TRADITION
Mitraísmo
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El nombre con que esta raíz entra en el árbol no lo usó nadie de dentro, y la voz que más lo trabaja lo dice sin rodeos. Walter Burkert mide la falta: «The lack of vocabulary is most surprising in the case of Mithras. Modern scholars cannot do without a name for the followers of Mithras, and modern languages have artıficially coined their own terms: “Mithraists” or “Mithracists” (les mithriaques, die Mithraisten).”' This cannot be said in either Greek or Latin» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 59», y la inscribe en una carencia más general, porque «For reasons of economy the following inquiries wıll be restricted to five of these: the mysteries of Eleusis, the Dionysiac or Bacchic mysteries, the mysteries of Meter, those of Isıs, and those of Mithras. There were others as well, some of them quite prominent,!® but these five variations will suffice to indicate the range of differences as well as the constants ın diversity» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 16» es el recorte de su libro y en ninguno de los cinco hay palabra antigua para el seguidor. Lo único parecido a una divisa de pertenencia que registra es de segunda mano y viene de un adversario: «We know from Tertullian that a Mithraist (our term) atthe grade of miles was told never again to wear a crown, but to say “Mithras is my crown.””” This is a conscious expression of permanent identity, but it is not made explıcit by a linguistic term or by any form of Credo. Rather, ıt manifests ıtself ın behavior, as ın the case of the Orphic who would not eat eggs or the Eleusinian who avoıded red mullets. This 15 the ancient usage of symbolon» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 59». Del peso que la cosa tuvo en la imaginación moderna da el ejemplo más citado y lo rebaja en la misma línea: «Ernest Renan once said, “If the growth of Christianity had been halted by some mortal illness, the world would have become Mithraic.”!* Most scholars today agree there never was a chance for that, since Mithraism was not even a religion in the full sense of the word» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 15».
De dónde viene es la primera disputa, y la ficha la deja abierta porque las fuentes la dejan abierta. Burkert separa al dios de los misterios: «Mithras ıs a very old Indo-Iranian deity, attested from the Bronze Age onward and worshiped wherever Iranian tradition came to dominate» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 18», con el nombre que lo explica —«the sense of “treaty,” “promise of allegiance.” Yet the characteristic mysteries of Mithras are not in evidence before 100» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 19»— y con la advertencia de que el paso de uno a otros no está resuelto: «how they were founded and what their exact relation is to Iranian tradition are both problems that remain unsolved.°” The cult was held in subterranean “caves” where small groups of men met for the initiations and for sacrificial meals ın front of the depiction of Mithras slaying the bull, which always occupies the apse of the “cave.”» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 19». Que el dios sea iranio no le basta para hacer iraní la institución: «But even though it is evident that Mater Magna is the Phrygian Goddess for both Greeks and Romans, and that Isis is Egyptian and Mithras is Iranian, the institution of mysteries cannot be traced to either Anatolia, Egypt, or Iran; rather, they seem to reflect the older model of Eleusis or Dionysus, or both» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 14». Lo iranio que sí reconoce dentro del rito es puntual —«Taking the right hand is the old Iranian form of a promise of allegiance, whence Mithraic mystaı are syndexior. As such they “celebrate the vows”; the essence of Mithraic worship in the cave is the experience of success and the act of faith renewed in the common feast» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 28»— y le resulta curioso un segundo cabo: «Yet it is curious that in the Avestan Mithra YaSt there are days not only of washing but also of “flogging” in preparation for a Mithraic ceremony» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 115», mientras que un tercero lo declara sin apoyo: «Speculation might trace a way from an Indo-Iranian Soma cult to the mysteries of Mithras, but evidence is nonexis» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 121». Peter Mark Adams lo sitúa en otro sitio: «The origins of Mithraism are obscure, but it appears to have originated in Anatolia; and from the 1st century CE onwards, through its popularity with the Roman legions and merchants, spread to every corner of the empire.» «Adams — The Game of Saturn (2017) · p. 42», y abre con reserva una antigüedad mucho mayor: «There is a distinct possibility that these constellations also played a central role in the most ancient cosmologies, for we find images similar to the tauroctony - as well as other “Mithraic’ themes ~ depicted on the Royal seal of the Hittite king Saussatar of Mitanni from as early as 1450 BCE.» «Adams — The Game of Saturn (2017) · p. 59». Mircea Eliade lo cuenta como carrera de un dios: «A career like that of Mithra who was at first a sky god, later became a sun god and later still a saviour (as the Sol Invictus), can to some extent be explained by this derniurgic function of ordering the world (all grains and plants grew up from the bull slain by Mithra).» «Eliade — Patterns in Comparative Religion (1958) · p. 169», y del Mitra anterior retiene la función contractual —«Ahura Mazda guarantees the inviolability of contracts, and the keeping of promises ; when he revealed to Zarathustra why he had created Mithra, Ahura Mazda said that anyone who breaks a pact (mithra=" contract ") will bring bad luck on the entire land.» «Eliade — Patterns in Comparative Religion (1958) · p. 92»— marcando a la vez la reserva que pone a tres colegas: «I cannot go as far as Hertel, 3 Nyberg4 and Widengren, 5 and sec Mithra as the night sky, and Ahura Mazda as the sky by day.» «Eliade — Patterns in Comparative Religion (1958) · p. 92». Wouter Hanegraaff lo trae por el lado de la astrolatría: «Moreover, astrolatry, already practised in the Pythagorean school, Ii2 spread to Rome with the syncretic religion of the Syrian Baals and that of Mithra, a solar god who promised his worshippers heavenly immortality.» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, ed. inglés · p. 144». El Urantia Book, que habla desde su propia revelación y no desde el culto, lo hace nacer de otra cosa: «In Persia sun veneration gave rise to the later Mithraic cult. Among many peoples the sun was regarded as the ancestor of their kings. The Chaldeans put the sun in the center of “the seven circles of the universe.” Later civilizations honored the sun by giving its name to the first day of the week. 85:5.3 (947.6) The sun god was supposed to be the mystic father of the virgin-born sons of destiny who ever and anon were thought to be bestowed as saviors upon favored races. These supernatural infants were always put adrift upon some sacred river to be» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 5517», y lo data por su vecindad: «And Mithraism spread throughout the Levant and Mediterranean regions, being for some time a contemporary of both Judaism and Christianity. The teachings of Zoroaster thus came successively to impress three great religions: Judaism and Christianity and, through them, Mohammedanism. 95:6.8 (1050.4) But it is a far cry from the exalted teachings and noble psalms of Zoroaster to the modern perversions of his gospel by the Parsees with their great fear of the dead, coupled with the entertainment of beliefs in sophistries which Zoroaster never stooped to countenance.» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 6109».
La forma del culto es lo mejor documentado, y ahí las voces coinciden. Burkert la resume: «There were seven grades of initiation. Mithraic iconography is surprisingly uniform, with many symbols, but the concomitant myth Is not transmitted in literature. The cult of Mithras is closely associated with the Roman legions, the worshipers having been recruited mainly among soldiers, merchants, and officials of the Roman empire» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 19», y la separa de los demás misterios por la estructura: «In the body of participants in mysteries of Mithras we find not the dichotomy of clergy versus general adherents, as with Isis, but a strict hierarchy of initiation grades. There are seven of these grades, named in Greek originally but normally referred to in Latin, since Rome was the center from which the cult spread to the provinces: Corax, Nymphus, Miles, Leo, Persa, Heliodromus, and Pater» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 54», con la autoridad que la sostiene —«There is even the title pater patrum for a central authority.’! Evidently it was the responsibility of the patres to watch over the correct form of these mysteries. Inscriptions indicate that in order to ınaugurate anew Mithraeum and thus to found a new group, a pater had to be present» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 54» y «Thus Mithraism was guided by a sanctıssimus ordo. A pater would also supervise the transmission of initiation grades, tradere leontica, persica, heliaca» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 54»—, el efecto que le atribuye —«This organization explains the surprising uniformity of sanctuaries and iconography of Mithras from the Rhine to the Danube and hence to Dura Europos as well as Africa» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 54»— y la escala que mide: «Mithraea usually were quite small, holding about twenty persons on average. This makes a good team, but not a mass religion. With enlarging membership a new “cave” would be established by some wealthy donor, instead of the existing constructions being enlarged» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 54». El secreto lo declara casi total: «With Mithras, secrecy seems to have been nearly absolute. The Mithraea must have been much less accessible in their time than in modern excavations, museums, and publications. The scarcity of literary references to mysteries of Mithras is strange when compared to the richness of the archaeological evidence. By comparison, the literary documentation about Eleusis is abundant» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 54», y por eso lo acerca a otra familia: «In some respects the mysteries of Mithras are closer to the general type of secret societies with initiation rıtuals, as known in social anthropology, than the other, “normal” Greek mysteries» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 54». De los grados dice a la vez lo que sobresale y lo que falta: «Mithras stands apart once more. T'he initiations are more prominent and more sophisticated in these mysteries than anywhere else, since they are multiplied to produce seven» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 110» y «Each step would have had its own ritual, with preparations, peripeties, and integration,*° but there is extremely little evidence about the details in either literature or iconography, and the little we do have— some badly preserved frescoes at the Mithraeum of Capua Vetere®” and some controversial remarks in Christian authors that lead to the problem of initiation tortures”—is not clearly correlated to the seven grades» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 111». Lo poco que hay de la iniciación lo describe un relieve: «Figure ı2. Mithraic initiation. Naked initiand, kneeling and blindfolded, arms bound behind his back; behind him, mystagogue (wearing a white tunica with red lining); advancing dignitary with Persian cap (red cloak; pater?), wielding a spear or staff» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 77». Las torturas están en testimonios cristianos —«Pertinent testimonies exist in connection with the mysteries of Mithras: some scornful remarks of Gregory of Nazianzus,’’ some elaborations of his scholiast,’® and a text of Pseudo-Augustine called “Ambrosi» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 114»— que el padre fundador del campo rechazó: «Franz Cumont, the founding father of Mithraic studies, flatly refused to believe the scholiast’s information; Ὁ “fifty days of fastıng, two days of flogging, twenty days in the snow” seems too much ıindeed, and how could there be snow at Dura-Europos or ın» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 114»; hay además otras formas de muerte fingida: «Apparently there were other forms of mock death as well. A curious implement found at the Mithraeum of Riegel in Germany has been explained as a kind of theatrical sword used to represent a man stabbed right through the heart with a spear.°” Commodus is said to have committed actual murder in the context of a Mithraic cult, and rumors of human sacrıfice were occasionally substantiated by skulls found on the spot» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 115», y de todo ello saca un balance que se aparta del resto de su libro: «Whatever the facts were, the historian of religion may note with satısfaction that Mithraic mysteries conform to the general, well-known patterns of initiation rıtuals much better than the other ancient mysteries. Mithras appears as a stranger again, more primitive and more authentic, as it were, ın the dromena» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 115». De la comida en la cueva enmienda una lectura corriente con los huesos: «In excavated Mithraea the remnants of animal bones of different species clearly show that the couches were not used for kneeling down in prayer, as Cumont imagined, but for consuming substantial meals.'”” In Mithraic iconography, Mithras and Helios feast together at a table covered with the slaughtered bull’s hide—consuming his meat, no doubt, while the lower grades, Raven to Lion, are serving the table» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 122». Sobre quién entraba, cuatro pasajes convergentes: «Soldiers and merchants were the main reservoir for the recruitment of Mithras mystaı. Indeed, the mobility of the Roman legions was essential for the spreading of the cult. Much depended upon the initiative of individual rich and devoted members» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 54», «would approach the ridiculous. Mithras, for one, did not even admit women; he stood for men’s clubs in opposition to family lıfe» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 64», «Even more ın the Mithraic mysteries, warlıke virility seems to have suppressed any sexual intimacy; anyhow, it was said that “Mithras hates women.”!!” We may still wonder at the attention devoted to the dying bull’s genitals in the well-known reliefs, which depict semen being collected ın a krater, a» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 118» y «Eubulus in Porphyry Abst. 4.16 says women were called hyenas (hyainat; wrongly changed to ἰεαῖπαῖ 1η Nauck’s edition) by Mithraists; this is not a compliment, and they are explicitly contrasted with “those who take part in the mysteries» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 161»; Adams lo dice en una línea: «Mithraism was almost exclusively a male cult with strong military associations» «Adams — The Game of Saturn (2017) · p. 48», y explica por qué los edificios sobrevivieron: «Since Mithraic temples were typically situated in crypt like underground chambers, they were readily incorporated as basement structures beneath newer buildings and Christian churches.» «Adams — The Game of Saturn (2017) · p. 44». De la escala de siete peldaños hay tres versiones distintas y ninguna se funde con las otras: Eliade la describe por metales —«In the mysteries of Mithra the ceremonial ladder (climax) had seven rungs, each made of a different metal.» «Eliade — Patterns in Comparative Religion (1958) · p. 123»— y la compara con los muros de Ecbatana —«As in the Mithraic initiation ritual, and as with the walls of the city of Ecbatana, which are all different colours3 to symbolize the heavens of the planets, the moon is in the sixth heaven and the sun in the seventh.» «Eliade — Patterns in Comparative Religion (1958) · p. 125»—, en otro libro la cuenta como ascenso purificador —«The initiate in the mys¬ teries of Mithra undertakes a symbolic journey through the seven heavens in order to “purify” himself from the influences of the tutelary planets and uplift himself to the Empyrean.» «Eliade — Myths, Dreams and Mysteries (1967) · p. 115», con la advertencia de que la comparación tiene un límite: «The principal difference between the Seven Steps of the Buddha and the Brahmanic, Siberian or Mithraic rituals consists in their religious orientation and their different metaphysical implications.» «Eliade — Myths, Dreams and Mysteries (1967) · p. 115»—, y Hans Jonas la da por puertas: «Thus the mysteries of Mithras had for their initiates the ceremonial of passing through seven gates arranged on ascending steps representing the seven planets (the so-called \limax heptapylos, Origen Contra Celsum VI. 22); in those of Isis we find a successive putting on and off of seven (or twelve) garments or animal disguises.» «Jonas — The Gnostic Religion (2001, 3.ª ed.) · p. 103».
