Saturn and Melancholy

«Few concepts in the history of Western thought compare, in ambiguity, to the word “melancholy” Tracing the word back to its Greek source, it could refer to a particular humour, the black bile, to a sick or abnormal condition, or to a temperament—in particular, to the peculiar temperament of exceptional» — Klibansky, en el prefacio de 1990, enuncia la ambigüedad como rasgo del concepto: rastreada a su origen griego, la palabra nombra un humor —la bilis negra—, un estado enfermo o anormal, o un temperamento; la frase se corta en el cambio de plana del troceo y sigue *people*

«Jakob Bóhme sees in the devil's special affinity for melancholics both the threatening danger of perdition and—equally because of this danger—an opportunity for salvation» — Según Klibansky, Böhme lee la afinidad del diablo por los melancólicos en dos sentidos a la vez: peligro de perdición y, por ese mismo peligro, ocasión de salvación (grafía *Bóhme* en la capa de texto, por Böhme)

«In his reflections on the human spirit, Vauvenargues construes melancholy as “an all-encompassing disgust without hope" (un dégoüt universel sans espérance)» — Vauvenargues, según el prefacio, la define como un hastío universal sin esperanza

«Rousseau praises a sweet melancholy, “the friend of delight^? yet also refers to a dark melancholy (mélancolie noire) not unknown to himself» — Y Rousseau, que alaba una melancolía dulce y amiga del deleite, remite también a una *mélancolie noire* que no le era ajena

«In the same period, the word signifies for Diderot “the familiar feeling of our own imperfection» — Para Diderot, en cambio, la palabra nombra el sentimiento habitual de la propia imperfección

«For Kant, who thought of himself as melancholic, "genuine virtue from principles therefore has something about it that seems to agree most with the melancholic frame of mind» — Klibansky consigna que Kant, que se tenía por melancólico, hacía concordar la virtud verdadera por principios con la disposición melancólica

«And, continues Kant, “all shackles, from the golden ones worn at court to the heavy irons of the galley slave, are abominable to [the melancholic]» — Y le añade el corolario político: del grillete dorado de la corte al hierro del galeote, toda cadena le repugna al melancólico; el corchete es de los editores

«While Burton viewed melancholy as a chronic disease, other British authors saw in it a source of exquisite delights» — Traza el contraste inglés: frente a Burton, que la tiene por enfermedad crónica, otros autores británicos ven en ella fuente de deleites exquisitos

«For Steele, "that calm and elegant satisfaction which the vulgar call melancholy is the true and proper delight of men of knowledge and virtue» — Steele llama a esa satisfacción serena y elegante que el vulgo llama melancolía el deleite propio de los hombres de saber y de virtud

«and Addison admits that aesthetic “pleasure increases ... and is still greater, if the beauty be softened with an air of melancholy or sorrow» — Y Addison concede que el placer estético crece cuando la belleza se suaviza con un aire de melancolía o de pena

«For Martin Luther, “where there is a melancholy head, there the devil has made his bath;? and following Luther, the Protestant tradition continued» — Cita a Lutero —donde hay cabeza melancólica, allí tiene el diablo su baño— y consigna que la tradición protestante siguió tras él; la frase se corta en el cambio de plana del troceo y sigue *to link melancholy to Satan*

«Ubi est caput melancholicum, ibi habet Diabolus suum balneum» — El latín de la nota, de las *Tischreden* de Lutero, que los editores traducen en el cuerpo

«And in Les Travailleurs de la mer, Victor Hugo phrased his famous paradox, if now banal due to frequent repetition: “Melancholy is the enjoyment of being sad» — Klibansky recoge la paradoja de Hugo —la melancolía es la dicha de estar triste— y la llama ya banal de tanto repetirse

«Ofan entirely different disposition, Nicolas Chamfort reports the view that: "the melancholic temperament and the patriotic spirit must be purged. These are two unnatural diseases in the country that lies between the Rhine and the Pyrenees; and when a Frenchman falls victim to either of these evils, there is everything to fear for him» — Y, del lado contrario, la sentencia que Chamfort refiere: temperamento melancólico y espíritu patriótico son dos enfermedades contra natura entre el Rin y los Pirineos, y hay todo que temer del francés que caiga en ellas (sic, *Ofan*, por *Of an*)

«In their Journal, 28 August 1855, we read: "Nobody has yet expressed in literature the contemporary French melancholia, not a suiciding melancholia, not blasphemous, not despairing, but good-humoured melancholia, a sadness which is not without sweetness and in which there is a slight smile of irony. The melancholias of Hamlet, of Lara, of Werther, even of Chateaubriand's René, are characteristic of more northerly peoples than the French» — De los hermanos Goncourt levanta una melancolía francesa de buen humor, ni suicida ni blasfema ni desesperada, con una leve sonrisa de ironía, frente a las de Hamlet, Lara, Werther y René, que adjudican a pueblos más nórdicos

«Less than two months later Kierkegaard would die, he for whom melancholy—the form of melancholy that he calls Tungsind—was the deepest existential condition of human suffering, caused by separation from God» — Y sitúa a Kierkegaard, para quien la melancolía que llama *Tungsind* era la condición existencial más honda del sufrimiento humano, causada por la separación de Dios

«What uniting thread holds these diverse meanings together—a multitude of which we have given just a few examples—if not the fact that in each case the word describes an unusual emotional state whose singular condition commands attention?» — Klibansky enuncia el hilo que ve pasar por todos esos sentidos: en cada caso la palabra nombra un estado emocional inusual cuya singularidad reclama atención

«Nonetheless, in this Babel, everyone believes that they understand, if only in their own terms, what it is the other is trying to say» — Y añade el límite: en esa Babel cada quien cree entender, aunque sea en sus propios términos, lo que el otro quiere decir

«Likewise in contemporary medical literature, as in earlier centuries, the term is by no means clear» — Señala que en la literatura médica contemporánea el término no es más claro que en siglos anteriores

«the psychiatrist Jean-Étienne Esquirol, regarded as an authority on the subject, objected to adopting the term for, in particular, delirium manifested as constant grief or depression. For him the word “melancholy” should be left to the language of poets, artists, and other “moralists” from whom the rigour of medical men was not expected» — Consigna la objeción de Esquirol: que la palabra se deje a poetas, artistas y moralistas, de quienes no se espera el rigor de los médicos

«He thus proposed to replace the word in the context of illness with the term “lypemania”» — Y su propuesta de recambio para el uso médico: *lypemania*

«In our own time, melancholy has been the topic of numerous studies by psychiatrists, especially in Germany, who believe they have found the key to the problem with recourse to contemporary philosophy—first Husserl, then Scheler and finally Heidegger» — Klibansky describe la corriente psiquiátrica alemana que buscó la clave del problema en Husserl, Scheler y Heidegger

«This approach has been dismissed at a scientific level by their British colleagues, however, who cite a lack of precision in the term, opting instead for distinguishing different levels of depression» — Y consigna que sus colegas británicos la descartaron en el plano científico por falta de precisión del término, prefiriendo distinguir niveles de depresión

«For the Marxist, the root of melancholy lies in the incapacity of the bourgeoisie to resolve in a positive manner the contradiction between the realm of possibility and the hard facts of historical reality» — Expone la explicación marxista: la raíz de la melancolía estaría en la incapacidad burguesa de resolver en positivo la contradicción entre lo posible y los hechos duros de la realidad histórica

«For example, at the first Soviet Writers Congress it was decided that the goal of literature should be to work towards the abolition of social conditions such as melancholy, melancholy being considered a clear sign of bourgeois decadence» — Y da el caso: el primer congreso de escritores soviéticos fijó como meta de la literatura abolir condiciones sociales como la melancolía, tenida por signo de decadencia burguesa

«First feared as a disease, then condemned by the Church as the devil’s work, now—by another orthodoxy—melancholy was denounced as a social evil» — Klibansky traza la serie de las tres condenas: temida como enfermedad, condenada por la Iglesia como obra del diablo y denunciada por otra ortodoxia como mal social

«The term, which up until the beginning of the modern era had been reserved for the conditio humana, begins in the Elizabethan age to be applied to a wider range of aspects of the natural world» — Señala el ensanche isabelino: la palabra, reservada hasta el inicio de la era moderna a la *conditio humana*, empieza a aplicarse a más aspectos del mundo natural

«This evolution would lead Schelling to write: “Thence the veil of sadness which is spread over all nature, the deep, unappeasable melancholy of all life» — Y cierra esa línea con Schelling: el velo de tristeza tendido sobre la naturaleza entera, la melancolía honda e inapaciguable de toda vida

«The ambivalence of the term had long since crept into the vocabulary of the Christian, who didn't always succeed in distinguishing clearly between melancholy and acedia, a conception of very different origin» — Consigna que el cristiano no siempre acertó a distinguir la melancolía de la *acedia*, concepto de origen muy distinto

«As Calmeil remarked in the Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales of 1876, "even in the recent past, the word melancholy has nearly always been used to indicate a diseased state» — Cita a Calmeil: hasta hace poco la palabra servía casi siempre para designar un estado enfermo — la frase se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue *characterised by a persistence of fear, pessimism, and depression*

«The melancholic type was assigned “all manner of partial deliriums" (toutes les espéces de délires partiels), regardless of the particular nature of the delirious ideas» — Y consigna que al tipo melancólico se le adjudicaban toda suerte de delirios parciales, fuera cual fuera la naturaleza de las ideas delirantes

«In the modern era, the Germans and Danish, unlike the French and English, begin to differentiate between melancholy strictly speaking, meaning a temporary state, and notions like Schwermut or—for Kierkegaard— Tungsind, religious melancholy» — Consigna la asimetría de lenguas: alemanes y daneses, a diferencia de franceses e ingleses, distinguen la melancolía en sentido estricto —estado pasajero— de nociones como *Schwermut* o el *Tungsind* de Kierkegaard

«Significantly, in astrological literature since late antiquity, Kronos, like his Roman counterpart Saturn, was also recognised by many different faces; for Tycho Brahe as for Burton after him, he was still the ruler of melancholy» — Señala que en la literatura astrológica desde la antigüedad tardía Cronos, como su par romano Saturno, tuvo muchos rostros, y que para Tycho Brahe y para Burton seguía siendo el señor de la melancolía

«This god, punished by his own son, brings misfortune to the "children of Saturn that is, those born under his sign» — Traza el primer rostro: el dios castigado por su propio hijo trae desgracia a los hijos de Saturno, los nacidos bajo su signo

«At the same time, in the Platonic tradition Saturn is—as the highest planet—the god of philosophers» — El segundo, simultáneo: en la tradición platónica Saturno, por ser el planeta más alto, es el dios de los filósofos

«Furthermore, because he was identified with Chronos, he is also "Time, who devours his children» — El tercero: identificado con Chronos, es el Tiempo que devora a sus hijos

«Finally, in the astrological tradition that goes back to the end of Hellenism and is later strengthened by the Arabs, he becomes, because of his ominous characteristics, the patron of the infirm and of highwaymen, and yet sometimes also—and in the same texts, for example of Ptolemy and his followers—of the deep thinker (bathyphron)» — Y el cuarto, que la tradición astrológica helenística tardía y los árabes refuerzan: patrono de los tullidos y de los salteadores y, en los mismos textos —el de Ptolomeo y sus seguidores—, del pensador profundo, *bathyphron*

«In the languages of the Western world and in popular literature, the negative character of Saturn clearly prevails» — Klibansky consigna cuál de los dos rostros domina en las lenguas y en la literatura popular: el negativo

«Nonetheless, the duality appears again and again, both in the view that artists are born under the sign of Saturn and in general statements such as that of Battista da Crema, a Milanese Dominican from the first half of the sixteenth century: "Ihe child of Saturn is either an angel or a devil» — Y que la dualidad vuelve una y otra vez, en la idea de que los artistas nacen bajo Saturno y en sentencias como la del dominico milanés Battista da Crema: el saturnino es o un ángel o un demonio

«If one traces the history of the term “melancholy” or “black bile" in the texts of Greek antiquity, a pre-scientific element will be noticed which should not be disregarded: the great importance of the colour black and all that it evokes, from Homer onward» — Señala un elemento precientífico que no debe desatenderse al rastrear el término en los textos griegos: la importancia del color negro y de todo lo que evoca desde Homero

«In Western history and also in parts of Asia, black is considered a sinister colour closely related to death and often also to diabolical forces» — Y lo precisa: en la historia occidental y en partes de Asia el negro es color siniestro, ligado a la muerte y a menudo a fuerzas diabólicas

«The humour of black bile possessed, then, from the beginning, a special meaning that distinguished it in affective tone from the others, something that remained, without being explicitly recognised, more or less unconsciously» — De ahí, sostiene, que el humor de la bilis negra tuviera desde el principio un tono afectivo que lo distinguía de los demás, sin que ello llegara a reconocerse explícitamente

«Without entering into discussion about the authenticity of the writings bearing Hippocratess name, it is important to underline that we do not share the hypercritical tendencies according to which it would be impossible to attribute anything in the Hippocratic corpus» — Klibansky declara su posición sobre la cuestión hipocrática: no comparte las tendencias hipercríticas que harían imposible atribuir nada del corpus

«Good arguments have been put forward to link him to certain writings, such as the third book of the Epidemics» — Y acepta que hay buenos argumentos para ligar a Hipócrates con ciertos escritos, como el libro tercero de las *Epidemias*

«identified with inertia, becomes one of the seven deadly sins, but the distinction later becomes blurred and the terms become mixed up, as, for example, in Petrarch» — Klibansky data la confusión: la *acedia*, identificada primero con la inercia, se vuelve uno de los siete pecados capitales, y más tarde la distinción se borra y los términos se mezclan, como en Petrarca; el tramo abre a media frase porque el corte de plana cae antes, en *Acedia, initially*

«In that text, “melancholic” describes a disposition more than a pathological condition, establishing a connection between it and the book On the Nature of Man, a crucial work for the Four Humours theory that since the fourth century B.C. was attributed, if not as the work of Hippocrates, at least very» — Enlaza el pasaje de las *Epidemias* con el tratado *On the Nature of Man*, obra capital de la teoría de los cuatro humores, atribuida desde el siglo IV a. C. a Hipócrates o —la frase se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue *likely as that of his pupil Polybus*

«Its English translation was of the utmost importance for scholars and authors of Elizabethan England. Under the title "A Discourse of Humane Nature’, it was published as part of the collection The Key to Unknowne Knowledge. Or, a Shop of Five Windowes (London 1599), from the French translation by the physician Jean de Bourges» — Consigna la vía inglesa del tratado: traducido del francés de Jean de Bourges, se publicó en 1599 dentro de *The Key to Unknowne Knowledge. Or, a Shop of Five Windowes*

«A variety of aspects of melancholy stand out in Problem XXX, 1, which is the most important document for the history of the concept and its later connection with the idea of genius» — Klibansky declara cuál es la pieza central de su historia: el Problema XXX, 1, el documento más importante del concepto y de su enlace posterior con la idea de genio

«The new critical version presented in this book takes account of the literature published since [the 1964 edition]» — Y declara que la versión crítica nueva que el volumen presenta toma en cuenta la literatura posterior a 1964; el corchete es de los editores

«At the same time, taking some distance from the text enabled an essential element of the Problem to better emerge—that is, the distinction between a state analogous to Platos divine frenzy or the possession commented in Aristotles famous phrase in the Poetics,” and a true illness, even if the former state can only too easily turn into a pathological one» — Señala lo que ese distanciamiento dejó ver: la distinción entre un estado análogo al furor divino de Platón —o a la posesión de la frase de Aristóteles en la *Poética*— y una enfermedad verdadera, aun cuando el primero pase con facilidad a lo patológico

«Among the various types of exceptional people (perittoi), the Problem mentions especially philosophers, upon whom, like tragic heroes, a punishment for their superiority must fall» — Consigna a quiénes nombra el Problema entre los *perittoi*: sobre todo a los filósofos, sobre quienes, como sobre los héroes trágicos, ha de caer un castigo por su superioridad

«The history of this text and its transmission to the Occident is yet to be written» — Y declara el hueco: la historia de ese texto y de su transmisión a Occidente está por escribirse

«As far as the Western tradition is concerned, the text was first known to the Latin-speaking world of the Middle Ages through the philosopher David de Dinant, whose daring theses proclaiming the identity of God, spirit and matter were condemned in 1210 in Paris» — Adjudica la primera entrada latina del texto al filósofo David de Dinant, cuyas tesis sobre la identidad de Dios, espíritu y materia fueron condenadas en París en 1210

«This translation from the early thirteenth century precedes by half a century that by Bartholomew of Messina, which was previously thought to be the first» — Y fecha esa traducción medio siglo antes que la de Bartolomé de Mesina, tenida hasta entonces por la primera

«Although during antiquity Aristotles authorship of the Problem was not questioned, the attribution was put into doubt earlier than is often thought» — Klibansky consigna que la duda sobre la autoría aristotélica del Problema es más vieja de lo que suele creerse, aunque la antigüedad no la cuestionara

«Indeed, if German philologists of the nineteenth century suggested the name of Theophrastus, the Hessian scholar Friedrich Sylburg had already suggested this connection in his edition of 1585, citing the assessment of his Parisian mentor Henri Estienne» — Y adelanta la propuesta de Teofrasto de los filólogos alemanes del XIX hasta Friedrich Sylburg, que ya la hacía en su edición de 1585 citando a Henri Estienne

«It is unnecessary to emphasise that this presumed author of the Problem was an extremely independent mind. Although certainly a student of Aristotles, this thinker did not hesitate to stray from the teacher» — Klibansky caracteriza al autor presunto del Problema: mente independientísima que, discípulo de Aristóteles, no dudaba en apartarse del maestro

«We have now only a small portion of the approximately two hundred works that are listed as those of Theophrastus in the catalogue made by Diogenes Laertius» — Y mide la pérdida: de las doscientas obras que Diógenes Laercio cataloga a nombre de Teofrasto queda solo una porción pequeña

«From his lost book on marriage, St Jerome recorded the dictum, much cited since the times of Abelard and Héloise, that the wise man should not marry» — De ese Teofrasto perdido rescata, por san Jerónimo, el dicho tan citado desde Abelardo y Eloísa: que el sabio no debe casarse

«Theophrastus is the first philosopher known to have written a treatise on melancholy» — Y la adjudicación que le importa: Teofrasto es el primer filósofo del que se sabe que escribió un tratado sobre la melancolía

«We can credit him with being the first to have written a monograph on the idea of the individual of exceptional stature and to have searched for an explanation of this phenomenon in nature» — Le acredita además la primera monografía sobre el individuo de estatura excepcional y la primera busca de una explicación natural del fenómeno

«There is, then, reason to suppose that the Urtext of the Problem belongs in fact to a series of Problems that Diogenes Laertius attributes to Theophrastus, texts that in any case include content similar to that of his treatise on the topic» — Enuncia la conjetura con su límite —hay razón para suponer—: el *Urtext* del Problema pertenecería a la serie de *Problemas* que Diógenes Laercio atribuye a Teofrasto

«Shortly after Theophrastus's death, his text doubtless underwent revisions and corruptions through insertions: this would explain the obvious inconsistencies in both reasoning and style» — Y explica por esa vía las inconsistencias visibles de razonamiento y de estilo: revisiones y corrupciones por inserción poco después de la muerte de Teofrasto

«This first collection of Problems, greatly augmented during the following centuries, was already known in Ciceros time under the name added by the compiler—that of Aristotle—and this attribution remained until recent editions» — Traza el resto de la cadena: la versión revisada entró en una colección de textos dispares de Aristóteles y su escuela, y el nombre que el compilador añadió —el de Aristóteles— ya corría en tiempos de Cicerón y se mantuvo hasta ediciones recientes

«Among these, the letter to Damagetos, which contains the remarkable story of the encounter between Hippocrates and Democritus» — Klibansky añade a los documentos del volumen la colección de cartas con el nombre de Hipócrates, y destaca entre ellas la dirigida a Damageto

«The latter being considered insane, as he would laugh at everything, his fellow citizens, the Abderites, invited Hippocrates to come and heal him» — Resume la historia: los abderitas, teniendo a Demócrito por loco porque se reía de todo, llaman a Hipócrates para que lo cure

«When he arrived, he found Democritus busy dissecting animals in order to find the origin of melancholy» — Y el hallazgo: Hipócrates encuentra a Demócrito disecando animales para dar con el origen de la melancolía

«And when Hippocrates learned the reason for this laughter, he became convinced that it was Democritus who was sane in a» — El desenlace, que Klibansky consigna como el punto del relato: Hipócrates, sabida la razón de la risa, queda convencido de que el cuerdo era Demócrito — la frase se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue *world of madmen*

«From this context arose the observation that “it seems that the whole world is sick without knowing it” and that “we transform the earth our mother into an earth which is our enemy» — De ahí, dice, salen las dos observaciones: que el mundo entero parece enfermo sin saberlo y que convertimos la tierra, nuestra madre, en tierra enemiga

«Though disdained by philologists, this fictional body of Hellenistic writing, which has its roots in the first century B.C., was widely appreciated during the Renaissance era, as the number of manuscripts and the two fifteenth-century translations attest, one made by Aurispa and the other by Rinutius of Arezzo» — Consigna que ese cuerpo epistolar helenístico ficticio, desdeñado por los filólogos, fue muy apreciado en el Renacimiento, como muestran los manuscritos y las dos traducciones del XV, de Aurispa y de Rinucio de Arezzo

«Robert Burton translated the letter to Damagetos in the Introduction to his Anatomy of Melancholy of 1621, and it was this very letter that inspired him to adopt the pseudonym Democritus Junior on the title page» — Y cierra el hilo con Burton, que tradujo la carta a Damageto en la introducción de su *Anatomy of Melancholy* de 1621 y de ella tomó el seudónimo de la portada

«When it comes to Dürer's Melencolia I, the observation of Heinrich Wolfflin still holds: "Ihe meaning of Melancholy is far from settled. Almost every year brings new explanations, which is unsurprising when authors fail to restrain themselves through more strict discipline from proclaiming every random idea regarding modern man to be Dürer's own» — Klibansky cita a Wölfflin sobre el grabado: el sentido de la Melancolía dista de estar zanjado, y casi cada año trae explicaciones nuevas mientras los autores no se contengan por disciplina más estricta

«[his statement from the famous art historian is more than ever true seventy years later. The number of publications about the engraving is so great that a bibliographer could hardly review them all» — Y lo suscribe setenta años después: las publicaciones sobre el grabado son tantas que un bibliógrafo apenas podría reseñarlas (sic, *[his*, por *This*, en la capa de texto)

«The diversity of interpretations equals the quantity of texts. Those signalled by Wólfllin tend to be characterised by a certain simplicity: for example, a reading ofthe central figure of Melancholy as “the spirit; “human reason" or “the angel of science and measurement» — Da las lecturas simples que Wölfflin señalaba de la figura central: el espíritu, la razón humana o el ángel de la ciencia y de la medida

«one can choose among elaborate interpretations of astrological, theological, theosophical, freemason, numerological, magical or philosophical nature» — Klibansky enumera los registros en que se ha leído la *Melencolia I*: astrológico, teológico, teosófico, masónico, numerológico, mágico o filosófico

«The history of these interpretations—beginning in the sixteenth century with the artists contemporaries like Joachim Camerarius and passing through Vasari, continuing with Heinrich Conrad Arend, reverend in Goslar in the eighteenth century, and the readings of romantics like Carus, who saw in the Melancholy a representation of Faustian man» — Y traza la serie de intérpretes desde los contemporáneos del artista —Camerarius, Vasari— hasta Arend en el XVIII y los románticos como Carus, que vio en la Melancolía una figura del hombre fáustico

«including poets like Victor Hugo, art historians such as Charles Blanc and Ruskin, connoisseurs like Oliver Wendell Holmes and painters like Odilon Redon, as well as the numerous interpretations of scholars of our time—is a history interesting in itself, revealing a wide variety of quite different ideas about and ways of understanding one and the same artwork» — Sigue la lista con Hugo, Blanc, Ruskin, Oliver Wendell Holmes y Odilon Redon, y llama a esa historia interesante por sí misma, por la variedad de ideas sobre una sola obra

«Such a history would constitute a model for the problem of art criticism generally» — Klibansky propone esa historia como modelo del problema general de la crítica de arte

«We note also, as a remarkable symptom of its time, an interpretation founded in occult philosophy welcomed in certain circles in England. According to this interpretation, the woman with angel's wings is depicted in a state of visionary trance, expressing the connection between magic and the Cabbala» — Consigna como síntoma de época la lectura de filosofía oculta acogida en ciertos círculos ingleses: la mujer con alas de ángel en trance visionario, expresando el enlace de magia y Cábala

«Moreover, some go as far as to say that the Elizabethan poet George Chapman drew his inspiration for The Shadow of Night from Dürer's Melencolia II, an image he is supposed to have seen beside Melencolia I and which is said to have been lost after serving as model for Gerungs painting (PLATE 123). It is but a small step from occult philosophy to occult history writing» — Y lleva esa lectura hasta su extremo —que Chapman se inspirara en una *Melencolia II* perdida— para nombrar el paso: de la filosofía oculta a la historiografía oculta

«Certainly Dürer did share the ideas of his time regarding the influence of planets and the temperaments. The magic square is a talisman that invokes Jupiter's protection against menacing rays» — Concede lo que sí sostiene la evidencia: que Durero compartía las ideas de su tiempo sobre planetas y temperamentos, y que el cuadrado mágico es un talismán que invoca la protección de Júpiter

«But his numerous collected writings suggest no hint of demonology or Cabbala; they show only that Dürer was seeking precision in number and measure in his artistic process» — Y pone el límite: en sus escritos reunidos no hay indicio de demonología ni de Cábala, sino busca de precisión en número y medida

«What characterises Dürer is exactly this synthesis of inexhaustible creative imagination and the desire for clarity of structure based on a correct sense of proportion» — Lo que a juicio de Klibansky caracteriza a Durero es esa síntesis de imaginación creadora inagotable y deseo de claridad estructural fundada en la proporción

«Oskar Kokoschka tells us, for example, at the end of his autobiography, that he considers Dürer's Melencolia the “most disturbing of all expressions of the profoundly human mood of fear and despair» — Cita a Kokoschka, que al cerrar su autobiografía tiene la *Melencolia* por la expresión más perturbadora del ánimo humano de miedo y desesperación

«[here are those like Théophile Gautier, whose beginnings as a painter prepared him particularly for a critical appreciation, and who saw in the figure the personification of the artist expressing his pain» — De los poetas, sitúa a Gautier, cuyo comienzo como pintor lo preparó para la apreciación crítica, y que vio en la figura la personificación del artista que expresa su dolor (sic, *[here*, por *There*)

«Others, like Henri Cazalis, see in Dürer's figure of Melancholy the futility of human action in the face of the void» — Y a Cazalis, que ve en ella la futilidad de la acción humana frente al vacío

«Toi, le coude au genou, le menton dans la main, Tu réves tristement au pauvre sort humain: Que pour durer si peu la vie est bien amere, Que la science est vaine et que lart est chimére» — El arranque del poema de Gautier que el volumen imprime en francés: el codo en la rodilla, el mentón en la mano, soñando la suerte humana, la ciencia vana y el arte quimera

«What holds her fixd far eyes nor lets them range? Not the strange sea, strange earth, or heaven more strange; But her own phantom dwarfing these great three, More strange than all, more old than heaven, earth, sea» — Los versos de William Watson sobre la *Melencolia* que Klibansky recoge: lo que le fija los ojos no es el mar, la tierra ni el cielo, sino su propio fantasma, más extraño y más viejo que los tres

«The number of contributions from art historians and other specialists aiming to explain the many details of the engraving is so great as to be difficult to manage. Some succeed in shedding light on the meaning of one or another element; but all too often we encounter the conviction that the whole can be grasped by understanding the entirety of its various details» — Klibansky objeta el supuesto que ve repetirse en los especialistas: que el todo se capte entendiendo la totalidad de los detalles

«The iconographical method is indeed indispensable and invaluable as an auxiliary discipline, but risks reducing the work of art to the sum of its details instead of considering the significance of its fundamental unity» — Y fija su reserva sobre el método iconográfico: indispensable como disciplina auxiliar, corre el riesgo de reducir la obra a la suma de sus detalles en vez de atender a su unidad

«According to a humanist teaching recounted by Diirer’s friend Conrad Celtes in a speech to the professors and students of the University of Ingolstadt, the symbols of the poets serve to conceal the holy beneath a sacramental cover (sacramentali quodam velamine), protecting it from the common mob» — Trae la doctrina humanista que Celtes expuso en Ingolstadt: los símbolos de los poetas sirven para ocultar lo sagrado bajo un velo sacramental y protegerlo del vulgo

«Are not symbols—as the thought was continued by a student of Celtes—veils intended to spur one on to discover the secret?» — Y su continuación en un discípulo de Celtes: que los símbolos son velos puestos para espolear a descubrir el secreto

«Ultimately, even the most comprehensive and erudite knowledge of its historical details and social context, which is so extensive, is not enough to properly interpret this work; it requires the will and the gift to grasp its uniqueness» — Klibansky declara el límite del saber histórico: ni el más erudito conocimiento del contexto basta para interpretar la obra; hace falta además la voluntad y el don de captar su unicidad

«At the other extreme are those, among more recent interpreters in particular, who consider that they possess a special intuition. They have offered a number of hypotheses as ingenious as they are fantastic» — Y marca el extremo contrario: intérpretes recientes que se creen dotados de una intuición especial y ofrecen hipótesis tan ingeniosas como fantásticas

«For example, it has been argued that Melencolia I could embody the futility of human knowledge, ignoring the artist's constant interest in and insistence on the importance of the exact sciences» — Da el ejemplo: leerla como futilidad del conocimiento humano desatiende el interés constante del artista por las ciencias exactas

«An interpretation is valid only if it considers both the context in which the work was created and the personal circumstances of the artist around 1514 and during the previous years» — Enuncia su criterio de validez: una interpretación solo vale si atiende a la vez al contexto de creación y a las circunstancias personales del artista hacia 1514 y los años anteriores

«In terms of possible literary sources that may have inspired him, the artist's familiarity with them must also be verified, whether through first-hand knowledge or indirectly through those with whom he was associated» — Y añade la exigencia sobre las fuentes literarias: hay que verificar que el artista pudiera conocerlas, de primera mano o por su círculo

«The work of Ulrich Pinder, the city's physician from 1493 to 1519 and a friend of Conrad Celtes, has in particular been neglected» — Klibansky señala el hueco del medio de Núremberg: la obra de Ulrich Pinder, médico de la ciudad de 1493 a 1519 y amigo de Celtes, desatendida

«comprehensive volume entitled Der beschlossen gart des rosenkrantz marie (1505), with which Dürer would doubtless have been familiar, integrates—and this is something that has thus far gone unnoticed—a multitude of teachings drawn from Nicholas of Cusa, unattributed and translated into German» — Y su hallazgo, que declara inadvertido hasta ahora: que ese volumen de 1505, que Durero conocería sin duda, integra en alemán y sin atribución una multitud de enseñanzas de Nicolás de Cusa

«Just a few years later, Pinder's deep knowledge of Cusanuss philosophical works was made plain in his Speculum intellectuale humanae felicitatis (1510), dedicated to Friedrich III, Elector of Saxony; no other contemporary German author had drawn so extensively from Nicholass writings, in this case explicitly attributing them to their author» — Añade que el *Speculum intellectuale humanae felicitatis* de 1510 deja ver ese conocimiento del Cusano, esta vez con atribución explícita, y que ningún autor alemán contemporáneo tomó tanto de él

«Concerning his literary knowledge, Dürer owes much to his friend Willibald Pirckheimer, the author of several translations of Greek works» — Adjudica el saber literario de Durero a su amigo Willibald Pirckheimer, traductor de obras griegas

«Dürer illustrated some of these, including a translation of Horapollos Hieroglyphica, made for Emperor Maximilian, and an edition of the Characters of Theophrastus. The latter title was dedicated by the translator to the artist» — Y consigna qué tradujo e ilustró: los *Hieroglyphica* de Horapolo, hechos para Maximiliano, y los *Caracteres* de Teofrasto, que el traductor le dedicó

«It is through Pirckheimer that we know that Dürer became friends, during his Italian sojourn, with Giovanni Francesco, the nephew of Pico della Mirandola» — Por Pirckheimer se sabe también, dice, que Durero trabó amistad en Italia con Giovanni Francesco, sobrino de Pico della Mirandola

«Furthermore, Ficinos De vita triplici, in which the philosopher articulates his theories on melancholy, was accessible to Dürer in a German translation made by Johannes Adelphus Muelich» — Y que el *De vita triplici* de Ficino, donde el filósofo articula sus teorías sobre la melancolía, le era accesible en la traducción alemana de Johannes Adelphus Muelich

«Trithemius, the abbot of St Jamess Abbey (Kloster St Jakob) in Würzburg, had, in addition, made known in Nuremberg the manuscript of the first version of Henricus Agrippa of Nettesheim's Occulta philosophia, which gives a plausible explanation for the numeral "I" in Dürer's Melencolia» — Klibansky adjudica a Tritemio la difusión en Núremberg del manuscrito de la primera versión de la *Occulta philosophia* de Agrippa, y en ella la explicación plausible del numeral I del grabado

«The circle of those who understood that the lowest of the three stages of melancholy as distinguished by Agrippa was actually Imagination, was limited to readers of his handwritten draft of the work that was only printed twenty years later as the Occulta philosophia» — Y acota quién podía entenderlo: solo los lectores del borrador manuscrito sabían que el más bajo de los tres grados de melancolía de Agrippa era la Imaginación, veinte años antes de la impresión

«For those not familiar with this text, it doubtless seemed logical to assume that Dürer had two forms of melancholy in mind - the “natural” (the temperament) and the “unnatural” (pathological)— a view from teachings promoted for centuries in medical and scientific literature, and according to which therefore the numeral "I" would point to the first of these two forms of the melancholia duplex» — Consigna la lectura alternativa para quien no conociera el texto: que el I remitiera a la primera de las dos formas de la *melancholia duplex*, la natural frente a la patológica

«Dürers notes emphasise the great importance he attached to the doctrine of temperaments; the different human types are explained exclusively by the four “complexes”» — Adjudica a las notas de Durero la importancia que daba a la doctrina de los temperamentos: los tipos humanos se explican allí exclusivamente por los cuatro complexiones

«That Dürer was himself a melancholic is attested by Melanchthon, who knew him well and speaks of the “melancholia generosissima Dureri» — Y adjudica el testimonio de que el propio Durero era melancólico a Melanchthon, que lo conoció bien y habla de su *melancholia generosissima*

«The extent to which they may have influenced Dürer, particularly in their emphasis on the unbreachable gap between human» — Y acota la conjetura: hasta qué punto esas enseñanzas del Cusano influyeron en Durero queda incierto; el corte de chunk parte la frase, que sigue *striving towards God and the goal of the infinite, remains uncertain*

«For, a good painter is inwardly full of figures (inwendig voller Figur), and if it were possible for him to live on forever he would always have to pour forth something new from the inner ideas of which Plato writes» — Klibansky cita el borrador de la introducción a los *Cuatro libros de la proporción humana*: el buen pintor está por dentro lleno de figuras y, de vivir eternamente, seguiría vertiendo lo nuevo de las ideas interiores de que escribe Platón

«These inner ideas are evidently very different from the Platonic concept of eternal ideas, which are independent of the people who behold them. They are, like the “inner images” (inneren Bilde[r]) spoken of by German mystics, situated in the human soul» — Y distingue esas ideas interiores de las ideas eternas platónicas: como las *inneren Bilder* de los místicos alemanes, están situadas en el alma humana

«As is so often the case, the "mystical" thinkers pick up on a teaching of Thomas Aquinas that, translated into German, takes on a new tone» — Adjudica el desplazamiento a los pensadores llamados místicos, que retoman una enseñanza de Tomás de Aquino y, traducida al alemán, le dan un tono nuevo

«But Dürer differs from his predecessors by comparing the artist with God, because— like God—he has the ability to create each day, from ideas in his soul, new human forms and other creatures» — Y marca dónde Durero se aparta de sus predecesores: compara al artista con Dios, porque como Dios puede crear cada día formas humanas y criaturas nuevas desde las ideas de su alma

«The artist is not merely an imitator of nature but a creator himself» — La formulación breve de esa doctrina: el artista no es un mero imitador de la naturaleza, sino un creador

«However, this new conception of the artist's role is linked, as Dürer's notes show, to an acute awareness of the gap separating the vision of the artist from the finished work» — Klibansky ata esa concepción a su reverso, que las notas de Durero muestran: la conciencia aguda del abismo entre la visión del artista y la obra acabada

«Thomas Venatorius, the editor of Leone Battista Alberti, commented in his Preface, written in 1540 in Nuremberg: “I remember my fellow townsman, Albrecht Dürer, perhaps the greatest painter of his time, who, when he created protypa or ektypa [images], as they are called by the Greeks, always satisfied those capable of judging; but (as he himself used to say), he remained always unsatisfied with his work as compared with the beauty of the archetypos previously conceived in his mind. What I am writing here, I—along with many other trustworthy and erudite men—have heard him say» — Cita el testimonio de Thomas Venatorius, editor de Alberti, en 1540: Durero satisfacía siempre a los que sabían juzgar y nunca a sí mismo, comparada la obra con la belleza del arquetipo concebido antes en su mente

«Melanchthon recalls the artist saying that in his youth he loved paintings full of colour and different forms, and that he took pleasure in such variety in his own paintings; but that later he began to look increasingly at nature and tried to grasp her unique character. This was when he realised that simplicity was the highest adornment of art; but, incapable of fully achieving it, Dürer could no longer appreciate his works; he would sigh with a sense of his powerlessness whenever he looked at them» — Y el de Melanchthon en carta de 1546: Durero, que de joven amaba la pintura llena de color y de formas, acabó mirando la naturaleza y viendo en la simplicidad el adorno más alto del arte, sin poder alcanzarla

«And yet his records suggest that he did not reject his Melencolia I, as he made gifts of the print even long after making it» — Klibansky objeta con el dato de los registros que Durero rechazara la *Melencolia I*: siguió regalando la estampa mucho después de hacerla

«The fact that he would usually give Melencolia together with Saint Jerome in His Study, engraved in the same year, seems to indicate that he considered the works as two parts of a whole» — Y lee en la costumbre de regalarla junto al *San Jerónimo en su celda*, grabado el mismo año, que las tenía por dos partes de un todo

«likely on account of the contrast between the peace and serenity surrounding the man of faith, on the one hand, and, on the other, the conflicts that dominate a restless and frightening world, its negative aspects highlighted by the hostile character of the bat that flees the light» — Enuncia el contraste que ve entre las dos: la paz del hombre de fe frente a los conflictos de un mundo inquieto y temible, cuyo lado negativo subraya el murciélago hostil que huye de la luz

«It would therefore be justified to believe that Dürer, who was aware of the gulf between an idea and its realization, wanted to express, in this engraving full of symbols from a pagan world, the ultimate impotence of the artist who possesses, indeed, all the technical means necessary as well as knowledge of astral magic and Saturn’s natural powers, but who is denied the comforting presence of God» — Klibansky enuncia su propia lectura del grabado: que Durero quiso expresar la impotencia última del artista que tiene todos los medios técnicos y aun el saber de la magia astral y de las potencias naturales de Saturno, pero a quien se le niega la presencia consoladora de Dios

«This attitude has, however, nothing to do with a turn to "occult philosophy" or "Christian Cabbala" as has been lately attributed to him» — Y niega el rótulo con que se la ha leído últimamente: esa actitud nada tiene que ver con un giro a la filosofía oculta ni a la Cábala cristiana

«A reference to the interpretation to Frances YATES and her The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age, London, 1979» — La nota de los editores identifica a quién apunta esa negativa: la *Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age* de Frances Yates (sic, *interpretation to*, por *interpretation of*)

«We know of Diirer’s strong interest in Luther's teachings and his close relationship with Melanchthon; but above all from his own writings we see the vital importance he attached to God» — Consigna lo que sí atestiguan los escritos propios: el interés de Durero por las enseñanzas de Lutero, su cercanía con Melanchthon y la importancia vital que daba a Dios

«It is to God that the artist owes his creative power. Any interpretation—however profound—that leaves aside this deep conviction does justice neither to the artist nor to the work of art» — Y de ahí saca su criterio: es a Dios a quien el artista debe su poder creador, y ninguna interpretación que deje fuera esa convicción hace justicia ni al artista ni a la obra

«Finally, even if one takes into account all the interpretations of scholars, artists and poets, it nonetheless must be emphasised that efforts to explain Dürer' intention can penetrate only to a certain extent the enigma of his work. Its magic retains an aspect irreducible to any historical interpretation» — Klibansky declara el límite de la propia empresa: el esfuerzo por explicar la intención de Durero solo penetra hasta cierto punto el enigma, y la magia de la obra conserva un aspecto irreductible a toda interpretación histórica

«In his analysis of the symptoms of melancholy, Burton developed the hypothesis that melancholy is a social malady, and in the conclusion of his work proposed as a cure a change in the entire social constellation» — Adjudica a Burton la hipótesis de la melancolía como dolencia social, y la cura que propone al final de su obra: cambiar la constelación social entera

«Still uncommon are studies that address melancholy across national borders and treat it as a European phenomenon; such an approach would provide an overview that takes over where our book ends» — Señala el hueco que queda: faltan estudios de la melancolía como fenómeno europeo, más allá de las fronteras nacionales, que tomarían el relevo donde el libro termina

«The gulf that separates the psychiatrist’s point of view from those of non-medical authors and artists goes back to the distinction made in the ancient tradition and emphasised in the later Middle Ages between melancholy as a sickness and melancholy as an emotional state rooted in human existence» — Traza el origen del abismo entre el punto de vista del psiquiatra y el de artistas y autores no médicos: la distinción antigua, subrayada en la baja Edad Media, entre melancolía como enfermedad y melancolía como estado afectivo enraizado en la existencia

«To shed light on the latter is not the task of physicians; to teach us to interpret it we have, alike, the visions of artists, the creations of poets and the works of novelists» — Y reparte las competencias: esclarecer lo segundo no toca a los médicos, sino a las visiones de los artistas, a los poetas y a los novelistas

«The task remains to present the ways in which melancholy was interpreted in the age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation in England, France, Italy and Germany, but also especially in the Spain of Cervantes and Tirso de Molina within the overall context; to explain why this theme played such a key role in the work of nineteenth-century poets such as Baudelaire and Verlaine, as well as authors like Flaubert; and to explore its significance in the modern novel, after Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, for the self-awareness of the thinking man» — Enumera las tareas pendientes: la melancolía en la Reforma y la Contrarreforma inglesa, francesa, italiana y alemana y en la España de Cervantes y Tirso, su peso en Baudelaire, Verlaine y Flaubert, y su sentido en la novela moderna después de Kierkegaard y Nietzsche

«The goal of our book is to clarify some of the pre-history of all of this» — Y declara, contra todo eso, el alcance del propio libro: esclarecer algo de la prehistoria de todo ello

«It can mean a mental illness characterised mainly by attacks of anxiety, deep depression and fatigue—though it is true that recently the medical concept has largely become disintegrated» — La obra da el primero de los sentidos modernos —enfermedad mental de ansiedad, depresión honda y fatiga— y le añade en el acto que el concepto médico se ha desintegrado en buena medida

«It may mean a type of character—generally associated with a certain type of physique—which together with the sanguine, the choleric and the phlegmatic, constituted the system of the "four humours’’, or the "four complexions’ as the old expression was» — El segundo: tipo de carácter, asociado a cierta constitución física, que con el sanguíneo, el colérico y el flemático formaba el sistema de los cuatro humores o complexiones

«It may mean a temporary state of mind, sometimes painful and depressing, sometimes merely mildly pensive or nostalgic» — Y el tercero: estado de ánimo pasajero, a veces doloroso, a veces apenas pensativo o nostálgico

«In this case it 1s a purely subjective mood which can then by transference be attributed to the objective world, so that one can legitimately speak of "the melancholy of evening", "the melancholy of autumn"? or even, like Shakespeare's Prince Hal, of "the melancholy of Moor-ditch» — Ese tercer sentido, dice la obra, es un talante puramente subjetivo que se traslada con legitimidad al mundo objetivo —la melancolía de la tarde, la del otoño— y hasta a la del Moor-ditch del príncipe Hal de Shakespeare (sic, *1s*, por *is*)

«In the order stated above—not necessarily following one another, but often existing side by side—these various meanings evolved in the course of a development covering more than two thousand years» — La obra fija el marco temporal: esos sentidos evolucionaron en un desarrollo de más de dos mil años, no necesariamente sucediéndose sino coexistiendo a menudo

«Although new meanings emerged, old meanings did not give way to them; in short, it was a case not of decay and metamorphosis, but of parallel survival» — Y enuncia la regla de esa historia, que es su tesis de método: no hubo decadencia ni metamorfosis, sino supervivencia paralela

«These humours corresponded, it was held, to the cosmic elements and to the divisions of time; they controlled the whole existence and behaviour of mankind, and, according to the manner in which they were combined, determined the character of the individual» — Consigna, en voz de la doctrina que expone, que los humores correspondían a los elementos cósmicos y a las divisiones del tiempo, y que su combinación determinaba el carácter del individuo

«Sunt enim quattuor humores in homine, qui imitantur diversa elementa; crescunt in diversis temporibus, regnant in diversis aetatibus. Sanguis imitatur aerem, crescit in vere, regnat in pueritia. Cholera imitatur ignem, crescit in aestate, regnat in adolescentia. Melancholia imitatur terram, crescit in autumno, regnat in maturitate. Phlegma imitatur aquam, crescit in hieme, regnat in senectute. Hi cum nec plus nec minus iusto exuberant, viget homo» — El latín del *De mundi constitutione* anónimo que la obra usa como formulación breve de la doctrina: cuatro humores imitan a los elementos, crecen en estaciones distintas y reinan en edades distintas, y mientras no sobren ni falten el hombre está vigoroso

«In these clear, terse sentences of an early medieval natural philosopher, we have the ancient doctrine of the Four Humours. This system was destined to dominate the whole trend of physiology and psychology almost until the present day» — Y su comentario: en esas frases claras y escuetas de un filósofo natural altomedieval está la doctrina antigua de los cuatro humores, destinada a dominar fisiología y psicología casi hasta el presente

«Though hitherto almost ignored (see below, p. 183, note 182), it is remarkable in many ways, and we shall deal with it elsewhere in greater detail» — La nota declara la cosmología del *De mundi constitutione*, anterior a 1135 e impresa entre las obras de Beda, notable en muchos aspectos y casi ignorada hasta entonces

«In seeking, then, to ascertain the origin of humoralism, we must go back to the Pythagoreans, not only because the veneration of number in general attained its highest expression in Pythagorean philosophy, but more particularly because the Pythagoreans regarded the number four as specially significant» — La obra sitúa el arranque de la genealogía en los pitagóricos, que tenían el número cuatro por especialmente significativo

«They used to swear by four, '^which holds the root and source of eternal nature’”; and not only nature in general, but rational man in particular, seemed to them governed by four principles, located in the brain, the heart, the navel and the phallus respectively» — Y da la prueba del juramento pitagórico por el cuatro, con la serie de correspondencias que el texto imprime

«The Pythagoreans themselves did not evolve a doctrine of four humours, but they prepared the ground by postulating a series ot tetradic categories (such as, for instance, those already mentioned; earth, air, fire and water; spring, summer, autumn and winter)» — Pone el límite de esa adjudicación: los pitagóricos no desarrollaron la doctrina de los humores, sino que propusieron categorías tetrádicas

«Above all, they defined health as the equilibrium of different qualities, and sickness as the predominance of one—a concept truly decisive for humoralism proper» — Y señala qué de ellos fue decisivo para el humoralismo propiamente dicho: definir la salud como equilibrio y la enfermedad como predominio de una cualidad

«Alcmaeon of Croton, a Pythagorean doctor who lived about 500 B.C., declared that “‘equality of rights (icovopia) between the qualities (6uvépeis) moist, dry, cold, hot, bitter, sweet,.and the rest, preserved health, but the rule of one among them (yovapyia) produces sickness"; and he condensed the notion of health into the formula “‘a well-balanced mixture of the qualities» — Adjudica a Alcmeón de Crotona, médico pitagórico, la formulación de la salud como igualdad de las cualidades

«In this attempt he evolved the doctrine of the Four Elements, which paired the “four roots of the All’ with four specific cosmic entities—the sun, the earth, the sky and the sea» — Adjudica a Empédocles la doctrina de los cuatro elementos ligados a cuatro entidades cósmicas

«These elements (called $izoucra by Empedocles, but ever since Democritus cToryeio) were of equal value and power, but each had its own particular task and its own particular nature» — Y su reparto: los elementos tienen igual valor y poder, pero cada uno su tarea y su naturaleza propias (la capa de texto corrompe el griego)

