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Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic: Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition

Ancient Philosophy, Mystery and Magic · Filosofía antigua, misterio y magia · Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition

inglés; el griego se imprime en alfabeto griego dentro del cuerpo y de las notas, y el latín, el árabe transliterado y el copto se citan en su grafía, casi siempre en nota al pie1995 — la página de derechos imprime «© Peter Kingsley 1995» y la ficha CIP de la Library of Congress fecha el volumen en 1995 (p. 6); el troceo NO trae portada, así que el año sale de la página de derechos, no de una portadaMagia filosóficaAlquimia

Estudio de Oxford sobre Empédocles de Acragas leído desde la tradición pitagórica, la religión mistérica y la magia, y sobre la línea de transmisión que —según su autor— va de Sicilia a Egipto y de ahí a la alquimia y al sufismo. El troceo NO trae portada: el volumen se identifica por la ficha CIP de la página de derechos, «Ancıent philosophy, mystery, and magic : Empedocles and Pythagorean tradition / Peter Kingsley.» «Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 6» —así lo transcribe la capa de texto, con la *ı* sin punto—, por la línea «© Peter Kingsley 1995» «Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 6» y por el pie «Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford 0x2 6DP» «Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 6». La contracubierta declara el sello académico: «Clarendon Press is the academic imprint of OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS» «Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 436».

Kingsley declara la forma que eligió: «THis book has essentially been written in the form of a narrative; there are certain stories, however ancient, which still deserve to be told.» «Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 9» —la capa de texto imprime *THis*—, y abre el volumen situando su punto de partida: «Tuis book covers a wide area in space and time, but takes as its starting-point one man who lived well over two thousand years ago. That man was called Empedocles.» «Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 13».

El propósito lo enuncia él mismo: «The main purpose of this book is to demonstrate that—in spite of all the attention and the literature—modern scholarship has by no means come to grips with Empedocles' teaching as a whole, and to indicate that a fundamental revision of our ideas about him is in order: a revision which has major implications not just for our understanding of Empedocles himself but also for our understanding of ancient philosophy—and, indeed, of the origins of western culture.» «Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 14», y lo desglosa en tres tareas: «More specifically, the aims of this study are to show that the major obstacle to a correct appreciation of Empedocles has not been (as is usually claimed) the fragmentary nature of the surviving evidence but, instead, has been a wrong approach; to clarify the reasons why, ever since the time of Aristotle in the fourth century Bc, his teaching has been so misconceived; and to show where we need to turn for a more accurate representa» «Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 14» —el tramo se corta ahí porque la palabra sigue partida al pasar de plana—.

El libro se declara preliminar y se divide en tres: «The present work is intended as a basic introduction to certain teachings and traditions in antiquity: a laying of the ground for future work on those teachings themselves and on their wider affiliations in the ancient and post-classical world. It falls into» «Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 18»; la primera parte «involves the sometimes laborious task of breaking through the strata of misunderstandings that have accumulated in over two thousand years: misunderstandings which, in the case of Empedocles, have effectively blocked any real approach to his work by forcing us to view it in the light of later rational philosophy with its very particular concerns.» «Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 18», y las otras dos: «second takes us down into the strange, labyrinthine underworld of mythology and mystery mentioned earlier, while the third opens into an even stranger world of magic and the ‘irrational’. The second of these sections shows how urgently the now-traditional ways of interpreting Empedocles need to be supplemented and deepened; the third shows why these traditional ways of interpretation need, ultimately, to be left behind completely.» «Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 18».

El punto de partida material son los cuatro elementos: «As the starting-point for this study it was obviously appropriate to start where Empedocles started: with his four elements, or ‘roots’ as he called them, which he evidently introduced right at the opening of his cosmological poem by equating each of them with a divinity, and which—as his own term for them shows—were fundamental to his system.» «Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 18».

La conclusión que ordena el volumen la anuncia en la introducción: «one of the main conclusions of this book will be that the insistence during the past century and more on segregating Empedocles' 'philosophical’ or ‘scientific’ interests from his religious or mythological concerns is not only inappropriate but also completely untenable.» «Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 20», y de ahí la instrucción de método: «We need now to approach him, and his peers, through and beyond these anachronistic dichotomies.» «Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 20». El dibujo general que espera que el lector reconozca es cíclico, y él mismo acota el alcance del resultado: «Altogether, the reader will hopefully discern the outlines of a broad pattern emerging: a broadly cyclical pattern, with elements of Empedoclean and Pythagorean doctrine deriving from Near Eastern sources and, in the course of the centuries, making their way back to the East. The following story is itself only a fragment of a much larger one.» «Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 22».

1618 afirmaciones · 1 fuente · 1 atribución

Atribución

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DECLARADA
la ficha CIP de la Library of Congress encabeza el volumen «Ancıent philosophy, mystery, and magic : Empedocles and Pythagorean tradition / Peter Kingsley», la página de derechos imprime «© Peter Kingsley 1995» y el prefacio se escribe en primera persona, agradeciendo por su nombre a quienes ayudaron; la contracubierta lo presenta como antiguo Fellow del Warburg Institute
según Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)
«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 6»

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el testimonio procesado, en esmeralda
EDICIÓN · PROCESADO
Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)
inglés · 1995 · Oxford — «Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford 0x2 6DP» según imprime la capa de texto de la página de derechos (p. 6); la contracubierta declara que «Clarendon Press is the academic imprint of OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS» (p. 436). ISBN 0-19-815081-4; ficha CIP B218.27K56, 182. 2—dc20, 95-5090 · Oxford University Press (imprimio)

Afirmaciones

1618 entradas — la voz de la obra, con su pasaje

«For the sake of the general reader, Greek words and phrases have been either translated or explained; so with other ancient languages.»Kingsley declara la política de lenguas del volumen: por el lector general, el griego y las demás lenguas antiguas se traducen o se explican

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 9»

«Technical matters have as a rule been confined to the footnotes; the occasional exceptions are where a certain issue has a wider significance or helps to illustrate a principle.»la regla que se fija para el aparato: lo técnico va a la nota al pie, y la excepción es que el asunto tenga alcance más amplio o sirva para ilustrar un principio

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 9»

«The style of reference adopted in the footnotes has been simplified as far as possible.»declara además que simplificó cuanto pudo el estilo de referencia de las notas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 9»

«Empedocles was probably born around the start of the fifth century Bc.’ He was from the Greek colony of Acragas—»según Kingsley, la fecha y el lugar de nacimiento de Empédocles se dan con reserva expresa —*probably*— y lo sitúan en la colonia griega de Acragas; el tramo se corta donde la frase pasa de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 13»

«About when he died, or where, or how, we know nothing.»la abstención con que Kingsley cierra la biografía: de la muerte de Empédocles no se sabe ni cuándo, ni dónde, ni cómo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 13»

«The report by Aristotle that Empedocles died at the age of 60 is now usually considered reliable»según Kingsley, el dato de Aristóteles sobre la edad de Empédocles al morir se tiene hoy por fiable

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 13»

«In the absence of more solid information, the most wecan say is that according to Greek biographers the age of60 was a convenient time to die»el límite que Kingsley pone a ese mismo dato: a falta de información más sólida, lo más que puede decirse es que para los biógrafos griegos los 60 años eran una edad conveniente para morir; la capa de texto pega *wecan* y *of60*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 13»

«The immensely influential theory of four elements, first presented in western literature by Empedocles, is just one very obvious example.»según Kingsley, la teoría de los cuatro elementos —primera aparición en la literatura occidental— es solo un ejemplo entre muchos del alcance de Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 13»

«Not surprisingly, such an important figure has evoked a great deal of attention and given rise to a vast literature.»Kingsley reconoce el volumen de atención y de literatura que la figura ha suscitado, y es contra ese volumen contra el que escribe

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 14»

«to clarify the reasons why, ever since the time of Aristotle in the fourth century Bc, his teaching has been so misconceived;»la segunda de las tareas que Kingsley se fija: aclarar por qué desde Aristóteles, en el siglo IV a. C., la enseñanza de Empédocles quedó mal entendida

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 14»

«An inevitable consequence of bringing these strands of evidence back into the picture is the need for an extensive broadening of our perspectives, and for a reassessment of many unspoken assumptions about transmission of ideas in the ancient world.»la consecuencia de método que Kingsley declara inevitable: ampliar las perspectivas y revisar los supuestos tácitos sobre la transmisión de ideas en el mundo antiguo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 14»

«Empedocles used poetry to communicate his teaching, and his poetry—like the writings of all early ‘philosophers’ prior to the time of Socrates and Plato—only survives in the form of fragments as quoted and preserved in the texts of later writers.»según Kingsley, la condición material del corpus: Empédocles enseñó en verso y su poesía, como la de todos los *filósofos* anteriores a Sócrates y Platón, solo sobrevive citada por escritores posteriores

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 14»

«Although the fact is rarely admitted, contemporary study of the Presocratics has reached a crisis-point.»el diagnóstico con que Kingsley abre: el estudio contemporáneo de los presocráticos está en un punto de crisis, aunque rara vez se admita

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 15»

«On the one hand, post- Enlightenment! scholarship over the past two centuries has persistently viewed the history of early Greek philosophy as a progressive evolution towards some extremely vague, but numinously seductive, ideal of rationality; and in doing so it has almost unquestioningly decided to embrace Aristotle’s arrogant assessment of Presocratic philosophy as no more than a stammering attempt to say what only he, at last, was able to articulate with any fluency.»según Kingsley, la primera mitad de esa crisis: dos siglos de erudición posterior a la Ilustración han leído la filosofía griega temprana como evolución hacia un ideal vago de racionalidad, adoptando sin discutir la valoración aristotélica de los presocráticos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 15»

«Aristotle, and Aristotle's successor Theophrastus, have come to be treated as the ultimate authorities for our understanding of the Presocratics—not only because they are the earliest writers to provide us with extensive information about their teachings but also because they are considered ideally qualified to appreciate the aims, and the supposed shortcomings, of Presocratic philosophy.»según Kingsley, de ahí que Aristóteles y su sucesor Teofrasto hayan pasado a tratarse como las autoridades últimas sobre los presocráticos: por antigüedad y por suponerlos idealmente calificados para apreciar sus fines y sus supuestas carencias

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 15»

«Desperate situations often give rise to desperate solutions.»la fórmula con que Kingsley presenta la salida que la disciplina se dio a sí misma

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 16»

«The most recent trend has been to turn necessity into a virtue: to glorify the subjectivity of our ancient sources by making it not just something worth studying in its own right, but the only possible object for study.»según Kingsley, esa salida consiste en hacer virtud de la necesidad: glorificar la subjetividad de las fuentes antiguas hasta convertirla en el único objeto posible de estudio

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 16»

«As soon as we start to anchor the fragments of the Presocratics historically we stop being the slaves of those writers and, instead, can begin to use their reports and interpretations by appreciating them at their real value.»la propuesta de Kingsley frente a esa posición: anclar históricamente los fragmentos deja de hacernos esclavos de quienes los citan y permite usar sus informes apreciándolos en su valor real

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 16»

«If a later writer quotes a fragment from Empedocles and understands a word or expression in it in a sense it could not possibly have had in Empedocles' time, we can dismiss the quoter's interpretation as incorrect and unhistorical.»según Kingsley, la regla que hace operativo ese anclaje: si un escritor posterior entiende una palabra en un sentido imposible en tiempos de Empédocles, su interpretación se descarta por incorrecta y ahistórica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 17»

«On the other hand, examination of literary evidence more or less contemporary with Empedocles can often allow us to tell what he himself will have meant by the word or expression and how he expected his audience to understand it; it will show us this thanks to, but also in spite of, the person quoting and interpreting the fragment.»el reverso de la misma regla: el testimonio literario más o menos contemporáneo permite saber qué quiso decir Empédocles y cómo esperaba que lo entendieran, gracias a quien lo cita y también a pesar de él

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 17»

«Matters are made even easier by the fact that Empedocles deliberately chose to write not in prose but in the tradition of epic poetry.»la circunstancia que Kingsley considera favorable: Empédocles eligió deliberadamente no escribir en prosa sino en la tradición de la poesía épica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 17»

«There has been a growing sensitivity to this aspect of his work in recent years—unfortunately sometimes accompanied by an over-reliance on modernist theories of poetry and a lack of basic common sense.»la reserva que Kingsley pone a la sensibilidad reciente hacia ese aspecto: viene acompañada a veces de un exceso de teoría modernista de la poesía y de falta de sentido común

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 17»

«But all in all the fact remains that Empedocles, like other Presocratics, is still treated to a great extent as a 'philosopher' living in a mental world of his own rather than as an individual concerned to communicate his ideas within the framework and limitations of the language of his time.»el balance que hace del estado de la cuestión: a Empédocles se le sigue tratando como un *filósofo* en un mundo mental propio y no como alguien que quería comunicarse dentro del marco y los límites de la lengua de su tiempo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 17»

«The phenomenon of modern scholars interpreting Presocratic texts in the most anachronistic of ways by granting them what could be described as 'diplomatic immunity’ from the most fundamental laws of linguistic criticism is one that we will keep encountering, and sooner rather than later.»la fórmula con que Kingsley nombra el defecto que dice que reaparecerá a lo largo del libro: conceder a los textos presocráticos una *inmunidad diplomática* frente a las leyes básicas de la crítica lingüística

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 17»

«But philology is by no means the only tool at our disposal.»el aviso de que la filología no es su única herramienta

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 17»

«There is a vast amount of historical, geographical, mythological, and religious evidence still surviving in one form or another which together establishes a network of points of orientation that help us to understand Empedocles, his predecessors, his contemporaries, and his successors in a way that neither Aristotle nor Theophrastus was able or willing to help us understand them.»según Kingsley, el otro instrumento es la masa de evidencia histórica, geográfica, mitológica y religiosa que forma una red de puntos de orientación, y que ni Aristóteles ni Teofrasto pudieron o quisieron aportar

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 17»

«The ground covered in this book will allow several extended glimpses of such a new perspective: glimpses which should be enough to show how much there is to be learned from it not only about Empedocles himself, but 8 See below, Ch. 4,»lo que Kingsley promete que dará el libro: vistazos extendidos de esa nueva perspectiva; el tramo arrastra la llamada a nota *8 See below, Ch. 4,* porque la nota al pie está dentro del cuerpo en la capa de texto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 17»

«Unsolved problems solve each other; unanswered questions answer themselves; and the claim that insufficient evidence survives to allow us to understand aspects of Empedocles’ teachings, or of early Pythagorean tradition, or of the origins of Plato’s myths, meets with the response that the evidence was always there but has simply not been looked for in the right direction.»la formulación más fuerte de esa promesa: los problemas sin resolver se resuelven unos a otros, y la queja de que falta evidencia se responde diciendo que la evidencia estuvo siempre ahí y no se buscó en la dirección correcta

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 18»

«However, it will become clear in due course (Ch. 23) just why we are bound to conclude on the basis of the fragments of Empedocles' own poetry that what we have are the remains of two separate poems.»según Kingsley, el libro concluirá que los fragmentos que sobreviven son restos de dos poemas separados, y remite al capítulo 23 para el argumento

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 20»

«it 15 difficult not to notice how the second of these realms appears to be moving closer and closer to the first with its increasing appeal»la observación con que Kingsley enlaza física contemporánea y presocráticos: el segundo de esos dominios parece acercarse cada vez más al primero; la capa de texto imprime *it 15* por *it is*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 21»

«there are modern scientists who are consciously aware of this movement ‘back’ to the Presocratics, and not ashamed to admit it.»según Kingsley, hay científicos modernos conscientes de ese movimiento *de regreso* a los presocráticos y que no se avergüenzan de admitirlo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 21»

«They are entrusted with much more, and one obvious aspect of this obligation involves treating Empedocles or early Pythagoreans with a greater respect»la obligación que Kingsley adjudica a los estudiosos de los presocráticos: no custodian piezas de museo, y una parte obvia de esa obligación es tratar a Empédocles y a los pitagóricos tempranos con más respeto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 21»

«Any attempt at understanding Empedocles or Pythagoreans in such a way cannot possibly ignore 'foreign' material»la exigencia de método que se sigue: ningún intento de entenderlos puede ignorar el material *extranjero* solo por conservarse en otra lengua

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 21»

«the famous Persian Wars of the early fifth century Bc were as much a battle between Greeks and Greeks as between Greeks and ‘barbarians’;»el ejemplo con que Kingsley desarma la imagen de un mundo griego cerrado: las guerras médicas fueron tanto una batalla entre griegos y griegos como entre griegos y *bárbaros*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 21»

«the issue of links between Greek and oriental traditions has only been touched on occasionally,»la acotación que Kingsley pone a su propio libro: el asunto de los vínculos entre tradiciones griegas y orientales solo se toca de paso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 22»

«the recently discovered papyrus evidence for the survival, study, and, it would seem, the religious use of Empedocles’ poetry— probably dating from the late first or early second century and from Akhmim in southern Egypt—should have originated precisely in Akhmim.»según Kingsley, el papiro de Akhmim —del Egipto meridional, probablemente de finales del siglo I o principios del II— atestigua la supervivencia, el estudio y, al parecer, el uso religioso de la poesía de Empédocles, y el sitio del hallazgo no es casual

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 22»

«the basic Aristotelian dictum of the ‘excluded middle’ (that something either is x or is not x, but cannot be both simultaneously) necessarily holds good.»según Kingsley, lo que muchos en la primera línea de la ciencia contemporánea ya no pueden aceptar incluye el dictamen aristotélico del tercero excluido

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 21»

«Myths on the subject of a single, self-enclosed Greek world still abound in the scholarly imagination, in spite of the fact that the concept of 'Panhellenism', or a united Greece, was never much more than a short-lived dream in the minds of a few ambitious Athenians.»la objeción de Kingsley al mito de un mundo griego autocontenido: el panhelenismo nunca pasó de ser un sueño breve en la mente de unos cuantos atenienses ambiciosos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 21»

«A mere accumulation of evidence would distract from more important issues and, besides, would be of little value without a detailed discussion of principles and methodology: a subject demanding another book on its own.»la razón que Kingsley da para no acumular evidencia oriental: sin una discusión detallada de principios y metodología valdría poco, y eso exigiría otro libro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 22»

«The problem arises when this attitude hardens: then doubting becomes a certainty in itself, and we forget the importance of doubting our doubt.»la advertencia de método con que Kingsley abre el capítulo primero: cuando la duda se endurece se vuelve certeza, y se olvida la importancia de dudar de la propia duda

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 25»

«To hesitate rather than pass premature judgement is one thing; it is quite another thing when scholarship flounders in disagreement over questions that could easily be settled once and for all on the basis of the evidence available.»la distinción que traza a continuación: vacilar antes de juzgar es una cosa, y otra que la erudición se enrede en desacuerdos sobre preguntas que él da por contestables con la evidencia disponible

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 25»

«They are an accurate indication of how little progress has been made in understanding him over the last century.»según Kingsley, esos desacuerdos miden el poco avance logrado en un siglo de estudio de Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 25»

«In the history of western ideas Empedocles is, as far as we know, the first person who specifically reduced all of existence to four fundamental elements.»la afirmación central del capítulo: hasta donde se sabe, Empédocles es el primero en la historia de las ideas occidentales que redujo toda la existencia a cuatro elementos fundamentales

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 25»

«He introduces these elements in fragment 6 of Diels's collection of his poetry by describing them as ‘roots’ and identifying each of them with a divinity.»según Kingsley, Empédocles introduce esos elementos en el fragmento 6 de la colección de Diels llamándolos *raíces* e identificando cada uno con una divinidad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 25»

«In antiquity there were commentators who claimed that for Empedocles Zeus meant fire, Hera earth, and Hades—or Aidoneus—air.»según Kingsley, la primera de las adjudicaciones antiguas: Zeus sería el fuego, Hera la tierra y Hades —o Aidoneo— el aire

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 26»

«This view goes back, as I have shown elsewhere, to Aristotle's pupil Theophrastus.»Kingsley remite esa lectura a Teofrasto, discípulo de Aristóteles, y a un trabajo propio anterior

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 26»

«And there were those who also assumed that Zeus represents fire, but said that Hera must be air and Hades earth.»la segunda adjudicación antigua, según Kingsley: Zeus fuego, pero Hera aire y Hades tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 26»

«This view arose specifically through the subsequent influence of Stoicism on later interpreters.»y su procedencia, según Kingsley: esa segunda versión nació por influencia posterior del estoicismo sobre los intérpretes

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 26»

«Finally, in the nineteenth century another view emerged: Zeus is air, Hera earth, and Hades fire.»la tercera, decimonónica: Zeus aire, Hera tierra y Hades fuego —la que el propio libro sostendrá

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 26»

