el ritual: secreto por descubrir y contraseña en uso. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Two pillars had long had a place in masonic tradition, and are described in the Old Charges.» — el antecedente de los pilares en la tradición del oficio.

«But the two pillars of the Old Charges are not the same as the pillars of the Temple.» — la distinción que hace entre los dos pares de pilares.

«Rather they are pillars on which knowledge vital for the future of mankind was carved which prevented it being lost in the Flood - or alternatively by fire.» — qué son los pilares de los *Old Charges*: soportes del saber a prueba de diluvio y de fuego.

«When the pillars of the Temple joined the pillars of knowledge in masonic legend is unknown, but the fact that though the Temple is given prominence in the Old Charges its pillars are not mentioned suggests that they became important comparatively late in the day.» — se abstiene de fechar la fusión y da el indicio que la sitúa tarde.

«On the other hand, the Mason Word already existed by the early seventeenth century, so the Temple pillar theme must have been present by that time - unless it is assumed that the verbal components of the Word were not at first Jachin and Boaz, and that seems unlikely.» — el límite superior de esa datación, con la salvedad expresa.

«The two pillars as described in the Bible were free-standing pillars placed on either side of the entrance to the Temple, this being a characteristic feature of temples of the period.» — la descripción bíblica de Jaquín y Boaz.

«From this and other evidence it has been suggested that the full Hebrew interpretation of Jachin was 'He (Yahweh) will establish the throne of David, and his kingdom to his seed for ever', and the coronations of later kings of the Davidic dynasty took place at this pillar.» — la lectura hebrea del nombre Jaquín que recoge de la bibliografía.

«It was found in two pillars of stone; the one would not sink and the other would not burn.» — de la versión legendaria de los pilares del saber, citada por él.

«It seems likely that this conflating of the Temple pillars and the pillars of knowledge was widespread.» — el alcance que atribuye a esa fusión.

«The pillars of the Old Charges were probably held not just to bear knowledge that had been in danger of being lost, but also esoteric knowledge, and they are now moved to Solomon's Temple to strengthen dieir identification with die craft's legends.» — su explicación del traslado de los pilares al Templo. Las grafías *dieir* y *die* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *their* y *the*.

«Jachin and Boaz dien become appropriate as secret words, for they refer to pillars bearing esoteric knowledge, standing at the Temple where (on one version of tradition) the Mason Word was first given.» — por qué esos dos nombres y no otros sirven de contraseña. La grafía *dien* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *then*.

«Exchanging die names in the fellowship embrace might also be seen as relating to die concept of fellowship itself, as die pillars were twins.» — un sentido añadido del intercambio de nombres en el abrazo: los pilares son gemelos. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«This is, however, groping in die dark, as not a single explicit reference to die pillars of die Temple occurs in seventeendi-century lodge records.» — el límite documental que él mismo pone a todo ese tramo. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *seventeenth*.

«There may, however, be cryptic references to the pillars in two paintings dating from die opening years of die eighteendi century.» — la evidencia alternativa que ofrece: dos retratos. La grafía *die* y *eighteendi* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *eighteenth*.

«He became deacon convener of die trades in 1684, and he was master of die Lodge of Aberdeen diree times in die 1690s.» — las credenciales masónicas de Alexander Paterson, el primero de los retratados. Las grafías *die* y *diree* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *three*.

«In front of diis stand two squat pillars, square in section and evidently made of stone (see plates 4 and 5).» — el detalle del fondo del retrato en que apoya su lectura. La grafía *diis* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *this*.

«These serve no conceivable functional purpose.» — el argumento que convierte ese detalle en indicio.

«The second portrait, evidently by die same artist, depicts Patrick Whyte, hookmaker, and is dated 1704.» — el segundo retrato de la serie. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Whyte was deacon convener seven times in 1690-1705, and master of die Lodge of Aberdeen (which he joined in 1690) seven times between 1696 and 1708.» — las credenciales masónicas del segundo retratado. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«'Not proven' perhaps, but given die fact diat die two men were freemasons it is hard to diink of any explanation of diese peculiar structures except that diey are die pillars of die temple.» — el grado de certeza que reclama para esa lectura de los retratos. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *that*, *think*, *these* y *they*.

«In masonic legend two pairs of pillars, diose of knowledge and diose of die Temple, became fused into a single pair.» — el resumen de la fusión de los dos pares. Las grafías *diose* y *die* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *those* y *the*.

«But neither of these was die pair diat most men in die sixteendi or seventeendi centuries would have first diought of if two pillars had been mentioned.» — la bisagra hacia el tercer par de pilares, el de Hércules. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *that*, *sixteenth*, *seventeenth* y *thought*.

«The mountains on either side of what are now known as the Straits of Gibraltar were called by the ancients the Pillars of Hercules, and were regarded as marking the end of the world, bearing the appropriate inscription non plus ultra, meaning 'there is no more beyond this'.» — el tercer par de pilares y su lema antiguo.

«But the most powerful ruler of the sixteenth century, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Spain and all its American possessions, adopted the two pillars as his device or symbol with the motto plus ultra (or plus oultre) - 'there is more beyond', with of course the implicit boast of'and what's more, it's mine'!» — la inversión del lema por Carlos V.

«This was not merely a brag about the extent of his territorial possessions.» — el sentido que va más allá de lo territorial en esa divisa.

«The lodge of the early Scottish masons was clearly intended to be Solomon's Temple.» — la identificación que hace de la logia mental de los catecismos.

«It does not seem to have been mentally furnished with the pillars of the temple, but they were present through the use of their names as secret words,» — el matiz sobre cómo estaban presentes los pilares: por sus nombres, no por su imagen.

«Thus the secret ritual work of the lodge was no doubt seen as being both parallel to the public role of the church in its mission on earth and entirely compatible with it, though quite how the lodges thought they were contributing to the work of God remains obscure.» — su lectura de la relación entre logia e iglesia, con la parte que declara oscura.

«The Register House catechism makes it clear that the initiations of the entered apprentice and the fellow craft involved separate words and secrets.» — la existencia de dos juegos de secretos, uno por grado.

«The Trinity College, Dublin, Manuscript, a very short catechism dated 1711, states that Boaz was the word of the apprentice, Jachin that of the fellow craft.» — el reparto de las dos palabras entre los dos grados.

«Thus the fellow craft had both words, for use in the five points of fellowship embrace.» — la consecuencia de ese reparto en el abrazo ritual.

«All that is clear from this is that none of the authors of these catechisms had any idea of what the word meant.» — su conclusión sobre las variantes de *mahabyn* en los manuscritos.

«Thus 'machbenah' looks distinctly like an attempt to pass off the word as Hebrew.» — su juicio sobre una de esas variantes.

«This seems to have been influential, but attempts to give it a plausible Hebrew meaning are not convincing.» — su rechazo de las etimologías hebreas propuestas.

«There is a possible and fairly simple meaning that has been overlooked and has at least die virtue of being based on the earliest form of the word.» — anuncia su propia propuesta etimológica y el criterio que la respalda. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«The Sloane Manuscript prints mahabyn as a single word, but immediately says diat it is always divided in two: and in the ritual fellowship embrace die two halves of the word are said separately.» — el dato textual del que parte su propuesta. Las grafías *diat* y *die* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *that* y *the*.