«In the course of the seasons each in turn gained the ascendancy, and it was their combination (xp&o1s), different in each single case, which brought into existence all individual things and which alone determined the characters of men» — Según la obra, Empédocles hacía que cada elemento predominara por turno en las estaciones y que su combinación determinara el carácter de los hombres

«The perfect combination was, first, that in which all the elements were equally apportioned; secondly, that in which the elemental units—as we should say, the atoms—of the combination were neither too many nor too few in quantity, neither too coarse nor too fine in quality» — La combinación perfecta, según esa exposición, exige igualdad de proporción y una cantidad de átomos ni demasiado gruesa ni demasiado fina

«This perfect combination produced the man with the largest understanding and the keenest wit» — Y de ella sale el hombre de mayor comprensión y agudeza

«If all the elements were not equally apportioned, the man would be a fool» — Mientras que la desigualdad de proporción da al necio

«If the number of the apportioned atoms was either too great or too small, the man produced would be either gloomy and lethargic, or hot-blooded and enthusiastic, but incapable of sustained effort» — Y una cantidad inadecuada de átomos da temperamentos extremos, incapaces de esfuerzo sostenido

«And if the combination was more perfect in one part of the body than in another, this would produce individuals with a marked specific talent—orators, for instance, if the "crasis" of the tongue, artists if that of the hands, was especially geood» — La obra consigna además que una combinación más perfecta en una parte del cuerpo que en otra daba talentos particulares, de la oratoria al arte manual (sic, *geood*, por *good*)

«From this it will be seen that Empedocles had firmly—almost too firmly—established the unity of macrocosm and microcosm (man and universe deriving from the same primary elements), and that he had already made an attempt to demonstrate a systematic connexion between physical and mental factors—in other words, to put forward a psychosomatic theory of character» — La obra resume lo que Empédocles intentaba: ligar macrocosmos y microcosmos y formular una teoría psicosomática del carácter

«But it will also be seen that this attempt was far too general and far too speculative to satisfy the requirements of a specifically anthropological theory, much less of a medical one» — Y objeta el alcance: la construcción es demasiado general y especulativa para servir de antropología o de medicina

«In so far as he held that human beings, as well as the physical universe, were composed only of earth, air, fire and water, Empedocles did indeed establish a common basis for the macrocosm and the microcosm: but he ignored what was proper to the microcosm as such» — Le concede haber establecido una base común a macrocosmos y microcosmos, y le señala lo que dejó fuera: lo propio del microcosmos en cuanto tal

«Those of a more anthropological turn of mind could not rest content with this, but were driven to search for specific substances (and faculties) in man, which should somehow correspond to the primary elements constituting the world as a whole, without being simply identical with them» — Y sitúa el paso siguiente en quienes, de vuelta más antropológica, buscaron sustancias humanas específicas que correspondieran a los elementos primarios sin identificarse con ellos

«Empedocles’s immediate successors had already felt the need of making his anthropological concepts rather more elastic, by partly depriving the elements composing man of their purely material nature and by attributing to them a more dynamic character» — Adjudica a los sucesores inmediatos de Empédocles el haber dado a los elementos un carácter más dinámico

«Thus Empedocles's theory of the elements was reconciled with Alcmaeon's theory of the qualities, with the result that the elements lost their uncompromisingly material nature, while the number of qualities, which Alcmaeon had left indefinite, was now reduced to a tetrad» — Con lo que la teoría de los elementos quedó reducida a una tétrada de cualidades

«It was therefore only logical that in answer to the question "When is the crasis of the qualities right and proper?", Philistion himself should reply simply with the words: “Illnesses arise from the predominance or defect of a quality» — Y de ahí la definición de la enfermedad por exceso o defecto de una cualidad

«While, regarding the primary particles of the elements, the Empedoclean theory of character (of Empedoclean medicine nothing certain is known") had introduced the notion of ''too coarse" and "too fine" side by side with the notion of ‘‘too much" and “too little", the new method, using only the ideas of superfluity and deficiency, made them stretch to cover a vast number of differentiations» — La obra señala la ganancia de método: el par superfluidad-deficiencia abarca un número enorme de diferenciaciones

«For the qualities could not only form dual combinations (warm and moist, warm and dry, cold and moist, and cold and dry): they also, which was of more immediate importance, could free themselves from the Empedoclean primary elements and so be used as predicates of any other substances» — Y su condición: que las cualidades pueden desprenderse de los elementos y predicarse de cualquier otra sustancia

«He reduced man to general, cosmic elements, without» — En la formulación que la obra da del límite de Empédocles: redujo al hombre a elementos cósmicos generales sin — el pie de nota se interpone y la frase sigue en la plana siguiente, *probing that which is specifically human*

«Philistion, the head of the Sicilian school of medicine founded by Empedocles, still, it is true, described man as a combination of the four elements earth, air, fire and water, just as his master had done; but be added the notion that each of these elements possessed a certain quality» — Adjudica a Filistión, cabeza de la escuela siciliana fundada por Empédocles, el añadido de que cada uno de los cuatro elementos posee una cualidad, manteniendo por lo demás la composición del maestro

«belongs heat, to air cold, to water the moist, to earth the dry» — El reparto que sigue, cortado por el marcador de plana del troceo, que cae dentro de la cita: al fuego el calor, al aire el frío, al agua lo húmedo, a la tierra lo seco

«In so doing he fulfilled the second of our conditions» — La obra declara cumplida por Filistión la segunda de las condiciones que ella misma había fijado para que naciera el humoralismo

«Both theories reached their full maturity not long before 400, when humoralism really originated» — Y data el nacimiento: las dos teorías —la de los elementos y la de las cualidades— maduran poco antes del 400, cuando el humoralismo se origina de verdad

«It originated then for the very reason that the ideas discussed by us so far concerning the elements and qualities were now—not without violence—applied to the humours (xvuof) as empirically demonstrated in the human body» — Señala por qué entonces: porque las ideas de elementos y cualidades se aplicaron —no sin violencia— a los humores demostrados empíricamente en el cuerpo

«These humours had long been known in the specifically medical tradition, in the first instance as causes of illness, and, if they became visible (as in vomiting or the like), as symptoms of illness» — Consigna qué eran los humores antes de eso en la tradición médica: causas de enfermedad y, si se hacían visibles, síntomas de ella

«Euryphon of Cnidus had assumed an indefinite number of such humours, which rose to the head and generated illnesses; Timotheus of Metapontus believed they were caused by a single acid salty fluid; and Herodicus of Cnidus distinguished two such fluids, one sour and one bitter» — Reparte las propuestas previas: Eurifón de Cnido admitía un número indefinido de esos humores, Timoteo de Metaponto un solo fluido ácido y salado, y Heródico de Cnido dos, uno agrio y otro amargo

«[hese were the two humours which later received the names phlegm (pAéyua) and bile (yoaj)—phlegm because it caused inflammation, although not a few writers attributed to it the qualities of cold and moisture» — Y esos dos, dice, recibieron después los nombres de flema y bilis; el nombre de la flema viene de causar inflamación, aunque no pocos le atribuyeran frío y humedad (sic, *[hese*, por *These*)

«Such a correlation is presupposed in the very important treatise Of the Nature of Man (Tepi quotos &v6poorrou),"* attributed by the ancients, as we know from Galen, either to Hippocrates or to his son-in-law Polybus,28 and written in any case not later than 400 B.c» — Sitúa el tratado *Sobre la naturaleza del hombre*, que los antiguos —lo sabemos por Galeno— atribuían a Hipócrates o a su yerno Pólibo, y que no es posterior al 400 a. C.

«What. gave this document its unique value for posterity was its attempt to combine in one system humoral pathology proper with general cosmological speculation, more particularly that of Empedocles» — Y declara en qué consiste el valor único de ese documento: en combinar en un sistema la patología humoral propiamente dicha con la especulación cosmológica, sobre todo la de Empédocles

«Nourishment brought substances into the body which, thanks to the digestion, were partly made use of (that is, turned into bones, flesh and blood), but were partly &nerrro—indigestible ; and from the latter arose the "surplus humours» — La obra expone de dónde salen los humores: lo que la digestión no aprovecha queda indigerible, y de ahí los humores sobrantes

«Guided by this desire, the author's first step was to reject the view of those who held that the human body originated from, and subsisted in virtue of, a single element only» — Adjudica al autor de *Sobre la naturaleza del hombre* el primer paso: rechazar que el cuerpo humano venga de un solo elemento y subsista por él

«He was moreover, as far as we know, the first writer who put forward a theory of the four humours» — Y, con el límite declarado —hasta donde sabemos—, le adjudica la primera teoría de los cuatro humores

«At the outset—though later it was to become almost canonical—it could only be established with the help of two quite arbitrary assumptions» — Y señala el precio de esa fundación: al principio solo pudo establecerse con dos supuestos bastante arbitrarios

«The blood had to be included in the system, although it was not in fact a surplus humour; and in the bile, which hitherto had been regarded as a single fluid, or else split down into innumerable sub-species, it was necessary to distinguish two independent “humours’’, the yellow bile (xoAn v£o9), and the black (péAaiva yoAr» — Los dos supuestos: meter la sangre, que no era humor sobrante, y partir la bilis, hasta entonces fluido único, en dos humores independientes, la amarilla y la negra

«lhese four humours were always present in the human body and determined its nature; but according to the season sometimes one and sometimes another gained the ascendancy—the black bile, for instance, in the autumn, whereas the winter was unfavourable to it and the spring inimical, so that autumn-engendered pains would be relieved by the spring» — Consigna el juego estacional de la doctrina: la bilis negra domina en otoño, el invierno le es desfavorable y la primavera hostil, de modo que la primavera alivia los dolores engendrados en otoño (sic, *lhese*, por *These*)

«The four humours, then, caused both illness and health, since their right combination was health, but the predominance or defect of one or another, illness» — Y su regla: los cuatro humores causan a la vez enfermedad y salud, porque la salud es su combinación justa y la enfermedad el exceso o el defecto de uno

«These are all ideas of which the origin can now be established. The notion of the humours as such comes from empirical medicine» — La obra reparte los créditos de esa síntesis, y empieza por el más llano: la noción de los humores viene de la medicina empírica

«The notion of the tetrad, the definition of health as the equilibrium of the different parts, and of sickness as the disturbance of this equilibrium, are Pythagorean contributions (which were taken up by Empedocles)» — La tétrada y las definiciones de salud como equilibrio y de enfermedad como su perturbación las adjudica a los pitagóricos, retomadas por Empédocles

«The notion that in the course of the seasons each of the four substances in turn gains the ascendancy seems to be purely Empedoclean» — Y el turno estacional de las cuatro sustancias, con la reserva del *seems*, a Empédocles solo

«This system included not only the Pythagorean and Empedoclean tetrad but also the doctrine of the qualities that Philistion handed down to us—first, in groups of two, forming a link between the humours and the seasons, later also appearing singly and connecting the humours with the Empedoclean primary elements» — Detalla qué entró en ese sistema: la tétrada pitagórica y empedoclea y la doctrina de las cualidades de Filistión, primero en pares que enlazan humores y estaciones y luego sueltas, enlazando humores con elementos

«From this the author of the Tlep1 qUoi:os avOpwrrou evolved the following schema, which was to remain in force for more than two thousand years» — Y sitúa ahí el esquema que había de regir más de dos mil años (la capa de texto corrompe el griego del título)

«But the credit for combining all these notions in one system, and thereby creating the doctrine of» — Y adjudica el mérito de combinarlo todo en un sistema, creando con ello la doctrina — la frase se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue *humoralism which was to dominate the future, is no doubt due to the powerful writer who composed the first part*

«But this combination of the purely medical doctrine of humours with a system of natural philosophy gave rise to a curious difficulty of which earlier writers were quite unconscious but which was later to come very much to the fore and which was never wholly resolved» — La obra nombra la dificultad que nace de juntar la doctrina médica de los humores con un sistema de filosofía natural, invisible para los primeros escritores y nunca resuelta del todo

«On the one hand, with the exception of blood, the humours taken over from medicine were quite useless substances, not to say harmful» — El primer lado de la dificultad: salvo la sangre, los humores venidos de la medicina eran sustancias inútiles, por no decir dañinas

«They were excretions, "humores vitiosi', causing illness, first observed primarily in vomiting and other symptoms? the adjectives derived from them, qAeyucrikós (pAeyporre ns), xoAepikós (xoAwSns), and especially pedayxoAikos, were in origin merely descriptive of illness» — Eran excreciones —*humores vitiosi*— y los adjetivos derivados de ellas, incluido *melancólico*, describían en origen enfermedad

«and one could only speak of true health when all the humours were present in the right combination, so that each harmful influence neutralised the other» — Y solo cabía hablar de salud verdadera cuando la combinación justa hacía que cada influencia dañina neutralizara a la otra

«On the other hand, these very substances, though regarded as in themselves causes of illness, or at least as predisposing factors, were paired with the universal (and hygienically neutral) qualities, cold, moist, warm and dry» — El otro lado: esas mismas sustancias, tenidas por causas o predisposiciones de enfermedad, se emparejaban con cualidades universales e higiénicamente neutras

«Each gained the ascendancy © once a year without necessarily causing acute illnesses; and since the absolutely healthy man was one who was never ill at all (so that he must be as like every other absolutely healthy man as two peas in a pod, the right combination of the humours being one alone and permitting no divergencies), the physician, of all people, could not avoid the conclusion that this absolutely healthy man represented an ideal hardly ever met with in reality» — Y el corolario que el médico no podía esquivar: si cada humor domina una vez al año sin enfermar, y el hombre absolutamente sano no admite divergencia alguna, ese hombre es un ideal que casi nunca se encuentra

«Thus, in such a tradition, what had of old been symptoms of illness came gradually to be regarded, at first unconsciously, as types of disposition» — La obra data ahí el giro que le interesa: lo que antes eran síntomas de enfermedad pasa, al principio sin advertirlo, a ser tipos de disposición

«It was logical enough, if one said of someone in whose body the humours were perfectly combined that he was "in the very best of health" (u&Xora tytaiver), for it was thereby implicitly admitted that someone in whom one or other humour predominated could nevertheless enjoy good health, though not in the highest possible degree» — Y lo deriva de la propia fórmula: decir que uno está *en la mejor salud* admitía implícitamente que quien tuviera un humor predominante podía gozar de buena salud, aunque no del grado máximo

«And thus it had to be conceded that in fact it was usually a predominance of.one or other humour which determined a man's constitution and that such an individual, though predisposed to certain quite definite illnesses, normally seemed quite healthy» — De ahí hubo que conceder que lo corriente es que un humor predominante determine la constitución y que ese individuo, predispuesto a ciertas enfermedades, parezca sano

«The words "phlegmatic" and so on came to be used for peculiar but (within the limits of this peculiarity) not necessarily morbid aspects of human nature; and once the doctrine of four humours had been systematised in the form described, it was bound gradually to become a doctrine of four temperaments» — Y enuncia el desenlace: sistematizada la doctrina de los cuatro humores, tenía que volverse por fuerza doctrina de los cuatro temperamentos

«As ‘Hippocrates’ says at one point, "too dry a summer or autumn suits phlegmatics but does the greatest harm to cholerics, who are in danger of being dried up. completely, for their eyes run dry, they are feverish, and some fall into melancholy sick» — Cita a *Hipócrates* —entre comillas en el propio texto— sobre el verano u otoño demasiado secos, que convienen al flemático y dañan al colérico, hasta que algunos caen en enfermedades melancólicas

«which shows that the Hippocrateans themselves envisaged men with constitutions determined by a permanent predominance of either phlegm or yellow bile, who were not as a rule actually ill but merely predisposed to certain illnesses, and who were in certain circumstances even susceptible to illnesses other than those deriving from their predominant humour» — Y lee ahí la prueba de que los hipocráticos ya concebían constituciones determinadas por un humor permanente, no enfermas sino predispuestas

«From this time onward the expressions “choleric’’, "phlegmatic", and ‘melancholy’, were capable of two fundamentally quite different meanings. They could denote either pathological states or constitutional aptitudes» — Data desde entonces la doble acepción de *colérico*, *flemático* y *melancólico*: estados patológicos o aptitudes constitucionales

«It is true, however, that the two were closely linked, since it was usually one and the same humour which adverse circumstances permitted to develop from mere predisposition into actual illness» — Con el matiz de que las dos acepciones van ligadas, porque suele ser el mismo humor el que la adversidad lleva de la predisposición a la enfermedad

«As Isidore says, "the healthy are governed by these four humours, and the sick suffer from» — Y cita a Isidoro para decirlo en una línea: los sanos se rigen por esos cuatro humores y los enfermos padecen de ellos

«As to the blood, from the very beginning it had (so to speak) got in only by the back door, for not only was it not a surplus humour, it was the noblest and most essential part of the body» — De la sangre dice que entró por la puerta trasera: no era humor sobrante, sino la parte más noble y esencial del cuerpo

«yet constitutional predominance of the blood was generally regarded, not as a morbid disposition, but rather as the healthy one par excellence, and therefore the best,?2 so that medical texts often replace the usual wording "complexio sanguinea" simply by the term "complexio temperata» — Y por eso su predominio constitucional se tuvo no por disposición morbosa sino por la sana por excelencia, hasta el punto de que los textos médicos cambian *complexio sanguinea* por *complexio temperata*

«Greek physiology, in which humoralism meant primarily humoral pathology, apparently lacked an adjective to describe a constitution determined by the blood,*4 as the choleric is determined by the yellow bile, or the phlegmatic by the phlegm» — Consigna la falta en griego: la fisiología helénica no tenía adjetivo para la constitución determinada por la sangre, como sí lo tenía para el colérico y el flemático

«And it is significant that in the later doctrine of the four temperaments (in which, as in modern speech, the terms were applied to the habitus and character of the healthy) the Sanguine” temperament, and only that, bore a Latin name» — Y señala el rastro que esa falta dejó: en la doctrina posterior de los cuatro temperamentos solo el sanguíneo lleva nombre latino

«The system into which humoralism developed brought with it, however, another complication, in that two of the four humours» — Señala la segunda complicación del sistema, que afecta a dos de los cuatro humores — el corte de plana parte la frase, que sigue *blood, and black bile, clearly occupied an exceptional position*

«blood, and black bile, clearly occupied an exceptional position, arising out of the system's historical development; and this distinction makes itself felt in the terms used» — Y adjudica esa posición excepcional de la sangre y la bilis negra al desarrollo histórico del sistema, con huella en los propios términos

«The black bile, on the contrary, had long been considered a noxious degeneration of the yellow bile, or, alternatively, of the blood» — De la bilis negra dice lo contrario: se la tuvo largo tiempo por degeneración nociva de la bilis amarilla o de la sangre

«It presented such a well-known and characteristic picture of morbidity (dating possibly even from pre-Hippocratean times) that the disease as such was denoted by one noun» — Y que su cuadro de morbilidad era tan característico —quizá ya prehipocrático— que la enfermedad se nombraba con un solo sustantivo, frente a las expresiones compuestas de las otras

«So, too, later conceptions of the melancholy temperament were coloured far more by the notion of a melancholy illness than was the case with the other three» — De ahí, sostiene, que las concepciones posteriores del temperamento melancólico quedaran teñidas por la idea de la enfermedad mucho más que las otras tres

«It is also significant that melancholy as an illness became the subject of monographs particularly early and often» — Y añade el indicio bibliográfico: la melancolía como enfermedad fue objeto de monografías particularmente pronto y a menudo

«Thus it is understandable that the special. problem of melancholy should have furnished, as it were, the leaven for the further development of humoralism» — Con lo que el problema especial de la melancolía vino a ser, dice la obra, la levadura del desarrollo posterior del humoralismo

«For the more striking and terrifying the morbid manifestations that came to be associated with the notion of a certain humour, the greater became its power to create a character type» — Y enuncia la regla: cuanto más llamativas y terribles las manifestaciones morbosas ligadas a un humor, mayor su fuerza para crear un tipo de carácter

«For the ambiguity of psychological symptoms blurred the borderline between illness and normality and compelled recognition of a habitude which, though being melancholy, did not make it necessary to describe the subject as one who was really a sick man all the time» — La obra explica por qué la melancolía separó temperamento de enfermedad antes que los otros humores: la ambigüedad de los síntomas psicológicos borraba la frontera y obligaba a reconocer un hábito melancólico sin enfermo permanente

«This peculiarity was bound to shift the whole conception of melancholy into the realm of psychology and physiognomy, thereby making way for a transformation of the doctrine of the four humours into a theory of characters and mental types» — Y adjudica a esa peculiaridad el desplazamiento de la melancolía al terreno de la psicología y la fisiognomía, y con él la mutación de la doctrina de los humores en teoría de caracteres

«In fact we can see how even the medical writers had begun to conceive the melancholic in decidedly physiognomic and psychological terms: the lisping, the bald, the stuttering, and the hirsute are afflicted with strongly melancholic diseases» — Da la prueba en los propios médicos, que ya describían al melancólico en términos fisiognómicos: ceceantes, calvos, tartamudos e hirsutos padecen enfermedades fuertemente melancólicas

«Constant anxiety and depression are signs of melancholy» — Y la fórmula diagnóstica que la obra dice repetida sin descanso: ansiedad y depresión constantes son signos de melancolía

«We are now in a position to understand the great transformation which the notion of melancholy underwent during the fourth century B.C., owing to the irruption of two great cultural influences: the notion of madness in the great tragedies, and the notion of frenzy in Platonic philosophy» — La obra anuncia la transformación del siglo IV a. C. y le adjudica dos causas culturales: la noción de locura de las grandes tragedias y la de furor de la filosofía platónica

«The clouding. of consciousness, depression, fear and delusions, and finally the dread lycanthropy, which drove its victims through the night as howling, ravening wolves» — Enumera lo que se tenía por efecto de la sustancia siniestra: ofuscación, depresión, miedo, delirios y la licantropía que lanzaba a sus víctimas por la noche como lobos aullantes; la cita se corta antes de la llamada a nota, y la frase sigue *were all regarded as effects of the sinister substance*.

«This substance was so generally accepted as the source of insanity that the verb ue^ayyoA^&v (with which cf. xoAepi&v) was used from the end of the fifth century B.c. synonymously with» — Y mide hasta qué punto se la tenía por fuente de la locura: desde fines del siglo V a. C. el verbo *melancholan* se usaba como sinónimo de estar loco

«In the fourth century B.c., the religious intuition of an earlier age was giving way to discursive scientific reasoning, and symbolic interpretations of myths are found side by side with rationalist explanations» — Sitúa el cambio de época: la intuición religiosa cede ante el razonamiento científico discursivo, y las interpretaciones simbólicas de los mitos conviven con las explicaciones racionalistas

«hence it is not surprising that traits of pathological melancholy now began to be discerned in the great figures of those accursed heroes punished with madness by an insulted godhead—Heracles, Ajax and Bellerophon—whom Euripides had represented in their mythical superhuman great» — De ahí, dice, que se empezaran a discernir rasgos de melancolía patológica en los héroes malditos castigados con locura —Heracles, Áyax, Belerofonte— que Eurípides había puesto en su grandeza sobrehumana

«It became, as Gellius later ironically said, ‘“‘a disease of heroes» — Y recoge la fórmula irónica que Gelio le dio después: una enfermedad de héroes

«Thus it came about that, associated with the myths, the melancholic disposition began to be regarded as, in some degree, heroic» — Con lo que la disposición melancólica, ligada a los mitos, empezó a tenerse por heroica en alguna medida

«it was idealised still further when equated with "frenzy", inasmuch as the “humor melancholicus" began to figure as a source, however dangerous, of the highest spiritual exaltation, as soon as the notion of frenzy itself was interpreted (or rather, re-interpreted)» — Y se idealizó más al igualarse con el furor, en cuanto el humor melancólico pasó a figurar como fuente —peligrosa— de la exaltación espiritual más alta

«As is well known, this transvaluation was effected by Plato» — La obra adjudica esa transvaloración del furor a Platón

«In the beginning, however, there was nothing in Plato's thought to connect the notion of melancholy with that of the ecstasy which elevated philosopher, lover, and poet alike, to the suprarational apprehension of pure ideas» — Y pone el límite de esa filiación: en Platón nada ligaba al principio la melancolía con el éxtasis que eleva a filósofo, amante y poeta a la aprehensión suprarracional de las ideas

«For him, melancholy meant primarily, if not actual madness, at least moral insanity, clouding and weakening will and reason» — Para Platón, según la obra, la melancolía era ante todo insania moral que enturbia y debilita voluntad y razón, si no locura declarada

«As we read in the Republic, ''a man becomes a tyrant when, whether by nature or by manner of life, or both, he is a drunkard, a voluptuary and a melancholic» — Y lo prueba con la *República*: se vuelve tirano quien, por naturaleza o por modo de vida, es borracho, voluptuoso y melancólico

«It was Aristotelian natural philosophy which first brought about the union between the purely medical notion of melancholy and the Platonic conception of frenzy» — La obra adjudica a la filosofía natural aristotélica la primera unión entre la noción médica de melancolía y la concepción platónica del furor

«This union found expression in what for the Greeks was the paradoxical thesis® that not only the tragic heroes, like Ajax, Heracles and Bellerophon, but all really outstanding men, whether in the realm of the arts or in those of poetry, philosophy or statesmanship— even Socrates and Plato» — Y enuncia la tesis paradójica en que esa unión se expresa: no solo los héroes trágicos, sino todos los hombres verdaderamente eminentes en artes, poesía, filosofía o política, eran melancólicos

«Nevertheless we may point out that Empedocles had already distinguished between a "furor" emanating 'ex animi purgamento” and an "'alienatio mentis ex corporis causa sive iniquitate» — En nota, la obra adelanta el antecedente: Empédocles ya distinguía un furor que viene de la purgación del alma de una alienación mental por causa corporal

«It was an essentially Platonic thought, however, that feta pavia in its 'fourth'" (erotic) form transcends the prophetic, religious and poetic forms, and becomes the universal power which raises souls to the vision of ideas» — Y reserva para Platón lo propio: que la *theia mania* en su forma cuarta, la erótica, trasciende a la profética, la religiosa y la poética y se vuelve la potencia que eleva las almas a la visión de las ideas

«Ihe theory is explained in the most famous of the ‘‘Problems’’ attributed to Aristotle, which shall be rendered in full» — La obra declara dónde se expone la teoría y qué va a hacer con ella: el más famoso de los *Problemas* atribuidos a Aristóteles, reproducido íntegro (sic, *Ihe*, por *The*)

«Why is it that all those who have become eminent in philosophy or politics or poetry or the arts are clearly melancholics, and some of them to such an extent as to be affected by diseases caused by black bile?» — La pregunta con que abre el Problema XXX, 1 en la traducción inglesa que el volumen imprime enfrentada al griego: por qué todos los eminentes en filosofía, política, poesía o las artes son melancólicos

«As Socrates says in the Phaedrus, “if it were simply that frenzy were an evil", Lysias would be right; "but in fact we receive the greatest benefits through frenzy» — Cita el *Fedro*: si el furor fuera sin más un mal Lisias tendría razón, pero por el furor recibimos los mayores bienes — el corte de plana parte la frase, que sigue *that is, in so far as it is sent as a divine gift*

«Among the heroes many others evidently suffered in the same way, and among men of recent times Empedocles, Plato, and Socrates, and numerous other well-known men, and also most of the poets. For many such people have bodily diseases as the result of this kind of temperament; some of them have only a clear constitutional tendency towards such afflictions, but to put it briefly, all of them are, as has been said before, melancholics by constitution» — Sigue el Problema XXX, 1 en la traducción del volumen: entre los hombres recientes, Empédocles, Platón, Sócrates y casi todos los poetas son melancólicos por constitución, unos con enfermedades corporales y otros con sola tendencia

«In order to find out the reason, we must begin by making use of an analogy: Wine in large quantity manifestly produces in men much the same characteristics which we attribute to the melancholic, and as it is being drunk it fashions various characters, for instance irritable, benevolent, compassionate or reckless ones; whereas honey or milk or water, or anything else of this kind, do not have this» — El Problema plantea la analogía del vino: en cantidad produce los mismos rasgos que se atribuyen al melancólico —irritable, benévolo, compasivo, temerario—, cosa que la miel, la leche o el agua no hacen

«Now, even as one individual who is drinking changes his character according to the quantity of wine he consumes, so there is for each character a class of men who represent it» — De ahí saca el Problema su principio: como un solo bebedor cambia de carácter según la cantidad, así hay para cada carácter una clase de hombres que lo representa

«Sometimes they also become compassionate or savage or taciturn—for some relapse into complete silence, especially those melancholics who are out of their minds» — Y añade el reverso: también se vuelven compasivos, salvajes o taciturnos, hasta el silencio completo en los melancólicos fuera de sí

«gradually changes those who drink it; for those who, to begin with, when sober, are cool and taciturn become more talkative when they have drunk just a little too much; if they drink a little more it makes them grandiloquent and boisterous and, when they proceed to action, reckless; if they drink still more it makes them insolent, and then frenzied; while very great excess enfeebles them completely and makes them as stupid as those who have been epileptic from childhood or as those who are a prey to excessive melancholy» — Y describe la escala del vino: del sobrio callado al locuaz, al grandilocuente y bullicioso, al temerario, al insolente, al frenético y, en exceso, al estúpido como el epiléptico de niñez o el melancólico extremo

«For as one man is momentarily, while drunk, another is by nature: one man» — El Problema iguala lo momentáneo y lo constitucional: lo que uno es al beber, otro lo es por naturaleza — el corte de plana parte la frase, que sigue *1s loquacious, another emotional, another easily moved to tears*

«and most melancholy persons are lustful. For the sexual act is connected with the generation of air» — El Problema liga la melancolía con la lujuria y las dos con el aire: el acto sexual está conectado con la generación de aire

«Accordingly those foods and liquids which fill the region of the sexual organs with air have an aphro» — De ahí su regla dietética: los alimentos y líquidos que llenan de aire la región de los órganos sexuales tienen efecto afrodisiaco

«Thus dark wine more than anything else makes men such as the melancholics» — Y su conclusión sobre el vino tinto: hace a los hombres como son los melancólicos

«That they contain air is obvious 1n some cases; for most melancholy persons have firm flesh and their veins stand out, the reason being the abundance not of blood but of air» — La prueba de que contienen aire: la carne firme y las venas salidas de la mayoría de los melancólicos, que el Problema atribuye a la abundancia de aire y no de sangre

«However, the reason why not all melancholics have hard flesh and why not all of them are dark but only those who contain particularly unhealthy humours, is another question» — Y la abstención con que el Problema se detiene: por qué no todos los melancólicos tienen carne dura ni son oscuros es otra cuestión

«Black bile can therefore become both very hot and very cold, for one and the same substance can naturally undergo both» — De donde la bilis negra puede volverse muy caliente y muy fría, porque una misma sustancia puede sufrir ambas cosas

«for example water, which although in itself cold, yet when sufficiently heated (for example, when boiling) is hotter than the flame itself. And stone and iron when red-hot become hotter than charcoal, though they are cold by nature» — Con los ejemplos del agua hirviendo, más caliente que la llama, y de la piedra y el hierro al rojo, más calientes que el carbón aunque frías por naturaleza

«Now, if black bile, being cold by nature and not superficially so, is in the stated condition, it can induce paralysis or torpor or depression or anxiety when It prevails in the body» — La primera mitad de la doctrina de la temperatura: la bilis negra fría, si domina en el cuerpo, induce parálisis, torpor, depresión o ansiedad

«but if it Is overheated it produces cheerfulness, bursting into song, and ecstasies and the eruption of sores and the like» — Y la segunda: sobrecalentada produce alegría, canto, éxtasis y erupción de llagas (sic, *It*, por *it*, en la capa de texto)

«To most people the bile engendered from their daily nutriment does not give a distinctive character but merely results in some atra» — El Problema acota a quién afecta: en la mayoría la bilis que engendra el alimento diario no da carácter distintivo, solo alguna dolencia atrabiliaria

«ouch a constitution also makes for great differences in behaviour in dangerous situations in that many of these people react inconsistently in frightening cir» — Y añade la inconstancia ante el peligro como efecto de esa constitución (sic, *ouch*, por *Such*)

«the melancholy temperament, just as it produces illnesses with a variety of symptoms, is itself variable, for like water it is sometimes cold and sometimes hot» — La razón que da: el temperamento melancólico es él mismo variable, frío unas veces y caliente otras, como el agua

«Therefore if it so happens that something alarming is announced at a time when the admixture is rather cold, then it makes a man cowardly ;—for it has prepared a way for the fear, and fear makes one cold, as is shown by the fact that those who are frightened tremble» — Con lo que una alarma dada cuando la mezcla está fría hace cobarde al hombre, porque el miedo enfría, como muestra el temblor del asustado

«If however the mixture is rather warm, fear reduces it to a moderate temperature and so he is self-possessed and unmoved» — Y si la mezcla está más caliente, el miedo la lleva a temperatura moderada y el hombre queda dueño de sí

«So too with the despondency which occurs in everyday life, for we are often in a state of grieving, but could not say why, while at other times we feel cheerful without apparent reason» — El mismo mecanismo explica, según el Problema, el abatimiento diario: nos afligimos sin poder decir por qué y otras veces estamos alegres sin motivo aparente

«we are all subject in some small degree, for a little of the stuff which causes them is mixed in with everybody» — Y su alcance universal: todos participamos en alguna medida, porque algo de esa sustancia está mezclado en cualquiera

«But with people in whom this quality goes deep, it determines the character» — Pero en aquellos en quienes la cualidad cala hondo, determina el carácter

«For as men differ in appearance not because they possess a face but because they possess such and such a face, some handsome, others ugly, others with nothing extraordinary about it (those whose looks are ordinary); so those who have a little of this temperament are ordinary, but those who have much of it are unlike the majority of people» — Con la analogía del rostro: no se difiere por tener cara sino por tenerla de tal o cual modo; quien tiene poco de ese temperamento es ordinario y quien tiene mucho se aparta de los más

«For if their melancholy habitus is quite undiluted they are too melancholy ; but if it is somewhat tempered they are outstanding» — El punto que la obra hará suyo: si el hábito melancólico está sin diluir, son demasiado melancólicos; si está algo templado, son sobresalientes

«If they are not careful they tend to melancholy sicknesses, different individuals being affected in different parts of the body: some people suffer from epileptic symptoms, others from paralytic ones, others from violent despondency or terrors, others from over-confidence, as happened to Archelaus, King of Macedonia» — Y el reverso del descuido: síntomas epilépticos, paralíticos, abatimientos violentos, terrores o exceso de confianza, como le ocurrió a Arquelao de Macedonia

«Hence children are more cheerful and the old more despondent, the former being hot and the latter cold; for old age is a process of cooling» — El Problema deriva de su termómetro las edades: los niños más alegres y los viejos más abatidos, porque la vejez es un proceso de enfriamiento

«Hence men sometimes commit suicide after drunkenness; for the heat of the wine is introduced from outside, and when it is quenched suddenly this condition is set up» — Y el suicidio tras la borrachera: el calor del vino viene de fuera, y al apagarse de golpe se produce ese estado

«To sum up: The action of black bile being variable, melancholics are variable, for the black bile becomes very hot and» — El resumen del propio Problema: como la acción de la bilis negra es variable, variables son los melancólicos

«Since it is possible for this variable mixture to be well tempered and well adjusted in a certain respect— that is to say, to be now in a warmer and then again a colder condition, or vice versa, just as required, owing to its tendency to extremes—therefore all melancholy persons are out of the ordinary, not owing toillness, but from their natural constitution» — Y su conclusión: como esa mezcla variable puede quedar bien templada, todos los melancólicos son fuera de lo común, no por enfermedad sino por constitución natural

«Black bile—so runs the argument in the preceding Problem XXX, 1, which has been called “a monograph on black bile"— is a humour present in every man without necessarily manifesting itself either in a low bodily condition or in peculiarities of character» — La obra resume el argumento del Problema, al que llama monografía sobre la bilis negra: es un humor presente en todo hombre sin manifestarse por fuerza ni en mal estado ni en rarezas de carácter

«These latter depend rather, either on a temporary and qualitative alteration of the melancholy humour as caused by digestive disturbances or by immoderate heat or cold, or on a constitutional and quantitative preponderance of the melancholy humour over the others» — Y reparte las dos vías: la alteración temporal y cualitativa del humor por digestión o por calor y frío desmedidos, o su predominio constitucional y cuantitativo

«The first generates “melancholic diseases" (among them epilepsy, paralysis, depression, phobias, and, if immoderate heat be the cause, recklessness, ulcers and frenzy); the second makes a man a melancholic by nature (perayxodiKds 8$1& qUow)— and here for the first time the difference, present in the theories of medical writers as a tacit presupposition of which they were at most only partially aware» — La obra declara lo que el Problema hace por primera vez: mostrar con claridad la diferencia entre la enfermedad melancólica y el melancólico por naturaleza, que en los médicos era supuesto tácito apenas consciente

«Evidently the second possibility did not exclude the first, for it was obvious that the natural melancholic would be particularly subject to melancholy diseases, and in a particularly virulent form» — Y consigna que las dos no se excluyen: el melancólico natural estaría particularmente expuesto a las enfermedades melancólicas, y en forma virulenta

«The normal man certainly was liable to melancholy diseases, but these diseases would then be merely temporary disturbances with no psychical significance, having no lasting effect on his mental constitution» — En el hombre normal, en cambio, esas enfermedades serían perturbaciones pasajeras sin significado psíquico ni efecto duradero

«The natural melancholic, however, even when perfectly well, possessed a quite special "ethos", which, however it chose to manifest itself, made him fundamentally and permanently different from "'ordinary" men; he was, as it were, normally abnormal» — La fórmula que la obra da del melancólico natural: aun sano, posee un *ethos* que lo hace distinto de los hombres ordinarios de manera permanente; era, por así decir, normalmente anormal

«This spiritual singularity of the natural melancholic was due to the fact that the black bile possessed one quality lacking in the other humours, namely that it affected the disposition» — Y adjudica esa singularidad a una cualidad que la bilis negra tenía y los otros humores no: afectar a la disposición

«Wine was a good example of this, and black bile produced comparable effects (an idea often repeated in later authors» — El vino es el ejemplo, y la bilis negra produce efectos comparables, idea que la obra dice repetida a menudo en autores posteriores

«Just as wine, according to its temperature and the amount drunk, produced the most varied emotional effects, making men cheerful or sad, or garrulous or taciturn, or raving or apathetic, so black bile too produced the most varied mental conditions» — Y desarrolla el paralelo: como el vino, según su temperatura y la cantidad, hace alegres o tristes, locuaces o taciturnos, delirantes o apáticos, así la bilis negra produce los estados mentales más variados

«The main difference from the effects of wine was that the effects of black bile were not always temporary, but became permanent characteristics wherever the black bile had a natural ascendancy and was not merely morbidly chilled or inflamed» — La diferencia que importa: los efectos de la bilis negra no son pasajeros, sino rasgos permanentes allí donde tiene predominio natural y no solo enfriamiento o inflamación morbosos

«Wine then makes a man abnormal (reprrróv), but for a short time only, while nature (that is to say, in this case, the melancholy disposition) does so permanently, for his whole lifetime» — La fórmula del Problema que la obra traduce: el vino hace anormal por poco tiempo, la naturaleza para toda la vida

«The reason, however, was the same in both cases—black bile, like wine, was of an airy nature (rvsuuerons), the proof lying, on the one hand, in the froth of wine; on the other, in the tightly-stretched skin and distended veins of the» — Y la razón común que da: bilis negra y vino son de naturaleza aérea, lo que se prueba por la espuma del vino y por la piel tirante y las venas hinchadas del melancólico

«In this "pneuma" there dwells a singularly stimulating driving-force which sets the whole organism in a state of tension (épe€is), strongly affects the mind and tries, above all in sexual intercourse, literally to “‘vent itself"; hence both the aphrodisiac effect of wine and the lack of sexual restraint, proper, in the author's view, to the man of melancholic temperament» — En ese *pneuma* sitúa la obra una fuerza impulsora que tensa el organismo entero, afecta a la mente y busca desahogo sobre todo en el acto sexual, de donde el efecto afrodisiaco del vino y la incontinencia que el autor del Problema adjudica al melancólico

«There was also the very important fact that the black bile, like stone or iron, could be powerfully affected by heat and cold» — La obra subraya el hecho que da su bisagra al Problema: la bilis negra, como la piedra o el hierro, se deja afectar poderosamente por el calor y el frío

«Marsilio Ficino, whose ideas decisively influenced the notion of melancholy in the Renaissance, was later to say: Bilis enim atra ferri instar, quando multum ad frigus intenditur, friget ad summum, quando contra ad calidum valde declinat, calet ad. summum» — Y cita el latín de Ficino, cuyas ideas dice que influyeron decisivamente en la noción renacentista de melancolía: la bilis negra, como el hierro, se enfría al máximo cuando tiende al frío y se calienta al máximo cuando tiende al calor

«Once this was established, it formed a basis of argument for the main thesis that all outstanding men were melancholics» — Sitúa ahí la base del argumento para la tesis central del Problema: que todos los hombres eminentes eran melancólicos

«Admittedly only a basis, for to follow the argument to the end It was necessary to show that (and also, in what circumstances) the "abnormality" of the melancholics could consist in abnormal talent» — Y le pone el límite: base solamente, porque quedaba por mostrar en qué circunstancias la anormalidad del melancólico puede consistir en talento

«Even in our text, the notion 'eprrrógs" (which we have translated “‘abnormal’’) is a neutral conception, implying no more than a deviation from normal conditions or behaviour in one direction or another, so that either a beautiful or an ugly face—and even drunkenness—could be called an “abnormality» — Señala que el término que traduce por *anormal* es neutro en el propio texto: mera desviación en una dirección u otra, de modo que un rostro bello, uno feo y hasta la embriaguez caben en él

«The deviation from the normal, distinguishing every melancholic, does not of itself include a capacity for outstanding intellectual achievements» — Y objeta que la desviación por sí sola incluya capacidad para logros intelectuales sobresalientes

«Indeed, the prevalence of black bile—and it does prevail in every natural melancholic—is directly detrimental to character and ability as long as its "anomaly" operates unchecked» — Al contrario: mientras la anomalía opera sin freno, el predominio de la bilis negra perjudica directamente al carácter y a la aptitud

«If the black bile is entirely cold it produces lethargic weaklings or dull fools» — Da el primer extremo: la bilis negra enteramente fría produce débiles letárgicos o necios embotados

«if entirely hot it produces mad, lively, erotic, and otherwise excitable people, who (since the seat of the black bile lies near the seat of reason) are prone to trances and ecstasies like the Sibyls and soothsayers, or those poets who only produce good work when in an ecstasy» — Y el segundo: enteramente caliente da locos, vivos y eróticos, propensos al trance y al éxtasis como las sibilas y los adivinos, o los poetas que solo hacen buena obra en éxtasis

«Really "outstanding" talent, as shown in objective achievement, presupposes a double limitation of the effects emanating from the black bile» — De donde el talento verdaderamente sobresaliente exige, dice la obra, una doble limitación de los efectos de la bilis negra

«The final answer to the question put at the beginning reads that the amount of melancholy humour must be great enough to raise the character above the average, but not so great as to generate a melancholy ''all too deep", and that it must maintain an average temperature, between “‘too hot" and “too cold» — La respuesta final: que el humor melancólico baste para alzar el carácter sobre la media sin generar una melancolía demasiado honda, y que mantenga temperatura media entre lo demasiado caliente y lo demasiado frío

«Then and only then is the melancholic not a freak but a genius; for then and only then, as the admirable conclusion runs, is it “possible that this anomalous admixture is well attempered and in a certain sense well adjusted» — Y su formulación: entonces y solo entonces el melancólico no es un fenómeno sino un genio, porque entonces esa mezcla anómala queda bien templada y en cierto sentido bien ajustada

«It was not always easy, however, for Aristotle’s followers to draw the line between natural melancholy and melancholy sickness, for it need hardly be said that even a well-attempered melancholy was constantly in danger of turning into an actual illness, either through a temporary increase in the quantity of bile already present, or above all through the influence of heat or cold on the temperature of the bile» — Y consigna la dificultad que quedaba: aun la melancolía bien templada corría peligro constante de volverse enfermedad, por aumento de la cantidad de bilis o por el calor y el frío

«Even the gifted melancholic walked a narrow path between two abysses; it was expressly stated that if he did not take care he would easily fall into melancholy sickness, would be afflicted with overwhelming depression (&@upica ioxupat) and fits of terror or else of recklessness» — La imagen con que la obra lo dice: hasta el melancólico dotado camina por un sendero estrecho entre dos abismos, y el propio texto advertía que sin cuidado caería en depresión abrumadora, terrores o temeridad

«Melancholy, then, within the limits of “natural melancholy’ (uedoyxonia 81& puoi) could be regarded in two ways, each with a double aspect» — La obra ordena el resultado: dentro de los límites de la melancolía natural, la melancolía podía mirarse de dos maneras, cada una con doble aspecto

«One concerned the formation of character, in that the “humor melancholicus", if permanently present in abnormal quantity or condition, produced exaggerated types of one sort or another, known as freaks» — La primera mira a la formación del carácter: el humor melancólico en cantidad o estado anormal permanentes produce tipos exagerados

«Problem XXX, r, whose content Melanchthon described as a “dulcissima doctrina", and which has seldom been equalled and still more rarely surpassed in psychological subtlety, was considered a genuine Aristotelian work by both Cicero and Plutarch, who cite it independently of each other» — Consigna quién lo tuvo por auténtico: Cicerón y Plutarco lo citan por separado como obra genuina de Aristóteles, y Melanchthon llamó a su contenido *dulcissima doctrina*

«It is typically Aristotelian not only to try to show a connexion between mental and physical processes (as the Hippocrateans had begun to do)*' but to try to prove it down to the last detail» — Empieza por lo que sí es típicamente aristotélico: no solo mostrar la conexión entre procesos mentales y físicos, como los hipocráticos, sino probarla hasta el último detalle

«There is the notion of heat, which here, as in Aristotle generally, signifies the foremost dynamic principle of organic nature and which (an important point) was thought to be independent of physical substances, so that the same black bile could as easily become very hot as very cold» — Y enumera las nociones: el calor como principio dinámico primero de la naturaleza orgánica, independiente de las sustancias físicas, de modo que la misma bilis negra pueda volverse muy caliente o muy fría

«For even if (say) courage seems to be the mean between cowardice and recklessness, it is not a fixed point between two other fixed points, but a varying equilibrium between two vital, constantly opposed forces, which is preserved not by a weakening of the opposed energies but by their controlled interaction» — Y la noción de medio, que la obra precisa: no un punto fijo entre dos puntos fijos, sino un equilibrio variable entre fuerzas opuestas, mantenido por su interacción controlada y no por el debilitamiento de ninguna

«Finally, also the notion of opodpotns which is used to characterise the melancholic» — La obra añade una tercera noción típicamente aristotélica: la vehemencia con que se caracteriza al melancólico

«The constant high tension of the melancholic's spiritual life, which originated from the body and was therefore independent of the will, made it as impossible for him to act reasonably as it was for the choleric» — Y la consecuencia: la tensión alta y constante de su vida espiritual, nacida del cuerpo y por tanto ajena a la voluntad, le impedía obrar con razón tanto como al colérico

«Melancholics followed their fancy entirely, were uncontrolled in every respect," and were driven by ungovernable lust» — Enumera lo que Aristóteles decía del melancólico fuera del Problema: seguía enteramente su fantasía, era descontrolado en todo y lo arrastraba una lujuria ingobernable

«Plato had already classed the melancholic with the lover and the drunkard—a connexion which may have inspired the comparison, brilliantly traced in the Problem, of black bile with wine» — Y sugiere que la clasificación platónica del melancólico junto al amante y al borracho pudo inspirar la comparación de la bilis negra con el vino

«They were greedy,” and had no command over their memory, which refused to recall things when wanted, only to bring them to mind later and unseasonably» — Añade la glotonería y la memoria indócil, que se niega a traer las cosas cuando se las pide y las trae después y a destiempo

«All these weaknesses, to which Problem XI, 38, adds stuttering (supposed to result from speech lagging behind thought), came from the 1mmoderate irritability of their physical constitution» — Y adjudica todas esas flaquezas —el Problema XI, 38 añade el tartamudeo, por quedarse el habla detrás del pensamiento— a la irritabilidad desmedida de su constitución física

«The melancholic's capricious memory,” however, was the effect of another peculiarity derived from his vehemence, which was to prepare the way for the conception of the melancholic as a man of genius» — La obra señala cuál de esos rasgos preparó el camino al melancólico como hombre de genio: la memoria caprichosa, efecto de su vehemencia

«This peculiarity lay in his capacity to react just as easily and violently to all physical and psychical influences—especially to visual images—as the melancholy humour in Problem XXX, 1, reacted to heat and cold» — Y en qué consiste: en reaccionar con la misma facilidad y violencia a toda influencia física y psíquica, sobre todo a las imágenes visuales, con que el humor reaccionaba al calor y al frío