«Amid such a show of confidence there is clearly some value in checking if our assumptions are correct.»la razón por la que Kingsley se detiene a comprobar: en medio de tanta confianza vale la pena revisar si los supuestos son correctos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 26»

«In later antiquity it was generally taken for granted that when Empedocles spoke of atther he meant the element of fire.»según Kingsley, en la antigüedad tardía se daba por sentado que el *aither* de Empédocles era el elemento fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 27»

«Recently it has been common to assume instead that for Empedocles aither was not an element at all, but a secondary combination of fire plus air.»y la variante reciente: que *aither* no fuera elemento sino combinación secundaria de fuego y aire

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 27»

«On either interpretation the basic assumption is that Empedocles called his fourth element aer.»lo que ambas lecturas comparten, según Kingsley: dan por supuesto que Empédocles llamó *aer* a su cuarto elemento

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 28»

«Ironically, the last person who seems to have been consulted on the matter is Empedocles himself.»la ironía con que Kingsley presenta su procedimiento: el último consultado sobre el asunto parece haber sido el propio Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 28»

«In what survives of his work he explicitly lists the four elements several times.»el dato con el que lo consulta: en lo que sobrevive de su obra, Empédocles enumera los cuatro elementos varias veces

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 28»

«But every other time the fourth element is not aer; it is aither.»y el resultado de esa enumeración, según Kingsley: salvo una vez, el cuarto elemento no es *aer* sino *aither*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 28»

«The classic example is the statement that ‘we see earth with earth, water with water, aither with aither, and fire with fire'?»el ejemplo que Kingsley llama clásico: vemos tierra con tierra, agua con agua, *aither* con *aither* y fuego con fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 28»

«So much for the claim—made in antiquity, still repeated today—that aer was Empedocles' name for the element of air; and so much for the claims that for Empedocles ather was either the element of fire or a secondary combination of fire plus air.»la conclusión que Kingsley saca contra las dos lecturas heredadas, la antigua y la moderna, sobre el nombre del cuarto elemento; la capa de texto imprime *ather*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 28»

«How did it come about that Empedocles has been so radically misunderstood? The answer is simple.»la pregunta con que Kingsley pasa a explicar el error, y su respuesta anticipada

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 28»

«In the earliest surviving Greek literature, and in poetic tradition down to the fourth century BC, aither was the basic term for what we now call air.»según Kingsley, en la literatura griega más antigua y en la tradición poética hasta el siglo IV a. C., *aither* era el término básico para lo que hoy llamamos aire

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 28»

«Aer, on the other hand, was originally only a very isolated example of air: obscure mist or cloud.»y *aer*, en cambio, era en origen un caso muy aislado de aire: niebla oscura o nube

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 28»

«Gradually its meaning broadened from mist or vapour to describing the vaporous atmosphere we breathe,’ and so to denoting air or atmosphere cloud.»según Kingsley, el sentido de *aer* se fue ampliando de la niebla o el vapor a la atmósfera que respiramos y de ahí al aire en general

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 28»

«As the scope of the term aer increased, the scope of the word azther decreased; by the early fourth century BC it was only used to refer to the highest and most exalted region of air, up in the heavens.»la simetría que Kingsley describe: conforme el alcance de *aer* crecía, el de *aither* menguaba, hasta quedar reducido a la región más alta del aire; el escaneo imprime *azther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 29»

«In other words instead of aer being a particular example of aıther, aıther had become a particular example of aer.»la formulación con que Kingsley resume esa inversión: en vez de ser *aer* un ejemplo particular de *aither*, *aither* pasó a ser un ejemplo particular de *aer*; el escaneo imprime *aıther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 29»

«It was then, once the word had become dissociated in people's minds from air in general, that the inevitable happened: a phase of self-conscious speculation began about what substance azther consisted of.»lo que sigue a la disociación, según Kingsley: una fase de especulación consciente sobre de qué sustancia estaba hecho el *aither*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 29»

«In terms of sheer influence on general opinion in later antiquity, the most important result of this speculation was the view of the Stoics that aither is a form of fire.’»y su resultado más influyente en la opinión de la antigüedad tardía: la tesis estoica de que el *aither* es una forma de fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 29»

«There is an obviously close connection between the region of the heavens and the heat of the sun (which was generally assumed in antiquity to be made of fire); however, when in early cosmology the relationship between sun and atther was brought out into the open it was one of correlation, not identity.»la precisión que Kingsley introduce sobre la relación entre cielo y sol: cuando la cosmología temprana la explicitó, fue una correlación y no una identidad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 29»

«It was bound to happen that later Greeks, lacking what we call critical insight, would read their own understanding of aither back into the earlier poets and philosophers;»según Kingsley, era inevitable que los griegos posteriores proyectaran su propia comprensión de *aither* sobre los poetas y filósofos anteriores

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 29»

«The damage has more or less been repaired in the case of the poets; but the same cannot be said for the philosophers.»el balance que Kingsley hace del estado de la corrección: el daño está más o menos reparado en los poetas, y no en los filósofos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 29»

«Note the sharp distinction drawn here between the element of air and the element of fire, which Plato has just mentioned (58c): atther is a form of air, not fire.»según Kingsley, el pasaje del Timeo distingue con nitidez aire y fuego: el *aither* es una forma de aire, no de fuego; el escaneo imprime *atther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 29»

«But conversion of the joke into an element of doctrine was another matter.»la distinción que Kingsley traza a propósito de la etimología jocosa: una cosa es el chiste y otra convertirlo en elemento de doctrina

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 28»

«Lucretius’ uncharacteristic distinction here between fire and aither is a clear sign that he is following Empedocles closely:»según Kingsley, la distinción que Lucrecio hace entre fuego y *aither* —impropia de él— señala que sigue de cerca a Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 28»

«Aristotle and the Stoics still determine the basic perspective, even though it is common knowledge how totally unhistorical they could ०८.»el diagnóstico de Kingsley sobre la perspectiva vigente: Aristóteles y los estoicos siguen fijándola pese a saberse cuán ahistóricos podían ser; la capa de texto corrompe el final en *०८*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 30»

«For example, it continues to be assumed that Parmenides ‘implied’ the azther—fire equation in describing his principle of fire as ‘aitherial’.'”»según Kingsley, de ahí que se siga suponiendo que Parménides implicaba la ecuación *aither*-fuego al llamar *aitérico* a su principio de fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 30»

«In fact, as the context shows, the point of the adjective is to define the fire as ‘bright’ in contrast to the darkness of night, and also to define fire as a ‘celestial’ principle—belonging on high in contrast to the principle of night which is weighty and belongs down below.»la lectura que Kingsley opone: el adjetivo define el fuego como brillante frente a la oscuridad de la noche, y como principio celeste frente al principio pesado de abajo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 30»

«This in no way justifies the conclusion that for Parmenides azther consists of fire.»y su conclusión: eso no autoriza a concluir que para Parménides el *aither* consista en fuego; el escaneo imprime *azther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 30»

«On the contrary, when he does use the term aither his reference to it—alongside earth, sun, and moon—as ‘common’ is impossible to explain satisfactorily on the assumption that aither is fire.»el argumento contrario que Kingsley aporta: Parménides llama *común* al *aither* junto a tierra, sol y luna, y eso no se explica si el *aither* es fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 30»

«However it makes immediate and obvious sense when, as in the case of all other sixth- and fifth-century writers, aither is accepted as referring to the ‘upper and lower regions of the air...»y la lectura que sí lo explica, según Kingsley: la de todos los demás autores de los siglos VI y V, para quienes *aither* nombra las regiones del aire

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 30»

«Aristotle could, for instance, not possibly have written Cael. 270°16—24 if he had any awareness of what aither and aer really meant in the centuries before him.»la afirmación de Kingsley sobre Aristóteles: no habría podido escribir el pasaje del De caelo si hubiera tenido idea de lo que *aither* y *aer* significaban antes de él

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 30»

«For Empedocles, as we have seen, atither represents the element of air.»según Kingsley, el resultado del capítulo anterior: para Empédocles el *aither* es el elemento aire; el escaneo imprime *atither*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 31»

«But this is not all. Significantly, his commentators and interpreters often adopted Empedocles’ own terminology and referred to his element of air as atther even though this had become an oddity in the popular usage of their own times.»lo que Kingsley añade como significativo: sus comentaristas e intérpretes adoptaron a menudo la terminología del propio Empédocles y llamaron *aither* a su elemento aire, aunque para su época eso ya sonara raro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 31»

«For instance, a passage in the Placıta attributed to Plutarch reports that according to Empedocles aither was the first element to be separated off.»según Kingsley, los Placita atribuidos a Plutarco informan que para Empédocles el *aither* fue el primer elemento en separarse

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 31»

«heaven was created out of aıther; the sun was created out of fire.»la frase del mismo informe que Kingsley aísla: el cielo se creó del *aither* y el sol del fuego; el escaneo imprime *aıther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 31»

«This statement about heaven being created from azther agrees exactly with the point noted earlier, that Empedocles himself used the term 'heaven' as an alternative way of referring to the element of aither.!’»y la razón por la que Kingsley la considera exacta: Empédocles mismo usaba *cielo* como manera alternativa de nombrar el elemento *aither*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 31»

«Empedocles of Acragas had four elements: fire, water, azther, earth; their ruling cause is Love and Strife.»la doxografía que Kingsley cita para el cuarteto empedocleo: fuego, agua, *aither* y tierra, con Amor y Discordia como causa rectora; el escaneo imprime *azther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 32»

«He said the aer was separated off from the primal mixture of the elements and spread round in a circle.»y el informe que en cambio pone *aer*: separado de la mezcla primordial y extendido en círculo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 32»

«It is entirely understandable that, in most later reports about Empedocles, atther has simply been replaced by aer.»la explicación de Kingsley para esa deriva: es enteramente comprensible que en la mayoría de los informes tardíos *aither* quedara sustituido por *aer*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 32»

«Philo's On Providence contains a passage on Empedocles’ cosmology which has only come down to us in Armenian.»el testimonio que Kingsley trae como decisivo: el pasaje de Filón sobre la cosmología de Empédocles que solo se conserva en armenio

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 32»

«The passage is a vivid testimony to the importance for classical scholarship of texts preserved in languages other than Greek or Latin, and an equally vivid testimony to the dangers of relying on inaccurate translations.»lo que Kingsley lee en ese hecho: la importancia para la filología clásica de los textos conservados en lenguas distintas del griego y el latín, y el peligro de fiarse de traducciones inexactas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 32»

«The second book of On Providence—the one we are concerned with—consists of a dialogue between Philo and a certain Alexander.»según Kingsley, el segundo libro de On Providence es un diálogo entre Filón y un tal Alejandro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 33»

«But this arrangement, Alexander claims, has nothing to do with God's providence; it is simply a physical law.»lo que Alejandro sostiene en ese diálogo, según Kingsley: la disposición del cosmos no tiene que ver con la providencia divina sino con una ley física

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 33»

«The four constituent elements of the universe, he explains, are arranged concentrically, with earth at the centre surrounded by water which is surrounded by air—which in turn is surrounded by aither.»y cómo la describe: los cuatro elementos dispuestos concéntricamente, tierra al centro, luego agua, luego aire y el *aither* rodeándolo todo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 33»

«For as the atther was separated off, it was raised upwards by the wind (hotm) and fire.»la frase armenia que Kingsley considera clave: al separarse, el *aither* fue elevado por el viento (*hotm*) y por el fuego; el escaneo imprime *atther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 34»

«The Philo text precisely corroborates these passages, while at the same time helping to fill out the details.»según Kingsley, el texto de Filón corrobora con precisión esos pasajes y ayuda a completar los detalles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 34»

«It is a tribute to the ease and consistency of Empedocles' vision that he evidently described these gusts of fire and wind not just as being a natural result of the chaotic initial separation, but also as helping to further that separation by blowing the purified ather up out of reach of the other elements.»la lectura que Kingsley propone del conjunto: Empédocles describió esas ráfagas de fuego y viento no solo como resultado de la separación caótica inicial sino como algo que la impulsaba, soplando el *ather* purificado fuera del alcance de los otros elementos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 34»

«The precision of Philo's report is striking. So is its corroboration and elaboration of the statements by other commentators—not to mention its close relationship to the surviving fragments of Empedocles.?»el juicio de Kingsley sobre el testimonio armenio: su precisión es notable, corrobora y amplía a otros comentaristas y guarda relación estrecha con los fragmentos que sobreviven

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 35»

«It also agrees with the Placıta in presenting the creation of heaven out of azther and the creation of the sun out of fire as two formally parallel events.»y coincide con los Placita en presentar la creación del cielo a partir del *aither* y la del sol a partir del fuego como dos sucesos formalmente paralelos; el escaneo imprime *azther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 35»

«And it agrees with both the Placita and the Stromateis as well as with Empedocles himself in distinguishing sharply between azther—the first element to be separated out—and the element of fire.»la tercera coincidencia que Kingsley registra: Placita, Stromateis y el propio Empédocles distinguen con nitidez el *aither* —primer elemento separado— del elemento fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 35»

«Since the time of Diels, a century ago, it has been traditional to claim that the word aer occurs five times in the surviving fragments.»según Kingsley, desde Diels es tradicional afirmar que la palabra *aer* aparece cinco veces en los fragmentos que sobreviven

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 36»

«This is a splendid example of the way that texts of the ‘philosophers’ continue to be granted a kind of diplomatic immunity from the laws of editorial and linguistic criticism.»y su calificación de esa tradición: ejemplo espléndido de la inmunidad diplomática que se concede a los textos de los *filósofos* frente a la crítica editorial y lingüística

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 36»

«We have already seen how, as a matter of course, later writers substituted aer for Empedocles’ own use of the term azther when discussing or repeating what he had said.»lo que Kingsley da ya por establecido: los escritores posteriores sustituían de oficio *aer* por el *aither* del propio Empédocles al discutirlo o repetirlo; el escaneo imprime *azther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 36»

«Considering the changes in terminology since Empedocles! time, the substitution was inevitable; and from the point of view of those later writers it was totally legitimate.»y la disculpa que les concede: dados los cambios de terminología, la sustitución era inevitable y desde el punto de vista de esos autores enteramente legítima

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 36»

«We come now to an undeniable instance of Empedocles using the word aer.»la salvedad con que Kingsley abre el caso siguiente: hay un uso innegable de la palabra *aer* por Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 37»

«can be no denying that here it has the specific sense of wetness.»lo que Kingsley sostiene sobre ese uso: ahí *aer* tiene el sentido específico de humedad; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 38»

«If it is true that in the sixth century Bc Theagenes of Rhegium explained Homer's Hera as meaning aer, he too is almost certain to have understood the term not in its later sense of an 'element' but— just as Homer did—in the specific sense of mist or cloud.”»según Kingsley, si Teágenes de Regio explicó en el siglo VI la Hera homérica como *aer*, casi con seguridad lo entendió no como elemento sino, igual que Homero, como niebla o nube

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 38»

«No less instructive is the Hippocratic Airs, Waters, Places, written approximately a generation after Empedocles. Every single time that the aer mentioned in the title is referred to in this work it means either mist or fog or, failing that, an atmosphere permeated with dampness—especially with the kind of moisture carried and left by rainy winds.'?»el segundo testimonio que Kingsley trae, escrito una generación después de Empédocles: en Aires, aguas y lugares el *aer* del título significa siempre niebla, bruma o atmósfera empapada; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 38»

«Here in Empedocles the ‘moist aer’ can, as the adjective itself indicates, hardly be an element in its own right—not to mention the fact that his four elements have already been accounted for.»la consecuencia que Kingsley saca para el fragmento: el *aer* húmedo difícilmente puede ser un elemento propio, y además los cuatro elementos ya están contados

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 38»

«On the contrary, this way of describing the aer— plus its position intermediate between sea on the one hand and sun and azther on the other—strongly suggests that it is some kind of modification of water under the influence of the sun: a graphic but specific reference to the mist hovering above large bodies of water as a result of evaporating moisture.»y la lectura que propone: por el adjetivo y por su posición entre el mar y el sol, ese *aer* es una modificación del agua bajo la acción del sol, la niebla que flota sobre grandes masas de agua

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 38»

«We will come back later to the question of what mist was for Empedocles.»la deuda que Kingsley se anota a sí mismo: qué era la niebla para Empédocles se retomará más adelante

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 39»

«when introducing fragment»según Kingsley, al introducir el fragmento 100 Aristóteles glosa el *aither* de Empédocles como *aer* tres veces; el escaneo imprime *atther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 39»

«We have already seen examples of how this kind of substitution produced corruptions in Empedoclean texts.»y el efecto ya visto de esa clase de sustitución: corrupciones en los textos empedocleos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 39»

«Although the mistake is very probably Aristotle’s own, it would be wrong to exclude the alternative possibility of a later corruption in the MS tradition:»la abstención con que Kingsley cierra el caso: el error es muy probablemente del propio Aristóteles, pero no debe excluirse una corrupción posterior en la tradición manuscrita

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 39»

«If the noun, as well as the epithet, went back to Empedocles, we would have another example of him using the word aer with its contemporary connotations of mist, cloud, and rain: ‘cloud-gatherer’ is the adjective applied in Homer to Zeus as the bringer of rain.* However, this is highly unlikely.»según Kingsley, si el sustantivo se remontara a Empédocles tendríamos otro uso de *aer* con sus connotaciones contemporáneas de niebla, nube y lluvia —*amontonador de nubes* es lo que Homero dice de Zeus—, pero lo considera muy improbable

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 40»

«It refutes the claim that Empedocles used aer and aither interchangeably;? and—once the veil thrown over the issue by later misunderstandings and changes in terminology is drawn back—it shows him using the two terms in clearly separate Ways.»lo que Kingsley lee en el fragmento: que Empédocles no usaba *aer* y *aither* de modo intercambiable sino en sentidos claramente separados, una vez retirado el velo de los malentendidos posteriores

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 41»

«Although the surviving fragments of Empedocles are plain enough evidence in themselves for the distinction he drew between aither and aer, we also happen to have been left with some very significant information in the secondary sources.»y la doble base de esa distinción: los fragmentos bastan por sí solos, y además quedó información significativa en las fuentes secundarias

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 41»

«The later commentators tend, as we have seen, to make no distinction between aer and aither, but the Placita of pseudo-Plutarch provides one notable exception.»la excepción que Kingsley aísla entre los comentaristas tardíos: los Placita del pseudo-Plutarco, que sí distinguen *aer* de *aither*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 41»

«The fact that this report apparently gives a total of five elements, not four, has naturally caused consternation.” It is hardly a coincidence that we have already encountered the same anomaly in a text of Empedocles (fragment 38); the parallel is illuminating, and yet that must not prevent us from looking»la anomalía que ese informe presenta —cinco elementos en vez de cuatro— y la cautela con que Kingsley la trata: el paralelo con el fragmento 38 es iluminador y aun así no debe cerrar la mirada; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 41»

«However, it is just as alien to Empedocles—whose four elements were strictly distinct from each other and noninterchangeable—as is the later five-element theory.”»la razón por la que Kingsley descarta también la teoría de los cinco elementos: los cuatro de Empédocles eran estrictamente distintos y no intercambiables; la fuente imprime *non-interchangeable* partido por el salto de renglón y span() lo une

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 42»

«And, as pseudo-Plutarch himself tells us, this aer is part of ‘the regions around the earth’.»el dato del propio pseudo-Plutarco que Kingsley usa para situar ese *aer*: pertenece a *las regiones en torno a la tierra*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 42»

«As we saw earlier, in On Providence he presents us with the figure of Alexander: an adversary who substantiates his godless arguments by appealing to Empedocles.»según Kingsley, en On Providence Filón presenta a Alejandro como adversario que apuntala sus argumentos impíos apelando a Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 43»

«The resulting format is precisely what one would expect: Alexander cites particular aspects of Empedocles' philosophy, and then sums up their relevance in terms of his debate with Philo.»y el formato que de ahí resulta: Alejandro cita aspectos concretos de la filosofía de Empédocles y luego resume su pertinencia para el debate con Filón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 43»

«he starts by presenting Empedocles' account of the initial separation of the elements; we have already seen how valuable and accurate this description is.»el punto de partida de Alejandro, según Kingsley: la separación inicial de los elementos, descripción que él ya dio por valiosa y exacta

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 43»

«A great deal of trouble has arisen from the failure to realize that this is no longer a summary of Empedocles, but Alexander's own statement of his objections to the theory of providence—expressed in terms derived from contemporary Hellenistic philosophy.»el error de lectura que Kingsley señala como origen de mucha confusión: lo que sigue ya no resume a Empédocles sino que es la objeción propia de Alejandro a la providencia, en términos de la filosofía helenística de su tiempo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 43»