«Derived from an Arab word meaning to lodge, it could refer to private apartments or lodgings, but was used in particular to refer to palaces (as, of course, in die Taj Mahal).» — el primer término de su etimología, *mahal*. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Bin of course usually means a receptacle or container, but in its Scottish variant, ben, die word moves up-market somewhat, and refers to the inner or best room of a humble house, particularly one with only two rooms.» — el segundo término, *ben*, en su acepción escocesa. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«John Mylne's tomb of 1667 boasted diat he was bodi senator and artisan, diat as architect he combined highest and lowest occupations.» — el paralelo que apoya su lectura: la misma unión de extremos sociales grabada en una tumba. Las grafías *diat* y *bodi* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *that* y *both*.

«This explanation of die word or words exchanged in die embrace of fellowship diat completed die rituals provides superbly relevant symbolism (somediing which no odier explanation of mahabyn has ever done), stressing in architectural terms diat die fellowship of die architect/masons transcended social distinctions.» — el argumento con que defiende su etimología: palacio y cocina en una sola palabra. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *that*, *something* y *other*.

«The change is sometimes regarded as arising from misunderstanding of Scottish terminology by English masons who were adopting Scottish rituals: not realising diat fellow crafts and masters were the same thing they assumed diem to be separate grades, thus creating die trigradal system.» — la explicación corriente del tercer grado, que va a discutir. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *that*, *them* y *the*.

«Indeed, die first evidence for fellow craft and master ceasing to be synonymous terms occurs in die Lodge of Edinburgh in die late seventeendi century.» — el hecho con que corrige esa explicación: la separación empieza en Edimburgo. Las grafías *die* y *seventeendi* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *seventeenth*.

«Traditionally die lodge was run by die fellow crafts/masters.» — el gobierno tradicional de la logia antes del conflicto. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«The incorporation masters, used to monopolising power in die incorporation, came to resent having to share power in die lodge widi dieir employees die journeymen, and succeeded in gaining complete control over lodge finances.» — el origen del conflicto de Edimburgo: dos jerarquías que dejan de coincidir. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *with* y *their*.

«The journeymen fellow crafts fought back, and die lodge was torn by disputes for years, die culmination of die feud being die secession of many of die fellow crafts who were not masters of die incorporation to form the Lodge of Journeymen Masons.» — el desenlace del conflicto: la escisión de la Lodge of Journeymen Masons. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Now this split of the fellow crafts/masters of the Lodge of Edinburgh into journeymen fellow crafts on the one hand, and the 'real' or incorporation masters on the other, was concerned merely with power so far as the lodge minutes are concerned:» — el límite de lo que las actas dicen sobre ese conflicto.

«there is no hint that it extended to ritual.» — el silencio documental que su hipótesis va a rellenar.

«It would be a remarkable coincidence if a split in Edinburgh Lodge between fellow crafts and 'real' masters relating to power took place at more or less the same time as the emergence of the ritual separation of fellow crafts and masters, with no connection whatever between the two developments.» — su argumento para enlazar el conflicto de poder con la aparición del tercer grado.

«It is therefore possible that the Sloane catechism reflects the extension of developments in Edinburgh Lodge to ritual matters.» — la hipótesis resultante, dicha como posibilidad.

«The masters now have a separate grip from the fellow crafts; and after briefly referring to the secret words 'J and B' the catechism announces 'Another they haue called the masters word and is Mahabyn.'» — el pasaje del Sloane donde aparece una tercera palabra propia del maestro.

«The wording is such that it is impossible to be certain, but the Trinity College catechism of 1711 is unambiguous: the three secret words are those of the three grades.» — el texto que confirma el sistema de tres grados sin ambigüedad.

«What is relevant here is that a third Word, possessed by a third grade of mason, was emerging by 1700, and that the evidence suggests that denying Scotland any role in the development is misleading.» — su conclusión sobre el origen del tercer grado, contra la adjudicación exclusivamente inglesa.

«Scottish lodges were to be slow to adopt a full trigradal system, but Edinburgh Lodge is the first anywhere in which three ranks of member can be distinguished, and in several other lodges signs of a small group of fellow crafts tending to monopolise power can be detected and may indicate the beginning of similar developments.» — la acotación de esa conclusión: Escocia empieza y tarda en generalizarlo.

«The rituals of identification in the earliest of the masonic catechisms, with their sets of questions and answers, their grips and signs, their secrets and imaginary lodges, obviously imply a process of initiation and learning in order to communicate this knowledge.» — el paso de la parte de reconocimiento a la parte de iniciación de los catecismos.

«How this was done is explained in the other half of the catechisms, which are concerned not with whether men had the Mason Word but with how they acquired it.» — la función de la segunda mitad de esos textos.

«Imprimis, You are to take the person to take the word upon his knees, and after a great many ceremonies to frighten him you make him take up the Bible, and laying his right hand on it you are to conjure him to sec[r]ecie, by threatening that if [he] shall break his oath the sun in the firmament will be a witness against him, and all the company then present, which will be an occasion of his damnation, and that likewise the masons will be sure to murder him.» — del catecismo Register House de 1696: la apertura de la ceremonia de iniciación, con la triple amenaza de testigo, condenación y muerte.

«By God himself and [as] you shall answer to God when you shall stand nak[e]d before Him, at the great day, you shall not reveal any pairt of what you shall hear or see at this time, whither by word nor write, nor put it in wryte at any time, nor draw it with the point of a sword, or any other instrument, upon the snow or sand, nor shall you speak of it but with an entered mason, so help you God.» — del mismo catecismo, la fórmula del juramento de secreto, que prohíbe incluso trazarlo en la nieve o la arena.

«After taking the oath the apprentice 'is removed out of the company, with the youngest mason' - that is the most recently initiated entered apprentice.» — el paso siguiente del rito, y quién instruye al candidato.

«the would-be mason was taught by the youngest mason 'the manner of makeing his due guard', which is 'the signe and the postures and words of his entrie, which are as follows':» — el contenido de esa instrucción aparte.

«Here come I the youngest and last entered apprentice. As I am sworn by God and St Jhon, by the square and compass and common judge to attend my master's service at the honourable lodge, from Munday in the morning till Saturday at night and to keep the keyes therof, under no less pain then haveing my tongue cut out under my chin and of being buried within the flood mark where no man shall know.» — la fórmula que el aprendiz recita al entrar, con la escuadra, el compás y la pena marcada.

«Then all the masons present whisper amongst themselves the word beginning at the youngest till it come to the master mason, who gives the word to the entered apprentice.» — la entrega de la Palabra, que recorre la logia entera antes de llegar al iniciado.

«Then he who is to be admitted a member of fellowship is putt again to his knees, and gets the oat[h] administrated to him of new.» — el arranque de la ceremonia del segundo grado, con juramento repetido.

«After this the candidate advanced and put himself in the posture for receiving the Word, and whispered to the eldest mason The worthy masters and honourable company [that I come from]56 greet you weel, greet you weel, greet you weel.» — la fórmula de saludo del compañero al recibir la Palabra.

«These descriptions of the seventeenth-century masonic rituals in the Register House and related catechisms provide a fairly clear picture of the sorts of diing diat took place.» — su balance de lo que los catecismos permiten reconstruir. Las grafías *diing* y *diat* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *thing* y *that*.