«If the melancholic was more liable than other men to be seized with a recollection too late or unseasonably, after he had tried and failed to conjure it up by an effort of will, it was due to the very fact that this exertion of his memory had produced in him mental pictures or images (pavtéoyata) which affected his mind more strongly and were more compelling than was the case with other people; and this agitated and crowded memory, once it had been awakened, could as little be arrested in its automatic course as an archer could recall an arrow once shot» — Explica así la memoria intempestiva: el esfuerzo por recordar produce en él imágenes que obran con más fuerza que en los demás, y esa memoria agitada, una vez despierta, no se detiene, como el arquero no recobra la flecha disparada

«This indifference to sleep was later reckoned as one of the few favourable traits in the melancholy disposition—‘‘Hi vigilant studiis, nec mens est dedita somno» — En nota, la obra consigna que la indiferencia al sueño se contó después entre los pocos rasgos favorables de la disposición melancólica, con el verso latino que lo dice

«In view of all this, Aristotle as a moralist cannot really condemn the melancholic’s lack of control, for since his organic constitution excludes the possibility of free will, he is morally less to be blamed (and, in fact, easier to cure since the treatment is purely medical) than those who resolve to do evil, or those who have the capacity to make good resolutions but lack the strength to keep them» — Y saca la consecuencia moral: Aristóteles como moralista no puede condenar de veras la falta de dominio del melancólico, porque su constitución orgánica excluye el libre albedrío y lo hace menos culpable —y más fácil de curar— que quien resuelve hacer el mal

«The passage in the Magna Morvalia (11, 1203 b 7 sqq.) which treats the melancholic's lack of self-control as more blameworthy, on the ground that, being by nature cold, he is uncontrolled only from a certain weakness (ào0evuc] Tw), is in contradiction with all other passages, and can be explained as a mistaken attempt to reconcile Aristotle's notions with the simple doctrine of the qualities held by school medicine» — Consigna la divergencia sin armonizarla: el pasaje de la *Magna Moralia* que tiene por más culpable la falta de dominio del melancólico contradice a todos los demás, y la obra lo explica como intento fallido de conciliar a Aristóteles con la doctrina escolar de las cualidades

«imaginativa", which was later believed to produce hallucinations, or to enhance the power of visual imagination» — Adjudica a la *vis imaginativa* así excitada lo que después se le atribuyó: producir alucinaciones o realzar la fuerza de la imaginación visual

«It was this faculty which sent the melancholic true dreams, as described in the Eudemian Ethics,? and which even enabled him to prophesy the future with astonishing accuracy» — Y esa misma facultad, dice, le mandaba al melancólico sueños verdaderos, según la *Ética Eudemia*, y hasta le permitía profetizar con puntería asombrosa

«Just by virtue of the vehemence of his imagination the melancholic was in a position—in fact he was bound—to associate every given idea with the next, and became like those ''possessed ones" (&upaveis) who continually wrote and recited songs like those composed by Philainis» — La vehemencia de su imaginación lo obligaba a asociar cada idea con la siguiente, y lo volvía como los poseídos que escribían y recitaban sin parar canciones como las de Filénide

«it was no coincidence that later the Arabic expression for “black” or '"melancholic" became synonymous with “‘passion» — Y señala que no fue casual que la expresión árabe para negro o melancólico se volviera después sinónima de pasión

«Nevertheless, a fundamental contradiction exists between the picture of the melancholic as a complete and expressive whole, shown in Problem XXX, I, and that which we can piece together, mosaic-wise,. from statements made by Aristotle elsewhere» — La obra declara la contradicción de fondo entre el melancólico entero y expresivo del Problema y el que se arma en mosaico con lo que Aristóteles dice en otros sitios

«Albertus Magnus, in the chapter of his Ethics in which he collected all the Aristotelian statements concerning the melancholic, showed this in a significant quamvis—tamen» — Y adjudica a Alberto Magno el haberlo mostrado, al reunir en un capítulo de su *Ética* todas las sentencias aristotélicas sobre el melancólico, con un significativo *quamvis—tamen*

«is treated throughout as a pathological abnormality always needing medical aid, with virtues that are merely the reverse side of its failings (true dreams, for instance, come not from good sense—gpdvnois—but, to put it in modern language, from the unchecked activity of the “‘unconscious» — El primer término de la contradicción, en las otras obras de Aristóteles: la melancolía tratada siempre como anormalidad patológica necesitada de médico, cuyas virtudes son el reverso de sus fallas

«The Problem, however, considers a melancholy disposition essential for just those achievements which require conscious aim and deliberate action—those in fact which correspond to the essentially intellectual virtues, that is to say achievements in the realm of art, poetry; philosophy or politics» — El segundo: el Problema tiene la disposición melancólica por necesaria justo para los logros que exigen fin consciente y acción deliberada, los del arte, la poesía, la filosofía y la política

«Such a conception is not "un-Aristotelian", but to a certain extent it does go beyond Aristotles own range of interests» — Y su adjudicación medida: esa concepción no es *no aristotélica*, pero en cierta medida excede el radio de intereses del propio Aristóteles

«In the Parva naturalia it 1s the physiologist who speaks, for whom the 'abnormal" means merely a “modus deficiens"; in the Etiics the speaker is the moralist, who considers the individual in his relation to the community, and who to that extent sees the existence and behaviour of men from the standpoint of decorum and responsi» — Reparte las voces: en los *Parva naturalia* habla el fisiólogo, para quien lo anormal es un *modus deficiens*; en las *Éticas* el moralista, que mira al individuo en su relación con la comunidad (sic, *1s*, por *is*)

«The author of Problem XXX, 1, however, sets himself the task of doing justice to a type» — Y la tarea que el autor del Problema se pone: hacer justicia a un tipo de carácter que escapa al juicio médico y al juicio moral, el excepcional

«This concept really denoted the fatal lack of moderation characteristic of the heroes and victims in the great tragedies, shown in Electra’s grief? or Antigone’s work of charity; these seemed insolent and pointless to the reasonable Ismene or the rigidly autocratic Creon, but they meant the fulfilment of a higher moral law to poet and audience» — La obra rastrea de dónde viene ese concepto: de la falta fatal de moderación de héroes y víctimas de la tragedia, el duelo de Electra o la caridad de Antígona, insolentes para Ismene o Creonte y cumplimiento de una ley más alta para el poeta y el público

«The epithet ‘“‘exceptional" carried a certain sinister pathos because of the suspicion of UBpis which any attempted departure from the recognised human norm seemed to imply» — Y señala el pathos siniestro que el epíteto arrastraba, por la sospecha de *hybris* que despertaba todo apartamiento de la norma humana

«To this popular religious feeling Aristotle alludes in the beginning of the Metaphysics» — La obra adjudica a Aristóteles la alusión a ese sentimiento religioso popular al abrir la *Metafísica* — el corte de plana parte la frase, que sigue con la cita: si hay algo en lo que dicen los poetas y la divinidad es celosa por naturaleza, todos los hombres excepcionales han de ser desdichados

«something in what the poets say and the godhead is by nature jealous, then all exceptional (outstanding) men are bound to be unfortunate» — La cita misma, ya en la plana siguiente del troceo

«Again, in passages where Aristotle uses his favourite method of analysing popular assumptions in order to arrive at a clearer distinction between ethical terms, the word ‘‘trepittév’’ is sometimes used in the colloquial sense, in which it had become one of the slightly ambiguous expressions of exaggerated admiration used by the philistine concerning things which are above his head and therefore suspect» — Y consigna el otro uso del término en Aristóteles: el coloquial, una de las expresiones ambiguas de admiración exagerada con que el filisteo habla de lo que le queda alto y por eso le resulta sospechoso

«In his Ethics the "greatness of soul" (ueyoAowuyxia) of the outstanding man is considered as a value over and above the simple equilibrium of forces achieved by lesser natures» — En la *Ética*, dice, la grandeza de alma del hombre sobresaliente cuenta como valor por encima del simple equilibrio de fuerzas de las naturalezas menores

«The magnanimous is described as “In respect to greatness an extreme, in respect to (right) proportion a mean» — Y cita la fórmula del magnánimo: extremo en cuanto a grandeza, medio en cuanto a proporción debida

«With the same feeling for greatness as an absolute value, the contemplation of the First Principles, which is the object of the philosopher, is characterised as a meprrróv in the popular as well as the more profound sense. For it does not only go beyond any knowledge of immediately utilitarian or even moral and political value,88 but, being an end in itself, might be thought to transcend human nature and to be a privilege of the gods» — Con el mismo sentido de la grandeza como valor absoluto, la contemplación de los primeros principios queda caracterizada como algo excepcional que podría creerse privilegio de los dioses

«But it is just because of the “transcending’’ value of this wisdom that Aristotle, rejecting the old superstition of the jealous deity, claims it to be the true aim and perfect felicity of man» — Y consigna el giro con que Aristóteles rechaza la vieja superstición de la divinidad celosa: justamente por ese valor reclama la sabiduría como fin verdadero y felicidad perfecta del hombre

«The notions of creative frenzy and of enthusiasm were not unacceptable to the young Aristotle,? nor did he abandon them in the course of his development; they remained operative in his thought and feelings, though they were not always explicitly stated» — Y sostiene que las nociones de furor creador y entusiasmo no le repugnaban al joven Aristóteles ni las abandonó después, aunque no siempre las enunciara

«For the same thinker who sometimes used the words pavixés and évOouvoiaotiKés in an entirely derogatory sense?! was also the man who described the art of poetry itself as inspired,? and who said in the Poetics® that, because the poet must have a clear picture of every moment of the drama and must in himself directly experience all the emotions experienced by his heroes, he must either be a talented man (evpuris) or inspired by frenzy, for the one has an impressionable (sürrAacTos) nature, the other is ecstatic» — Con la prueba de la *Poética*: el mismo que usa esos términos en sentido peyorativo dice que el poeta, que ha de experimentar en sí las emociones de sus héroes, ha de ser un hombre dotado o inspirado por el furor

«One might say that he would have accepted it only when it had lost its transcendental character, and when it had acquired legitimate status by being drawn into the natural nexus of cause and effect» — La obra acota con qué condición habría aceptado Aristóteles el furor: perdido su carácter trascendente y metido en el nexo natural de causa y efecto

«This indeed was precisely the task undertaken by Problem XXX, r. The mythical notion of frenzy was replaced by the scientific notion of melancholy, a task made the easier as “‘melancholic’ and *mad"—in the purely pathological sense—had long been synonymous, and as the peculiar gift of true dreams and prophecies belonging to the diseased melancholic corresponded to the Platonic equation of *'mantic" and "manic» — Y declara esa por la tarea del Problema XXX, 1: sustituir la noción mítica de furor por la noción científica de melancolía, cosa facilitada porque melancólico y loco eran ya sinónimos y porque el don de sueños y profecías correspondía a la ecuación platónica de mántica y manía

«In this way the notion of melancholy acquired in its turn a new and positive content, and thanks to this it was possible at once to recognise and to explain the phenomenon of the "man of genius» — Con lo que la noción de melancolía ganó a su vez contenido nuevo y positivo, que permitió reconocer y explicar a la vez el fenómeno del hombre de genio

«Plato described how an abnormal condition which when seen from without looked like madness and made a deep thinker appear a fool in the eyes of the world” might be the source of all great intellectual achievements; and only this idea could have enabled a type of mind more scientific than metaphysical to conceive the notion that even the dread melancholy could furnish its victims with gifts of the spirit surpassing reason» — Y reparte de nuevo los créditos: Platón describió cómo una condición anormal, que desde fuera parece locura, puede ser fuente de todo gran logro intelectual, y sin esa idea una mente científica no habría concebido que la temida melancolía diera dones por encima de la razón

«Only the distinction between divine frenzy and frenzy as a human disease that is established in the Phaedrus®* could have made possible the differentiation between natural and pathological melancholy (usAeyyoAMo 81& qoi fj Sic vócov) set forth in Problem» — Adjudica al *Fedro* la distinción entre furor divino y furor como enfermedad humana, sin la cual no habría sido posible la que el Problema hace entre melancolía natural y patológica

«But only the Aristotelian notion of matter coupled with the Aristotelian theory of heat made it possible to bring systematic order into the many forms of "vehemence" ascribed to the melancholic in the clear terms of a theory of opposites; only the Aristotelian conception of the "mean" made it possible to conceive an effective equilibrium between the poles of this antithesis, a "eucrasia within an anomaly" which justified the apparently paradoxical statement that only the abnormal was great» — Y a Aristóteles el resto: la materia y la teoría del calor, que ordenan las formas de la vehemencia como teoría de opuestos, y la noción de medio, que permite la eucrasia dentro de la anomalía y con ella la tesis de que solo lo anormal era grande

«Problem XXX, 1, stands therefore at a point in the history of thought where Platonism and Aristotelianism interpenetrate and balance one another» — Y sitúa el Problema en el punto de la historia del pensamiento donde platonismo y aristotelismo se interpenetran y se equilibran

«The miracle of the man of genius remained; but it was conceived (thereby perhaps becoming even more miraculous) no longer as an irruption of mythical forces into reality, but as nature» — El saldo que la obra hace: el milagro del hombre de genio permanece, concebido ya no como irrupción de fuerzas míticas en la realidad sino como naturaleza — el corte de plana parte la frase, que sigue *surpassing herself by following her own immanent laws, making man, though necessarily very seldom, a superman*

«This union led to a shift of values through which the many" were equated with the "average", and which stressed the emotional “‘Be different!" rather than the ethical Be virtuous!’’: and this subjectivism is characteristically hellenistic—which perhaps accounts for its peculiarly modern flavour» — Y señala el desplazamiento de valores que esa unión trajo: los muchos igualados a la media y el imperativo emocional del ser distinto por encima del ético de ser virtuoso, subjetivismo que la obra llama característicamente helenístico

«Divine frenzy came to be regarded as a sensibility of soul, and a man’s spiritual greatness was measured by his capacity for experience and, above all, for suffering» — Con lo que el furor divino pasó a tenerse por sensibilidad del alma, y la grandeza espiritual se midió por la capacidad de experiencia y sobre todo de sufrimiento

«In fine, the conception of Problem XXX, 1 points to Theophrastus, the philosopher who was the first to write a whole book on melancholy, and who said of Heraclitus that owing to melancholy he left most of his work unfinished or lost himself in contradictions» — La obra vuelve a apuntar a Teofrasto, primero en escribir un libro entero sobre la melancolía y autor del dicho de que Heráclito dejó por ella casi toda su obra sin acabar o se perdió en contradicciones

«For the first time the dark source of genius—already implicit in the word '*melancholy"— was uncovered» — Y fija el hallazgo: por primera vez quedó al descubierto la fuente oscura del genio, implícita ya en la palabra melancolía

«Plato’s divine frenzy was the recollection. of an otherworldly realm of supracelestial light, now recaptured only in moments of ecstasy: in Peripatetic thought melancholy was a form of experience in which light was a mere correlative of darkness, and in which the way to the light, as later times understood, was exposed to daemonic perils» — Con el contraste que cierra la sección: el furor platónico era recuerdo de un reino de luz supraceleste, mientras que en el peripato la melancolía es una experiencia donde la luz es correlato de la oscuridad y el camino hacia ella queda expuesto a peligros demoniacos

«It was only natural that this conception should not have been capable at once of satisfactory development; a true understanding of Problem XXX, 1, could not begin to emerge until something which was here anticipated had become a reality for men's» — La obra explica por qué la concepción no se desarrolló en seguida: el Problema no podía entenderse hasta que lo que anticipaba fuera realidad para la conciencia de los hombres

«One may say that the Italian Renaissance of the fifteenth century was the first age tliat grasped the full significance of the Problem. (It was no sooner grasped than transformed» — Y data esa comprensión en el Renacimiento italiano del siglo XV, con la salvedad entre paréntesis de que apenas comprendido quedó transformado

«Ancient writers record its main thesis, that all great men are melancholics, with either a certain remote astonishment?? or else with frank irony,’ but in any case with dwindling sympathy for the tragic anomaly of the outstanding man hurled back and forth between exaltation and overwhelming depression» — De los antiguos dice que registran la tesis con asombro remoto o con ironía franca, y con simpatía menguante por la anomalía trágica del hombre sobresaliente

«Lost too was the basis of this sympathy, the manner of regarding the melancholy humour itself like a highly sensitive precision instrument which could be thrown out of equilibrium by any outside or inner influence» — Y señala qué se perdió con ella: mirar el humor melancólico como un instrumento de precisión sensibilísimo, desequilibrable por cualquier influencia

«According to a doctrine of elements and qualities which took no account of the "thermodynamic ambivalence’, the black bile was a cold, dry, earthy substance» — Porque una doctrina de elementos y cualidades que no cuenta con la ambivalencia termodinámica deja la bilis negra en sustancia fría, seca y terrosa, y nada más

«Both thoughts were pregnant enough, the first for the further development of the notion of pathological melancholy, the second for the creation of a type of character—an idea which, before the end of antiquity, was to merge with the doctrine of the four temperaments as four types of disposition» — Y su fecundidad respectiva: la primera para la melancolía patológica, la segunda para la creación de un tipo de carácter que antes del fin de la antigüedad se fundiría con la doctrina de los cuatro temperamentos

«Apart from the complex of symptoms described in Problem XXX, 1, and in the corpus of indubitably Aristotelian writings, all that survived of the new conception was a feeling that there was some special connexion between melancholy and the» — Lo que sobrevivió del Problema, según la obra, fue la sensación de una conexión especial entre melancolía y vida intelectual — el corte de plana parte la frase, que sigue *intellectual life*

«the latter mainly by Rufus of Ephesus (c. A.D. 200), who played as great a part in the history of the medical conception of melancholy as the author of Problem XXX, r, in the history of the philosophical and psychological conception of genius» — La obra iguala en peso a dos autores: Rufo de Éfeso pesa en la historia de la concepción médica de la melancolía lo que el autor del Problema XXX, 1 en la de la concepción filosófica del genio

«The Stoics affirmed that a wise man can never be overtaken. by madness because the notions of wisdom and madness were mutually exclusive» — Expone la posición estoica: el sabio no puede ser alcanzado por la locura, porque sabiduría y locura se excluyen

«But though the Wise Man of the Stoics was safe from mania he could, curiously enough, be occasionally overtaken by melancholy. "Ihe Wise Man cannot become mad, but he may occasionally be subject to delusions owing to melancholy or delirium» — Y la excepción que consigna sin resolverla: a salvo de la manía, el sabio estoico podía sin embargo sufrir delirios por melancolía

«He could even lose his virtue, which the Stoics normally considered imperishable: according to Diogenes Laertius, Chrysippus declared that the Sage could forfeit his excellence through melancholy; and that was apparently the usual Stoic teaching» — Adjudica a Crisipo, por Diógenes Laercio, la declaración de que el sabio podía perder su excelencia por melancolía, y la tiene por enseñanza estoica corriente

«Cicero also adopted it, declaring with a certain patriotic pride that the Latin word "furor" (as he translated the Greek "melancholia") was more appropriate because it directly and clearly described a convulsion of the soul which could not be gathered from the mere concept of “‘atrabiliousness» — Y adjudica a Cicerón, con cierto orgullo patriótico, la preferencia por *furor* como traducción de *melancholia*, por describir una convulsión del alma que la mera atrabilis no da a entender

«Melancholy as a disposition ceased to be the main requisite for outstanding gifts, but as a disease it remained the main danger for the outstandingly gifted; it alone had the right to take away from a man what in the opinion of the Peripatetics it had had the power to confer» — Y el vuelco que eso produce: la melancolía deja de ser el requisito de los dones sobresalientes y queda como el peligro mayor del sobresaliente, con derecho a quitar lo que para el peripato podía conferir

«Posidonius seems to have been the first to acknowledge again the prophetic gift of the diseased melancholic, and thence to have rediscovered a scientific basis for the phenomenon of prophecy—so important in the eyes of the Stoic» — Adjudica a Posidonio, con la reserva del *seems*, el haber vuelto a reconocer el don profético del melancólico enfermo y con él una base científica para la profecía

«It was this basis to which a mystic like Iamblichus was bound to take violent exception just because of its scientific nature» — Y consigna la objeción contraria: un místico como Jámblico tenía que rechazar esa base justamente por científica

«What concerns us in the Stoic doctrine is that in it the notion of melancholy reverted to that of pure illness, and a very severe one at that» — Lo que a la obra le importa de la doctrina estoica: que en ella la melancolía vuelve a ser enfermedad pura, y muy grave

«In the introduction to his monograph on black bile, Galenus passed in review the older writings on this subject; and in so doing he seemed, somewhat maliciously, to take exception to those who had opposed the true doctrine from a spirit of pure contradiction, particularly those who “called themselves Erasistratians, Asclepiadians and Methodics» — Adjudica a Galeno la reseña de los escritos previos sobre la bilis negra, y en ella la objeción maliciosa a quienes se llamaban erasistrateos, asclepiadeos y metódicos

«Asclepiades of Bithynia, who came to Rome in 9r B.c. and became the friend of Cicero and other noble Romans, was the first to bring Greek medicine into repute on Italian soil» — Adjudica a Asclepíades de Bitinia, llegado a Roma en el 91 a. C. y amigo de Cicerón, el haber puesto en crédito la medicina griega en suelo italiano

«It is from Celsus’s writings that we first learn of a systematic division of mental illness into three categories: (1) frenzy (“‘phrenesis’’), which came on suddenly and was accompanied by fever; (2) the more lasting and generally feverless ‘“‘tristitia quam videtur atra bilis contrahere"; and (3) an absolutely chronic form, which arose either from a disorder of the imagination, sometimes sad and sometimes cheerful, or else from a disorder of the understanding» — Y a Celso la primera división sistemática de la enfermedad mental en tres clases: la frenesía súbita y febril, la más duradera y sin fiebre que se atribuía a la bilis negra, y la crónica por desorden de la imaginación o del entendimiento

«lhus not merely the second but also the third type came under what in earlier—and again later—authors was described as “melancholy”. This is clear from the fact that it was exemplified in Ajax, among others, whom Problem XXX, 1, had explicitly represented as a melancholic» — La obra observa que la segunda y también la tercera caían bajo lo que otros llamaban melancolía, como muestra el ejemplo de Áyax, a quien el Problema hacía melancólico (sic, *lhus*, por *Thus*)

«Celsus barely mentions symptoms and causes but confines himself mainly to therapeutic prescriptions; and in accordance with the general principles of Asclepiades, the treatment of all these illnesses was based far less on the use of medicaments and surgery!?? than on dietary and, most important of all, on psychological remedies» — Y señala el sesgo de Celso: apenas menciona síntomas y causas y se atiene a la terapia, que según los principios de Asclepíades descansa menos en fármacos y cirugía que en dieta y remedios psicológicos

«These remedies were: living in rooms full of light (as opposed to the old view that darkness was soothing); avoidance of heavy food; moderation in the drinking of wine, especially of strong wines» — Enumera esos remedios: habitaciones llenas de luz, contra la vieja idea de que la oscuridad calmaba; evitar los alimentos pesados; moderación con el vino

«most important of all, music, whose psychiatric use, first suggested by Theophrastus,!4 had finally been systematised by Asclepiades» — Adjudica a Teofrasto la primera propuesta del uso psiquiátrico de la música y a Asclepíades su sistematización

«Thus one of the earliest conceptions of humanity, expressed not only in the teachings of the Pythagoreans, but also in the myths of Orpheus and in the biblical story of Saul and David, was linked with Plato's theory of the moral effects of the different keys!" to form a “musical therapy" which was held to be valid almost until to-day,!* and even seems to be reviving after a fashion at this moment» — Y traza el linaje de la terapia musical: de los pitagóricos, los mitos de Orfeo y el relato bíblico de Saúl y David, unido a la teoría platónica de los efectos morales de los modos

«On the other hand, Asclepiades's pupil Titus (unlike Asclepiades himself) recommended shock therapy (as it is called) for certain cases and, for violent madmen, overtly forcible measures, ranging from compulsory memorising to fettering, flogging (also much employed in the Middle Ages—see plate 71), deprivation of food and drink, artificial intoxication and inducement to sexual indulgence» — Consigna el reverso en Tito, discípulo de Asclepíades: terapia de choque y medidas forzosas contra los locos violentos, de la memorización obligada a los grillos, los azotes, la privación de comida y bebida y la embriaguez artificial

«Almost at the opposite pole to the Asclepiadian doctrine was that of Archigenes of Apamea, who lived under Trajan and was one of the last and most important representatives of the "pneumatic" school» — Sitúa a Arquígenes de Apamea, de la escuela neumática bajo Trajano, casi en el polo opuesto de la doctrina asclepiadea

«further limited this distinction by making melancholy independent in principle of the 'atra bilis'!4 and treating it as merely an "early form or symptom of mania» — Y expone su reducción: Arquígenes hace la melancolía independiente de la atrabilis y la trata como forma temprana o síntoma de la manía

«although he admitted that irascible, cheerful and violent natures tended more to a manic illness, and the dull, gloomy and slow to a melancholy one, which he described as a depression without fever, due to an obsession» — Con la concesión que él mismo hacía: los irascibles, alegres y violentos tienden a la manía y los apagados, sombríos y lentos a la melancolía, que describía como abatimiento sin fiebre por una obsesión

«His analysis of symptoms was sometimes of a penetration and subtlety which is unsurpassed even to-day» — La obra reconoce en Arquígenes un análisis de síntomas de penetración a veces insuperada hasta hoy

«his therapy, on the contrary—in general not unlike the Asclepiadean—ignored all psychological methods, except that those used against insomnia were to be suited to the patient's type of mind, the musician being lulled to sleep by music, the schoolmaster by the prattle of children» — Y le señala el reverso: su terapia ignora los métodos psicológicos, salvo el sueño, que ajusta al tipo mental del enfermo — al músico con música, al maestro con la charla de los niños

«According to him, the conspicuous symptoms of melancholy were: dark skin,’ puffiness, bad odour,* greed coupled with permanent leanness, depression, misanthropy, suicidal tendencies, true dreams, fears, visions, and abrupt transitions from hostility, pettiness and avarice, to sociability and generosity» — Enumera los síntomas que Arquígenes daba: piel oscura, hinchazón, mal olor, glotonería con delgadez permanente, abatimiento, misantropía, tendencia al suicidio, sueños verdaderos, miedos, visiones y tránsitos bruscos de la hostilidad y la avaricia a la sociabilidad y la largueza

«If mere melancholy turned to downright madness, the symptoms were: various hallucinations, fear of “‘daimones’’, delusions (the educated launching into fantastic astronomical or philosophical theories or artistic activities supposedly inspired by the Muses, the uneducated, however, believing themselves. extraordinarily gifted in other fields), religious ecstasy, and curious obsessions such as the compulsive belief that one was an earthenware jar» — Y los de la locura declarada: alucinaciones, miedo a los *daimones*, delirios —el culto lanzado a teorías astronómicas o filosóficas fantásticas, el inculto creyéndose dotadísimo—, éxtasis religioso y obsesiones como creerse una tinaja de barro

«Archigenes mentions only heat or dryness as basic factors, the immediate causes being overeating, immoderate fulness, drunkenness, lust, sexual indulgence, or disturbance of the normal excretions» — Y las causas que admitía: calor o sequedad como factores básicos, y como causas inmediatas la comida en exceso, la plenitud, la embriaguez, la lujuria y el trastorno de las excreciones

«In general he supported a milder treatment of the sick, thereby bringing psychological remedies very much to the fore again» — Y le adjudica un trato más suave del enfermo, con el que los remedios psicológicos vuelven al primer plano

«for instance, the bed of a sick man was to be placed so that he should not be upset by his visitors changing expressions; in conversation he should be given an opportunity of triumphing in argument, so as to strengthen his self-respect; in musical therapy the flute was to be avoided as too stimulating, and so on» — Da sus refinamientos: colocar la cama para que las caras de las visitas no alteren al enfermo, dejarle triunfar en una discusión para reforzarle el amor propio, evitar la flauta en la musicoterapia por estimulante

«For us Soranus's main importance lies in his attempt to draw a sharper distinction agam between madness and melancholy (the first located in the head, the second in the body), and in his formal and explicit denial of the opinion (held “by most people" and queried only within certain limits even by Archigenes) that the origin of melancholy lay in the black bile» — Y declara qué le importa de Sorano: el intento de distinguir de nuevo locura y melancolía —la una en la cabeza, la otra en el cuerpo— y la negación explícita de que el origen de la melancolía esté en la bilis negra

«Melancholia dicta, quod nigra fella aegrotantibus saepe per vomitum veniant . . . et non, ut plerique existimant, quod passionis causa vel generatio nigra sint fella; hoc enim est aestimantium magis quam videntium veritatem, vel potius falsum, sicut in aliis ostendimus» — El latín de Sorano con que la obra lo documenta: que se la llame melancolía porque los enfermos vomitan bilis negra es cosa de quienes estiman más que ven la verdad, o más bien falso

«The teachings of the physicians so far mentioned could exert only a partial and indirect influence on future development. The future, indeed, did not belong to the opponents of the “School of Cos» — La obra hace el saldo de esa línea: los médicos hasta aquí mencionados solo pudieron influir de manera parcial e indirecta, porque el futuro no era de los adversarios de la escuela de Cos

«Through its great representative Galen, eclecticism was now to attain almost unchallenged supremacy, and Galen made it his supreme task to re-establish ancient humoralism, as modified by the spirit of the age» — Y adjudica a Galeno la supremacia del eclecticismo y la tarea suprema que se puso: restablecer el viejo humoralismo modificado por el espíritu de la época

«school belonged Soranus of Ephesus, who lived in the first halt of the second century and who, though he invented little that was new in diagnosis, yet sharply criticised the therapeutic teachings of his predecessors» — Sitúa a Sorano de Éfeso en la escuela de los metódicos: poco nuevo en diagnóstico y crítica aguda de la terapia de sus predecesores (sic, *halt*, por *half*); el tramo abre a media frase por el corte de plana

«All the more, however, did he appreciate Rufus of Ephesus, who flourished in the first» — Frente a esos adversarios, la obra consigna cuánto apreciaba Galeno a Rufo de Éfeso

«His work On Melancholy can be partly reconstructed from citations, acknowledged or unacknowledged, in other authors, and it is this work which Galen declared the best—and in fact an unexceptionable—presentation of the subject» — Y declara el estado de la fuente: el *Sobre la melancolía* de Rufo se reconstruye en parte por citas, confesadas o no, y Galeno lo tuvo por la mejor exposición del asunto

«It was Rufus of Ephesus’s teaching, too, which was to govern the views of medical schools up to the threshold of the present time, for not only did Galen associate himself unreservedly with it but it was embraced also by the great ninth-century Arabic writers» — La obra adjudica a Rufo el gobierno de las escuelas médicas casi hasta el presente, por Galeno y por los grandes escritores árabes del siglo IX

«One of them, Isháq ibn Amrán, called Rufus's writing "the one ancient work which gave one satisfaction"; and his treatment of melancholy, based as it was mainly on Rufus, seems to have been the direct source of Constantinus Africanus's monograph» — Y traza la cadena: Isḥāq ibn ʿImrān llamó al escrito de Rufo la única obra antigua satisfactoria, y su propio tratado parece ser la fuente directa de la monografía de Constantino el Africano (grafía *Isháq ibn Amrán* en la capa de texto)

«Constantinus, closely connected with the medical school of Salerno, had in turn a decisive influence on the development of medicine in the west during the Middle Ages; it may therefore be said that Rufus of Ephesus led the way with regard to the medical conception of melancholy for more than fifteen hundred years» — Con lo que, ligado Constantino a la escuela de Salerno, la obra concluye que Rufo marcó el rumbo de la concepción médica de la melancolía por más de mil quinientos años

«lhe first and most important thing that Rufus did was to re-forge the link made in Problem XXX, r, between melancholy and intellect, which the other physicians had broken; but in so doing he approached the Stoic view, and made the link a perilous snare» — Lo primero que Rufo hace, según la obra: volver a forjar el lazo entre melancolía e intelecto que el Problema había hecho y los otros médicos roto, pero acercándose al parecer estoico y volviéndolo lazo peligroso (sic, *lhe*, por *The*)

«He too saw primarily the intellectual man, the ‘‘man of large understanding and keen wit’’, as threatened with melancholy» — Y consigna qué veía Rufo: al hombre intelectual, de entendimiento amplio y ingenio agudo, amenazado por la melancolía

«illi qui sunt subtilis ingenii et multae perspicationis, de facili incidunt in melancolias, eo quod sunt velocis motus et multae praemeditationis et imaginationis» — El latín de Rufo que la obra cita: los de ingenio sutil y mucha perspicacia caen fácilmente en melancolías, por ser de movimiento veloz y mucha premeditación e imaginación

«But the physician went one step further than the natural philosophers: for the author of Problem XXX, r, intellectual pre-eminence was a direct consequence of natural melancholy; for the Stoics it had become merely a predisposition to pathological melancholy; but for Rufus activity of the mind became the direct cause of melancholy illness» — La obra mide la distancia entre las tres posiciones: para el autor del Problema la preeminencia intelectual era consecuencia directa de la melancolía natural; para los estoicos, mera predisposición a la enfermedad; para Rufo, la actividad de la mente pasa a ser causa directa de la enfermedad melancólica

«dixit, quod multa cogitatio et tristitia faciunt accidere melancoliam» — El latín de Rufo en que eso se dice: que mucho pensar y mucha tristeza hacen sobrevenir la melancolía

«This turn of phrase reverses completely the relation established in Problem XXX, r, between cause and effect, and the tragic destiny of the man of genius became merely the "spleen" of an overworked scholar» — Y su consecuencia, en la formulación de la obra: invertida la relación de causa y efecto, el destino trágico del hombre de genio queda en el *spleen* de un erudito sobrecargado

«It also reveals an antithesis which was to determine the development of men's conception of melancholy for a long time to come, that is to say, the antithesis between specifically medical views and aims and those of natural or moral philosophers» — Y consigna la antítesis que ese giro revela y que había de gobernar largo tiempo: la de los fines médicos frente a los del filósofo natural o moral

«He was bloated and swarthy; plagued by all manner of desires, depressed (korngfs, i.e. “looking at the ground", a symptom later to be cited particularly often, but in its literal sense); cowardly and misanthropic; generally sad without cause but sometimes immoderately cheerful'*^; given over to various eccentricities, phobias and obsessions» — Los síntomas del melancólico ya fijados: hinchado y cetrino, acosado de deseos, abatido —el término griego dice literalmente que mira al suelo—, cobarde y misántropo, triste sin causa y a veces desmedidamente alegre

«Among these, like some of his predecessors, Rufus of Ephesus accounted stuttering and lisping, as well as the gift of prophecy» — Y consigna que Rufo contaba entre ellos, como algunos antecesores, el tartamudeo y el ceceo, además del don de profecía

«above all, he returned with full conviction to the Hippocratean and Peripatetic opinion as to the cause of all these symptoms; the root of the evil was partly an excess of “‘pneuma’’, which caused the puffiness, stuttering, and lust; partly the predominance of black bile, the earthy dryness and coldness of which produced, for instance, the obsession of being an earthenware jar, and also explained the dull depression, the reserve, the sudden maniacal outbursts of the man in a state of melancholy» — La obra adjudica a Rufo el retorno pleno a la causa hipocrática y peripatética: exceso de *pneuma* para la hinchazón, el tartamudeo y la lujuria; predominio de la bilis negra, terrosa, seca y fría, para el abatimiento, la reserva y los arrebatos

«It is true, however, that at the very point where it concerned method and principle, Rutus of Ephesus gave to the main thesis of Problem XXX, I, a medical turn, with significant and far-reaching results» — Con la salvedad que la obra le pone: justo en método y principio, Rufo dio a la tesis central del Problema un giro médico de resultados de largo alcance

«Among these statements, Rufus first adopted the differentiation between the melancholy deriving from the taking in of daily nutriment and that deriving from a constitutional preponderance» — De lo que el Problema decía, Rufo adopta primero la diferencia entre la melancolía que viene del alimento diario y la que viene de un predominio constitucional

«But what for the natural philosopher had signified a difference between acute illness and habitual disposition, as also between purely physical suffering and moral character, acquired an aetiological, and thereby a therapeutic, shade of meaning for the physician» — Y la obra marca el desplazamiento: lo que para el filósofo natural separaba enfermedad aguda de disposición habitual, para el médico cobra sentido etiológico y terapéutico

«In treatment it makes a not unimportant difference where the illness comes from, for you must know that melancholy is of two kinds: some of them (that is: of melancholics) have it naturally, thanks to an inborn combination of humours, but others have acquired this combination of humours later, through bad diet» — La cita de Rufo con que lo prueba: para el tratamiento importa de dónde viene el mal, porque unos melancólicos lo son por combinación innata de humores y otros la adquirieron después por mala dieta

«Thus, temporary illness was not divorced from natural constitution, but within the limits of the disease a distinction was made between an innate and an acquired form» — Con lo que la enfermedad pasajera no queda divorciada de la constitución, sino que dentro de la enfermedad se distingue una forma innata y otra adquirida

«According to 'Aristotle' it was the property of black bile to manifest both great heat and great cold without altering its material nature; according to Rufus, its property was to originate from the immoderate heating or cooling of other elements of the body» — La obra contrapone las dos físicas: para *Aristóteles* la bilis negra manifiesta gran calor y gran frío sin cambiar de naturaleza material; para Rufo, nace del calentamiento o enfriamiento desmedido de otros elementos del cuerpo

«Rufus declared that either the blood could change into black bile by being chilled, or yellow bile could change into black by overheating (Umespómrnou), for the black colour could result both from cooling (as in quenched coals) and from heating (as shown by fruit dried up by the sun» — Y detalla la doctrina de Rufo: la sangre enfriada se vuelve bilis negra, o la amarilla se ennegrece por sobrecalentamiento, ya que el negro sale del enfriamiento —los carbones apagados— y del calor —la fruta secada al sol—

«The physician tried to combine the medical humoralism with the Peripatetic ambivalence of melancholia. He thought in terms not of function but of matter, and rather than attribute two different symptoms and effects to one and the same substance, he preferred to recognise two different substances» — Y adjudica a Rufo el intento de combinar humoralismo médico y ambivalencia peripatética pensando en materia y no en función: antes que dar dos efectos a una sustancia, prefirió reconocer dos sustancias

«In so doing he distinguished the black bile deriving from the cooling of the blood from a far more noxious “melancholia combusta" or "adusta" arising from “‘burning’’ of the yellow bile, a difference which from then onwards was never forgotten» — De ahí sale la distinción que la obra dice ya nunca olvidada: la bilis negra del enfriamiento de la sangre frente a la *melancholia combusta* o *adusta* del quemado de la bilis amarilla

«In Rufus's text, which has been handed down to us only indirectly, this does not emerge quite as distinctly as we have put it here; but Galen (especially in his work De locis affectis), put it in so clear a form that we can certainly deduce Rufus's opinion from him» — Y declara el estado de la evidencia: en el texto de Rufo, transmitido solo de modo indirecto, eso no se ve tan claro, pero Galeno lo dice de modo que cabe deducirlo

«According to its composition, black bile manifests distinct differences. One is like the dregs of the blood,4? very thick and not unlike the dregs of wine. The other is much thinner and so acid that it eats into the ground» — La cita de Galeno: la bilis negra presenta diferencias claras según su composición, una espesa como las heces del vino y otra mucho más delgada y tan ácida que corroe el suelo

«One cannot say that the notion of melancholy was much simplified by this transformation» — La obra registra el precio de la operación: la noción de melancolía no se simplificó con esa transformación

«The melancholy humour, as one of the four primary humours, no longer had anything to do with the bile but was thickened and chilled blood; what was really black bile was a corruption through burning of the yellow bile—and therefore no longer belonged to the four humours» — Y describe el resultado: el humor melancólico, como uno de los cuatro primarios, deja de tener que ver con la bilis y pasa a ser sangre espesada y enfriada, mientras que la bilis negra propiamente dicha es corrupción por quemadura de la amarilla y ya no cuenta entre los cuatro

«But one advantage of this complicated theory was that it provided a firm basis for the different types of mental disturbances and linked up the distinction drawn in Problem XXX, 1, between "natural" and “‘diseased’’ melancholy with a difference in tangible substances» — Le reconoce una ventaja a esa teoría complicada: dar base firme a los tipos de perturbación mental y anclar la distinción del Problema entre melancolía natural y enferma en sustancias tangibles

«Thereafter those physicians who admitted this distinction at all (popular scientific literature generally ignored it) understood thus first, under “‘natural black bile", one of the four humours always present in the body—essentially nothing but a thick and cold residuum of the blood, and (as such) still tainted with the stigma of dross and dregs, capable of generating illness, even if it was not actually harmful in a small quantity» — De ahí en adelante, dice, los médicos que admitían la distinción entendieron por bilis negra natural uno de los cuatro humores siempre presente, residuo espeso y frío de la sangre, capaz de enfermar aunque en poca cantidad no dañe

«And secondly, under '"melancholia adusta" or "incensa" they understood diseased black bile, which (as such) did not belong to the four humours but arose from ‘“‘superassatio’’, '"combustio'", or whatever expressions were later used, of the yellow bile; it therefore not only always caused illness, even when present in the smallest quantity, but owed its very existence to a process of corruption» — Y por *melancholia adusta* o *incensa*, la bilis negra enferma, que no pertenece a los cuatro humores, siempre enferma aun en cantidad mínima y debe su existencia a un proceso de corrupción

«The last trace of the melancholic's heroic nimbus vanished; in particular, his connexion with “profunda cogitatio" was more and more lost sight of, not to be emphasised again till» — Con la pérdida que registra: se desvanece el último rastro del nimbo heroico del melancólico y se pierde de vista su conexión con la *profunda cogitatio*, que no volvería a subrayarse hasta Isḥāq ibn ʿImrān

«and it is also very significant that the melancholic’s gift of prophecy, which was observed by Aristotle and which Rufus still considered a reality despite its pathological origin, now began to be regarded merely as a sick man's illusion» — Y la otra pérdida: el don de profecía del melancólico, real todavía para Rufo pese a su origen patológico, pasa a tenerse por ilusión de enfermo

«Alexander of Tralles mentioned an additional symptom of melancholy—allegedly observed by himselt—which, as we shall see, was to play a certain role in later pictorial tradition, namely a spasm of the fingers» — Adjudica a Alejandro de Tralles un síntoma añadido que dice haber observado él mismo y que pesaría en la tradición pictórica posterior: un espasmo de los dedos

«By this, according to the Greek text, he seems to have meant a morbid stiffening of the middle finger» — Y precisa, con la reserva del *seems*, que según el texto griego se refería a un endurecimiento morboso del dedo medio

«Latin translation, took it to mean an involuntary clenching of the fist: Novimus quippe foeminam ipsi eiusmodi phantasia obrutam, quae pollicem tam arctissime constringebat, ut nemo digitum facile posset corrigere, affirmans se universum orbem sustinere» — Y consigna cómo la traducción latina lo cambió en un puño cerrado involuntario, con el caso de la mujer que apretaba el pulgar afirmando sostener el orbe entero

«It is further remarkable that Paul of Aegina advised treating melancholy by cautery—a practice to which we owe the inclusion of the melancholic's portrait in the medieval series of zodiacal diagrams of cauterisation» — Adjudica a Pablo de Egina el consejo de tratar la melancolía por cauterio, al que la obra debe la entrada del retrato del melancólico en las series medievales de diagramas zodiacales de cauterización

«in the course of a development involving close co-operation between medical, biological and ethnological observations and the speculations of natural philosophy, it is understandable that a special science called "^physiognomy" should have emerged, dealing with the idiosyncrasies of healthy people, as a counterpart of the medical semelology of invalids» — Explica el nacimiento de la fisiognomía como ciencia de las idiosincrasias del sano, contrapartida de la semiología médica del enfermo, en la cooperación de la medicina, la biología, la etnología y la filosofía natural

«Indeed, these efforts received their confirmation and impulse from the Aristotelian doctrine that the soul is the “entelechy”’ of the body, and from the highly developed analysis of emotions and character in Aristotelian ethics» — Adjudica el impulso a dos doctrinas aristotélicas: que el alma es la entelequia del cuerpo, y el análisis desarrollado de emociones y carácter de la ética

«It appears particularly clearly in the Characters of Theophrastus, where thousands of psychological peculiarities were observed, as it were, in close view, and then embodied in main types» — Y sitúa el gusto helenístico por el detalle observado en los *Caracteres* de Teofrasto, donde millares de peculiaridades psicológicas se observan de cerca y se encarnan en tipos

«It was perhaps Posidonius who gave the final impetus; he himself was exceedingly interested in physiognomic and ethnological questions; and he emphasised so strongly the dynamic function of the cosmic elements and of the powers abiding in them, that the elements themselves became in his philosophy intermediaries, as it were, between what is usually termed matter and spirit» — Con la reserva del *quizá*, adjudica a Posidonio el impulso final: subrayó tanto la función dinámica de los elementos cósmicos que en su filosofía los elementos quedan como intermediarios entre materia y espíritu

«Sextus Empiricus took it simply for granted that the natural constitution of every living thing was determined by one of the four humours; for those governed by the blood and the phlegm he already used the adjectives "sanguine" and "'phlegmatic" (moAjouuo; and eAeyuorróns), while he still described the two other types by the periphrasis "those who are governed by, and have a superfluity of, yellow or black bile» — Consigna que Sexto Empírico daba por sentado que un humor determina la constitución de todo viviente, y que ya usaba los adjetivos sanguíneo y flemático mientras describía los otros dos por perífrasis

«With the growth of interest in physiognomic and characterological theory it was now inevitable that all the humours should be held to possess that power ot informing the character which Problem XXX, r, had attributed only to the black bile» — Y enuncia lo que se volvió inevitable: que todos los humores tuvieran el poder de informar el carácter que el Problema atribuía solo a la bilis negra

«In other words, in the new psychology of types the paths of humoral pathology converged with those of physiognomy and characterology—Problem XXX, r, standing at the crossing of the roads like a signpost» — Con la imagen que la obra da del cruce: en la nueva psicología de tipos convergen patología humoral, fisiognomía y caracterología, y el Problema XXX, 1 está en el cruce de los caminos como un poste indicador

«Galen himself, especially in his commentary on the Tlepi oUciog évOpaotrou and in his book Tlepi xpdcewv, systematically classified the visible signs of each particular "combination", though always with the empiricist's regard to the variety of the symptoms» — Adjudica a Galeno la clasificación sistemática de los signos visibles de cada combinación, siempre con el respeto empirista por la variedad de los síntomas

«Of importance to us 1s the principle that heat made a man tall, cold short, moisture fat, and dryness thin, and such a statement as that the soft, fair and fat possessed least melancholy humour, the thin, dark, hirsute and prominently-veined the most» — Y declara qué principio le importa: el calor hace alto, el frío bajo, la humedad gordo y la sequedad delgado, y el blando, rubio y gordo tiene el menor humor melancólico y el delgado, oscuro, hirsuto y de venas salientes el mayor (sic, *1s*, por *is*)

«Galen emphasised more clearly than anyone else the direct causal connexion between bodily constitution and character, and maintained in a special monograph that "spiritual disposition depends on the crasis» — Adjudica a Galeno el haber subrayado como nadie la conexión causal directa entre constitución corporal y carácter, con una monografía dedicada a sostener que la disposición espiritual depende de la *crasis*

«it is therefore not surprising that he pressed on to a systematic presentation of mental characteristics determined by the humours, though admittedly his system was not yet complete, for the phlegm was still denied any power to form character» — Y le señala el hueco del sistema: aún negaba a la flema todo poder de formar carácter

«Assuming it, therefore, as proved, it follows that acuteness and intelligence of the mind come from the bilious humours, steadiness and solidity from the atrabilious, but from the blood simplicity bordering on foolishness» — El reparto que Galeno hace en la cita: agudeza e inteligencia de los humores biliosos, firmeza y solidez del atrabiliario, y de la sangre una simplicidad rayana en la necedad

«But phlegm by its nature does not contribute to the formation of character, as it evidently is always a by-product at the first stage of the metabolic process» — Con la exclusión que él mismo declara: la flema no contribuye por naturaleza a formar el carácter, por ser siempre subproducto de la primera fase del metabolismo

«Blood, then, made a man simple and foolish, yellow bile keen-witted and adroit, black bile firm and constant; and we can see at a glance how much ancient cosmological speculation lies behind this statement» — La obra resume el resultado y señala de dónde viene: sangre simple y necio, bilis amarilla agudo y diestro, bilis negra firme y constante, con toda la vieja especulación cosmológica detrás