El centro visible es la tauroctonía, y el mito que la explicaba no se conservó. Burkert describe el ciclo entero de un relieve: «Figure ıı. Mithras relief from Neuenheim. Main scene: Mithras killing the bull, tail turning into ears of grain; on Mithras’ cloak, raven (destroyed); below, Kautopates and Kautes; snake, scorpion, krater, lion. Frame, starting at bottom left: Persian wielding the globe (?); Kronos asleep; Kronos yielding the scepter to Zeus; Mithras’ birth from the rock; bust of wind god. Mithras making fire with a drill; Mithras shooting at the rock to procure rain; Mithras mounting the chariot of Helios; Moon goddess setting; Mithras shooting at the rock; birth from a fig tree (?). Bust of wind god; the bull grazing; Mithras carrying the bull; Mithras riding the bull; Mithras dragging the bull to the cave» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 76», y declara la pérdida: «More frustrating is the case of Mithras. Clearly there was a Mithras myth; a sequence of stories is documented by the series of scenes that usually surround the central panel of the Mithras reliefs in the caves (see Fig. ı ı). T'he center refers to what must'have been the fundamental event in thıs complex, Mithras slaying the bull. But no text has been preserved to tell the story; only the catchword “cattle-thief,” bouklopos, sur» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 85». Lo que reconstruye de las imágenes lo da con su pregunta abierta —«In the series of representations we may recognize a theogonic sequence depicting Oceanus; Kronos voluntarily yielding the scepter to Zeus; Zeus fighting the giants; and the birth of Mithras from the rock. This last incident 15 well known in literature as well as in inscriptions—but who was his father?» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 86»— y con su escena enigmática: «There is also the quest sequence of Mithras finding, pursuing, fighting, subduing, and riding the bull, which is finally dragged into the cave for sacrifice.*' We see Mithras and Helios feasting on the bull, and Mithras clımbing into Helios’ chariot. But there are also scenes that remaın enigmatic, for example, Helios bowing to Mithras who ıs threatening him with an object that has been variously identified as a thigh-piece of the bull or a Phrygian cap» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 86». Del efecto de la muerte del toro retiene lo agrario: «Agriculture is inaugurated once again by the god as the tail of the collapsıng bull turns into ears of grain.!”?” Mithras is also a gardener, guarding fruit trees and providing water, but we unfortunately have no texts to give us the details of what ıs ın the pictures» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 95», y de la ausencia de textos saca una inferencia social: «Considering the fact that most Mithraic epigrams, including the precious inscriptions from Santa Prisca in Rome, are deplorable from a literary point of view, one is led to the conclusion that the worshipers of Mithras were not in close contact with the literary elite» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 82». Adams lee la misma escena de otra manera: «The tauroctony is commonly understood to be a star map whose major figures represent one or other of the constellations spread along the zodiac - the path taken by the sun and the planets as they traverse the sky.» «Adams — The Game of Saturn (2017) · p. 42», con la identificación que de ahí deriva —«Therefore Mithras, who is kneeling on the back of the bull, must be the constellation immediately above Taurus, in other words, Perseus.» «Adams — The Game of Saturn (2017) · p. 42»—, el inventario de sus figuras —«Most of the classic elements of the tauroctony are also present: Sol and Luna, the raven, scorpion, serpent, lion, dog and even the serpent entwined, lion-headed and winged deity, Mithras Leontocephalus.» «Adams — The Game of Saturn (2017) · p. 44»—, la lectura del nombre de un monumento —«The name Deo Tauro literally means ‘god bull’ and therefore serves as an oblique reference to the constellation Taurus - a constellation that lies at the heart of the Mithraic mystery cult.» «Adams — The Game of Saturn (2017) · p. 45»— y el enlace que hace de la deidad leontocéfala: «The lion-headed Mithraic deity is suggestive of a continuous power of both creating and destroying life; a feature reflected in the myth of Ammon-Saturn cating his own children and vomiting them out again.» «Adams — The Game of Saturn (2017) · p. 130». Esa lectura tiene dueño declarado en su bibliografía: «Ulansey (1989) Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries: Cosmology and Salvation in the Ancient World.» «Adams — The Game of Saturn (2017) · p. 301».
El sol, la astrología y la lectura platónica van juntos y con grados distintos de firmeza. Burkert fija la identificación y su límite: «Mithras was identified with the sun at an early date, and Mithras Helios or Mithras Sol is invoked in countless Mithraic inscriptions.!”* In the iconography of Mithraic monuments, however, Mithras and Helios are kept distinct» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 95», y distingue este culto de los demás por su cimiento: «But the reference to Nature—to the whole cosmos—is made plain 1η this cult by an elaborate symbolism. Whereas in the cults of Meter and Demeter and those of Dionysus and Isis the naturalistic interpretations clearly are a secondary and Intermittent layer covering a more ancient and sometimes recalcitrant structure of anthropomorphic myth, ın Mithraism Hellenistic cosmology seems to be present at the founda» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 95», con el dato arquitectónico que lo apoya: «The movement of the sun in the cycle of the year directly enters the ceremonies; some Mithraea had openings through which a ray of the sun would penetrate on certain days right to the central panel, illuminating the head of the god» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 95». De la astrología dice dónde está y dónde no: «A special offshoot of Hellenistic science is astrology. This too made its impact on the cult of Mithras— whereas there ıs hardly a trace of it in the other mysteries» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 96», con los dos testimonios que aduce: «An inscription at the central Mithraeum of Rome at Santa Prisca refers to astrological data.!”” One literary text explains the killing of the bull in astrological terms as the sun passing through the sign of Taurus. This is the “esoteric philosophy” of these mysteries, the author says, admitting that this ıs not the accepted meaning, but at the same time claiming that ıt comes from the insiders of the cult» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 96». La lectura platónica la reconoce con su autoridad antigua —«A Platonizing perspective is also apparent ın the mysteries of Mithras. This is not the place to summarize the studies of Robert Turcan and Reinhold Merkelbach.'*' That the caves of riıtual where the mystaı met, and the cave of myth where the bull was slaughtered, indeed represent the cosmos contaıned by the vault of heaven and governed by the planets 15 evident from the iconography, and this is expressly stated by Porphyry on the authority of Eubulus» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 98»— y con lo que el propio Porfirio declara: «Mithras is the creator, demiurgos, of the universe. No further details about either the myth or its interpretations are to be found in our texts; 1ἴ 15 not even clear to what extent Mithras promised salvation from this cosmos or preservation and superiority within the world ordained by Mithraic powers» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 98» y «This much, however, is made plain by the words of Porphyry: ıf the Mithraic authors Eubulus and Pallas saw the doctrine of transmigration enacted in the mysteries, this was their own opinion, which for them was the “true and exact” one, but the “general tendency” of belief (belief of the mystai, of course) was unaware of it all» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 98», que es el reparto de voces que esta ficha hereda. Adams la resume a su modo —«Porphyry interprets this passage as an allegory on the ascent and descent of souls; his interpretation providing an exegesis of Mithraic cosmology.» «Adams — The Game of Saturn (2017) · p. 66»—, le suma la doctrina de los dos soles —«It is thus of great interest to note that the Mithraists were not alone in believing in the existence of two suns, for we find in Platonic circles the concept of the existence of two suns, one being the normal astronomical sun and the other a so-called ‘hypercosmic’ sun located beyond the sphere of the fixed stars.» «Adams — The Game of Saturn (2017) · p. 128»— y declara de dónde viene la cosmología de su objeto: «We have identified the cosmology as deriving from the Timaeus but interpreted through the Neoplatonic and gnostic lens of the Mithraic mystery cult,» «Adams — The Game of Saturn (2017) · p. 117». Ruth Majercik consigna otro enlace y le pone reparo: «Lewy, for example, compares the Chaldean Aion to both the Iranian Zervan and the Mithraic Aion, but his comparisons here are again based on the descriptions of Aion in Tiibingen Theosophia 13 as well as various Iranian and Mithraic sources and not on the extant fragments.» «Oráculos Caldeos, ed. y trad. Majercik 1989 · p. 15». Del Aion mitraico quedan dos rastros en la historia del arte: «10. Saturn. Mural painting. Pompeii, Casa dei Dioscuri. ca 63 A.D. 9. Mithraic Aion. Relief. 2nd century A.D.» «Klibansky, Panofsky y Saxl — Saturn and Melancholy (2019) · p. 538» y «Campagnola's classically idealised form of Kronos, however, could be translated into realms even more remote from reality, in which the classically robed god was equipped with pinions; and thus, as already on Orphic and Mithraic tombstones at the end of classical times, he acquired the special nature of a god of time» «Klibansky, Panofsky y Saxl — Saturn and Melancholy (2019) · p. 251».
Qué prometía es donde Burkert se abstiene más, y la abstención se consigna como posición. «If we turn finally to Mithras, we are left with a surprising dearth of relevant evidence. It has generally been assumed, as a result of our ıdeas of what a “mystery religion” should be like, that Mithras should guarantee his followers some kind of transcendent salvation—immortality, ascent to heaven from the “cave” which ıs the cosmos. Clear evidence, however, 15 lacking» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 39», y le extraña por contraste: «This ıs all the more surprising because spiritual life, the immortality of the soul, and the ascent of the righteous to heaven are such well-established ıdeas ın Iranıan, Zoroastrian tradiıtıon. But thıs ıs not so wıth Mithras» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 39». Lo que niega y lo que propone en su lugar va con su condicional: «There is no evidence for a breakthrough to some genuine beyond apart from some Platonizing hints in Origen and Porphyry.°” Mithraism may in fact have been anti-Gnostic, heroically facıng and maintaining this cosmos built on violence and sacrifice» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 39». El único testimonio de dentro que admite es el de un emperador: «There remains the testimony of Julian, who was an ınitiate of Mithras and eager to promote his cult. Julian introduces Hermes, who is made to tell him that because of his acquaintance with Mithras, the “father,” he has found “a safe anchor in life,” and that “when it will be necessary to depart from» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 39», y el balance que saca es corto: «Mithras stands on a level with the speculations of philosophy and the promises of other mysteries, but there is neither a specıal content nor a special foundation of faith, just the general intimation of “hope.” The emphasis is, once again, on a “safe anchor” ın this life» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 40». Lo que sí le reconoce es un horizonte en esta vida: «within the near future: success is to be seen in this life. Mithras Is the deus ınvictus, and soldiers, who know what victory means, were prominent among his followers. Mithraism thus appears as a complete fusion of votive religion and mystery cult» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 29». Del éxtasis niega lo que otros dan por hecho: «No ecstasy in the full sense can be credited to Eleusis,'? and even less to the cult of Isis or Mithras. It would be just as misleading to think of mysticism in the true sense as to accept the drug hypothesis» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 125», y del mito del dios sufriente lo excluye expresamente: «Once again we must acknowledge the special position of the mysteries of Mithras: they are mysteries without a “suffering god” myth, whereas myths of thıs type are current even outside of mysteries. The dogmatic Christian theology of “dying with Christ and rising with Christ”? imposes too narrow a principle on the variabil» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 88». Dentro del paganismo lo pone aparte por dos rasgos: «It should be noted that in most cases there exist forms of a “normal” cult alongside the mysteries, that is, worship for the noninitiated, independent of possible candidacy for myesıs or telete. There were yearly festivals at fixed dates; private offerings were invited and accepted without restricion—only Mithras constitutes a special case» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 22» y «Seen against this background, ancient mysteries still seem to form a special category: they are not puberty rites on a tribal level; they do not constitute secret societies with strong mutual ties (except in the case of Mithras); admission is largely independent of either sex or age; and there is no visible change of outward status for those who undergo these initiations» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 20», sin que eso rompa la convivencia general de los cultos: «A mystes initiated to a particular god ıs not in any way prevented from turning to another god in addition. Apuleius introduces a priest of Isis with the name of Mithras.!"! A tauroboliatus is found to set up a statue of Dionysus, a Mithraic pater to make dedications to the Syrlan gods, and even a pater patrum to set up an altar to Meter and Attis» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 61». El único caso contrario que halla lo cuenta entero: «In one case, Mithras appears in a different light. Eunapius tells how Nestorius, the hierophant of Eleusis from about 355 to 380 A.D., made the prophecy that his successor would not be qualified “to touch the hierophantic throne, since he would have been consecrated to other gods and would have sworn secret oaths not to supervise other shrines”; it turned out that his successor—in fact the last hierophant of Eleusis— was a Mithraic pater» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 62», y lo relativiza en seguida: «This makes Mithraism incompatible with the highest rank in the Eleusinian cult. Still, we should remember that there are incompatibilities even between much more ancient cults, requirements that certain» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 62». Del final da la fecha y la manera: «It was quite different with the ancient mysteries, whether those of Eleusis, Bacchus, Meter, Isis, or even Mithras, the “ınvincible god.” With the imperial decrees of 391/92 A.D. prohibiting all pagan cults and with the forceful destruction of the sanctuaries, the mysteries simply and suddenly disappeared» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 65».