«Frustratingly they leave out much detail, but it may be assumed that the 'ridiculous' grimaces and postures sneeringly dismissed in these catechisms were not random antics but carefully regulated parts of the ritual, and that the candidate had been instructed in them during his withdrawal with the youngest mason.» — su lectura de las posturas ridículas: parte reglada del rito, no improvisación.

«Another limitation of the catechisms is that they are concerned with what ceremonies took place, not widi why they existed.» — el segundo límite de la fuente, que su capítulo trata de suplir. La grafía *widi* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *with*.

«But almost by definition people see rituals in which they do not believe or share as meaningless and absurd, while accepting their own rituals as belonging to a completely different category of meaningful actions serving real functions.» — la regla general con que desactiva el desprecio del copista y el del lector moderno.

«Thus the strangeness at first sight of die rituals of the early catechisms does not mean they can be dismissed as empty and not worthy of examination, for what matters is that uhey made sense to those that performed them.» — el criterio con que aborda el ritual. Las grafías *die* y *uhey* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *they*.

«What seemed to die author of the Register House catechism (or whatever original it was copied from) to be ridiculous was doubtless deeply meaningful to die lodge members enacting the rituals.» — la aplicación de ese criterio al propio texto que usa como fuente. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«The rituals for making a candidate an entered apprentice have many similarities to initiation rites found in a wide range of cultures and ages:» — el marco comparativo con que explica el rito.

«some of the features of these early masonic rituals which seem most strange or absurd in modern eyes are in fact the most typical of such rites.» — la inversión que produce ese marco: lo más raro es lo más típico.

«Initiation may be described as 'The ceremonial transition from one state of being into another',57 and it commonly accompanied changes in status and position in societies.» — la definición de iniciación que toma de la bibliografía.

«These rites associated with entry into adult life or into a particular group within adult society - craft, religious order or fraternity - almost invariably included some element of ordeal (suffering, fear, ridicule, or humiliation), and themes of death and rebirth were common.» — los rasgos constantes de esos ritos.

«Moreover, those who had to suffer to gain entry were more likely to be strongly committed to the group they had joined than they would otherwise have been.» — la primera función que atribuye a la prueba: el compromiso.

«The ordeal at once indicated to the candidate how exclusive the new status was and that he had to be proved worthy of it.» — la segunda función: marcar la exclusividad del estatus.

«The fact that all in a group had to undergo the same type of initiation served to create a strong bond between them.» — la tercera función: el vínculo entre iguales.

«Stress may be deliberately induced to heighten receptivity to new ideas and facilitate the learning of the lore or secrets associated with a new status.» — la cuarta función, y la que enlaza el rito con la transmisión del saber.

«Fear and pain (either physical, or psychological pain induced by having to accept ritual humiliation) can be aids to memory.» — el mecanismo que atribuye a esa cuarta función.

«The idea of beating a subject into a child who failed to learn it otherwise was an old one, and it can be illustrated outside the schoolroom by a custom that has been traced in Shetland and Perthshire and was probably once widespread in Scotland - and indeed in England and elsewhere.» — el paralelo escocés con que documenta ese mecanismo.

«It was of vital importance that all concerned should know the precise boundaries or marches of farms or estates, but in moorlands and hills these were often not clearly marked, being defined by reference to natural features.» — la situación práctica que hacía útil ese uso del dolor como ayuda de memoria.

«Thus even if the father died the child would be able to uphold his rights by knowing the marches.» — la utilidad práctica del uso de golpear a los niños en los lindes: fijar en la memoria un dato jurídico.

«Sparing the rod might spoil the child by leaving it ignorant of the vital information imparted at 'beating the bounds'.» — la formulación irónica de esa lógica.

«The ordeals of entry to mystery cults in the ancient world had exploited pain, fear, humiliation and exhaustion as aids to changing attitudes, just as modern brain-washing techniques do.» — el paralelo antiguo del mismo mecanismo, con su comparación moderna.

«In Medieval Europe the ordeals of initiation for entry to religious orders or to orders of knights were sometimes harsh and prolonged, while those for entry into crafts or fraternities were usually very limited in length and severity.» — la diferencia de intensidad entre las iniciaciones de orden y las de oficio.

«But initiation rites of some sort were universal, and usually contained the basic elements which can be found in the early masonic catechisms and lodge minutes.» — el fondo común sobre el que va a recortar lo específicamente masónico.

«University students underwent initiations gratifying 'the bullying instinct, the social instinct, and the desire to find at once the excuse and the occasion for a carouse'.» — el caso universitario, citado de la bibliografía.

«The new student 'must be hoaxed and bullied; then he must be welcomed as a comrade; finally his "jocund advent" must be celebrated by a feast to be provided at his own expense'.» — la secuencia de esas novatadas, que reproduce la del rito de paso.

«The attack on 'brothering', as such ceremonies were usually called, arose from Reformation and the suppression which followed of many traditional practices in an attempt to impose a godly, dignified life: craft rituals were not denounced as positively ungodly, but boisterous ceremonies likely to end in drinking sessions were likely occasions for ungodly behaviour.» — el motivo exacto de la persecución del *brothering*: no la impiedad del rito sino la borrachera que seguía.

«Or, if not suppressed, they should at least be controlled and limited, and this was often justified as being done out of concern for the unfortunate candidate for admission.» — la forma que tomó esa persecución cuando no logró suprimir.

«The problem was that of a number of young boyes and pages, footmen, lakeyes, and coachmen, servants to noblemen, barons and gentlemen who when they find anie boy newly entered in service or paigerie (as they terme it) they lay hands upon thame and impose upon thame some certane dewtie to be spent in drinking, ryot and excesse for receaving him in their societie and brotherhood.» — de la denuncia del consejo privado, que documenta el *brothering* fuera de los oficios.

«Those who refused were mistreated shamefully, and the disputes which followed tended to lead to the masters of the servants becoming involved, so these practices were to be suppressed.» — el desenlace habitual de esas ceremonias entre criados.

«A general attack on brothering was mounted by the Society for the Reformation of Manners in Edinburgh in 1701.» — el episodio más tardío de esa campaña.

«The captains of the town guard evidently agreed to end brothering, but otherwise the reformers of manners evidently had no immediate effect.» — el resultado escaso de esa campaña.

«When the son of Sir John Foulis of Ravelston became an advocate in 1700 he was brothered, and the way in which any group, however loose or informal, tended to demand some sort of initiation had been indicated when Sir John had married for the second time in 1690.» — la persistencia del uso en todos los estratos, con su ejemplo.

«No such 'baptismal' element is known for the seventeenth-century lodges, but in 1741 in Scone Lodge an apprentice's head was washed by the master pouring a little water and whisky on it.» — el lavado de cabeza, documentado en logia solo en el siglo XVIII.

«The widespread brothering rituals and masonic rituals had some basic elements in common, but the latter were much more prolonged and elaborate, and had additional elements drawn from the Renaissance background:» — la diferencia que establece entre el *brothering* corriente y el rito de logia.

«The early catechisms give no indication of how long the masonic initiation process lasted, but mention in the entered apprentice's ritual of 'a great many ceremonies' and a thousand postures, even if not to be taken literally, suggests a fairly prolonged process.» — lo que infiere sobre la duración del rito, con la cifra tomada por lo que es.