«But as thought progressed in this direction—that is, as the new theory of character wove itself more and more into the old system of the four elements, and was enriched by fresh properties and relations corresponding to the humours and elements—there arose, in the course of the second, or at latest the third century A.D., a complete schema of the four temperaments as types of physical and mental con» — Y data la aparición del esquema completo de los cuatro temperamentos como tipos de constitución física y mental en el siglo II o a más tardar el III

«Air was warm and moist, fire warm and dry, earth cold and dry, and water cold and moist. Each of these elements “was like” (owev) one of the substances composing the human organism, air like blood, fire like yellow bile, earth like black bile, water like phlegm» — El cuadro del tratado *De la constitución del universo y del hombre*: aire cálido y húmedo, fuego cálido y seco, tierra fría y seca, agua fría y húmeda, y cada elemento semejante a un humor

«Each of these humours gained the ascendancy (Ang vero) in one of the seasons and governed (kupisue) one of the Four Ages of Man: blood was proper to spring and childhood, yellow bile to summer and youth, black bile to autumn and prime, phlegm to winter and old age» — Y su reparto de estaciones y edades: sangre en primavera y niñez, bilis amarilla en verano y juventud, bilis negra en otoño y madurez, flema en invierno y vejez

«With the exception of the blood, which here as elsewhere showed its special position by being located only in the heart, each of the humours was now located in two bodily organs (black bile in the liver and—owing to a gap in the text—in some part now unknown), and had its own means of exit: blood through the nose, yellow bile through the ears, phlegm through the mouth, and black bile through the eyes» — Añade la localización y las salidas de cada humor: la sangre solo en el corazón, y las vías de escape por la nariz, los oídos, la boca y los ojos

«Why is it that some people are amiable and laugh and jest, others are peevish, sullen and depressed, some again are irritable, violent and given to rages, while others are indolent, irresolute and timid? The cause lies in the four humours» — La pregunta con que el tratado tardoantiguo abre su reparto de caracteres, y la respuesta que da: la causa está en los cuatro humores

«For those governed by the purest blood (oi && aivatos KoOaporrá&rou Tuyxavovtes) are agreeable, laugh, joke and have rosy, well-coloured bodies; those governed by yellow bile are irritable, violent, bold, and have fair, yellowish bodies; those governed by black bile are indolent, timid, ailing, and, with regard to body, swarthy and black-haired ; but those governed by phlegm are sad, forgetful, and, with regard to the body, very pale» — El cuadro completo de los cuatro tipos: el de sangre purísima agradable y de color rosado; el de bilis amarilla irascible, violento y audaz, de cuerpo amarillento; el de bilis negra indolente, tímido y achacoso, cetrino y de pelo negro; el de flema triste, olvidadizo y muy pálido

«In this detailed and schematic example of late antiquity, the factors composing the new doctrine of the four temperaments emerge very distinctly; the cosmological train of thought had become bound up with the discoveries of therapy proper and with the observations of physiognomy» — Y lo que la obra lee en él: la confluencia del hilo cosmológico con los hallazgos de la terapia y con la observación fisiognómica

«Thus, for instance, the signs distinguishing à man "governed by the blood" (whom we are now justified in calling "sanguine" and whose disposition was later almost always considered the best or noblest) became largely identical with those of the evquis, the “bene natus", whose pink and white complexion and amiable nature the sanguine shared» — Da el primer cruce: los signos del gobernado por la sangre coinciden con los del *bene natus*, de cuya tez blanca y rosada y de cuyo natural amable el sanguíneo participa

«lhe characteristics of the melancholic, on the contrary, corresponded mainly to those of the tmxodés, who is distinguished by black hair and swarthy skin» — Y el segundo: los rasgos del melancólico corresponden a los del bilioso, distinguido por el pelo negro y la piel cetrina (sic, *lhe*, por *The*)

«A bent head (1d tedowtrov osonpós), and leanness, were» — Añade la cabeza inclinada y la delgadez entre los signos de la bilis

«The work which for brevity's sake we will call Tlepi korraoxeurf|s cannot be assigned a precise date; however, there is no reason to suppose it an early medieval product affected by Islamic notions» — La obra declara lo que sabe y lo que no de ese tratado: no se le puede fijar fecha precisa, pero no hay razón para tenerlo por producto altomedieval afectado por nociones islámicas

«But when these expressions became common parlance is quite irrelevant beside the question whether the ancients had already conceived the notion of the four types; that is to say, whether they had succeeded in dividing healthy people systematically into four physical and mental categories and in attributing the differences between them to the predominance of one or another humour» — Y desplaza la pregunta: no importa cuándo esas expresiones se volvieron corrientes, sino si los antiguos concibieron ya los cuatro tipos y dividieron sistemáticamente a los sanos en cuatro categorías

«The answer is unreservedly "Yes» — Su respuesta, sin reservas: sí

«Luckily the Tlepi koraokeufjs is by no means the only work which contains a complete schema of the four temperaments, for we can produce a whole series of further testimonies, some later, some certainly more ancient, which clearly show the further development of Galen’s still incomplete schema» — Y consigna que ese tratado no es el único testimonio: hay toda una serie que muestra el desarrollo del esquema aún incompleto de Galeno

«A treatise falsely attributed to Soranus, but possibly dating from the third century A.p» — Entre esos testimonios, un tratado falsamente atribuido a Sorano, quizá del siglo III

«It is certain that the pseudo-Galenian work Tlepi xvuów cannot have been composed under Arabic influence but must have been written not later than the sixth or seventh century, because some of its statements—combined with the genuine commentary on the ITepi oUoios &vOpomou, and more particularly with the letter to Pentadius—found their way into Bede’s De temporum ratione» — Fecha el tratado pseudogalénico no después de los siglos VI o VII y ajeno a influencia árabe, porque algunas de sus afirmaciones entraron en el *De temporum ratione* de Beda

«What makes the development shown in this table so particularly interesting is the growing acceptance of the idea that the humours possessed the power of determining types of men» — Declara qué hace interesante la tabla que arma: la aceptación creciente de que los humores tienen poder para determinar tipos de hombre

«In the commentary on the Tlepi gvoios &àv6poxrou it is still stated in a neutral manner—‘‘keen wit arises or increases through the - yellow bile» — El primer grado, todavía neutro, en el comentario galénico: el ingenio agudo nace o crece por la bilis amarilla

«In fact, it is very doubtful whether Galen ever believed that the predominance of one or other humour could determine the whole being of a specific type of man» — Y su reserva sobre Galeno: es muy dudoso que creyera nunca que el predominio de un humor determinara el ser entero de un tipo de hombre

«But later the theory is expressed by a transitive verb— "yellow bile produces quick-tempered men," to which the expression used in the Tlepi xvu&v, “yellow bile makes the soul more irritable," provides a kind of stepping stone» — El paso que la obra mide en la gramática: más tarde la teoría se dice con verbo transitivo —la bilis amarilla produce hombres coléricos—, con la fórmula intermedia de que hace el alma más irascible

«Moreover, amid all the vacillations and irrelevancies, there appears a clear shifting of values which decisively determines—and, in fact, anticipates—both medieval and modern conceptions of the temperaments» — Y señala, entre las vacilaciones, un desplazamiento claro de valores que anticipa las concepciones medieval y moderna de los temperamentos

«The sanguine person, who in the genuine Galenian writings was still merely the simpleton, gradually became what he was always to remain—a merry, light-hearted, good-tempered, handsome person of an altogether good» — El primero de esos desplazamientos: el sanguíneo, que en los escritos galénicos genuinos era solo el simplón, se vuelve la persona alegre, ligera, de buen humor y hermosa que ya sería siempre

«Vindician was a friend of St Augustine and lived in North Africa in the latter half of the fourth» — Sitúa a Vindiciano, amigo de san Agustín, en el África del norte de la segunda mitad del siglo IV

«This short treatise of his was to exert a determining influence on the medieval notion of the temperaments which began to take shape in the twelfth century» — Y hace su breve tratado determinante para la noción medieval de los temperamentos, que empieza a tomar forma en el siglo XII

«On the other hand, the choleric, whose predominant humour (according to Galen) produced keen perceptions and wit, now became merely violent, abrupt, and hot-tempered» — El segundo desplazamiento: el colérico, cuyo humor daba en Galeno percepción aguda e ingenio, queda reducido a violento, brusco y de mal genio

«With regard to the melancholic there are two points: first, that in course of time his "earthy" humour, which Galen considered the source of firmness and constancy, was endowed more and more with unfavourable properties, and secondly, that his characteristics began to merge into those of the phlegmatic» — Y los dos que afectan al melancólico: que su humor terroso, fuente de firmeza y constancia en Galeno, se carga cada vez más de propiedades desfavorables, y que sus rasgos empiezan a fundirse con los del flemático

«According to the Tlepi yupdy, the phlegm, to which Galen had expressly denied any power of character-formation, inherited the inanity which Galen had traced to the blood» — Documenta el cruce: en el tratado pseudogalénico la flema, a la que Galeno negaba todo poder de formar carácter, hereda la simpleza que él adjudicaba a la sangre

«in pseudo-Soranus and Vindician the phlegmatic 1s described as constant, wakeful, and thoughtful, while according to Bede constancy belongs to the melancholic» — Y sigue el vaivén: en el pseudo-Sorano y en Vindiciano el flemático es constante, despierto y reflexivo, mientras que para Beda la constancia toca al melancólico (sic, *1s*, por *is*)

«We believe that this shift in values was due to two factors: (1) the inclination, quite understandable from an historical point of view, to attribute to the blood, which did not belong to the surplus humours, a more and more favourable influence on the formation of character—at the expense of the other three humours, especially of the black bile» — Y declara, en primera persona y como creencia, el primer factor del desplazamiento: atribuir a la sangre, que no era humor sobrante, una influencia cada vez más favorable, a costa de los otros tres y sobre todo de la bilis negra

«became interchangeable, so that in the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century illustrations the portrait of the melancholic frequently changed places with the portrait of the phlegmatic, sometimes one and sometimes the other occupying the third place, whereas the sanguine regularly appeared first and the choleric second» — Hasta hacerse intercambiables, de modo que en las ilustraciones de los siglos XV y XVI el retrato del melancólico cambia de sitio con el del flemático, mientras el sanguíneo va siempre primero y el colérico segundo; el tramo abre a media frase por el corte de plana

«Galen, without prejudice to the great significance which he attributed to the four primary humours, really reckoned not them but the simple qualities of warm, cold, dry, and moist, as the authentic principles of division in his doctrine of the ditterent constitutions» — Y el segundo factor: que Galeno, sin perjuicio del peso que daba a los cuatro humores, tomaba en realidad como principios de división las cualidades simples de cálido, frío, seco y húmedo

«Against the one perfect combination, which could never be attained, he set eight imperfect combinations in which either one of the four qualities, or one of the combinations of two» — Frente a la única combinación perfecta, inalcanzable, Galeno ponía ocho imperfectas

«He therefore envisaged four simple and four compound temperaments (8voxpacion dAot and bdvoKpacion ouv6eroi), which, however—and this is the important thing—were not originally humoral but determined purely by qualities» — Con lo que concebía cuatro temperamentos simples y cuatro compuestos que —y la obra lo subraya— no eran humorales en origen, sino fijados solo por cualidades

«It was therefore inevitable that what Galen had said of the compound ‘‘temperaments” should later be quite automatically transferred to the humours» — Y declara inevitable lo que siguió: que lo dicho de los temperamentos compuestos se transfiriera sin más a los humores

«There is, as far as we know, no overt statement by the master himself affirming the equivalence, and in our table his compounds are therefore shown separately as not strictly referring to the humours» — Con la reserva que la obra pone: hasta donde sabemos, el propio Galeno no afirma esa equivalencia, y por eso sus compuestos van aparte en la tabla

«They created some confusion,"9 but one has only to glance at the texts to see that even pseudo-Soranus and Vindician could not have drawn up their tables of the humoral dispositions without using Galen's doctrine of the dispositions determined by "'crases» — Y consigna a la vez la confusión creada y la dependencia: ni el pseudo-Sorano ni Vindiciano habrían armado sus tablas sin la doctrina galénica de las disposiciones por *crasis*

«lhe most important point, however, is that after pseudo-Soranus the picture even of the melancholic by temperament was generally coloured by the idea of the disease which bore the same name, and disfigured by traits of character directly taken over from psychiatric treatises» — El punto que la obra declara más importante: que después del pseudo-Sorano el retrato del melancólico por temperamento queda teñido por la enfermedad del mismo nombre y desfigurado con rasgos tomados de los tratados psiquiátricos (sic, *lhe*, por *The*)

«Even as a type the melancholic was craity, avaricious, despondent, misanthropic and timid—all qualities constantly met with in writings on mental illness» — Y lo enumera: aun como tipo, el melancólico queda taimado, avaro, abatido, misántropo y tímido, todo ello de los escritos sobre enfermedad mental (sic, *craity*, por *crafty*)

«Traces of this are found in Isidore of Seville, in whose writings two contradictory notions exist side by side without being reconciled» — Consigna el rastro en Isidoro de Sevilla y, sin armonizarlas, las dos nociones contradictorias que conviven en él

«One is the old physiological theory that health means the equilibrium of the four humours, sickness the preponderance of one» — Las dos nociones que conviven en Isidoro sin conciliarse: la vieja fisiología del equilibrio de los cuatro humores frente a la teoría nueva de los cuatro tipos de carácter

«Therefore, while coupling the word 'sanguis" with "suavis", so that people in whom the blood predominates are for him "dulces et blandi» — Consigna cómo Isidoro empareja *sanguis* con *suavis*, de modo que los de sangre predominante le resultan dulces y afables

«We have now traced the development of the notion of melancholy among the ancients in two, or even three directions. Its starting point was an idea of illness, traced originally to an immoderate increase or unnatural alteration in the "humor melancholicus,”’ later to an “‘adustio”’ of the yellow bile» — La obra hace balance de la antigüedad y fija el punto de partida: una idea de enfermedad, referida primero al aumento o alteración del humor melancólico y después a la adustión de la bilis amarilla

«As well as this idea of a purely morbid melancholy, however, there arose that of a melancholy constitution, which in turn was interpreted in two ways: either as the condition, exceptional in every way, of “‘great men’’, as described in Problem XXX, 1; or else as one of the "types of disposition" which constituted the doctrine of the four temperaments, systematised after the time of Galen» — Y las dos lecturas de la constitución melancólica que se le añaden: la condición excepcional de los grandes hombres del Problema, o uno de los tipos de disposición de la doctrina de los cuatro temperamentos

«In this context the melancholy type depreciated more and more and in future times it was to mean, unambiguously, a bad disposition in which unpleasant traits of mind and character were combined with poor physique and with unattractiveness; not unnaturally, this notion remained always conditioned by the original idea of illness» — Con el saldo del tipo melancólico: se deprecia cada vez más hasta significar sin ambigüedad una mala disposición, condicionada siempre por la idea originaria de enfermedad

«In the Middle Ages, which assessed the worth of an individual not according to his intellectual gifts and capacities but according to his virtues in which God’s grace enabled him to persevere, such an idea was even less acceptable; indeed, whenever it raised its head, it came into conflict with certain basic principles» — Explica por qué la Edad Media aceptaba aún menos la tesis del Problema: medía el valor de un individuo por sus virtudes y la gracia de Dios, no por sus dones intelectuales

«During the first twelve hundred years after Christ the idea of the highly gifted melancholic had apparently been completely forgotten» — Y mide el olvido: durante los primeros mil doscientos años después de Cristo la idea del melancólico dotado quedó al parecer olvidada del todo

«unde et melancholici appellantur homines, qui et conversationem humanam refugiunt, et amicorum carorum suspecti sunt» — El latín de Isidoro, que la obra cita: de ahí se llaman melancólicos los hombres que huyen del trato humano y recelan de los amigos queridos

«works within the horizon of the west—their first complete translation, by Bartholomeus of Messina, must have been finished between 1258 and 1266, for it was dedicated to King Manfred of Sicily» — Data la traducción completa de los *Problemas* al latín por Bartolomé de Mesina entre 1258 y 1266, dedicada al rey Manfredo de Sicilia

«But even after this, the thesis in Problem XXX, I, though respectfully mentioned here and there, was chiefly a matter for erudite quotation; references to the Aristotelian theory —generally made more for completeness’ sake than from conviction—barely influenced the general view and tended, moreover, partly to weaken the ancient author’s true meaning and always to modify it more and more» — Y mide su efecto: aun después, la tesis fue sobre todo materia de cita erudita, apenas influyó en la opinión general y tendió a debilitar y a modificar el sentido verdadero del autor antiguo

«Except for a lost work of Albertus Magnus, the Liber super Problemata? only Pietro d’Abano’s commentary on the Problemata (1310)? dealt exhaustively with the» — Consigna que solo el comentario de Pietro d'Abano a los *Problemas*, de 1310, y una obra perdida de Alberto Magno trataron a fondo la doctrina peripatética

«but only the men of the Quattrocento, with their new conception of humanity, drew from it conclusions amounting to a basic revaluation of the notion of melancholy and to the creation of a modern doctrine of genius» — Y reserva para los hombres del Quattrocento la revaluación de fondo de la noción de melancolía y la creación de una doctrina moderna del genio

«Famous for the important role he played in the revival of antiquity, Alexander Neckham (who died in 1217) is (as far as we know) the first medieval writer to mention the Aristotelian thesis» — Adjudica a Alexander Neckham, muerto en 1217, la primera mención medieval de la tesis aristotélica, con la reserva del *hasta donde sabemos*

«His reference, based perhaps on Cicero's, was made with considerable reservations and with a certain diffidence» — Y la califica: mención hecha, quizá a partir de Cicerón, con reservas considerables y cierto recelo

«Neckham declared that the human intellect comprised three distinct functions, each located in a different part of the brain: (xt) Imagination (“vis imaginativa"), located in the warm and dry ventricle of the fore-brain, generally described as the "cellula phantastica» — Expone la psicología escolástica de Neckham: tres funciones del intelecto en tres partes del cerebro, la primera la imaginación, en el ventrículo cálido y seco del cerebro anterior

«located in the warm and moist "cellula logistica" in the middle-brain; and (3) Memory, located in the cold and dry ventricle of the back part of the head.? For this reason the sanguine natures, whose warm and moist complexions (already regarded as indisputably the most favourable) corresponded to the “‘cellula logistica", were most inclined towards learning» — Y su consecuencia: como la razón vive en la cálida y húmeda *cellula logistica*, los sanguíneos resultaban los más inclinados al estudio

«Whereas here the outstanding qualities of the Aristotelian melancholic were somewhat arbitrarily limited to a good memory and astuteness» — Y la obra mide el precio de esa salida: las cualidades sobresalientes del melancólico aristotélico quedan reducidas, con cierta arbitrariedad, a buena memoria y astucia

«Albertus Magnus attempted to restore the thesis of Problem XXX, 1, to its full stature, but in order to harmonise it with the general opinion he was obliged to take refuge in an almost reckless reconstruction of the whole doctrine» — Frente a Neckham, adjudica a Alberto Magno el intento de restituir la tesis del Problema a su estatura plena, al precio de una reconstrucción casi temeraria de la doctrina entera

«It might now have been expected that the ‘Aristotelian’ notion of the outstandingly gifted melancholic would, in accordance with the division between natural and pathological melancholy, be coupled with the notion of a naturally melancholic temperament» — La obra plantea lo que cabría esperar de Alberto: que ligara el melancólico dotado del Problema con el temperamento melancólico natural

«But that was impossible for Albertus, because he conceived the "natural" melancholic (that is to say, the representative of the ''complexio sicca et frigida") as the unamiable, gloomy, dirty, misanthropic, suspicious and occasionally kleptomaniac creature that the doctrine of the temperaments had made him» — Y explica por qué no podía: porque el melancólico natural era para él la criatura desagradable, sombría, sucia, misántropa, suspicaz y a ratos cleptómana que la doctrina de los temperamentos había hecho

«For Albertus Magnus, too, the predisposition to intellectual ability was bound up with the qualities of warm and moist, with which the coldness and dryness of 'melancholia naturalis" compared unfavourably» — Con el segundo obstáculo: también para Alberto la aptitud intelectual iba con lo cálido y lo húmedo, frente a lo cual la *melancholia naturalis* salía perdiendo

«When the process of "adustio to which this owed its origin was not carried too far, and when the blood for its part was warm and powerful enough to bear the admixture of ‘‘melancholia adusta", then there arose that worthy melancholic who did not really, for Albertus, represent a type of temperament at all but was simply an exceptionally favourable example of the “melancholia non naturalis» — Y sus condiciones: que la adustión no vaya demasiado lejos y que la sangre sea bastante cálida y fuerte para llevar la mezcla; solo entonces surge ese melancólico digno, que para Alberto no es un temperamento sino un caso favorable de la melancolía no natural

«If that melancholy be not violently affected by “‘adustio’’, it will generate vital spirits which are abundant, constant and strong. For this reason such peo, le have firm convictions and very well regulated passions; and they will be industrious and possess the highest virtues» — La cita de Alberto en la traducción del volumen: si esa melancolía no está violentamente adusta, genera espíritus vitales abundantes, constantes y fuertes, y de ahí convicciones firmes, pasiones ordenadas, laboriosidad y las virtudes más altas

«as Anaxagoras and Thales of Miletus, and all those who distinguished themselves by heroic virtue, such as Hector, Aeneas, Priam, and others, were in this sense melancholics» — Y la nómina que Alberto pone bajo esa melancolía: Anaxágoras, Tales de Mileto y los de virtud heroica como Héctor, Eneas y Príamo

«He says that such a melancholy is of the nature of red wine, which is airy and strong, and possesses the power of generating constant vital spirits» — Con la comparación que Alberto le da: esa melancolía es de la naturaleza del vino tinto, aéreo y fuerte, capaz de generar espíritus vitales constantes

«But even here he felt obliged, for the sake of the ‘Aristotelian’ doctrine, to introduce a special category for the ‘‘melancolicus de melancolia adusta calida", who combined the mobility of a warm-blooded temperament with the "stabilitas" of earth, and owing to his “melancholia adusta" shared a number of characteristics with the choleric, such as being “longus et gracilis» — La obra señala qué le costó a Alberto sostenerlo: una categoría aparte para el melancólico de melancolía adusta cálida, que junta la movilidad del temperamento cálido con la estabilidad de la tierra y comparte rasgos con el colérico

«Sanguine persons are of good flesh and good general condition, cholerics are tall and slender, phlegmatics short and stout. Melancholics are thin, short and swarthy. But those who are of that sort of melancholy which is warm and affected by "adustio" [that is to say, the Aristotelian great men| are very tall and slender and dark, and have firm flesh» — Y el cuadro fisiognómico con que Alberto cierra: sanguíneos de buena carne, coléricos altos y delgados, flemáticos bajos y gruesos, melancólicos delgados, bajos y cetrinos, y los de melancolía adusta cálida altísimos, delgados, oscuros y de carne firme

«Albertus's attempt to relegate the melancholy of "exceptional" men to the realm of ‘‘melancholia non naturalis" remained a relatively isolated instance» — Y mide el alcance del intento: quedó relativamente aislado

«In general, the Middle Ages took little interest in the interpretation of Problem XXX, 1, while writers of the Renaissance, realising very soon the true meaning of the distinction between natural and pathological melancholy, were to apply it regardless of its divergences from the then already vulgarised doctrine of the complexions» — Con el contraste: la Edad Media se interesó poco por interpretar el Problema, mientras que los escritores del Renacimiento captaron pronto el sentido verdadero de la distinción y la aplicaron pese a sus divergencias con la doctrina vulgarizada de las complexiones

«Only Pietro d'Abano, in his somewhat obscure commentary on the Problems? seems to have made an attempt in the same direction as Albertus, but this was either ignored by later writers, or else explicitly and even passionately rebutted» — Y consigna la única tentativa paralela, la de Pietro d'Abano, ignorada por los escritores posteriores o rebatida de manera explícita y aun apasionada

«thirteenth century, William of Auvergne, another great scholastic who had adopted Aristotle's teaching, arrived once more at interpreting the melancholy of great men in terms of natural disposition, and in contrasting it, as particularly favourable for a man’s salvation, with the phlegmatic complexion which (according to Galen!) "benefits none of the faculties of the soul» — Adjudica a Guillermo de Auvernia la vuelta a interpretar la melancolía de los grandes hombres como disposición natural, contrastada con la complexión flemática que, según Galeno, no beneficia a ninguna facultad del alma

«He was, however, speaking entirely as a theologian, concerned far less with the scientific basis of the Aristotelian thesis than he was with its interpretation in terms of Christian moral philosophy. He could therefore simply ignore the difficulties which Albertus Magnus and Neckham had found so considerable» — Y precisa desde dónde habla: como teólogo, más atento a la interpretación moral cristiana que a la base científica, con lo que podía desentenderse de las dificultades que a Alberto y a Neckham les pesaban

«In his eyes, the immense advantage of the melancholy disposition, and the real reason for its glorification in Aristotle, lay in the fact that it withdrew men from physical pleasures and worldly turmoil, prepared the mind for the direct influx of divine grace, and elevated it, in cases of special holiness, to mystic and prophetic visions» — En qué ve Guillermo la ventaja inmensa de la disposición melancólica: aparta de los placeres físicos y del bullicio del mundo, prepara la mente para el influjo directo de la gracia y, en casos de santidad, la eleva a visiones místicas y proféticas

«There is no doubt that many are hindered from direct illumination by the stench of their vices and sins, but many are hindered by their complexions. For some complexions gorge the soul and hinder its noble powers, for which reason Galen, the great physician, says that the phlegmatic complexion benefits none of the faculties of the soul» — La cita de Guillermo en la traducción del volumen: a muchos les estorba la iluminación directa el hedor de sus vicios, pero a muchos su complexión, porque hay complexiones que atiborran el alma y estorban sus potencias nobles

«The reason is that they (that is to say, the relevant humours) bend the soul and take possession of it; for which reason they keep it far from the attainment of sublime and hidden matters, even as a vessel filled with liquid can receive no other liquid, or a tablet or parchment covered with writing can receive no other writing» — Y su imagen: los humores doblan y ocupan el alma, y así como el vaso lleno no recibe otro líquido ni la tablilla escrita otra escritura, la mantienen lejos de lo sublime y lo oculto

«For these reasons Aristotle was of the opinion that all highly-gifted men were melancholics; and he even believed . that melancholics were fitted for inspirations of this kind i in a higher degree than men of other complexions—namely, because this complexion withdraws men more from bodily pleasures and wordly turmoil» — El motivo que Guillermo adjudica a Aristóteles: los melancólicos serían más aptos para esas irradiaciones porque su complexión aparta más de los placeres corporales y del bullicio del mundo

«Nevertheless, though nature aftords these aids to illumination and revelation, they are achieved far more abundantly through the grace of the Creator, integrity of living, and holiness and purity» — Con el límite teológico que pone en el acto: la naturaleza presta esas ayudas, pero la gracia del Creador, la integridad de vida y la santidad las obtienen mucho más abundantemente

«William of Auvergne, therefore, interpreted the ‘Aristotelian’ conception in a typically medieval sense, and attributed to the ancients his own medieval approach» — La obra mide lo que Guillermo hace: interpreta la concepción aristotélica en sentido típicamente medieval y adjudica a los antiguos su propio enfoque

«He considered the excellence of the melancholy temperament (as opposed to the particular worthlessness of the phlegmatic) as fitting for the ideal life of ascetic contemplation» — Y para qué le sirve esa excelencia: la vida ideal de contemplación ascética, frente a la inutilidad particular del flemático

«However, nature could admittedly contribute no more than a favourable condition; it would be of no avail without individual free will, and, above all, divine grace» — Con la reserva que Guillermo mantiene: la naturaleza aporta una condición favorable que sin libre albedrío y sin gracia no vale nada

«This ideal naturally required not so much a capacity for great achievements as security from temptation» — Y la obra señala qué pide ese ideal: no tanto capacidad para grandes obras como seguridad frente a la tentación

«William, of course, was not unaware of the danger that too deep an immersion in supernatural matters and too glowing a fervour might cause a melancholic complexion to develop into a melancholic disease—that is to say, into manifest insanity» — Consigna que Guillermo conocía el peligro: que la inmersión demasiado honda en lo sobrenatural y el fervor demasiado ardiente vuelvan la complexión melancólica enfermedad declarada

«but even this real madness, he argues, was no more an evil than were the sufferings which God inflicted on the holy martyrs» — Y el argumento con que lo salva: esa locura no es mayor mal que los padecimientos que Dios infligió a los santos mártires

«Even in manifestly morbid melancholy the victims retained the gift of inspired revelation, though this was intermittent» — Y sostiene que aun en la melancolía declaradamente morbosa las víctimas conservan el don de la revelación inspirada, aunque de manera intermitente

«and even complete alienation was earnestly desired by the holiest of men, because it ensured once and for all the salvation of the soul; for either a man was just and good before his illness, in which case he could not lose merit, since he could not sin when mad, or else he was a sinner, in which case his guilt, at least, could not grow any greater» — Con la razón que da: la enajenación completa aseguraba de una vez la salvación, porque el justo no podía perder mérito al no poder pecar en la locura y el pecador no podía agravar su culpa

«Other theologians had also dealt with the question of melancholy from this point of view, and it is natural that the existence of a mental illness which overtook the pious and unworldly, not in spite of their piety and unworldliness, but because of it, should have appeared a particularly burning problem for Christian moral philosophy» — La obra explica por qué la melancolía ardía como problema para la filosofía moral cristiana: era una enfermedad mental que alcanzaba a los piadosos y apartados del mundo no a pesar de su piedad, sino por ella

«Hardly anyone, admittedly, rose to the height of William's hymn in praise of melancholy; but then, only someone who like him was both a thorough-going Christian and a thorough-going Aristotelian could have felt as he did» — Y acota la singularidad de Guillermo: casi nadie llegó a la altura de su himno a la melancolía, porque hacía falta ser a la vez cristiano cabal y aristotélico cabal

«First came Chrysostom's exhortation to the monk Stagirius, the Adyos TTAPAIVETIKOS Trpós ZToyeipiov coKNTHv Saipovdvta, written in A.D. 380» — Abre la serie con la exhortación de Crisóstomo al monje Estagirio, fechada en 380 o 381

«It is true that the condition from which the saint hoped to beguile his protégé was described neither in title nor in text explicitly as "melancholy", but was called despondency» — Con el matiz filológico: ni el título ni el texto llaman melancolía a esa condición, sino abatimiento

«But of all the descriptions of this typical “monastic melancholy', Chrysostom's letter is the most detailed and penetrating» — Y la declara la más detallada y penetrante de las descripciones de esa melancolía monástica

«The unfortunate Stagirius suffered from terrifying nightmares, disorders of speech, fits and swooning; he despaired of his salvation, and was tormented by an irresistible urge to commit suicide» — Los síntomas de Estagirio: pesadillas terribles, trastornos del habla, ataques y desmayos, desesperación de su salvación y un impulso irresistible al suicidio

«and what rendered him completely desperate was the fact—a very natural one, the physicians would have said—that none of this had come upon him until his entrance into monastic life, and that he could see some of his fellow sufferers immediately cured of their illness when they came out into the world again and married» — Y lo que lo desesperaba del todo, dato que la obra dice que los médicos habrían hallado natural: nada de eso le había venido antes de entrar en la vida monástica, y veía curarse a compañeros que volvían al mundo y se casaban

«What Chrysostom held out to him as consolation was mainly an appeal to God's providence. God allowed the devil to continue his work simply for the good of mankind» — El consuelo de Crisóstomo: una apelación a la providencia, que permite al diablo seguir su obra por el bien de la humanidad

«the power of temptation and man the power of resistance He guides the soul through the necessity of self-defence to virtue; and just as, like an umpire in the arena, he sets the strong greater tasks than the weak, in order to reward them more richly on the» — El argumento de Crisóstomo que la obra resume: dando al diablo el poder de tentar y al hombre el de resistir, Dios lleva el alma a la virtud por la necesidad de defenderse, y como un árbitro en la arena pone al fuerte tareas mayores que al débil

«Stagirius's torments were really gain, and the devil, whom holiness always provoked to do battle, could only attain real power over an ascetic man when the latter yielded to temptation» — Con lo que los tormentos de Estagirio eran ganancia, y el diablo solo alcanzaba poder real sobre el asceta si este cedía a la tentación

«Admittedly, “melancholy sadness" made the devil's victory easier,TM in fact it could be said that he overcame men by their own» — Y la concesión: la tristeza melancólica facilitaba la victoria del diablo, que vencía a los hombres por su propio abatimiento

«Thou canst overcome thy despondency if thou sayest thou hast done nought that might justify» — La fórmula de Crisóstomo con que se remata: puedes vencer tu abatimiento si dices que no has hecho nada que lo justifique

«Wiliam of Auvergne therefore considered melancholy illness as a grace, while Chrysostom interpreted it as a trial which reasonable reflection could make comprehensible and tolerable» — La obra opone las dos lecturas sin armonizarlas: Guillermo de Auvernia tiene la enfermedad melancólica por gracia y Crisóstomo por prueba que la reflexión razonable vuelve comprensible y tolerable (sic, *Wiliam*, por *William*)

«Melancholy, however, could also be envisaged as a vice of one’s own incurring as soon as it was identified with the sinful "acedia" which was sister—or mother—to ''tristitia» — La tercera lectura: la melancolía como vicio propio, en cuanto se la identifica con la *acedia* pecaminosa, hermana o madre de la *tristitia*

«and this identification was made the easier by the fact that the outward symptoms of these sins—‘‘timor”’, "taedium cordis", "instabilitas loci", "amaritudo animi" and "spei de salute aut venia obtinenda abiectio" —built up a picture very like melancholy," and were sometimes even expressly linked with the "atra bilis» — Y qué facilitaba esa identificación: los síntomas externos de esos pecados —temor, tedio del corazón, inestabilidad, amargura del ánimo y abandono de la esperanza de salvación— armaban un cuadro muy parecido al de la melancolía

«But on the other hand— and this interpretation must have met the spiritual desires of the devout most adequately—melancholy might be considered as a chastisement from heaven which divine providence inflicted both on men in general and on individuals in particular, partly to punish past sins, partly, by painful experience, to avert future ones» — La cuarta, que la obra dice más acorde con los deseos espirituales de los devotos: la melancolía como castigo del cielo, para punir pecados pasados y para evitar futuros por la experiencia dolorosa

«St Hildegard of Bingen was particularly fond of relating the origin of the “humor melancholicus" to the Fall of Man» — Adjudica a Hildegarda de Bingen el gusto por remontar el origen del humor melancólico a la caída del hombre

«St Hildegard described the symptoms of melancholy in her Causae et curae?? with clinical precision, in order to interpret them theologically» — Y señala su procedimiento: describe los síntomas con precisión clínica en *Causae et curae* para interpretarlos teológicamente

«Picturing the physical quality of the melancholy humour ("qui tenax est et qui se ut gummi in longum protrahit"),3! she paints a graphic picture of how this humour originated in Adam's body as the result of the Fall (and to that extent "de flatu serpentis" and "suggestione diaboli» — Consigna cómo pinta la cualidad física del humor —tenaz, que se estira como la goma— y lo hace nacer en el cuerpo de Adán por la caída, del aliento de la serpiente y de la sugestión del diablo

«Had man remained in paradise he would have been free from all harmful humours; but as it was, men became “‘sad and timid and inconstant in mind, so that there is no right constitution or bearing in them. But they are like a high wind which is good for neither herbs nor fruit» — Y su contrafactual: de haber permanecido en el paraíso el hombre estaría libre de humores dañinos, mientras que ahora es triste, tímido e inconstante, como un viento alto que no sirve ni a las hierbas ni a los frutos

«For at the same moment that Adam sinned in taking the apple, melancholy “‘curdled in his blood" (as St Hildegard expressively interpreted the medical doctrine of "hypostasis"); "as when a lamp is quenched, the smouldering and smoking wick remains» — La imagen central de Hildegarda, que la obra lee como su versión de la *hypostasis* médica: en el instante del pecado la melancolía se cuajó en la sangre de Adán, como queda humeando el pabilo de una lámpara apagada

«in so doing she admittedly had in mind not only real melancholy illness and the melancholy temperament itself, which she adjudged particularly unfavourable, but in the last resort every deviation from the perfect and harmonious state of man in paradise» — Con el alcance que la obra le mide: Hildegarda tenía en mente no solo la enfermedad y el temperamento melancólico, que juzgaba particularmente desfavorable, sino toda desviación del estado perfecto y armónico del paraíso; el tramo abre a media frase por el corte de plana

«fel immutatum est in amaritudinem et melancolia in nigredinem impietatis» — El latín de Hildegarda con que la obra lo documenta: la hiel se mudó en amargura y la melancolía en negrura de impiedad

«Before Adam fell, "what is now gall in him sparkled like crystal, and bore the taste of good works, and what is now melancholy in man shone in him like the dawn and contained in itself the wisdom and perfection of good works; but when Adam broke the law, the sparkle of innocence was dulled in him, and his eyes, which had formerly beheld heaven, were blinded, and his gall was changed to bitterness, and his melancholy to blackness» — Y el contraste con el estado anterior: lo que ahora es hiel centelleaba como cristal y lo que ahora es melancolía brillaba como la aurora, hasta que el quebranto de la ley apagó el centelleo, cegó los ojos que miraban al cielo y volvió la hiel amargura y la melancolía negrura

«This tragic conception of melancholy to a certam extent reintroduced the ancient notion of a blasphemer stricken with madness, except that it replaced a single offence by original sin and thus transformed an individual tragedy into the tragedy of all mankind» — La obra mide lo que esa concepción trágica hace: reintroduce al blasfemo herido de locura, pero cambia la ofensa única por el pecado original y la tragedia individual por la de toda la humanidad (sic, *certam*, por *certain*)

«no wonder, then, that it could not admit of moral extenuation or consolation» — Con la consecuencia que le sigue: por eso no admitía atenuación moral ni consuelo

«a physician (and the saint herself spoke in Cawsae et curae no less as a physician than as a theologian) could ease the worst symptoms of this essentially incurable hereditary evil» — Y el límite que deja al médico: aliviar los peores síntomas de un mal hereditario esencialmente incurable, en una obra donde la propia santa habla tanto de médica como de teóloga

«It was reserved for the hypocritical malice of Gaspar Offhuys, to whom we owe a remarkable account of the illness of his fellow-novice Hugo van der Goes,®* to interpret melancholy madness as a punishment for the spiritual pride of a highly gifted man, which should serve as a corrective to the victim and a warning to others» — Adjudica a Gaspar Offhuys, autor del relato de la enfermedad de su cohermano Hugo van der Goes, la lectura de la locura melancólica como castigo del orgullo espiritual de un hombre muy dotado

«He relates how, on deciding to enter the monastery in 1475, the famous painter had at first been granted all sorts of privileges which shocked the other brothers» — Y consigna lo que Offhuys cuenta: que al entrar el pintor en el monasterio en 1475 se le concedieron privilegios que escandalizaron a los demás hermanos

«Hugo’s illness could be regarded either as a “natural’’ one, such as tended to originate "'ex cibis melancolicis, aliquando ex potatione fortis vini, ex animi passionibus, scilicet solicitudine, tristitia, nimio studio et timore» — Las causas que Offhuys sopesa: una melancolía natural, de alimentos melancólicos, vino fuerte y pasiones del ánimo —solicitud, tristeza, estudio excesivo y miedo—

«or else it might be traced to the providence of God, who wished to save the artist from the sin of vanity into which too much admiration had led him, and to recall him, by a “humiliativa infirmitas", to modesty, which, from all accounts, Hugo did display after his recovery by renouncing all his privileges» — O la providencia de Dios, que quiso salvar al artista del pecado de vanidad y devolverlo a la modestia por una enfermedad humillante, como en efecto la mostró renunciando a sus privilegios

«In either case, however, his fate should serve as a wholesome warning, for one should not only avoid the natural causes of such an illness (that is to say, set a limit to ‘‘fantasiis nostris et ymaginationibus, suspicionibus et aliis vanis cogitationibus") but also try to shun moral situations which might force Providence to step in» — Y la moraleja que Offhuys saca en cualquiera de los dos casos: evitar las causas naturales y también las situaciones morales que obliguen a la Providencia a intervenir

«In contrast to the blendings of theological and medical conceptions such as we may observe in the writings of St Hildegard and in many other medieval works, especially of the twelfth century,4° Gaspar Offhuys drew a sharp line between the "ex accidenti naturali" view, and the "ex dei providentia» — La obra le reconoce a Offhuys una línea neta entre lo natural y lo providencial, frente a las mezclas de teología y medicina de Hildegarda y de otros textos del siglo XII

«The partaking of ‘‘melancholy foods" and "strong wine", the "animi passiones, scilicet solicitudo, tristitia, nimium studium et timor", and in general "malicia humoris corrupti dominantis in corpore hominis"—in other words, exactly the same as appeared in the writings of Rufus of Ephesus and his followers in later antiquity» — Y observa qué son sus causas naturales: exactamente las de Rufo de Éfeso y sus seguidores en la antigüedad tardía

«The account given by this monastic chronicler, who later rose to various honours, thus reveals the remarkable stability of views in clinical psychiatry, which really had changed only in minor points since the days of later Hellenism» — De donde la obra saca su conclusión: el relato del cronista monástico revela la estabilidad notable de la psiquiatría clínica, que apenas cambió desde el helenismo tardío

«The reason for this remarkable stability lay mainly in the fact that, as we have said, Constantinus Africanus's monograph on melancholy, which became of great importance to the western world, was based either directly or indirectly on Galen and particularly on his account of the doctrine of Rufus» — Y adjudica esa estabilidad sobre todo a que la monografía de Constantino el Africano descansaba, directa o indirectamente, en Galeno y en su exposición de la doctrina de Rufo

«But, in addition, the early Arabic treatises on melancholy, which were absorbed into the culture of the school of Salerno and therefore of the whole west, made use of the later Greek conceptions, yet they adopted a considerably less theoretical, and, regarding the subject matter, much more practical point ot» — Y añade la otra vía: los tratados árabes tempranos, absorbidos por la escuela de Salerno y con ella por todo Occidente, usan las concepciones griegas tardías desde un punto de vista bastante menos teórico y mucho más práctico

«strove less for a deeper psychological understanding or a refinement of theoretic distinctions, than for the perfection and usefulness of semeiology and therapy as achieved in the prescribing of medicines, dietetic measures, and, in certain cases, the letting of blood» — Lo que esos tratados buscan, según la obra: no una comprensión psicológica más honda sino la perfección y la utilidad de la semiología y la terapia, en medicinas, dieta y, en ciertos casos, sangrías

«The author whom Constantinus copied, however, was Ishaq ben ‘Amran (said to have been executed at the beginning of the tenth century) whose work on melancholy a thirteenth-century Arabic medical historian already extols as ‘‘incomparable» — Y nombra a quien Constantino copiaba: Isḥāq ibn ʿImrān, cuya obra sobre la melancolía un historiador árabe del siglo XIII ya ensalzaba como incomparable

«He went deeper; and it is largely thanks to him that in both the aetiological and in the therapeutic field, spiritual factors once more came into the foreground of the medical picture» — A él le adjudica que los factores espirituales volvieran al primer plano del cuadro médico, en lo etiológico y en lo terapéutico

«Ishaq described melancholy illness as ‘‘notions disturbed by black bile with fear, anxiety, and nervousness’, that is to say, aS a physically-conditioned sickness of the soul which could attack all three “‘virtutes ordinativae"— imagination, reason, and memory» — La definición de Isḥāq: nociones perturbadas por la bilis negra con miedo, ansiedad y nerviosismo, esto es, una enfermedad del alma condicionada por el cuerpo que puede atacar las tres *virtutes ordinativae*

«The author never tired of picturing the boundless variety of the symptoms and, most important, their obvious contradictoriness in many cases» — Y lo que la obra subraya de él: no se cansaba de pintar la variedad sin límite de los síntomas y, sobre todo, su contradictoriedad manifiesta

«Men loquacious and quick-tempered by nature could become silent and pacific, the shy and quiet could become bold and eloquent; some became greedy, others refused nourishment: very many went from one extreme to the other in their whole behaviour» — Con los ejemplos que da: el locuaz y colérico se vuelve callado y pacífico, el tímido audaz y elocuente, unos glotones y otros sin comer, muchos de un extremo a otro

«Some ... . love solitude and the dark and living apart from mankind, others love spaciousness, light, and meadowy surroundings, and gardens rich in fruits and streams. Some love riding, listening to different sorts of music, or conversing with wise or amiable people. . .. Some sleep too much, some weep, some laugh» — Y el catálogo de sus gustos opuestos: unos aman la soledad y la oscuridad, otros los espacios abiertos, la luz, los prados y los jardines con frutos y arroyos; unos cabalgar y escuchar música, unos duermen de más, otros lloran, otros ríen

«Added to this there were the various obsessions, "timor de re non timenda", "cogitatio de re non cogitanda", "sensus rei quae» — Y las obsesiones que Isḥāq añade, en el latín de Constantino: temor de lo que no es de temer, pensamiento de lo que no es de pensar, sensación de lo que no existe

«Ihe astonishing thing is that in our experience melancholy can always arise from opposite causes» — La cita que la obra levanta de esa contradictoriedad: lo asombroso es que en la experiencia la melancolía pueda nacer siempre de causas opuestas (sic, *Ihe*, por *The*)

«As well as these physical causes, however, there were the spiritual ones, and this idea (which, as we know, originated from Rufus) was traced in beautiful language acknowledging the burden of intellectual achievement, recalling the Hippocratean definition of thought as a "labour of the soul", and even bringing in the Platonic doctrine of recollection» — Y consigna que junto a las causas físicas Isḥāq pone las espirituales —idea venida de Rufo— en un lenguaje que reconoce la carga del trabajo intelectual, recuerda la definición hipocrática del pensamiento como labor del alma y hasta trae la doctrina platónica de la reminiscencia

«We say that their moods constantly fluctuate between irascible excitement and a peaceable frame of mind, recklessness and timidity, between sadness and frivolity, and so on. The conditions [incidents] cited apply to the animal soul; but the activities of the rational soul are strenuous thinking, remembering, studying, investigating, imagining, seeking the meaning of things, and fantasies and judgements, whether apt [founded on fact] or mere suspicions» — La cita larga de Isḥāq: los ánimos fluctúan entre excitación irascible y calma, temeridad y timidez, tristeza y frivolidad, y las actividades del alma racional son el pensar esforzado, recordar, estudiar, investigar, imaginar y juzgar

«There are very many holy and pious men who become melancholy owing to their great piety and from fear of God's anger or owing to their great longing for God until this longing masters and overpowers the soul; their whole feeling and thoughts are only of God, the contemplation of God, His greatness and the example of His perfection» — Y el caso que más le importa: los muchos hombres santos que caen melancólicos por su gran piedad, por temor de la ira de Dios o por un anhelo de Dios que acaba dominando el alma

«They fall into melancholy as do lovers and voluptuaries, whereby the abilities of both soul and body are harmed, since the one depends on the other» — Con la comparación que Isḥāq hace: caen en melancolía como los amantes y los voluptuosos, con daño de las facultades del alma y del cuerpo, porque una depende del otro

«And all those will fall into melancholy who overexert themselves in reading philosophical books, or books on medicine and logic, or books which permit a view [theory] of all things; as well as books on the origin of numbers, on the science which the Greeks call arithmetic; on the origin of the heavenly spheres and the stars, that is, the science of the stars, which the Greeks call astronomy; on geometry, which bears the name of "science of lines" among the Arabians, but which the Greeks call geometry ; and finally the science of composition, namely of songs and notes, which means the same as the Greek word “‘music» — Y la lista de los estudios que enferman: los libros de filosofía, medicina y lógica, el origen de los números —la aritmética griega—, las esferas y los astros, la geometría, que los árabes llaman ciencia de las líneas, y la composición de cantos y notas, la música

«Such men—Allah knows—assimilate melancholy . . . in the consciousness of their intellectual weakness, and in their distress thereat they fall into melancholy» — Y su diagnóstico: tales hombres asimilan la melancolía en la conciencia de su flaqueza intelectual y caen en ella por esa aflicción

«Fatigue of the soul comes from the soul's thinking» — Con la sentencia hipocrática que Isḥāq cita del libro VI de las *Epidemias*: la fatiga del alma viene del pensar del alma

«Just as bodily overexertion leads to severe illnesses of which fatigue is the least, so does mental overexertion lead to severe illnesses of which the worst is melancholy» — La analogía con que Isḥāq cierra: como el exceso de esfuerzo corporal lleva a enfermedades graves de las que la fatiga es la menor, el exceso mental lleva a otras de las que la peor es la melancolía

«As well as the regulation of the six “‘vital things”’ (air, food, drink, sleeping and waking, evacuation and retention, rest and movement) for which precise orders were given,*’ and the prescribing of medicine, spiritual measures played a particularly important róle» — La terapia que la obra resume: junto a las seis cosas vitales —aire, comida, bebida, sueño y vigilia, evacuación y retención, reposo y movimiento— y a los medicamentos, las medidas espirituales tenían papel de primer orden

«The physician was indeed expected to combat and overcome the substance of the evil ("materia infirmitatis") in every illness; but if the accompanying symptoms ('accidentia") were particularly burdensome, dangerous, or shocking, they were to be dealt with first, and since this was the case in melancholy mental illness, it was the symptoms which had primarily to be overcome» — Con la regla clínica que la obra extrae: el médico debía vencer la materia del mal, pero si los síntomas eran gravosos o alarmantes había que atacarlos primero, y en la melancolía ese era el caso

«Mental exertion was naturally to be avoided, but—and here he quotes Rufus—moderate sexual intercourse was desirable: ‘‘Coitus, inquit, pacificat, austeriorem superbiam refrenat, melancholicos adiuvat» — Y la prescripción que Isḥāq toma de Rufo: el coito apacigua, refrena la soberbia áspera y ayuda a los melancólicos

«They are based on the Liber regius by ‘Ali ibn Abbas ("Haly Abbas", who died in 994),? and thus represented the attitude of Arabic scholarship shortly before the appearance of Avicenna» — Sitúa los capítulos sobre melancolía del *Pantegni* de Constantino sobre el *Liber regius* de ʿAlī ibn ʿAbbās, muerto en 994, y con ellos la posición de la erudición árabe poco antes de Avicena

«Considerably inferior in erudition and breadth of vision to Isháq ibn ‘Amran’s monograph, these short extracts served mainly as convenient summaries or “schemata” for essays, as nearly all later medical ‘‘practices” and the like began their chapter on melancholy with similar words—‘melancholia est alienatio mentis sine febre» — Y mide su calidad y su efecto: muy inferiores en erudición a la monografía de Isḥāq, sirvieron sobre todo de esquema, y casi toda *practica* médica posterior abría su capítulo con esa misma fórmula

«and also followed the Pantegnz in linking love (generally called ''hereos" and coupled with the notion of the heroic) with melancholy: in fact, they treated passion as a "species melancholiae", which was of decisive importance for the development of the “melancholy lover" as a literary type» — Y adjudica al *Pantegni* el enlace del amor —llamado *hereos* y acoplado a lo heroico— con la melancolía, tratado como especie de ella, decisivo para el tipo literario del amante melancólico

«it 1s at this point that we encounter the main, insoluble contradiction between medical and theological or ethical psychopathology—a contradiction which, with minor exceptions, continued in later times and even to-day governs discussions on such themes» — Y sitúa ahí la contradicción principal e insoluble entre la psicopatología médica y la teológica o ética, que la obra dice vigente aún hoy en esas discusiones (sic, *1s*, por *is*)

«The early Salernitans were as yet unfamiliar with the writings of the great Avicenna (who died in 1037» — Consigna que los primeros salernitanos aún no conocían los escritos de Avicena, muerto en 1037

«‘Ali ibn ‘Abbas (and of course Constantinus) admitted that non-natural melancholy might originate both in burnt red bile and in burnt black bile, and later added yet a third form originating in ‘‘adust blood", so that the difference between the more depressive, more euphoric and more manic symptoms seemed to repose on a genetic foundation» — Y el paso que ʿAlī ibn ʿAbbās y Constantino dan: admitir melancolía no natural de bilis roja quemada, de bilis negra quemada y luego de sangre adusta, con lo que las diferencias de síntomas parecían tener fundamento genético

«All that was lacking was its logical completion by a fourth form originating from the scorching of the phlegm, the possibility of which, however, had been expressly denied by the earlier school of Salerno» — Faltaba, dice, la cuarta forma por quemadura de la flema, que la primera escuela de Salerno había negado expresamente

«Avicenna's orderly mind adopted one principle of division which the authors so far cited had either not accepted or not known, and which brought melancholy completely into the system of the four humours» — Y adjudica a Avicena el principio de división que faltaba y que mete la melancolía por completo en el sistema de los cuatro humores

«But the physician must fight against the melancholics’ suspicions, grant them what they used to like before . . . reasonable and pleasant discourse» — La cita del tratamiento de Isḥāq: el médico debe combatir las sospechas del melancólico, concederle lo que antes le gustaba y hablarle con razón y agrado

«a more energetic preoccupation with intellectual studies to combat the 'acedia" of the pious, and Chrysostom constant perseverance in abstinence to combat the despondency of the ascetic, it 1s at this point that we encounter the main, insoluble contradiction between medical and theological or ethical psychopathology—a contradiction which, with minor exceptions, continued in later times and even to-day governs discussions on such themes» — Frente al coito y al vino ligero de los médicos, Rabano Mauro recomendaba más estudio contra la acedia y Crisóstomo perseverar en la abstinencia; ahí sitúa la obra la contradicción principal e insoluble entre la psicopatología médica y la teológica, que dice vigente aún hoy

«If red bile could turn to "melancholia adusta", why should the same not be possible» — La pregunta que la obra ve abrirse en la brecha del esquema: si la bilis roja podía volverse melancolía adusta, por qué no los demás humores

«Melancholy is either natural, or secretious and unnatural... . Ot secretious [unnatural] melancholy, one sort originates from the bile when burnt to ashes . . . another originates from the phlegm when burnt to ashes . . . another is generated from the blood when burnt to ashes...a fourth finally comes from natural melancholy when this has become ashes» — La división de Avicena en la traducción del volumen: melancolía natural o no natural, y esta de cuatro formas, por la bilis, la flema, la sangre o la propia melancolía natural reducidas a ceniza

«From now on, therefore, melancholy illness could have a sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic or "natural melancholic” basis, which last might be described as, so to say, '*melancholy squared» — Y lo que eso permite: que la enfermedad melancólica tenga base sanguínea, colérica, flemática o melancólica natural, esta última una melancolía al cuadrado, como la obra la llama

«This system had the advantage of coupling the variety of symptoms with a variety of causes. At the same time, it logically and satisfactorily combined Galen's canonical theory of combustion with the doctrine of the four humours» — Le reconoce dos ventajas: acoplar la variedad de síntomas a una variedad de causas y combinar la teoría galénica de la combustión con la doctrina de los cuatro humores

«It remained operative until the seventeenth or eighteenth century, which was not surprising in view of the fact that later medieval medicine largely limited itself to annotating Avicenna, and even the later Salernitans could not do without the doctrine of the four forms for long» — Y mide su vigencia hasta los siglos XVII o XVIII, porque la medicina bajomedieval se limitó en buena medida a anotar a Avicena

«The thirteenth-century encyclopaedists,* the physicians from Gordonius® and Guglielmo de Corvi® to Giovanni da ConcorreggioTM and Antonio Guainerio,® and the humanists from Ficino96 and Melanchthon*? to Burton,® all grasped the possibility of tracing» — Con la lista de quienes la tomaron: los enciclopedistas del siglo XIII, los médicos de Gordonio y Guglielmo de Corvi a Giovanni da Concorreggio y Antonio Guainerio, y los humanistas de Ficino y Melanchthon a Burton La capa de texto del troceo corrompe *ConcorreggioTM*; se cita tal cual y se declara.