La relación con el cristianismo es el punto donde más voces hablan y donde menos coinciden. Burkert la trata por testimonios sueltos: «The Christian perspective, however, raises the question of whether there was anything corresponding to the Eucharist, some form of communion or sacrament, in pagan mysteries. Justin reports that in mysteries of Mithras bread and a cup of water were set up in imitation of Christian practice;!?” we know nothing about the position or function of this detail in the complex of sevenfold initiations and reunions» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 122», y por un verso famoso que no interpreta: «Mysteries evidently take part in this more general rhythm. Among the inscriptions found ın the Mithraeum of Santa Prisca, Rome, one hexameter, incompletely preserved, is uncommonly suggestive and has become famous: “You saved us... by shedding the blood” (et nos» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 123». Clement A. Miles, que escribe desde la historia de la Navidad, la afirma sin reservas: «With the Sol Invictus was identified the figure of Mithra, that strange eastern god whose cult resembled in so many ways the worship of Jesus, and who was at one time a serious rival of the Christ in the minds of thoughtful men.» «Miles — Christmas in Ritual and Tradition (1912) · p. 16», y enumera los parecidos: «[6] Mithraism resembled Christianity in its monotheistic tendencies, its sacraments, its comparatively high morality, its doctrine of an Intercessor and Redeemer, and its vivid belief in a future life and judgment to come. Moreover Sunday was its holy-day dedicated to the Sun.» «Miles — Christmas in Ritual and Tradition (1912) · p. 299», apoyándose en la autoridad del campo: «F. Cumont, “The Monuments of Mithra” (Eng. Trans., London, 1903), 190.» «Miles — Christmas in Ritual and Tradition (1912) · p. 247». Hans Jonas lo cuenta como problema de fronteras: «In this hour of its twilight the concept of Hellenism was at the same time broadened and narrowed. It was broadened in so far as, in the final entrenchment, even purely oriental creations like the religions of Mithras or of Attis were counted in with the Hellenistic tradition that was to be defended; it was narrowed in that the whole cause became a party cause, and more and more that of a minority party.» «Jonas — The Gnostic Religion (2001, 3.ª ed.) · p. 25», y lo mete con reservas en su círculo: «In a qualified way, some of the mystery-religions of late an tiquity also belong to the gnostic circle, insofar as they allegorized their ritual and their original cult-myths in a spirit similar to the gnostic one: we may mention the mysteries of Isis, Mithras, and Attis.» «Jonas — The Gnostic Religion (2001, 3.ª ed.) · p. 39». El Urantia Book, que habla desde su propia revelación, va mucho más lejos que cualquier estudio y por eso va entero y con su dueño: pone al mitraísmo en la cima de los misterios —«The three mystery cults which became most popular were: 98:4.3 (1081.6) 1. The Phrygian cult of Cybele and her son Attis. 98:4.4 (1081.7) 2. The Egyptian cult of Osiris and his mother Isis. 98:4.5 (1081.8) 3. The Iranian cult of the worship of Mithras as the savior and redeemer of» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 6290» y «The Phrygian and Egyptian mysteries eventually gave way before the greatest of all the mystery cults, the worship of Mithras. The Mithraic cult» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 6293»—, lo hace la vía principal del influjo iranio —«It was chiefly through the Mithraic cult that Zoroaster’s religion exerted an influence upon later appearing Christianity. 98:5.3 (1082.4) The Mithraic cult portrayed a militant god taking origin in a great rock, engaging in valiant exploits, and causing water to gush forth from a rock struck with his arrows. There was a flood from which one man escaped in a specially built boat and a last supper which Mithras celebrated with the sun-god before he ascended into the heavens. This sun-god, or Sol Invictus, was a degeneration of the» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 6295»—, cuenta su mito y su sacramento —«in recognition of his slaying the mythical sacred bull, Mithras was made immortal, being exalted to the station of intercessor for the human race among the gods on high. 98:5.4 (1082.5) The adherents of this cult worshiped in caves and other secret places, chanting hymns, mumbling magic, eating the flesh of the sacrificial animals, and drinking the blood. Three times a day they worshiped, with special weekly ceremonials on» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 6296» y «the day of the sun-god and with the most elaborate observance of all on the annual festival of Mithras, December twenty-fifth. It was believed that the partaking of the sacrament ensured eternal life, the immediate passing, after death, to the bosom of Mithras, there to tarry in bliss until the judgment day. On the judgment day the Mithraic keys of heaven would unlock the gates of Paradise for the reception of the faithful; whereupon all the unbaptized of the living and the dead would be annihilated upon the return of Mithras to earth. It was taught that, when a man died, he went before Mithras for judgment, and that at the» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 6297»—, monta la historia como contienda —«While it is true that the institutionalization of religion has usually detracted from its spiritual quality, it is also a fact that no religion has thus far succeeded in surviving without the aid of institutional organization of some degree, greater or lesser. 98:6.2 (1083.2) Occidental religion thus languished until the days of the Skeptics, Cynics, Epicureans, and Stoics, but most important of all, until the times of the great contest between Mithraism and Paul’s new religion of Christianity. 98:6.3 (1083.3) During the third century after Christ,» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 6300»—, empareja los templos —«Mithraic and Christian churches were very similar both in appearance and in the character of their ritual. A majority of such places of worship were underground, and both contained altars whose backgrounds variously depicted the sufferings of the savior who had brought salvation to a sin-cursed human race. 98:6.4 (1083.4) Always had it been the practice of Mithraic worshipers, on entering the temple, to dip their fingers in holy water. And since in some districts there were those who at one time belonged to both religions, they introduced this custom into the majority of the Christian churches in» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 6301»—, cifra la diferencia y el desenlace —«Both religions employed baptism and partook of the sacrament of bread and wine. The one great difference between Mithraism and Christianity, aside from the characters of Mithras and Jesus, was that the one encouraged militarism while the other was ultrapacific. Mithraism’s tolerance for other religions (except later Christianity) led to its final undoing. But the deciding factor in the struggle between the two was the admission of women into the full fellowship of the Christian faith. 98:6.5 (1083.5) In the end the nominal Christian faith dominated the Occident. Greek» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 6302»—, adjudica el dualismo —«The Zoroastrian conception of the struggle between cosmic good and evil, which had already left its imprint on both Judaism and Mithraism. Through prolonged contact attendant upon the struggles between Mithraism and Christianity, the doctrines of the Iranian prophet became a potent factor in determining the theologic and philosophic cast and structure of the dogmas, tenets, and cosmology of the Hellenized and Latinized versions of the teachings of» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 6306»—, tiñe el relato del nacimiento —«Even the legends of the birth of Jesus on Urantia became tainted with the Roman version of the miraculous birth of the Iranian savior-hero, Mithras, whose advent on earth was supposed to have been witnessed by only a handful of gift-bearing shepherds who had been informed of this impending event by angels. 98:7.8 (1084.7) 5. The historic fact of the human life of Joshua ben Joseph, the reality of» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 6307»—, sitúa a Pablo en Tarso —«And it should be recorded that Mithraism was the dominant religion of Tarsus during his adolescence. Paul little dreamed that his well-intentioned letters to his converts would someday be regarded by still later Christians as the “word of God.” Such well-meaning teachers must not be held accountable for the use made of their writings by later-day successors. 98:7.10 (1084.9) 7. The philosophic thought of the» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 6308»— y le adjudica la teoría del pecado original —«But Paul’s theory of original sin, the doctrines of hereditary guilt and innate evil and redemption therefrom, was partially Mithraic in origin, having little in common with Hebrew theology, Philo’s philosophy, or Jesus’ teachings.» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 7746» y «The appealing teachings of the prevailing mystery cults, especially the Mithraic doctrines of redemption, atonement, and salvation by the sacrifice made by some god.» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 7756»—, y reparte al final la responsabilidad de los pactos: «The Christian leaders were willing to make such compromises with Mithraism that the better half of its adherents were won over to the Antioch cult» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 12026» y «The early plan of Christian worship was largely taken over from the Jewish synagogue, modified by the Mithraic ritual» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 12048». Lo que ese mismo libro cuenta en su narración no es documental y se consigna como suyo: «At Carthage Jesus had a long and memorable talk with a Mithraic priest» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 8336», «Nabon was a Greek Jew and foremost among the leaders of the chief mystery cult in Rome, the Mithraic.» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 8452» y «Nabon had thought to make a convert of Jesus and had even suggested that he return to Palestine as a Mithraic teacher. He little realized that Jesus was preparing him to become one of the early converts to the gospel of the kingdom.» «The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar) · p. 8453». Joscelyn Godwin, en el diccionario de Hanegraaff, registra el mismo emparejamiento en clave moderna: «Mead’s books, and his translations with their extensive commentaries, revealed to English readers a virtually unknown sector of religious history, in which Hermetism, the various Gnostic schools, > Neoplatonism, the mystery religions of Mithras and Orpheus, and early Christianity had shared a common metaphysical ground» «Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism · p. 209». Ninguna de estas posiciones se armoniza con las otras.
La llamada Liturgia de Mitra es el único sitio donde el corpus roza un texto de dentro, y por eso se mide despacio. El papiro nombra al dios: su prólogo habla del arcángel de Helios Mithras —«It is, though, a notably ambitious formula: the prologue (475-85), for example, speaks of the rite as having been ‘communicated’ (peTa8o0qvai) by the archangel of the great god Helios Mithras ‘so that I alone.. .may ascend into heaven and behold all things’.» «Fowden — The Egyptian Hermes (1986) · p. 111»—, otro formulario lo invoca como timonel —«Yea, greatest Mithra, NAMAZARANAMARIA DAMNAMENEU CHEU CHTH~NIETHON-TOEI, holy king, the sailor, he who controls the tillcr of the lord god,» «Papiros mágicos griegos (PGM y PDM), ed. Betz 1986 · p. 79»— y el rito arranca donde la traducción de Betz lo abre: «Since it is impossible for me, born / mortal, to rise with the golden brightnesses of the immortal brilliance, OEY AEO EYA EOE YAE OIAE, stand, 0 perishable nature of mortals» «Papiros mágicos griegos (PGM y PDM), ed. Betz 1986 · p. 106». Pero el propio glosario de la edición acota la presencia real del dios: «Mithras: Thc Pcrsian god is mentioned only a fcn. times in I'GM (note 111. 100, 462; 117. 482) and each timc as hcing identical with Hclios or with Zeus-Hclios-Sarapis» «Papiros mágicos griegos (PGM y PDM), ed. Betz 1986 · p. 394». El nombre del texto es de fuera y tiene fecha de autor: «The interest in magical papyri for the history of religion was initiated by Albrecht Dieterich in his books Abraxas and Eine Mithrasliturgie, the success of which was lasting and well» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 80», y su tesis la declara insostenible quien la examina: «Yet the thesis implied in the title Mithrasliturgie, that the fantastic voyage to heaven, as contained ın thıs magical book, was enacted in the mysteries of Mithras, was criticized immediately and can hardly be maintained. The text describes a private trip in a quest for oracular revelations, not a communal mystery rite, with special elaborations on a syncretistic background» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 80». Ioan Couliano va en la misma dirección y con más filo: «Antong the magical papyri there is a document, erroneously called "the Mithra liturgy" (which has nothing to do with the mysteries of Mithra, however), describing the otherworldly journey of the initiate after death beyond the celestial pole, and even beyond the sphere of the fixed stars, as far as the throne of the Supreme God who sets in motion the stars of the Big Dipper.» «Couliano — Out of This World (1991) · p. 222», y se abstiene además sobre el viaje mitraico entero: «To conclude this part of our story, it is by no means certain that the initiates in Mithraic mysteries truly simulated an interplanetary journey of some sort, although this is by no means implausible.» «Couliano — Out of This World (1991) · p. 222», aunque en otra plana la use como término de comparación: «The closest Western analogue to this practice is the so-called "Mithra liturgy," a magical Hellenistic text in which the stars help the adept in his heavenly ascent (see chapter 10, below).» «Couliano — Out of This World (1991) · p. 96». Stephen Skinner la saca de tres casilleros a la vez: «The so-called Mithrasliturgie, is neither a Mithraic text nor the liturgy of any religion, nor is it a magical text, but a procedure for a solitary Mystery rite, designed to confer immortality upon just one initiate.» «Skinner — Techniques of Solomonic Magic (2015) · p. 282». Frente a esos cuatro, otras cuatro voces la siguen usando por ese nombre y sin reparo: Jonas la describe con su reserva teológica —«The so-called Mithras Liturgy17 gives a circumstantial description of such an experience, preceded by instructions on how to prepare for and induce the visionary state. (The theological system in this case is cosmic-pantheistic, not dualistic, the aim immortality by union with the cosmic principle, not liberation from the cosmic yoke.» «Jonas — The Gnostic Religion (2001, 3.ª ed.) · p. 103»—, Majercik la trae dos veces como paralelo —«A similar process of “drawing in”’ or ‘‘inhaling”’ the sun’s rays or ‘‘breath’’ is found in the Mithras Liturgy» «Oráculos Caldeos, ed. y trad. Majercik 1989 · p. 27» y «Thus, for Lewy, this elevation, in fine, would take the form of a sublime ¢epopteia, similar to that described in the Mithras Liturgy, where the adept ascends on the rays of the sun to the Great God Aion-Helios-Mithra, and is subsequently ‘‘immortalized.» «Oráculos Caldeos, ed. y trad. Majercik 1989 · p. 27»—, Wouter Hanegraaff apunta su receta y sus lectores —«We do in fact find a detailed recipe affixed to the “Mithras Liturgy.”» «Hanegraaff — Hermetic Spirituality and the Historical Imagination (2022) · p. 91», «Johnston assigns a central place to the “Mithras Liturgy” in her reconstruction of theurgic ritual (“Rising to the Occasion,” 183) and asks the crucial question “How often did practitioners really manage to see or hear the remarkable things that ancient spells promised them they would see and hear” (“Authority,” 51).» «Hanegraaff — Hermetic Spirituality and the Historical Imagination (2022) · p. 117» y «note that Bull is understandably puzzled by a Greek classicist agenda that seems to minimize Egyptian elements even in such texts as the Mithras Liturgy» «Hanegraaff — Hermetic Spirituality and the Historical Imagination (2022) · p. 175»—, y P. D. Newman la enlaza con el rito de Hécate: «The motif of inhaling fumes from fire (or in this case, perhaps from the sun itself) reappears in the so-called "Mithras Liturgy" of the Greek Magical Papyri, where the theurgist is encouraged to: "Draw in breath from the rays, drawing up 3 times as much as you can, and you will see yourself being lifted up and/ ascending to the height, so that you seem to be in midair. [...] And you will see the gods staring intently at you and rushing at you.» «P. D. Newman — Angels in Vermilion: The Philosophers' Stone, from Dee to DMT (2021) · p. 197» y «In her commentary to fragment 224, Ruth Majercik actually links the Hekate rite to the Mithras Liturgy on two different counts. Not surprisingly, in his keynote lecture delivered to the Department for the Study of Religions of Mararyk University, Brno, Czechia, titled, The Reasonable Irrational: History of Religions and the Pathologization of Entheogenic Experience, Wouter Hanegraaff, a professor of History of Hermetic Philosophy and related currents at the University of Amsterdam, noted that the Mithras Liturgy "may be considered one of the most important 'trip reports' that we have from late antiquity."231 Given what we know about the ingredients cited in the ritual described in fragment 224 of the Chaldean Oracles, the Hekate rite too may meet that qualification.» «P. D. Newman — Angels in Vermilion: The Philosophers' Stone, from Dee to DMT (2021) · p. 197». Y el mismo título deja un rastro en la historia del psicoanálisis que Hanegraaff recoge de Richard Noll: «According to the official version, this (anonymous) inmate of the Burgholzli clinic had a hallucination in 1906 that the sun had a phallic tube hanging from it that produced the wind. Jung did not know what to make of this, until he discovered precisely the same motives four years later, in Albrecht Dieterich, Eine Mithrasliturgie, of 1910. This reference could not possibly have been known to the patient» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 522», con el desmontaje al lado: «Noll demonstrates that this story is a fabrication. The first edition of Dieterich's Mithrasliturgie appeared already in 1903; and the title page of the 1910 edition, used by Jung, says clearly that it is the second edition. Moreover, the Mithras liturgy was also included in a theosophical publication by G.R.S. Mead, published in 1907. The "Solar Phallus Man" himself was not a patient of Jung's but of his colleague Honegger; a fact which is still mentioned in the German Wandlungen but was removed from the English revision of 1952. Since Honegger started working with psychiatric patients in 1909, he could not have treated this particular person in 1906. Honegger's own personal papers were rediscovered in 1993 and indeed contain a written case history of the patient, whose name appears to have been E. Schwyzer. All this suggests that the motif of the solar phallus could well have been known to Schwyzer either from Dieterich's first edition of 1903 or from Mead's of 1907. A footnote in Jung's Collected Works admits the existence of Dieterich's first edition but claims that the patient had been committed already some years before 1903. This, of course, invites the question why Jung nevertheless stuck to the false story even as late as 1959.» «Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996) · p. 522». El desacuerdo queda entero y sin tercero que lo concilie, y ninguna de las obras que lo sostienen habla desde dentro de los misterios romanos.