«On the other hand, the whole ritual was conducted at a single meeting, and indeed gentlemen masons were frequently made both entered apprentices and fellow crafts at the same meeting.» — el límite de esa duración, y la práctica abreviada con los caballeros.

«Nor is it possible to be sure how far the ritual went in genuinely terrifying and humiliating the candidate.» — se abstiene sobre la intensidad real del rito.

«That rituals could be watered down was indicated by the Lodge of Dumfries in 1712.» — el caso con que documenta que el rito se aligeraba.

«When a gentleman was initiated the lodge was 'easie to him' because of his rank.» — en qué consistía ese aligeramiento, y por qué.

«On the other hand, if the ritual was to retain its psychological force in binding members of the lodge closely together, then participation in rituals whereby the candidate was at least made to feel ridiculous was important, though inflicting real pain and fear might be avoided.» — el mínimo que el rito no podía perder sin dejar de funcionar.

«As to the hints of symbolism in the rituals of initiation described in the catechisms, it is notable that it was the sun that would bear witness against the mason who broke his oath.» — el elemento solar del juramento, que enlaza con lo hermético.

«Symbolism based on the tools of the trade also seems to have been present, though its extent is not clear.» — la presencia del simbolismo de herramientas, con su alcance declarado incierto.

«The new entered apprentice swore by the square, compass and common judge, and presumably the significance of these had been explained to him by his instructor, the youngest mason.» — los tres objetos por los que jura el aprendiz.

«It is possible that it simply referred to God, the common judge of all mankind.» — la primera lectura posible del *common judge* del juramento.

«But the mason had already sworn by God, and to couple his name with those of two tools would be strange.» — la objeción que le pone a esa primera lectura.

«A jadge of this sort is illustrated in die late seventeendi-century mark book of the Lodge of Aberdeen74 and like the square and compasses it could easily be given symbolic significance.» — la segunda lectura: el *jadge* como herramienta real, documentada en el libro de marcas de Aberdeen. Las grafías *die* y *seventeendi* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *seventeenth*.

«The tool may have been unknown to die writers of die early catechisms, who dius erroneously took die word to be 'judge' in a legal sense and added die word 'common' in an attempt to make sense of it.» — su explicación de cómo la herramienta se volvió juez en los textos. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *thus*.

«But it may well be diat bodi meanings are present: die 'jadge' judges die accuracy of a carving as God judges die merits of men, and die catechism plays widi die two senses of die term.» — su lectura final, que conserva los dos sentidos a la vez. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *that*, *both*, *the* y *with*.

«One indication of die symbolism present in die initiation rituals is of course die symbolism of the identification rituals already described, for teaching die latter to die initiate must have been central to initiation.» — el puente entre las dos mitades del catecismo: lo que se enseña al iniciar es el simbolismo del reconocimiento. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Putting these points together, it is likely that the seventeenth-century masonic ritual involved the candidate in some sort of ritual death, and subsequent raising from the dead or being born again into the world of masonry through being lifted from the grave in the five points of fellowship embrace.» — su reconstrucción del rito como muerte y resurrección, dicha como probable.

«The Register House and related catechisms have very little to say about what the postures and grips which are mentioned were.» — el silencio de los catecismos principales sobre los gestos concretos.

«This gives a bewildering variety of postures, signs and grips whereby one mason could identify another which were evidently taught in the initiation ritual.» — lo que en cambio trae el manuscrito Sloane.

«Turning the eyes towards the east and the mouth towards the west had the same effect.» — uno de esos signos de reconocimiento, con su orientación.

«Surely bose or boss is a concealed reference to Boaz: the pillar was, according to some of the legends concerning it, hollow, with ancient knowledge preserved inside it, and the 'solid' building could be seen as 'hollow' in that by enshrining the principles of architecture it contained secrets.» — su lectura del término escocés *bose* como alusión encubierta a Boaz.

«Finally, the Sloane Manuscript claimed that masons in France, Spain and Turkey kneel on the left knee and hold up their right hands to the sun to identify themselves.» — la afirmación del Sloane sobre signos masónicos fuera de Gran Bretaña, consignada como afirmación del texto.

«It is hard to know what authority to give the disorderly heap of signs and» — su reserva sobre el valor de ese repertorio de signos.

«The knowledge that the catechisms provide about Scottish masonic rituals at the end of the seventeenth century is fragmentary and, in places, confused, since those who wrote the catechisms did not themselves fully understand the rituals.» — su balance de la fuente al cerrar el capítulo.

«The authors of the earliest catechisms are unknown: they may have been men who had themselves been initiated, but equally they may have compiled the catechisms from information supplied by initiates to the writers.» — se abstiene sobre la autoría de los catecismos y deja las dos posibilidades.

«There is general acceptance that the rituals described in the catechisms date from long before the 1696 date of the Register House Manuscript, and it should be stressed that they are the only masonic rituals known in Britain before 1700.» — el estado de la cuestión sobre la antigüedad del ritual, y el hecho que subraya: no hay otros.

«It has, it is true, been urged that it is 'a matter of pure coincidence' that all the earliest catechisms are of Scottish origin,77 and it has been denied that the Scottish lodges had a 'symbolic working' before 1700.» — la objeción ajena que va a rebatir, citada de su letra.

«While it is certainly true that masonic symbolism was to develop greatly in the eighteenth century, the rituals of the first catechisms are full of symbolism - and some of the symbolism relates to the working tools of the trade, a feature which is sometimes held to be a distinguishing mark of freemasonry.» — su respuesta a esa objeción, que concede el desarrollo posterior y niega la ausencia previa.

«A closely related line of attack on the evidence has been to say that, though Scots masons may have had rituals around 1700, these were 'bare and slight', the implications being first that they were not worthy of the name freemasonry, and secondly that English masons had more respectable and elaborate rituals.» — la segunda objeción, con las dos implicaciones que le atribuye.

«It would be going too far to assert that English stonemasons did not have rituals in the seventeenth century.» — el límite que se pone a sí mismo al contestar.

«It is undeniable, however, that not only is nothing known about them but, when in the early eighteenth century evidence begins to emerge about the rituals of English freemasons, they are clearly of Scottish origin.» — su respuesta a la segunda objeción, apoyada en el orden de aparición de la evidencia.

«One connection has already been suggested: there is a strong case for regarding the mental lodge described in the catechisms as a memory temple, crude and confused perhaps by the process of being handed down over the generations.» — retoma su tesis de la logia mental como templo de la memoria, con el desgaste de la transmisión incluido.

«It seems reasonable to assume that Schaw provided for some form of initiation, and the statutes mention the candidate's 'intenders' who prepared the entered apprentice for admission as fellow craft.» — el apoyo textual de que había iniciación en tiempos de Schaw.

«One objection to the idea that the intenders coached the candidates in secrets is that the statutes state that at least six fellow crafts and two entered apprentices must be present in the lodge at the promotion of a man to fellow craft.» — la objeción que recoge contra esa lectura de los intendentes.

«Thus, it has been argued, there could be no communication of secrets, for the entered apprentices would hear and see the secrets of the fellow crafts.» — el desarrollo de esa objeción.