«After the interruption, however, Alexander turns back once again to Empedocles— and tooutlining the salient points in Empedocles' explanation of how the earth and sea came into being.»y el momento en que Alejandro vuelve a Empédocles: para exponer cómo nacieron la tierra y el mar; la capa de texto pega *tooutlining*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 43»

«On the one hand, he claims, Empedocles has given a perfectly satisfactory account of the origin of the oceans in terms of purely physical causes; on the other, ‘it is absurd to say that such vast amounts of undrinkable»la doble jugada que Kingsley describe en Alejandro: concede que Empédocles explicó el origen de los océanos por causas puramente físicas y a la vez llama absurdo el resultado; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 43»

«The first is the one which later came to be generally accepted, was used by Philo himself, and eventually passed into Islamic cosmology:»según Kingsley, la primera de las dos explicaciones acabó siendo la generalmente aceptada, la usó el propio Filón y pasó finalmente a la cosmología islámica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 43»

«What is more, it is clearly significant that—as we saw earlier—pseudo-Plutarch gives precisely the same interpretation of Empedocles ‘theory’ of aer as due to transmutation of the element of water which Philo gives here.»el paralelo que Kingsley considera significativo: pseudo-Plutarco da exactamente la misma interpretación del *aer* empedocleo como transmutación del agua que da Filón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 44»

«There is only one plausible explanation for all this: that Philo's account of Empedocles' teaching goes back to the same source which pseudo-Plutarch has summarized more briefly.»y la única explicación que Kingsley juzga plausible: el informe de Filón se remonta a la misma fuente que pseudo-Plutarco resume más brevemente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 44»

«The parallel with pseudo-Plutarch becomes even closer when we notice that both he and Philo present in direct sequence the two related processes of water being produced out of earth, and of aer being produced out of water.»la coincidencia que estrecha ese paralelo: los dos presentan en secuencia directa el agua producida de la tierra y el *aer* producido del agua

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 44»

«Understanding edew (‘became’, ‘came into being’) from the previous clause helps to clarify the meaning.»la precisión filológica con que Kingsley aclara el pasaje: hay que entender el verbo de la cláusula anterior, con el griego tal como lo imprime la capa de texto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 44»

«In describing the first of the two processes—water emerging out of earth—he uses the term ‘humidity’; but when it comes round to Philo’s turn to refute him on precisely this point he answers Alexander by using the word ‘sweat’ instead.»la asimetría de vocabulario que Kingsley registra en el diálogo: Alejandro dice *humedad* y Filón, al responderle en ese mismo punto, dice *sudor*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 45»

«We know Empedocles called the sea the sweat of the earth, and from Philo's language it is plain that in using this term he has Empedocles specifically in mind;»y la razón por la que eso importa, según Kingsley: se sabe que Empédocles llamó sudor de la tierra al mar, y el lenguaje de Filón muestra que lo tiene específicamente en mente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 45»

«Another writer, Seneca, explicitly attributes to Empedocles an analogy with hot baths: an analogy which, according to Seneca, he used as a way of describing how hot springs are produced from water flowing above the fires that burn inside the earth.»el segundo testimonio, según Kingsley: Séneca atribuye explícitamente a Empédocles una analogía con los baños calientes, para explicar cómo nacen las fuentes termales del agua que corre sobre fuegos subterráneos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 45»

«The inevitable conclusion is that Seneca and Philo have recorded different aspects of one impressively coherent picture: the subterranean fires heat the water close to the earth's surface, which in turn is converted into vapour or steam.”»la conclusión que Kingsley extrae de juntar los dos: Séneca y Filón registran aspectos distintos de un cuadro coherente, en el que los fuegos subterráneos calientan el agua cercana a la superficie y la convierten en vapor

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 45»

«It is clear that Empedocles’ interest in describing this picture of hot springs and subterranean fire derives from his direct familiarity with the volcanic terrain of Sicily and the surrounding islands.*!»y de dónde saca Empédocles ese cuadro, según Kingsley: de su trato directo con el terreno volcánico de Sicilia y las islas vecinas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 46»

«Itis not a question of whether or not Empedocles used the image of hot baths to explain the phenomenon of hot springs: the hot springs were the hot baths.»la corrección que Kingsley introduce contra la lectura como metáfora: no se trata de si Empédocles usó la imagen de los baños calientes, porque las fuentes termales eran los baños calientes; la capa de texto pega *Itis*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 46»

«But Empedocles himself was not explaining the origin of air; he was explaining the origin of steam.»y lo que de ahí se sigue: Empédocles no explicaba el origen del aire sino el del vapor

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 46»

«Although Empedocles clearly distinguished between aither and aer, this was not the distinction that would later be made between aither as the upper and aer as the lower region of air.»la advertencia de Kingsley contra el anacronismo: la distinción empedoclea entre *aither* y *aer* no es la posterior entre región superior e inferior del aire

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 47»

«This was a therapy for the body that was an actual pleasure, involving no unpleasant effects from the heat.»según Kingsley, esos baños eran una terapia corporal que resultaba un placer, sin efectos desagradables del calor

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 47»

«For Empedocles himself it was out of the question.»y su límite: para el propio Empédocles la lectura posterior quedaba fuera de discusión

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 48»

«Failure to appreciate this has meant that clues to the identity of the gods listed by him in the fragment we started with have been looked for in completely the wrong direction.»la consecuencia que Kingsley saca para la historia de la interpretación: por no apreciar eso, las claves de la identidad de los dioses del fragmento inicial se buscaron en la dirección equivocada

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 48»

«But Empedocles called the element aither, and there can be no real justification at all for identifying his Hera with azther.»la negativa concreta: Empédocles llamó *aither* al elemento, y no hay justificación real para identificar a su Hera con el *aither*; el escaneo imprime *azther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 48»

«On the contrary, when Hera did come to be associated in Stoic circles with the air it was precisely so that she could be equated with the lower, damp, feminine aer, while Zeus was the warm, masculine aither that lay on top of πετ.»y lo que Kingsley lee en el uso estoico: Hera se asoció al aire justamente para equipararla con el *aer* bajo, húmedo y femenino, mientras Zeus era el *aither* cálido y masculino de encima; el escaneo imprime el griego *πετ*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 48»

«According to that interpretation, the ‘covered-over cave’ which Empedocles describes fallen souls as descending into is not a literal cave but a symbol of the world we live in.»según Kingsley, la interpretación neoplatónica hace de la *cueva cubierta* a la que descienden las almas caídas no una cueva literal sino un símbolo del mundo en que vivimos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 48»

«It is well known that the Neoplatonists had their own very creative ways of interpreting the Presocratics.»lo que Kingsley da por sabido sobre los neoplatónicos: tenían maneras muy creativas de interpretar a los presocráticos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 49»

«the teller of the myth is obviously Empedocles; but who is the interpreter?»la pregunta con que Kingsley objeta la lectura alegórica: el narrador del mito es Empédocles, pero ¿quién es el intérprete?

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 50»

«That Empedocles himself would have defused the drama of his poem by adding his own allegorical interpretation is not the most attractive hypothesis.»y su respuesta por vía de improbabilidad: que Empédocles desactivara el drama de su propio poema añadiéndole una interpretación alegórica no es la hipótesis más atractiva

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 50»

«So for example Porphyry, in the famous passage where he compares Empedocles’ ‘covered-over cave’ to the 'subterranean cave' in Plato's Republic, is forced to quote from Plato alone in defence of his fundamental thesis that in both cases the cave is a symbol of this world.»según Kingsley, Porfirio, al comparar la *cueva cubierta* de Empédocles con la caverna de la República, se ve obligado a citar solo a Platón para defender su tesis

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 50»

«Even more significant is a passage from Plotinus. In it he states specifically that, on the subject of the fall of souls and what exactly it meant, Empedocles revealed neither more nor less than Pythagoras and his disciples were accustomed to reveal on this and many other matters; in his case the lack of any clear statement is understandable because he was writing poetry.»el pasaje de Plotino que Kingsley considera aún más significativo: sobre la caída de las almas, Empédocles no reveló ni más ni menos que lo que Pitágoras y sus discípulos acostumbraban revelar; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 50»

«So we have no choice but to turn to the divine Plato.»la salida que Plotino declara no tener alternativa, según Kingsley: recurrir al divino Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 50»

«Plotinus comment could hardly be more revealing: ‘it refers— I suppose (δοκῶ μοιὴ---ἰο the totality of existence’.»y el grado de certeza con que Plotino se expresa, que Kingsley subraya: *me parece*, con el griego δοκῶ μοι tal como lo imprime la capa de texto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 50»

«In fact, however, even if we were to assume for argument's sake that the Neoplatonic interpretation of Empedocles' Punifications was correct, this still would not justify equating Hades with his element of air.»la concesión con que Kingsley refuerza su argumento: aun dando por correcta la interpretación neoplatónica, eso no justificaría equiparar Hades con el elemento aire

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 51»

«The essential point which is often overlooked is that when Platonists spoke of Hades in this transposed, allegorical sense they were very clear about what they meant.»el punto que dice que suele pasarse por alto: los platónicos tenían muy claro qué querían decir al hablar de Hades en sentido trasladado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 51»

«Almost invariably they stated that they were refernng to the sublunar world: to the dark region of air in the earth's shadow, the specifically terrestrial region of the atmosphere which is alive with the suffering and wailing of earth-bound souls.»y qué querían decir, según Kingsley: el mundo sublunar, la región oscura de aire en la sombra de la tierra, poblada por el sufrimiento de las almas atadas a ella

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 51»

«But for Empedocles atther is above all the realm of heaven, the outermost region of the universe.»la diferencia decisiva, según Kingsley: para Empédocles el *aither* es ante todo el reino del cielo, la región más externa del universo; el escaneo imprime *atther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 52»

«The soul does not fall down into the aither; on the contrary, if anything it falls from the aıther, from heaven, and ascends back to it again when it finally escapes incarnation.»y de ahí la dirección del movimiento: el alma no cae al *aither* sino que, si acaso, cae desde él y vuelve a subir al escapar de la encarnación

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 52»

«There can be no equating aither and Hades, which—on any account—are diametrically and fundamentally opposed.»la conclusión: no cabe equiparar *aither* y Hades, que en cualquier lectura son diametralmente opuestos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 52»

«It is also important to understand that when the Platonists produced their interpretations of Empedocles they had a radically different view of the world from Empedocles himself.»la advertencia de Kingsley sobre el marco de los intérpretes: al interpretar a Empédocles, los platónicos tenían una visión del mundo radicalmente distinta de la suya

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 52»

«For them even heaven, ouranos, was a low state, a step on the way to incarnation: the soul originated from the immaterial regions beyond.»para ellos, según Kingsley, incluso el cielo era un estado bajo, un paso hacia la encarnación, porque el alma venía de las regiones inmateriales de más allá

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 52»

«But for Empedocles heaven is the place of origin and the final place of return: the region of freedom— not suffering or damnation, or even transition.»y para Empédocles, en cambio, el cielo es el lugar de origen y de retorno final: región de libertad, no de sufrimiento ni de tránsito

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 52»

«Empedocles assures his disciple that, as a result of what he will learn, You will be able to fetch from Hades the life-force of a man who has died.’»la línea de Empédocles con que Kingsley responde a esas afirmaciones: el discípulo podrá traer de vuelta del Hades la fuerza vital de un hombre muerto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 52»

«On the contrary, it must be understood in the light of similar statements in Greek literature from both after and before Empedocles' time.»y cómo hay que leerla, según Kingsley: a la luz de enunciados semejantes de la literatura griega anterior y posterior a Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 53»

«Obviously, if a dead man's life-force has to be fetched back from Hades then Hades cannot be 'this life on earth’, as the Platonists claimed.»el argumento que Kingsley extrae de esa línea: si hay que traer de vuelta al muerto desde el Hades, el Hades no puede ser esta vida en la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 53»

«What is more, when we view Empedocles' choice of wording—as we must— against the background of established epic usage, and also when we compare the standard phraseology used throughout the history of Greek literature for expressing the notion of the dead being brought back to life, the conclusion becomes unavoidable that Empedocles was specifically intending to evoke the theme of a katabasıs: of an actual descent into the underworld.»y el refuerzo que añade por vía del uso épico establecido y de la fraseología griega estándar para devolver a la vida a un muerto; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 53»

«This is hardly surprising: a subterranean Hades is precisely what one would expect of Empedocles within the context of the south Italian magic and mysticism of his time, were it not for the strange ideas read back into him by later centuries.»lo que Kingsley considera esperable: un Hades subterráneo es justo lo que cabría esperar de Empédocles en el contexto de la magia y la mística del sur de Italia de su tiempo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 53»

«His Hades cannot be the air around the earth—let alone the azther of heaven.»y la negativa que cierra el capítulo: su Hades no puede ser el aire en torno a la tierra, y menos el *aither* del cielo; el escaneo imprime *azther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 53»

«The fact that, from Plato down to recent times, hell or Hades has persistently been located inside a spherical earth should speak for itself:»el dato de larga duración que Kingsley invoca: desde Platón hasta tiempos recientes, el infierno o Hades se ha situado con persistencia dentro de una tierra esférica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 53»

«Equation of Hera, or Hades, with azther can be excluded.»la eliminación con que Kingsley cierra el argumento anterior: ni Hera ni Hades pueden equipararse al *aither*; el escaneo imprime *azther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 54»

«This leaves only one possible candidate, Zeus; and no one could fit the bill more perfectly.»y el candidato único que queda, con la única frase de entusiasmo que se permite: Zeus

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 54»

«The idea that aıther, up in heaven, is the home of Zeus is perhaps the single most enduring religious tradition from Homer down to the end of antiquity.»según Kingsley, la idea de que el *aither* del cielo es la morada de Zeus es quizá la tradición religiosa más duradera desde Homero hasta el final de la antigüedad; el escaneo imprime *aıther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 54»

«The tendency towards outright assimilation of aither and Zeus is old—much older than Empedocles—and very nearly as pervasive.»y la asimilación lisa y llana entre *aither* y Zeus es más vieja que Empédocles y casi igual de extendida

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 54»

«Empedocles himself, as we have seen, applied to the air the epithet traditionally reserved for Zeus.»el dato del propio Empédocles que Kingsley usa: aplicó al aire el epíteto tradicionalmente reservado a Zeus

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 54»

«In the crucial fragment 6, his description of Zeus as ‘bright’ (ἀργής) agrees exactly with his repeated emphasis elsewhere on the brightness of the element of azther; it also describes perfectly the dazzling brilliance of the Mediterranean sky.»y el segundo dato del fragmento 6: llamar *brillante* a Zeus —ἀργής en la capa de texto— concuerda con el énfasis reiterado en el brillo del elemento *aither* y describe el resplandor del cielo mediterráneo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 54»

«As for the claim by recent writers that the identification of Empedocles' Zeus with air is a modern invention, this is rather obviously contradicted by the facts.»la respuesta de Kingsley a quienes llaman invención moderna la identificación de Zeus con el aire: los hechos la contradicen

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 54»

«That Empedocles applied to air an epithet specifically reserved for Zeus deserves a little extra comment.»el aparte que Kingsley abre sobre el epíteto: que Empédocles aplicara al aire un epíteto reservado a Zeus merece comentario adicional

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 54»

«The Homeric poems were so well known to Empedocles’ audience that by borrowing one unusual word from them he could immediately evoke the word's context;»y su explicación: la audiencia de Empédocles conocía los poemas homéricos lo bastante para que una sola palabra inusual evocara de inmediato su contexto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 54»

«The evidence shows that in the case of Empedocles, as in the case of Parmenides before him, this art of evocation and subtle transposition was precisely that: a matter of deliberate method and conscious skill.»lo que Kingsley sostiene sobre ese recurso en Empédocles y antes en Parménides: era método deliberado y destreza consciente, no casualidad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 55»

«To Aristotle that has no place at all in the writings of a philosopher: it is just another infuriating aspect of the vague, implicit, oracular use of language which he condemned in Empedocles as pretentiousness, trickery, and sleight of hand.»y lo que Aristóteles hacía con él, según Kingsley: condenarlo en Empédocles como pretensión, truco y juego de manos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 55»

«Closer to him in both respects is Plutarch, who does not cut quite so many corners as Tzetzes; instead, he states more carefully that 'Hera represents aer, and the birth of Hephaestus represents the transmutation of aer into fire.’»según Kingsley, Plutarco es más cuidadoso que Tzetzes y dice que Hera representa el *aer* y el nacimiento de Hefesto la transmutación del *aer* en fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 57»

«There should be no need to say any more about the total inapplicability to Empedocles of even this idea of transmutation.»y la abstención con que Kingsley cierra el punto: no hace falta añadir nada sobre la total inaplicabilidad a Empédocles incluso de esa idea de transmutación

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 57»

«While there is no justification for identifying Hera with fire, the grounds for identifying her with earth are almost as strong as if the equation had been stated explicitly.»la adjudicación positiva de Kingsley: no hay justificación para identificar a Hera con el fuego, y en cambio los motivos para identificarla con la tierra son casi tan fuertes como si la ecuación estuviera dicha

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 57»

«In fragment 6 Empedocles gives her the epithet ‘life-bearing’, pheresbios. This is an epithet specifically reserved in Hesiod and the Homeric poems for the earth and its fruitfulness.»y el motivo concreto: en el fragmento 6 Hera recibe el epíteto *pheresbios*, *portadora de vida*, reservado en Hesíodo y en Homero a la tierra y a su fecundidad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 57»

«That brings us back to the issue of his deliberate use of the art of allusion.»y de ahí Kingsley vuelve al uso deliberado del arte de la alusión

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 57»

«Yet the usual view is that Empedocles transferred the traditional epithet ‘life-bearing’ from the earth to the air, and then applied it to Hera, ‘in accordance with his custom of putting established phrasing in a new setting’.»la lectura contraria que Kingsley expone: que Empédocles trasladara el epíteto de la tierra al aire y lo aplicara a Hera, según su costumbre de poner frases establecidas en un marco nuevo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 57»

«More than anything else, however, this attempt at an explanation reflects the sophisticated chaos of twentieth-century ideas about language.»y lo que él lee en ese intento de explicación: refleja el caos sofisticado de las ideas del siglo XX sobre el lenguaje

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 57»

«Here, in fragment 6, it is a simple case of an obvious clue within the riddle itself»la lectura que él propone en cambio para el fragmento 6: una pista obvia dentro del propio enigma; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 57»

«As for Empedocles equating Hera and earth, that is no more surprising than his identification of a:ther with Zeus.»según Kingsley, que Empédocles equipare Hera y tierra no es más sorprendente que su identificación de *aither* con Zeus; el escaneo imprime *a:ther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 58»

«From the point of view of cult, Hera was intimately connected with the fertility not just of humans but also of the earth—and this was especially the case in the Greek West.”»el argumento de culto: Hera estaba ligada a la fertilidad no solo humana sino de la tierra, y en especial en el occidente griego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 58»

«What is more, the evidence tends to suggest that long before the equation of Hera with aer gained any real currency, the equation of her with earth was being accepted in precisely those circles with which Empedocles is most likely to have been linked.”»y el argumento de círculo: mucho antes de que la ecuación Hera-*aer* tuviera curso, la ecuación con la tierra se aceptaba justo en los medios a los que Empédocles pudo estar vinculado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 58»

«Last, but not least, it is healthy to bear in mind that the fertility and fruitfulness of Sicily's soil were as good as proverbial.”»el tercero, que Kingsley llama saludable tener presente: la fertilidad del suelo siciliano era casi proverbial

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 58»

«But of course nothing is chthonic, very precisely: the term was an extremely broad one.»la objeción de Kingsley a llamar *exactamente ctónico* a Hades: nada es ctónico con exactitud, porque el término era amplísimo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 58»

«It was only natural that Hades would be referred to as terrestrial when contrasting him with the celestial divinities of Olympus.»la concesión que hace enseguida: era natural llamarlo terrestre al contrastarlo con las divinidades celestes del Olimpo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 58»

«However, when it comes to defining him and his domain more specifically we invariably find them both being located underneath the earth (ὃς ὑπὸ χθονὶ δώματα ναίει); to a Greek in Empedocles' time it was in fact second nature to draw a sharp distinction between the earth (gata or chthon) and Hades.»y el límite de esa concesión: al definirlo con más precisión, él y su dominio quedan siempre bajo la tierra, con el griego ὃς ὑπὸ χθονὶ δώματα ναίει tal como lo imprime la capa de texto, y un griego de la época distinguía sin esfuerzo entre tierra y Hades

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 58»