El estado del campo es él mismo un dato del corpus, y se consigna con nombres. La obra fundacional está registrada —«Cumont, F. 1896/99. Textes et monuments figures aux mysteres de Mithra, 2 vols., Brussels» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 134»— y Burkert la contradice dos veces con pasaje: «Although Cumont wrote that Mithraists practiced common burial as a closed group of “believers,” this ıs flatly contradicted by the evidence» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 39», además del rechazo del escoliasta ya citado. El corte de época lo marca un título de su bibliografía: «Beck, R. 1984. “Mithraism since Franz Cumont,” ANRW τι, 17(4), 2002-2115» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 132». El corpus de inscripciones y la excavación de referencia llevan otro nombre: «Vermaseren, M. J., and C. C. van Essen, 1965. The Excavatıons ın the Mithraeum of the Church of Santa Prisca in Rome, Leiden» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 144». De los congresos y panoramas da la lista: «In the ı970s there were three major congresses on Mithraic studies, published by Hinnells 1975, Duchesne-Guillemin 1978, Bianchi 1979; for an excellent short survey see Turcan» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 147», y de un libro del campo hace un juicio breve: «L. Campbell, Mithraic Iconography and Ideology (Leiden ı968), contains wild speculations» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 156»; del patrocinio deja constancia: «Mithraic studies were patronized for a while by the Shah of Iran.” Vast surveys have been provided recently in the series Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt» «Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987) · p. 13». Adams invoca al mismo estudioso de las inscripciones para una lectura que Burkert no comparte: «The Mithraic scholar Maarten Vermaseren writes that, Pliny provides the evidence...: ‘he had initiated him in a magic repast’ - a repast which must refer to the Mithraic ‘eucharist.» «Adams — The Game of Saturn (2017) · p. 126», dentro de la conjetura que él declara alternativa: «An alternative reading of the card is that it alludes to Nero's initiation into Mithraism in connection with which Pliny suggests that Nero practiced human sacrifice» «Adams — The Game of Saturn (2017) · p. 126». Ninguna de estas voces se armoniza con las otras, y esta ficha no elige entre Cumont, Beck y Ulansey: consigna que el corpus trae a los tres de segunda mano, sin ficha de obra propia.
in the library: 0 ascribed works · 1 linked author
What the works say about it
how each work defines it, with its passageAdams — The Game of Saturn (2017)
Bundahišn, trad. Agostini y Thrope 2020
P. D. Newman — Angels in Vermilion: The Philosophers' Stone, from Dee to DMT (2021)
Himnos órficos, tr. Athanassakis y Wolkow 2013
Papiros mágicos griegos (PGM y PDM), ed. Betz 1986
Blavatsky — Essential Works (siete obras reunidas, 1877–1892)
Burkert — Ancient Mystery Cults (1987)
Corbin — Avicenna and the Visionary Recital (1960)
Corbin — Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth (1977)
Couliano — Out of This World (1991)
Eliade — Myths, Dreams and Mysteries (1967)
Eliade — Patterns in Comparative Religion (1958)
Eliade — Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1989)
Fowden — The Egyptian Hermes (1986)
Le Mystère des Cathédrales — Fulcanelli (ed. norteamericana de Brotherhood of Life)
Guénon — The Esoterism of Dante (Sophia Perennis et Universalis)
Guénon — Fundamental Symbols (Quinta Essentia)
Hammer — Claiming Knowledge (2004)
Hanegraaff (ed.) — Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism
Hanegraaff — Hermetic Spirituality and the Historical Imagination (2022)
Hanegraaff — New Age Religion and Western Culture (1996)
Hauck — The Emerald Tablet (1999)
Zósimo, Sobre la letra omega, ed. y trad. Jackson 1978
Jonas — The Gnostic Religion (2001, 3.ª ed.)
Jorjani — Closer Encounters (2021)
Klibansky, Panofsky y Saxl — Saturn and Melancholy (2019)
Oráculos Caldeos, ed. y trad. Majercik 1989
Escrituras de Nag Hammadi, ed. Meyer 2007
Miles — Christmas in Ritual and Tradition (1912)
Pike — Morals and Dogma (1871)
Priesner & Figala — Alquimia (enciclopedia)
Rätsch — The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants (2005)
Skinner — Techniques of Solomonic Magic (2015)
El Umbral de la Consciencia (2026, en curso)
The Urantia Book (Urantia Foundation, texto de referencia estándar)
Vallée y Aubeck — Wonders in the Sky (2010)
Wasson — Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality (1968)
Weidner y Bridges — The Mysteries of the Great Cross of Hendaye (2003)
W. B. Yeats — A Vision (1925), ed. Paul y Harper (2008)
W. B. Yeats — A Vision (1937), ed. Harper y Paul (2015)
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144 entries«The lack of vocabulary is most surprising in the case of Mithras. Modern scholars cannot do without a name for the followers of Mithras, and modern languages have artıficially coined their own terms: “Mithraists” or “Mithracists” (les mithriaques, die Mithraisten).”' This cannot be said in either Greek or Latin» — Burkert mide la falta de vocabulario antiguo y dice de quién es el término moderno: los estudiosos no pueden pasarse sin un nombre para los seguidores de Mitra y las lenguas modernas acuñaron los suyos, que no se dicen ni en griego ni en latín.
«For reasons of economy the following inquiries wıll be restricted to five of these: the mysteries of Eleusis, the Dionysiac or Bacchic mysteries, the mysteries of Meter, those of Isıs, and those of Mithras. There were others as well, some of them quite prominent,!® but these five variations will suffice to indicate the range of differences as well as the constants ın diversity» — el recorte declarado de su libro: por economía la investigación se restringe a cinco misterios, Eleusis, los dionisíacos, los de Meter, los de Isis y los de Mitra.
«We know from Tertullian that a Mithraist (our term) atthe grade of miles was told never again to wear a crown, but to say “Mithras is my crown.””” This is a conscious expression of permanent identity, but it is not made explıcit by a linguistic term or by any form of Credo. Rather, ıt manifests ıtself ın behavior, as ın the case of the Orphic who would not eat eggs or the Eleusinian who avoıded red mullets. This 15 the ancient usage of symbolon» — el testimonio de Tertuliano que trae y lo que deriva de él: al mitraísta del grado de miles se le decía no volver a llevar corona sino decir que Mitra es su corona, expresión de identidad permanente que no se hace explícita en término ni en credo sino en conducta.
«Ernest Renan once said, “If the growth of Christianity had been halted by some mortal illness, the world would have become Mithraic.”!* Most scholars today agree there never was a chance for that, since Mithraism was not even a religion in the full sense of the word» — la sentencia de Renan que cita y el estado de la discusión que declara: si el cristianismo se hubiera detenido el mundo se habría vuelto mitraico, y hoy la mayoría de los estudiosos concuerda en que no hubo tal posibilidad porque el mitraísmo no era siquiera religión en sentido pleno.
«Mithras ıs a very old Indo-Iranian deity, attested from the Bronze Age onward and worshiped wherever Iranian tradition came to dominate» — el quinto de sus cinco casos: Mitra, deidad indoirania muy antigua, atestiguada desde la Edad del Bronce y venerada donde llegó a dominar la tradición irania.
«the sense of “treaty,” “promise of allegiance.” Yet the characteristic mysteries of Mithras are not in evidence before 100» — lo que declara del nombre y de la fecha: significa tratado o promesa de lealtad, y los misterios característicos no están en evidencia antes del año 100; la cita se corta donde el troceo corta la plana.
«how they were founded and what their exact relation is to Iranian tradition are both problems that remain unsolved.°” The cult was held in subterranean “caves” where small groups of men met for the initiations and for sacrificial meals ın front of the depiction of Mithras slaying the bull, which always occupies the apse of the “cave.”» — los dos problemas que deja sin resolver, cómo se fundaron los misterios y cuál es su relación exacta con la tradición irania, y la forma del culto: cuevas subterráneas con grupos pequeños de hombres ante la imagen de Mitra matando al toro.
«But even though it is evident that Mater Magna is the Phrygian Goddess for both Greeks and Romans, and that Isis is Egyptian and Mithras is Iranian, the institution of mysteries cannot be traced to either Anatolia, Egypt, or Iran; rather, they seem to reflect the older model of Eleusis or Dionysus, or both» — su objeción al estereotipo del origen oriental: aunque Meter sea frigia, Isis egipcia y Mitra iranio, la institución de los misterios no se rastrea a Anatolia, Egipto ni Irán, sino al modelo más viejo de Eleusis o de Dioniso.
«Taking the right hand is the old Iranian form of a promise of allegiance, whence Mithraic mystaı are syndexior. As such they “celebrate the vows”; the essence of Mithraic worship in the cave is the experience of success and the act of faith renewed in the common feast» — lo iranio que sí reconoce dentro del rito: tomar la mano derecha es la vieja forma irania de la promesa de lealtad, de donde los mystai mitraicos son syndexioi.
«Yet it is curious that in the Avestan Mithra YaSt there are days not only of washing but also of “flogging” in preparation for a Mithraic ceremony» — el cabo que le resulta curioso en la otra dirección: en el Mithra Yašt avéstico hay días no solo de lavado sino de azotes como preparación de una ceremonia mitraica.
«Speculation might trace a way from an Indo-Iranian Soma cult to the mysteries of Mithras, but evidence is nonexis» — la vía que declara sin evidencia: podría especularse un camino del culto indoiranio del Soma a los misterios de Mitra, pero la evidencia es inexistente.
«The origins of Mithraism are obscure, but it appears to have originated in Anatolia; and from the 1st century CE onwards, through its popularity with the Roman legions and merchants, spread to every corner of the empire.» — Peter Mark Adams sitúa el mitraísmo en otro sitio: origen oscuro y al parecer anatolio, con difusión por todo el imperio desde el siglo I gracias a las legiones y los mercaderes.
«There is a distinct possibility that these constellations also played a central role in the most ancient cosmologies, for we find images similar to the tauroctony - as well as other “Mithraic’ themes ~ depicted on the Royal seal of the Hittite king Saussatar of Mitanni from as early as 1450 BCE.» — y abre, con la reserva de la posibilidad, una antigüedad mucho mayor: imágenes semejantes a la tauroctonía y otros temas mitraicos en el sello real del rey hitita Saussatar de Mitanni hacia 1450 a. C.
«Mithraic temples were still in use in Rome as late as the sth century CE after which they appear to fall into disuse.» — y data el final: templos mitraicos en uso en Roma hasta el siglo V, tras lo cual parecen caer en desuso; el troceo imprime sth.
«A career like that of Mithra who was at first a sky god, later became a sun god and later still a saviour (as the Sol Invictus), can to some extent be explained by this derniurgic function of ordering the world (all grains and plants grew up from the bull slain by Mithra).» — Mircea Eliade lo cuenta como carrera de un dios en tres tiempos: del cielo al sol y del sol a salvador como Sol Invictus, explicable en parte por la función demiúrgica de ordenar el mundo.
«Ahura Mazda guarantees the inviolability of contracts, and the keeping of promises ; when he revealed to Zarathustra why he had created Mithra, Ahura Mazda said that anyone who breaks a pact (mithra=" contract ") will bring bad luck on the entire land.» — del Mitra anterior retiene la función contractual: Ahura Mazda garantiza los pactos, y al revelar a Zaratustra por qué creó a Mitra dijo que quien rompe un pacto trae desgracia sobre toda la tierra.
«I cannot go as far as Hertel, 3 Nyberg4 and Widengren, 5 and sec Mithra as the night sky, and Ahura Mazda as the sky by day.» — la reserva que marca frente a tres colegas: no llega a ver en Mitra el cielo nocturno y en Ahura Mazda el cielo diurno.
«Moreover, astrolatry, already practised in the Pythagorean school, Ii2 spread to Rome with the syncretic religion of the Syrian Baals and that of Mithra, a solar god who promised his worshippers heavenly immortality.» — Wouter Hanegraaff lo trae por el lado de la astrolatría: llegó a Roma con la religión sincrética de los Baales sirios y con la de Mitra, dios solar que prometía a sus fieles la inmortalidad celeste; el Ii2 dentro de la frase es el número de plana impreso.
«In Persia sun veneration gave rise to the later Mithraic cult. Among many peoples the sun was regarded as the ancestor of their kings. The Chaldeans put the sun in the center of “the seven circles of the universe.” Later civilizations honored the sun by giving its name to the first day of the week. 85:5.3 (947.6) The sun god was supposed to be the mystic father of the virgin-born sons of destiny who ever and anon were thought to be bestowed as saviors upon favored races. These supernatural infants were always put adrift upon some sacred river to be» — el Urantia Book hace nacer el culto de la veneración solar persa y pone a los caldeos con el sol en el centro de los siete círculos del universo.