«If the black bile which causes melancholy be mixed with blood it will appear coupled with joy and laughter and not accompanied by deep sadness; but if it be mixed with phlegm, it is coupled with inertia, lack of movement, and quiet; if it be mixed with yellow bile its symptoms will be unrest, violence, and obsessions, and it is like frenzy. And if it be pure black bile, then there is very great thoughtfulness and less agitation and frenzy except when the patient is provoked and quarrels, or nourishes a hatred which he cannot forget» — La cita de Avicena con el cuadro de las cuatro formas: con sangre da alegría y risa sin tristeza honda; con flema, inercia, quietud y poco movimiento; con bilis amarilla, inquietud, violencia y obsesiones, como la frenesía; y la bilis negra pura da mucho pensamiento y menos agitación

«When melancholy originates from the blood and is tempered with the blood, it gives rise to the insanity of the fatuously happy, just as the cheerful madness of Democritus is said to have been, who used to laugh at the foolishness of mankind and by his unruffled mind prolonged his life to the hundred-and-ninth year» — El primero de esos ejemplos: la melancolía de la sangre da la insania de los alegres fatuos, como la locura risueña de Demócrito, que se reía de la necedad humana y por su ánimo sereno vivió hasta los ciento nueve años

«But when melancholy originates from the red bile or is tempered with much red bile, there arise horrible ravings and frenzies; of this sort was the madness of Heracles and of Ajax» — El segundo: de la bilis roja salen furias y delirios atroces, como los de Heracles y Áyax

«For although in anger the red bile is irritated, Virgil calls it black because the red is mixed with a larger quantity of black, indeed it is burnt up together with the black, and together with it becomes like ashes» — Con la explicación que Melanchthon da del verso de Virgilio: llama negra a la bilis porque la roja va mezclada con mayor cantidad de negra y con ella se quema hasta volverse ceniza

«When it is tempered with much phlegm, it causes unusual apathy, and we ourselves have seen a mentally deranged person who slept almost constantly, spoke without expression, and could not be moved at all, save by the sound of the lute; when he heard that, he raised his head, began to smile, and answered questions moderately cheerfully» — El tercero, que Melanchthon dice haber visto: la flema da una apatía inusual, y el enfermo que dormía casi siempre solo se movía al sonido del laúd, con el que alzaba la cabeza y sonreía

«When the black bile, already present in preponderance, is inflamed, it causes deep depression and misanthropy» — El cuarto ejemplo de Melanchthon: la bilis negra ya predominante e inflamada da depresión honda y misantropía, como el duelo de Belerofonte que cita de Homero

«This doctrine of the four forms made many important distinctions possible; even the difference between melancholy and frenzy,” always problematic, and sometimes confused even in antiquity, could now be reduced to the relatively clear formula: ‘‘si ex colera [scilicet melancholia], tunc vocatur proprie mania» — La obra mide lo que la doctrina de las cuatro formas permitía: hasta la diferencia entre melancolía y frenesía, siempre problemática, quedaba en una fórmula relativamente clara

«But as well as this there was also another opinion which attributed the variety of mental disorders to an alteration not in the noxious humours but in the damaged faculties of the mind» — Y consigna la otra opinión, que refiere la variedad de trastornos no a los humores nocivos sino a las facultades dañadas de la mente

«According to Averroes, in a chapter entitled “‘Quod est de accidentibus trium virtutum, scilicet imaginativae, cogitativae et memorativae", melancholy could either attack the whole brain and paralyse all three faculties, or else cause only partial damage, according to its field of action» — Adjudica a Averroes esa posición: la melancolía puede atacar el cerebro entero y paralizar las tres facultades, o dañar solo una parte según su campo de acción

«Quando fuerit causa in prora cerebri, tunc erit laesa imaginatio; et =I quando fuerit in parte media, tunc erit laesa ratio et cogitatio; et quando fuerit in parte posteriori, tunc erit laesa memoria et conservatio» — El latín de Averroes: si la causa está en la proa del cerebro se daña la imaginación, si en la parte media la razón y el pensamiento, si en la posterior la memoria

«This theory was not by any means entirely new; Asclepiades had already distinguished between a melancholy disorder of the imagination and one of the understanding,” and Ishaq ibn ‘Amran (and hence Constantinus Africanus) wrote that this disorder could refer to all three "virtutes ordinativas, id est imaginationem, memoriam, rationem» — Y le quita novedad: Asclepíades ya distinguía un trastorno melancólico de la imaginación de otro del entendimiento, e Isḥāq ibn ʿImrān escribía que podía afectar a las tres *virtutes ordinativae*

«The physician Posidonius (fourth century A.D.) had already completed this classification in associating disorders of the imagination with damage to the forebrain, disorders of the understanding with damage to the mid ventricle of the brain, and disorders of the memory with damage to the back part of the brain» — Adjudica al médico Posidonio del siglo IV la clasificación ya completa: la imaginación en el cerebro anterior, el entendimiento en el ventrículo medio y la memoria en la parte posterior

«Nevertheless, an explicit connexion between melancholy (as distinct from damage in general) and the cells of the brain does not seem to have been generally current before Averroes» — Con el límite que la obra pone: un enlace explícito entre la melancolía y las celdas del cerebro no parece haber sido corriente antes de Averroes

«We can see how these few though clear-cut traits were built up into a more and more vivid picture; until at length, deeply imbued» — La obra observa cómo esos pocos rasgos netos se fueron construyendo en un cuadro cada vez más vívido — el corte de plana parte la frase, que sigue hasta Melanchthon y su ennoblecimiento de las cuatro formas con ejemplos clásicos

«This doctrine was at first rather overshadowed by pure humoral pathology, and later did not so much supersede as supplement it» — Y mide su suerte: la doctrina de la localización quedó al principio a la sombra de la patología humoral pura y después no la reemplazó tanto como la complementó

«This doctrine played its part in giving future discussions on melancholy a new scholastic stamp» — Con lo que dio a las discusiones posteriores sobre la melancolía un sello escolástico nuevo

«Sometimes diseases of the memory continued to be included 1n the main notion of melancholy®®; but much more commonly, it seems, melancholy was equated only with the ''laesio virtutis imaginativae seu aestimativae [or cogitativae] aut utriusque", while disorder of the memory was regarded as a special form of illness» — Y consigna la variación: unas veces las enfermedades de la memoria siguen dentro de la melancolía y otras, más comúnmente, esta se iguala solo a la lesión de la imaginativa o de la estimativa, y el trastorno de la memoria queda como enfermedad aparte

«In those who thought they had no head, or that they saw black men, the imaginatio" was disturbed, while understanding and memory remained intact» — Los ejemplos con que la escolástica médica repartía el daño entre las tres facultades: en quien se creía sin cabeza o veía hombres negros, dañada la imaginación y sanos entendimiento y memoria

«For the rest, later medieval medicine added little to the traditional notion» — El saldo que la obra hace de la medicina bajomedieval: añadió poco a la noción tradicional

«on the other hand, though the medical practitioners emphasised that they were speaking not as philosophers or theologians but as '"'physici", they attempted more and more to adopt the later scholastic way of thinking» — Y su rumbo: los prácticos insistían en hablar como *physici* y no como filósofos ni teólogos, y a la vez adoptaban cada vez más el modo de pensar escolástico

«Ihus the ancient problem, whether melancholy was possibly caused by evil demons, was elaborated with ever greater abundance of subtle distinctions, without progressing beyond Avicenna’s consciously sceptical attitude» — Con el ejemplo del viejo problema de si la melancolía la causan demonios malos, elaborado con distinciones cada vez más sutiles sin pasar de la actitud deliberadamente escéptica de Avicena (sic, *Ihus*, por *Thus*)

«To the physician, the ‘‘prophetici divinatores" were just as ill as the prostrated creatures who despaired of their salvation, those who thought they spoke with angels, or the woman who said that the devil lay with her every night and who yet could be cured by God's grace» — Con la consecuencia clínica: para el médico los adivinos proféticos estaban tan enfermos como los postrados que desesperaban de su salvación, los que creían hablar con ángeles o la mujer que decía yacer con el diablo cada noche

«Even in those days the true physician recognised neither saints nor witches» — Y la fórmula con que la obra lo remata: ya entonces el médico verdadero no reconocía ni santos ni brujas

«But the inner core of the conception remained untouched by all this; earnest study and deep thinking, still constantly mentioned, were reckoned, now as before, only as causes or symptoms of the disease» — Y lo que no se movió: el estudio serio y el pensar hondo seguían contando solo como causas o síntomas de la enfermedad

«One event, however, was a revolution of fundamental significance: the permeation of medical thought—naturally rational and concerned with the human microcosm—with astrological and magical notions issuing from speculations on the universe. In other words, medicine was transformed into iatromathematics» — La obra nombra el cambio que sí tiene por revolución de fondo: la medicina, racional y vuelta al microcosmos, se impregna de nociones astrológicas y mágicas y se transforma en yatromatemática

«It reached maturity in Ficino and Gioviano Pontano on Italian, in Agrippa of Nettesheim and Paracelsus on German soil» — Y nombra en quiénes madura: Ficino y Gioviano Pontano en suelo italiano, Agrippa de Nettesheim y Paracelso en suelo alemán

«The speculations of the iatromathematicians were related to medieval notions in much the same way as, say, the principles of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century art were related to the Gothic» — Con la analogía que la obra usa para situarlas: los yatromatemáticos guardan con lo medieval la relación que los principios artísticos del XV y el XVI guardan con lo gótico

«Antonio Guainerio was a professor at Padua who died in 1440.9? He was on the whole a typical representative of scholastic medicine, or medical scholasticism» — Sitúa a Antonio Guainerio, profesor en Padua muerto en 1440, como representante típico de la medicina escolástica

«Nevertheless, he may be regarded as Ficino's predecessor, for it is in his treatise on melancholy that a transformation becomes clearly visible» — Y a la vez como predecesor de Ficino, porque en su tratado sobre la melancolía la transformación se hace visible

«In his fourth chapter, having previously discussed the notion, the causes and the outward symptoms of melancholy illness in the first three chapters, he poses the questions, ''Ouare illiterati quidam melancolici literati facti sunt, et qualiter etiam ex his aliqui futura praedicunt?» — Con las preguntas que Guainerio plantea en su cuarto capítulo: por qué algunos melancólicos iletrados se volvieron letrados, y cómo algunos de ellos predicen el futuro

«The mere fact that these questions are allotted a complete, long chapter is something new and shows a revival of interest in divination in general and once again a serious consideration of melancholy inspiration in particular» — Y lo que la obra lee en el mero hecho de que ocupen un capítulo entero y largo: un interés renacido por la adivinación y una consideración seria de la inspiración melancólica

«In fact, Guainerio treats the promptings of these sick people no longer as mere delusions but as facts; he himself knew a simple peasant who, though quite illiterate, wrote poems during his periodic attacks of melancholy» — Consigna el giro: Guainerio trata lo que esos enfermos dicen no ya como delirios sino como hechos, y dice haber conocido a un campesino iletrado que componía versos durante sus accesos

«and Guainerio (the first physician, in the strict sense of the term, to refer to Problem XXX, 1) compares him with "Marcus" (Maracus), the poet mentioned by Aristotle, “qui factus melancolicus poeta quoque factus est» — Y lo adjudica: Guainerio, primer médico en sentido estricto que remite al Problema XXX, 1, compara a ese campesino con el Marco que Aristóteles menciona, que hecho melancólico se hizo también poeta

«Guainerio completely denies the ‘Aristotelian’ explanation of this symptom, namely, the peculiar quality of the melancholy “humour” itself, and he also refuses to admit (on the grounds that it was "heathenish") the view, sanctioned, as he maintains, by Avicenna, that such exceptional achievements were due to "demoniac" influences» — La obra consigna la doble negativa de Guainerio: rechaza la explicación aristotélica por la cualidad peculiar del humor y rechaza por pagana la atribución a influencias demoníacas que adjudica a Avicena

«But what he himself substitutes for it in his attempts at explanation reveals an essentially new interpretation of the traditional heritage» — Y lo que pone en su lugar, que la obra lee como interpretación esencialmente nueva de la herencia recibida

«All intellective souls, he says, were equally perfect in the beginning and were born with all the knowledge that they could ever attain» — La doctrina de Guainerio: todas las almas intelectivas fueron igual de perfectas en el origen y nacieron con todo el saber que podrían alcanzar

«If in later hte some souls achieve more or less than others, that is due merely to their better or worse physical constitutions, which, 1n contrast to the soul, are dissimilar and of unequal value, and thus to a greater or lesser extent restrict the intellect» — Y la causa de la desigualdad posterior: la constitución corporal, desigual a diferencia del alma, que restringe el intelecto en mayor o menor medida (sic, *hte*, por *life*)

«The "embodied" soul is doomed to forget its innate ideas in a greater or lesser degree and recollects only through learning part of what has been torgotten. ‘Et ex istis sequitur, quod nostrum scire est quoddam reminisci, ut voluit Plato» — Con la consecuencia platónica que Guainerio enuncia: el alma encarnada olvida sus ideas innatas y solo recuerda por el aprendizaje parte de lo olvidado, de modo que nuestro saber es una suerte de reminiscencia

«Apart from this, the moment of the soul's incarnation is governed by a special constellation which endows the soul with its qualities and adapts it to special forms of activity» — Y el segundo ingrediente: el momento de la encarnación lo rige una constelación particular que dota al alma de sus cualidades y la adapta a formas especiales de actividad

«but these “influentiae’’, too, can work only to a limited extent in later life, because the soul, chained as it is to the body and dependent on the help of bodily organs, can recognise things only ''discursively", that is to say, not by immediate insight, but only through the combination of reasoning and sense impressions» — Con el límite que les pone: esas influencias obran poco en la vida posterior, porque el alma encadenada al cuerpo solo conoce de manera discursiva

«But if, owing to a state of ecstasy, the senses are put out of action ("bound"), then the soul is left to itself and is enabled for a short time to re-experience (as it were) its pre-natal state; it then perceives ''sine discursu", by direct intuition, and can receive the influence of its presiding star without adulteration or diminution» — Y la excepción de que todo depende: en el éxtasis, atados los sentidos, el alma vuelve por un rato a su estado prenatal, percibe sin discurso y recibe sin merma el influjo de su astro

«And since the melancholic was liable to this ecstatic state which put the senses out of action, it was understandable that even without any education he should then become "literatissimus ;, "absque eo, quod ab aliquo . . . didicerit vel addiscat, sed per influxum solum» — De donde, siendo el melancólico propenso a ese éxtasis, se entendía que sin instrucción alguna se volviera letradísimo

«One can see how the ideas which in Florence a few years later were to be built into a doctrinal structure of imposing size and solidity—namely, the theme of Problem XXX, I, the Platonist epistemology, and finally, above all, the belief in an astral "influxus"—had already come together here, though for the time being merely coincidentallv» — La obra hace el balance: en Guainerio ya coinciden, aunque todavía por casualidad, los tres elementos que pocos años después se armarían en Florencia — el tema del Problema, la epistemología platónica y la creencia en el influjo astral

«to transform the contemporary notion of nature, and compelled even medicine, bound by tradition though it was, to take up a position for or against them» — Y el efecto que esos elementos empiezan a tener: transforman la noción de naturaleza y obligan aun a la medicina, atada a la tradición, a tomar posición

«It was significant that although he expressly. referred to Aristotle, Guainerio denied the essential part of the» — Con el matiz que la obra mantiene sobre Guainerio: aunque remite expresamente a Aristóteles, niega la parte esencial de la doctrina

«took the melancholic's prodigious intellectual qualities quite seriously, but considered them as nothing more than prodigies: that is, they were for him symptoms of disease requiring explanation and not achievements of genius determined by natural melancholy» — Y precisa qué hace con ellas: toma en serio las cualidades intelectuales prodigiosas del melancólico pero las tiene por prodigios, esto es, por síntomas de enfermedad y no por logros de genio

«He asked why people suffering from a melancholy disease should sometimes develop remarkable gifts, but ignored the real 'Aristotelian' question, why men who were, innately, specially gifted, should always be melancholic by nature» — Con la inversión de la pregunta que la obra le señala: se pregunta por qué los enfermos desarrollan a veces dones notables, y deja de lado la pregunta aristotélica de por qué los dotados por naturaleza son siempre melancólicos

«But Guainerio’s iatromathematical disquisition remained an isolated and somewhat menacing foreign body in the structure of a school of medicine simply and solely concerned with the practical and the mundane» — Y deja a Guainerio en su sitio: su digresión yatromatemática quedó como cuerpo extraño aislado y algo amenazante dentro de una escuela médica ocupada solo de lo práctico

«Although the solution of the problems mentioned in this work in which we had thought only to treat of practical healing, is not entirely relevant, yet we would like to provide a fairly probable explanation in order not to remain silent in face of those laymen who very frequently enquire after the origin of such symptoms, and in order not to appear ignorant of the causes of the accidents which befall mankind» — La cita en que el propio Guainerio declara por qué se mete en eso: por no callar ante los legos que preguntan una y otra vez de dónde vienen tales síntomas y por no parecer ignorante de sus causas

«et hoc de problemate, cuius assignatae causae post se non leves diffi- <9 cultates trahunt, quas theoretizantibus dimitto. Et ad practicam gloriosam transiens huic capiti finem impono» — Y el latín con que cierra, aliviado: deja a los teorizantes las dificultades nada leves que esas causas arrastran y vuelve a la práctica gloriosa

«In Ficino and his successors, the notions based on astral influences grew to encompass so comprehensive a picture of the world that the whole art of healing was considered as nothing but a particular method of employing the general cosmic forces» — Frente a Guainerio, en Ficino y sus sucesores las nociones del influjo astral crecen hasta que el arte de curar entero queda como un modo particular de emplear las fuerzas cósmicas generales

«Such stereotyped phrases clearly point to a distinction between the disease itself and its identically named “causa materialis» — Y lo que esas frases estereotipadas señalan: la distinción entre la enfermedad y su causa material del mismo nombre

«but their sudden and frequent appearance can be taken indirectly as a sign that men were beginning to emphasise that the notion "humor" was entirely independent of "aegritudo" and “‘passio”’ ; in other words, non-pathological humoralism, which until then had played a relatively modest part compared with the other kind, had now risen to equal if not greater significance» — Y lo que su aparición súbita y frecuente indica de modo indirecto: que el humoralismo no patológico, hasta entonces modesto, había subido a igual o mayor peso

«the four humours were now the material causes not of certain illnesses, but of certain physical and mental types of constitution» — Con el cambio de función: los cuatro humores pasan a ser causas materiales no de ciertas enfermedades, sino de ciertos tipos de constitución física y mental

«While the ancient doctrine of melancholy as an illness had been handed down to the Middle Ages as a firmly-cemented whole and transmitted exclusively by the Arabs, the doctrine of temperaments (by which, whenever we use the expression without limiting context, we mean the definition of humorally-determined types of men) had to be built up of two different elements from two different sources» — La obra contrasta las dos transmisiones: la doctrina antigua de la melancolía como enfermedad llegó entera y por vía árabe exclusiva, mientras que la de los temperamentos hubo de armarse con dos elementos de dos fuentes

«We can now say with some certainty that the basic idea of the system was not transmitted by Arabic physicians, for the Arabs, in so far as they may have been responsible for its transmission to the early and later school of Salerno, were generally such orthodox adherents of Galen's doctrine of the "crases" that they could not accept, let alone develop, the fundamental principle of the humoral doctrine of temperaments, that is to say, the idea» — La obra adjudica con cierta seguridad lo que los médicos árabes no transmitieron: eran adherentes tan ortodoxos de las *crases* de Galeno que no podían aceptar el principio fundamental de la doctrina humoral de los temperamentos

«In their view, physiognomical and psychological types were intrinsically based on the (simple) qualities of warmth, cold, etc. Dry people, for instance, were generally patient in their dealings, constant in opinion, unreceptive; predominant in them is patience, hatred, avarice, tenacity, caution» — En nota, la obra consigna la posición de los Ikhwān: los tipos fisiognómicos y psicológicos se fundan en las cualidades simples, y en el seco predominan la paciencia, el odio, la avaricia, la tenacidad y la cautela

«God says of the creation of Adam: ''I composed his body of moisture, dryness, heat and cold, and indeed I made him from dust and water and breathed breath and spirit into him. Thus the dryness comes from dust, moisture from water, heat from breath, and cold from spirit. Thereupon, after these, I set in his body four other kinds which hold the bodily dispositions together. Without them the body cannot exist, and not even one of them can exist without the others. These are the black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm. And then I let them reside with one-another, and gave dryness its seat in the black bile, heat in the yellow bile, moisture in the blood, and cold in the phlegm. Now the body in which the four admixtures, which I gave it as a wall and protection, are of equal strength, so that each is in the proportion of one quarter, neither more nor less—that body is completely healthy, and constituted equally. But when one of them exceeds its brothers, oppressing them and departing from them, then sickness overtakes the body» — Y la cita larga de la creación de Adán que traen esos autores: el cuerpo compuesto de humedad, sequedad, calor y frío, con los cuatro humores como muro y protección, sano mientras cada uno esté en la proporción de un cuarto

«Thus the various types of men, considered if not as ideal, at least as normal in the framework of their dispositions, were distinguished by their proportions, by the colour of their skin and hair, by the quality of their flesh, by their way of moving, and, partially at least, by their mental characteristics» — Y cómo quedaban distinguidos los tipos de hombre en esa tradición: por proporciones, color de piel y cabello, calidad de la carne, modo de moverse y, en parte, rasgos mentales

«But these distinctions derived exclusively from the qualities warm, dry, cold, and moist, and although the characteristic dual qualities, *cold-and-moist", and so on, proper to the four "compound crases", were also applicable to the four humours, and although, for instance, what Constantinus said of the representatives of the "warm-and-dry crasis" was almost word for word what Vindician and Bede described as the effects of “cholera rubra ,!9 yet it cannot have crossed the minds of the orthodox Galenists themselves expressly to identify the '"warm-and-dry" type of man of the doctrine of ‘‘crases’”’ with the ‘‘choleric’’ type of the doctrine of humoral temperaments» — Con la reserva que la obra insiste en marcar: esas distinciones venían solo de las cualidades, y a un galenista ortodoxo no se le habría ocurrido identificar el tipo cálido y seco con el colérico

«This was precluded partly by the fundmental principle of the Galenic doctrine of "crases', which measured every empirically-observed '*combination" against an ideal state, whereas the humoral doctrine regarded the "sanguine" complexion, the equivalent of the warm-and-moist combination, as the absolute optimum, frequently described as the "complexio temperata» — Y da la primera razón: la doctrina galénica mide toda combinación observada contra un estado ideal, mientras que la humoral tiene el sanguíneo por óptimo absoluto (sic, *fundmental*, por *fundamental*)

«in the Middle Ages began with a remark such as the following: ZS Nota primo, quod melancolia potest sumi dupliciter. Uno modo pro humore distincto ab aliis humoribus: et sic non accipitur hic. Alio modo pro quadam passione cerebri: et sic accipitur hic» — La fórmula con que la obra dice que abría la mayoría abrumadora de los tratados medievales sobre melancolía: se toma de dos modos, por el humor distinto de los demás —no el de aquí— y por cierta pasión del cerebro, que es el de aquí

«In strict Galenism expressions such as "'cholericus" and "'phlegmaticus" never became descriptive of constitutional types but remained tainted with the meaning given to the xoAco8ns or gAeyuaro8ns by the Hippocrateans» — Con la consecuencia terminológica: en el galenismo estricto *colérico* y *flemático* nunca describieron tipos constitucionales y siguieron teñidos del sentido patológico hipocrático

«It was no coincidence that Constantinus Africanus and ‘Ali ibn ‘Abbas, who described the eight Galenic dyscrases" merely as “complexiones extra temperantiam" or “Intemperatae’’! (that is, simply distinguished them from the ideal combination as less well balanced), should without more ado describe a man governed by the predominance of a single humour as sick, “quia quicumque humores in quantitate sive in qualitate praevalent ex necessitate morbidum corpus facient» — Y el testimonio que la obra aduce: Constantino el Africano y ʿAlī ibn ʿAbbās, que llamaban a las ocho discrasias galénicas simples complexiones fuera de la temperada, tenían sin más por enfermo al gobernado por un solo humor

«In view of all this, it is natural that it should have been not the preponderantly Galenist clinical medicine but rather scholastic philosophy which, in the course of a comprehensive revival ot learning,!? revived and codified anew the real doctrine of temperaments» — Y adjudica el resurgimiento y la codificación de la doctrina verdadera de los temperamentos no a la medicina clínica galenista, sino a la filosofía escolástica

«One vivid and highly significant exposition was that of William of Conches, in whose Philosophia the doctrine seems to have been incorporated into a vast framework of Christian cosmology» — Sitúa como exposición viva y significativa la de Guillermo de Conches, cuya *Philosophia* la incorpora a un marco vasto de cosmología cristiana

«But man too lost his correct temperament owing to the Fall; through the privations imposed on him by life outside paradise, man, naturally warm and moist, lost either heat, or moisture, or both; and so there arose three degenerate forms, namely, the warm-and-dry, the cold-and-moist, and the cold-and-dry temperaments, which are called respectively the choleric, the phlegmatic and the melancholic» — Y su caída: el hombre, cálido y húmedo por naturaleza, perdió calor, humedad o ambos fuera del paraíso, de donde las tres formas degeneradas que se llaman colérica, flemática y melancólica

«moisture prevailed in one place, fire in another, earth in another, whence resulted the various substances for the creation of the animal kingdom; there arose choleric animals like the lion, phlegmatic ones like the pig, and melancholic ones like the ox and the ass» — La cosmogonía de Guillermo de Conches: liberada la tierra del agua, el predominio local de cada elemento produce animales coléricos como el león, flemáticos como el cerdo y melancólicos como el buey y el asno

«William of Conches gives Johannitius as his source. The latter was far from conceiving a doctrine of temperaments, but this difficulty can be resolved when we think of the numerous commentaries on Johannitius made in the schools» — La obra señala la dificultad de la fuente que Guillermo declara: Johannitius estaba lejos de concebir una doctrina de los temperamentos, y la salida está en los comentarios escolares del inicio del siglo XII

«Whether the four types were systematically established as early as the late eleventh century, at Salerno, or not until the French schools of the early twelfth century, is a question that cannot yet be decided» — Y declara lo que no puede decidirse aún: si los cuatro tipos se establecieron sistemáticamente en Salerno a fines del siglo XI o en las escuelas francesas del XII

«Whenever the orthodox list of names of the four temperaments was first laid down, it is obvious that it only represented the terminological fixation of a doctrine hundreds of years old, of which the essential form had been transmitted to the western world of the early Middle Ages by Vindician's letter. Inasmuch as it emphasised the power of character-determination inherent in the four humours, that letter contained, as we have seen, the core of a system later developed in detail» — Con el matiz que la obra insiste en mantener: la lista ortodoxa de nombres solo fijó la terminología de una doctrina de siglos, cuyo núcleo había transmitido la carta de Vindiciano

«It was copied more than once even in Carolingian times, but does not seem to have become the basis of a comprehensive system until the time of the school of Salerno,” or to have influenced the development of western European medicine decisively before r050-1II50» — Y data su efecto: copiada varias veces ya en época carolingia, no parece haber sido base de un sistema completo hasta la escuela de Salerno

«In this connexion the effect of clinical medical doctrine on philosophy can also be noted in Adelard of Bath,?? who, prior to William of Conches, talks of ‘‘melancholy animals", giving the "physici" as his authority, and applies the expression ''melancholic" to human beings in a way no longer descriptive of illness» — Adjudica a Adelardo de Bath, antes que a Guillermo, el hablar de animales melancólicos por autoridad de los *physici* y el aplicar el término a los hombres sin sentido de enfermedad

«One important feature of this development was that he assigned the special place of a perfect type to the warm-and-moist of sanguine complexion which in Galenic doctrine was merely one of the "'dyscrases" ; so much so that he considered it not only the basis of a natural intelligence which the representatives of other temperaments had to replace by wearisome diligence» — Y lo que la obra tiene por rasgo importante en Guillermo: da al cálido y húmedo sanguíneo, mera discrasia en Galeno, el lugar de tipo perfecto y base de una inteligencia natural que los demás han de suplir con diligencia penosa

«for William of Conches there were melancholy, choleric, and phlegmatic beasts, but none sanguine; whereas men, on the contrary, were originally created sanguine, and had only degenerated into melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic types after the expulsion from paradise» — Con el corolario: para Guillermo hay bestias melancólicas, coléricas y flemáticas pero ninguna sanguínea, mientras que el hombre fue creado sanguíneo y solo degeneró tras la expulsión del paraíso

«It can be seen how William of Conches set himself the task not only of bringing the views of physiology and cosmology (both inseparably linked by the doctrine of elements and qualities) into line with divine revelation, but of actually deducing them from the Bible» — La tarea que la obra le ve a Guillermo: no solo poner de acuerdo fisiología y cosmología con la revelación, sino deducirlas de la Biblia

«He found the medical tenet that woman was colder and moister (that is to say, more phlegmatic) than man!22 expressed in the myth of Eve's creation out of Adam's rib» — Con el ejemplo: halla el axioma médico de que la mujer es más fría y húmeda que el varón expresado en el mito de la creación de Eva a partir de la costilla de Adán

«His new doctrine of the temperaments, then, served a double purpose: first, to trace the variety and inequality of men back to the Fall, which had destroyed the original perfection and unity; secondly, to establish and account for the inalienable nobility of human nature» — Y el doble fin que su doctrina sirve: remontar la variedad y la desigualdad de los hombres a la caída, y fundar a la vez la nobleza inalienable de la naturaleza humana

«While for this reason various beasts were created melancholic, and innumerable ones phlegmatic and choleric, only man was created as a creature by himself, because, as Boethius says in the Arithmetic, every equality is confined to a small and limited number of cases, but inequality knows countless different forms» — La cita de Guillermo, con el argumento que toma de Boecio: solo el hombre fue creado como criatura aparte, porque toda igualdad es poca y finita y la desigualdad conoce formas incontables

«Perhaps it was precisely this concern with the Christian dogma which caused, or at least favoured, after the first halt of the twelfth century,! the revival and expansion of the doctrine that the temperaments were conditioned by the humours» — Con la conjetura que la obra marca como tal: quizá fue ese cuidado por el dogma cristiano lo que favoreció el resurgimiento de la doctrina de los temperamentos condicionados por los humores

«At all events we can trace how throughout the century the tendency to interpret the temperaments theologically grew at the same rate as the tendency to develop the doctrine in other ways, and how the attempt to differentiate them characterologically was even expressly justified by reference to the claims of moral philosophy and education» — Y lo que sí puede rastrearse: que la tendencia a interpretar teológicamente los temperamentos creció al mismo paso que su desarrollo, y que la diferenciación caracterológica se justificaba expresamente por la filosofía moral y la educación

«We might fairly speak of a revival of the ancient characterological doctrine within the framework of Christian moral theology» — De donde la obra propone hablar de un renacimiento de la caracterología antigua dentro del marco de la teología moral cristiana

«formerly attributed to the great Hugh of St Victor, but probably written by the Picard Hugues de Fouilloi (Hugo de Folieto, who died about A.D. 1174). Essentially scientific and sometimes even specifically medical matters (for example, remedies for baldness) are here treated in such a moralising manner that the treatise rightly bears the title De medicina animae» — Presenta el tratado *De medicina animae*, antes atribuido a Hugo de San Víctor y probablemente del picardo Hugues de Fouilloi, donde hasta los remedios para la calvicie se tratan de modo moralizante

«Here, as usual, the four humours correspond to the elements and seasons; but as fire also signifies intellectual subtlety, air purity, earth stability, and water mobility; and as, moreover, there has to be the same harmony between the faculties of the mind as between the elements, so the four humours and their mutual relationships have also a moral significance» — Y su procedimiento: a la correspondencia usual de humores, elementos y estaciones se le añade que el fuego signifique sutileza intelectual, el aire pureza, la tierra estabilidad y el agua movilidad, con lo que los humores cobran sentido moral

«Similarly, the mind also makes use of the four humours. In place of blood it has sweetness, in place of red bile bitterness, in place of black bile grief, in place of phlegm equanimity. For the doctors say that the sanguine are sweet, cholerics bitter, melancholics sad, and phlegmatics equable» — La cita de ese tratado: el alma usa también los cuatro humores —dulzura por la sangre, amargura por la bilis roja, aflicción por la negra y ecuanimidad por la flema—, porque los médicos dicen dulces a los sanguíneos, amargos a los coléricos, tristes a los melancólicos y ecuánimes a los flemáticos

«from remembrance of sin comes bitterness, from its commission grief, from its atonement equanimity. And one must keep watch lest spiritual sweetness be tainted by worldly bitterness or the bitterness arising from sin corrupted by fleshly sweetness, lest wholesome grief be troubled by idleness or weariness or the equable spirit brought into confusion by unlawfulness» — Y su traducción moral: de recordar el pecado la amargura, de cometerlo la aflicción, de expiarlo la ecuanimidad, con la advertencia de no dejar que la dulzura espiritual se tiña de amargura mundana

«We need only glance at our former table to discover the source of Hugo’s attributes.5? The sweetness of the sanguine nature comes from Isidore, the grief of the melancholic and equanimity of the phlegmatic from Vindician» — Y la obra remite a su propia tabla para la procedencia de esos atributos: la dulzura del sanguíneo viene de Isidoro y la tristeza del melancólico y la ecuanimidad del flemático de Vindiciano

«Against the humoral pathology which, coupled with the doctrine of the "crases", then prevailed in clinical medicine, the natural philosophy of the twelfth century established a new interpretation of humoral characterology» — Y la obra fija el frente: contra la patología humoral que reinaba en la medicina clínica, la filosofía natural del siglo XII instituyó una interpretación nueva de la caracterología humoral

«From its beginnings in the later Empire onwards this doctrine had always had a slightly popular character, and in the early Middle Ages it had already found its way into the encyclopaedias; it could therefore be accommodated far more comfortably in a cosmology with a moral and theological bias than could the less equivocal science of the specialists» — Con la razón que da: esa doctrina tuvo siempre un carácter algo popular y por eso cabía mejor en una cosmología de sesgo moral y teológico que la ciencia menos equívoca de los especialistas

«Science, including astrology, had continued to flourish only among the Arabians; and when it found its way back to the west it still preserved a far more esoteric character» — Y consigna el estado de la ciencia, la astrología incluida: siguió floreciendo solo entre los árabes y, al volver a Occidente, conservaba un carácter mucho más esotérico

«Hugues de Fouilloi especially emphasised that he wrote only for ''edification"—it is a word of which he was particularly fond— and that the examples in the following four chapters aimed only at showing the "diversitates morum" resulting from the “effectibus humorum» — Consigna lo que Hugues de Fouilloi declara de su propio propósito: escribir solo para edificación y mostrar las diversidades de costumbres que resultan de los efectos de los humores

«At every point in those chapters he reveals his familiarity with Bede, Isidore, and VindicianP?!; but here too all the physiological and characterological data were essentially a basis for theological interpretations which, with the help ot numerous Biblical quotations, completely obscured pure science» — Y el saldo de la obra: se le ve la familiaridad con Beda, Isidoro y Vindiciano, pero los datos fisiológicos y caracterológicos quedan de base para interpretaciones teológicas que oscurecen la ciencia

«We must now say something in brief of the nature of black bile. 1t reigns in the left side of the body; its seat is in the spleen; it is cold and dry. It makes men irascible, timid, sleepy or sometimes wakeful. It issues from the eyes. Its quantity increases in autumn» — La cita del capítulo sobre los melancólicos: la bilis negra reina en el lado izquierdo, tiene su asiento en el bazo, es fría y seca, hace a los hombres irascibles, tímidos y ora soñolientos ora despiertos, sale por los ojos y aumenta en otoño

«By black bile we may, as we have said elsewhere, mean grief, which we. should feel for our evil actions. But one may also speak of a different sort of grief, when the spirit is tormented by the longing to be united with the Lord» — Y su lectura moral: por bilis negra cabe entender la aflicción por las malas obras, pero también otra aflicción, la del espíritu atormentado por el anhelo de unirse al Señor

«The black bile reigns in the left side because it is subject to the vices which are on the left. It has its seat in the spleen because, in its sadness over the delay in returning to its heavenly home, it rejoices in the spleen as in hope» — Con la alegoría que la sostiene: reina a la izquierda porque está sujeta a los vicios de ese lado y se asienta en el bazo porque, entristecida por la demora del regreso a la patria celeste, se goza en el bazo como en la esperanza

«that laughter comes from the spleen; from this proximity it seems to me very understandable that melancholics both laugh and cry» — Y la inferencia que el autor saca de que la risa venga del bazo: que por esa vecindad los melancólicos rían y lloren

«It is like autumn, earth and old age, because in the shape of the earth, it imitates earth's constancy, in the shape of old age, it imitates the worthiness of the old, in the shape of autumn, it imitates the ripeness of fruit» — Con la lectura de sus correspondencias: se parece a la tierra por la constancia, a la vejez por la dignidad de los viejos y al otoño por la madurez del fruto

«Its exit is from the eyes, for if we free ourselves by confession of the sins that sadden us we are purified» — Y su salida por los ojos, porque quien se libra por confesión de los pecados que lo entristecen queda purificado por las lágrimas

«Though such a “moralised” text, relating every natural fact with a certain element of the doctrine of salvation, was by no means an exception, it has nevertheless a special interest for us, firstly, because it confirms the suspicion that the moralising tendencies of the twelfth century played a large part in the new acceptance of the late classical doctrine of the temperaments, and secondly, because it shows that this urge itself could affect even factual understanding of the traditional data» — La obra declara por qué ese texto moralizado le interesa: señala que las tendencias moralizantes del siglo XII pesaron en la aceptación nueva de la doctrina tardoantigua, y muestra que ese afán podía alterar el entendimiento mismo de los datos

«The characteristics which the basic text (a version of Vindician's treatise) attributed to the melancholic were the most unfavourable possible and were not greatly improved by the addition, to “‘somniculos’’, of the qualifying remark "aliquando vigilantes» — Y mide el punto de partida: los rasgos que el texto base adjudicaba al melancólico eran los más desfavorables posibles

«The allegorical exposition, however, emphasised with the utmost clarity that it was entirely a matter for men's will-power to turn the conditions even of this complexion to advantage» — Frente a eso, la exposición alegórica subraya con toda claridad que tornar esa complexión en ventaja es cosa de la voluntad del hombre

«In that case, melancholy could signify retirement from the world and a concentration on heavenly matters; sadness might not only be a punishment for past sins but might also arise from longing for union with God— a very illuminating interpretation of the melancholic’s suicidal tendencies» — Con lo que la melancolía podía significar retiro del mundo, y la tristeza no solo castigo de pecados pasados sino anhelo de unión con Dios, lectura que la obra llama muy iluminadora de las tendencias suicidas del melancólico

«A very different spirit informs St Hildegard's work. She too adopted the contemporary view of the four humoral temperaments,33 and she too '*moralised" this doctrine; that is to say, she moralised it in so far as she considered not only the melancholy humour but all the humours other than the sanguine (and for these she used the general term ''flegmata") as the direct consequence of the forbidden apple; in other words, she condensed William of Conches's theory of corruption into a vivid aetiological myth» — Y opone a eso el espíritu muy distinto de Hildegarda, que moraliza la doctrina teniendo todos los humores salvo el sanguíneo por consecuencia directa de la manzana prohibida, con lo que condensa la teoría de la corrupción de Guillermo de Conches en un mito etiológico vívido

«Only in describing the various types, among which the sanguine now occupied the place of honour unopposed,’ did this theological conception give way to a more scientific one» — Con el límite que la obra le pone: solo al describir los tipos, donde el sanguíneo ocupa ya sin disputa el lugar de honor, la concepción teológica cede a otra más científica

«But everywhere St Hildegard's descriptions, agreeing, in the main, with those of Isidore, Vindician and Bede, were merged not only with the physiognomic definitions of the medical doctrine of “‘crases’’, but also, as far as the three non-sangume temperaments are concerned, with the complex of symptoms in clinical pathology» — Y observa la mezcla: sus descripciones, acordes en lo principal con Isidoro, Vindiciano y Beda, se funden con las definiciones fisiognómicas de las *crases* y con el cuadro clínico

«Thus there emerged exceptionally vivid full-length portraits, among which that of the melancholic stands out, owing to the especially sinister, in fact almost diabolical, glow emanating from him» — De ahí, dice, salen retratos de cuerpo entero de una viveza excepcional, y entre ellos destaca el del melancólico por su resplandor siniestro y casi diabólico

«That these pictures, though built up from such varied components, should nevertheless possess an unsurpassed and absolutely convincing inner unity can be explained mainly by the fact that their composition centres throughout on one point; they are stated invariably in terms of sexual behaviour» — Y adjudica la unidad interna de esos retratos a que su composición gira siempre sobre un punto: la conducta sexual

«In older literature, in which melancholics had been endowed sometimes with unusual incontinence, sometimes with marked indifference, sexual behaviour had certainly been mentioned, and later treatises habitually devoted a special heading to it» — Con el contraste: la literatura antigua mencionaba la conducta sexual —ora incontinencia inusual, ora indiferencia marcada— y los tratados posteriores le daban epígrafe propio

«and perhaps this very singular and entirely individual viewpoint also accounts for the fact that St Hildegard was the first, and for a long time the only, writer to treat of male and female types separately» — Y con esa conjetura explica un hecho: que Hildegarda fuera la primera, y por largo tiempo la única, en tratar aparte los tipos masculinos y los femeninos

«Thus, in the Causae et curae, we find the various traits whose origin we have described always referred in the last resort to sex, and the temperate and cheerful sanguine persons who ‘‘omnia officia sua in honore et sobrio more perficiunt" are contrasted in particular with the melancholy person, a type described with horrible clarity as a sadist driven by hellish desire» — Consigna el contraste que en *Causae et curae* resulta: frente al sanguíneo templado y alegre, el melancólico descrito con claridad horrible como un sádico movido por un deseo infernal