«nothing was closer, more intimate, and more tangible than the earth.»el contraste que Kingsley traza: nada había más cercano, más íntimo y más palpable que la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«Hades, however, was always essentially ‘other’. Even if his realm was no longer restricted to the hidden areas inside the earth but projected into the atmosphere instead,»y frente a eso, Hades era siempre esencialmente *otro*, aun cuando su reino se proyectara a la atmósfera en vez de quedar dentro de la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«it was still understood to be hidden, unseen.*»y aun así seguía entendiéndose como oculto, invisible

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«This helps to explain the fact that, although theoretically the opportunity for equating Hades with earth could hardly have been closer to hand,”»lo que eso explica, según Kingsley: que la ocasión teórica de equiparar Hades y tierra estuviera a la mano y no se tomara; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«And then there is the question of the element of earth itself.»la pregunta que Kingsley abre a continuación, sobre el elemento tierra mismo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«Empedocles uses the word gaia just as frequently as the term chthon,»el dato de uso: Empédocles emplea *gaia* con la misma frecuencia que *chthon*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«gaia—even more so than chthon—is mythically as well as grammatically feminine.*»y el rasgo que lo decide, según Kingsley: *gaia* es femenino tanto mítica como gramaticalmente, más aún que *chthon*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«This is just as well. As we have seen, there is only one element left which Hades can possibly represent, and that is not earth but fire.»la conclusión que de ahí saca: queda un solo elemento posible para Hades, y no es la tierra sino el fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«The nineteenth-century ‘innovation’ was correct in its explanation of fragment 6 after all:»y su veredicto sobre la *innovación* decimonónica: era correcta en su explicación del fragmento 6

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«Zeus is air, Hera earth, Hades fire, and Nestis water.»la ecuación completa que Kingsley sostiene: Zeus aire, Hera tierra, Hades fuego y Nestis agua

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«both of the ancient traditions are wrong.»y lo que eso implica para las dos tradiciones antiguas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«The rationale behind the tradition which goes back to Theophrastus—that Zeus is fire, Hades air, and Hera earth—is still discernible:»la racionalidad que Kingsley concede a la tradición que viene de Teofrasto —Zeus fuego, Hades aire, Hera tierra— y que dice seguir siendo discernible

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«the explanation is superficially reasonable, but no more.”»con su límite en la misma línea: la explicación es superficialmente razonable y nada más

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«As for the tradition that explained Empedocles’ Hera as air and Hades as earth, it is an unsophisticated projection back onto Empedocles of typically Stoic ideas:»y su lectura de la otra tradición, la que hace a Hera aire y a Hades tierra: proyección poco sofisticada de ideas típicamente estoicas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«a classic example of the disastrous principle of ‘accommodation’ (συνοικειοῦν), the principle deliberately used by Stoics to turn earlier writers into mouthpieces for their own ideas.»que Kingsley nombra con el término griego: el principio de *acomodación* (συνοικειοῦν), usado deliberadamente por los estoicos para volver a los autores antiguos portavoces de sus propias ideas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«assertions that Empedocles equated his Hera with air lies the simple device of citing his authority as a way of giving the equation the prestige of a respectable authority.»el recurso que Kingsley describe detrás de las afirmaciones sobre la Hera-aire empedoclea: citar su autoridad para prestar prestigio a la ecuación; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 60»

«The objection which we started with, to accepting that Empedocles equated Hades and fire, is in fact no objection at all.»el balance del capítulo: la objeción de partida contra la ecuación Hades-fuego no era objeción

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 62»

«But, on closer examination, the underlying problem turns out not so much to have been resolved as simply to have been shifted elsewhere.»y la reserva con que Kingsley abre el capítulo siguiente: mirado de cerca, el problema de fondo no quedó resuelto sino desplazado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 62»

«In other words Empedocles is not only stating that the fire which eventually rose up to become the sun had its origin in the bowels of the earth, but also implying that the source of daylight and illumination derives ultimately from the dark depths of the underworld.»la doble lectura que Kingsley extrae del fragmento: Empédocles no solo dice que el fuego que llegó a ser el sol nació en las entrañas de la tierra, sino que da a entender que la luz del día procede en última instancia de las profundidades oscuras del inframundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 63»

«One fragmentary line, preserved for us by Proclus, states that 'there are many fires burning beneath the surface of the earth' (B52).»la línea fragmentaria que Proclo conserva y que Kingsley trae como apoyo: hay muchos fuegos ardiendo bajo la superficie de la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 63»

«As far as the fragment cited by Proclus is concerned, Empedocles seems just to be asserting the existence of vast fires underneath the earth's surface—an assertion which of course is highly significant in its own right, considering his evident identification of the god of the underworld with the element of fire.»y lo que ese fragmento afirma, según Kingsley: la existencia de fuegos vastos bajo la superficie, dato significativo por sí solo dada la identificación del dios del inframundo con el fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 64»

«Empedocles' careful use of the art of Homeric allusion makes it impossible to ignore the probability that, through his verbal reminiscence of this passage, he was implying a link between his own ‘many fires’ and a blaze which reaches up to heaven— especially as the identical link is already made in the passage about the ancestors of humanity.»la probabilidad que Kingsley considera imposible de ignorar: por su alusión verbal a un pasaje homérico, Empédocles insinúa un vínculo entre sus *muchos fuegos* y un incendio que sube hasta el cielo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 64»

«And yet there is nothing in these hints that can be proved, or methodically demonstrated, just as there is no reason to suppose that in the portions of Empedocles' poetry which have been lost he was any clearer or more specific; as we have already seen, he liked to teach and communicate by using the method of hinting.»la abstención expresa con que Kingsley acota su propia lectura: nada de esas insinuaciones puede probarse ni demostrarse metódicamente, y tampoco hay razón para suponer que en lo perdido fuera más explícito, porque enseñaba insinuando

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 65»

«Even so, however, the central message of the passages we have been considering comes through with clarity: the fires of heaven—including the fire that rose up to become the sun— had their point of origin in the depths of the earth.»y lo que aun así sostiene que queda claro: los fuegos del cielo, y el que subió a ser el sol, tuvieron su punto de origen en las profundidades de la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 65»

«There seems to have been a time early in his career when Aristotle appreciated the ‘Homeric’ qualities of Empedocles’ poetry; later, however, he had nothing but criticisms for the laughable' way in which Empedocles tried to combine the use of poetic imagery with the role of philosopher.»según Kingsley, Aristóteles apreció al principio las cualidades homéricas de la poesía de Empédocles y después no tuvo para ella más que críticas por el modo *risible* de combinar imagen poética y papel de filósofo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 65»

«And they are also enough to defuse any doubts about how Empedocles could possibly equate the element of fire with the god of the underworld while citing the visible sun as an example of fire in the world around us.»lo que esa evidencia basta para desactivar, según Kingsley: la duda sobre cómo podía Empédocles equiparar el fuego con el dios del inframundo y a la vez citar el sol visible como ejemplo de fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 65»

«There may be a contradiction here for us, but the contradiction plainly did not exist for him.»y la fórmula con que lo resuelve sin armonizarlo: puede haber ahí una contradicción para nosotros, pero para él no la había

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 65»

«And yet, however clear in its implications, this Empedoclean evidence deserves to be placed in its wider context.»la razón por la que Kingsley amplía el marco pese a esa claridad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 65»

«more specifically, the idea that in some sense the sun belongs in and is at home in the underworld—lies at the roots of classical Greek and Roman mythology.»la tesis de fondo: la idea de que en algún sentido el sol pertenece al inframundo y está en casa en él yace en las raíces de la mitología griega y romana; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 66»

«It appears in many forms, and is especially prominent in the mythology of the Greek West.»y su distribución: aparece en muchas formas y sobre todo en la mitología del occidente griego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 66»

«Close, and obviously significant, analogies exist with themes and motifs in oriental mythology, both Near Eastern and Indo-European.»las analogías que Kingsley considera obvias y significativas: con temas y motivos de la mitología oriental, próximo-oriental e indoeuropea

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 66»

«As far as the classical world is concerned, this association between sun and underworld did not remain confined to the oldest strata of Greek myth.»y su alcance temporal dentro del mundo clásico: la asociación entre sol e inframundo no quedó confinada a los estratos más antiguos del mito griego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 66»

«Empedocles' immediate predecessor Parmenides, who was clearly his teacher in several respects as well, merely revived and gave new expression to this same paradox when he described in the introduction to his poem how he was taken by the daughters of the Sun down into the House of Night—which by implication is the home both of the daughters of the Sun and of their father.»según Kingsley, Parménides —predecesor inmediato y en varios sentidos maestro de Empédocles— revivió esa misma paradoja al contar cómo las hijas del Sol lo llevaron a la Casa de la Noche; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 66»

«A similar taste for the paradoxical is displayed in the Babylonian designation of Saturn as both "black star’ and 'star of the sun’, which is due at least in part to a pun on the word ;jalmu— meaning ‘dark’ or ‘black’ but also evidently used as a name for the winged solar disk.»el paralelo babilonio que Kingsley aporta: Saturno designado a la vez *estrella negra* y *estrella del sol*, en parte por un juego de palabras sobre un término que significa oscuro y sirve también de nombre del disco solar alado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 66»

«This helps to explain how, in late antiquity, the sun seen in a vision could meaningfully be described as “Tartarus-like’ (raprapoeıöns); and it was entirely in the spirit of this 'underground' tradition about the sun and its affinities that early Islamic cosmology presented the sun as ‘created from the fire of the earth’, related the heat of the sun to the heat of hell-fire, and could speak in one breath of ‘the fire of which the sun and the devils are made'.»lo que eso ayuda a explicar, según Kingsley: que en la antigüedad tardía el sol visto en visión pudiera llamarse *tartáreo* —con el griego ταρταροειδής tal como lo imprime la capa de texto— y que la cosmología islámica temprana lo presentara creado del fuego de la tierra; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 67»

«But above all it was alchemical tradition that was responsible for preserving and maintaining this basic association between sun, earth, and underworld.»la adjudicación que da su lugar a la alquimia en el argumento: fue sobre todo la tradición alquímica la responsable de preservar esa asociación entre sol, tierra e inframundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 67»

«Alchemists, from the end of antiquity through to and beyond the Middle Ages and Renaissance, were so concerned with the paradoxical discovery of light in the depths of darkness that they undercut all the familiar distinctions between upper and lower, celestial and terrestrial.»y por qué, según Kingsley: del final de la antigüedad hasta más allá del Renacimiento los alquimistas estuvieron tan ocupados con el hallazgo paradójico de luz en el fondo de la oscuridad que socavaron las distinciones entre arriba y abajo, celeste y terrestre

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 67»

«For them fire was only secondarily a celestial phenomenon: in origin it came from, and belonged at, the centre of the earth.»la consecuencia doctrinal: para ellos el fuego era solo secundariamente un fenómeno celeste, y por origen venía del centro de la tierra y le pertenecía

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 67»

«it, was considered by them the key to the alchemical transformation process.»según Kingsley, ese fuego del centro de la tierra era para los alquimistas la clave del proceso de transformación; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 68»

«According to them it was the real source of light—so much so that they referred to it as the ‘sun in the earth’, the ‘subterranean’ sun.»y la fuente real de la luz, hasta el punto de llamarlo *sol en la tierra*, sol subterráneo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 68»

«On the one hand this ‘earthly’ or ‘invisible sun’ was the ‘fire of hell’, the ‘black sun’, the ‘darkness of purgatory’.»la primera cara de ese sol invisible en el vocabulario alquímico, según Kingsley: fuego del infierno, sol negro, oscuridad del purgatorio

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 68»

«On the other, as the sun that ‘rises out of the darkness of the earth’, it was the origin not only of the visible sun but also of the light of the stars.»y la otra: como sol que se alza de la oscuridad de la tierra, origen del sol visible y también de la luz de las estrellas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 68»

«And, significantly, they indicated that the nature of this hidden, generative fire was volcanic.»el rasgo que Kingsley considera significativo: indicaban que la naturaleza de ese fuego oculto y generador era volcánica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 68»

«The original survives only in a few small fragments; however, part of it was translated into Latin under the title Turba philosophorum, the ‘Gathering’ or ‘Assembly’ of the philosophers.»según Kingsley, del original solo sobreviven fragmentos pequeños, y parte se tradujo al latín con el título Turba philosophorum, la *asamblea* de los filósofos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 68»

«The manuscript reading is plainly correct, and Empedocles’ teaching in the Turba is clear: the fire at the centre of the earth gives birth to the visible sun.»lo que Kingsley sostiene sobre la lección manuscrita y la enseñanza de la Turba: el fuego del centro de la tierra da a luz al sol visible

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 70»

«The agreement between this teaching and the teaching of the historical Empedocles is striking; but it is important to appreciate that—and why—this agreement is not altogether a coincidence.»y la reserva con que enmarca la coincidencia: el acuerdo con la enseñanza del Empédocles histórico es notable, y no del todo casual, por razones que hay que apreciar

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 70»

«Viewed both historically and geographically, there is little in this conclusion to be surprised at.»el juicio de Kingsley sobre esa conclusión: mirada histórica y geográficamente, tiene poco de sorprendente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 70»

«He was by no means the only alchemist living in, or originating from, the town during the ninth century—any more than Zosimus of Panopolis was an alchemist living in isolation there some six hundred years earlier.»según Kingsley, ese alquimista no era el único que vivía en Akhmim en el siglo IX, igual que Zósimo de Panópolis no había vivido aislado allí seiscientos años antes

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 71»

«There is evidence from both periods alike for the proliferation of alchemical, or alchemically minded, circles either in Akhmim itself or in other associated centres with which people from Akhmim were in contact; and this evidence, together with the notorious conservatism of alchemical lore and the basic convention of handing the knowledge down from generation to generation, very strongly implies the existence of a continuing and unbroken tradition in the place from the third and fourth centuries Ap down into the early Islamic period.»la evidencia que Kingsley reúne para los dos periodos: círculos alquímicos en Akhmim o en centros asociados, que junto al conservadurismo del saber alquímico implica una tradición continua e ininterrumpida; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 71»

«As a whole, the Arabic Mushaf was clearly an original work; parts of it are only understandable in the context of Islamic religion and culture.»la adjudicación que Kingsley hace del Mushaf árabe: obra original en conjunto, con partes solo comprensibles en el contexto de la religión y la cultura islámicas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 71»

«But at the same time many of its terms and ideas, and sometimes even entire passages, can be traced back to Greek literature.»y a la vez: muchos de sus términos, ideas y hasta pasajes enteros se remontan a la literatura griega

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 71»

«Here, clearly, we have the Greek prototype both of the Latin title Turba»lo que Kingsley identifica en ese texto: el prototipo griego del título latino Turba; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 71»

«Although this line of affiliation has long been recognized, the tendency has been to restrict the connection to the name of the works alone and deny any similarity of content.»la restricción que Kingsley señala en el reconocimiento de esa filiación: se admitió el parentesco de los títulos y se negó toda semejanza de contenido

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 72»

«As it happens, the parallels go much further than that: the Arabic Mushaf may have been an original work in its own right, but it was also an extensive reproduction and reworking of older, Greek materials.»y lo que él sostiene en cambio: el Mushaf árabe pudo ser obra original y a la vez reproducción y reelaboración extensas de materiales griegos más antiguos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 72»

«The first nine speakers in the Latin Turba, who provide the cosmological introduction to the rest of the work, are given the names— corrupted and distorted during the double transmission from Greek into Arabic and from Arabic into Latin—of Presocratic philosophers.»el dato con que lo apuntala: los nueve primeros hablantes de la Turba latina, que dan la introducción cosmológica, llevan nombres de filósofos presocráticos corrompidos por la doble transmisión del griego al árabe y del árabe al latín

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 72»

«The verdict is vindictive enough to be impressive, but is itself a distortion of the facts.»la respuesta de Kingsley a esa condena: el veredicto impresiona por vengativo y es él mismo una distorsión de los hechos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 73»

«Closer analysis shows that the main source of information used in the Olympiodorus text was not Aristotle at all; instead, 11 was the doxographic tradition which had its roots in Theophrastus.»y el resultado de mirar más de cerca: la fuente principal del texto de Olimpiodoro no era Aristóteles sino la tradición doxográfica arraigada en Teofrasto; la capa de texto imprime *11* por *it*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 73»

«The author’s basic fidelity to, and acquaintance with, this tradition is unmistakable.»lo que Kingsley considera inconfundible en ese autor: su fidelidad básica a esa tradición y su trato con ella

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 73»

«The chance recovery of information about Empedocles from a work by Philo which is only preserved in Armenian is a striking reminder of how extremely fragmentary our knowledge is about the literature and information that once used to be available—especially in Alexandria.»la lección de método que Kingsley extrae del hallazgo armenio de Filón: recuerda cuán fragmentario es lo que sabemos de la literatura que alguna vez circuló, sobre todo en Alejandría

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 74»

«And, what is more, we encounter exactly the same phenomenon in the doxography preserved by the alchemist Olympiodorus: a text containing summary accounts of Presocratic doctrines which markedly fail to correspond to any one surviving doxographic source alone.»y el mismo fenómeno en la doxografía del alquimista Olimpiodoro: relatos sumarios de doctrinas presocráticas que no corresponden a ninguna fuente doxográfica conservada por sí sola

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 74»

«Here, too, the desire for neatness must yield in the face of the evidence available.»la máxima de método con que Kingsley cierra: el deseo de pulcritud debe ceder ante la evidencia disponible

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 74»

«One is the ninth, by Xenophanes; the other the fourth, by Empedocles.* It is obviously relevant to our understanding of the Empedocles speech that the one by Xenophanes does contain unmistakable echoes from other doxographic sources.»los dos discursos de la Turba que Kingsley aísla —el noveno, de Jenófanes, y el cuarto, de Empédocles— y el hecho de que el de Jenófanes contenga ecos inconfundibles de otras fuentes doxográficas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 75»

«When the material known to us through Hippolytus was not used, the void was evidently filled from elsewhere.»y la inferencia: cuando el material que conocemos por Hipólito no se usó, el vacío se llenó desde otra parte

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 75»

«After the opening statement that air is a rarefied form of water we are presented with a scheme of water under the earth and then, at the earth's centre, of fire underneath the water.»el contenido cosmológico del discurso de Empédocles en la Turba, según Kingsley: el aire como forma rarificada del agua, agua bajo la tierra y, en el centro, fuego bajo el agua

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 75»

«In fact the correspondence between sun and seasons which the Turba attributes to Anaximenes is explicitly ascribed to him in the Placita (2.19.1—2»la correspondencia entre sol y estaciones que la Turba adjudica a Anaxímenes y que, según Kingsley, los Placita le adjudican explícitamente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 75»

«We find these ideas attributed to Empedocles in the Placita, in the Aristotelian Problems, in Plutarch, Seneca, and Philo of Alexandria.»las fuentes en que Kingsley encuentra atribuidas a Empédocles esas ideas: los Placita, los Problemas aristotélicos, Plutarco, Séneca y Filón de Alejandría

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 76»

«The fire at the centre of the earth heats the underground water lying above it; and as this water rises to the earth's surface the process of evaporation begins which ends in the water being transformed into aer—a word that to Empedocles himself meant ‘mist’, but was soon interpreted as meaning»y el mecanismo completo que reconstruye: el fuego central calienta el agua subterránea, que al subir se evapora y se transforma en *aer* —para Empédocles *niebla*, pronto entendido de otro modo—; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 76»

«On the contrary, the Olympiodorus piece plainly testifies to a self-conscious principle of composition:»lo que Kingsley lee en la pieza de Olimpiodoro: un principio de composición consciente de sí mismo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 76»

«Many of the misunderstandings about the opening section of the Turba philosophorum stem from failure to appreciate this method of composition.»y el origen de muchos malentendidos sobre la sección inicial de la Turba, según él: no apreciar ese método de composición

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 76»

«the dividing line between the doxographic and the alchemical is just as fluid—often more so than scholars have noticed.*»la observación de método que Kingsley subraya: la línea que separa lo doxográfico de lo alquímico es fluida, a menudo más de lo que los estudiosos han notado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 77»

«It is striking that all the surviving doxographic reports which mention the existence, according to Empedocles, of fire underneath the water inside the earth are concerned with this subterranean fire only indirectly: only because of its effect on certain natural phenomena and processes, but never as a cosmological fact in its own right.»el rasgo que llama notable en los informes doxográficos: todos mencionan el fuego bajo el agua dentro de la tierra solo de manera indirecta, por su efecto en ciertos fenómenos, nunca como hecho cosmológico; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 77»

«In other words the fundamental existence, according to Empedocles, of fire at the centre of the earth is either ignored or simply taken for granted.»y su formulación: la existencia del fuego en el centro de la tierra queda ignorada o simplemente dada por supuesta

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 77»