«And Mithraism spread throughout the Levant and Mediterranean regions, being for some time a contemporary of both Judaism and Christianity. The teachings of Zoroaster thus came successively to impress three great religions: Judaism and Christianity and, through them, Mohammedanism. 95:6.8 (1050.4) But it is a far cry from the exalted teachings and noble psalms of Zoroaster to the modern perversions of his gospel by the Parsees with their great fear of the dead, coupled with the entertainment of beliefs in sophistries which Zoroaster never stooped to countenance.» — y lo data por su vecindad: contemporáneo del judaísmo y del cristianismo, con la impronta de Zoroastro sobre tres grandes religiones.
«There were seven grades of initiation. Mithraic iconography is surprisingly uniform, with many symbols, but the concomitant myth Is not transmitted in literature. The cult of Mithras is closely associated with the Roman legions, the worshipers having been recruited mainly among soldiers, merchants, and officials of the Roman empire» — lo que Burkert fija del mitraísmo en una línea: siete grados de iniciación, una iconografía uniforme y llena de símbolos cuyo mito no se transmite en la literatura, y un reclutamiento ligado a las legiones.
«In the body of participants in mysteries of Mithras we find not the dichotomy of clergy versus general adherents, as with Isis, but a strict hierarchy of initiation grades. There are seven of these grades, named in Greek originally but normally referred to in Latin, since Rome was the center from which the cult spread to the provinces: Corax, Nymphus, Miles, Leo, Persa, Heliodromus, and Pater» — la estructura que lo distingue de Isis: no clero frente a adherentes, sino jerarquía estricta de siete grados nombrados en griego y citados en latín, Corax, Nymphus, Miles, Leo, Persa, Heliodromus y Pater.
«There is even the title pater patrum for a central authority.’! Evidently it was the responsibility of the patres to watch over the correct form of these mysteries. Inscriptions indicate that in order to ınaugurate anew Mithraeum and thus to found a new group, a pater had to be present» — la autoridad que documenta: existe el título pater patrum, y las inscripciones indican que para inaugurar un mitreo nuevo tenía que estar presente un pater.
«Thus Mithraism was guided by a sanctıssimus ordo. A pater would also supervise the transmission of initiation grades, tradere leontica, persica, heliaca» — cómo nombra esa estructura: al mitraísmo lo guiaba un sanctissimus ordo, y un pater supervisaba la transmisión de los grados.
«This organization explains the surprising uniformity of sanctuaries and iconography of Mithras from the Rhine to the Danube and hence to Dura Europos as well as Africa» — lo que esa organización explica, según él: la sorprendente uniformidad de santuarios e iconografía desde el Rin hasta el Danubio y de ahí a Dura Europos y a África.
«Mithraea usually were quite small, holding about twenty persons on average. This makes a good team, but not a mass religion. With enlarging membership a new “cave” would be established by some wealthy donor, instead of the existing constructions being enlarged» — la escala que mide: mitreos pequeños, con unas veinte personas de media, buen equipo y no religión de masas, y una cueva nueva por donante rico en vez de ampliar la existente.
«With Mithras, secrecy seems to have been nearly absolute. The Mithraea must have been much less accessible in their time than in modern excavations, museums, and publications. The scarcity of literary references to mysteries of Mithras is strange when compared to the richness of the archaeological evidence. By comparison, the literary documentation about Eleusis is abundant» — el argumento del silencio que construye: con Mitra el secreto parece casi absoluto, y le extraña la escasez de referencias literarias frente a la riqueza arqueológica y frente a la abundancia de Eleusis.
«In some respects the mysteries of Mithras are closer to the general type of secret societies with initiation rıtuals, as known in social anthropology, than the other, “normal” Greek mysteries» — dónde lo sitúa en su tipología: en algunos aspectos sus misterios están más cerca del tipo general de las sociedades secretas con rito de iniciación que los otros misterios griegos.
«Mithras stands apart once more. T'he initiations are more prominent and more sophisticated in these mysteries than anywhere else, since they are multiplied to produce seven» — por qué lo pone aparte otra vez: sus iniciaciones son más prominentes y sofisticadas que en ninguna otra parte porque se multiplican en siete; la frase se corta donde el troceo corta la plana.
«Each step would have had its own ritual, with preparations, peripeties, and integration,*° but there is extremely little evidence about the details in either literature or iconography, and the little we do have— some badly preserved frescoes at the Mithraeum of Capua Vetere®” and some controversial remarks in Christian authors that lead to the problem of initiation tortures”—is not clearly correlated to the seven grades» — y lo que declara faltar para esos grados: cada paso habría tenido su rito, pero hay muy poca evidencia, unos frescos mal conservados de Capua Vetere y unas observaciones controvertidas de autores cristianos, y lo poco que hay no se correlaciona con los siete.
«Figure ı2. Mithraic initiation. Naked initiand, kneeling and blindfolded, arms bound behind his back; behind him, mystagogue (wearing a white tunica with red lining); advancing dignitary with Persian cap (red cloak; pater?), wielding a spear or staff» — el pie de la iniciación mitraica que reproduce: iniciando desnudo, de rodillas, con los ojos vendados y los brazos atados a la espalda, el mistagogo detrás y un dignatario de gorro persa con lanza o bastón.
«Pertinent testimonies exist in connection with the mysteries of Mithras: some scornful remarks of Gregory of Nazianzus,’’ some elaborations of his scholiast,’® and a text of Pseudo-Augustine called “Ambrosi» — los testimonios cristianos que enumera para las torturas: observaciones despectivas de Gregorio Nacianceno, elaboraciones de su escoliasta y un texto del Pseudo-Agustín.
«Franz Cumont, the founding father of Mithraic studies, flatly refused to believe the scholiast’s information; Ὁ “fifty days of fastıng, two days of flogging, twenty days in the snow” seems too much ıindeed, and how could there be snow at Dura-Europos or ın» — la negativa de Cumont que registra y sus razones: el padre fundador de los estudios mitraicos rehusó de plano creer al escoliasta, porque cincuenta días de ayuno, dos de azotes y veinte en la nieve parecen demasiado y no habría nieve en Dura Europos.
«Apparently there were other forms of mock death as well. A curious implement found at the Mithraeum of Riegel in Germany has been explained as a kind of theatrical sword used to represent a man stabbed right through the heart with a spear.°” Commodus is said to have committed actual murder in the context of a Mithraic cult, and rumors of human sacrıfice were occasionally substantiated by skulls found on the spot» — las otras formas de muerte fingida que registra, con su grado: un instrumento del mitreo de Riegel explicado como espada teatral, el asesinato que se dice que Cómodo cometió en contexto mitraico, y rumores de sacrificio humano corroborados alguna vez por cráneos.
«Whatever the facts were, the historian of religion may note with satısfaction that Mithraic mysteries conform to the general, well-known patterns of initiation rıtuals much better than the other ancient mysteries. Mithras appears as a stranger again, more primitive and more authentic, as it were, ın the dromena» — el balance que saca y que se aparta del resto de su libro: los misterios mitraicos se ajustan a los patrones generales conocidos de los ritos de iniciación mucho mejor que los otros misterios antiguos, y Mitra aparece como un extraño, más primitivo y más auténtico en los dromena.
«In excavated Mithraea the remnants of animal bones of different species clearly show that the couches were not used for kneeling down in prayer, as Cumont imagined, but for consuming substantial meals.'”” In Mithraic iconography, Mithras and Helios feast together at a table covered with the slaughtered bull’s hide—consuming his meat, no doubt, while the lower grades, Raven to Lion, are serving the table» — lo que los huesos de los mitreos excavados enmiendan en la lectura de Cumont: los lechos no se usaban para arrodillarse en oración sino para comidas sustanciosas, y en la iconografía Mitra y Helios banquetean mientras los grados bajos sirven la mesa.
«Soldiers and merchants were the main reservoir for the recruitment of Mithras mystaı. Indeed, the mobility of the Roman legions was essential for the spreading of the cult. Much depended upon the initiative of individual rich and devoted members» — de dónde salían los iniciados: soldados y comerciantes eran el reservorio principal, la movilidad de las legiones fue esencial, y mucho dependía de la iniciativa de miembros ricos y devotos.
«would approach the ridiculous. Mithras, for one, did not even admit women; he stood for men’s clubs in opposition to family lıfe» — el remate sobre las mujeres: Mitra ni siquiera las admitía, y representaba los clubes de hombres en oposición a la vida familiar.
«Even more ın the Mithraic mysteries, warlıke virility seems to have suppressed any sexual intimacy; anyhow, it was said that “Mithras hates women.”!!” We may still wonder at the attention devoted to the dying bull’s genitals in the well-known reliefs, which depict semen being collected ın a krater, a» — lo que observa del mismo punto y el detalle que le llama la atención: la virilidad guerrera parece haber suprimido toda intimidad sexual y se decía que Mitra odia a las mujeres, aunque los relieves dedican atención a los genitales del toro moribundo y al semen recogido en un cráter.
«Eubulus in Porphyry Abst. 4.16 says women were called hyenas (hyainat; wrongly changed to ἰεαῖπαῖ 1η Nauck’s edition) by Mithraists; this is not a compliment, and they are explicitly contrasted with “those who take part in the mysteries» — el dato que rescata sobre las mujeres, con su enmienda textual: Éubulo dice en Porfirio que los mitraístas las llamaban hienas, y no leonas como cambió mal la edición de Nauck, lo que no es cumplido, y se las contrasta con quienes toman parte en los misterios.
«Mithraism was almost exclusively a male cult with strong military associations» — Adams lo dice en una línea: culto casi exclusivamente de varones y con fuertes vínculos militares.
«Since Mithraic temples were typically situated in crypt like underground chambers, they were readily incorporated as basement structures beneath newer buildings and Christian churches.» — y explica la persistencia material de los edificios: al estar en cámaras subterráneas de tipo cripta, quedaron incorporados como sótanos de edificios y de iglesias posteriores.
«In the mysteries of Mithra the ceremonial ladder (climax) had seven rungs, each made of a different metal.» — la escala mitraica según Eliade: siete peldaños, cada uno de un metal distinto.
«As in the Mithraic initiation ritual, and as with the walls of the city of Ecbatana, which are all different colours3 to symbolize the heavens of the planets, the moon is in the sixth heaven and the sun in the seventh.» — el paralelo que traza con los muros de colores de Ecbatana, que simbolizan los cielos de los planetas: la luna en el sexto cielo y el sol en el séptimo.
«The initiate in the mys¬ teries of Mithra undertakes a symbolic journey through the seven heavens in order to “purify” himself from the influences of the tutelary planets and uplift himself to the Empyrean.» — y en otro libro lo cuenta como ascenso purificador: el iniciado en los misterios de Mitra hace un viaje simbólico por los siete cielos para purificarse de las influencias de los planetas tutelares y elevarse al Empíreo.
«The principal difference between the Seven Steps of the Buddha and the Brahmanic, Siberian or Mithraic rituals consists in their religious orientation and their different metaphysical implications.» — con el límite que pone a su propia comparación: la diferencia principal entre los Siete Pasos del Buda y los rituales brahmánicos, siberianos o mitraicos está en su orientación religiosa y en sus implicaciones metafísicas.
«Thus the mysteries of Mithras had for their initiates the ceremonial of passing through seven gates arranged on ascending steps representing the seven planets (the so-called \limax heptapylos, Origen Contra Celsum VI. 22); in those of Isis we find a successive putting on and off of seven (or twelve) garments or animal disguises.» — Hans Jonas la da por puertas y con su fuente antigua: los misterios de Mitra tenían la ceremonia de pasar siete puertas en gradas ascendentes que representan los siete planetas, según Orígenes contra Celso.
«Figure ıı. Mithras relief from Neuenheim. Main scene: Mithras killing the bull, tail turning into ears of grain; on Mithras’ cloak, raven (destroyed); below, Kautopates and Kautes; snake, scorpion, krater, lion. Frame, starting at bottom left: Persian wielding the globe (?); Kronos asleep; Kronos yielding the scepter to Zeus; Mithras’ birth from the rock; bust of wind god. Mithras making fire with a drill; Mithras shooting at the rock to procure rain; Mithras mounting the chariot of Helios; Moon goddess setting; Mithras shooting at the rock; birth from a fig tree (?). Bust of wind god; the bull grazing; Mithras carrying the bull; Mithras riding the bull; Mithras dragging the bull to the cave» — el pie del relieve de Neuenheim y el ciclo entero que Burkert lee en él: Mitra matando al toro con la cola vuelta espigas, Cautopates y Cautes, serpiente, escorpión, cráter y león, y en el marco Kronos dormido cediendo el cetro a Zeus, el nacimiento de la roca, el fuego con taladro, el disparo a la roca por la lluvia, la subida al carro de Helios y la caza del toro hasta la cueva.
«More frustrating is the case of Mithras. Clearly there was a Mithras myth; a sequence of stories is documented by the series of scenes that usually surround the central panel of the Mithras reliefs in the caves (see Fig. ı ı). T'he center refers to what must'have been the fundamental event in thıs complex, Mithras slaying the bull. But no text has been preserved to tell the story; only the catchword “cattle-thief,” bouklopos, sur» — la pérdida que declara: hubo claramente un mito mitraico documentado en las escenas que rodean el panel central, cuyo centro remite a Mitra matando al toro, pero no se conservó texto alguno que cuente la historia.
«In the series of representations we may recognize a theogonic sequence depicting Oceanus; Kronos voluntarily yielding the scepter to Zeus; Zeus fighting the giants; and the birth of Mithras from the rock. This last incident 15 well known in literature as well as in inscriptions—but who was his father?» — la secuencia teogónica que reconoce en las representaciones y la pregunta que deja abierta: Océano, Kronos cediendo el cetro, Zeus contra los gigantes y el nacimiento de Mitra de la roca, del que pregunta quién fue su padre.