«one who runs mad if he cannot sate his lust, and, simultaneously hating the women he loves, would kill them by his» — Y los rasgos que le atribuye: enloquece si no sacia su lujuria y, odiando a la vez a las mujeres que ama, las mataría con sus abrazos si pudiera

«and whose children, "absque caritate emissi", are just as unfortunate, warped, shunned and misanthropic as himself, although sometimes, like him, "utiles et prudentes sunt in operibus manuum suarum et libenter operantur» — Con lo que Hildegarda dice de sus hijos, engendrados sin amor: tan desdichados, torcidos, esquivados y misántropos como él, aunque a veces, como él, útiles y prudentes en las obras de sus manos

«the Flores diaetarum, attributed to the Frenchman Jean de 5t Paul (Johannes de Sancto Paulo), was intended merely to provide a somewhat popularly conceived collection of dietetic prescriptions» — Sitúa los *Flores diaetarum*, atribuidos a Jean de Saint-Paul, como colección de prescripciones dietéticas de corte popular

«The section devoted to the doctrine of temperaments served only asa short explanatory introductionP?; and this section was nothing but an almost literal copy of Vindician’s text,4? a fact which eluded the first editor despite an» — Y señala que su sección sobre los temperamentos era copia casi literal del texto de Vindiciano, cosa que al primer editor se le escapó pese a una busca diligente

«There are no significant additions, and so our interest in these oalernitan texts (the only ones known to us) is limited to two questions. The first is the problem of their historical position— that 1s to say, whether they were connected at all with any of the scholastic treatises mentioned above, in particular with Hugues de Fouilloi's Medicina animae; the second is the problem of their historical consequences» — La obra declara en qué se cifra su interés por esos textos salernitanos: en su posición histórica y en sus consecuencias, no en añadidos, que no los hay

«Inasmuch as the excellent researches of the medical historians have unfortunately not yet dealt with scholastic writings," the first question cannot yet be decided» — Y deja la primera pregunta sin decidir, porque los historiadores de la medicina no han tratado aún los escritos escolásticos

«the answer to the second is that these modest Salernitan treatises may be regarded, if not as the basis, nevertheless as the starting point, of a development which was to determine the commonly accepted notion of the nature of the four temperaments in general and of the "complexio melancholica" in particular» — La respuesta a la segunda: esos tratados modestos pueden tenerse, si no por base, sí por punto de partida del desarrollo que fijaría la noción corriente de los cuatro temperamentos

«The echoes of Aristotle among the learned scholastics, St Hildegard's visionary descriptions, highly subjective and often horrifying, Hugues de Fouilloi's interpretations expressly designed ^ad aedificationem claustralium", the subtle doctrine of the medical schools, always sceptical of, or downright inimical to, a schematic adaptation of pure humoralism—all this was not calculated to become part of the common stock of knowledge or to serve as a guide to medieval man, overshadowed as his existence was by fear of diseases of all kinds» — Y explica por qué ni los ecos de Aristóteles ni las visiones de Hildegarda ni las interpretaciones de Hugues de Fouilloi podían volverse saber común de un hombre medieval cuya vida ensombrecía el miedo a las enfermedades

«it was simply a question of different types of temperament distinguishable, among other things, by their sexual behaviour, St Hildegard's account, painted in the liveliest turns of phrase, could really be described as a picture of sexual types conditioned by the temperaments underlying them» — La diferencia que la obra marca en Hildegarda: donde otros distinguen temperamentos que entre otras cosas se reconocen por su conducta sexual, su relato puede describirse como un cuadro de tipos sexuales condicionados por el temperamento; el tramo abre a media frase por el corte de plana

«not so much a full or even a profound picture as one that was clearly defined. Men wished to know how the choleric, the sanguine or the melancholy type could infallibly be recognised, at what times each had to be particularly careful, and in what manner he had to combat the dangers of his particular disposition» — Lo que hacía falta, dice la obra, no era un cuadro completo ni hondo sino nítido: saber por qué signos infalibles se reconoce cada tipo, cuándo ha de cuidarse y cómo combatir los peligros de su disposición

«and in its original form Vindician's doctrine met this need so thoroughly that it is not surprising that it should have formed a considerable proportion of those easily memorised rules of health that were destined to win great popularity among the wider public» — Y por qué Vindiciano servía: en su forma original satisfacía tan bien esa necesidad que entró en las reglas de salud fáciles de memorizar destinadas a gran difusión

«The mnemonic verses "Largus, amans, hilaris . . .", quoted almost ad nauseam until relatively modern times, must have originated in the thirteenth century, and probably in Salerno» — Data los versos mnemotécnicos, repetidos hasta el hartazgo casi hasta la modernidad, en el siglo XIII y probablemente en Salerno

«As well as predications of character, these mnemonics contain a number of physiognomic statements concerning hair, colour of skin, and general physical constitution» — Y consigna que esos versos no solo predican carácter, sino rasgos fisiognómicos de cabello, color de piel y constitución

«In the course of the century they were expanded to six lines, and the very widely circulated Regimen Salernitanum, which was early translated into the vernacular, incorporated them» — Y su fortuna: ampliados a seis versos en el curso del siglo, los incorporó el *Regimen Salernitanum*, pronto traducido a las lenguas vulgares

«Largus, amans, hilaris, ridens rubeique coloris, Cantans, carnosus, satis audax atque benignus. Chol. Hirsutus, fallax, iracundus, prodigus, audax, Astutus, gracilis, siccus croceique coloris. Phlegm. Hic somnolentus, piger, in sputamine multus, Huic hebes est sensus, pinguis facies, color albus» — Y los del sanguíneo, el colérico y el flemático que los acompañan en la mnemotecnia

«The Tvactatus de complexionibus, attributed to one Johann von Neuhaus, seems to have been written at the same time or a little later. It combined the now established (and in the melancholic’s case unfavourable) character-traits in a detailed and systematic way with physiological and physiognomic observations, as well as with advice about diet. In this way the ideal of a comprehensive and independent compendium of the medieval doctrine of temperaments was realised for the first time» — Adjudica al *Tractatus de complexionibus* de Johann von Neuhaus el primer compendio comprensivo e independiente de la doctrina medieval de los temperamentos, con rasgos de carácter, fisiología, fisiognomía y dieta

«What still remained to be done was to translate this codified doctrine into the vulgar tongue, and this task was tackled with considerable alacrity in» — Y la tarea que quedaba: verter esa doctrina codificada a la lengua vulgar, cosa que se emprendió con presteza en los siglos XIV y XV

«there is the rhyming jingle (1325) by the Low German Everhard of Wampen, which describes the melancholy complexion expressly as the "snodeste"4; and this was followed by a vast number of cheap manuscripts, broadsheets, almanacs, and popular pamphlets on the subject of the complexions» — Y cita el ripio bajoalemán de Everhard von Wampen, de 1325, que llama a la complexión melancólica la más ruin, seguido de una masa de manuscritos baratos, hojas sueltas, almanaques y folletos

«Generally based on Johann von Neuhaus's treatise, they bring to the humblest cottage not merely those definitions (handed down from late antiquity) of the types of temperament, but the still more venerable conception of that mysterious correspondence between elements, humours, seasons and ages of man, in a rough and often somewhat garbled form» — Y lo que esos impresos llevaban a la choza más humilde: no solo los tipos de temperamento, sino la correspondencia venerable entre elementos, humores, estaciones y edades, en forma tosca y a menudo estropeada

«God has given me unduly In my nature melancholy. Like the earth both cold and dry, Black of skin with gait awry, Hostile, mean, ambitious, sly, oullen, crafty, false and shy. No love for fame or woman have I; In Saturn and autumn the fault doth lie» — Los versos alemanes en la traducción del volumen: melancolía dada sin merecerlo, como la tierra fría y seca, piel negra y andar torcido, hostil, mezquino, ambicioso y taimado, sin amor por la fama ni por las mujeres, y la culpa en Saturno y en el otoño

«The ingredients which men have in their nature are four. Some have two, some three, some four, but the one which a man has most of takes the upper hand, and no man has only one» — El principio con que abre otra de esas descripciones: los ingredientes de la naturaleza son cuatro, unos tienen dos, otros tres, otros cuatro, y el que más abunda toma la delantera

«He resembles the earth, for the earth is cold and dry; and his signs are the Bull, the Ram, and. the Virgin» — Y sus correspondencias: el melancólico se parece a la tierra, fría y seca, y sus signos son el Toro, el Carnero y la Virgen

«He is also like to age, for when a man grows old the labour of his days of sickness begins, and thus it is when a man becomes seventy years old. But if a man is in good health when he is seventy years old, yet has he still to labour and suffer pain» — Con la edad que le toca: el melancólico se parece a la vejez, porque a los setenta empieza el trabajo de los días de enfermedad, y aun el sano de esa edad ha de penar

«Apart from the mere translation of the Regimen Salernitanum and other verses, some of which described the melancholic as even more repulsive» — La vulgarización de la doctrina en los siglos XIV y XV, con traducciones del *Regimen Salernitanum* y versos que pintaban al melancólico aún más repulsivo

«Even the last great transformation in the medieval notion of nature, which expressed itself in the medical field as a recourse to iatromathematics» — Y el rastro de la última gran transformación de la idea medieval de naturaleza, que en lo médico fue el recurso a la yatromatemática, hasta en esos impresos toscamente ilustrados

«Secondly, note and perceive that the melancholic is timid and not thirsty, for he lacks something belonging to thirst, and that is warmth. And that warmth is a property of thirst can be seen in the hot beasts, such as the» — Los rasgos que esa descripción popular enumera: el melancólico es tímido y no sediento, porque le falta lo que la sed pide, que es el calor

«Thirdly, it should be observed that the melancholic is lazy and of slow movement, for he is of a cold nature: for the cold which is in him makes the limbs slow and halts the limbs so that they become no longer supple, just as warmth causes men’s limbs to run swiftly» — Y perezoso y lento de movimiento, porque el frío que hay en él entorpece los miembros como el calor los hace correr

«Fourthly, it should be observed that the melancholic, because of his property of coldness, is hostile, sad, forgetful, indolent and clumsy» — Y, por la misma frialdad, hostil, triste, olvidadizo, indolente y torpe

«But not only was the opinion of the readers of such almanacs and pamphlets determined by this overwhelmingly negative presentation of the melancholic’s nature, only softened here and there by recognition of his good memory, penitence, and love of study» — La obra mide el efecto de esa presentación abrumadoramente negativa, suavizada apenas por el reconocimiento de su buena memoria, su penitencia y su amor al estudio

«He desires little owing to his sadness, and likes little owing to his coldness» — El melancólico desea poco por su tristeza y gusta poco por su frialdad, según esa descripción popular

«afterwards, that even poets? and thinkers of a high order were unable to rid themselves of it» — La obra mide el alcance de la corriente de Vindiciano: ni poetas ni pensadores de altura pudieron desprenderse de ella

«We already know that ideas of the melancholic held by Albertus Magnus and Pietro d'Abano were in full accord with that which governed the literature on temperaments as first set out in the Flores diaetarum, and that they could only rescue the main thesis in Problem XXX, r, by postulating a special type of melancholy derived from “‘melancholia adusta» — Y recuerda que Alberto Magno y Pietro d'Abano concordaban con la literatura de los temperamentos y solo podían salvar la tesis del Problema postulando un tipo especial de melancolía adusta

«Ihe greatest fifteenth-century philosopher, Nicholas of Cusa, may be cited, too, as witness to the general acceptance of this notion» — Y llama a Nicolás de Cusa, el mayor filósofo del siglo XV, a testimoniar la aceptación general de esa noción (sic, *Ihe*, por *The*)

«In his early work De concordantia catholica, which he prepared for the Council of Basle in 1433, he paints a powerful picture: the state IS conceived as a being with a soul, a living body whose limbs, in a comparison traced down to the last detail, correspond to the limbs of men» — Sitúa esa prueba en la *De concordantia catholica*, preparada para el concilio de Basilea de 1433, donde el estado se concibe como un ser animado cuyos miembros corresponden a los del hombre

«The king therefore must be a luteplayer, who well understands . . . how to preserve harmony . . . and how to tune the string neither too high nor too low, so that through the combined tone of them all a companionable harmony sounds» — La cita del Cusano: el rey ha de ser tañedor de laúd que sepa conservar la armonía y templar la cuerda ni muy alta ni muy baja, para que del son conjunto salga una armonía concorde

«For that reason it is the business of the ruler, like a wise doctor, duly to keep the body of the state healthy» — Y su corolario: toca al gobernante, como a un médico sabio, mantener sano el cuerpo del estado

«This may occur through an excess of covetous melancholy, which gives rise to the most varied pestilences in the body—usury, fraud, deceit, theft, pillage, and all the arts by which great riches are won not by work but only by a certain deceitful craftiness, which can never exist without doing harm to the State» — La lista de pestes que el Cusano adjudica al exceso de melancolía codiciosa en el cuerpo del estado: usura, fraude, engaño, robo, saqueo y toda arte de enriquecerse sin trabajo por astucia engañosa

«or again it may occur through choleric dissensions, wars, factions and schisms, or through sanguine ostentation, excess, debauchery and suchlike, or through phlegmatic sloth in all good works, in the daily toil for existence and in the defence of the fatherland» — Y las de los otros temperamentos: disensiones, guerras, facciones y cismas por lo colérico, ostentación y desenfreno por lo sanguíneo, y pereza por lo flemático

«Here we must certainly take account of the fact that the context requires an elaborately worked-out exposition of the unfavourable characteristics of all the temperaments alike» — La obra pone la salvedad de contexto: el pasaje exige exponer los rasgos desfavorables de todos los temperamentos por igual

«Yet not only the expressions used, but the whole construction of Nicholas of Cusa’s sentences, make it plain that the indolence of the phlegmatic, the contentiousness of the choleric and the ostentation and voluptuousness of the sanguine were in his view far less weighty matters than the “pestilential’’ vices ol the avaricious, thievish, usurious, pillaging melancholic with his ill-gotten gains, whose picture seems to have been drawn with the most lively repugnance» — Y aun así consigna el desequilibrio: los vicios pestilentes del melancólico avaro, ladrón y usurero pesan en el Cusano mucho más que la pereza del flemático o la ostentación del sanguíneo, y su retrato parece trazado con viva repugnancia

«The doctrine of temperaments may be described as one of the longest-lived and in some respects one of the most conservative parts of modern culture» — La obra califica la doctrina de los temperamentos como una de las partes más longevas y en ciertos aspectos más conservadoras de la cultura moderna

«In a commentary on the Regimen Salermitanum! printed in 1559, for instance, the words “Hi vigilant studiis" were made the point of departure for a long and enthusiastic description of the contemplative life» — Y da el ejemplo de un comentario al *Regimen* impreso en 1559, que tomó el verso sobre el velar en los estudios como punto de partida de una descripción entusiasta de la vida contemplativa

«In the popular philosophic writings of the eighteenth century the character portraits first painted in later antiquity still preserve a stability which they have not entirely lost even to-day» — Y mide la persistencia: en la filosofía popular del siglo XVIII los retratos pintados en la antigüedad tardía conservan una estabilidad que no han perdido del todo ni hoy

«They were hardly affected at all by the great process of transformation which the picture of the melancholic had undergone during the Renaissance, and which had had such a significant effect in other realms of life and literature!®; all of them continued immovably to maintain the. fundamental inferiority of the melancholy temperament» — Con lo que esos autores, casi intactos por la transformación renacentista del melancólico, mantuvieron sin moverse la inferioridad fundamental del temperamento melancólico

«the most obstinate being, perhaps, Appelius, who blamed it for the avarice, betrayal and suicide of Judas, as well as for the “despicable timidity" of the Jews as a race» — Y nombra al más obstinado: Appelius, que le achacaba la avaricia, la traición y el suicidio de Judas y la timidez despreciable que atribuía a los judíos como raza

«When he says, "As in the phlegmatic combination no ingredients of the sublime or the beautiful generally appear in a particularly noticeable degree, this type of temperament does not belong to the context of our reflections", Kant still echoes the Galenic “no power to determine character» — Y da la prueba: al dejar el flemático fuera de sus reflexiones por no mostrar en él lo sublime ni lo bello, Kant repite todavía el *ningún poder de formar carácter* de Galeno

«But just as Vindician's text had once received a theological interpretation by Hugues de Fouilloi, so does Kant now give an aesthetic and ethical interpretation to the traditional doctrine of temperaments» — La obra señala el paralelo: como Hugues de Fouilloi dio al texto de Vindiciano una lectura teológica, Kant le da a la doctrina una lectura estética y ética

«He does even more; for through his attitude to the question with which we are here concerned he breaks down the rigid scheme at a decisive point» — Y lo que hace además: rompe el esquema rígido en un punto decisivo

«Kant was not untouched, perhaps, by the Renaissance view, but it was rather, in all probability, a deep feeling of sympathy which led him to endow the melancholy character, limited though its traits were by tradition, with the stamp of the "sublime", and, point by point, to interpret every trait of melancholy as the expression of a great moral conscious» — La obra atribuye ese giro, con la reserva del *quizá*, menos a la vista renacentista que a una simpatía honda: Kant sella de sublime al carácter melancólico e interpreta cada uno de sus rasgos como expresión de una gran conciencia moral

«The melancholic and no other represented Kant's notion of virtue ("True virtue based on principle has something in it which seems to accord best with the melancholy disposition in its more moderate sense» — Con la frase de Kant que la obra cita: la virtud verdadera fundada en principios tiene algo que parece concordar mejor con la disposición melancólica en su sentido más moderado

«The melancholic became in this way the possessor of an ideal of freedom, and the chains with which the sick melancholic used to be bound became the symbol of all the chains which free men abhor,6? no matter whether they shackle the slave, or decorate the courtier» — Y el vuelco que la obra le ve: el melancólico pasa a ser dueño de un ideal de libertad, y las cadenas con que se ataba al enfermo se vuelven símbolo de todas las cadenas que el hombre libre aborrece

«The “sadness without cause" was based on his possession of a moral scale which destroyed personal happiness by the merciless revelation of his own and others' worthlessness» — Y la tristeza sin causa queda fundada en una escala moral que arruina la dicha personal por la revelación implacable de la propia indignidad y la ajena

«He whose emotions incline him to melancholy does not have that name because he is afflicted with gloomy depression as being robbed of life’s joys, but because his sensibilities, when strung above a certain pitch, or when for some reason given a wrong direction, attain to this condition more easily than to any other» — La cita de Kant: quien se inclina a la melancolía no lleva ese nombre por estar afligido de depresión sombría, sino porque su sensibilidad, tensada sobre cierto tono o torcida de dirección, llega a ese estado con más facilidad que a otro

«In particular, he has a sense of the sublime. .. . All the sensations of the sublime possess for him a greater fascination than the transient charms of the beautiful. . . . He is constant. For that reason he subjects his sensibilities to principles. ... The man of melancholic disposition cares little for the opinions of others . . . for that reason he depends solely on his own judgment. Because impulses assume in him the nature of principles, he is not easily distracted; his constancy, too, turns sometimes into obstinacy. . . . Friendship is sublime and he is therefore susceptible to it» — Y la serie de rasgos que Kant le adjudica: sentido de lo sublime por encima de los encantos pasajeros de lo bello, constancia, sujeción de la sensibilidad a principios, indiferencia a la opinión ajena, y amistad, que por sublime le es accesible

«Or ceux-là qui sont nés sous le signe Saturne, Fauve planéte, chére aux nécromanciens, Ont entre tous, d'aprés les grimoires anciens, Bonne part de malheur et bonne part de bile» — El epígrafe de Verlaine con que abre la parte segunda: los nacidos bajo el signo de Saturno, planeta leonado y caro a los nigromantes, tienen según los viejos grimorios buena parte de desgracia y buena parte de bilis

«Nearly all the writers of the later Middle Ages and the Renaissance considered it an incontestable fact that melancholy, whether morbid or natural, stood in some special relationship to Saturn, and that the latter was really to blame for the melancholic’s unfortunate character and destiny» — La obra enuncia el hecho del que parte la parte segunda: casi todos los escritores de la baja Edad Media y del Renacimiento tenían por incontestable que la melancolía guardaba relación especial con Saturno y que este era el culpable del carácter y el destino del melancólico

«To-day, a sombre and melancholy disposition is still described as ‘‘Saturnine’’?; and, as Karl Giehlow has incontrovertibly proved, for a sixteenth-century artist the task of drawing a melancholic was equivalent to drawing a child of Saturn» — Y adjudica a Karl Giehlow la prueba incontrovertible de que para un artista del siglo XVI dibujar un melancólico equivalía a dibujar un hijo de Saturno

«This close and fundamental connexion between melancholy and Saturn, together with the corresponding connexions between the sanguine disposition and Jupiter, the choleric and Mars, and the phlegmatic and the moon or Venus, seems to have been definitely established for the first time by certain Arab writers of the ninth century» — Y data el enlace, con el *seems* de rigor: la conexión de melancolía y Saturno —y las de sanguíneo con Júpiter, colérico con Marte y flemático con la luna o Venus— parece fijarse por primera vez en ciertos escritores árabes del siglo IX

«In Book IV of his Introduction to Astrology, Abu-Ma‘sar (who died in 885) inveighs against a certain primitive “analysis of the spectrum,” which he attributes not to one author but to the "universitas astrologorum" and which endeavoured to relate the planets to the humours» — Consigna la polémica de Abu Ma'shar en el libro IV de su *Introducción a la astrología* contra un análisis primitivo del espectro que no atribuye a un autor sino a la *universitas astrologorum*

«Similarly red Mars is coupled with red bile, Jupiter with blood, and the moon with phlegm» — Con el resto del reparto: Marte rojo con la bilis roja, Júpiter con la sangre y la luna con la flema

«As we learn from Aba Ma‘Sar’s detailed polemics, this hypothesis of the colours and correlation of planets with humours must have been regarded as a proven theory in certain circles in the middle of the ninth century» — Y lo que la obra deduce de esa polémica detallada: la hipótesis de los colores y la correlación de planetas y humores se tenía por teoría probada en ciertos círculos a mediados del siglo IX

«Aba Ma'éar himself attributes to the various planets the qualities corresponding to the temperaments (cold and moist, and so forth), and credits them with an influence on physique, emotions and character largely corresponding to the effects of the humours; but he does not relate them systematically to the four humours» — Con el límite que la obra marca en el propio Abu Ma'shar: atribuye a los planetas las cualidades de los temperamentos y una influencia sobre físico, emociones y carácter, pero no los relaciona sistemáticamente con los cuatro humores

«According to this doctrine, stars, elements and humours could and must be linked with their corresponding colours» — La doctrina contra la que Abu Ma'shar polemiza: astros, elementos y humores pueden y deben ligarse a sus colores correspondientes

«its nature, like that of the earth, is cold and dry. But the colour of Saturn also is dark and black, so that Saturn too must be cold and dry by nature» — Y el argumento cromático: como la bilis negra es fría y seca como la tierra y el color de Saturno es oscuro y negro, también Saturno ha de ser frío y seco por naturaleza

«The very remarkable Liber Aristotelis de cclu Indorum voluminibus, translated by Hugo Sanctallensis, contains a similar account; it actually names the four planets corresponding to the humours, Venus, Mars, Saturn and the moon,? and gives a detailed theoretic justification of these correlations» — Y al *Liber Aristotelis* traducido por Hugo de Santalla un relato semejante, que ya nombra los cuatro planetas de los humores —Venus, Marte, Saturno y la luna— y justifica esas correlaciones

«Moreover, even outside the strictly astrological field, we find this relationship established in principle at the end of the tenth century among the so-called “Faithful of Basra» — Y sitúa la misma relación, fuera ya del campo estrictamente astrológico, entre los llamados Fieles de Basora o Hermanos Puros, a fines del siglo X

«Admittedly the phlegm is not yet included in the system as it is here described» — Con la salvedad que la obra hace: en la versión que describe, la flema aún no entra en el sistema

«The spleen occupies the same position in the body as Saturn in the world. For Saturn with its rays sends forth transcendent powers which penetrate into every part of the world. Through these, forms adhere to, and remain in, matter» — La cita de los Hermanos Puros: el bazo ocupa en el cuerpo el mismo lugar que Saturno en el mundo, porque de los rayos de Saturno salen potencias que hacen que las formas se adhieran a la materia y permanezcan en ella

«So far as they reached the west at all, the works of these authors and the theses of those masters against whom Abu Ma‘sar’s polemics were directed, did not have any considerable influence in Europe. For the west, the decisive event was the translation of Alcabitius» — Y el saldo de la transmisión: esos autores y los maestros que Abu Ma'shar combatía no pesaron mucho en Europa, y el hecho decisivo para Occidente fue la traducción de Alcabitius

«Abü Ma‘sar’s master, Al-Kindi (born in the early part of the ninth century), distinguishes the four parts of the circle of the day according to the four humours. Men born in the first quadrant» — Adjudica a al-Kindi, maestro de Abu Ma'shar, la división del círculo del día en cuatro cuadrantes por los humores

«He is bad, masculine, in daytime cold, dry, melancholy (literally: blackish of mixture), presides over fathers . . . over old age and dotage and over elder brothers and ancestors, and over honesty in speech and in love, and absence of impulses . . . , and over experience of things, keeping of a secret and its concealment, much eating and silence, deliberate dealings, over understanding and the faculty of distinguishing» — El retrato de Saturno en Alcabitius que el volumen traduce: malo, masculino, frío y seco de día, melancólico —literalmente, negruzco de mezcla—, señor de los padres, la vejez, la honradez en el hablar, el guardar un secreto, el silencio, el trato deliberado y la facultad de distinguir

«he presides over lasting, permanent things, like land, husbandry, farming, tilling the land, and over respectable professions which have to do with water like the commanding of ships and their management, and the administration of work, and shrewdness and fatigue, pride, kings’ servants, the pious among the peoples, the weak, slaves, the worried, the low born, the heavy, the dead, magicians, demons, devils and people of ill-fame—all this when his condition is good» — Y lo que preside en su condición buena: lo duradero —tierra, labranza, cultivo—, los oficios respetables del agua, la sagacidad, la fatiga, los siervos de los reyes, los piadosos, los débiles, los esclavos, los muertos, magos, demonios y gente de mala fama

«But when he is evil he presides over hatred, obstinacy, care, grief, lamenting, weeping, evil opinion, suspicion between men» — Y en la mala: odio, obstinación, cuidado, aflicción, lamento, llanto, mala opinión y sospecha entre los hombres

«further, he presides over miserly gains, over old and impossible things, far travels, long absence, great poverty, avarice towards himself and others, employment of deceit, want, astonishment, preference for solitude, wishes that kill by cruelty, prison, difficulties, guile, inheritances, causes of death» — Con el resto de esa lista: ganancias avaras, viajes largos, pobreza extrema, avaricia consigo y con otros, engaño, preferencia por la soledad, deseos que matan de crueldad, prisión y causas de muerte

«He also presides over vulgar trades like those of tanners, blood-letters, bath attendants, sailors, grave-diggers, the sale of ironware and objects of lead and bones, as well as working in leather. All this when he is unfortunate» — Y los oficios viles que le tocan cuando está desafortunado: curtidores, sangradores, bañeros, marineros, sepultureros, venta de hierro, plomo y huesos, y el trabajo del cuero

«To him belong hearing, comprehension, the viscous, sticky, blackish (melancholy) thick humours, and of the parts of the body, the right ear, the back, the knees . . . the bladder, the spleen, the bones .. . and of diseases, gout, elephantiasis, dropsy, hypochondria, and all chronic illnesses which come from cold and dryness» — Lo que del cuerpo y de la enfermedad le pertenece: el oído, la comprensión, los humores espesos y negruzcos, la oreja derecha, la espalda, las rodillas, la vejiga, el bazo, los huesos, y la gota, la elefantiasis, la hidropesía, la hipocondría y toda dolencia crónica de frío y sequedad

«In the human form he presides over the circumstances that a new-born child has black and curly hair, thick hair on the breast, medium eyes inclining from black to yellow with meeting eyebrows, well-proportioned bones, thick lips» — Y la fisonomía que impone al recién nacido: pelo negro y rizado, vello espeso en el pecho, ojos medianos entre negro y amarillo con cejas unidas, huesos bien proporcionados y labios gruesos

«He has the faith ot judaism, black clothing; of days Saturday, and the night of Wednesday» — Con los atributos de culto y calendario: la fe del judaísmo, la ropa negra, el sábado entre los días y la noche del miércoles

«Saturn is said to be dry, but sometimes moist too. He “presides over’’ the utmost poverty, | but also over great wealth (admittedly always coupled with avarice and ill-will towards others), over treachery but also over uprightness, over domiciles but also over long sea journeys and exile» — Y enumera las contradicciones: Saturno es seco y a veces húmedo, preside la pobreza extrema y la gran riqueza, la traición y la rectitud, el domicilio y los viajes largos y el destierro

«Men born under him are members of “vulgar” trades, slaves, felons, prisoners and eunuchs, but they are also powerful commanders and silent people with mysterious wisdom and deep thoughts» — Y las de los nacidos bajo él: oficios viles, esclavos, presidiarios y eunucos, y también jefes poderosos y callados de sabiduría misteriosa

«But order emerges from the chaos as soon as the origins are traced» — Con la promesa metódica que la obra hace: el orden emerge del caos en cuanto se rastrean los orígenes

«For Aba Ma€ar and Alcabitius, Saturn was one of the seven planets endowed with demoniac powers, to which definite classes of entities, men, beasts, plants, minerals, professions, biological or meteorological events, constitutions, characters and dealings in everyday life essentially "belonged", and which exercised a decisive influence on the fate of men and the course of all earthly events, the effect of these planets being strengthened or weakened according to their position in the firmament at any given time and their relations towards one another» — Y el marco desde el que hay que leerlos: para Abu Ma'shar y Alcabitius, Saturno era uno de los siete planetas con potencias demoníacas a los que pertenecían clases definidas de entes y que decidían el curso de lo terrestre según su posición y sus relaciones

«In astrology generally, but especially in astrological notions of planetary rulers who had inherited the names and qualities of the great Olympic gods, ancient piety had been preserved in an apparently profane form; and it was to remain so much alive in the future that the very gods who had been turned into stars—that is to say, apparently stripped of divinity—were an object of pious veneration and even of formal cults for hundreds of years afterwards» — La obra sostiene que en la astrología se conservó en forma aparentemente profana una piedad antigua, y que los dioses vueltos astros siguieron siendo objeto de veneración y hasta de cultos formales durante siglos

«while those not turned into stars—Hephaestus, Poseidon and Athena— continued to exist merely in learned compendiums and allegorical moral tracts; even their re-awakening in the humanism of the Renaissance, was to a certain extent a matter of literary con» — Frente a ellos, los que no se volvieron astros —Hefesto, Poseidón, Atenea— siguieron existiendo solo en compendios y tratados alegóricos, y aun su despertar humanista fue en parte convención literaria

«Even in the sources from which the Arabic astrological notion of Saturn had arisen, the characteristics of the primeval Latin god of crops Saturn had been merged with those of Kronos, the son of Uranus, whom Zeus had dethroned and castrated, as well as with Chronos the god of time, who in turn had been equated with the two former even in antiquity» — Y las tres capas que ya venían fundidas en las fuentes del Saturno astrológico árabe: el viejo dios latino de las cosechas, el Cronos hijo de Urano destronado y castrado por Zeus, y Chronos el dios del tiempo

«When one considers further that all these mythological definitions were in turn mixed with astronomical and scientific definitions, and that astrological (that is, fundamentally magical) speculation, by reasoning from analogy, derived a mass of further more or less indirect associations from every given predicate, the apparently chaotic nature of a text such as Abii Ma‘Sar’s or Alcabitius’s seems perfectly intelligible» — Con lo que la obra vuelve inteligible el caos: mezcladas esas definiciones mitológicas con las científicas, y derivada por analogía una masa de asociaciones de cada predicado, un texto como el de Abu Ma'shar o el de Alcabitius se entiende perfectamente

«It 1s true that the other Greek gods, too, nearly all appear under a dual aspect, in the sense that they both chastise and bless, destroy and aid» — Con la concesión que le precede: casi todos los dioses griegos tienen doble aspecto, porque castigan y bendicen, destruyen y socorren (sic, *1s*, por *is*)

«But in none of them 1s this dual aspect so real and fundamental as in Kronos. His nature is a dual one not only with regard to his effect on the outer world, but with regard to his own—as it were, personal—destiny, and this dualism is so sharply marked that Kronos might fairly be described as god of opposites» — Y la diferencia: en ninguno es ese doble aspecto tan real y fundamental como en Cronos, que por su destino personal podría llamarse con justicia dios de los opuestos

«On the one hand he was the benevolent god of agriculture, whose harvest festival was celebrated by free men and slaves together,? the ruler of the Golden Age when men had abundance of all things and enjoyed the innocent happiness of Rousseau's natural man,? the lord of the Islands of the Blessed,? and the inventor of agriculture?! and of the building of cities» — El primer polo: dios benévolo de la agricultura, cuya fiesta de la cosecha celebraban juntos libres y esclavos, señor de la Edad de Oro y de las Islas de los Bienaventurados, inventor de la agricultura y de la fundación de ciudades

«On the one hand he was the father of gods and men,?8 on the other hand the devourer of children,?® eater of raw flesh (óunorüp), the consumer of all, who "swallowed up all the gods", and exacted human sacrifice from the barbarians» — El otro polo del dios: padre de dioses y hombres y a la vez devorador de sus hijos, comedor de carne cruda, consumidor de todo, que se tragó a los dioses y exigía sacrificios humanos a los bárbaros

«he castrated his father Uranus with the very sickle which, in the hand of his son, repaid measure for measure and made the procreator of all things for ever infertile—a sickle which, prepared by Gaea,? was both an instrument of the most horrible outrage» — Y la hoz que la obra pone en el centro de la ambivalencia: con ella castró a Urano y con ella, en mano de su hijo, se le pagó con la misma medida

«Ihe equation of the Greek Kronos with Saturn, the Roman god of fields and crops, confirmed the latent contradiction without particularly accentuating it» — La obra mide lo que la ecuación con el Saturno romano aporta: repite la contradicción latente sin acentuarla en especial (sic, *Ihe*, por *The*)

«The Roman Saturn was originally not ambivalent but definitely good» — Porque el Saturno romano no era ambivalente en origen, sino claramente bueno

«In the general picture of the hybrid Kronos-Saturn, the fusion of the Greek god with the Roman produced an increase of positive traits by adding the attributes of guardian of wealth, overseer of a system of counting by weight and measure and inventor of coin-minting;? and of negative traits by adding those of the hunted fugitive» — Y lo que la fusión añade al híbrido: por lo positivo, guardián de la riqueza, supervisor del peso y la medida e inventor de la acuñación; por lo negativo, el fugitivo perseguido

«Against this, however, the Greek Kronos's ambivalence was increased when the notion of the mythical god was linked, and soon merged, with that of the star that is still called Saturn to-day» — Y el salto que sí aumenta la ambivalencia: ligar y fundir la noción del dios mítico con la del astro que aún hoy se llama Saturno

«How the god Kronos came to be linked with the star Saturn has been explained by Franz Cumont, in so far as explanation has been possible» — Adjudica a Franz Cumont la explicación de ese enlace, con el límite que la obra marca: en la medida en que ha sido posible explicarlo

«The Greeks, whose primitive religion contained hardly any elements of star-worship, at first knew only the planets Qoooópos and “Eotepos, which seemed to precede the sun in its rising and setting; the one seems not to have been identified with the other until the time of the Pythagoreans or even of Parmenides» — Y el punto de partida griego: una religión primitiva casi sin culto astral, que solo conocía el lucero de la mañana y el de la tarde, sin identificarlos entre sí hasta los pitagóricos o Parménides

«of whose original character we know virtually nothing,!$ was distinguished by a marked internal contradiction or ambivalence» — El rasgo de Cronos del que la obra parte, con la declaración de ignorancia por delante: de su carácter original no se sabe prácticamente nada, y lo distingue una contradicción o ambivalencia interna marcada

«The fact that in addition to this most obvious of the planets, four others pursued their courses through the zodiac, was communicated to the Greeks by the Babylonians, who from time immemorial had clearly recognised the planets as such, and worshipped them as gods of destiny» — Adjudica a los babilonios la noticia de los otros cuatro planetas, reconocidos como tales desde tiempo inmemorial y adorados como dioses del destino

«Mercury as Nebu, the god of writing and wisdom, Venus as Ishtar, the great goddess of love and fertility, Mars as Nergal, the grim god of war and hell, Jupiter as Marduk, the kingly ruler, and Saturn as the strange god Ninib, of whom little more is known than that he was sometimes regarded as the nightly representative of the sun and was therefore, in spite of Marduk, considered the "mightiest" of the five planets» — Con el reparto babilónico: Mercurio como Nabu, Venus como Ishtar, Marte como Nergal, Júpiter como Marduk y Saturno como el extraño Ninib, tenido a veces por representante nocturno del sol y, pese a Marduk, por el más poderoso de los cinco

«Nebu must be Hermes, Ishtar Aphrodite, Nergal Ares, and Marduk Zeus; and Ninib must be Kronos, with his cruelty and his great age; (his age corresponded to the length of his revolution, in marked contrast to the steady pace of his "son" and the swift movement of his “‘grandchildren") and his peculiar powers were overshadowed but by no means lessened by his dethronement» — Y la ecuación griega que siguió: Nabu había de ser Hermes, Ishtar Afrodita, Nergal Ares, Marduk Zeus, y Ninib Cronos, por su crueldad y su gran edad, correspondiente a la longitud de su revolución

«This original set of equations, however, which first appeared in complete form in the late Platonic Epinomis,*® was brought into confusion by the growing influx of eastern elements in the Hellenistic period» — Con la confusión posterior: ese juego original de ecuaciones, completo por primera vez en el *Epínomis*, se enturbió con el influjo creciente de elementos orientales en el helenismo

«The astronomers attempted to stem this confusion by seeking to replace the multiplicity of mythological terms by a uniform system of nomenclature on a purely phenomenal basis. Mercury became ZríABov the twinkler, Venus Owopdpos the bringer of light, Mars Tlupdets the fiery one, Jupiter ®aé@wv the brilliant one, and Saturn caívov the shining one» — Y el remedio que los astrónomos intentaron: sustituir la multiplicidad mitológica por una nomenclatura uniforme de base fenoménica, con Saturno como el brillante

«But owing to its non-personal character, this terminology, which itself very probably came from Babylonian sources of a more scientific type, was as little able to make headway against the old mythological terms as, say, the artificially chosen names of the months in the French Revolution were able to supplant the traditional ones» — Con la comparación que explica su fracaso: esa terminología impersonal pudo tan poco contra los nombres míticos como los nombres de los meses de la Revolución francesa contra los tradicionales

«Towards the end of the Republic we find the periphrasis “‘the star of Kronos", replaced by the simple "Kronos", and "star of Saturn" replaced by the simple "Saturn» — Y el punto de llegada: hacia el final de la República la perífrasis *el astro de Cronos* queda en *Cronos* a secas, y *astro de Saturno* en *Saturno*

«Thus, the mythical identification of the planets with what the western world had hitherto considered only their "corresponding" divinities was completed once and for all» — Con lo que la identificación mítica de los planetas con lo que Occidente tenía solo por sus divinidades correspondientes quedó consumada de una vez

«Epigenes of Byzantium, who is thought to have lived in early Alexandrian times and therefore to have been one of the oldest mediators between Babylon and Hellas, classified Saturn as “‘cold and windy» — Adjudica a Epígenes de Bizancio, tenido por uno de los mediadores más viejos entre Babilonia y Grecia, la clasificación de Saturno como frío y ventoso

«The epithet “cold”, according both with the planet's great distance from the sun and with the god's great age, adhered to Saturn throughout the years and was never» — Y explica por qué el epíteto *frío* se le pegó para siempre y nunca se puso en duda: concuerda a la vez con la distancia del planeta al sol y con la gran edad del dios

«The property of dryness, implied by “windy’’, on the other hand, came into conflict with the fact that Pythagorean and Orphic texts. described the mythical Kronos as just the opposite, namely, as the god of rain or of the sea» — Con el conflicto que la sequedad implicada en *ventoso* abre: los textos pitagóricos y órficos hacían del Cronos mítico justamente lo contrario, dios de la lluvia o del mar

«and this accounts for the fact that in later, especially in astrological literature, we so often encounter the singular definition “natura frigida et sicca, sed accidentaliter humida", or something of the sort—a contradiction which can only be explained, if at all, with the help of laborious argumentation» — Y de ahí, dice la obra, la definición singular tan repetida después —fría y seca por naturaleza, húmeda por accidente—, contradicción que solo se salva, si acaso, con argumentación laboriosa

«Whether it was really Posidonius who reduced the elemental qualities of the planets to an orderly system,*! we would not venture to decide» — La obra declara la abstención: no se atreve a decidir si fue realmente Posidonio quien redujo a sistema las cualidades elementales de los planetas

«but it would be safe to say that it was within the framework of the Stoic system that the doctrine was endowed with its full meaning» — Y lo que sí da por seguro: que fue dentro del sistema estoico donde esa doctrina cobró su sentido pleno

«Not till the formation of a cosmological system in which the opposites heat and cold determined the basic structure of the universe, did the qualities hitherto more or less arbitrarily attributed to the stars reveal a general and universally applicable law of nature, valid for both heavenly and earthly things and therefore establishing for the first time a rationally comprehensible connexion between the one set and the other» — Con la razón: solo al formarse una cosmología donde calor y frío estructuran el universo, las cualidades hasta entonces atribuidas a los astros de manera más o menos arbitraria revelaron una ley natural válida a la vez para lo celeste y lo terrestre

«To Saturn, which was cold because of its distance from the sun (whether the Stoics thought it moist or dry we do not know), everything cold on earth was first related and finally subordinated» — De donde todo lo frío de la tierra quedó primero relacionado y al fin subordinado a Saturno, frío por su distancia al sol

«Stoic philosophy, however, had prepared the ground for recognition of astrological belief in two further directions. In the first place, there was the Stoic acceptance of the notion of ‘“Moira’”’, which was conceived both as a law of nature and as _ Fate,® and was bound, in view of this dual significance, to favour astrological fatalism» — La obra adjudica al estoicismo la preparación del terreno en dos direcciones, y la primera es la aceptación del fatalismo astrológico

«Secondly, there was the rationalistic disintegration of the religious myths, enabling later times to identify the properties of the stars, considered as physical bodies, that is, as natural phenomena, with those of the divinities whose names they bore» — Y la segunda: la disolución racionalista de los mitos religiosos, que permitió identificar las propiedades de los astros como cuerpos físicos con las de las divinidades cuyo nombre llevaban

«Ihe moment was ripe when the question, prompted by an age-old psychological urge, as to the destiny of the individual, could find as little answer in the various philosophical systems as 1n the official religion which these very systems had displaced, and when it sought a new answer which should satisfy faith rather than reason» — Y cuándo llegó: cuando la pregunta por el destino del individuo no halló respuesta ni en los sistemas filosóficos ni en la religión oficial y se buscó una que satisficiera a la fe antes que a la razón (sic, *Ihe*, por *The*)

«With regard to the fate of the individual in the next world, the answer was given in the ever more widespread mystery cults, among which Christianity was ultimately to triumph. But with regard to the fate of the individual in this world, the answer was afforded by the astrology of later antiquity, whose development and recognition took place at the same time as the adoption of the mystery religions» — Con el reparto que la obra hace: los cultos mistéricos, y al cabo el cristianismo, respondieron por el destino en el otro mundo, y la astrología tardoantigua por el destino en este

«The astrological elements of ancient oriental astronomy were made known to the Greeks at the same time as the astronomical, but it is significant that it was a Chaldean rather than a Greek who systematically developed and summarised them» — Y señala lo significativo del traspaso: fue un caldeo y no un griego quien desarrolló y resumió sistemáticamente los elementos astrológicos

«This was Berossus, born about 350-340 B.C. and originally a priest of the Temple of Bel in Babylon, who is said to have founded a school of astrology on Cos; he dedicated a work to the Seleucidian Antiochus I, entitled Babyloniacat? ; this summary of all Babylonian knowledge of the stars seems to have been the main source for writers of the later Empire» — Sitúa a Beroso, sacerdote del templo de Bel en Babilonia y fundador según se dice de una escuela de astrología en Cos, y su *Babyloniaca* como fuente principal de los escritores del Imperio tardío

«For the Greeks themselves, the astrological side of this knowledge was so much overshadowed by the astronomical that we know very little about the actual content of "older", that is to say, pre-Augustan, astrology, and least of all about its definitions concerning the nature and effect of the planets» — Y declara el hueco de la evidencia: sabemos muy poco del contenido real de la astrología preaugustea y menos aún de sus definiciones sobre la naturaleza y el efecto de los planetas

«One thing, however, may be said with some certainty, that the division of the planets into "good" and "evil", which was generally known at any rate by the first century B.C. and 1s usually described as ''Chaldean", must have been imported considerably earlier» — Lo que la obra sí da por bastante seguro: que la división de los planetas en buenos y malos, conocida al menos en el siglo I a. C. y llamada caldea, se importó bastante antes

«According to this system of division, which formed the basis of all Roman writers' statements on astrology and also represented the days of the week named after the planets as auspicious" or “‘inauspicious’’, two of the planets, Jupiter and Venus, were consistently "good" by nature, one, namely Mercury, was "neutral", and two, Mars and Saturn, were “evil» — Y el reparto: Júpiter y Venus buenos por naturaleza, Mercurio neutral, Marte y Saturno malos

«Thus, in Manilus's few lines—one of the earliest extant astrological statements about the nature of Saturn—we encounter a heavenly ruler of strangely sombre character» — Sitúa en los pocos versos de Manilio uno de los enunciados astrológicos más antiguos que se conservan sobre la naturaleza de Saturno

«Hurled from his throne and expelled from the threshold of the gods, Saturn exerted his powers on "the opposite end of the world's axis" and ruled the "foundations" of the universe, that is, the lowest part of the heavens, called the “imum coeli", with the result that he also saw the world from the opposite perspective, from an essentially inimical standpoint» — Y lo que en ellos hace Saturno: arrojado del trono y expulsado del umbral de los dioses, ejerce su poder en el extremo opuesto del eje del mundo y ve el mundo desde una perspectiva contraria y enemiga

«And just as his own mythical destiny had been determined by his fatherhood, so now as a planetary power he held the fate of all fathers and old men in his hands» — Con la analogía que lo rige: como su destino mítico lo decidió su paternidad, como potencia planetaria tiene en sus manos la suerte de todos los padres y los viejos

«lhe significant part of this sketchy description—apart from the sombre colouring of Saturn’s portrait—lies in the fusion of scientific and, especially, Stoic doctrine with mythology, as well as in the emergence of an ever more authoritative type of speculation distinguished by the classification of sets of relationships with little rational or logical connexion between them» — Y lo que la obra declara significativo en esa descripción esquemática: la fusión de doctrina científica y estoica con mitología, y una especulación que clasifica relaciones con poca conexión racional entre sí (sic, *lhe*, por *The*)

«The Stoics did not complete this fusion themselves, but the effect of reducing the myths to a rationalistic and allegorical significance was to deprive the gods of their status» — Con el matiz que la obra mantiene: los estoicos no consumaron esa fusión, pero al reducir los mitos a sentido racionalista y alegórico despojaron a los dioses de su condición

«is clear that this doctrine, which showed the complicated nature of Saturn in a markedly sinister and baleful light,*? was of great significance with regard to the later apportionment of melancholy to his sphere» — La consecuencia que a la obra le importa: esa doctrina, que mostraba la naturaleza complicada de Saturno bajo una luz marcadamente siniestra, pesó mucho en la adjudicación posterior de la melancolía a su esfera

«The astrological view, as seen in Manilius, has something in common with the Stoic; both are interested in the old myths only in so far as single elements of them can be interpreted so as to apply to the definition of a natural phenomenon» — La obra compara la vista astrológica con la estoica: las dos se interesan por los viejos mitos solo en cuanto elementos sueltos de ellos sirvan para definir un fenómeno natural

«It differs from the Stoic view, however, firstly in that the notion of the divinity is no longer kept separate from that of the star known by the same name, but 1s identified with it» — Y marca la primera diferencia: la noción de la divinidad ya no se mantiene aparte de la del astro del mismo nombre, sino que se identifica con ella

«thirdly, in that the method of interpreting the myths is no longer that of abstract allegory, but a method of concrete analogy» — Y la tercera: el método de interpretar los mitos deja de ser la alegoría abstracta y pasa a ser la analogía concreta