«On the other hand, what in the surviving Greek evidence is at best implicit becomes explicit in the Turba: there the fire is clearly located and portrayed at the centre of the earth.»lo que en cambio ocurre en la Turba, según Kingsley: lo que en la evidencia griega es a lo sumo implícito se vuelve explícito, con el fuego situado y retratado en el centro de la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 77»

«it was bound up with the shape—and associated symbolism—of the alchemical apparatus; in more general terms, it can be traced back to ancient Near Eastern metallurgical and mystery traditions»la doble raíz que Kingsley da a esa imagen: la forma y el simbolismo del aparato alquímico y, más en general, las tradiciones metalúrgicas y mistéricas del Próximo Oriente antiguo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 78»

«In short, the prominence given by the Empedocles of the Turba to the existence of fire at the centre of the earth is due less to any emphasis on its existence in the doxographic literature than to the role of this idea of a central fire in alchemy»y su conclusión sobre el relieve que la Turba le da: se debe menos al énfasis de la literatura doxográfica que al papel de la idea de un fuego central dentro de la alquimia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 78»

«On the other hand, jahim is the standard term in Koranic and religious literature for ‘hell-fire’; and whatever technical sense it might have had for Ibn Suwaid, there can be little doubt that he used it with an eschatological implication.»la precisión léxica que Kingsley aporta: *jahim* es el término estándar del Corán para el fuego del infierno, y sea cual fuera su sentido técnico para Ibn Suwaid, lo usó con implicación escatológica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 78»

«This aptitude on the part of alchemical writers for not only reproducing Empedoclean doxography, but also developing and supplementing it in the right direction, becomes even clearer in the case of the ‘point of the sun’ at the centre of the earth.»la aptitud que Kingsley adjudica a los escritores alquímicos: no solo reproducir la doxografía empedoclea sino desarrollarla y suplirla en la dirección correcta

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 78»

«As noted earlier, the idea of a sun-point at the heart of matter is a classic instance of alchemical symbolism; and even the terminology of a central ‘point’ of light indicates that here we have one of the many themes absorbed into the Turba literature from Gnostic circles.»el ejemplo que ofrece: el *punto del sol* en el centro de la tierra, instancia clásica del simbolismo alquímico y tema absorbido por la literatura de la Turba desde círculos gnósticos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 78»

«And yet, however Gnostic and alchemical this idea of a ‘point of the sun’, in attributing it to Empedocles the author of the Mushaf al-jama‘a attributed it correctly.»y el juicio con que Kingsley lo cierra: por gnóstica y alquímica que sea la idea, el autor del Mushaf al-jama‘a se la atribuyó correctamente a Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 79»

«It was not just a matter of Greek and then Islamic alchemists receiving doxographic information but more a matter, as it were, of their riding on the back of the doxography: using it, but also supplementing and even recreating it.»la imagen con que Kingsley describe la relación de los alquimistas con la doxografía: no solo la recibían, cabalgaban sobre ella, usándola y a la vez completándola y recreándola

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 79»

«We must not forget that the Graeco-Egyptian alchemists had access to Presocratic ideas by various routes and channels which were strictly distinct from doxographic tradition.»y la advertencia que añade: los alquimistas grecoegipcios tenían acceso a ideas presocráticas por vías y canales estrictamente distintos de la tradición doxográfica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 79»

«On the other hand, there are important lessons to be learned from the way that mythological ideas about the underworld which are of ultimately Pythagorean and Orphic origin made their way down, in Christian dress, to Akhmim;»las lecciones que Kingsley extrae del recorrido: ideas mitológicas sobre el inframundo de origen pitagórico y órfico llegaron a Akhmim con vestidura cristiana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 79»

«It will also be noted that, in their battle against heretical Gnostics, the Pachomian monasteries of Upper Egypt evidently fought a concerted feud with 'philosophers' from Akhmim:»y el dato de conflicto que registra: los monasterios pacomianos del Alto Egipto sostuvieron una disputa concertada con los *filósofos* de Akhmim

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 79»

«the blending of Empedoclean, Pythagorean, and alchemical traditions which occurred ın Hellenistic and post-Hellenistic Egypt formed part of a highly intricate picture based not just on one-directional influence but also on underlying affinities.»el cuadro que Kingsley da por establecido al cerrar la primera parte: la mezcla de tradiciones empedoclea, pitagórica y alquímica en el Egipto helenístico y posthelenístico no descansa en una influencia unidireccional sino también en afinidades subyacentes; la capa de texto imprime *ın*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 80»

«Where Empedocles is concerned, it would be natural to assume he was the only person writing in Greek who ever chose to use the word 'Hades' in the way that he evidently did:»el supuesto natural que Kingsley se plantea sobre el uso empedocleo de la palabra Hades

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 80»

«In fact however another text shows other people, centuries later, doing just the same thing.»y el hecho que él le opone: otro texto muestra a otras personas, siglos después, haciendo lo mismo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 80»

«it will start to make better sense as we proceed. That will mean, in the first instance, getting back to Empedocles himself—and to the background to his own identification of Hades with fire. Before we can start to trace the branches of Empedoclean tradition, we need first to get back to its roots.»el programa con que Kingsley cierra la primera parte y abre la segunda: antes de rastrear las ramas de la tradición empedoclea hay que volver a sus raíces, y a la identificación de Hades con el fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 80»

«There are many fires burning beneath the surface of the earth.»la línea de Empédocles con que Kingsley abre el capítulo siciliano

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 83»

«these words of his could hardly be more suggestive.»y el peso que le adjudica: sus palabras difícilmente podrían ser más sugerentes

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 83»

«Even the claim that Empedocles never spoke specifically of volcanic phenomena is untrue. We have Plutarch's word that he described how rocks and crags were created as they were thrust upwards by the fire ‘seething’ inside the earth:»según Kingsley, tampoco es cierto que Empédocles nunca hablara de fenómenos volcánicos: Plutarco atestigua que describió rocas y peñascos empujados hacia arriba por el fuego que hierve dentro de la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 84»

«It is also revealing that Proclus cites the line about the ‘many fires burning beneath the surface of the earth’ as an allusion by Empedocles to the 'streams of fire under the earth' (ὑπὸ γῆς ῥύακες πυρός).»el dato de Proclo que Kingsley considera revelador: cita la línea de los muchos fuegos como alusión a las *corrientes de fuego bajo la tierra*, con el griego ὑπὸ γῆς ῥύακες πυρός tal como lo imprime la capa de texto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 84»

«These 'streams' can only be volcanic; almost certainly they refer to the molten lava associated above all with Etna.»y su lectura: esas corrientes solo pueden ser volcánicas, y casi con seguridad remiten a la lava del Etna

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 84»

«It so happens that in Greek literature ῥύακες πυρός are almost invariably associated with Etna:»el argumento de uso que lo apoya: en la literatura griega los ῥύακες πυρός se asocian casi siempre al Etna; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 84»

«There can be no doubting that with his ‘many fires’ Empedocles had in mind a far more extensive phenomenon than little, isolated pockets of fire.»la conclusión que Kingsley saca del conjunto: con sus *muchos fuegos* Empédocles tenía en mente un fenómeno mucho más extenso que bolsas aisladas de fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 85»

«Strabo’s statement is virtually a commentary on the fragment of Empedocles quoted at the start of this chapter.»y el testimonio que sirve casi de comentario al fragmento: el de Estrabón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 85»

«This already brings us more or less to the heart of the matter as far as Empedocles' equation of fire with Hades is concerned.»el punto al que Kingsley dice haber llegado: el corazón del asunto en cuanto a la ecuación de fuego y Hades

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 85»

«Subterranean fire, as we have seen, was of fundamental importance in his cosmology; in the first instance that points us to the volcanic fire under Sicily, and of course under Etna.»y la cadena que lo sostiene: el fuego subterráneo era fundamental en su cosmología, y eso apunta al fuego volcánico bajo Sicilia y bajo el Etna

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 85»

«Whether the fire is related to Tartarus, as in Pindar, or to Hades, as in Empedocles, or to both, as in Plato, is of no real consequence: from at least the sixth century BC onwards, any mythical distinction between Hades and Tartarus was purely optional.»la indiferencia que Kingsley declara sobre una distinción heredada: que el fuego se relacione con el Tártaro como en Píndaro, con el Hades como en Empédocles o con ambos como en Platón da igual, porque desde el siglo VI la distinción mítica entre Hades y Tártaro era opcional

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 86»

«That is not a particularly significant fact in itself: substitution of this god's name for the element he was so closely associated with is part of the poetic tradition Empedocles inherited.»lo que Kingsley considera poco significativo por sí mismo: sustituir el nombre del dios por el elemento asociado es parte de la tradición poética que Empédocles heredó

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 86»

«However, in the other case the mention of his name alongside Nestis and Harmonia suggests a more specific allusion to the god.'°»y el caso en que sí lee alusión específica al dios: cuando su nombre aparece junto a Nestis y Harmonía

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 87»

«It is easy to dismiss this as a simple inconsistency; or to be more precise, it was easy while it was assumed that fire corresponds to Zeus instead of Hades.»la facilidad con que se descartó eso como inconsistencia, y su condición: era fácil mientras se suponía que el fuego correspondía a Zeus y no a Hades

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 87»

«The crucial fragment 6 nominates Hades, embodiment of death and destruction, as the god of fire;»lo que el fragmento 6 hace, según Kingsley: nombrar a Hades, encarnación de muerte y destrucción, como dios del fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 87»

«From these two decisive passages it is fair to conclude that Empedocles saw the power of fire as fundamentally destructive.»y la conclusión que juzga justa a partir de los dos pasajes decisivos: Empédocles veía el poder del fuego como fundamentalmente destructivo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 87»

«And yet that is only half of the story, because he also gave fire a central role as Aphrodite's chief accomplice in the creation of our world;»con su límite en la misma frase: eso es solo la mitad, porque también dio al fuego un papel central como principal cómplice de Afrodita en la creación de nuestro mundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 87»

«Hades and Hephaestus: on the surface they are two very different gods with nothing to connect them.»el planteamiento del problema: Hades y Hefesto parecen dos dioses muy distintos y sin nada que los conecte

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 88»

«But the apparent gulf between them rapidly disappears as soon as we look a little more closely at what the second of these gods will have meant, not for us but for Empedocles.»y la vía de solución que Kingsley anuncia: el abismo se cierra al mirar qué significaba el segundo, no para nosotros sino para Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 88»

«Hephaestus spread to the rest of the Greek world from the north-east Mediterranean, where he appears to have had associations with subterranean—and specifically volcanic— fire.»según Kingsley, Hefesto se difundió al resto del mundo griego desde el Mediterráneo nororiental, donde parece haber tenido vínculos con el fuego subterráneo y en concreto volcánico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 88»

«There, in Sicily, he took over the cult and attributes of an indigenous non-Greek god, Adranus:»y lo que hizo en Sicilia: asumir el culto y los atributos de un dios indígena no griego, Adrano

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 88»

«Adranus had his temple on the edge of Mount Etna, with a sacred grove and a fire ‘that was never extinguished and never died down'.»el santuario de ese dios, según Kingsley: en el borde del Etna, con bosque sagrado y un fuego que nunca se apagaba ni menguaba

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 88»

«Hephaestus' connections with fire expressed themselves most overtly in the form of a direct connection with volcanic fire.»la forma más patente del vínculo de Hefesto con el fuego, según Kingsley: la conexión directa con el fuego volcánico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 88»

«On Lipara he was the chief god ofthe island, and personification of the volcano;»el primer caso: en Lípari era el dios principal de la isla y personificación del volcán; la capa de texto pega *ofthe*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 88»

«Thermessa, between Lipara and Sicily, was known as Hiera because—at least in historical times—it was considered ‘sacred’ to Hephaestus.»el segundo: Thermessa, entre Lípari y Sicilia, se llamaba Hiera por tenerse en tiempos históricos por sagrada para Hefesto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 88»

«On Sicily itself, and in the immediate vicinity of Empedocles' town of Acragas, there was the ‘hill of Hephaestus': a local cult centre where the god was believed to make his presence under the hill known by extraordinary feats of spontaneous combustion.»y el tercero, en la vecindad inmediata de Acragas: la *colina de Hefesto*, centro de culto local donde se creía que el dios manifestaba su presencia bajo la colina con combustiones espontáneas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 88»

«In short, any seeming inconsistency in Empedocles' referring to fire now as Hades, now as Hephaestus is more apparent than real.»la conclusión que Kingsley extrae: la aparente inconsistencia de llamar al fuego ora Hades, ora Hefesto, es más aparente que real

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 89»

«The most typical example of the merging of opposites in the underworld is the mythical commonplace of Hades as a place of both fire and deepest darkness:»el lugar común mítico que le sirve de apoyo: el Hades como sitio a la vez de fuego y de la oscuridad más honda

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 89»

«On the contrary, the name of Hephaestus is itself just one more pointer in the direction of the underworld.»y lo que hace con el nombre mismo de Hefesto: leerlo como una señal más en dirección al inframundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 89»

«That this particular association of ideas was known to Empedocles is undeniable: to gain some impression of how important it was in shaping his cosmology, we only have to look at how he described the creation of the ancestors of men and women.»la afirmación con que Kingsley cierra la adjudicación: que Empédocles conociera esa asociación de ideas es innegable, y su peso en la cosmología se mide en cómo describió la creación de los antepasados de hombres y mujeres

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 90»

«Milton himself equated Lucifer with Hephaestus, and there is no shortage of descriptions in ancient literature of the extraordinary effects produced by Hephaestus as he works with the volcanic fire inside the earth.»el dato que Kingsley aporta desde Milton, que equiparó a Lucifer con Hefesto, junto a las descripciones antiguas de los efectos del dios trabajando el fuego volcánico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 89»

«This is not to quote Milton as direct evidence for ideas held by Empedocles but, once again, simply to emphasize the resilience and endurance of a tradition which classicists who treat Empedocles as a ‘philosopher' ignore at their peril.»y la reserva expresa con que lo acota: no cita a Milton como evidencia directa de las ideas de Empédocles sino para subrayar la persistencia de una tradición

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 89»

«the paradox of destructive force being converted into creative power is realized at its greatest intensity.»la fórmula con que Kingsley describe el resultado: la paradoja de la fuerza destructiva convertida en poder creador alcanza ahí su mayor intensidad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 89»

«Nowhere do we better learn than in Sicily the folly of those arbitrary divisions which have made the study of history vain and meaningless.»la sentencia que Kingsley toma para abrir el capítulo del Fedón: en ninguna parte se aprende mejor que en Sicilia la insensatez de las divisiones arbitrarias que han vuelto vano el estudio de la historia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 91»

«To begin with, Plato describes how Underneath the earth there are ever-flowing rivers of an immense size, some with hot waters (θερμῶν ὑδάτων), others with cold.»según Kingsley, Platón empieza describiendo ríos perennes de tamaño inmenso bajo la tierra, unos de aguas calientes —θερμῶν ὑδάτων— y otros frías

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 91»

«But instead of mingling with the waters of the lake it continues to circle several times underneath the earth before discharging into a lower level of Tartarus.»y el trayecto que les asigna: en vez de mezclarse con las aguas del lago, dan varias vueltas bajo la tierra antes de desembocar en un nivel más bajo del Tártaro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 92»

«Considering that these passages set the scene for one of Plato's most famous myths, they have been given remarkably little attention.»la observación de Kingsley sobre la recepción de esos pasajes: preparan uno de los mitos más famosos de Platón y han recibido notablemente poca atención

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 92»

«the modern distinction between myth and science is hardly if at all applicable to Plato's time.»la razón de método que da: la distinción moderna entre mito y ciencia apenas es aplicable a la época de Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 92»

«Certainly he was interested at a theoretical level in distinguishing between mythos and logos;»la concesión que hace en la misma línea: a Platón sí le interesaba distinguir teóricamente entre *mythos* y *logos*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 92»

«Even here, however, the matter is complicated by Plato's refusal to draw a clear line between mythos and logos,»y su complicación: el propio Platón se niega a trazar una línea clara entre los dos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 92»

«the /ogos side of this apparent distinction is by no means equivalent to our category of 'science'.»con el segundo límite: el lado del *logos* no equivale en absoluto a nuestra categoría de ciencia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 92»

«It would appear that this is gradually, if belatedly, coming to be realized.»y el balance que Kingsley hace del estado de la cuestión: parece que eso empieza a reconocerse, aunque con retraso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 92»

«This see-saw movement is a result of the fact that one of the chasms in the earth happens to be vaster than any of the others, and is bored right through the entire earth.»según Kingsley, Platón explica el vaivén de las aguas por una sima más vasta que las demás, taladrada a través de la tierra entera; el ancla tuvo que alargarse porque el libro cita el mismo pasaje del Fedón dos veces

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 91»

«The Timaeus as a whole is a perfect example of the interchangeability and virtual identity in Plato's philosophy not of science and logos but of science and myth.»lo que Kingsley lee en el Timeo: ejemplo perfecto de que en Platón lo intercambiable no es ciencia y *logos* sino ciencia y mito

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 93»

«This of course will not do, and not only because the distinction between myth and ‘science’ here is hardly meaningful or workable.»la respuesta de Kingsley al consenso: no sirve, y no solo porque la distinción entre mito y ciencia apenas sea significativa o utilizable ahí

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 94»

«One point of crucial significance has been overlooked when considering the story at the end of the Phaedo.»el punto que dice que se pasó por alto al considerar el relato final del Fedón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 94»

«Plato did not invent the association; it existed long before him.»y su afirmación central: Platón no inventó la asociación, que existía mucho antes de él

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 94»

«In short, it is not nearly as simple as it might seem to detach Plato's reference to Sicily from the Phaedo myth as a whole.»la consecuencia: no es tan sencillo desprender la referencia a Sicilia del mito del Fedón en conjunto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 94»

«The best place to start is with the rivers flowing underneath the surface of the earth.»el punto de partida que Kingsley elige: los ríos que corren bajo la superficie de la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 94»

«He describes how the regions in the hollows of the earth are . . . all joined to each other by channels—some narrower, some broader—bored under the earth in numerous places, with interconnecting passages through which much water flows from one place to another as if into mixing bowls or 'craters' (κρατῆρας).»la descripción platónica que cita: las regiones en los huecos de la tierra unidas por canales taladrados bajo tierra, con pasajes por los que el agua fluye como hacia cuencos de mezcla o *cráteres*, con el griego κρατῆρας tal como lo imprime la capa de texto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 94»

«In fact these details provide a precise account of the island’s geography, with its rivers disappearing into underground channels only to emerge somewhere else; it should be sufficient to quote as an example Strabo’s description of one particularly striking»y lo que Kingsley encuentra en ella: un relato preciso de la geografía siciliana, con ríos que desaparecen en canales subterráneos y reaparecen en otro sitio, con Estrabón como ejemplo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 94»

«As for Plato's reference to the channels forming seas, lakes, rivers, and springs (κρῆναι), nothing needs saying about the seas; Sicily was famed for its extraordinary lakes;* its unusual rivers—visible and invisible, large and small—were objects of special wonder and interest throughout antiquity;’ and exactly the same was the case with Sicily's remarkable springs.»el repaso de los demás rasgos: mares, lagos, ríos y fuentes —κρῆναι—, con Sicilia famosa por sus lagos extraordinarios y por sus ríos visibles e invisibles; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 95»

«Then there is the mention of waters flowing into ‘craters’, krateres (111d).»el rasgo que Kingsley aísla a continuación: la mención de aguas que fluyen a *cráteres*, *krateres*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 95»

«What he failed to note is the fact that ‘craters’ of water were a virtually unique and particularly famous feature of Sicily— not just from a geographical but also from a religious point of view.»y lo que dice que no se notó: los cráteres de agua eran un rasgo casi único y famoso de Sicilia, no solo geográfica sino religiosamente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 95»

«Plato frequently uses the term chasma or 'chasm' in describing his mythical topography; it is also a normal word in descriptions of Sicily.»el tercer término que examina: *chasma*, *sima*, frecuente en la topografía mítica de Platón y normal en las descripciones de Sicilia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 95»

«It is, incidentally, worth noting that the idea of a chasma stretching an enormous distance into the earth (Phd. 111e6—112a6) is naturally suggestive of volcanic phenomena, and this for the Greeks was almost invariably a pointer to Sicily.»con la observación incidental de que una sima que se extiende enormemente hacia dentro de la tierra sugiere fenómenos volcánicos, y eso para los griegos apuntaba casi siempre a Sicilia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 95»

«In fact, however, the question answers itself as soon as we note that the very same word ‘hollows’ (κοῖλα or koıAwuara)wasan entirely routine way of referring to Sicily's craters and to the numerous crevices in its extraordinary terrain.»la respuesta que Kingsley da a la objeción jonia: la misma palabra *huecos* —κοῖλα— era manera enteramente rutinaria de referirse a los cráteres de Sicilia y a las grietas de su terreno; la capa de texto pega *koıAwuara)wasan*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 96»