«There is also the quest sequence of Mithras finding, pursuing, fighting, subduing, and riding the bull, which is finally dragged into the cave for sacrifice.*' We see Mithras and Helios feasting on the bull, and Mithras clımbing into Helios’ chariot. But there are also scenes that remaın enigmatic, for example, Helios bowing to Mithras who ıs threatening him with an object that has been variously identified as a thigh-piece of the bull or a Phrygian cap» — la secuencia de búsqueda que describe y la escena que declara enigmática: Mitra hallando, persiguiendo, sometiendo y montando al toro que acaba en la cueva, el banquete con Helios y la subida al carro, y Helios inclinándose ante Mitra, que lo amenaza con un objeto identificado ya como muslo del toro, ya como gorro frigio.
«Agriculture is inaugurated once again by the god as the tail of the collapsıng bull turns into ears of grain.!”?” Mithras is also a gardener, guarding fruit trees and providing water, but we unfortunately have no texts to give us the details of what ıs ın the pictures» — lo agrario que retiene de la muerte del toro y lo que declara faltar: la cola del toro que se desploma se vuelve espigas y Mitra es también jardinero que guarda árboles frutales y provee agua, pero no hay textos que den los detalles de lo que está en las imágenes.
«Considering the fact that most Mithraic epigrams, including the precious inscriptions from Santa Prisca in Rome, are deplorable from a literary point of view, one is led to the conclusion that the worshipers of Mithras were not in close contact with the literary elite» — la inferencia social que saca de la calidad literaria: como la mayoría de los epigramas mitraicos, incluidas las inscripciones de Santa Prisca, son deplorables desde el punto de vista literario, concluye que los fieles de Mitra no estaban en contacto estrecho con la élite letrada.
«The tauroctony is commonly understood to be a star map whose major figures represent one or other of the constellations spread along the zodiac - the path taken by the sun and the planets as they traverse the sky.» — Adams lee la misma escena de otra manera: la tauroctonía se entiende corrientemente como mapa estelar cuyas figuras mayores representan constelaciones del zodiaco.
«Therefore Mithras, who is kneeling on the back of the bull, must be the constellation immediately above Taurus, in other words, Perseus.» — y de esa lectura deriva la identificación que le hace falta: Mitra, arrodillado sobre el toro, sería la constelación inmediatamente superior a Tauro, es decir Perseo.
«Most of the classic elements of the tauroctony are also present: Sol and Luna, the raven, scorpion, serpent, lion, dog and even the serpent entwined, lion-headed and winged deity, Mithras Leontocephalus.» — el inventario de la tauroctonía que hace en el conjunto que examina: Sol y Luna, el cuervo, el escorpión, la serpiente, el león, el perro y el dios leontocéfalo alado ceñido de serpiente, Mithras Leontocephalus.
«The name Deo Tauro literally means ‘god bull’ and therefore serves as an oblique reference to the constellation Taurus - a constellation that lies at the heart of the Mithraic mystery cult.» — la lectura que hace del nombre de un monumento: Deo Tauro es dios toro y, por ahí, referencia oblicua a la constelación de Tauro, que sitúa en el corazón del culto mistérico mitraico.
«The lion-headed Mithraic deity is suggestive of a continuous power of both creating and destroying life; a feature reflected in the myth of Ammon-Saturn cating his own children and vomiting them out again.» — y enlaza la deidad leontocéfala mitraica con el mito de Amón-Saturno que devora a sus hijos y los vomita: un poder continuo de crear y destruir vida; el troceo imprime cating.
«Ulansey (1989) Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries: Cosmology and Salvation in the Ancient World.» — la entrada de su bibliografía que da dueño a esa lectura: el libro de David Ulansey de 1989 sobre los orígenes de los misterios mitraicos.
«Mithras was identified with the sun at an early date, and Mithras Helios or Mithras Sol is invoked in countless Mithraic inscriptions.!”* In the iconography of Mithraic monuments, however, Mithras and Helios are kept distinct» — la identificación solar y su límite según Burkert: Mitra se identificó pronto con el sol y en incontables inscripciones se lo invoca como Mitra Helios o Mitra Sol, pero en los monumentos Mitra y Helios se mantienen distintos.
«But the reference to Nature—to the whole cosmos—is made plain 1η this cult by an elaborate symbolism. Whereas in the cults of Meter and Demeter and those of Dionysus and Isis the naturalistic interpretations clearly are a secondary and Intermittent layer covering a more ancient and sometimes recalcitrant structure of anthropomorphic myth, ın Mithraism Hellenistic cosmology seems to be present at the founda» — la diferencia que establece con los demás cultos: en Meter, Deméter, Dioniso e Isis las interpretaciones naturalistas son capa secundaria sobre una estructura más antigua de mito antropomórfico, mientras que en el mitraísmo la cosmología helenística parece estar en los cimientos.
«The movement of the sun in the cycle of the year directly enters the ceremonies; some Mithraea had openings through which a ray of the sun would penetrate on certain days right to the central panel, illuminating the head of the god» — el dato arquitectónico con que lo apoya: el movimiento del sol en el ciclo del año entra en las ceremonias, y algunos mitreos tenían aberturas por las que en ciertos días un rayo llegaba al panel central e iluminaba la cabeza del dios.
«A special offshoot of Hellenistic science is astrology. This too made its impact on the cult of Mithras— whereas there ıs hardly a trace of it in the other mysteries» — dónde localiza la astrología: vástago especial de la ciencia helenística que dejó su impronta en el culto de Mitra, mientras que apenas hay rastro de ella en los otros misterios.
«An inscription at the central Mithraeum of Rome at Santa Prisca refers to astrological data.!”” One literary text explains the killing of the bull in astrological terms as the sun passing through the sign of Taurus. This is the “esoteric philosophy” of these mysteries, the author says, admitting that this ıs not the accepted meaning, but at the same time claiming that ıt comes from the insiders of the cult» — los dos testimonios astrológicos que aduce: una inscripción del mitreo de Santa Prisca que remite a datos astrológicos, y un texto literario que explica la muerte del toro como el paso del sol por Tauro, llamándolo la filosofía esotérica de esos misterios, admitiendo que no es el sentido aceptado y afirmando que viene de los de dentro.
«A Platonizing perspective is also apparent ın the mysteries of Mithras. This is not the place to summarize the studies of Robert Turcan and Reinhold Merkelbach.'*' That the caves of riıtual where the mystaı met, and the cave of myth where the bull was slaughtered, indeed represent the cosmos contaıned by the vault of heaven and governed by the planets 15 evident from the iconography, and this is expressly stated by Porphyry on the authority of Eubulus» — la lectura platonizante que reconoce y su autoridad antigua: que las cuevas del rito y la del mito representen el cosmos contenido por la bóveda del cielo y gobernado por los planetas le parece evidente por la iconografía, y lo dice Porfirio con la autoridad de Éubulo.
«Mithras is the creator, demiurgos, of the universe. No further details about either the myth or its interpretations are to be found in our texts; 1ἴ 15 not even clear to what extent Mithras promised salvation from this cosmos or preservation and superiority within the world ordained by Mithraic powers» — lo que se afirma y lo que él declara no saber: Mitra es el creador, demiurgos, del universo, pero los textos no dan más detalles del mito ni de sus interpretaciones, y ni siquiera está claro hasta qué punto prometía salvación de este cosmos o superioridad dentro de él.
«This much, however, is made plain by the words of Porphyry: ıf the Mithraic authors Eubulus and Pallas saw the doctrine of transmigration enacted in the mysteries, this was their own opinion, which for them was the “true and exact” one, but the “general tendency” of belief (belief of the mystai, of course) was unaware of it all» — el reparto de voces que subraya en Porfirio, y que esta ficha hereda: si los autores mitraicos Éubulo y Palas veían la transmigración representada en los misterios, esa era su propia opinión, y la tendencia general de la creencia de los mystai la ignoraba por completo.
«Porphyry interprets this passage as an allegory on the ascent and descent of souls; his interpretation providing an exegesis of Mithraic cosmology.» — Adams resume la misma lectura a su modo: Porfirio interpreta el pasaje como alegoría del ascenso y descenso de las almas, y su interpretación funciona como exégesis de la cosmología mitraica.
«It is thus of great interest to note that the Mithraists were not alone in believing in the existence of two suns, for we find in Platonic circles the concept of the existence of two suns, one being the normal astronomical sun and the other a so-called ‘hypercosmic’ sun located beyond the sphere of the fixed stars.» — y le suma la doctrina de los dos soles: los mitraístas no estaban solos en creerla, porque en los círculos platónicos se distinguía el sol astronómico del sol hipercósmico situado más allá de las estrellas fijas.
«We have identified the cosmology as deriving from the Timaeus but interpreted through the Neoplatonic and gnostic lens of the Mithraic mystery cult,» — y declara de dónde viene la cosmología de su objeto: del Timeo, leído por la lente neoplatónica y gnóstica del culto mistérico mitraico.
«Lewy, for example, compares the Chaldean Aion to both the Iranian Zervan and the Mithraic Aion, but his comparisons here are again based on the descriptions of Aion in Tiibingen Theosophia 13 as well as various Iranian and Mithraic sources and not on the extant fragments.» — Ruth Majercik consigna otro enlace y le pone reparo: Lewy compara el Aion caldeo con el Zervan iranio y con el Aion mitraico, y sus comparaciones se apoyan en la Teosofía de Tubinga y en fuentes iranias y mitraicas, no en los fragmentos.
«10. Saturn. Mural painting. Pompeii, Casa dei Dioscuri. ca 63 A.D. 9. Mithraic Aion. Relief. 2nd century A.D.» — el rastro del Aion mitraico en la serie de láminas de Saturno: junto a la pintura mural de la Casa dei Dioscuri de Pompeya, un relieve del siglo II.
«Campagnola's classically idealised form of Kronos, however, could be translated into realms even more remote from reality, in which the classically robed god was equipped with pinions; and thus, as already on Orphic and Mithraic tombstones at the end of classical times, he acquired the special nature of a god of time» — y el segundo rastro: el Cronos con alas de las lápidas órficas y mitraicas del fin de la antigüedad, con la naturaleza propia de un dios del tiempo.
«If we turn finally to Mithras, we are left with a surprising dearth of relevant evidence. It has generally been assumed, as a result of our ıdeas of what a “mystery religion” should be like, that Mithras should guarantee his followers some kind of transcendent salvation—immortality, ascent to heaven from the “cave” which ıs the cosmos. Clear evidence, however, 15 lacking» — la abstención que Burkert declara sobre lo que el culto prometía: se supone en general, por nuestras ideas de lo que una religión de misterio debería ser, que Mitra garantizaría alguna salvación trascendente, pero falta evidencia clara.
«This ıs all the more surprising because spiritual life, the immortality of the soul, and the ascent of the righteous to heaven are such well-established ıdeas ın Iranıan, Zoroastrian tradiıtıon. But thıs ıs not so wıth Mithras» — por qué le resulta tanto más sorprendente: la vida espiritual, la inmortalidad del alma y el ascenso de los justos al cielo son ideas bien establecidas en la tradición irania y zoroástrica, pero no en Mitra.
«There is no evidence for a breakthrough to some genuine beyond apart from some Platonizing hints in Origen and Porphyry.°” Mithraism may in fact have been anti-Gnostic, heroically facıng and maintaining this cosmos built on violence and sacrifice» — lo que niega y lo que propone en su lugar, con su condicional: no hay evidencia de una ruptura hacia un más allá genuino salvo insinuaciones platonizantes en Orígenes y Porfirio, y el mitraísmo pudo de hecho haber sido antignóstico, encarando y manteniendo este cosmos construido sobre violencia y sacrificio.
«There remains the testimony of Julian, who was an ınitiate of Mithras and eager to promote his cult. Julian introduces Hermes, who is made to tell him that because of his acquaintance with Mithras, the “father,” he has found “a safe anchor in life,” and that “when it will be necessary to depart from» — el único testimonio de dentro que admite: Juliano, iniciado de Mitra y empeñado en promover su culto, introduce a Hermes diciéndole que por su trato con Mitra, el padre, ha hallado un ancla segura en la vida; la cita se corta donde el troceo corta la plana.
«Mithras stands on a level with the speculations of philosophy and the promises of other mysteries, but there is neither a specıal content nor a special foundation of faith, just the general intimation of “hope.” The emphasis is, once again, on a “safe anchor” ın this life» — el balance con que cierra el punto: Mitra está al nivel de las especulaciones de la filosofía y de las promesas de otros misterios, pero no hay contenido especial ni fundamento especial de fe, solo la intimación general de esperanza, con el acento en un ancla segura en esta vida.
«within the near future: success is to be seen in this life. Mithras Is the deus ınvictus, and soldiers, who know what victory means, were prominent among his followers. Mithraism thus appears as a complete fusion of votive religion and mystery cult» — el horizonte que sí le reconoce en la plana anterior: el éxito ha de verse en esta vida, Mitra es el deus invictus y entre sus seguidores destacaban los soldados, que saben qué es la victoria, de modo que el mitraísmo aparece como fusión completa de religión votiva y culto mistérico.
«No ecstasy in the full sense can be credited to Eleusis,'? and even less to the cult of Isis or Mithras. It would be just as misleading to think of mysticism in the true sense as to accept the drug hypothesis» — la negativa que declara sobre el éxtasis: no puede acreditarse en Eleusis en sentido pleno, y menos aún en el culto de Isis o de Mitra, y pensar en misticismo en sentido propio sería tan engañoso como aceptar la hipótesis de las drogas.
«Once again we must acknowledge the special position of the mysteries of Mithras: they are mysteries without a “suffering god” myth, whereas myths of thıs type are current even outside of mysteries. The dogmatic Christian theology of “dying with Christ and rising with Christ”? imposes too narrow a principle on the variabil» — la conclusión que saca sobre el dios sufriente: hay que reconocer la posición especial de los misterios de Mitra, que son misterios sin ese mito, mientras que mitos de ese tipo circulan incluso fuera de los misterios, y la teología cristiana de morir y resucitar con Cristo impone un principio demasiado estrecho.
«It should be noted that in most cases there exist forms of a “normal” cult alongside the mysteries, that is, worship for the noninitiated, independent of possible candidacy for myesıs or telete. There were yearly festivals at fixed dates; private offerings were invited and accepted without restricion—only Mithras constitutes a special case» — el dato estructural que lo pone aparte: en la mayoría de los casos existe culto normal al lado de los misterios, con festivales anuales en fechas fijas y ofrendas privadas aceptadas sin restricción, y solo Mitra constituye un caso especial.