«But the fact that entered apprentices were at the meeting of the lodge does not mean that they were automatically privy to all that went on, and the suggestion that they were excluded from those parts of the ritual that involved the secrets of the fellow craft is strengthened by the fact that the statutes refer at one point to the six fellow crafts as the six admitters, implying that only they actually took part in the admission of the new fellow craft.» — su respuesta a la objeción, apoyada en el término *six admitters* del propio estatuto.

«There is no hint in the First Schaw Statutes of preparing the entered apprentices for admission in the same way as the fellow crafts.» — la asimetría entre los dos grados en el texto de 1598.

«This raises the possibility that in Schaw's time the main or only ceremony of initiation came on promotion to fellow craft.» — la hipótesis que saca de esa asimetría.

«In 1696 the rituals of their admissions are revealed, and the evidence of continuity suggests that, though the rituals of 1600 doubtless differed considerably from those of 1700, there was in all probability much underlying similarity between them, and that William Schaw thus had had a major part in the shaping of not only the lodge organisation but the rituals of freemasonry.» — su conclusión sobre Schaw y el ritual, con el siglo de distancia declarado.

«The latter he regarded as the more important of the two, but in his mind the two were inseparable.» — sobre los dos intereses de Sir Robert Moray, que él no separa.

«In philosophy Moray was a Christian stoic, and in 1658 he told a friend 'it hath been my study, now 31 years to understand and regulate my passions'.» — la filiación filosófica de Moray, citada de su propia carta.

«The precision with which, so many years later, he dated the start of his lifelong attempt to achieve stoic control of the emotions to 1627 suggests that some turning-point in his life and outlook had then taken place, but we have no hint as to what it might have been.» — lo que infiere de esa precisión, y el límite que declara en seguida.

«As to technological interests, Moray records that about 1623 he visited 'the moat at Culros, when the coal was going there'.» — el primer indicio de sus intereses técnicos, en su propia letra.

«He had embarked on a career in French military service, and it seems that he had specialised in technical matters, for when he came back to Scotland after rebellion had broken out against Charles I (commissioned, it was later» — la carrera militar y técnica que precede a su iniciación.

«The choice of the generals to admit was not simply a matter of honouring military leaders to demonstrate fervent covenanting zeal, for in that case surely it would have been the commander-in-chief, Sir Alexander Leslie, whose name was a household word, who would have been admitted to die lodge, not comparatively unknown men like Moray and Hamilton.» — su argumento de que la logia eligió por competencia técnica y no por rango. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«In Vitruvian terms, the quartermaster-general was a specialist in some branches of architecture.» — la razón de esa elección, dicha en términos vitruvianos.

«But later in the same year he was captured by imperial forces while fighting for die French, and was imprisoned in Bavaria.» — el episodio que interrumpe su carrera poco después de la iniciación. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Resistance to the English was unsuccessful, but in 1653 Moray was deeply involved in secret royalist plots for a rebellion against the English army of occupation.» — la actividad conspirativa de Moray, que enmarca su gusto por lo invisible.

«The answer lies in the fact diat Moray frequently mentioned his masonic affiliation in his correspondence, and while he gave away none of the secrets imparted to him at his initiation these references reveal a good deal of what masonry meant to him.» — por qué Moray es su caso privilegiado: habla de su condición de masón sin romper el secreto. La grafía *diat* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *that*.

«No other freemasons in die seventeendi century give any direct indication whatever of die meaning of masonry to diem.» — lo que hace único a ese testimonio. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *seventeenth* y *them*.

«Caution is necessary, however, in generalising about seventeenth-century» — la reserva que pone antes de extraer conclusiones generales del caso Moray.

«What he did write about was his mason mark, and it may be that he felt free to do this because the heavy weight of symbolism he attached to it was personal to him, and thus did not involve masonic secrets, about which he had been sworn to silence.» — su explicación de por qué Moray podía escribir sobre su marca sin faltar al juramento.

«A number of sets of lodge minutes demonstrate that taking a mason mark often accompanied initiation as an entered apprentice, but they also show that the actual marks chosen were, like the marks of other craftsmen, only very rarely of symbolic significance: they were, indeed, often based on the initials of the mason concerned.» — el dato que hace excepcional a Moray: la marca de cantero era corrientemente identificativa y no simbólica.

«Moray's friend Alexander Hamilton took a right-angled triangle as his mark, probably influenced by Moray's unique enthusiasm for the symbolism of the mark into choosing one of mathematical significance.» — la única excepción cercana, y su probable causa.

«It would be possible therefore to maintain that, as the masonic passages in Moray's letters are solely concerned with the mason mark, to which he gives an importance unknown to other masons, the attitudes and values that are revealed by the symbolism of the mark reflect his personal interests and are no guide to the nature of masonry.» — la objeción más fuerte contra usar a Moray como testigo, expuesta con todo su peso.

«On the other hand, the fact that much of what Moray has to say links up with values which are present in later freemasonry, and which can be traced emerging in the seventeenth century, gives good reason for accepting that Moray associated these values with masonry because he had found the basis of them present in the craft.» — su respuesta a esa objeción, apoyada en la continuidad de los valores.

«Though he always referred to it as his mason mark he had in fact adopted it as a personal symbol before he joined the Edinburgh Lodge in May 1641, as is shown by the only known letter by him which pre-dates that event.» — el dato cronológico que complica el caso: la marca precede a la iniciación.

«The symbolism of the pentacle was old and complex, and Moray was particularly attracted to it because it was reflected in his family's coat of arms.» — la razón heráldica de su elección del pentagrama.

«Before trying to assess the symbolism of the pentacle it is worth looking at the different contexts in which Moray-used the sign, as this brings out the extent of his obsession with it.» — el método que aplica al caso: primero los usos, después el sentido.

«Though in his later years Moray sought to avoid involvement in politics, in 1667 he agreed to visit Scotland and report to Charles II and Lauderdale, his secretary for Scotland, on conditions there.» — la misión de 1667 en que reaparece la marca.

«Moray agreed, for the cause was close to his heart; he hated corruption and religious persecution, and both were very evident in the regime in Scotland.» — el motivo por el que Moray aceptó esa misión.

«Parts of the reports he sent to Lauderdale would be highly sensitive, and he decided that to ensure confidentiality he would write these sections in invisible ink after the visible text.» — el uso práctico de la tinta invisible en esa misión.

«Sure enough, the visible section of his next letter ended with a pentacle and this was followed by an invisible section denouncing official corruption and military oppression in Scotland - and explaining that this secret report had been delayed by difficulties in obtaining the ingredients for the invisible ink.» — la función que la marca cumple en esas cartas: señal de que hay texto oculto.

«But Moray now feared that Lauderdale would forget how to disclose the ink, and on 8 August wrote cryptically 'Of all Vitriols, the white is best for the eyes when you go a starr-shooting.» — la instrucción cifrada sobre el vitriolo blanco, en su propia letra.

«Two weeks later he again warned Lauderdale to expect a secret message: 'the next time you converse with the stars, you will get the Gleanings of our discoveries'.» — el segundo aviso cifrado, que enlaza la marca con la estrella.

«Moray thus played the secret agent with evident enjoyment, and in doing so equated the pentacle or star, his mason mark, with invisibility and hidden mysteries.» — su lectura del episodio entero.