«Again, Plato emphasizes in the myth that the rivers he is describing take on the quality of the earth they pass through; this happens to have been a particularly noticeable feature of the rivers in Sicily.”»el cuarto rasgo: que los ríos tomen la cualidad de la tierra que atraviesan, algo particularmente notable en los ríos sicilianos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 96»

«This may be correct; but while Plato's precise description of the movements of the water sounds rather too radical to have been inspired by tidal phenomena alone»la reserva con que Kingsley acepta a medias una explicación por mareas: la descripción precisa de los movimientos del agua suena demasiado radical para haberse inspirado solo en ellas; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 96»

«Aristotle in his commentary on the Phaedo passage makes what is implicit there explicit by explaining that Plato must be referring primarily to the taste and colour of the water»según Kingsley, Aristóteles hace explícito en su comentario lo que en el Fedón está implícito: que Platón se refiere ante todo al sabor y al color del agua; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 96»

«Finally, nothing could be more typical of Sicily than the prolific combination of hot waters and cold referred to by Plato.»el último rasgo que Kingsley enumera: nada más típico de Sicilia que la combinación prolífica de aguas calientes y frías que menciona Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 97»

«His term for 'hot waters', therma hydata, is also the term normally used for describing Sicily’s hot springs—and about them enough has already been said.?»y su término: *therma hydata*, el que se usa normalmente para las fuentes termales sicilianas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 97»

«What is more, as a result of inevitable processes that were mentioned earlier, these Sicilian springs became essential components in local mythology about the underworld.»la consecuencia que Kingsley saca: esas fuentes se volvieron componentes esenciales de la mitología local sobre el inframundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 97»

«Once, in describing the ‘many rivers of liquid mud, some purer, others more turbid', he states explicitly that he has the geography of Sicily in mind (111d8—e2).»el dato en que Platón lo dice él mismo, según Kingsley: al describir los ríos de lodo líquido declara tener en mente la geografía de Sicilia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 97»

«Their water is turbid (θολερὸν)... and is carried along, bellying into swirls and seething, just like the circling eddies of boiling waters (ζεόντων ὑδάτων) as they bubble up to the surface.»la descripción de esas aguas que Kingsley cita en griego y en inglés: turbias —θολερὸν—, arrastradas en remolinos hirvientes como las aguas en ebullición, ζεόντων ὑδάτων

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 97»

«First, however, the reference to ‘much fire’ is a repetition of the identical phrase earlier on, where Plato specifically refers to Sicily (111d—e).»la primera objeción de Kingsley a esa lectura: la referencia a *mucho fuego* repite una frase idéntica anterior, donde Platón habla expresamente de Sicilia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 98»

«Second, whereas any stories about Senegal which Plato might possibly have heard will just have mentioned fires, he himself defines the lake in question as boiling with water and mud—and that, as we have seen, is a precise description not only of eruptions at Etna but also of other famous sites of volcanic activity in Sicily.»la segunda: los relatos sobre el Senegal solo habrían mencionado fuegos, mientras Platón define el lago como hirviente de agua y lodo, descripción precisa de erupciones del Etna y de otros sitios volcánicos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 98»

«In fact, here too, the verbal similarities to geographical descriptions of Sicily could hardly be more exact.»y el balance: también aquí las semejanzas verbales con las descripciones geográficas de Sicilia difícilmente podrían ser más exactas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 98»

«On the one hand, Plato speaks of a huge subterranean lake with small but violent outlets and ‘burning with much fire’ (πυρὶ πολλῶι καιόμενον).»el primer término de la comparación: Platón habla de un lago subterráneo enorme, de salidas pequeñas y violentas, *ardiendo con mucho fuego*, πυρὶ πολλῶι καιόμενον

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 98»

«On the other, Diodorus Siculus in his own account of the double lake of the Palici describes them as craters which are small at the surface but of an immense depth, ‘very similar in nature to cauldrons burning with much fire (ὑπὸ πυρὸς πολλοῦ καομένοις); and they throw up boiling water'.»y el segundo: Diodoro Sículo describe el lago doble de los Palicos como cráteres pequeños en superficie y de inmensa profundidad, semejantes a calderos ardiendo con mucho fuego —ὑπὸ πυρὸς πολλοῦ καομένοις— que arrojan agua hirviente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 98»

«The Phaedo is the most overtly Pythagorean of all his dialogues, in both its ideas and its setting.»la adjudicación de Kingsley sobre el diálogo: el Fedón es el más abiertamente pitagórico de todos, tanto por sus ideas como por su escenario

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 100»

«As Plato makes perfectly clear, the ultimate point and purpose of the myth is its eschatology: its message about what happens to the soul after death.»y lo que Platón deja perfectamente claro, según Kingsley: el sentido último del mito es su escatología, su mensaje sobre lo que pasa con el alma tras la muerte

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 100»

«On the one hand, there can be no doubting that for the main source of Plato’s eschatological myths in general, and particularly of the eschatology in the Phaedo, we must look to the Pythagoreanism of southern Italy and Sicily?»la primera de las dos cosas que Kingsley da por indudables: la fuente principal de los mitos escatológicos de Platón hay que buscarla en el pitagorismo del sur de Italia y de Sicilia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 100»

«On the other hand, we have already seen that there are no grounds whatever for cutting off the specifically eschatological or other-worldly passages in the Phaedo myth from their ‘physical’ or topographical foundations—while there are sound reasons for refusing to do so.»y la segunda: no hay base alguna para separar los pasajes escatológicos del mito de sus cimientos físicos o topográficos, y sí razones sólidas para negarse a hacerlo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 100»

«Stating the matter in this way only serves to highlight what should already be becoming obvious: that the coincidence of a Sicilian topography combined with an eschatology of evidently Sicilian or Italian origin is no mere accident.»la conclusión que Kingsley extrae de juntarlas: la coincidencia de una topografía siciliana con una escatología de origen siciliano o italiano no es un accidente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 100»

«In fact, however, the first section of this second part (108c—109a) gives an account of the sphericity of the earth which is undoubtedly western in origin— deriving from either Italy or Sicily—and happens to be representative of contemporary Pythagorean cosmology.»lo que Kingsley sostiene sobre la esfericidad de la tierra en el Fedón: su exposición es de origen occidental, de Italia o de Sicilia, y representa la cosmología pitagórica de la época

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 101»

«But there is also another factor here which needs taking into account.»el factor adicional que anuncia que hay que tomar en cuenta

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 101»

«At this particular point in the myth, Plato has Socrates carefully qualify his exposition by explaining that the picture of the earth he is now describing is not the result of his own personal deductions but represents what ‘someone has succeeded in persuading me’.»y cuál es: en ese punto Platón hace que Sócrates matice cuidadosamente su exposición, diciendo que el cuadro de la tierra no es deducción propia sino lo que alguien logró persuadirle

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 101»

«The first point to note here is that Plato cites as authority for this section the same 'someone' whom he has already appealed to for the theory that the earth is a sphere.»el primer punto que Kingsley anota sobre la sección siguiente: Platón cita como autoridad al mismo *alguien* al que ya había apelado para la esfericidad de la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 102»

«This is perfectly clear in the Greek, although translators and commentators have gone a long way to obscure the fact»y su estado en el texto: eso es perfectamente claro en el griego, aunque traductores y comentaristas hayan hecho mucho por oscurecerlo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 102»

«In fact, when this passage as a whole is understood as it should be it has the interesting implication that Plato placed the idea of a spherical earth firmly in the category of myth.»la implicación que Kingsley encuentra interesante: entendido el pasaje como debe, Platón situaba la idea de una tierra esférica firmemente en la categoría del mito

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 102»

«The essential point which has been overlooked is that the words ὡς ἐγὼ ὑπό τινος»el punto que Kingsley dice que se pasó por alto, apoyado en las palabras griegas ὡς ἐγὼ ὑπό τινος tal como las imprime la capa de texto; el ancla de fin del informe caía del otro lado del límite de chunk en la plana 102

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 102»

«However, for our immediate purposes there is an even more important conclusion to be drawn from Plato’s appeal here to the same 'someone' whom he has already cited as authority for the theory of the earth as a sphere.»la conclusión que Kingsley considera aún más importante en la apelación de Platón al mismo *alguien*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 103»

«But even if we were not obliged—as we plainly are—to view the details of the Phaedo myth against the historical backdrop of Pythagoreanism, things would still not be so simple.»la concesión con que refuerza su posición: aun sin la obligación de leer el mito contra el trasfondo pitagórico, las cosas no serían tan simples

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 103»

«We can hardly draw any dividing line between Plato's notion here of another, aitherial earth—purer and more beautiful than our own, to which purified souls go to live when they die (109b-e, 114b-c)—and the various Pythagorean ideas of ‘another’ or ‘aitherial’ earth, a ‘celestial’ or ‘Olympian’ earth, inhabited as well.»lo que Kingsley considera imposible de separar: la noción platónica de otra tierra aitérea, más pura, a la que van las almas purificadas, y las diversas ideas pitagóricas de otra tierra celeste u olímpica igualmente habitada

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 103»

«That, although it may not be immediately apparent, is eschatological: behind the various identifications lies the one fundamental idea of a place where the souls of the dead go to dwell.»la clave que propone para todas esas identificaciones: es escatológica, y detrás de ellas hay una sola idea de un lugar donde moran las almas de los muertos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 104»

«Any attempt to organize these explanations into a chronological sequence—some earlier than Plato, others later—is tempting, but doomed: all of them would seem already to have been in existence by Plato's time.»la abstención que Kingsley declara en la misma línea: ordenarlas cronológicamente es tentador pero está condenado, porque todas parecen existir ya en tiempos de Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 104»

«So, for example, the Pythagorean Philolaus is held to have originated the idea of a celestial ‘counter-earth’ in the form of an invisible although inhabited planet, but he is also said to have propounded the mythical idea of the moon as an inhabited earth;»el ejemplo de Filolao, a quien se adjudica a la vez el origen de la contratierra celeste, planeta invisible aunque habitado, y la idea mítica de la luna como tierra habitada

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 104»

«and according to Heraclides Ponticus, one of Plato's companions, Pythagoreans spoke of the stars as heavenly 'earths', doubtless inhabited as well.»y el de Heráclides Póntico, compañero de Platón, según el cual los pitagóricos hablaban de los astros como *tierras* celestes, sin duda también habitadas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 104»

«This proliferation of different but related theories is almost certainly to be explained not in terms of some linear development in Pythagorean dogma, but as one more sign of the creative freedom with which individual Pythagoreans were»la explicación que Kingsley prefiere para esa proliferación: no un desarrollo lineal del dogma pitagórico sino una señal más de la libertad creativa de los pitagóricos individuales; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 104»

«When he comes to describe the all-important shape of his 'true earth', he presents it as an enormous twelve-sided ball: evidently a reference to the dodecahedron.»el rasgo de la *tierra verdadera* que Kingsley considera decisivo: Platón la presenta como una bola enorme de doce caras, es decir un dodecaedro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 105»

«were a decisive factor in his acquaintance with Pythagorean circles—and, in particular, in his acquisition of the Pythagorean ideas he incorporated in his myths.»según Kingsley, esas circunstancias fueron factor decisivo en el trato de Platón con círculos pitagóricos y en la adquisición de las ideas que incorporó a sus mitos; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 106»

«And yet there were infinitely greater possibilities for picking up these ideas during his first visit to Sicily, which he appears to have made not long before sitting down to write the Phaedo.»y la ocasión que juzga incomparablemente mayor: su primer viaje a Sicilia, poco antes de sentarse a escribir el Fedón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 106»

«We can, if we want, be more specific.»el aviso de que puede precisarse más

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 106»

«However, this way of casting Plato in the role of natural philosopher is a rather blatant travesty of his real interests:»la lectura que Kingsley rechaza: convertir a Platón en filósofo natural es una travestía flagrante de sus intereses reales

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 106»

«a naive explanation almost certainly concocted by some well-intentioned but simpleminded writer, and very possibly based on nothing more than the reference to Sicily’s volcanoes in the Phaedo.»y su adjudicación: explicación ingenua, casi con seguridad fabricada por algún escritor bienintencionado y simple, quizá a partir de la mera referencia a los volcanes en el Fedón; la fuente imprime *simple-minded* partido por el salto de renglón y span() lo une

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 106»

«This is not to say that a visit by Plato to Etna is unlikely, but that any such visit needs to be placed in its proper context—and above all be understood against the background of Plato's own interests and concerns during the period in question.»con el límite que él mismo pone: no que una visita al Etna sea improbable, sino que debe situarse en su contexto y en los intereses de Platón en ese periodo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 106»

«The weight of the evidence favours supposing that the Gorgias, too, was written after rather than before Plato's first visit to the West:»lo que a su juicio favorece el peso de la evidencia: que también el Gorgias se escribiera después y no antes del primer viaje al occidente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 106»

«Because a philosopher must necessarily be interested in observing natural phenomena, Plato set off for Sicily to view the craters of fire in Etna; with all respect he did not—as you claim, Aristides—go there for the Sicilian food»el testimonio antiguo que Kingsley cita: que Platón fue a Sicilia a ver los cráteres de fuego del Etna porque un filósofo debe observar los fenómenos naturales, y no —contra Arístides— por la comida siciliana; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 106»

«Undoubtedly a major motive behind his crossing over to Sicily was an interest in observing variations in political practice.»el motivo que Kingsley da por indudable en el primer viaje de Platón a Sicilia: el interés en observar variaciones de la práctica política

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 107»

«there is a strong ring of truth to the suggestion in the Seventh Letter that, at the time of the crossing, Plato had no conscious sense of direction and was only feeling his way around.»y el matiz que acepta del testimonio: la Carta séptima suena verdadera al decir que Platón no tenía entonces un sentido consciente de dirección y andaba tanteando

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 107»

«Archytas will as a matter of course have provided his guest with introductions to pupils of his on the island; this is confirmed indirectly by evidence to the effect that on a subsequent visit Plato was on terms of the closest friendship with Sicilian Pythagoreans, and stayed at the house of one of them in Syracuse during the ten-day festival of Persephone.»la inferencia que Kingsley hace sobre Arquitas: habrá dado a su huésped cartas de presentación para discípulos suyos en la isla, y lo confirma indirectamente que en un viaje posterior Platón estuviera en la mayor amistad con pitagóricos sicilianos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 107»

«Whatever his exact state of mind or intentions during his first spell on the island, there can be no doubt that he will have been keen to hear whatever his hosts were able to tell him both about Sicilian traditions and about Pythagoreanism.»lo que Kingsley considera fuera de duda sobre ese primer viaje: que Platón quisiera oír cuanto sus anfitriones pudieran contarle de las tradiciones sicilianas y del pitagorismo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 107»

«If he did not already pick up the essentials of the myth which he reproduces in the Phaedo from Archytas in Tarentum,” there will have been plenty of opportunities for him to hear them in the most perfect of surroundings: on the island itself.»y la alternativa que deja abierta: si no recogió lo esencial del mito de Arquitas en Tarento, hubo ocasiones de sobra en la isla misma

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 107»

«This will help us to understand the structure of the myth as well as its origins and, ultimately, see what its broader relevance is to Empedocles.»el uso que Kingsley anuncia para el análisis siguiente: entender la estructura del mito, su origen y su alcance para Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 108»

«Plato describes it and the region where it forms a lake as being dark or a deep dark blue in colour: the colour of kyanos.»el primer rasgo que examina: Platón describe ese río y su lago como oscuros o de un azul oscuro profundo, el color del *kyanos*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 108»

«But the darkness of the colour is very appropriate for a subterranean river; and indeed, darkness is a quality of the Cocytus specifically emphasized in later literature.»y su adecuación: la oscuridad conviene a un río subterráneo, y es una cualidad que la literatura posterior subraya en el Cocito

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 108»

«Etymologically, ‘Cocytus’ is the river of mourning and tears, and this is how the name was understood by Greeks down to the end of antiquity; but at the same time we happen to know that in Greek literature and religion the colour of kyanos was itself, par excellence, a colour of mourning.»el segundo dato, que Kingsley pone en paralelo: *Cocito* es etimológicamente el río del duelo y las lágrimas, y el color del *kyanos* era por excelencia un color de duelo en la literatura y la religión griegas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 108»

«The colour of kyanos appears to have had a special connection with the mysteries of Demeter and Persephone and—through the cult of the two goddesses—with water and the underworld.»la conexión que Kingsley establece: el color del *kyanos* parece haber tenido relación especial con los misterios de Deméter y Perséfone y, por el culto de las dos diosas, con el agua y el inframundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 109»

«But at the same time, in relation to the mysteries of Persephone and Demeter the colour of kyanos has very definite associations with mourning, and the choice of name for the spring is undoubtedly related to the annual rites of mourning performed beside it in honour of Demeter's lamentation and tears over the loss of her daughter Persephone.?»y su aplicación al topónimo: el nombre de la fuente se relaciona con los ritos anuales de duelo celebrados junto a ella en honor del llanto de Deméter por la pérdida de su hija; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 109»

«Kyane itself, it seems in Plato's time to have been the single most important spot on the whole island for the cult associated with the mysteries.»lo que Kingsley sostiene sobre ese sitio en tiempos de Platón: Kyane era el punto más importante de toda la isla para el culto asociado a los misterios

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 110»

«This may seem all there is to say on the matter; and yet it is not.»la fórmula con que anuncia que el asunto no termina ahí

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 110»

«The area immediately surrounding Avernus was described as ‘wild’ (ἄγριος), and it inspired such ‘awe’ in the Greeks (δεισιδαιμονία) that they left it untouched by human hand.»el paralelo del Averno que Kingsley aporta: su entorno se llamaba *salvaje* —ἄγριος— e inspiraba tal temor religioso —δεισιδαιμονία— que los griegos lo dejaron sin tocar

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 111»

«On the other hand, Lake Avernus was supposed to be connected even more directly with the waters of the Cocytus which were right next to it, lying between it and the ocean.»según Kingsley, se tenía al lago Averno por conectado aún más directamente con las aguas del Cocito, que quedaban justo al lado, entre él y el océano

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 111»

«was believed to be ‘Stygian’ and the lake itself the Styx.'” And just like the Kyane at Syracuse, it was considered sacred to Persephone; while the lake itself was so uniformly pure and unruffled in appearance that it was described as the colour of kyanos all over»la continuación en la plana siguiente: el agua del Averno se tenía por estigia y el lago por la Éstige misma, consagrado a Perséfone como el Kyane de Siracusa, y descrito entero del color del *kyanos*, con el griego que la capa de texto imprime φαίνεται τῆι χρόαι kvavotv

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 111»

«According to local traditions, the whole region between the Bay of Naples and Sicily was linked by a single network of underground passages and channels of fire.»la tradición local que Kingsley recoge: toda la región entre la bahía de Nápoles y Sicilia estaba unida por una sola red de pasajes subterráneos y canales de fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 112»

«Starting from Cumae and reaching down to Sicily, the entire area in between is full of fire.»la formulación antigua de esa idea: desde Cumas hasta Sicilia, el área entera está llena de fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 112»

«This explains why Etna has the characteristics everyone describes it as possessing, and the same applies to the Liparan Islands,»y lo que explica, según esa misma fuente: los rasgos que todos atribuyen al Etna, y otro tanto para las islas Lípari

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 112»

«What this means is that, although so far we have focused exclusively on Sicily, it is time to widen our horizons:»la consecuencia de método que Kingsley saca: es hora de ampliar el horizonte más allá de Sicilia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 112»

«even Strabo's famous description of the *whole island' as 'hollow beneath the earth, filled with rivers and fire' only tells a part of the story.»y la acotación que impone incluso a Estrabón: su descripción de la isla entera como hueca bajo la tierra, llena de ríos y fuego, cuenta solo una parte

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 112»

«The Phaedo myth itself provides unmistakable hints pointing us beyond the boundaries of Sicily alone when it describes the Pyriphlegethon as creating a lake larger than the Mediterranean (λίμνην ποιεῖ»la pista que Kingsley encuentra en el propio mito: el Piriflegetonte crea un lago mayor que el Mediterráneo, con el griego λίμνην ποιεῖ tal como lo imprime la capa de texto; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 112»

«It is as though behind Sicily as an island there lies a greater Sicily, a mythological as well as geological region stretching far beyond the visible confines of the island and, in particular, up to Cumae»la imagen con que Kingsley lo formula: detrás de Sicilia como isla hay una Sicilia mayor, región mitológica y geológica que se extiende hasta Cumas; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 112»

«From the geological point of view the Greeks were perfectly correct:»y la concesión que hace a los griegos: desde el punto de vista geológico tenían toda la razón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 112»