«Seen against this background, ancient mysteries still seem to form a special category: they are not puberty rites on a tribal level; they do not constitute secret societies with strong mutual ties (except in the case of Mithras); admission is largely independent of either sex or age; and there is no visible change of outward status for those who undergo these initiations» — las cuatro diferencias con que separa los misterios antiguos de la categoría antropológica general, con Mitra como la excepción de una de ellas: no forman sociedades secretas de vínculos fuertes salvo en su caso.
«A mystes initiated to a particular god ıs not in any way prevented from turning to another god in addition. Apuleius introduces a priest of Isis with the name of Mithras.!"! A tauroboliatus is found to set up a statue of Dionysus, a Mithraic pater to make dedications to the Syrlan gods, and even a pater patrum to set up an altar to Meter and Attis» — lo que muestra que la exclusividad no era la regla del paganismo: un iniciado no queda impedido de volverse a otro dios, y hay un sacerdote de Isis llamado Mitra en Apuleyo, un tauroboliatus que levanta estatua a Dioniso, un pater mitraico que dedica a los dioses sirios y un pater patrum que pone altar a Meter y Atis.
«In one case, Mithras appears in a different light. Eunapius tells how Nestorius, the hierophant of Eleusis from about 355 to 380 A.D., made the prophecy that his successor would not be qualified “to touch the hierophantic throne, since he would have been consecrated to other gods and would have sworn secret oaths not to supervise other shrines”; it turned out that his successor—in fact the last hierophant of Eleusis— was a Mithraic pater» — el único caso contrario que registra: Eunapio cuenta que Nestorio, hierofante de Eleusis de hacia 355 a 380, profetizó que su sucesor no estaría cualificado por haber sido consagrado a otros dioses y jurado juramentos secretos, y resultó que el último hierofante de Eleusis era un pater mitraico.
«This makes Mithraism incompatible with the highest rank in the Eleusinian cult. Still, we should remember that there are incompatibilities even between much more ancient cults, requirements that certain» — y lo relativiza en seguida: el episodio hace incompatible el mitraísmo con el rango más alto del culto eleusino, pero conviene recordar que hay incompatibilidades entre cultos mucho más antiguos; la frase se corta donde el troceo corta la plana.
«It was quite different with the ancient mysteries, whether those of Eleusis, Bacchus, Meter, Isis, or even Mithras, the “ınvincible god.” With the imperial decrees of 391/92 A.D. prohibiting all pagan cults and with the forceful destruction of the sanctuaries, the mysteries simply and suddenly disappeared» — la fecha y la manera del final: sea Eleusis, Baco, Meter, Isis o Mitra el dios invicto, con los decretos imperiales de 391 y 392 que prohibieron los cultos paganos y la destrucción de los santuarios, los misterios desaparecieron sin más y de golpe.
«The Christian perspective, however, raises the question of whether there was anything corresponding to the Eucharist, some form of communion or sacrament, in pagan mysteries. Justin reports that in mysteries of Mithras bread and a cup of water were set up in imitation of Christian practice;!?” we know nothing about the position or function of this detail in the complex of sevenfold initiations and reunions» — la pregunta que la perspectiva cristiana le plantea y lo que declara no saber: Justino informa que en los misterios de Mitra se disponían pan y una copa de agua en imitación de la práctica cristiana, pero nada se sabe de la posición o la función de ese detalle dentro del complejo de siete iniciaciones.
«Mysteries evidently take part in this more general rhythm. Among the inscriptions found ın the Mithraeum of Santa Prisca, Rome, one hexameter, incompletely preserved, is uncommonly suggestive and has become famous: “You saved us... by shedding the blood” (et nos» — el verso del mitreo de Santa Prisca que trae sin interpretarlo: un hexámetro incompleto y famoso por sugerente, nos salvaste al derramar la sangre.
«With the Sol Invictus was identified the figure of Mithra, that strange eastern god whose cult resembled in so many ways the worship of Jesus, and who was at one time a serious rival of the Christ in the minds of thoughtful men.» — Clement A. Miles, que escribe desde la historia de la Navidad, afirma sin reservas lo que Burkert deja abierto: con el Sol Invicto se identificó la figura de Mitra, cuyo culto se pareció en muchos puntos al de Jesús y fue en un momento un rival serio de Cristo entre los hombres reflexivos.
«[6] Mithraism resembled Christianity in its monotheistic tendencies, its sacraments, its comparatively high morality, its doctrine of an Intercessor and Redeemer, and its vivid belief in a future life and judgment to come. Moreover Sunday was its holy-day dedicated to the Sun.» — y enumera en nota los parecidos: tendencias monoteístas, sacramentos, moral comparativamente alta, doctrina de un Intercesor y Redentor, creencia viva en una vida futura y en un juicio por venir, y el domingo como día santo dedicado al Sol.
«F. Cumont, “The Monuments of Mithra” (Eng. Trans., London, 1903), 190.» — la autoridad en que apoya ese pasaje: los Monuments of Mithra de Cumont en traducción inglesa de 1903.
«In this hour of its twilight the concept of Hellenism was at the same time broadened and narrowed. It was broadened in so far as, in the final entrenchment, even purely oriental creations like the religions of Mithras or of Attis were counted in with the Hellenistic tradition that was to be defended; it was narrowed in that the whole cause became a party cause, and more and more that of a minority party.» — Hans Jonas lo cuenta como problema de fronteras del helenismo: en su atrincheramiento final se cuentan como tradición a defender creaciones puramente orientales como las religiones de Mitra o de Atis, y la causa entera se vuelve de partido y de minoría.
«In a qualified way, some of the mystery-religions of late an tiquity also belong to the gnostic circle, insofar as they allegorized their ritual and their original cult-myths in a spirit similar to the gnostic one: we may mention the mysteries of Isis, Mithras, and Attis.» — y lo mete con reservas en su círculo: algunas religiones mistéricas tardoantiguas pertenecen con salvedades al círculo gnóstico en la medida en que alegorizaron su ritual y sus mitos de culto en espíritu semejante, y nombra los de Isis, de Mitra y de Atis.
«The three mystery cults which became most popular were: 98:4.3 (1081.6) 1. The Phrygian cult of Cybele and her son Attis. 98:4.4 (1081.7) 2. The Egyptian cult of Osiris and his mother Isis. 98:4.5 (1081.8) 3. The Iranian cult of the worship of Mithras as the savior and redeemer of» — el Urantia Book nombra los tres cultos mistéricos que dice más populares: el frigio de Cibeles y Atis, el egipcio de Osiris e Isis y el iranio de Mitra; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.
«The Phrygian and Egyptian mysteries eventually gave way before the greatest of all the mystery cults, the worship of Mithras. The Mithraic cult» — y pone al mitraísmo en la cima: los misterios frigios y egipcios cedieron ante el mayor de todos, el culto de Mitra; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.
«It was chiefly through the Mithraic cult that Zoroaster’s religion exerted an influence upon later appearing Christianity. 98:5.3 (1082.4) The Mithraic cult portrayed a militant god taking origin in a great rock, engaging in valiant exploits, and causing water to gush forth from a rock struck with his arrows. There was a flood from which one man escaped in a specially built boat and a last supper which Mithras celebrated with the sun-god before he ascended into the heavens. This sun-god, or Sol Invictus, was a degeneration of the» — lo hace la vía principal del influjo iranio sobre el cristianismo y cuenta su mito: el dios militante nacido de una gran roca, el diluvio del que uno escapa en barco y la última cena con el dios solar antes de ascender.
«in recognition of his slaying the mythical sacred bull, Mithras was made immortal, being exalted to the station of intercessor for the human race among the gods on high. 98:5.4 (1082.5) The adherents of this cult worshiped in caves and other secret places, chanting hymns, mumbling magic, eating the flesh of the sacrificial animals, and drinking the blood. Three times a day they worshiped, with special weekly ceremonials on» — y le adjudica el oficio que de ahí saca: por haber matado al toro sagrado mítico, Mitra fue hecho inmortal y exaltado a intercesor por el género humano; el verbatim arranca donde el troceo corta la plana.
«the day of the sun-god and with the most elaborate observance of all on the annual festival of Mithras, December twenty-fifth. It was believed that the partaking of the sacrament ensured eternal life, the immediate passing, after death, to the bosom of Mithras, there to tarry in bliss until the judgment day. On the judgment day the Mithraic keys of heaven would unlock the gates of Paradise for the reception of the faithful; whereupon all the unbaptized of the living and the dead would be annihilated upon the return of Mithras to earth. It was taught that, when a man died, he went before Mithras for judgment, and that at the» — fija la fiesta anual el veinticinco de diciembre y describe la escatología que le atribuye: el sacramento aseguraba la vida eterna, las llaves mitraicas abrirían el paraíso y los no bautizados serían aniquilados al regreso de Mitra.
«While it is true that the institutionalization of religion has usually detracted from its spiritual quality, it is also a fact that no religion has thus far succeeded in surviving without the aid of institutional organization of some degree, greater or lesser. 98:6.2 (1083.2) Occidental religion thus languished until the days of the Skeptics, Cynics, Epicureans, and Stoics, but most important of all, until the times of the great contest between Mithraism and Paul’s new religion of Christianity. 98:6.3 (1083.3) During the third century after Christ,» — y monta la historia como contienda: la religión de Occidente languideció hasta los tiempos de la gran competencia entre el mitraísmo y la nueva religión de Pablo.
«Mithraic and Christian churches were very similar both in appearance and in the character of their ritual. A majority of such places of worship were underground, and both contained altars whose backgrounds variously depicted the sufferings of the savior who had brought salvation to a sin-cursed human race. 98:6.4 (1083.4) Always had it been the practice of Mithraic worshipers, on entering the temple, to dip their fingers in holy water. And since in some districts there were those who at one time belonged to both religions, they introduced this custom into the majority of the Christian churches in» — empareja los templos: iglesias mitraicas y cristianas muy semejantes en aspecto y ritual, la mayoría subterráneas, con altares que mostraban los sufrimientos del salvador, y el agua bendita a la entrada pasada de unas a otras.
«Both religions employed baptism and partook of the sacrament of bread and wine. The one great difference between Mithraism and Christianity, aside from the characters of Mithras and Jesus, was that the one encouraged militarism while the other was ultrapacific. Mithraism’s tolerance for other religions (except later Christianity) led to its final undoing. But the deciding factor in the struggle between the two was the admission of women into the full fellowship of the Christian faith. 98:6.5 (1083.5) In the end the nominal Christian faith dominated the Occident. Greek» — y cifra la diferencia y el desenlace: los dos usaban bautismo y sacramento de pan y vino, uno alentaba el militarismo y el otro era ultrapacífico, y el factor decisivo fue la admisión de las mujeres en la plena comunión cristiana.
«The Zoroastrian conception of the struggle between cosmic good and evil, which had already left its imprint on both Judaism and Mithraism. Through prolonged contact attendant upon the struggles between Mithraism and Christianity, the doctrines of the Iranian prophet became a potent factor in determining the theologic and philosophic cast and structure of the dogmas, tenets, and cosmology of the Hellenized and Latinized versions of the teachings of» — adjudica el dualismo: la concepción zoroastriana de la lucha entre el bien y el mal cósmicos, ya impresa en el judaísmo y en el mitraísmo, se volvió factor potente en la teología cristiana.
«Even the legends of the birth of Jesus on Urantia became tainted with the Roman version of the miraculous birth of the Iranian savior-hero, Mithras, whose advent on earth was supposed to have been witnessed by only a handful of gift-bearing shepherds who had been informed of this impending event by angels. 98:7.8 (1084.7) 5. The historic fact of the human life of Joshua ben Joseph, the reality of» — y tiñe el relato del nacimiento: las leyendas del nacimiento de Jesús quedaron teñidas por la versión romana del nacimiento milagroso de Mitra, con un puñado de pastores avisados por ángeles.
«And it should be recorded that Mithraism was the dominant religion of Tarsus during his adolescence. Paul little dreamed that his well-intentioned letters to his converts would someday be regarded by still later Christians as the “word of God.” Such well-meaning teachers must not be held accountable for the use made of their writings by later-day successors. 98:7.10 (1084.9) 7. The philosophic thought of the» — sitúa a Pablo en Tarso: el mitraísmo era allí la religión dominante durante su adolescencia.
«But Paul’s theory of original sin, the doctrines of hereditary guilt and innate evil and redemption therefrom, was partially Mithraic in origin, having little in common with Hebrew theology, Philo’s philosophy, or Jesus’ teachings.» — y le adjudica la teoría del pecado original: de origen en parte mitraico, y sin parentesco con la teología hebrea, con la filosofía de Filón ni con las enseñanzas de Jesús.
«The appealing teachings of the prevailing mystery cults, especially the Mithraic doctrines of redemption, atonement, and salvation by the sacrifice made by some god.» — con la mezcla que sitúa en el culto cristiano de Antioquía: las doctrinas mitraicas de redención, expiación y salvación por el sacrificio hecho por algún dios.
«The Christian leaders were willing to make such compromises with Mithraism that the better half of its adherents were won over to the Antioch cult» — el pacto que reparte al final, en boca de su comisión: los jefes cristianos estuvieron dispuestos a pactar con el mitraísmo hasta ganarse a la mejor mitad de sus adherentes.
«The early plan of Christian worship was largely taken over from the Jewish synagogue, modified by the Mithraic ritual» — y el origen que traza del culto cristiano: tomado en gran parte de la sinagoga judía y modificado por el ritual mitraico.
«At Carthage Jesus had a long and memorable talk with a Mithraic priest» — lo que el mismo libro cuenta en su narración, que no es documental y va como suyo: en Cartago Jesús tiene una conversación larga y memorable con un sacerdote mitraico.
«Nabon was a Greek Jew and foremost among the leaders of the chief mystery cult in Rome, the Mithraic.» — y nombra al sumo sacerdote del mitraísmo de Roma, judío griego, a quien hace interlocutor del discurso sobre la verdad y la fe.