«The theme of invisibility has already been discussed as present in the Mason Word, second sight and Rosicrucianism, and it is surely no coincidence that Moray associates it with his mason mark.» — el enlace del caso Moray con los tres términos del verso de 1630.

«The earliest surviving impressions of such seals date from 1667, but he had described the design, which he intended to have engraved as a seal matrix, to his friend Alexander Bruce in 1658.» — la cronología de los sellos de Moray.

«He urged Bruce to adopt this as his own crest, calling it 'my Masons mark' and dien drawing it in the form of a pentacle.» — el nombre que Moray da a su propio símbolo. La grafía *dien* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *then*.

«He thus deferred helping Bruce to 'play the Mason' (the same phrase he was to use to Lauderdale nearly a decade later) by revealing symbolic significances: but he cheerfully resolved to 'play the quarrier' instead by advising on what works to quarry in to find symbols for heraldic use.» — el juego de palabras con que Moray esquiva revelar el sentido del símbolo.

«Bruce took esse quam videri to mean 'to be rather than to be seen', but this would not, Moray explained 'quadrat well enough with the starre': the motto accompanied the star/pentacle, and stars were visible.» — el malentendido sobre el lema y la corrección de Moray.

«Outward appearances do not necessarily indicate the true worth of eidier a man or a star.» — el sentido que Moray da a su lema. La grafía *eidier* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *either*.

«Yet seing, according to one of their maximes, the Magnitudes of them are not to be estimated by their appearance, but their situation and distance, those starres that are highest being sure to seem to be the least, though it is lyke enough they are the biggest: and the severall distances is the ordinary reason given for the different appearances of magnitude.» — de la carta de Moray, el argumento astronómico con que fundamenta su lema.

«All that can be detected by men on earth is light and beauty, but what are important are the invisible emanations of the stars which influence human life - though Moray made it plain that he did not believe that astrologers had got very far in interpreting these astral influences.» — la doctrina astral de Moray, con la reserva que él mismo le pone a la astrología.

«Masons, as many of the seventeenth-century references to the Mason Word indicate, were not what they seemed, in that outsiders could not see anything distinctive about them which identified them as masons, but fellow initiates could detect 'invisible' emanations which identified them.» — el paralelo que cierra el argumento: el masón funciona como la estrella de Moray.

«And so let me observe that the word is not esse et non videri but quam.» — de la carta de Moray a Alexander Bruce, la precisión sobre su propio lema.

«I think I have by this time given you your belly full of my Crest.» — el cierre con que Moray remata sus explicaciones sobre la marca, en su propia letra.

«He had not publicised its existence, as he indicated in another letter after Bruce had expressed doubts about the motto:» — la reserva con que Moray guardaba su símbolo.

«'My motto is not so notorious that I may not change it, if you insist stantly on it; for I do not think there be 3 besides you that ever saw it,» — la medida de esa reserva, dicha por el propio Moray.

«Having had the seal made, he was not using it, perhaps through fear of accusations of pride keeping it as a private statement of his outlook rather than a public declaration.» — su explicación de por qué Moray hizo el sello y no lo usó.

«This character or Hyeroglyphick, which I call a starre, is famous amongst the Egyptians and Grecians.» — de la carta de Moray: llama jeroglífico a su marca y le da genealogía egipcia y griega.

«The Greekes accounted it the symbol of health and tranquility of body and mind, as being composed of capitall letters that make up the word Hygieia,» — el precedente griego que Moray invoca: el pentagrama como acrónimo de la salud.

«I have applied five other letters to it that are the initials of 5 words that make up the summe of Christian Religion, as well as stoick philosophy, all which are to be found in it without much distortion or constraint, and make up the sweet word Agapa,» — la operación de Moray sobre ese precedente: cinco palabras nuevas que forman *Agapa*.

«Thus Moray's personal interpretation of the pentacle begins with the discovery in its lines of the Greek letters making up the word Agapa.» — el resumen de esa operación.

«There are, however, problems in trying to translate the Greek precisely, not least because of the odd forms of the five verbs Moray uses - a deficiency which probably arose from his very limited knowledge of Greek.» — el límite filológico del acróstico de Moray.

«But even if he did not mean to refer to the phrases indicated above, the general trend of meaning of the five words is plain.» — lo que salva de esa dificultad.

«It would be wrong to suggest that Moray must have found this philosophy in the Lodge of Edinburgh.» — su reserva expresa contra atribuir a la logia la ética de Moray.

«and the stoic and other elements of his philosophy were all present in the general intellectual background of the age: there is nothing distinctively masonic about them.» — el fundamento de esa reserva.

«Throughout his life Moray placed a very high value on the platonic ideal of friendship, and of course the ideal of brotherhood lay at the heart of the lodge as a craft fraternity.» — el punto de encuentro entre la ética de Moray y la logia.

«He opposed persecution and doctrinaire religion, and found in the lodge a stress on morality divorced from such things.» — el segundo punto de encuentro: moral sin doctrina.

«He was interested in mathematics, and indeed in technology and science in general, and found the masons dedicated to the idea of themselves as architects with a leading role in human knowledge.» — el tercero: la matemática y la figura del arquitecto.

«His interest in hieroglyphics would lead to his being fascinated by a craft claiming expertise derived from Egypt.» — el cuarto: el jeroglífico y la genealogía egipcia del oficio.

«Moray was, as has already been noted, die son-in-law of Lord Balcarres, a collector of alchemical and Rosicrucian manuscripts, and Moray was the patron of Thomas Vaughan, who first published English translations of die original Rosicrucian tracts.» — las dos conexiones rosacruces documentadas de Moray. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«The statement by Andiony Wood, die antiquarian, diat Moray was a great patron of the Rosicrucians was doubtless exaggerated, but he was interested in die Rosicrucian quest and could not have failed to note die parallels between diat movement and masonry.» — acota el testimonio de Anthony Wood sin descartarlo del todo. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *Anthony*, *the* y *that*.

«Moray must have known of diese meanings, and doubtless would have happily embraced them all as adding to the potency of his symbol.» — su lectura de cómo Moray acumulaba sentidos sobre un mismo signo. La grafía *diese* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *these*.

«Moray's unimpressive record of only two attendances at the Lodge of Edinburgh makes die suggestion diat he had an important influence on die development of freemasonry implausible.» — el límite duro que pone al caso Moray: dos asistencias documentadas. Las grafías *die* y *diat* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the* y *that*.

«But it may be that in his correspondence with Alexander Bruce he was discussing his mason mark with a fellow mason - which would explain why Bruce, diough interested in Moray's explanation of die mark, never asked Moray about odier aspects of masonry.» — la hipótesis que explica el silencio de Bruce sobre todo lo demás. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *though*, *the* y *other*.

«It has been suggested that the reason that Moray, having in mind the design for his Agapa seal by 1658, failed to use such a seal in the years diat followed reflected his feeling that the symbol was too rich in symbolic associations to be used publicly without seeming to reflect presumption on his part.» — la explicación de los nueve años de reserva del sello Agapa. La grafía *diat* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *that*.

«It is tempting to see it as being significant that he first used it while engaged on his mission to Scotland which he hoped would bring an end to oppression, misgovernment and corruption.» — la lectura que propone del momento en que lo saca a la luz, marcada como tentación.