«They no longer say: "Saturn signifies Time because Time devours temporal events as Saturn did his children"; but: “Saturn, cast out from Olympus into Hades, rules the lowest region of the celestial globe"; or: “Saturn, himself an old man and a father, determines the fate of old men and fathers» — Con el ejemplo con que la obra lo hace ver: ya no se dice que Saturno significa el Tiempo porque el Tiempo devora como él a sus hijos, sino que Saturno, arrojado del Olimpo al Hades, rige la región más baja del globo celeste

«Later astrologers continued to expand these relationships founded in "structural" analogies, so that Manilius’s still very sketchy account of the planetary gods and their powers attained an ever richer, more definite and at the same time more complicated form, while on the other hand the original mythological attributes of the gods which Manilius still mentioned ("deiectus et ipse Imperio quondam mundi solioque deorum", and so on) seem gradually to have faded from the recollection of authors and readers, and can now be recaptured only by retrospective analysis» — Y el saldo del proceso: los astrólogos posteriores expandieron esas analogías estructurales hasta una forma más rica y complicada, mientras los atributos mitológicos originales que Manilio aún mencionaba se desvanecían de la memoria de autores y lectores

«A relatively early exponent of this fully developed astrological characterisation was the second-century writer Vettius Valens,*? whose work begins with a detailed description of the nature and influence of the planets» — Sitúa a Vecio Valente, del siglo II, como exponente relativamente temprano de esa caracterización astrológica ya desarrollada

«Some of these correlations, which have quite clearly been incorporated in the Arabic texts, can be traced without difficulty to the true mythological core of the conception» — La obra declara su procedimiento: algunas de esas correlaciones, incorporadas después a los textos árabes, se rastrean sin dificultad hasta el núcleo mitológico

«His association with celibacy and childlessness, widowhood, child-exposure, orphanhood, violence and hidden malice can be explained by the unfortunate experiences of the Greek Kronos in his family life; his association with the sad, the worried, and misused, beggars, chains, captivity, and concealment, derives from his dethronement and imprisonment in Tartarus» — Y da las derivaciones: el celibato, la falta de hijos, la viudez, el abandono de niños, la orfandad y la malicia oculta vienen de la vida familiar desdichada de Cronos, y los tristes, los mendigos, las cadenas y el cautiverio de su destronamiento y su prisión en el Tártaro

«Further, the assignment to him of tears, of those working with moist objects, of damage and illnesses caused by cold and wet, of the bladder, of glands, of death by drowning, and so on, is based on the Pythagorean and Orphic interpretation of Kronos as a sea and river god» — Y las lágrimas, los oficios de lo húmedo, los males del frío y la humedad, la vejiga, las glándulas y la muerte por ahogo, a la interpretación pitagórica y órfica de Cronos como dios del mar y de los ríos

«But now something was done that Manilius had only modestly attempted. All these mythical traits were reinterpreted as types of terrestrial things and events; the various experiences and qualities of the god materialised, so to speak, into categories of earthly substances, and, above all, into categories of human character and destiny» — Y el paso nuevo: todos esos rasgos míticos se reinterpretan como tipos de cosas y sucesos terrestres, y las experiencias del dios se materializan en categorías de carácter y de destino humanos

«The slowness of his revolution conferred on those born under him the character of indolence, and caused him to be regarded as the ruler of lead (we still speak of "leaden feet" and “leaden dullness"), and as the cause of prolonged litigation» — El primer tipo de analogía, la astrofísica: la lentitud de su revolución da indolencia a los nacidos bajo él, lo hace señor del plomo y causa de pleitos interminables

«One can see how some of these statements derive from a kind of analogy not hitherto encountered; the formula underlying them is no longer “Just as Kronos himself lay bound in Tartarus, so the children of Saturn are often imprisoned"; but rather "As Saturn is cold and moist, and as dropsy and rheumatism are caused by cold and moisture, so dropsy and rheumatism are proper to» — Y la obra distingue el segundo tipo, la analogía indirecta, cuya fórmula ya no es que los hijos de Saturno vayan presos como él, sino que la hidropesía y el reuma le pertenecen porque los causan el frío y la humedad

«By this means of indirect analogy the astrological notion of Saturn could now include a third group of predicates which in themselves were associated neither with mythical nor with astrophysical attributes, but were, if one may say so, of secular origin, and possessed a quite special significance in our context. This was the whole area of knowledge gained by physiognomy, characterology and popular ethics, themselves quite independent of the lore of the stars» — Y lo que esa analogía indirecta permite incorporar: un tercer grupo de predicados de origen profano, venidos de la fisiognomía, la caracterología y la ética popular

«Patronage of the earth, wood, stone, agriculture and husbandry clearly derives from the qualities of the Italian god of crops Saturn» — El patronazgo de la tierra, la madera, la piedra y la labranza lo remonta al dios itálico de las cosechas

«The mythical Kronos was distinguished by a quite definite physiognomy—by a sad or thoughtful old age?9 and above all by certain, often negative, features» — Y lo que el Cronos mítico aportaba por su lado: una fisonomía bien definida, una vejez triste o pensativa y rasgos a menudo negativos

«But since the special characteristic of a god had become a general type of human character, those sciences were now involved which from Aristotle onwards had aimed at exploring the physical and mental structure of man» — Con el paso que la obra marca: vuelta la cualidad de un dios un tipo general de carácter humano, entran en juego las ciencias que desde Aristóteles exploraban la estructura física y mental del hombre

«This agreement was so complete that a further “indirect” analogy, the inclusion in astrology of "related" types from the store of physiognomy and characterology, could not fail to follow» — Y lo que ese acuerdo hacía inevitable: incorporar a la astrología los tipos afines del repertorio de la fisiognomía y la caracterología

«Thus the churlish, the petty, the selfish, misers, slanderers and the like came to be included among “‘Saturnine”’ people, and thus Saturnine people came to be identified with melancholics» — De donde el hosco, el mezquino, el egoísta, el avaro y el maldiciente entran entre los saturninos, y los saturninos acaban identificados con los melancólicos

«The same procedure, that of Hellenistic physiognomy and characterology, was used, as we saw, by the humoralists of the later Empire in constructing the "four temperaments”; and we now see it being used by the astrology of the later Empire in constructing its "planetary" types» — La obra empareja los dos procesos: el mismo procedimiento con que los humoralistas del Imperio tardío construyeron los cuatro temperamentos sirve a la astrología para construir sus tipos planetarios

«These physiognomic and characterological types with their essential qualities were now used in descriptions of the equally pessimistic, lonely and cold-natured Saturnine character, and reinforced (through further analogy) by descriptions derived from the pathological study of melancholy» — Y cómo se cruzan: los tipos fisiognómicos y caracterológicos sirven para describir el carácter saturnino, y este se refuerza por analogía con lo que la patología decía del melancólico

«The quality of greed, for instance, the mythical origin of which is plain, and which was postulated by almost all astrologers, found its analogy as early as Aristotle in the semeiotics of the melancholic» — Y la obra va emparejando los pares: la avaricia, de origen mítico evidente y postulada por casi todos los astrólogos, halla su analogía ya en Aristóteles, en la semiótica del melancólico

«Julian of Laodicea credited Saturn with autocracy,9 corresponding to the '"tyrannic" nature of the melancholic in Plato» — Juliano de Laodicea le acredita la autocracia, en correspondencia con el melancólico tiránico de Platón

«Rhetorius called him silent and attributed to his influence the tendency to be superstitious» — Retorio lo llama callado y le adjudica la propensión a la superstición

«described Saturn as a "stella tenax’’,*! corresponding to the description of the melancholic as steadfast and firm (épaiov xoi BéBatov), and also as stabilis» — El poema *Aetna* llama a Saturno astro tenaz, en correspondencia con el melancólico firme, constante y estable

«What was admittedly still lacking in all this astrology of the later Empire was a definite and constant distribution of the four humours among certain planets, in particular the definite and constant association of black bile with Saturn» — La obra declara lo que a la astrología del Imperio tardío todavía le faltaba: un reparto fijo y constante de los cuatro humores entre planetas, y en particular la asociación estable de la bilis negra con Saturno

«Vettius Valens and his successors in the late Empire did indeed mention Saturn in connexion with black bile, with the spleen and with the corresponding physical and mental conditions, but it was then a question of a relationship either not yet universal or not yet specific» — Y precisa el estado de la relación en Vecio Valente y sus sucesores: mencionan a Saturno con la bilis negra y el bazo, pero en una relación aún no universal ni específica

«Either they said, in general terms, "The spleen is governed by Saturn’’—in which case this was not a specific patronage, for the spleen was ranged alongside the bones, the bladder, the right ear and so on» — La primera forma: un patronazgo general del bazo, que iba junto con los huesos, la vejiga y la oreja derecha

«or else they spoke of some specific effect of Saturn upon black bile and conditions connected with it—in which case this effect was neither permanent nor exclusive to Saturn, but conditioned by Saturn's momentary position in the firmament or even by the joint action of Saturn and other planets» — La segunda: un efecto específico pero ni permanente ni exclusivo, condicionado por la posición momentánea de Saturno o por la acción conjunta con otros planetas

«In his poem he declared that when cold Saturn and hot Mars were in conjunction work was hampered, and the black bile was brought into activity» — El ejemplo de Doroteo: en conjunción el frío Saturno y el cálido Marte, el trabajo se estorba y la bilis negra se pone en actividad

«It is understandable that in the later Empire no lasting connexion was established between Saturn and melancholy as an illness, let alone between Saturn and melancholy as a temperament» — Y explica por qué no se fijó ese lazo en el Imperio tardío: cuando la astrología se desarrolló, el sistema de los cuatro temperamentos aún se estaba haciendo

«The Galenic '"crases" could be embodied in the astrological doctrine of the planets more easily than the four humours, and this was in fact attempted by so strictly scientific an astrologer as Ptolemy» — Con la asimetría que señala: las *crases* galénicas entraban en la doctrina de los planetas más fácilmente que los cuatro humores, y eso fue lo que intentó un astrólogo tan científico como Ptolomeo

«Moreover, by the time the theory of the four humours had been firmly established, the western world had temporarily lost all interest in the further development of astrology. The problem of how to bring the four humours into harmony with the seven planets was raised again only by the eastern scholars of the Middle Ages» — Y la cronología que lo remata: cuando la teoría de los cuatro humores quedó firme, Occidente había perdido el interés por la astrología, y el problema de armonizar cuatro humores con siete planetas solo lo replantearon los eruditos orientales

«But the conditions for such a connexion were implicit in the astrology of the late Empire, and this connexion was so far prefigured in all essentials that all it required was explicit formulation and codification» — Con la salvedad que la obra añade: las condiciones estaban implícitas en la astrología tardoimperial y el enlace prefigurado en lo esencial, de modo que solo faltaba formularlo y codificarlo

«Even the preponderantly negative picture of Saturn painted by Vettius Valens was not altogether lacking in positive traits ("great fame and high degree"), and one can see how these positive traits later increased in number and became more sharply defined by being made dependent on a definite position of the planet, and by thus becoming more clearly distinguishable from its generally inauspicious influences» — La obra observa que ni el retrato preponderantemente negativo de Vecio Valente carecía de rasgos positivos, y que estos crecieron al hacerse depender de una posición definida del planeta

«And yet this same Saturn, according to Manetho, 'in peculiaribus suis domibus", might not only signify riches and luxury, but also produce men who were happy, versatile, and sociable as long as they lived» — Y el reverso que Manetón le concede: en sus propias casas, ese mismo Saturno podía significar riqueza y lujo y producir hombres felices, versátiles y sociables de por vida

«Elsewhere we read that in certain constellations he generated physicians, geometricians,? and those who could prophesy from hidden books and knew many esoteric rites of the mysteries» — Con lo que otros le atribuyen en ciertas constelaciones: médicos, geómetras y quienes profetizan por libros ocultos y conocen muchos ritos esotéricos de los misterios

«Firmicus and the writer of another, closely related, Greek text credit Saturn with the power to produce “‘in the fifth place, kings, rulers, and founders of cities» — Y lo que Fírmico y un texto griego afín le acreditan: reyes, gobernantes y fundadores de ciudades

«place, even famous magicians and philosophers, as well as excellent soothsayers and mathematicians (that is to say, astrologers), who always prophesy correctly, and whose words possess, as it were, divine authority» — Y, en el noveno lugar, magos y filósofos famosos, adivinos y matemáticos excelentes que aciertan siempre y cuyas palabras tienen como autoridad divina

«The positive evaluation of Saturn's influence as it appears in these and similar passages and as it was partly adopted by the Arabic astrologers (whose conception therefore appears considerably less homogeneous than that of Vettius Valens) can in turn be partly derived from certain features of Saturnian myths» — La obra remonta esa valoración positiva, adoptada en parte por los astrólogos árabes, a ciertos rasgos de los mitos saturninos

«For instance, riches, the founding of cities, association with geometry, knowledge of everything secret or hidden, can be traced immediately to the myths of the Golden Age, of the colonisation of Italy and of the sojourn in "Latium» — Con los ejemplos: la riqueza, la fundación de ciudades, la geometría y el conocimiento de todo lo secreto se remontan a la Edad de Oro, a la colonización de Italia y a la estancia en el Lacio

«When Neoplatonism made use of the same mythical and scientific data as astrology, it did so not in order to subordinate this world as a whole to the determinative influence of the stars, but in order to find a metaphysical unity which could give meaning to all physical existence» — La obra contrasta los fines: el neoplatonismo usa los mismos datos míticos y científicos que la astrología, pero no para someter el mundo al influjo de los astros sino para hallar una unidad metafísica que dé sentido a toda existencia física

«While this supreme unity gradually descends and branches out into the multiplicity of earthly things, phenomena are ranged in vertical series (ceipof) which by degrees reach down to the motionless minerals» — Y la estructura que de ahí sale: series verticales, cadenas que bajan por grados hasta los minerales inmóviles

«The principle governing these "chains of being" was now symbolised by the heavenly bodies, which occupied a position midway between this world and “the place above the heavens» — Con el papel que los astros cumplen en ella: simbolizan el principio de esas cadenas, a medio camino entre este mundo y el lugar supraceleste

«Hence the Neoplatonic series were comparable with the astrological categories, since both associated certain groups of earthly phenomena with certain planets, as well as with certain signs of the zodiac» — De donde las series neoplatónicas resultan comparables a las categorías astrológicas, porque ambas ligan grupos de fenómenos terrestres a planetas y signos

«But the Neoplatonic categories did not at first imply any causal relationship in the sense of astral predestination» — Con la diferencia decisiva: las categorías neoplatónicas no implicaban al principio relación causal alguna en el sentido de la predestinación astral

«From this® it is clear that in Neoplatonism it was not possible for any star to have an essential evil influence» — Y la consecuencia que la obra saca: en el neoplatonismo ningún astro podía tener una influencia esencialmente mala

«Even the meanest of the planets was still nearer to the divine than the material world. Even the planet mythically or physically regarded as the most evil and noxious was a transmitter of forces which by their very nature could only be good» — Porque aun el más ruin de los planetas estaba más cerca de lo divino que el mundo material y transmitía fuerzas que por naturaleza solo podían ser buenas

«In this manner all the visible gods in heaven [ie. the stars] are in a certain sense incorporeal. The further question is in doubt as to how some of these can work good, others evil. This notion is taken from the astrologers, but misses completely the real state of affairs» — La cita de Jámblico con que la obra lo documenta: la pregunta de si unos astros obran bien y otros mal está tomada de los astrólogos y yerra el estado real de las cosas

«For, in truth, all the astral divinities are good and are the cause of good, since they all equally gaze upon the good and complete their courses according to the good and the beautiful alone» — Y su enunciado positivo: todas las divinidades astrales son buenas y causa del bien, porque todas miran igualmente al bien y cumplen su curso según el bien y lo bello

«The world of becoming, however, since it is itself multiform and composed of different parts, can because of its own inconsistency and fragmentation, absorb these uniform and homogeneous forces only in a contradictory and fragmentary way» — Con la explicación que Jámblico da del mal aparente: el mundo del devenir, multiforme y fragmentado, solo puede absorber esas fuerzas uniformes de manera contradictoria y fragmentaria

«This positive interpretation of astral influence benefited Saturn relatively more than any of the other planets» — Y a quién beneficia más esa interpretación positiva: a Saturno, relativamente más que a ningún otro planeta

«But Saturn possessed the double property of being the forefather of all the other planetary gods, and of having his seat in the highest heaven» — Con la doble propiedad que lo explica: ser antepasado de todos los demás dioses planetarios y tener su asiento en el cielo más alto

«These two qualities, which must originally have been connected,” assured him of unopposed supremacy in the Neoplatonic system, which here as elsewhere endeavoured to reconcile Platonic with» — Y lo que esas dos cualidades le aseguran: supremacía sin disputa en el sistema neoplatónico, que aquí como en todo intenta conciliar lo platónico con lo aristotélico

«The hierarchy of metaphysical principles going back to Plato according to which the genitor took precedence over the generated, was linked with Aristotle’s principle of topological" thinking, according to which a higher position in space signified greater metaphysical worth» — Con las dos piezas de esa conciliación: la jerarquía platónica en que el engendrador precede a lo engendrado, y el principio topológico aristotélico según el cual la posición más alta significa mayor valor metafísico

«lhus, in Neoplatonism, Kronos became the most exalted figure in the philosophically interpreted pantheon. According to | Plotinus he symbolised Intellect (Nots), as opposed to Zeus, who represented Soul» — Y el resultado: Cronos pasa a ser la figura más alta del panteón interpretado filosóficamente, y para Plotino simboliza el Intelecto frente al Zeus que representa el Alma (sic, *lhus*, por *Thus*)

«The myth of his devouring his children could be interpreted so as to mean that the intellect, until it brings forth the soul, retains its offspring within itself» — Con la lectura que el mito admite: que el intelecto retenga dentro de sí su prole hasta que engendra el alma

«This glorification of Saturn as the representative not of earthly power and riches but of the purest and highest power of thought could invoke Plato himself, who, just as he had interpreted madness as "divine frenzy", now became the authority for the new nobility with which Saturn was endowed» — La obra señala a quién podía invocar esa glorificación de Saturno como potencia del pensamiento más alto: a Platón mismo, que ya había hecho de la locura furor divino

«Not only had he placed the notion of the Golden Age formed by Hesiod in the foreground of his political observations, but also he had prepared the ground for the equation of Kronos with» — Y en qué: no solo puso la Edad de Oro de Hesíodo en primer plano de su política, sino que preparó el terreno para la ecuación de Cronos con el Intelecto

«The etymologies in the Cratylus are to a certain extent ironical. But a name was essentially a condensation of myth, and the etymology of a name its magical explication by means of images» — Con la reserva filológica y su réplica: las etimologías del *Crátilo* son en cierta medida irónicas, pero un nombre era condensación de mito y su etimología la explicación mágica por imágenes

«Moreover, in the passages where Plato deals in mythical form with the birth of the State, Kronos is mentioned as a god friendly to mankind, under whose rule contentment, modesty, law, and ungrudging righteousness prevailed, so that men of the present day are advised in every way to strive after life as it was under Kronos, and in this sense to call the rule of Nots their law» — Y los pasajes en que Platón trata míticamente el nacimiento del Estado: Cronos como dios amigo de los hombres, bajo cuyo gobierno reinaban contento, modestia, ley y justicia sin envidia

«In Orphism, Kronos—his bonds sometimes interpreted as a cosmological principle of unity?!—passed for the architect of the world, who, as the father of all, while still in Tartarus, transmitted to his son the basic principles of the universe» — En el orfismo, dice, Cronos pasa por arquitecto del mundo que, aún en el Tártaro, transmite a su hijo los principios básicos del universo, y sus ataduras se leen a veces como principio cosmológico de unidad

«He was also regarded as a seer, and described as a» — Y se lo tenía además por vidente

«The foundation of this lay in the equation, expressly recognised by the Neoplatonists, of Kronos with Chronos—that is to say, with Time, the fundamental principle of the Orphic theology» — Con el fundamento de todo ello: la ecuación, expresamente reconocida por los neoplatónicos, de Cronos con Chronos, el Tiempo, principio fundamental de la teología órfica

«Into Neoplatonism too, however, an astrological trend found its way» — La obra consigna que también en el neoplatonismo entró una corriente astrológica

«While Proclus, recollecting Plato’s Phaedrus, describes all the Olympic gods as regents of those "series" connecting all related" things and beings with one another, other Neoplatonists attribute this power only to the planetary rulers» — Con la diferencia entre autores: Proclo hace a todos los dioses olímpicos regentes de las series, mientras otros neoplatónicos reservan ese poder a los regentes planetarios

«What for Plotinus had been essentially a mythical allegory, and for Proclus a cosmological relationship, becomes for Macrobius (or his source) a genuine astrological doctrine of planetary influence» — Y la deriva que mide: lo que en Plotino era alegoría mítica y en Proclo relación cosmológica se vuelve en Macrobio doctrina astrológica del influjo planetario

«Proclus and Macrobius are in agreement, however, in so far as they associate the power of the stars with the physical and mental capacity of the individual in an almost identical formula, and maintain that the highest faculties of the human soul, namely rational and speculative thought, correspond to Saturn, or even (according to Macrobius) originate in Saturn's sphere» — Con el punto en que Proclo y Macrobio concuerdan: las facultades más altas del alma, el pensamiento racional y especulativo, corresponden a Saturno o nacen en su esfera

«In Macrobius's account, which was ever afterwards of fundamental importance, the equation Kronos = Nots became fused with a peculiar myth, the history of which reveals plainly the essentially optimistic trend of Neoplatonic interpretation—namely, the doctrine of the soul's journey» — Y el mito con que la ecuación Cronos-Intelecto se funde en Macrobio, de importancia fundamental en adelante: la doctrina del viaje del alma

«In the sphere of Saturn, she develops the faculty of reasoned thought and understanding» — El reparto de ese viaje: en la esfera de Saturno el alma desarrolla la facultad del pensamiento razonado y el entendimiento

«in Jupiter’s, she acquires the power to act, "which is spoken of as mpokrixóv" ; in that of Mars, a fervour of spirit, "which is well known as 9uuóv" ; in that of the sun, she becomes capable of feeling and imagining, "which are named aic6nrkóv and gavracTikóv" ; the motion, however, of desire ("desiderii"), "which they call éméuyntixév’’, she acquires in the sphere of Venus; that of expressing and interpreting her sense-experience, which is referred to as “‘épynveutixov’, in the sphere of Mercury; and finally that which is called qvrióv, in other words the power of planting and nourishing organic bodies» — Y el resto: en Júpiter el poder de obrar, en Marte el ardor del ánimo, en el sol el sentir y el imaginar, en Venus el deseo, en Mercurio el expresar e interpretar, y en la luna la potencia de plantar y nutrir los cuerpos

«This view can scarcely be accounted for save by the Neoplatonic doctrine of the "series", which was connected with a theory more religious than philosophic, according to which individual human souls passed through the heavens before their earthly birth and in so doing received a gift from each of the astral powers in turn, which they returned in the same manner on their ascension after death» — La obra remonta esa vista a la doctrina neoplatónica de las series ligada a una teoría más religiosa que filosófica: las almas cruzan los cielos antes de nacer y reciben un don de cada potencia astral, que devuelven al ascender tras la muerte

«The philosophers teach us what the soul loses in its descent through the various spheres. For that reason the astrologers say that our souls and bodies are connected by the agency of the divinities 1n those various spheres; for when souls descend they drag with them the lethargy of Saturn, the irascibility of Mars, the sensuality of Venus, the greed for gain of Mercury and the lust for power of Jupiter» — La cita de Servio: al descender, las almas arrastran consigo el letargo de Saturno, la irascibilidad de Marte, la sensualidad de Venus, la codicia de Mercurio y el ansia de poder de Júpiter

«Correspondingly, Poimandres says that on the soul's ascension after death it frees itself of the bad qualities of its earthly existence, leaving in the sphere of Saturn its "lurking lies» — Y su reverso en el *Poimandres*: al ascender tras la muerte el alma se libra de las malas cualidades y deja en la esfera de Saturno sus mentiras al acecho

«This account of the soul’s journeyings largely retained its essentially Gnostic character, that is, the “‘endowment’’ of the soul descending through the spheres with specific properties, all of them fatal gifts» — La obra mide lo que ese relato conserva del gnosticismo: la dotación del alma que desciende con propiedades específicas, todas ellas dones fatales

«but this basic character was lost as soon as a connexion was formed with a purely cosmological theory, that is to say, one directed not so much to the problem of sin as to the problem of the essential unity of man and universe» — Y cuándo ese carácter se pierde: al enlazarse con una teoría puramente cosmológica, vuelta no al problema del pecado sino al de la unidad esencial de hombre y universo

«When this essential unity began to be sought more generally in the biological rather than in the psychological realm, the original idea of ‘journeying’ faded into the background, while the planetary gifts, now not so much acquired on a journey as received at birth, become neutral, constructive elements, some mental, some physical» — Con lo que los dones, ya no adquiridos en un viaje sino recibidos al nacer, se vuelven elementos neutros y constructivos, unos mentales y otros físicos

«It so happens that Servius is again the writer who passes on this version of the old doctrine, this time appealing not to the philosophers and astrologers, but to the “physicv’’. At birth, human nature receives “‘a Sole spiritum, a Luna corpus, a Marte sanguinem, a Mercurio ingenium, a love bonorum desiderium, a Venere cupiditatem, a Saturno humorem» — Y de nuevo Servio transmite esa versión, ahora apelando a los *physici*: del sol el espíritu, de la luna el cuerpo, de Marte la sangre, de Mercurio el ingenio, de Júpiter el deseo de bienes, de Venus el apetito y de Saturno el humor

«This notion seems in fact to have originated in the religious system of Gnosticism, and as this system was governed by a radically world-abnegating dualism dividing (as in ancient Persia) a sinless other world from an impure and guilty present world» — El origen que la obra propone, con el *seems* de rigor: el gnosticismo, cuyo dualismo separaba —como en la antigua Persia— un mundo sin pecado del mundo presente, impuro y culpable

«When, however, the relationship between macrocosm and microcosm was so conceived that planetary influences were supposed to be of a physical as well as of an ethical nature, and when at the same time the ideas of emanation and reascension were linked with the journeyings of the soul, all this gave rise to a transformation such as we have encountered in the Neoplatonists Proclus and Macrobius» — Y la transformación que la obra describe: concebido el vínculo de macrocosmos y microcosmos con influjos a la vez físicos y éticos, y ligadas la emanación y el reascenso al viaje del alma, resulta lo que se ve en Proclo y en Macrobio

«Whether classified according to "series" as in Proclus, or regarded as acquired in different planetary spheres, as in Macrobius, the planetary gifts became faculties of the soul, and these faculties were without exception beneficial» — Con el resultado: clasificados por series o adquiridos en las esferas, los dones planetarios se vuelven facultades del alma, y todas sin excepción benéficas

«Neoplatonism, too, considered the soul's incarnation in the material world as a descent, but one in which the soul's endowments, brought with her from her higher home, could only be good» — Y el matiz que conserva: también para el neoplatonismo la encarnación es un descenso, pero uno en que las dotes traídas de la patria alta solo pueden ser buenas

«Like melancholy, Saturn, that demon of the opposites, endowed the soul both with slowness and stupidity and with the power of intelligence and contemplation» — La analogía de acción con que la obra cierra el capítulo: como la melancolía, Saturno —el demonio de los opuestos— dota al alma a la vez de lentitud y estupidez y de inteligencia y contemplación

«Like melancholy, Saturn menaced those in his power, illustrious though they might be, with depression, or even madness» — Y el segundo término de la analogía: como la melancolía, Saturno amenazaba a los suyos, por ilustres que fuesen, con la depresión o la locura

«To quote Ficino, Saturn “seldom denotes ordinary characters and destinies, but rather people set apart from the rest, divine or bestial, blissful, or bowed down by the deepest sorrow» — Con la frase de Ficino que cita: Saturno rara vez señala caracteres y destinos comunes, sino gente apartada del resto, divina o bestial, dichosa o abrumada por la pena más honda

«Early Christianity was bound to declare war on the astrological view of the universe, as well as on the veneration of the ancient pagan gods» — La obra enuncia lo que el cristianismo primitivo tenía que hacer: declarar la guerra a la vista astrológica del universo y a la veneración de los dioses paganos

«In the case of gods who were also planetary rulers, a battle was fought on two fronts against one and the same enemy, during which, as always happens in the combating of heresies, the very refutation of the heterodox views helped to preserve them» — Con la paradoja que la obra registra: en los dioses que eran además regentes planetarios se peleaba en dos frentes contra un solo enemigo, y la refutación misma ayudó a preservar lo refutado

«The notion of Saturn, with its many contradictions, was a particularly suitable object of attack» — Con lo que la noción de Saturno, por sus muchas contradicciones, resultaba blanco particularmente adecuado

«Thus Minucius Felix, Tertullian, and Lactantius, the latter almost word for word the same as Minucius, took their stand on the Euhemeristic view, according to which the gods had been mere men, and Saturn, said to be the chief of the gods, a man particularly hard pressed by fate» — La obra adjudica a Minucio Félix, Tertuliano y Lactancio la vía evemerista: los dioses habrían sido meros hombres, y Saturno un hombre particularmente acosado por el destino

«From the very beginning, therefore, it was the task of the Church Fathers to weaken belief in astral pre» — La tarea que de ahí les tocó a los Padres: debilitar desde el principio la creencia en la predestinación astral

«Saturn, the prince of this race and horde, was described by all writers in antiquity, both Greek and Roman, as a man. . .. When he fled Crete for fear of his son's wrath, came to Italy and was hospitably received by Janus, he instructed those wild and savage men in many things, like the cultured Greek that he was, in writing, in minting coin, and in the making of tools. For that reason he wanted the asylum where he had safely hidden himself to be called Latium (from " latere") . . . so he was altogether a man who fled, altogether a man who hid himself» — La cita evemerista: Saturno, príncipe de esa estirpe, fue descrito por todos los escritores antiguos como un hombre que huyó de Creta por miedo a su hijo, enseñó a los itálicos la escritura, la acuñación y la hechura de herramientas, y quiso que su asilo se llamara Lacio, de esconderse

«Throughout this battle the Kronos-Saturn myth played a not unimportant part, whether because its primitive and violent theme shocked the sensibilities of the time,!? or because its Stoic and physiological interpretation seemed so profound as especially to warrant rebuttal» — La obra mide el papel del mito en esa batalla: importante, ya por escandalizar con su violencia primitiva, ya por parecer su interpretación estoica tan profunda que mereciera réplica

«Whether Kronos's madness was interpreted as the metamorphosis of the "Kairos", or whether Kronos was time, darkness, frost or moisture, he certainly was not a god, for divinity is essentially unchanging» — El argumento de Atenágoras que la obra consigna: fuera Cronos el tiempo, la oscuridad, el hielo o la humedad, no era un dios, porque la divinidad es por esencia inmutable

«Tertullian, too, dealt particularly thoroughly. with Saturn, because in him lay the origin of the gods: “Heaven and Earth gave birth to him, the patriarch of the gods, and the poets were the midwives» — Y el de Tertuliano, que trató a Saturno a fondo por estar en él el origen de los dioses: el cielo y la tierra dieron a luz al patriarca de los dioses y los poetas fueron las comadronas

«Different though Tertullian was in origin and in temperament and character from an average Greek such as Athenagoras, Greeks and Romans in these early Christian times fought the common enemy with roughly the same methods and ideas; in some places this resulted in such similarity of text that even to-day philologists cannot be certain which was the source of which» — Con el resultado filológico que la obra registra: griegos y romanos combatían al enemigo común con métodos e ideas tan parecidos que los filólogos aún no saben cuál fue fuente de cuál

«Augustine, however, whose opposition to astrology was based as much on his concern for free will as on his faith in divine predestination,TM* was not content with such arguments» — Y la posición aparte de Agustín, cuya oposición a la astrología descansaba tanto en el libre albedrío como en la predestinación divina, y que no se contentaba con esos argumentos

«Not only did he completely refute, in De civitate Dei, all the learned interpretations of the ancient pantheon,!5 but he also devoted to Saturn in particular a detailed examination» — En *De civitate Dei*, dice la obra, objeta todas las interpretaciones eruditas del panteón antiguo y dedica a Saturno un examen detallado

«But, logically, should not these philosophers alter their faith with the alteration in their interpretation, and either not erect any images to the gods, or else erect them only to Saturn and not to Jupiter Capitolinus?» — La objeción de Agustín a los neoplatónicos: si Saturno es el intelecto más alto, ¿no habrían de cambiar de culto y erigir imágenes solo a él y no a Júpiter Capitolino?

«But the world ignored these doctrines and continued to worship Jupiter as the highest god, and common opinion was at one with the astrologers in regarding Saturn not as a wise creator, but as a wicked old man» — Y el dato de hecho que les opone: el mundo siguió adorando a Júpiter como dios supremo, y la opinión común coincidía con los astrólogos en tener a Saturno no por sabio creador sino por viejo malvado

«Thus his polemic reaches a climax in a magnificently built-up contrast between the Neoplatonic metaphysical and affirmative rotion of Saturn and the astrological superstitious and negative notion; and the malicious acumen of this contrast brought out the inner ambivalence of Saturn with a clarity not attained again save by the subtle intuition of the Renaissance» — La obra mide el logro de esa polémica: el contraste entre la noción neoplatónica y afirmativa y la astrológica y negativa saca a la luz la ambivalencia interna de Saturno con una claridad que no se volvería a alcanzar hasta el Renacimiento

«For we interpret Saturn as the “fullness of time", which his Greek name suggests: for he is called Kronos, which, when aspirated, is also the name of Time. | For this reason he is also called Saturnus in Latin, as it were, full of years [quasi saturetur annis» — La cita de Agustín con la etimología estoica: se interpreta a Saturno como plenitud del tiempo, porque se llama Cronos, que aspirado es el nombre del Tiempo, y en latín como lleno de años

«I really do not know what to do with people who, in attempting to interpret the names and portraits of their gods in a better sense, admit that their greatest god, the father of all others, is Time. For what else do they betray but that all their gods are temporal, since they make Time itself the father of them?» — Y su réplica: no sabe qué hacer con quienes, por interpretar mejor a sus dioses, admiten que el mayor de ellos es el Tiempo, con lo que delatan que todos sus dioses son temporales

«They therefore attempted to interpret Saturn in another fashion, by saying that he was called Kronos because, as it were, of the fullness of his intellect [‘‘velut a satietate intellectus’’] because in Greek fullness is called Kópos, and understanding or intellect is» — Consigna la etimología alternativa de los platónicos posteriores: Cronos por saciedad de intelecto, porque en griego la saciedad es *koros* y el intelecto *nous*

«They saw how absurd it would be if Jupiter, whom they considered or wished to be considered as an eternal divinity, were regarded as a son of Time» — Y el motivo que Agustín les atribuye: vieron lo absurdo de que Júpiter, tenido por divinidad eterna, fuese hijo del Tiempo

«The Neoplatonic interpretation of Saturn was here treated with unmistakable irony, it is true, but not altogether without respect» — La obra califica el tono: Agustín trata la interpretación neoplatónica con ironía inconfundible, pero no del todo sin respeto

«It is therefore the more remarkable that Augustine, who elsewhere frequently made use of middle and later Platonic notions,!* should not have employed this pagan heritage in the service of the Christian viewpoint» — Y lo que le resulta más notable: que Agustín, que en otras partes usó nociones platónicas medias y tardías, no pusiera esta herencia pagana al servicio de la vista cristiana

«His radical aversion applied as much to pagan theology as to pagan astrology» — Porque su aversión radical alcanzaba tanto a la teología pagana como a la astrología

«Ambrose blazed another trail important for posterity when, instead of attacking, as Tertullian, Athenagoras, Augustine and their contemporaries had done, he associated himself with Philonian and Pythagorean speculation» — Frente a esa vía, adjudica a Ambrosio otra importante para la posteridad: en vez de atacar, asociarse a la especulación filoniana y pitagórica

«In a certain sense Ambrose had a predecessor in this, Victorinus of Pettau, who in a magnificent survey had distributed the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit among the seven heavenly spheres» — Con el predecesor que la obra le señala: Victorino de Petovio, que repartió los siete dones del Espíritu Santo entre las siete esferas celestes

«But it is characteristic of Victorinus not to take any interest in fixing more precisely the position of these spheres in the cosmos» — Y el límite que le marca: es característico de Victorino no interesarse por fijar con precisión la posición de esas esferas en el cosmos

«The comparison with Philo, used by him, shows the boldness of Ambrosian symbolism, which did not hesitate with the help of mystic numbers! to relate the cosmic system to the gifts of the Holy Spirit» — Y lo que el cotejo con Filón deja ver en Ambrosio: la audacia de un simbolismo que no vacila en relacionar, con ayuda de los números místicos, el sistema cósmico con los dones del Espíritu Santo

«He took his point of departure not from the planetary gods but from their number» — El punto de partida de Ambrosio: no los dioses planetarios sino su número

«Ihis viewpoint opened the way to Christian speculation concerning the stars: the planets, at least to begin with, were not regarded as distributors of spiritual gifts as in the Neoplatonic doctrine of the soul’s journeyings, but were nevertheless brought into direct relation with Christian ethics» — Y lo que esa vista abre: una especulación cristiana sobre los astros que, sin hacerlos repartidores de dones espirituales, los pone en relación directa con la ética cristiana (sic, *Ihis*, por *This*)

«Ihe doctrine of the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit had a | particularly profound significance in the Middle Ages. After St Augustine had interpreted the seven gifts as a ladder, the highest rung of which was wisdom, this doctrine had become merged with the Neoplatonic notion of the soul's ascension, and towards the. end of the twelith century it was further developed along cosmological lines» — Y su fortuna medieval: interpretados por Agustín como escalera cuya cima es la sabiduría, los siete dones se funden con el ascenso neoplatónico del alma y hacia fines del siglo XII se desarrollan en clave cosmológica

«Alexander Neckam, living at the time of the revival of astrology, gave to Ambrose's doctrine a specifically astrological tinge» — Adjudica a Alexander Neckham el tinte específicamente astrológico que da a la doctrina de Ambrosio

«Seven are the planets which not only adorn the world but exert their influence on things below, an influence transmitted to them by the highest nature, which is God» — Con la frase de Neckham que lo prueba: siete son los planetas que no solo adornan el mundo, sino que ejercen sobre lo de abajo un influjo que les transmite la naturaleza más alta, que es Dios

«The series of the seven giits in Isaiah begins with wisdom and ends with the fear of the Lord. Saturn, as the highest planet, could therefore be credited with either the first or the last gift» — Y el problema de asignación que plantea: la serie de Isaías empieza con la sabiduría y acaba con el temor de Dios, de modo que a Saturno, planeta más alto, podía tocarle el primero o el último don

«Neckam credited him with wisdom and gave the following reason for so doing: "As the planet Saturn takes a considerable time to complete his revolution, so wisdom generates maturity from itself. Saturn is rightly described as an old man by the philosophers for old men are of mature judgment» — Neckham le adjudica la sabiduría, y su razón: como el planeta tarda mucho en completar su revolución, la sabiduría engendra madurez, y los filósofos llaman con razón viejo a Saturno

«This description of Saturn, like the general notion of beneficent planetary gifts, is Neoplatonic, for it was Neoplatonism which celebrated Saturn as an old and wise god» — La obra remonta esa descripción al neoplatonismo, que celebraba a Saturno como dios viejo y sabio

«In other words, the very view which St Augustine had deridedTM was now resuscitated by Neckam and used in the development ot his Christian speculative system» — Con el giro que le interesa: la misma vista de que Agustín se burlaba resucita en Neckham y entra en su sistema especulativo cristiano

«There are seven stars in the sky. Thereby shall ye read and learn virtue, for if ye have not virtue ye shall never enter into the promised land, and therefore God hath shown forth the seven virtues in the seven planets, so that they shall show you the way to heaven» — La cita del predicador Bertoldo de Ratisbona: hay siete estrellas en el cielo, y en ellas ha mostrado Dios las siete virtudes para que enseñen el camino del cielo

«The latter attempted systematically to apportion the influence of the planets.. Accordingly, the influence of the three highest planets was concerned with the existence of things. The four lesser planets determined not so much the existence as the motions of things» — Frente a él, adjudica a Tomás de Aquino un reparto sistemático: los tres planetas más altos tocan la existencia de las cosas y los cuatro menores sus movimientos

«For this reason Saturn bestowed the highest gift, namely the stability of existence itself ("ipsa stabilitas esse rei"), Jupiter its completion, and Mars the power of survival and the strength to keep existence from harm» — Con el reparto concreto: Saturno da el don más alto, la estabilidad misma del ser; Júpiter su acabamiento; Marte la fuerza de perdurar y de guardar del daño

«Somewhat banal in comparison with that of St Thomas, his attribution of continuity to Saturn is founded on the fact (known to the least educated of his audience) that the planet was so slow that it took thirty years to complete a single revolution» — Y lo que en Bertoldo resulta banal frente a Tomás: adjudicar a Saturno la continuidad por el dato, sabido del más inculto de su auditorio, de que el planeta tarda treinta años en dar una vuelta

«But while the latter attribute is specifically Neoplatonic, the connexion of Saturn with continuity was obviously established on the basis of those astrological sources which had described the planet by the adjective ''tenax" and had considered it primarily as the ruler of earthly heaviness, slowness and tenacity» — Con la distinción de linajes: la sabiduría es atributo específicamente neoplatónico, mientras que la continuidad viene de las fuentes astrológicas que llamaban tenaz al planeta y lo hacían señor de la pesadez y la lentitud terrestres

«From the same reservoir of Saturn's good qualities comes the text of a German sermon which passed for Master Eckhart's and gave Ambrose's notion a strongly mystical sense» — Y del mismo depósito de cualidades buenas saca su sentido místico un sermón alemán que pasaba por de Maestro Eckhart

«He compares the seven planets with the seven Beatitudes which theology had closely associated with the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit» — Con su procedimiento: comparar los siete planetas con las siete bienaventuranzas, que la teología ligaba a los siete dones

«So in the heaven of the soul Saturn is a cleanser giving angelic purity and brings about a vision of the godhead» — Y la fórmula del sermón: en el cielo del alma, Saturno es un purificador que da pureza angélica y trae la visión de la divinidad

«was no systematiser. He did not compare the seven gifts or any other ready-made set of virtues with the planets, but based his selection of virtues partly upon theological considerations, and partly upon what seemed appropriate to him as a result of his familiarity with cosmological and astrological doctrine» — La obra califica a Bertoldo: no era sistematizador y elegía las virtudes en parte por razones teológicas y en parte por lo que le parecía adecuado según su familiaridad con la doctrina cosmológica y astrológica

«The Beatitudes begin with praise of the poor in spirit and end with praise of those who suffer. The preacher had therefore altered their biblical order so as to link Saturn, the first of the planets, with the blessedness of angelic purity which occupied the sixth place in the Gospel» — Y lo que el predicador hace con el orden bíblico: lo altera para ligar a Saturno, primero de los planetas, con la bienaventuranza de la pureza angélica, sexta en el evangelio

«In the preceding sentences he gives a brief account of the astrological powers of the planets; for example, “Tupiter is auspicious, Mars wrathful, Venus a lover, Mercury a gainer, the moon a runner"—the usual characteristics of the planets in Arabic and Latin authors» — Con los rasgos astrológicos usuales que el sermón enumera: Júpiter propicio, Marte airado, Venus amante, Mercurio ganancioso, la luna corredora

«Where can we find a parallel to this characteristic, which, in contrast to those of all the other planets, is quite exceptional? We have indeed encountered it in pagan authors, in Proclus and the Neoplatonists, for whom Saturn signified purity of intellect» — Y la pregunta que la obra se hace por el rasgo excepcional del purificador, con su respuesta: en Proclo y los neoplatónicos, para quienes Saturno significaba pureza del intelecto

«The Neoplatonic doctrine of the soul's journeyings was, in the form given it by Ambrose, adopted by writers as essentially different as Neckam, Thomas Aquinas, Berthold of Regensburg, and the author of the sermon attributed to Master Eckhart ; and it is quite striking to observe the way in which the figure of the Greek father of the gods in his Neoplatonic, idealised form, is robbed of his divinity and yet recognised throughout as an active force» — El saldo de la sección: la doctrina neoplatónica del viaje del alma, en la forma que Ambrosio le dio, la adoptan autores tan distintos como Neckham, Tomás, Bertoldo y el falso Eckhart, y en todos el padre griego de los dioses queda despojado de divinidad y reconocido como fuerza activa

«A remarkable position was taken up also by William of Auvergne, who insisted so decidedly, it will be remembered, on the advantages of a melancholy temperament.®* It is hardly surprising that he too should have known of the series of beneficial planetary gifts enumerated by Macrobius» — Y vuelve a Guillermo de Auvernia, que conocía la serie de dones planetarios benéficos de Macrobio

«When William declared that according to the doctrine of the astronomers Saturn determined the "virtus intellectiva animae humanae", and Mercury directed and favoured the ''virtus interpretiva", he, too, referred to the teaching transmitted by Macrobius» — Con lo que le adjudica: que según los astrónomos Saturno determina la potencia intelectiva del alma humana y Mercurio favorece la interpretativa

«What he passionately sought to combat with all the power of his scholarship was the idea that there could be stars which were naturally evil» — Y el fin distinto que Guillermo persigue con ese mismo material: combatir con toda su erudición la idea de que pueda haber astros naturalmente malos

«but by William of Auvergne’s time astrology had again been practised for several generations, and he took a keen interest in it. He therefore disputed with the astrologers on their own ground» — Con el motivo del modo: llevaba varias generaciones practicándose la astrología y él se interesaba por ella, así que disputó con los astrólogos en su propio terreno

«Another legitimate way in which the planetary gods could come within the realm of medieval speculation—legitimate, that is, in so far as it left the realm of faith quite untouched—was broader and trodden more often than that indicated by the Ambrosian interpretation» — La obra nombra la segunda vía por la que los dioses planetarios entran en la especulación medieval, más ancha y transitada que la ambrosiana

«This was the recourse to the collections and glosses made by scholars which dealt with the ancient gods and heroes purely as objects of learning; and such procedure had the double purpose of facilitating practical understanding of classical authors and of bringing the ancient myths more into line with the altered spirit of the age» — Y en qué consistía: recurrir a las colecciones y glosas eruditas sobre dioses y héroes, con el doble fin de facilitar la lectura de los clásicos y de acercar los mitos al espíritu de la época

«The names of the gods and heroes were explained etymologically, while their portraits represented them with all their attributes and were interpreted just as allegorically as their actions and destinies; and finally, an attempt was made to interpret each feature of the pagan myths on the lines of entirely Christian conceptions» — Con su procedimiento: etimología de los nombres, alegoría de los retratos y de los hechos, y al cabo el intento de interpretar cada rasgo del mito pagano en clave cristiana

«We can see how the quantity of traditional material was first collected and allegorised in Serviuss commentary on the Aeneid, the Narrationes of pseudo-Lactantius, Fulgentius's Mythologiae, Hyginus’s Fabulae, Macrobius’s Saturnalia and Martianus Capella’s encyclopaedic didactic novel; and how during this process the Fathers of the Church unwittingly acted as» — Y la obra traza la cadena de esa tradición: el comentario de Servio a la *Eneida*, las *Narrationes* del pseudo-Lactancio, las *Mythologiae* de Fulgencio, las *Fabulae* de Higinio, los *Saturnalia* de Macrobio y la novela didáctica de Marciano Capela

«It appears that some idea of the nature of Saturn himself survived in northern countries even during the first thousand years after Christ» — Con el *appears* de rigor: alguna idea de la naturaleza de Saturno sobrevivió en los países del norte durante el primer milenio cristiano

«Lo! of all the islands I the books have tasted, have thoroughly turned over the letters, the wisdom have unlocked of Libya and Greece, also the history of the Indian realm. To me the teachers showed the stories in the great book» — La cita del diálogo inglés antiguo *Salomón y Saturno*, donde Saturno abre el debate diciendo que ha gustado los libros de todas las islas y desencerrado la sabiduría de Libia y de Grecia

«This is clearly an echo of the Euhemeristic tradition, according to which Saturn was a king who came out of the east» — Porque es eco de la tradición evemerista, según la cual Saturno fue un rey venido de Oriente

«But we encounter this popular tradition of Saturn far less often than the learned tradition taught continuously from Carolingian times onward» — Con la proporción que mide: esa tradición popular se halla mucho menos a menudo que la erudita, enseñada sin interrupción desde época carolingia

«Knowledge of it was transmitted to the Middle Ages mainly by the fifth-century allegorical writers, who had already divested the classical gods of their religious character» — Y quién la transmitió: los alegoristas del siglo V, que ya habían despojado a los dioses clásicos de su carácter religioso

«In the ninth century the most important philosopher of the time, Johannes Scotus, had written a commentary on Martianus Capella» — Adjudica a Juan Escoto, el filósofo más importante del siglo IX, un comentario a Marciano Capela