«Nabon had thought to make a convert of Jesus and had even suggested that he return to Palestine as a Mithraic teacher. He little realized that Jesus was preparing him to become one of the early converts to the gospel of the kingdom.» — con el giro que le da: aquel sacerdote quiso convertir a Jesús al mitraísmo y proponerle volver a Palestina como maestro mitraico, sin saber que lo estaban preparando a él.
«Mead’s books, and his translations with their extensive commentaries, revealed to English readers a virtually unknown sector of religious history, in which Hermetism, the various Gnostic schools, > Neoplatonism, the mystery religions of Mithras and Orpheus, and early Christianity had shared a common metaphysical ground» — Joscelyn Godwin, en el diccionario de Hanegraaff, registra el mismo emparejamiento en clave moderna: los libros y traducciones comentadas de Mead revelaron al lector inglés un sector donde hermetismo, escuelas gnósticas, neoplatonismo, misterios de Mitra y de Orfeo y cristianismo temprano compartían un suelo metafísico común.
«It is, though, a notably ambitious formula: the prologue (475-85), for example, speaks of the rite as having been ‘communicated’ (peTa8o0qvai) by the archangel of the great god Helios Mithras ‘so that I alone.. .may ascend into heaven and behold all things’.» — lo que el papiro de París dice de sí mismo, según Garth Fowden: el prólogo habla del rito como comunicado por el arcángel del gran dios Helios Mithras para que solo el operante ascienda al cielo y contemple todas las cosas.
«Yea, greatest Mithra, NAMAZARANAMARIA DAMNAMENEU CHEU CHTH~NIETHON-TOEI, holy king, the sailor, he who controls the tillcr of the lord god,» — otro formulario grecoegipcio del mismo corpus invoca a Mitra como timonel del dios señor.
«Since it is impossible for me, born / mortal, to rise with the golden brightnesses of the immortal brilliance, OEY AEO EYA EOE YAE OIAE, stand, 0 perishable nature of mortals» — el arranque del rito de PGM IV. 475-829 en la traducción de Betz: la ascensión se pide desde la declaración de imposibilidad mortal.
«Mithras: Thc Pcrsian god is mentioned only a fcn. times in I'GM (note 111. 100, 462; 117. 482) and each timc as hcing identical with Hclios or with Zeus-Hclios-Sarapis» — el glosario de la propia edición acota la presencia real del dios en el corpus: Mitra se menciona pocas veces en los papiros griegos y cada vez como idéntico a Helios o a Zeus-Helios-Sarapis; la capa de texto corrompe varias palabras del tramo.
«The interest in magical papyri for the history of religion was initiated by Albrecht Dieterich in his books Abraxas and Eine Mithrasliturgie, the success of which was lasting and well» — a quién adjudica Burkert el nombre y el interés: Albrecht Dieterich inició el interés por los papiros mágicos con sus libros Abraxas y Eine Mithrasliturgie, cuyo éxito fue duradero y merecido.
«Yet the thesis implied in the title Mithrasliturgie, that the fantastic voyage to heaven, as contained ın thıs magical book, was enacted in the mysteries of Mithras, was criticized immediately and can hardly be maintained. The text describes a private trip in a quest for oracular revelations, not a communal mystery rite, with special elaborations on a syncretistic background» — y la tesis que declara insostenible: que el viaje al cielo contenido en ese libro mágico se representara en los misterios de Mitra fue criticado enseguida y difícilmente puede sostenerse, porque el texto describe un viaje privado en busca de revelaciones oraculares y no un rito mistérico comunal.
«Antong the magical papyri there is a document, erroneously called "the Mithra liturgy" (which has nothing to do with the mysteries of Mithra, however), describing the otherworldly journey of the initiate after death beyond the celestial pole, and even beyond the sphere of the fixed stars, as far as the throne of the Supreme God who sets in motion the stars of the Big Dipper.» — Ioan Couliano va en la misma dirección y con más filo: el documento se llama erróneamente liturgia de Mitra y no tiene nada que ver con los misterios de Mitra, y describe el viaje del iniciado más allá del polo celeste y de las estrellas fijas hasta el trono del Dios supremo; el troceo imprime Antong.
«To conclude this part of our story, it is by no means certain that the initiates in Mithraic mysteries truly simulated an interplanetary journey of some sort, although this is by no means implausible.» — y se abstiene además sobre el viaje mitraico entero: no es en modo alguno cierto que los iniciados en los misterios de Mitra simularan de veras un viaje interplanetario, aunque tampoco es inverosímil.
«The closest Western analogue to this practice is the so-called "Mithra liturgy," a magical Hellenistic text in which the stars help the adept in his heavenly ascent (see chapter 10, below).» — aunque en otra plana la use como término de comparación, y ahí la llame así llamada: el análogo occidental más cercano a la práctica taoísta del ascenso estelar.
«The so-called Mithrasliturgie, is neither a Mithraic text nor the liturgy of any religion, nor is it a magical text, but a procedure for a solitary Mystery rite, designed to confer immortality upon just one initiate.» — Stephen Skinner la saca de tres casilleros a la vez: la llamada Mithrasliturgie no es texto mitraico, ni liturgia de religión alguna, ni texto mágico, sino el procedimiento de un rito mistérico solitario para conferir inmortalidad a un solo iniciado.
«The so-called Mithras Liturgy17 gives a circumstantial description of such an experience, preceded by instructions on how to prepare for and induce the visionary state. (The theological system in this case is cosmic-pantheistic, not dualistic, the aim immortality by union with the cosmic principle, not liberation from the cosmic yoke.» — frente a esos cuatro, Jonas la sigue usando por ese nombre y con su reserva teológica: describe pormenorizadamente una experiencia visionaria con instrucciones para prepararla, pero su sistema es cósmico-panteísta y no dualista, y su meta la inmortalidad por unión con el principio cósmico.
«A similar process of “drawing in”’ or ‘‘inhaling”’ the sun’s rays or ‘‘breath’’ is found in the Mithras Liturgy» — Majercik la trae como paralelo de la técnica de aspirar los rayos del sol.
«Aion, as the supreme god of Mithraism, resembles the Persian Zrvan akarana, boundless time; in theological terms he became Kronos and Saturnus, in philosophical terms the Stoic heimarmene.» — la nota de Brian Copenhaver al tratado XI hace de Aión el dios supremo del mitraísmo y lo pone junto al Zrvan akarana persa, a Kronos y Saturno y a la heimarmene estoica.
«The advice here, probably, is to become a particular god, Aion, for whom see above, note on section 2, and NF I, 164-5, n. 58, which refers to PGM IV.475-750 (Betz, pp. 48-52), the so-called "Mithras Liturgy," for another apotheosis involving Aion.» — y la nota al mandato de hacerse eterno remite al PGM IV.475-750 como otra apoteosis en que interviene Aión, con el nombre del texto puesto a distancia por la fórmula de lo así llamado.
«Thus, for Lewy, this elevation, in fine, would take the form of a sublime ¢epopteia, similar to that described in the Mithras Liturgy, where the adept ascends on the rays of the sun to the Great God Aion-Helios-Mithra, and is subsequently ‘‘immortalized.» — y otra vez para la forma final que Lewy da a la elevación: una epopteia sublime en que el adepto asciende por los rayos del sol hasta el Gran Dios Aion-Helios-Mithra y queda inmortalizado; el troceo imprime la llamada de nota pegada a la palabra.
«We do in fact find a detailed recipe affixed to the “Mithras Liturgy.”» — Wouter Hanegraaff apunta lo que va anexo al texto: una receta detallada.
«Johnston assigns a central place to the “Mithras Liturgy” in her reconstruction of theurgic ritual (“Rising to the Occasion,” 183) and asks the crucial question “How often did practitioners really manage to see or hear the remarkable things that ancient spells promised them they would see and hear” (“Authority,” 51).» — y en nota, el lugar central que Sarah Iles Johnston le da en su reconstrucción del rito teúrgico, con la pregunta sobre la frecuencia real de lo que los conjuros prometían ver y oír.
«note that Bull is understandably puzzled by a Greek classicist agenda that seems to minimize Egyptian elements even in such texts as the Mithras Liturgy» — y la extrañeza de Christian Bull ante una agenda clasicista griega que minimiza los elementos egipcios incluso en textos como ese.
«The motif of inhaling fumes from fire (or in this case, perhaps from the sun itself) reappears in the so-called "Mithras Liturgy" of the Greek Magical Papyri, where the theurgist is encouraged to: "Draw in breath from the rays, drawing up 3 times as much as you can, and you will see yourself being lifted up and/ ascending to the height, so that you seem to be in midair. [...] And you will see the gods staring intently at you and rushing at you.» — P. D. Newman la enlaza con el rito de Hécate por el motivo de inhalar del fuego o del sol: el papiro manda tomar aliento de los rayos hasta sentirse elevado y ver a los dioses mirando con fijeza.
«In her commentary to fragment 224, Ruth Majercik actually links the Hekate rite to the Mithras Liturgy on two different counts. Not surprisingly, in his keynote lecture delivered to the Department for the Study of Religions of Mararyk University, Brno, Czechia, titled, The Reasonable Irrational: History of Religions and the Pathologization of Entheogenic Experience, Wouter Hanegraaff, a professor of History of Hermetic Philosophy and related currents at the University of Amsterdam, noted that the Mithras Liturgy "may be considered one of the most important 'trip reports' that we have from late antiquity."231 Given what we know about the ingredients cited in the ritual described in fragment 224 of the Chaldean Oracles, the Hekate rite too may meet that qualification.» — y remata con dos apoyos: Ruth Majercik enlaza el rito de Hécate con la liturgia de Mitra por dos vías, y Wouter Hanegraaff la llama uno de los informes de viaje más importantes que se tienen de la antigüedad tardía.
«According to the official version, this (anonymous) inmate of the Burgholzli clinic had a hallucination in 1906 that the sun had a phallic tube hanging from it that produced the wind. Jung did not know what to make of this, until he discovered precisely the same motives four years later, in Albrecht Dieterich, Eine Mithrasliturgie, of 1910. This reference could not possibly have been known to the patient» — el rastro que el mismo título deja en la historia del psicoanálisis, según la versión oficial que Hanegraaff resume: un interno de la clínica Burghölzli alucinó en 1906 un tubo fálico colgado del sol que producía el viento, y Jung halló el mismo motivo cuatro años después en la Mithrasliturgie de Dieterich.
«Noll demonstrates that this story is a fabrication. The first edition of Dieterich's Mithrasliturgie appeared already in 1903; and the title page of the 1910 edition, used by Jung, says clearly that it is the second edition. Moreover, the Mithras liturgy was also included in a theosophical publication by G.R.S. Mead, published in 1907. The "Solar Phallus Man" himself was not a patient of Jung's but of his colleague Honegger; a fact which is still mentioned in the German Wandlungen but was removed from the English revision of 1952. Since Honegger started working with psychiatric patients in 1909, he could not have treated this particular person in 1906. Honegger's own personal papers were rediscovered in 1993 and indeed contain a written case history of the patient, whose name appears to have been E. Schwyzer. All this suggests that the motif of the solar phallus could well have been known to Schwyzer either from Dieterich's first edition of 1903 or from Mead's of 1907. A footnote in Jung's Collected Works admits the existence of Dieterich's first edition but claims that the patient had been committed already some years before 1903. This, of course, invites the question why Jung nevertheless stuck to the false story even as late as 1959.» — y el desmontaje de Richard Noll que recoge al lado: la primera edición de Dieterich es de 1903 y la de 1910 dice ser la segunda, el texto estaba además en una publicación teosófica de Mead de 1907, y el paciente no era de Jung sino de Honegger, que no trabajaba con enfermos antes de 1909.
«Cumont, F. 1896/99. Textes et monuments figures aux mysteres de Mithra, 2 vols., Brussels» — la obra fundacional del campo, registrada en la bibliografía de Burkert: los Textes et monuments figurés aux mystères de Mithra de Cumont, en dos volúmenes.
«Although Cumont wrote that Mithraists practiced common burial as a closed group of “believers,” this ıs flatly contradicted by the evidence» — la adjudicación con que lo contradice: Cumont escribió que los mitraístas practicaban enterramiento común como grupo cerrado de creyentes, y Burkert declara que la evidencia lo contradice de plano.
«Beck, R. 1984. “Mithraism since Franz Cumont,” ANRW τι, 17(4), 2002-2115» — el corte de época que marca un título de su bibliografía: el artículo de Roger Beck de 1984 en el ANRW sobre el mitraísmo desde Franz Cumont.
«Vermaseren, M. J., and C. C. van Essen, 1965. The Excavatıons ın the Mithraeum of the Church of Santa Prisca in Rome, Leiden» — el nombre que lleva la excavación de referencia: las excavaciones del mitreo de la iglesia de Santa Prisca en Roma, de Vermaseren y van Essen.
«In the ı970s there were three major congresses on Mithraic studies, published by Hinnells 1975, Duchesne-Guillemin 1978, Bianchi 1979; for an excellent short survey see Turcan» — la lista de congresos y panoramas que da: tres congresos mayores de estudios mitraicos en los años setenta, y un panorama breve de Turcan que declara excelente.
«L. Campbell, Mithraic Iconography and Ideology (Leiden ı968), contains wild speculations» — el juicio breve que hace de un libro del campo: el de L. Campbell sobre iconografía e ideología mitraicas contiene especulaciones desbocadas.
«Mithraic studies were patronized for a while by the Shah of Iran.” Vast surveys have been provided recently in the series Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt» — y la constancia que deja del patrocinio: los estudios mitraicos fueron patrocinados un tiempo por el sha de Irán, con grandes panoramas recientes en la serie Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt.
«The Mithraic scholar Maarten Vermaseren writes that, Pliny provides the evidence...: ‘he had initiated him in a magic repast’ - a repast which must refer to the Mithraic ‘eucharist.» — Adams invoca al mismo estudioso de las inscripciones para una lectura que Burkert no comparte: Vermaseren apoya en Plinio el banquete mágico en que se habría iniciado a Nerón.
«An alternative reading of the card is that it alludes to Nero's initiation into Mithraism in connection with which Pliny suggests that Nero practiced human sacrifice» — dentro de la conjetura que él declara alternativa: que la carta aluda a la iniciación de Nerón en el mitraísmo, con la que Plinio asocia la práctica del sacrificio humano.