«From what is known of the man, and die awe widi which he regarded die symbol, diis is not altogether implausible.» — el grado de certeza que le concede a esa lectura. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *with* y *this*.

«It is Moray's use of his pentacle mason mark, his references to it, and his interpretations of it which provide the best evidence of die importance of masonry in his life and of die values he attached to die craft.» — el balance de qué prueba tiene sobre el masón Moray. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«The most intriguing of such references occurs in a letter which Moray wrote to Charles II late in 1653.» — la carta al rey en que aparece el lenguaje masónico.

«But the royalists spent much of dieir energy quarrelling widi each odier, and in die course of diese bitter disputes an attempt was made to discredit Moray by forging a letter in which he was made to indicate diat he was involved in a plan to assassinate die king.» — el episodio que provoca esa carta. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *their*, *with*, *each other*, *the*, *these* y *that*.

«In die first he stressed his loyalty by saying 'I am so absolutely disposed to obey Your Majesties commands diat I take diem for die compas animated from above, wherby my poor actings in Your Majesties service ought to be directed.'30» — la primera imagen masónica de la carta: la orden real como brújula animada desde arriba. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *that* y *them*.

«He assured die king diat he was willing to endure anydiing 'diat destroys not sense', even 'die utmost afflictions'.» — la fórmula estoica con que Moray se ofrece a cualquier padecimiento. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *that*, *anything* y *the*.

«Confident of die outcome, he ends 'And dien having found me guiltless, your Majesty may, as a Master Builder dodi widi his Materialls', do what he wished widi him.» — la imagen final de la carta: el rey como Maestro Constructor y él como material. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *then*, *doth* y *with*.

«Moray is known to have revealed something of his masonic interests, and the values he associated with them, to others, and the king may have been among them.» — la hipótesis que hace legible esa carta: el rey habría entendido el lenguaje.

«Some years later, while himself in exile, Moray not only discussed his mason mark with Alexander Bruce, but also made contact with local masons.» — el contacto de Moray con canteros holandeses durante su exilio.

«The significance of this contact with Dutch operative masons is obscure: Moray may either have been taking an interest in the practical side of their craft, or in their traditional lore.» — se abstiene de decidir el sentido de ese contacto.

«But his appointment to these posts may well indicate that Sir Robert had some plan in mind for reorganising die crafts which broadly speaking could be called masonic through dieir connections widi architecture.» — la hipótesis sobre los planes de Moray a través de los nombramientos de su hermano. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *their* y *with*.

«Surely it cannot be mere coincidence that die only two men to take diis mason mark in the seventeendi century shared die same surname, and it may be surmised that he had learnt of its symbolism through some contact with his namesakes (and perhaps kinsmen) Sir William and Sir Robert.» — el argumento con que enlaza a los tres Moray por la marca compartida. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *this* y *seventeenth*.

«Whichever way die dice fell, the symbol remained unchanged or constant.» — el sentido que atribuye al cubo estrellado de uno de los sellos. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Moreover, the personification of Severity carried a cube (according to a sixteenth-century Italian writer) to show diat she is 'constant, stable and always of firm mind, persevering with one and the same purpose widiout swaying to one or die odier side'.» — el precedente iconográfico de ese cubo, tomado de un autor italiano del XVI. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *that*, *without*, *the* y *other*.

«Severity, in diis aspect of unflinching resolve, uninfluenced by frivolity or vanity, fits in well widi Moray's ambition to lead die life of a stoic philosopher, and when combined with die star/pentacle declares the constancy and stability of true friendship or love.» — la lectura conjunta del cubo y la estrella en los sellos de Moray. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *this*, *with* y *the*.

«Similar themes are present in a seal which shows a cubical altar with a heart on one side.» — otro de los sellos de la serie.

«Love is as constant as the attraction of die compass needle to die pole star, and the concept of fidelity is confirmed by die inscription 'ONELY'.» — la lectura de ese sello, con la inscripción que lo remata. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«By her death in childbed his wife had earned the crown of martyrdom in die cause of love, and again to Moray she is 'die only one'.» — la lectura biográfica de esos sellos, ligada a la muerte de su mujer. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Though they all display die star, which Moray equated widi his pentacle mason mark as a symbol of love and friendship, he probably intended no specific masonic references to be read into diese seals.» — su límite expreso: no todo lo que lleva estrella es masónico. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *with* y *these*.

«He was fascinated by elaborate symbolism and Egyptian hieroglyphics, and by the occult quest for knowledge through the Rosicrucianist version of Hermeticism.» — el retrato intelectual de Moray con que cierra el tramo.

«Yet indirectly Moray has a place in the history of science, for he took a leading part in founding the Royal Society of London in 1660, was instrumental in obtaining a charter for it from the king, served as its first president, and was highly active in its early years in sustaining and encouraging its activities.» — el lugar de Moray en la fundación de la Royal Society.

«A French visitor to London in 1664 was startled to find so prominent a man as Sir Robert Moray himself adjusting telescopes and setting up experiments,41 but his involvement in such activities indicates the way in which the old contempt for experimentation as manual work was in decline.» — la anécdota que mide el cambio de estatuto del trabajo manual.

«This development, though detectable earlier, accelerated rapidly in Britain in die later seventeendi century, but diough it has been widely recognised relatively little has been written in explanation of it.» — el estado de la cuestión sobre el auge de las instituciones voluntarias. Las grafías con *di* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *the*, *seventeenth* y *though*.

«The new institutions sometimes reflected particular religious or political interests, or were confined to certain social groups, but often diey were not, and consciously included men of differing opinions and different ranks.» — el rasgo que le interesa de esas instituciones: la mezcla deliberada de opiniones y rangos. La grafía *diey* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *they*.

«The great Renaissance and Reformation quests for universal solutions were collapsing in disillusionment and a search for new goals.» — el trasfondo de desengaño en que sitúa ese auge.

«One expression of these very important changes was a new respect for private and informal activity.» — la consecuencia cultural de ese desengaño.

«The statement in M. C. Jacob, The radical Enlightenment. Pantheists, freemasons and republicans (London, 1981), 68 that Moray attended the Gresham College meetings in the 1650s that helped pave the way for the founding of the Royal Society is erroneous: he was in exile on the continent.» — su corrección expresa a M. C. Jacob sobre un dato de la biografía de Moray.

«They jealously guarded their secrets and took elaborate precautions against the approach of the profane and uninitiated.» — el rasgo compartido de las nuevas sociedades secretas.

«Such caution showed the confidence of their members that they had hit upon an important device for the satisfaction of needs of whose full extent and nature they may have been unaware.» — su lectura de esa cautela: los miembros no sabían del todo qué necesidad estaban satisfaciendo.

«Of these societies, immeasurably the most important were the freemasons.» — el lugar que asigna a la masonería dentro de ese fenómeno.

«First, so far as the operative masons (who formed the majority of lodge members) were concerned, membership of lodges was not always voluntary.» — la primera reserva que pone a llamar voluntaria a la logia.

«The intention was that all masons would have to be lodge members in order to practise their trade, though in reality (except perhaps in a few burghs) this was never achieved.» — el alcance de esa obligatoriedad, con su fracaso práctico dicho.