«He was followed by Remigius of Auxerre who based his work on Scotus and other predecessors, some of whom we do not know, as unfortunately he described them only by their initials“; and Remigius's commentary became of first-class importance for the Middle Ages» — Y a Remigio de Auxerre, que se apoyó en él y en predecesores que solo designa por sus iniciales, un comentario de importancia de primer orden para la Edad Media

«Together with the usual ancient authors, Servius, Macrobius, Martianus Capella, Fulgentius, Juvenal, Lucan, Cicero, and others, Remigius represents the main source for the account of Saturn which was still accepted. by the great forerunners of the Italian humanists—that 1s to say, the account of Saturn in the so-called Mythographus III» — Y lo que de ahí sale: Remigio es la fuente principal del relato de Saturno que aceptaban aún los precursores de los humanistas italianos, el del llamado Mythographus III

«A typical protagonist of that proto-humanism which 1s a worthy counterpart of the early Italian and Provencal Renaissance movement, this author collected all the available material with great scholarship and in a clear genealogical arrangement» — La obra califica a ese autor de protagonista típico de un protohumanismo que hace de contrapartida al primer Renacimiento italiano y provenzal (sic, *1s*, por *is*)

«He praises the philosophers who took the view that all the various pagan gods were only "varia vocabula", different descriptions of the different manifestations of God's influence on the world» — Con lo que alaba en los filósofos: que los dioses paganos fueran solo *varia vocabula*, descripciones distintas de las manifestaciones del influjo de Dios en el mundo

«He states, for instance, that the rising of Saturn always signified sadness, and that he caused harm and was called a "malicious god"; but he does not present arguments of his own, and merely repeats the views of the "mathematici» — Lo que el Mythographus III consigna de Saturno: que su salida significa siempre tristeza, que dañaba y que se lo llamaba dios maléfico, sin argumentos propios y repitiendo a los *mathematici*

«He does not range the planetary gods according to their sequence in the cosmic system but according to a purely genealogical scheme, and he is still far from moralising them along specifically Christian lines» — Con los dos límites que la obra le marca: los ordena por genealogía y no por el sistema cósmico, y aún está lejos de moralizarlos en clave cristiana

«Both these things were done; however, in a mythographical preface to the Latin Ovide moralisé, printed under the name of Thomas Waleys but really written by the French theologian» — Y quién sí hace las dos cosas: el prefacio mitográfico del *Ovide moralisé* latino, impreso a nombre de Thomas Waleys pero escrito en realidad por Pierre Bersuire

«Its tendency, later sharply rebutted by the Counter-Reformation,“® was to liberate the pagan myths from the remoteness of the study, to reconcile them with the Christian view, and even to make use of them in sermons» — Con la tendencia que la obra le atribuye, rebatida después con dureza por la Contrarreforma: sacar los mitos paganos del gabinete, conciliarlos con la vista cristiana y aun usarlos en los sermones

«This new tendency naturally did not prevent Berchorius from also taking parts of his interpretation, often word for word, from the tradition going back to the early medieval commentary on Martianus, transmitted to him by Mythographus III» — Y la deuda que esa novedad no impide: buena parte de su interpretación viene, a veces palabra por palabra, del comentario altomedieval a Marciano por vía del Mythographus III

«Petrarch had already used some of the statements in Mythographus III, together with various echoes of original Roman poetry, for his descriptions of the gods in his Africa; his borrowings were dictated by purely artistic motives and moulded into classical hexameters» — Adjudica a Petrarca el uso de algunas de esas noticias en su *Africa*, con motivos puramente artísticos y en hexámetros clásicos

«About 1400 the pictorial content was sifted from the rubble and enriched with some fresh elements, whence emerged the Libellus de imaginibus deorum, often quoted as “Albricus’’—an unpretentious, but for that very reason unusually popular, handbook for "educated laymen’’, and, more especially, for creative artists» — Data hacia 1400 el *Libellus de imaginibus deorum*, citado como Albricus: manual sin pretensiones y por eso popularísimo para legos cultos y sobre todo para artistas

«Boccaccio's Genealogia deorum, begun about 1350, retained the genealogical arrangement of Mythographus III; but it is significant that despite all its associations with the medieval tradition and attitude of mind, it was the first to put forward scientific claims» — Y adjudica a la *Genealogia deorum* de Boccaccio, empezada hacia 1350, el ser la primera en plantear pretensiones científicas pese a su arreglo genealógico medieval

«The material was ''collated" and deliberately evaluated, rather than merely collected; later sources were compared with one another and, if possible, measured against a "genuine ancient core"—Boccaccio, not without pride, counted five authentic Venuses and thirty-one authentic labours of Hercules, and he at least aimed at re-establishing the link with Greek sources» — Con su método: material cotejado y evaluado en vez de solo reunido, fuentes tardías comparadas y medidas contra un núcleo antiguo genuino, y el afán de restablecer el vínculo con las fuentes griegas

«As well as these, he quoted a statement of Hermes Irismegistus, that Saturn belonged to the completely wise, and he put forward the highly peculiar theory of "Theodontius" concerning the stone which was given to Saturn instead of Jupiter to devour» — Y las citas pseudoclásicas que la obra le señala: una sentencia de Hermes Trismegisto sobre Saturno como propio de los enteramente sabios, y la teoría peculiar de *Theodontius* sobre la piedra que a Saturno le dieron a devorar

«But the decisive thing is that Boccaccio endeavoured to identify with one another the two worlds which we have already observed approaching one another» — Y lo que la obra tiene por decisivo en él: el intento de identificar los dos mundos que venían acercándose

«As far as we know, Boccaccio was the first mythographer to declare that astrological statements were worthy to be placed beside mythological statements concerning Saturn» — Con la adjudicación acotada: hasta donde sabemos, Boccaccio fue el primer mitógrafo en declarar que los enunciados astrológicos merecían ponerse junto a los mitológicos

«But the. fact that he is sad, aged, with covered head, slow, dirty, and armed with a sickle, all applies to the planet as well as to the person» — La cita en que lo dice: que sea triste, viejo, con la cabeza cubierta, lento, sucio y armado de hoz vale tanto para el planeta como para la persona

«The features which, as we saw, originally came from mythology and, with others, formed the astrological picture, now reverted again to mythology» — Y el circuito que la obra traza: los rasgos venidos en origen de la mitología, que habían formado el cuadro astrológico, vuelven ahora a la mitología

«Thus it is that Boccaccio comments on the predicates of Saturn taken from Mythographus III (that is, from the Martianus tradition) with sentences taken from Abt Ma'$ar describing the nature of the children of Saturn» — Con la prueba: Boccaccio glosa los predicados de Saturno tomados del Mythographus III con frases de Abu Ma'shar sobre la naturaleza de los hijos de Saturno

«With the emergence of critical scholarship, the colourful world of the Middle Ages vanished, though not in a moment» — La obra data el fin de esa tradición sin dramatizarlo: con la erudición crítica se desvanece el mundo colorido de la Edad Media, aunque no de golpe

«But from the moment L. G. Gyraldus's mythological handbook appeared (in which “Albricus”’ was still quoted, though stigmatised as "auctor proletarius’’), ? a model of serious scholarship was set, compared with which all previous efforts seemed fantastic and unscientific» — Y el punto de quiebre: con el manual mitológico de Giraldi queda puesto un modelo de erudición seria frente al cual lo anterior parecía fantástico y acientífico

«There Gyraldus speaks of Boccaccio with great respect as a man of diligence, intelligence and culture, a man of letters far ahead of all other Italian prose writers. But Boccaccio was no Latin scholar, let alone a Greek one» — Con la doble cara de su juicio: Giraldi habla de Boccaccio con gran respeto como hombre diligente, inteligente y culto, y a la vez le niega la condición de latinista y menos aún de helenista

«On scientific grounds he disapproved of Boccaccio's profound speculations over the primeval god Demogorgon, whose name must not be known. Widely though he had sought, this Demo- . gorgon was nowhere to be found, “nowhere, I say, did he appear" ("nusquam Demogorgon iste, nusquam, inquam, apparuit» — Y su objeción concreta: por más que buscó, ese Demogorgon primordial no aparecía en ninguna parte

«Gyraldus discovered the solution: ‘Demogorgon’ was only a corruption of 'Demiurgos» — Con la solución que Giraldi propone: que *Demogorgon* fuese solo corrupción de *Demiurgos*

«It is true that his work was fundamentally no more than an assembly of views from a great variety of ancient authors concerning different gods, their portraits, and their type of worship. Nowhere was an attempt made to build up these views into a general picture or to give a consecutive account of their development from the earliest authors onwards» — Con el límite que la obra le pone: su obra no pasaba de reunir opiniones de autores antiguos, sin construir un cuadro general ni un relato del desarrollo

«According to Cicero, for instance, Saturn was the son of Coelus, but according to Fulgentius" he was the son of Pollux; and both statements appear side by side with no connexion» — Con el ejemplo que lo muestra: Saturno hijo de Celo según Cicerón e hijo de Pólux según Fulgencio, las dos noticias una junto a otra sin conexión

«But this very fact reveals Gyraldus as an author on the threshold of a new, philological and critical epoch in the history of classical studies» — Y lo que ese mismo rasgo revela, según la obra: un autor en el umbral de una época filológica y crítica nueva

«Men sought to avoid the short-circuits of earlier combinations and to limit themselves to collecting only classical material—Latin and, above all, Greek texts, or occasionally inscriptions—ignoring '"Albricus" and the uncritical blunderings of medieval commentators such as Berchorius» — Con el programa que describe: evitar los cortocircuitos de las combinaciones anteriores y ceñirse al material clásico, ignorando a Albricus y los desatinos de los comentaristas medievales

«This mythographical literature is particularly important for the history of the notion of Saturn; in the first place because it provided scholarly material for the rest of literature, and a basic form for pictorial art; secondly, in that, being uncontroversial, unsuperstitious, conservative and devoted to etymology, it represented Saturn without bias of any kind, handing down to posterity a complete and variegated portrait» — La obra declara por qué esa literatura mitográfica le importa: dio material erudito al resto de la literatura y forma básica al arte, y, por incontrovertida y sin superstición, legó un retrato de Saturno completo y variado, sin sesgo

«In Fulgentius, Saturn was already the god of fruit and seed, and his covered head, for instance, was explained by the fact that fruits were shadowed by their leaves» — En Fulgencio, dice, Saturno es ya dios del fruto y de la semilla, y su cabeza cubierta se explica porque las hojas dan sombra a los frutos

«he was also the god of time devouring his children (as "all-devouring" Time), while the question was left open whether the sickle, too, because of its circular shape, was a symbol of time or only a harvesting imple» — Y además dios del tiempo que devora a sus hijos, con la cuestión abierta de si la hoz, por curva, simboliza el tiempo o es solo apero de siega

«In Mythographus III Saturn is still the god of sowing, and of time; but as we have seen, he was also represented as a planet bringing cold and moisture» — En el Mythographus III sigue siendo dios de la siembra y del tiempo, y además planeta que trae frío y humedad

«In fourteenth-century Christian interpretations the ancient rural god could appear as "Prudentia" (as in Ridewall),? and as the personification of a higher ecclesiastic grown grey in sin» — Y en las interpretaciones cristianas del siglo XIV el viejo dios rural puede salir como Prudencia en Ridewall y como eclesiástico encanecido en el pecado en Bersuire

«as well as this, a typical example of his polarity, he could be taken as the model of a pious and upright prelate who busied himself on the one hand with feeding the poor, on the other with devouring his wicked children “‘by way of correcting them» — Con el ejemplo típico de su polaridad: el mismo Saturno como modelo de prelado piadoso que alimenta a los pobres y devora a sus hijos malvados a modo de corrección

«Furthermore, still according to Berchorius, he was an example of the tyrant who subjugated the state by guile or force, a personification of the sin of greed, and finally a shocking example of the inevitability of divine providence, since not even the devouring of his children could shield him from the fate that threatened him» — Y las otras lecturas de Bersuire: ejemplo del tirano que somete al estado por engaño o fuerza, personificación de la avaricia y muestra de la inevitabilidad de la providencia divina

«Besides these, Berchorius, still interpreting every trait, dealt with Saturn 'Jiteraliter" as a star, "naturaliter" as time, and "historialiter" as the exiled Cretan king of Euhemeristic belief» — Con las tres capas restantes: Saturno tratado literalmente como astro, naturalmente como tiempo e históricamente como el rey cretense desterrado del evemerismo

«In Gyraldus all this has vanished, with the exception of the contradictory but untainted tradition which could be substantiated rom the classical authors» — Y lo que de todo eso queda en Giraldi: nada, salvo la tradición contradictoria pero no contaminada que podía documentarse en los autores clásicos

«Between 1120 and 1180 a comprehensive body of astrological doctrine of the later Empire and of the east became available to the west through translations from the Arabic» — Data entre 1120 y 1180 la llegada a Occidente de un cuerpo completo de doctrina astrológica tardoimperial y oriental por traducciones del árabe

«In the tenth century at the latest, therefore, the notion of children of Saturn came back to Europe with “Alchandrinus» — Y, a más tardar en el siglo X, la vuelta a Europa de la noción de los hijos de Saturno con Alchandrinus

«Those born under Saturn were dark, broad-shouldered, round-headed and sparsely bearded. They were thieves: they were loquacious; they were persons who said one thing with their mouth but thought another in their heart; they nourished resentment, they were sons of the devil, they were miserly on their own soil, rapacious abroad» — Con el retrato que trae: los nacidos bajo Saturno oscuros, anchos de hombros, de cabeza redonda y barba rala, ladrones, locuaces, que dicen una cosa y piensan otra, rencorosos, hijos del diablo, avaros en su tierra y rapaces fuera

«Admittedly there were few people in the early Middle Ages capable of making the observations necessary for casting a horoscope ( cumque tamen a paucis hoc lugiter possit observari» — Con la salvedad práctica que el propio autor consigna: pocos en la alta Edad Media podían hacer las observaciones que un horóscopo exige

«For that reason the early medieval doctrine was based on ascertaining the star of birth from the numerical value of a person’s name—the name was divided by seven, and if five remained the person was a child of Saturn» — Y el sucedáneo que se usaba: sacar el astro de nacimiento del valor numérico del nombre, dividido entre siete, y si el resto era cinco, hijo de Saturno

«The theological compromise with astrology, however, did not take place until the tweltth century, when Spain and Southern Italy had familiarised the west with the works of the great masters Ptolemy and Abt» — La obra data el compromiso teológico con la astrología en el siglo XII, cuando España e Italia meridional familiarizaron a Occidente con Ptolomeo y Abu Ma'shar

«For men such as Adelard of Bath, who were in Spain during the full bloom of this translating activity, “those higher and divine beings [the planets] are both ‘principium’ and ‘causae’ of lower beings» — Con la posición de Adelardo de Bath, presente en España en plena actividad traductora: esos seres superiores y divinos son a la vez principio y causa de los inferiores

«And it was not merely the logical consequence of Abailard's clearly-drawn distinction when Hugo of St Victor distinguished between two types of astrology in his Didascalezon. One, the natural kind, was concerned with the constitution of earthly bodies which changed according to the heavenly bodies— -with (for example) health, sickness, good and bad weather, fertility and barrenness» — Y la distinción de Hugo de San Víctor en el *Didascalicon*: una astrología natural, que atiende a la constitución de los cuerpos terrestres según los celestes

«The other kind of astrology was concerned with future contingent events and with matters of free will, and this last type was superstitious» — Y otra, la de los sucesos futuros contingentes y las materias del libre albedrío, que él tiene por supersticiosa

«William of Conches's treatment of astrology was similar in tendency but fundamentally different in method» — La obra sitúa a Guillermo de Conches: de tendencia semejante pero de método fundamentalmente distinto

«He distinguished three ways of regarding the heavenly bodies: one mythological ("fabulosa"), concerning the names of the stars and the fables associated with them; one astrological, concerned with the motions of the heavenly bodies as they appear to the eye; and one astronomical, which inquired not into the apparent, but into the real motions of the heavenly bodies» — Con sus tres maneras de mirar los cuerpos celestes: la fabulosa, de los nombres y las fábulas; la astrológica, de los movimientos aparentes; y la astronómica, de los movimientos reales

«Without expressly emphasising it, William of Conches made it clear in the course of his exposition that these three methods were not mutually exclusive, but might, properly understood, each express the same truth in their several ways» — Y lo que deja claro sin subrayarlo: que esas tres maneras no se excluyen y pueden, bien entendidas, decir la misma verdad cada una a su modo

«Saturn, for instance, who was discussed at greater length than the other planets, was characterised from the astronomical point of view as the planet furthest away and with the longest course» — El Saturno de Guillermo desde el punto de vista astronómico: el planeta más lejano y de curso más largo

«attributed to him by the astrologers was based on their observations, according to which the sun lost warmth when in a certain conjunction with Saturn» — Y desde el astrológico: la frialdad que se le atribuye descansa en la observación de que el sol perdía calor en cierta conjunción con él

«From the cold resulted the quality of harmfulness, especially prominent when he reversed his course, and this discovery again had found mythical expression in the image of his carrying a sickle» — Con el eslabón que cierra el círculo: del frío sale la nocividad, sobre todo al invertir su curso, y ese hallazgo halla expresión mítica en la hoz que lleva

«Here, as elsewhere, William endeavoured, in a manner reminiscent of the Stoic interpretation of the myths,! to sift the core of physical truth from both the "fables" and the doctrines of the astrologers» — La obra califica el propósito: Guillermo, a la manera de la interpretación estoica de los mitos, intenta cribar el núcleo de verdad física tanto de las fábulas como de las doctrinas astrológicas

«If stars are of a fiery nature how 1s it possible that some can engender coldness?» — Con la objeción que él mismo se plantea: si los astros son de naturaleza ígnea, cómo pueden algunos engendrar frío (sic, *1s*, por *is*)

«The nature of fire comprehended two qualities, light and heat, of which the second could manifest itself only through a medium, namely "density and moisture» — La física con que se había intentado salvar la dificultad: el fuego comprende luz y calor, y el segundo solo se manifiesta por un medio, densidad y humedad

«As evidence of this, the sun gives more heat in valleys than on tops of mountains, where snow does not melt—although the mountain-tops are nearer to the sun» — Con el argumento que se aducía: el sol calienta más en los valles que en las cumbres, donde la nieve no se derrite pese a estar más cerca

«William does not immediately accept this explanation, but endeavours to resolve the doubt by making a logical distinction between different meanings of the statement. Saturn is called cold not because he is inherently cold himself but because he causes cold» — Y la salida lógica que Guillermo prefiere: se llama frío a Saturno no porque lo sea en sí, sino porque causa frío

«In his later work, however, he attempts to solve this problem with the help of the physical theory, merely mentioned in the Philosophia, of fire’s two qualities; but even here his critical mind will not allow him to see more than a possible hypothesis in this explanation» — Y en la obra posterior lo intenta con la teoría de las dos cualidades del fuego, sin ver en ella más que una hipótesis posible

«He now puts forward yet another possible solution, also derived from the logical distinction between the meanings of this statement: Saturn is credited with cold not because he is cold in himself or because he causes cold, but because he signifies cold» — Con la segunda salida, que la obra subraya: a Saturno se le atribuye el frío no porque lo sea ni porque lo cause, sino porque lo significa

«By this suggestion, even if so far only tentatively, another factor was introduced, or rather revived, in medieval expositions of astrology: as in Neoplatonism, the stars were not active forces but symbols» — Y lo que esa sugerencia introduce, o revive, en la exposición medieval de la astrología: como en el neoplatonismo, los astros no son fuerzas activas sino símbolos

«Quoting Plotinus, the writer states that the planets do not bring men either good or ill fortune, but indicate that good or ill fortune will come to them» — Con la formulación de un comentario a Macrobio que cita a Plotino: los planetas no traen a los hombres fortuna buena ni mala, sino que indican que les ha de venir

«His real intention is to distinguish between the domain of planetary influence and that of human free will» — Y la intención que la obra le ve: distinguir el dominio del influjo planetario del del libre albedrío

«He parts company with Ptolemy, who had acknowledged the dependence of some human actions on the stars, and he emphasises strongly that though men’s predispositions come under the influence of the stars, yet their various actions do not, for it is left to their own free will to develop these predispositions for good or evil» — Con la separación de Ptolomeo: las predisposiciones de los hombres caen bajo los astros, pero no sus actos, porque queda a su libre albedrío desarrollarlas para bien o para mal

«The stars have dominion only over the physical realm, the actions of men are outside their power» — La fórmula que la obra ve anticipada en ese comentario: los astros dominan solo el reino físico, y los actos de los hombres quedan fuera de su poder

«Wiliam of Conches provides the metaphysical basis for this division of spheres of influence by adopting Plato's explanation, according to which the formation of the body is left to the spirits and stars "created" by God, the soul, on the contrary, being a direct "creation" of God» — Y la base metafísica que Guillermo de Conches le da con Platón: la formación del cuerpo queda a los espíritus y astros creados por Dios, mientras que el alma es creación directa suya (sic, *Wiliam*, por *William*)

«Ihis drew a new theological boundary, and though the intention with which it was drawn was certainly hostile to astrology,1® the result meant a decisive victory for the new doctrine» — Con la ironía que la obra registra: esa frontera teológica se trazó con intención hostil a la astrología y el resultado fue una victoria decisiva para ella (sic, *Ihis*, por *This*)

«For that reason," St Thomas remarks, “the astrologers themselves say that the wise man commands the stars, in so far as he commands his passions," and he exhorts every Christian to regard it as quite certain that what depends on man's will is not subject to the exigencies of the stars» — Con la sentencia que cita: los propios astrólogos dicen que el sabio manda sobre los astros en cuanto manda sobre sus pasiones

«Thomas Aquinas, for instance, considers it a possible result of stellar influence that one doctor is more gifted than another, one peasant better at growing things than another, or one warrior better adapted to fighting» — Lo que Tomás de Aquino admite del influjo astral: que un médico sea más dotado que otro, un campesino mejor cultivador o un guerrero más apto para pelear

«But though Thomas Aquinas himself thought he could go so far as to consider that the stars might exert an indirect influence on the intellect» — Y hasta dónde llega: piensa que los astros pueden ejercer un influjo indirecto sobre el intelecto

«successors, eventually comes to the conclusion that man's will is not subject to the stars» — Pero acaba, como sus sucesores, concluyendo que la voluntad del hombre no está sujeta a los astros

«The enthusiastic tone in which Adelard speaks of the stars shows that he and his contemporaries have already found a way back to the belief in the power ot the stellar spirits» — Y lo que la obra lee en el tono entusiasta de Adelardo: que él y sus contemporáneos han vuelto a creer en el poder de los espíritus estelares

«Adelard's English successor, Daniel of Morley, succumbs almost completely to fatalism. He considers those who deny the power and activity of the heavenly motions as impudent fools» — Con el sucesor que sucumbe casi del todo al fatalismo: Daniel de Morley, que tiene por necios insolentes a quienes niegan el poder de los movimientos celestes

«Man can foretell future adversity but cannot entirely escape it; nevertheless, he will bear his burden more easily if he knows of it in advance» — Y su consuelo: el hombre puede predecir la adversidad sin poder escapar del todo, pero la llevará mejor si la sabe de antemano

«But he also describes, “according to the Arabs", the nature which those born under Saturn receive: corresponding to the nature of the god, it is dark, coarse and heavy» — Y el retrato que da según los árabes de los nacidos bajo Saturno: como el dios, oscuro, tosco y pesado

«and so we again come face to face with the familiar picture of Saturn’s children, who are melancholy and miserly, and speak one thing with their tongue and another with their heart; they are solitary: they work the inheritance of their fathers and forefathers; they are silent and dull, and when they know something they do not forget it easily» — Con el cuadro conocido de los hijos de Saturno: melancólicos y avaros, que dicen una cosa con la lengua y otra con el corazón, solitarios, callados y torpes, y que no olvidan con facilidad lo que saben

«In the main work of one of the most important writers a generation before Daniel of Morley, Bernardus Silvestris’s treatise on Macrocosm and Microcosm, the vivid picturing of the planetary divinities is carried still further» — Sitúa en la obra de Bernardo Silvestre sobre macrocosmos y microcosmos el paso siguiente: una pintura aún más viva de las divinidades planetarias

«He goes so far in his belief in the power of the stars that he includes not only the rule of Pope Eugenius but even the Incarnation in the list of events announced by the stars» — Con la medida de su creencia: mete entre lo anunciado por los astros no solo el pontificado de Eugenio, sino la Encarnación

«Here Saturn appears as the wicked old man, cruel and despicable, constantly watching over women in labour so as mercilessly to devour the new-born infant» — Y su Saturno: el viejo malvado, cruel y despreciable, que vigila los partos para devorar sin piedad al recién nacido

«How powerful the demoniac notion was can be seen by the fact that the poet was able to give it a new image without in any way departing from tradition» — Y lo que a la obra le importa de eso: que el poeta pudiera darle imagen nueva sin apartarse en nada de la tradición prueba la fuerza de la noción demoníaca

«Saturn is here the reaper, whose sharp sickle destroys all that is lovely and bears blossom: he lets no roses or lilies flower, and cannot bear fructification» — La imagen nueva: Saturno el segador, cuya hoz afilada destruye todo lo hermoso y florido, que no deja abrir rosas ni lirios y no soporta la fructificación

«In only one respect is he worthy of veneration, in that he is the son of eternity, the father of time» — Con lo único venerable que le deja: ser hijo de la eternidad y padre del tiempo

«Gilson has attempted to prove in a lucid and instructive essay that Bernardus Silvestris’s cosmology conformed essentially to tradition» — Consigna el ensayo de Gilson que sostiene que la cosmología de Bernardo se ajusta en lo esencial a la tradición

«Bernardus certainly was not an arbitrary thinker, and the originality of his statements lay more in manner than» — Y le concede la mitad: Bernardo no era un pensador arbitrario, y la originalidad de sus enunciados está más en la manera que en la materia

«It was a powerful religious and poetic imagination which could regard Saturn as Death the Reaper, and transtorm an antiquated demon into a medieval figure of dread» — Y lo que le reconoce: una imaginación religiosa y poética poderosa, capaz de ver a Saturno como la Muerte segadora y de convertir un demonio anticuado en figura medieval de espanto

«Towards the end of the century Alanus ab Insulis painted a picture of Saturn similar to Bernardus's; and though determined mainly by the negative characteristics given in astrological texts (cold, dryness, age, avarice, darkness, silence, pain, tears, injustice, horror and sorrow), it is remarkable and | impressive for the antithetical language in which it is rendered, such language as is not found in the description of the other planetary spheres» — Sitúa hacia fin de siglo el Saturno de Alano de Lila, semejante al de Bernardo y notable por el lenguaje antitético que no usa con las demás esferas

«Consciously or not, the old contradictions implicit in the notion of Saturn find poetic expression» — Con lo que la obra lee en esa antítesis: a sabiendas o no, las viejas contradicciones de la noción de Saturno hallan expresión poética

«Illic fervet hiems, aestas algescit et aestus friget, delirat splendor dum flamma tepescit. Hic tenebrae lucent, hic lux tenebrescit, et illic nox cum luce viget, et lux cum nocte diescit» — El latín de Alano que la obra imprime: allí hierve el invierno y se enfría el verano, las tinieblas lucen y la luz se entenebrece, la noche alienta con luz y la luz amanece con noche

«Hic algore suo praedatur gaudia veris, furaturque decus pratis, et sidera florum, algescitque calens, frigens fervescit, inundat aridus, obscurus lucet, iuvenisque senescit» — Y su segunda mitad: Saturno saquea con su frío los gozos de la primavera, roba a los prados su gala, se enfría ardiendo y hierve helándose, seco inunda, oscuro luce, joven envejece

«In the course of the twelfth century, then, astrological belief . was gradually introduced into certain systems of scholastic natural philosophy, and from then onwards it could develop both within and outside the sphere of philosophy proper» — El saldo del siglo XII que la obra hace: la creencia astrológica entra en la filosofía y desde entonces puede desarrollarse dentro y fuera de ella

«Even among the mainly encyclopaedic authors we find a growing tendency to include what is really astrological material» — Con el indicio que lo acompaña: hasta los enciclopedistas tienden cada vez más a incluir material propiamente astrológico

«no longer risky to put forward the view that life, architecture and doctrine were proper to Saturn, or that he signified trouble, sorrow, lowliness and evil» — Y la prueba de que la astrología ya no era arriesgada: para Arnoldo Sajón, Vicente de Beauvais o Bartolomé el Inglés se podía decir que la vida, la arquitectura y la doctrina tocaban a Saturno y que significaba trabajo, pena, bajeza y mal

«Vincent of Beauvais, too, considered him cold and dry, occasionally moist and earthy, melancholy, leaden, dark, a lover of black clothing, tenacious, pious and a countryman» — Y el Saturno de Vicente de Beauvais: frío y seco, a veces húmedo y terroso, melancólico, plomizo, oscuro, amante del vestido negro, tenaz, piadoso y campesino

«Est autem secundum Misael Saturnus planeta malivolus, frigidus et siccus, nocturnus et ponderosus, et ideo in fabulis senex depingitur» — El latín de Bartolomé el Inglés, que cita a *Misael*: Saturno es planeta malévolo, frío y seco, nocturno y pesado, y por eso se lo pinta viejo en las fábulas

«In colore etiam pallidus aut lividus sicut plumbum, quia duas habet qualitates mortiferas, scilicet frigiditatem et siccitatem. Et ideo foetus sub ipsius dominio natus et conceptus vel moritur vel pessimas consequitur qualitates» — Y su consecuencia: de color pálido o lívido como el plomo, por tener dos cualidades mortíferas —frialdad y sequedad—, de modo que el feto concebido bajo su dominio muere o saca las peores cualidades

«Texts such as these, especially that. of Bartholomeus Anglicus, show at a glance how a source of material strange to older writers but familiar to us has erupted into the current mythographical and scientific tradition and brought about a fundamental change of attitude» — La obra mide lo que esos textos muestran de un golpe: la irrupción en la tradición mitográfica y científica de un material ajeno a los autores viejos, y con él un cambio de actitud de fondo

«Throughout, the descriptions are detailed, and they encompass man's destiny, length of life, sickness, health, ‘constitution and character» — Los rasgos de esas descripciones: detalladas, abarcan destino, duración de la vida, enfermedad, salud, constitución y carácter

«We find in fact that “Misael” is quoted as an authority as well as Ptolemy, Isidore, and Martianus Capella—and ''Misael" is none other than Messahala» — Y la identificación que la obra hace: el *Misael* citado como autoridad junto a Ptolomeo, Isidoro y Marciano Capela no es otro que Masha'allah

«In other words, we can see here a complete acceptance of Arabic texts, and, based on them, a western professional astrology whose robust characteristics were bound to exert a far greater influence on the general notion of the stars than could the idealising interpretations of the mystics and moral philosophers, the moralising descriptions of the mythographers, or the speculative reflections of the natural philosophers» — Con lo que eso significa: aceptación completa de los textos árabes y, sobre ellos, una astrología profesional occidental cuyos rasgos robustos habían de pesar más que las lecturas idealizantes de místicos, mitógrafos y filósofos naturales

«The popularity of this professional astrology enabled the idea of Saturn as a malevolent figure of menace to gain as decisive a victory over all other interpretations as had been the case with melancholy, thanks to the medical tracts and books on the four complexions» — Y el desenlace que la obra iguala al de la melancolía: la astrología profesional dio a la idea de Saturno como figura malévola una victoria tan decisiva como la que los tratados médicos dieron al melancólico sombrío

«Professional astrology, as it developed in the west after the discovery of Arabic sources, had, like contemporary medicine, an unusually conservative, not to say stationary character» — Con su carácter: como la medicina contemporánea, inusitadamente conservadora, por no decir estacionaria

«The Arabic astrologers, whose notion of Saturn we described at the beginning of this chapter, did little more than collect and classify the material available from later antiquity» — Y lo que la obra le concede a los astrólogos árabes: poco más que reunir y clasificar el material de la antigüedad tardía

«Firstly, the equation of certain planets with the four temperaments, and, in particular, of Saturn with the melancholic—prepared but not completed in late antiquity—was now explicitly formulated and henceforward became a firm doctrine» — Con el primero de los dos hechos que sí importan: la ecuación de Saturno con el melancólico, preparada y no consumada en la antigüedad tardía, queda formulada explícitamente y se vuelve doctrina firme

«Thus it is the exhaustiveness of the data and the solidity of the system rather than any originality of conception which gives importance to Arabic astrology, the main works of which were available in Latin translation by about 1200» — Lo que da importancia a la astrología árabe, según la obra: la exhaustividad de los datos y la solidez del sistema, no la originalidad de la concepción

«what really influenced both medieval and even modern thought above all was the basic tenet of Arabic astrology that every earthly event, and, in particular, human destiny, was "written in the stars» — Y su tesis básica, que la obra declara la de mayor influjo sobre el pensamiento medieval y aun moderno: que todo suceso terrestre, y en particular el destino humano, está escrito en los astros

«In this respect, the Arabs of the ninth, tenth and eleventh centuries had a significance for the Middle Ages similar to that of the “Chaldeans” for the Hellenistic world» — Con el paralelo que traza: los árabes de los siglos IX a XI pesaron en la Edad Media como los caldeos en el mundo helenístico

«In both cases one can see how the general influence of astrology increased more and more as a variety of "mystical" trends emerged alongside the official creeds, and, in both cases, provided a parallel to belief in the stars» — Y lo que en ambos casos se repite: el influjo de la astrología crece a medida que junto a los credos oficiales aparecen corrientes místicas

«This increase of fatalism was naturally accompanied by sharp protests from philosophical, astronomical and, especially, religious quarters, until finally the Renaissance made the individual’s attitude to astrology a matter of conscience» — Con la reacción: protestas agudas de filósofos, astrónomos y sobre todo religiosos, hasta que el Renacimiento hizo de la actitud ante la astrología una cuestión de conciencia individual

«Many orthodox Catholics, especially the more active spirits among them, could take astrology in their stride, whereas others, especially those in the Augustinian tradition, rejected it» — Y el reparto que la obra consigna: muchos católicos ortodoxos, sobre todo los espíritus más activos, la aceptaban sin problema, mientras la rechazaban los de tradición agustiniana

«Pico della Mirandola’s ethical humanism no less than Leonardo da Vinci's sceptical free-thinking could lead to its rejection» — Con los dos caminos que llevan al rechazo: el humanismo ético de Pico della Mirandola y el librepensamiento escéptico de Leonardo

«Marsilio Ficino’s mystical Neoplatonism finally reached a new solution, a somewhat precarious compromise, which was later to degenerate into magic among his successors, such as Agrippa of Nettesheim and Paracelsus» — Y la tercera vía: el neoplatonismo místico de Ficino, que llega a un compromiso algo precario y que en sus sucesores —Agrippa y Paracelso— degeneraría en magia

«Western astrology produced texts which generally adhered closely to translations from Arabic authors, and on the whole provided a relatively unoriginal and uniform picture as far as our problem is concerned» — La obra califica los textos de la astrología occidental: ceñidos a las traducciones del árabe y en conjunto poco originales y uniformes para su asunto

«If we consult Guido Bonatti and Michael Scot, the writers whom Dante lifted to the rank of "fathers" of the movement, and banished to hell rather for their "magic arts" than for their astrological activity!®%—we find scarcely anything not previously known to us from Arabic sources (or at least deducible from them by a more detailed study), save for an ever more frequent inclusion of individual traits from medicine and humoralism» — Y lo que halla en Guido Bonatti y Michael Scot, a quienes Dante alzó al rango de padres del movimiento y mandó al infierno más por magos que por astrólogos: nada nuevo salvo más rasgos de la medicina y el humoralismo

«Et si inciperet Saturninus diligere aliquem, quod raro contingit, diliget eum dilectione vera. Et si incoeperit odire aliquem, quod pluries accidit, odiet eum odio ultimato, et vix aut nunquam desistet ab odio illo» — Y su sentencia sobre los afectos saturninos: si el saturnino empieza a querer a alguien, cosa que rara vez ocurre, lo querrá con amor verdadero; si empieza a odiar, cosa que pasa más veces, odiará hasta el extremo y casi nunca desistirá

«both in its special emphasis on the lasting quality of Saturnine feelings, and in its choice of words, it corresponds so closely with the characteristics of the melancholic that a connexion seems inevitable» — Con lo que la obra concluye, marcando la inferencia como tal: por el énfasis en la duración de esos afectos y por la elección de palabras, la conexión con el melancólico parece inevitable

«Et dixit Albumasar, quod si fuerit boni esse, significat profunditatem scientiae, et consilium bonum et profundum, tale quod vix aut nunquam sciet alius meliorare illud. Et ex magisteriis significat res antiquas et laboriosas, et graves et preciosas, et opera aquatica vel quae fiunt prope aquas, sicut sunt molendina» — La cita que Bonatti hace de Abu Ma'shar: en buena condición significa profundidad de ciencia y consejo bueno y hondo que otro difícilmente mejorará, y oficios antiguos, laboriosos, pesados y preciosos, o de agua, como los molinos

«The description culminates in pointing out the special talent of Saturn’s "children" for leatherwork and parchment-working, and in the following chapter this idea 1s developed in entirely the same way as in Alcabitius» — Y en qué culmina la descripción: el talento especial de los hijos de Saturno para el cuero y el pergamino

«Here Bonatti says that the conjunction of Saturn with one of the other planets determines the special propriety of the finished "coria" and *"pergamenta", so that the child of Saturn and Jupiter is gifted for the manufacture and working of parchments for religious, astrological and juridical writings, the child of Saturn and Venus . for the manufacture of skins for drums, the child of Saturn and Mercury for the production of parchments for business deeds, and so on» — Con el detalle de las conjunciones: el hijo de Saturno y Júpiter apto para pergaminos de escritos religiosos, astrológicos y jurídicos; el de Saturno y Venus para pieles de tambor; el de Saturno y Mercurio para pergaminos de escrituras mercantiles

«In general one may say that in practical astrological literature of middle and late medieval times, Saturn’s redeeming features were more and more buried beneath the mass of his evil qualities, and that he became more of a purely unlucky planet than he had been even according to Vettius Valens or Rhetorius» — El saldo que la obra hace de la astrología práctica medieval: los rasgos redentores de Saturno quedan cada vez más sepultados bajo sus cualidades malas, y el planeta se vuelve más aciago de lo que era ya en Vecio Valente o Retorio

«The attribute "cogitatio" is still included, but it appears aS a very inorganic part of the series “‘pavor, timor, guerra, captivitas, carcer, lamentationes, tristitia, cogitatio, pigritia, inimicitia, planctus", and so on» — Con la prueba en Michael Scot: el atributo de la reflexión se conserva, pero como parte inorgánica de una serie de pavor, temor, guerra, cautiverio, cárcel, lamentos, tristeza, pereza, enemistad y llanto

«He is "strong and powerful in wickedness, always signifying evil and not good" and even when auspicious stars counteract him he finds a means to impose his wicked will» — Y su formulación extrema: Saturno es fuerte y poderoso en la maldad, significa siempre el mal y nunca el bien, y aun contrarrestado por astros propicios halla modo de imponer su voluntad

«Hence children born under him are the poorest and most despicable of men, including not only the usual grave-diggers and cleaners of latrines, but also ‘‘men who serve writs"—a realistic twist of astrologers imagination given to the mythical attribute of "imprisonment» — Con el giro realista que la obra le señala a la imaginación de los astrólogos: entre los hijos más despreciables de Saturno, junto a sepultureros y limpiadores de letrinas, los que entregan citaciones judiciales

«The Saturnine man is the worst of all men, and his facial and temperamental peculiarities reflect the vileness of his whole appearance» — Y su retrato: el saturnino es el peor de los hombres, y sus rasgos de cara y de carácter reflejan la vileza de toda su figura

«Huis skin is dark, brown, yellowish, or almost greenish; his eyes are small and deep-set, but keen-sighted, © and seldom blinking; his voice is weak; his regard is bent on the ground; his beard is scanty; his shoulders are bowed; he is sexually weak and inclining to impotence, but has a good memory; his understanding is crude, his mind sluggish, his brain slow of comprehension; moreover, he is timid, depressed, thoughtful, seldom laughing or even cheerful; lazy, envious, negligent in dress, boring in speech, deceitful, rapacious, thievish, ungrateful, miserly and misanthropic» — Con el detalle: piel oscura, ojos pequeños y hundidos pero de vista aguda, voz débil, mirada al suelo, barba rala, hombros caídos, flojo sexualmente pero de buena memoria, entendimiento tosco, tímido, deprimido, pensativo, perezoso, envidioso, avaro y misántropo (sic, *Huis*, por *His*)

«It is as though Michael Scot or his source had incorporated whole sections of writings on the theory of the complexions in his own list of Saturn's characteristics, just as his list in turn may have influenced later descriptions of the melancholic» — Con la conjetura marcada como tal: como si Michael Scot o su fuente hubieran incorporado secciones enteras de los tratados de complexiones, y como si su lista hubiera influido a su vez en las descripciones del melancólico

«And as, in the case of melancholy, the purely negative conception of it became the general rule, so it was the case ot» — Y el paralelo de la obra: como en la melancolía, la concepción puramente negativa se volvió regla general, y otro tanto pasó con Saturno y sus hijos

«Cecco d'Ascoli, who was burnt at the stake in 1327, called Saturn ' quella trista stella, tarda di corso e di virtü nemica, che mai suo raggio non fé cosa bella» — Con la fórmula de Cecco d'Ascoli, quemado en la hoguera en 1327: esa triste estrella, tarda de curso y enemiga de la virtud, cuyo rayo nunca hizo cosa bella

«Bartolomeo da Parma, in a chapter based entirely on Michael Scot, says "omnibus nocet, nemini proficit; quare dicitur esse malus. Nocet enim suis et alienis» — Y la de Bartolomeo da Parma, en un capítulo enteramente apoyado en Michael Scot: a todos daña y a nadie aprovecha, y por eso se dice malo

«This conception became ever more widespread, despite the more or less meaningless preservation of a few favourable characteristics» — Con la observación que la obra añade: esa concepción se difundió cada vez más, pese a la conservación más o menos vacía de unos pocos rasgos favorables

«Here and there the child of Saturn is still granted riches, wisdom, or the capacity, despite all his evil qualities, to make himself 'loved by noble people" and to become ‘‘the greatest among his friends» — Y los restos de esos rasgos: aquí y allá al hijo de Saturno se le conceden riqueza, sabiduría o la capacidad de hacerse querer por los nobles y ser el mayor entre sus amigos

«even didactic and narrative verse which, in accordance with the dual nature of available sources, used to draw a very clear distinction between Saturn as a mythical figure and Saturn as a planet, based the first of these notions on mythographical texts but the second on that “astrological vulgate", the origin of which we have just traced» — Y la doble fuente que la obra encuentra en los poetas: el Saturno mítico apoyado en los mitógrafos y el Saturno planeta en la vulgata astrológica

«In the Roman de la Rose, as in Lydgate, Gower and Chaucer, Saturn is on the one hand the god of time, the Ruler of the Golden Age (generally held up as an example to the contemporary age), the King of Crete, the minter of gold, the founder of cities, the inventor of agriculture and so on» — Con el reparto en el *Roman de la Rose*, Lydgate, Gower y Chaucer: por un lado el dios del tiempo, rey de la Edad de Oro y de Creta, acuñador del oro, fundador de ciudades e inventor de la agricultura

«Christine de Pisan’s Epitre d'Othéa claims all seven planets as tutors for her "Bon Chevalier", and can therefore attribute only good qualities to them, but it is almost a solitary exception when she holds up Saturn’s 'slowness" to her hero as a prerequisite for sound judgement and reflection» — Con la excepción casi solitaria que la obra registra: Christine de Pizan, que reclama los siete planetas como tutores de su buen caballero y ofrece la lentitud de Saturno como condición del juicio sensato

«How the common man—and not only the common man— regarded the nature and influence of Saturn from the late fifteenth century until relatively modern times» — Y el corpus que la obra usa para medir la opinión corriente desde fines del XV hasta época relativamente moderna: una selección de textos populares

«The child of Saturn is a thief And in him lieth much mischief; Saturn is clever, cold and hard, His child looks on with sad regard. Faint-hearted and misunderstood With shame he reaches elderhood. Thief, spoiler, murderer, untrue Blasphemer in all manner too, Never in favour with woman or wife, In drinking does he spend his life» — Los versos alemanes en su traducción inglesa: el hijo de Saturno es ladrón y lleva en sí mucho daño, tímido e incomprendido, llega con vergüenza a la vejez, ladrón, saqueador, asesino, desleal, blasfemo, sin favor de mujer alguna, y gasta la vida bebiendo

«Ihe planet Saturn is the highest and the greatest and the most worthless, and is cold and dry and the slowest in his course» — Y la prosa de un calendario: el planeta Saturno es el más alto, el más grande y el más inútil, frío y seco y el más lento en su curso (sic, *Ihe*, por *The*)

«Children who are born under Saturn are misshapen of body and dark with black hair, and have hair on the skin, and little hair on the chin, and with a narrow chest, and are malicious and worthless and sad, and like unclean things, and would rather wear dirty linen than fine, and are unchaste and do not like to walk with women and pass the time, and also have all evil things by nature» — Con el retrato de sus hijos: deformes y oscuros, de poca barba, pecho estrecho, maliciosos, inútiles y tristes, amigos de lo sucio, deshonestos y dotados por naturaleza de todo lo malo

«The hour of Saturn is the hour of evil. In that hour God was betrayed and delivered to death» — Y la hora que le toca: la hora de Saturno es la hora del mal, en la que Dios fue traicionado y entregado a la muerte

«The development of the notion of Saturn as described above is reflected not only in literature but also in figurative art. The pictorial tradition, however, as in all similar cases, follows its own rules» — La obra abre el capítulo pictórico con su reserva de método: el desarrollo de la noción se refleja también en el arte figurativo, pero la tradición pictórica sigue reglas propias

«Apart from this, ancient portraits of Saturn, in so far as they concern us, fall into two classes, both of which show the god as an old man and endow him with the attributes of a sickle? and a cloak pulled over his head—a trait that Saturn shares only with Asclepius, and one that gives him a strange and somewhat sinister aspect from the start» — Y ordena los retratos antiguos en dos clases, las dos con el dios viejo, la hoz y el manto echado sobre la cabeza, rasgo que solo comparte con Asclepio y que le da desde el principio un aire extraño y algo siniestro

«The second type shows him 1n the attitude of a thinker, seated, with his head on his hand» — Y el segundo: en actitud de pensador, sentado y con la cabeza apoyada en la mano (sic, *1n*, por *in*)

«The god’s eyes are frightening. The cloak hides all but the face, the feet, and one hand holding a sickle somewhat awkwardly at one side.. This awkwardness is certainly deliberate, for the fresco is the work of a great artist. The implement which the god holds is no ordinary one, but is the symbol of the power of this severe god, and appears to menace the faithful» — Del mural de la Casa dei Dioscuri dice que los ojos del dios son espantosos y que la hoz, lejos de ser apero común, es el símbolo del poder de este dios severo y parece amenazar al fiel

«For him, Saturn was the awe-inspiring god of the earth» — Con lo que Saturno era para ese pintor: el temible dios de la tierra

«The first type is exemplified in an impressive mural in the Casa dei Dioscuri at Pompeii» — El primer tipo lo ejemplifica un mural impresionante de la Casa dei Dioscuri de Pompeya

«Ihe second type, as we have said, is characterised by the god's being seated, with his arm resting on some object, a characteristic which seemed so typical of the god that echoes of it survive even in portraits where it is almost wholly out of place» — Y del segundo dice que el dios sentado con el brazo apoyado en algo parecía tan típico que sus ecos sobreviven aun donde el gesto está casi fuera de lugar (sic, *Ihe*, por *The*)

«Saturn here appears sadly reflecting, like Attis on other tombs. His right hand does not hold the sickle upright, as in the Pompeian fresco, but lets it rest wearily upon his knee. His head is bent and rests upon his arm. For Cornutus, who ordered this portrait to be placed on his own and his children's tomb, Saturn was symbolic of the sad tranquillity of death» — De la tumba de Cornuto: Saturno reflexiona tristemente, la hoz cansada sobre la rodilla, y para quien encargó ese retrato para su propia tumba era símbolo de la tranquilidad triste de la muerte

«Ancient art therefore gave expression to the two sides of Saturn's . nature, on the one hand as the awe-inspiring and beneficent god of the earth, on the other as the destructive but at the same time peace-giving ruler of the underworld» — Y el saldo que la obra hace del arte antiguo: da expresión a los dos lados de Saturno, dios severo de la tierra por un lado y señor destructivo pero apaciguador del inframundo por otro

«Together with the busts, typical of the usual collection of the five planets Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury and Venus? in the Aratea manuscripts, there survived the solemn but non-specific schema that we saw at Pompeii» — Y lo que sí sobrevive en los manuscritos de los *Aratea*: el esquema solemne pero inespecífico que la obra vio en Pompeya