«Pindar does not just portray Typhon as trapped under Etna, but describes him as pinned down at one end by Sicily and by the area around Cumae at the other.»el testimonio de Píndaro que aporta: Tifón no solo aparece atrapado bajo el Etna sino sujeto por Sicilia de un extremo y por la zona de Cumas del otro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 112»

«ideally—although not necessarily—one would expect the author responsible for the geographical details which lie behind the Phaedo myth to have had some familiarity with the region around Cumae as well as with Sicily itself.»lo que Kingsley espera del autor responsable de esos detalles geográficos, con la reserva de que no es necesario: alguna familiaridad con la región de Cumas además de con Sicilia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 113»

«However, towards the end of the Phaedo myth Plato introduces another element into his description of the rivers of the underworld: the fate of the soul.»el elemento nuevo que Platón introduce al final del mito, según Kingsley: el destino del alma

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 113»

«Of the souls that go down to the underworld after death those who are found to have committed major but redeemable crimes—such as doing violence to their father or mother through anger (ὑπ᾽ ὀργῆς βίαιόν τι πράξαντες) and then living the rest of their lives repenting their deed, or who have committed murder in a similar but different way—are invariably thrown into Tartarus.»y el reparto que hace: las almas culpables de crímenes graves pero redimibles —violencia contra el padre o la madre por ira, ὑπ᾽ ὀργῆς βίαιόν τι πράξαντες, u homicidio de modo semejante— seguido de arrepentimiento; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 113»

«However, after staying there for a year the swell ejects them: the murderers into the river Cocytus, those who have laid hands on their father or mother into the Pyriphlegethon.»la continuación: tras un año el oleaje los expulsa, los homicidas al Cocito y los que alzaron la mano contra sus padres al Piriflegetonte

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 113»

«When we look at what Plato is saying here," we see that of all the four underworld rivers— Ocean, Acheron, Cocytus, and Pyriphlegethon—he associates the river of fire specifically with anger.»lo que Kingsley subraya en ese reparto: de los cuatro ríos, es el de fuego el que se asocia específicamente con la ira

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 113»

«This is no coincidence: in Greek as well as many other languages, fire and anger are intimately related.»y por qué no es casual: en griego y en muchas otras lenguas fuego e ira están íntimamente relacionados

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 113»

«The construction is chiastic, as so often in Greek (cf. e.g. Rep. 518a7—b3): those who have acted against their father or mother in anger pass into the Pyriphlegethon, while those who have ‘committed murder in a similar but different way’ pass into the Cocytus.»la lectura sintáctica que Kingsley propone: la construcción es quiástica, con los coléricos al Piriflegetonte y los homicidas al Cocito

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 113»

«The ‘similarity’ must, as the context shows, lie in the repentance which is a prerequisite for redemption, while the ‘different way’ (ἄλλωι τρόπωι) points to a condition or motivation different from the one of anger (ὑπ᾽ ópy?s)—for example cold calculation.»y su interpretación del *de otro modo*: la semejanza está en el arrepentimiento y el ἄλλωι τρόπωι apunta a una motivación distinta de la ira, por ejemplo el cálculo frío

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 113»

«most significant about the relationship in this particular case is that the correspondence between the Pyriphlegethon and the fires of anger is mentioned explicitly in the literature of Neoplatonism, centuries after Plato.»el dato que Kingsley considera más significativo: la correspondencia entre el Piriflegetonte y los fuegos de la ira aparece explícita en la literatura neoplatónica, siglos después de Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 114»

«That is closer to the truth but, as we have just seen, it too is not correct: the allegorical association of ideas goes back to Plato himself.»y su corrección a esa datación: la asociación alegórica se remonta al propio Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 114»

«A reading of the passage in the Phaedo shows that Plato's own attitude to the association is no more than at the very most one of casual and passing interest.»con el límite que Kingsley pone de inmediato: la actitud del propio Platón ante esa asociación no pasa de un interés casual y de paso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 114»

«In other words, the allegorical interpretation which is usually viewed as either Neopythagorean or Neoplatonic not only goes back to Plato himself, but by Plato's time had already receded into the background.»la conclusión doble: la interpretación alegórica que suele tenerse por neopitagórica o neoplatónica se remonta a Platón y en su tiempo ya había pasado a segundo plano

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 114»

«First, there is a definite warning here about the way in which we tend to approach the history of western ideas.»la primera lección que Kingsley extrae: una advertencia sobre cómo solemos acercarnos a la historia de las ideas occidentales

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 114»

«In spite of the supposedly great advances in scholarship made since the time general comments on fire, anger, and passion, Onians 147-60.»y su formulación, con el aparato metido dentro del cuerpo: pese a los supuestos grandes avances de la erudición; el tramo arrastra la llamada a nota *general comments on fire, anger, and passion, Onians 147-60.*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 114»

«the fact is that our view of the so-called development of western philosophy is dictated by a Darwinian idea of history which is extremely simplistic.»el diagnóstico: nuestra visión del desarrollo de la filosofía occidental está dictada por una idea darwiniana de la historia extremadamente simplista

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 115»

«Any sophistication which we, or ancient philosophers who lived later than Plato and Aristotle, or for that matter Plato himself, might be inclined to ascribe to those primitive beings is almost invariably dismissed as a historical error: as the projection back in time of subtleties and refinements only possible in a later age.»y su efecto: cualquier sofisticación que se atribuya a esos seres primitivos se descarta como error histórico, proyección hacia atrás de refinamientos solo posibles después; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 115»

«But here we have an example of something very different.»la contraposición que Kingsley abre con el caso que trae

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 115»

«they were not creating anything new but were simply continuing a long tradition—which is exactly what in this case they claimed they were doing.»y lo que ese caso muestra: no creaban nada nuevo sino que continuaban una tradición larga, que es exactamente lo que decían estar haciendo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 115»

«What is particularly worrying about this one case is that it is a question of an oral tradition received by Plato, not a written one.»lo que Kingsley declara particularmente inquietante: se trata de una tradición oral recibida por Platón, no de una escrita

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 115»

«Earlier we saw that the intricate topographical details in the myth were not in any sense Plato's own invention, but are a faithful reproduction of the mythology and geography relating to the volcanic ‘network’ stretching up from Sicily to Campania.»y el resultado que da por establecido: los detalles topográficos del mito no son invención de Platón sino reproducción fiel de la mitología y la geografía de la red volcánica que va de Sicilia a Campania

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 115»

«That inevitably raises the possibility that there may have been many ideas around in comparatively early times of which no trace remains,»la posibilidad que Kingsley dice que eso plantea inevitablemente: que circularan en tiempos relativamente tempranos muchas ideas de las que no queda rastro; el ancla de fin del informe caía del otro lado del límite de chunk en la plana 115

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 115»

«In short, he has plainly inherited not just a mythical topography that has its roots in Sicily and southern Italy, but also the elements of a psychological explanation which relates this topography to the nature and fate of the soul.»lo que Kingsley sostiene que Platón heredó: no solo una topografía mítica arraigada en Sicilia y el sur de Italia sino los elementos de una explicación psicológica que la liga a la naturaleza y al destino del alma

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 116»

«That is more or less exactly what we find in the Phaedo myth as well: a literal description of the underworld combined with the already half-buried traces of an allegorical interpretation along the same lines.»y lo que eso da en el Fedón: descripción literal del inframundo combinada con las huellas ya medio enterradas de una interpretación alegórica de la misma línea

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 116»

«In each case the basic idea is essentially the same.»la constancia que registra entre los casos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 116»

«These parallels between the Gorgias and what we find in the Phaedo are plainly no coincidence, and the connection between them becomes even clearer when we note the other factors that both myths share in common.»los paralelos entre el Gorgias y el Fedón, que Kingsley niega que sean casuales

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 116»

«As far as the Phaedo is concerned, we have seen that the literal level of the myth—its basic description of the underworld—derives, precisely, from Sicily and Italy.»y lo que da por establecido del Fedón: su nivel literal, la descripción del inframundo, deriva de Sicilia y de Italia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 116»

«At the basic, literal level of the myth we live on a spherical earth—an earth with its geography of volcanoes, hollows and caves, and subterranean rivers that sometimes rise to the surface to produce springs, streams, and lakes.»el primer nivel del mito según Kingsley: vivimos en una tierra esférica con volcanes, huecos, cuevas y ríos subterráneos que a veces afloran

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 117»

«On the contrary, we are already dead (νῦν ἡμεῖς τέθναμεν), and the world that we think of as life on earth is really the underworld itself.»y el segundo, el que invierte todo: en realidad ya estamos muertos —νῦν ἡμεῖς τέθναμεν— y el mundo que tenemos por vida en la tierra es el inframundo mismo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 117»

«The Phaedo myth makes exactly the same point in even fuller terms.»la afirmación de que el Fedón dice lo mismo con más amplitud

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 117»

«Really, it explains, we are living in some small crevice or cave, one of the many little ‘hollows’ hidden in the depths of the earth as it truly is, ‘but although we are living in the earth's hollows we are unaware of the fact and believe we are living up on the surface of the earth'.»y su formulación: vivimos en una grieta o cueva, uno de los muchos huecos escondidos en la profundidad de la tierra verdadera, sin saberlo y creyendo estar en la superficie

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 117»

«The relevance of this analysis of the Phaedo myth to Plato's other myths should need no emphasizing—in particular its relevance to our understanding of the allegory of the cave in the Republic.»la pertinencia que Kingsley declara para los demás mitos platónicos, y en particular para la alegoría de la caverna de la República

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 118»

«Analysis of the myth into its component levels puts an end once and for all to a debate which has clouded attempts at interpreting it for thousands of years: the debate as to whether the 'earth' referred to in the myth is to be understood literally as a reference to our own familiar earth, or metaphorically as an allusion to something else.»el debate milenario que, según él, ese análisis por niveles cierra: si la *tierra* del mito es la tierra familiar o una alusión metafórica; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 118»

«The simple answer is that it refers to both, depending on the level at which one chooses to read what Plato says.»y su respuesta: se refiere a las dos, según el nivel en que se elija leer

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 118»

«But then, as one would also expect, the metaphorical level rapidly begins to emerge.»la emergencia del nivel metafórico, que Kingsley presenta como esperable

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 118»

«The result is that the Phaedo myth describes two earths, not one.»y el resultado: el mito del Fedón describe dos tierras, no una

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 118»

«It is time to sum up and bring a little order into the main points so far.»la pausa con que Kingsley ordena lo obtenido

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 119»

«There is nothing surprising in this.»y la ausencia de sorpresa que declara ante ello

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 119»

«On the contrary, it provides yet another parallel with the fragment of myth in the Gorgias, because the evidence tends to suggest that the 'Sicilian or Italian’ tentatively referred to there as the author of the original level of the myth was himself a Pythagorean.»el paralelo que suma: la evidencia tiende a sugerir que el *siciliano o italiano* del Gorgias, señalado con reserva como autor del nivel original del mito, era él mismo pitagórico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 119»

«And with this allegorical interpretation we encounter something strikingly new: an interest in symbolically transposing into a cosmic dimension the details ofSicilian or Campanian geography.»lo que Kingsley encuentra llamativamente nuevo en la interpretación alegórica: el interés por transponer simbólicamente a dimensión cósmica los detalles de la geografía siciliana o campana; la capa de texto pega *ofSicilian*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 120»

«Plato's supposedly original touches and creations turn out not to be his creations at all, and for the origins of the traditional material he used we do not have to look in various different directions because all the evidence points to one and the same source.»la conclusión que opone a ese artículo de fe: los toques supuestamente originales de Platón no son creación suya, y toda la evidencia sobre el material tradicional apunta a una sola fuente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 120»

«The structure and texture of the myth prove to be far denser and more complex than has so far been suspected: it consists of different levels of meaning, and Plato has reproduced—as opposed to created—not just the literal, mythological level but also the symbolic level of interpretation.»y la densidad que atribuye al mito: distintos niveles de sentido, y Platón reproduce —no crea— tanto el nivel literal como el simbólico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 120»

«has done exactly what in so many words he himself says he has done: repeat the myth as he has heard it from someone else.»la conclusión hacia la que Kingsley dice que todo apunta: Platón hizo exactamente lo que él mismo declara con todas sus letras, repetir el mito tal como se lo oyó a otro; el tramo empieza a media frase porque la anterior queda del otro lado del cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 121»

«This is not to deny that Plato introduced changes of his own into the myth as he tells it. On the contrary, he very probably jumbled some of the details and blurred the edges of some originally fine distinctions—either through lack of interest or even through misunderstanding.»la reserva que Kingsley pone a esa conclusión: Platón muy probablemente enredó algunos detalles y desdibujó distinciones finas, por desinterés o por malentendido

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 121»

«But in fact, as we will see later, the particular passage in the /iad which he refers to here happens to have had a very special significance for Pythagoreans before his time, and was already used by them to illustrate and formulate their cosmological theories.”»la reserva que Kingsley pone a una de esas supuestas confusiones: el pasaje de la Ilíada que Platón cita tenía significación especial para los pitagóricos anteriores, que ya lo usaban para formular sus teorías cosmológicas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 121»

«There is one other respect in which Plato appears to have made an original contribution: by putting down in writing what he heard from his oral source.»la contribución que Kingsley sí adjudica a Platón: poner por escrito lo que oyó de su fuente oral

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 121»

«This is a detail that, in our highly literary age, may not seem particularly important; but it was to prove a step of major significance.»y el peso que le da: un detalle que en nuestra época literaria puede no parecer importante y que resultó un paso de gran alcance

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 121»

«By presenting what he had heard in written form Plato was to make available to a far wider audience—even in the Greek world of his own time, let alone for ages to come—an oral tradition which had apparently been restricted to a very limited circle of Pythagoreans.”»porque al escribirla, según Kingsley, Platón puso al alcance de un público mucho más amplio una tradición oral restringida a un círculo muy limitado de pitagóricos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 121»

«This particular substitution of literacy for orality is one aspect of a much larger phenomenon, and can only be appreciated fully when we remember that Plato was living at a time of crucial transition in the West from a primarily oral to a predominantly literary culture.»el marco mayor en que Kingsley inscribe esa sustitución: Platón vivía en el occidente griego una transición decisiva de una cultura oral a una predominantemente literaria

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 122»

«He himself was only too aware of the limitations of the written text as a medium of genuine communication.»y lo que el propio Platón sabía, según Kingsley: los límites del texto escrito como medio de comunicación genuina

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 122»

«his only hope was to beat the enemy at its own game: that the only way to counteract the new ‘democratization’ of the written word—which gave anyone and everyone the ability to find a mass audience regardless of the value of what they had to say—was to use literature himself to attempt to communicate and preserve some of the ideas he considered essential both for the individual and for the continuation of society as a whole.»la salida que Kingsley le atribuye: vencer al enemigo en su propio juego, usando la literatura para contrarrestar la democratización de la palabra escrita; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 122»

«clear from examining the Phaedó myth: Plato was substantially indebted to Pythagorean oral tradition.»lo que Kingsley da por claro tras examinar el mito: Platón estaba sustancialmente en deuda con la tradición oral pitagórica; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana y la capa de texto imprime *Phaedó*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 123»

«it was only natural to translate the indebtedness into purely literary terms; and yet this was to transpose—not invent—the pattern of borrowing and reproduction.»y el desplazamiento que registra: traducir esa deuda a términos puramente literarios fue transponer, no inventar, el patrón de préstamo y reproducción

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 123»

«but there is no substitute for finding the evidence in Plato's writings themselves.»la exigencia de método que Kingsley declara: no hay sustituto para encontrar la evidencia en los escritos del propio Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 123»

«And any possible objection to the effect that the implications of this evidence should be confined strictly to the mythical interludes in Plato's works has little force.»la objeción que descarta: confinar las implicaciones de esa evidencia a los interludios míticos tiene poca fuerza

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 123»

«As we will see later, anything that has a bearing on the nature and origins of Plato's myths necessarily has a bearing on our understanding of his work as a whole.»y por qué: lo que afecta a la naturaleza y al origen de los mitos de Platón afecta a la comprensión de su obra entera

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 123»

«Aristotle is quite specific: ‘In most respects Plato’s undertaking—*j Πλάτωνος npaynuareia—followed them (the Pythagoreans), but it did also have features of its own distinct from the philosophy ofthe Italians'»el testimonio de Aristóteles que Kingsley cita: en la mayoría de los aspectos la empresa de Platón seguía a los pitagóricos, aunque tuviera rasgos propios distintos de la filosofía de los italianos, con el griego tal como lo imprime la capa de texto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 123»

«The reason for turning aside to look at the Phaedo myth in the first place was the possibility that it might throw light on Empedocles' strange equation of Hades and fire.»el motivo por el que Kingsley se había desviado al mito del Fedón: la posibilidad de que aclarara la extraña ecuación empedoclea de Hades y fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 124»

«The similarities between Empedocles’ equation and what we find in the Phaedo myth, with its vast fires burning in the underworld, turn out to be no coincidence and are easily explained: just as in the case of Empedocles, the half-physical, half-mythical geography described by Plato has its origins primarily in Sicily.»y el resultado: las semejanzas no son casuales, porque la geografía medio física y medio mítica de Platón tiene su origen sobre todo en Sicilia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 124»

«That the author in question was Empedocles can safely be excluded.»la exclusión con que Kingsley cierra: que el autor en cuestión fuera Empédocles puede descartarse con seguridad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 125»

«Plato himself will have known Empedocles' poetry much too well not to be able to recognize it behind the thin veil of its allegorical interpretation, and his audience in Athens will also have been familiar enough with it not to be taken in—let alone amused— by such a pointless equivocation.»el argumento con que Kingsley excluye a Empédocles: Platón conocía su poesía demasiado bien para no reconocerla bajo el velo alegórico, y su público ateniense también

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 126»

«If written by Empedocles, Plato would have realized the fact immediately— and doubtless also have expected his readers to realize it.»y el corolario: si el texto fuera de Empédocles, Platón lo habría advertido de inmediato y habría esperado que sus lectores lo advirtieran

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 126»

«the precise way in which Plato modifies and adds to his model clearly implies that, although the myth-teller in question must have had close links with Sicily so as to call to mind Timocreon's words in the first place, the man probably came not from Sicily but from mainland Italy.»la inferencia que Kingsley extrae de cómo Platón modifica su modelo: el narrador del mito tenía vínculos estrechos con Sicilia y probablemente no venía de la isla sino de la Italia continental

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 126»

«For Plato, Empedocles was not 'probably a Sicilian or Italian? but a Sicilian, very simply.»y el dato que lo refuerza: para Platón, Empédocles no era *probablemente un siciliano o italiano* sino un siciliano, sin más

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 126»

«Orphic literary production exhibited a marked tendency to gravitate towards the mysteries of Demeter and Persephone, and assume the role in relation to them of sacred narrative texts—as clearly emerges in the case of the Eleusinian mysteries.»según Kingsley, la producción literaria órfica gravitaba hacia los misterios de Deméter y Perséfone y asumía frente a ellos el papel de texto narrativo sagrado, como se ve en Eleusis

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 127»

«For example an Orphic Descent to Hades, now lost, is ascribed to 'Orpheus of Camarina'—clearly the name assumed by an author from this town on the south coast of Sicily, below the Palici and Etna, founded in»el caso que aporta: un Descenso al Hades órfico, hoy perdido, adjudicado a *Orfeo de Camarina*, nombre asumido por un autor de esa ciudad de la costa sur de Sicilia fundada por Siracusa en 599 a. C.