«These 'non-operatives' sought when they joined lodges not to create entirely new social institutions but to satisfy their desires for sociability and fraternity by joining - and soon adapting to their own uses - institutions which already existed.» — la diferencia entre Escocia e Inglaterra en este punto: aquí se ocupa lo existente, no se funda.

«Earlier it has been argued that the fact that non-operatives became interested in joining masonic lodges was an aspect of the great Renaissance quest for universal solutions and the perfection of man.» — recuerda su explicación anterior antes de sumarle la nueva.

«In fact the two interpretations are not incompatible.» — su modo de resolver la tensión entre la explicación esotérica y la sociable.

«Both motives can be plausibly attributed to Sir Robert Moray, for his Rosicrucian and alchemical interests not only shaded imperceptibly into interest in experimental science but were combined with a great interest in, and talent for, a central element of sociability - friendship.» — el caso que reúne los dos motivos en una sola persona.

«Friendship was an intimate but entirely non-sexual one-to-one relationship between members of either the same or opposite sexes.» — su definición del vínculo que la época llamaba amistad.

«'Friendship' was regarded by Jeremy Taylor, author of a discourse on the subject published in 1657, as the most accurate translation of agape, so far as a relationship between individuals known to each odier was concerned, 'charity' being its universal equivalent.» — la equivalencia entre amistad y *agape* según Jeremy Taylor, que enlaza con el acróstico de Moray. La grafía *odier* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *other*.

«For Taylor 'friendship is die nearest love and the nearest society of which the persons are capable'.» — la definición de Taylor, citada de su letra. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, the well-known Scottish advocate and author, hailed Friendship! that wiser Rival of vain love, Which does more firm, tho' not so fiery prove.» — la misma exaltación de la amistad en un escritor escocés contemporáneo.

«Friendship was superior to the conventional love of die sexes, and Mackenzie's words can be seen as providing a parallel between die cult of friendship and the new social institutions.» — el paralelo que traza entre culto de la amistad e instituciones nuevas. La grafía *die* es del OCR; la lectura propuesta es *the*.

«Sir Robert Moray's correspondence makes clear the high value he placed on friendship.» — el testimonio propio de Moray sobre ese culto.

«There is a kind of Metaphysical Alchimy that I use in such cases that searches the very hirnes [corners or crevices] of the fountains without looking after the stfeames ... the pulse is not a surer indice of the heart's motions, then the rules of this Science are of friendship.» — de la carta de Moray: llama alquimia metafísica a su método para juzgar la amistad. Las grafías *hirnes* y *stfeames* son del OCR; las lecturas propuestas son *hirnes* según el corchete del propio Stevenson y *streames*.

«The tributes of contemporaries to Moray indicate that it was a science he practised successfully, and a number of his friends in London after 1660 were also devotees of the cult.» — la recepción contemporánea de esa práctica.

«Moray had made it clear in his letters that the application of the word agapa to the pentacle was his own invention, and thus Evelyn's use of the symbol provides convincing evidence that he had expounded the mysteries of his mason mark to Evelyn.» — el argumento con que documenta la transmisión del símbolo de Moray a John Evelyn.

«The cult of friendship was not an isolated phenomenon.» — el marco mayor en que inscribe ese culto.

«In England the Cambridge Platonists reacted by seeing the true centre of religious belief and observance as lying in a diffuse universal charity (the wider counterpart of personal friendship) and personal devotion, rather than fanatical devotion to upholding specific details of doctrine or public worship.» — la corriente inglesa paralela, con la caridad universal en el centro.

«Out of such attitudes deistic beliefs developed, accepting the existence of God but rejecting much or all of revealed religion.» — la deriva deísta de esas actitudes.

«Such radical deistic views were later to be influential within freemasonry, but in Sir Robert Moray, the earliest freemason in whom deistic tendencies can be detected, religion remained specifically Christian.» — el límite exacto del deísmo en Moray: tendencias sí, ruptura no.

«Under the impact of years of civil and religious strife Moray had retreated entirely from religious conflict (and political activity) into a non-sectarian personal Christianity, strongly influenced by stoicism, in which public worship had little part but private prayer was of central importance.» — el retrato religioso de Moray y su causa histórica.

«He was 'the most universally beloved and esteemed by men of all sides and sorts, of any man I have ever known in my whole life'.» — el testimonio contemporáneo sobre la reputación de Moray.

«According to the chemist Robert Hooke, Charles II 'testified of him [Moray] to be a good man that never did anyone any injury butt endeavour'd to doe good to every one, that he had never spoken against one to him'.» — el juicio del rey sobre Moray, transmitido por Robert Hooke.

«Moray revealed much about his Stoic/Christian ethic and Platonic cult of friendship in his correspondence, but very little of his religion.» — el desequilibrio de su testimonio, que él consigna.

«He still believed in personal prayer, however, and each evening reviewed the day, 'celebrating in prayer such of the divine attributes as appeared to him in the new occurrences of providence'.» — la práctica devota que sí consta de Moray.

«Bishop Gilbert Burnet revered him as 'a wonderful composition of a man; there was nothing of art or form in him, all was simple and natural'.» — otro testimonio contemporáneo sobre el personaje.

«It is tempting to speculate that one element of later masonic ritual originated as an expression of the cult of friendship, though the ritual concerned cannot be documented until well into the eighteenth century.» — su conjetura sobre el origen de un rasgo del ritual, con el desfase documental declarado.

«It has been suggested that the revealing of the heart was also intended to denote sincerity and fervency,58 but a much more specific symbolism may be present.» — la lectura ajena del descubrir el pecho y la que él propone en su lugar.

«The cult of friendship provided some of the impetus behind the craze for the new voluntary social institutions which becomes evident in the later seventeenth century in Britain, and helped give the craze justification by linking it with emerging philosophical beliefs:» — la función del culto de la amistad en el auge asociativo.

«For some, and Moray was evidently among them, the social bond provided by membership of a masonic lodge, provided a substitute bond to that of organised religion, with strong ethical overtones and ritual to replace, or more than replace, that present in protestant public religion.» — la función de la logia como sustituto del vínculo religioso, acotada a algunos.

«Early examples of the new interest in forming clubs and societies can be found in late sixteenth-century England.» — la cronología del auge asociativo.

«Sir David Cunningham held office at court, but kept in close touch with his Ayrshire kinsmen.» — el personaje escocés que enlaza corte y fraternidades tempranas.

«Whether this boisterous aristocratic fraternity of court officials was predominantly Scottish in membership is not known, but there were a considerable number of Scots in it, and the fact that David Cunningham of Robertland was one gives rise to speculation.» — el límite de lo que puede afirmar sobre esa fraternidad cortesana.

«It was the spread of coffee-houses in England from the 1650s, and the simultaneous tendency for at least some alehouses to be upgraded to provide better facilities and appeal to more respectable clients than in the past, which provided the most widespread opportunities for the emergence of publicly visible (as opposed to secret) new social institutions.» — el soporte material del auge asociativo: el café y la taberna mejorada.

«These groupings varied from the entirely informal - the more regular customers of particular houses - to more formal ones reflecting particular interests in, say, literature or politics, perhaps with a fairly fixed membership.» — el abanico de formas que toman esas agrupaciones.

«An alehouse might become, for example, associated with a particular craft, members coming to it when looking for work.» — el enlace entre taberna y oficio.