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 127»

«But there is no need to be satisfied with these general considerations, suggestive though they are.»la insuficiencia que Kingsley declara de esas consideraciones generales, por sugerentes que sean

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 128»

«The idea in the Gorgias of being forced to carry water in a sieve as a punishment in the underworld (φοροῖεν ὕδωρ τετρημένωι κοσκίνωι, 493a5—Cc8) recurs in the Republic, where it is attributed to ‘others’ in addition to Musaeus and Eumolpus (363c8-d8, κοσκίνωι ὕδωρ ἀναγκάζουσι φέρειν»el paralelo textual que aporta: la idea del Gorgias de acarrear agua en un cedazo como castigo en el inframundo —φοροῖεν ὕδωρ τετρημένωι κοσκίνωι— reaparece en la República atribuida a otros además de Museo y Eumolpo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 128»

«This automatically solves another problem: whereas Empedocles had to be ruled out as author of the original myth because his poetry was so well known, in this respect an Orphic text would fit the bill precisely.»el problema que eso resuelve, según Kingsley: descartado Empédocles por lo conocida que era su poesía, un texto órfico encaja exactamente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 128»

«What is more, a fresh light has been thrown on the matter by the dramatic discovery in 1962 of the Derveni papyrus—a papyrus containing a text that was probably written not many years before Plato wrote the Gorgias, and which consists of the allegorical interpretation of a poem ascribed to Orpheus.»y la luz nueva que registra: el descubrimiento en 1962 del papiro de Derveni, texto escrito probablemente pocos años antes del Gorgias, con la interpretación alegórica de un poema adjudicado a Orfeo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 128»

«That, roughly speaking, is how the matter has tended to be left in previous discussions of the Phaedo: as distinct possibility, but no more.»el estado en que Kingsley dice que la cuestión quedó en las discusiones previas del Fedón: posibilidad clara y nada más

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 129»

«However this is not because of lack of evidence, as we will see, but because of a combination of lack of interest and changes in fashion.»y su explicación: no por falta de evidencia sino por una combinación de desinterés y cambios de moda

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 129»

«This is all very convenient; but the trouble is that in the long term it has meant running away from a historical problem, not solving it.»el juicio de Kingsley sobre esa comodidad: a la larga significó huir de un problema histórico, no resolverlo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 130»

«And yet even the Derveni find runs the risk of focusing attention away from the crucial evidence of Plato's own works.»y el riesgo que ve incluso en el hallazgo de Derveni: desviar la atención de la evidencia decisiva, que está en la obra del propio Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 130»

«On a number of occasions Plato quotes or paraphrases lines of Orphic verse, and more often than not makes a point of emphasizing their antiquity.”»el dato que aporta: Platón cita o parafrasea versos órficos en varias ocasiones y suele subrayar su antigüedad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 130»

«But the most telling evidence of all is to be found in the Phaedo.»y dónde está para él la evidencia más contundente: en el Fedón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 130»

«The few references to Orphic ideas in the main body of the dialogue are, quite literally, only the start of the story.»la advertencia de que las pocas referencias órficas del cuerpo del diálogo son literalmente el comienzo del asunto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 130»

«For example, the most striking item of underworld symbolism in those earlier Orphic allusions recurs repeatedly in the underworld geography of the final myth: the mention of lying in the mud (ἐν βορβόρωι κεῖσθαι)15 picked up three times in the context of the Pyriphlegethon, Tartarus, and Sicily's vast subterranean rivers of mud.”»el motivo que Kingsley sigue: yacer en el fango —ἐν βορβόρωι κεῖσθαι— reaparece tres veces en la geografía del mito final, junto al Piriflegetonte, al Tártaro y a los ríos subterráneos de Sicilia; la capa de texto pega *15*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 130»

«Some very strange suggestions have been put forward as to the origin of the expression 'lying in the mud', but it is quite clear from references to the idea elsewhere—by Plato as well as other writers— that the image intended is of punishment reserved for sufferers in the underworld.»la lectura que Kingsley opone a las propuestas extrañas sobre esa expresión: por las referencias de Platón y de otros autores está claro que la imagen es de castigo en el inframundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 130»

«Aristophanes’ description is especially illuminating: those who have committed crimes, in particular the crime of raising their hand in violence against their father or mother, are forced to ‘lie in the mud’ (εἶτα βόρβορον... ἐν δὲ τούτωι κειμένους) in the underworld close to the Acherusian Lake.»el paralelo que llama especialmente iluminador: Aristófanes hace que quienes alzaron la mano contra su padre o su madre yazgan en el fango —εἶτα βόρβορον... ἐν δὲ τούτωι κειμένους— junto al lago Aqueronte

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 130»

«Apart from the identical idea here of being left to lie in the mud it will be noted that according to the Phaedo the rivers»y la coincidencia que registra con el Fedón; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 130»

«What the Aristophanes passage and the other parallels do here is bring together the allusions to lying in the mud and to subterranean rivers of mud which are scattered through the Phaedo, and show that they are so many facets of one and the same fundamental idea.»lo que ese paralelo consigue, según Kingsley: reunir las alusiones dispersas al fango y a los ríos de fango del Fedón y mostrarlas como facetas de una sola idea

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 131»

«In other words, they make it unmistakably clear that the final myth in the dialogue explains the earlier, brief allusion to lying in the mud by placing it in its proper, mythical context—the context in which it makes sense.»y lo que vuelve inconfundible: que el mito final explica la alusión breve anterior situándola en su contexto mítico propio

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 131»

«At this basic level of the myth Plato has not added anything in the way of embellishment or subtle exegesis, and neither has his source; on the contrary, he has simply presented the broader canvas in which the image has its rightful place.»la consecuencia sobre la autoría: en ese nivel básico ni Platón ni su fuente añadieron adorno o exégesis sutil, solo presentaron el lienzo amplio donde la imagen tiene su sitio

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 131»

«If the isolated idea of lying in the mud' is Orphic, then the mythical canvas in which it belongs is almost certainly Orphic as well—and that means not just the rivers of mud but the subterranean landscape of the Phaedo myth as a whole.»y la inferencia: si la idea aislada de yacer en el fango es órfica, también lo es el lienzo mítico entero, incluido el paisaje subterráneo del mito

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 131»

«Thematically, the earlier Orphic references are related to the final myth: they give a brief foretaste of the kind of material to come, and the possibility of connections between the different parts of the Phaedo finds itself confirmed.»lo que Kingsley concluye sobre la unidad del diálogo: las referencias órficas anteriores anticipan temáticamente el mito final y confirman las conexiones entre las partes del Fedón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 131»

«So, the image evoked earlier in the dialogue of the impure soul being left to lie in the mud had, as its logical counterpart, the vision of the pure soul freeing itself from Hades to go and live with the gods; Plato's phrasing»el contrapunto que señala: al alma impura dejada en el fango le corresponde la visión del alma pura liberándose del Hades para vivir con los dioses; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 131»

«He states that a similar arrangement of underworld rivers was described ‘at some length' by Orpheus; and he adds, on Proclus' testimony, that according to ‘Orphic tradition’ (Ὀρφέως παράδοσις) it was interpreted symbolically by correlating each river with an element.”»el testimonio de Damascio que Kingsley trae: Orfeo describió con cierta extensión una disposición semejante de los ríos del inframundo, y según Proclo la *tradición órfica* —Ὀρφέως παράδοσις— la interpretaba correlacionando cada río con un elemento

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 132»

«In the light of evidence like this it is a rather high-handed approach not to take Damascius very seriously when he says that Plato derived his arrangement of underworld rivers in the Phaedo myth from a poem by ‘Orpheus’.»la calificación que Kingsley da al desdén hacia ese testimonio: es un enfoque más bien altanero no tomar en serio a Damascio cuando dice que Platón tomó de un poema de Orfeo su disposición de los ríos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 133»

«Damascius' frequent eccentricities as an interpreter of earlier philosophers are one thing; but a liar he was not.»con la distinción que él mismo introduce: las excentricidades frecuentes de Damascio como intérprete son una cosa, y mentiroso no era

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 133»

«If he says that the same basic arrangement of underworld rivers which we find in the Phaedo was described—and described at some length—in a poem by Orpheus, then it was described in a poem ascribed to Orpheus.»y la conclusión que de ahí saca: si dice que esa disposición se describió en un poema de Orfeo, se describió en un poema adjudicado a Orfeo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 133»

«The obvious question is whether the Orphic verses were really older than Plato, or whether they were later creations with the geography of the Phaedo myth as their direct or ultimate model.»la pregunta que Kingsley formula a continuación: si los versos órficos eran realmente anteriores a Platón o creaciones posteriores modeladas sobre el Fedón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 133»

«Here, all the probabilities point in the same direction.»y su respuesta por probabilidades, todas en la misma dirección

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 133»

«On the other hand Plato himself, as we have seen, knew and used a body of Orphic literature which already in his days was considered ancient; and earlier in the Phaedo he alludes to this literature in a way which prepares us for the fact that he will be using Orphic sources in the culminating myth.»el argumento de Kingsley: Platón conocía y usaba una literatura órfica que ya en su tiempo se tenía por antigua, y en el Fedón alude a ella preparando su uso en el mito culminante

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 134»

«Sometimes the presence of a poetic original behind the prose of the Phaedo myth is difficult to ignore.” Also, in discussing the rivers of the underworld Proclus quotes a few brief lines from an Orphic poem which bear marked similarities to the overall eschatological schema outlined by Plato but at the same time are decidedly simpler: clearly any borrowing is not by the Orphic poet from Plato, but the other way round.»y el segundo: a veces cuesta ignorar el original poético detrás de la prosa del mito, y Proclo cita versos órficos de marcada semejanza con el esquema escatológico de Platón; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 134»

«These general considerations would themselves weigh the balance heavily in favour of concluding that the Orphic poem Damascius refers to was older than Plato, even were it not for the fact that we have already arrived at the same conclusion on»el peso que Kingsley da al conjunto: esas consideraciones generales bastarían para concluir que el poema órfico de Damascio era anterior a Platón aun sin haber llegado ya a esa conclusión por otra vía; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 134»

«From the references to lying in mud and rivers of mud it emerged that the underworld landscape of the Phaedo myth as a whole—which means above all its arrangement of rivers—is almost certainly based on a work of Orpheus.»lo que Kingsley da por casi seguro tras seguir el motivo del fango: el paisaje subterráneo del mito, y sobre todo su disposición de ríos, se basa en una obra de Orfeo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 135»

«Damascius, as mentioned earlier, distinguishes explicitly between the original mythology of underworld rivers ascribed to Orpheus and the allegorical interpretations—correlating each river with an element—to which it was subsequently subjected.»la distinción explícita que Damascio hace, según Kingsley: entre la mitología original de los ríos adjudicada a Orfeo y las interpretaciones alegóricas posteriores que correlacionaban cada río con un elemento

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 135»

«He provides a specific example to illustrate this basic distinction: while the Pyriphlegethon was interpreted allegorically as the element of fire, Ocean as water, and Styx as earth, justification for equating the Acheron with the element of aer was found in the fact that ‘Orpheus’ himself describes the Acherusian Lake as aerios .»y el ejemplo con que la ilustra: Piriflegetonte fuego, Océano agua, Éstige tierra, y el Aqueronte identificado con el *aer* porque *Orfeo* describía el lago Aqueronte de cierta manera; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 135»

«The original description of the lake as aerios was plainly intended to mean not that the lake was 'air-like' or ‘up in the air’ but that it was ‘misty’.»la lectura que Kingsley propone de ese epíteto: *aerios* no quería decir que el lago fuera aéreo ni estuviera en el aire, sino que era brumoso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 135»

«The simple yet visually impressive image of a misty lake is an obvious parallel to the use of aer and its derivatives by writers such as Homer, Hesiod, and Empedocles to describe the mist rising from and hovering over bodies of water.”»y el paralelo que aporta: Homero, Hesíodo y Empédocles usan *aer* y sus derivados para la niebla que se levanta sobre masas de agua

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 135»

«The significance of this original meaning of the word emerges when we go back over the ground covered earlier in our analysis of the history of the term aer.»la razón por la que ese sentido importa, según Kingsley: remite a la historia del término ya recorrida

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 135»

«Through the sixth and fifth centuries BC, the word along with its derivatives retained the basic sense of ‘mist’ or ‘fog’.»el estado del término en los siglos VI y V: la palabra y sus derivados conservaban el sentido básico de niebla o bruma

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 135»

«But during the same period the new, broader sense of 'air' started to appear, and by the early fourth century»y el cambio: en el mismo periodo empezó a aparecer el sentido más amplio de aire, y ya a principios del siglo IV; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 135»

«even the greatest commentators on Homer misunderstood and reinterpreted the word when it occurred in its original sense.»hasta el punto de que incluso los mayores comentaristas de Homero malentendían y reinterpretaban la palabra en su sentido original

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 136»

«The broad relevance of this evolution to the history of Orphic literature is straightforward.»la pertinencia que Kingsley declara para la historia de la literatura órfica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 136»

«it is important to note that, even in the case of passages very probably adapted from an older model, there are signs of deliberate attempts to substitute modern diction and terminology.»y el fenómeno que subraya: incluso en pasajes adaptados de un modelo antiguo hay señales de intentos deliberados de sustituir dicción y terminología por las modernas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 136»

«These general comments are strikingly borne out in practice when we look at how the word aer and its derivatives are used in the surviving Orphic literature.»el contraste que Kingsley mide en la práctica: cómo se usan *aer* y sus derivados en la literatura órfica conservada

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 136»

«Aer itself is always, as in Stoicism, the element of air.”»con el resultado para el sustantivo: *aer* es siempre, como en el estoicismo, el elemento aire

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 136»

«As for the adjective aerios (or eerios in its epic form), it occurs repeatedly— but not in the sense of ‘misty’ or ‘shrouded in a fog'.»y para el adjetivo *aerios* o *eerios*: aparece repetidamente, pero no en el sentido de brumoso o envuelto en niebla

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 136»

«it is worth noting that already in the Derveni papyrus we find the tendency to interpret Orphic poetry allegorically by correlating particular things— including rivers— with the element of air (col. 23.1—9).»el dato del papiro de Derveni que Kingsley suma: ya ahí se interpreta la poesía órfica correlacionando cosas, ríos incluidos, con el elemento aire

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 136»

«Here, owing to the nature of the problem and the evidence at our disposal, it is impossible to be categorical; but from these various details some highly probable conclusions emerge.»la abstención de método con que Kingsley enmarca sus conclusiones: dada la naturaleza del problema es imposible ser categórico, y aun así emergen conclusiones muy probables

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 137»

«Damascius' report of Orpheus describing the Acherusian Lake as aenos or enveloped in mist very strongly suggests a poem of pre-Hellenistic date, hardly written much if at all later than the end of the fifth century Bc.»la primera: el informe de Damascio sobre el lago Aqueronte envuelto en niebla sugiere con fuerza un poema prehelenístico, apenas posterior al final del siglo V; la capa de texto imprime *aenos*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 137»

«As far as Damascius is concerned, whatever knowledge he may have had of the poem in which the word occurred is most likely to have come to him through the much later Orphic Rhapsodies:»la segunda: lo que Damascio supiera del poema le llegó muy probablemente por las Rapsodias órficas, mucho más tardías

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 137»

«This has the practical implication that he is likely to have had no way of knowing—and probably no reason to want to know— the title of the poem in question.»y su implicación práctica: es probable que no tuviera manera de conocer, ni motivo para querer conocer, el título del poema

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 137»

«geography of underworld rivers provides the fundamental structure for the myth as a whole.»lo que Kingsley da por establecido de la estructura: la geografía de los ríos del inframundo da la estructura fundamental del mito entero; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 138»

«What this means altogether is that while the physical foundation for the Phaedo myth is chiefly Sicilian, its mythical foundation now appears to be Orphic.»y el balance: mientras el cimiento físico del mito es sobre todo siciliano, su cimiento mítico resulta órfico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 138»

«In short, the myth arose out of the soil of Sicily and Italy and took the form of an Orphic poem written, used, interpreted, and eventually transmitted to Plato by western Pythagoreans.»la secuencia completa que Kingsley propone: el mito nació del suelo de Sicilia e Italia, tomó forma de poema órfico y fue escrito, usado, interpretado y transmitido a Platón por pitagóricos occidentales

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 138»

«The significance of this sequence can hardly be overestimated.»y el peso que le da: la significación de esa secuencia difícilmente puede sobreestimarse

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 138»

«Here, however, we have the allegorizing interpretation of Orphic literature not only attested before Plato's time, but actually feeding into and creating the Platonic myths themselves.»lo que se obtiene con ella: la interpretación alegórica de la literatura órfica no solo atestiguada antes de Platón sino alimentando y creando los propios mitos platónicos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 138»

«After the mud and the mist, there is one final detail in the Phaedo myth that calls for a few words.»el último detalle del mito que Kingsley anuncia, tras el fango y la niebla

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 138»

«Plato begins his outline of its underworld topography by describing a huge labyrinth of chasms, craters, and water channels, all grouped around one chasm in particular—the largest of them all.»y en qué consiste: Platón abre su topografía con un laberinto enorme de simas, cráteres y canales de agua, agrupados en torno a una sima mayor que todas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 138»

«One of the chasms (chasmata) in the earth happens to be vaster than any of the others, and is bored right through the entire earth.»la frase platónica que lo dice: una de las simas de la tierra es más vasta que las otras y está taladrada a través de la tierra entera

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 138»

«All rivers flow together into this chasm (chasma) and flow out of it again, and each of them takes on its own particular quality according to the nature of the earth»y su continuación: todos los ríos confluyen en esa sima y salen de ella, y cada uno toma la cualidad propia según la naturaleza de la tierra; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 138»

«This last expression, ‘has neither bottom nor fixed base’ (πυθμένα οὐκ ἔχει οὐδὲ βάσιν), does not seem particularly remarkable in the context of Plato’s overall description; but there is more to it than meets the eye.»la expresión platónica que Kingsley aísla: *no tiene fondo ni base fija*, πυθμένα οὐκ ἔχει οὐδὲ βάσιν, que parece corriente y no lo es

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 139»

«One line of Orphic poetry which is quoted and referred to repeatedly by Neoplatonists describes the 'vast, gigantic chasm' (μέγα χάσμα πελώριον) formed at the start of creation, in which 'no boundary existed, and neither bottom nor set base’ (οὐδέ»el verso órfico con que la empareja: el *vasto abismo gigantesco*, μέγα χάσμα πελώριον, formado al comenzar la creación, sin límite ni fondo ni base fija; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 139»

«The argument that these parallels could just be so many coincidences loses all its force when we note that, in both cases, the subject in question is the same: a 'vast, gigantic chasm’ in the Orphic verse (μέγα χάσμα πελώριον) and ‘the vastest of all chasms’ in the Phaedo»el argumento contra la casualidad: en ambos casos el sujeto es el mismo, el abismo vastísimo del verso órfico y la más vasta de las simas del Fedón; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 139»

«Further, it will be noted that the emphasis both in Plato and in the Orphic verse on this vast chasm having no bottom—and, in the Orphic verse, no boundary as well—not only evokes but also deliberately corrects and modifies the chasm as portrayed by Hesiod, which for all its vastness does by implication have a definite bottom and definite boundaries.»lo que Kingsley señala en el énfasis compartido en la falta de fondo: evoca y a la vez corrige deliberadamente la sima de Hesíodo, que por implicación sí lo tiene; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 140»

«This kind of conscious mythological refinement of Hesiod's cosmology would be rather out of place in Plato, but it was a dominant keynote of Orphic cosmological poetry.»y su adjudicación: ese refinamiento consciente de la cosmología hesiódica estaría fuera de lugar en Platón y era nota dominante de la poesía cosmológica órfica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 140»

«they also suggest the priority of the Orphic verse with regard to Plato; and the inevitable conclusion that the two passages are linked is further confirmed by the evidence noted earlier of substantial borrowing from Orphic literature in the Phaedo myth as a whole.»la prioridad que Kingsley infiere: el verso órfico va antes que Platón, y la conclusión de que los dos pasajes están ligados la confirma el préstamo órfico ya establecido en el mito

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 140»

«All that remains is to clarify the nature of the link between the Platonic and the Orphic passage.»la tarea que le queda: aclarar la naturaleza del vínculo entre el pasaje platónico y el órfico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 140»

«The balance of probability has already started to come down heavily on the side of Plato’s indebtedness to an Orphic poem; but there are a number of other factors which need taking into account as well.»el estado de la balanza según Kingsley, ya inclinada hacia la deuda de Platón, con otros factores por considerar

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 140»

«To begin with, an Orphic versification of the Phaedo myth is extremely unlikely.»el primero: una versificación órfica del mito del Fedón es sumamente improbable

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 140»

«Generally speaking, Greek prose was only converted into verse in the special case of famous apophthegms or canonical sayings, or when versification would prove practically useful as an aid to memory.»y su razón general: la prosa griega solo se pasaba a verso en el caso de apotegmas famosos o cuando servía de ayuda para la memoria

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 140»

«remember the point already mentioned, that Hellenistic and post-Hellenistic Orphic poetry showed a remarkable lack of interest in Plato's writings—certainly not the kind of interest needed to try versifying a complex section of narrative in the Phaedo.»el segundo: la poesía órfica helenística y posthelenística mostró una falta notable de interés por los escritos de Platón; el tramo arrastra el encabezado corrido *Plato and Orpheus 129* porque el folio y el título van dentro del cuerpo en la capa de texto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 141»

«But, these broad considerations apart, there is one clear sign that the Orphic verse is primary.»y la señal clara que Kingsley considera decisiva de la primacía del verso órfico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 141»

«The end of the line—'nor any set base’, οὐδέ τις ἕδρα —is taken over word for word from the end of a line in Hesiod.»cuál es: el final del verso —*ni base alguna*, οὐδέ τις ἕδρα— está tomado palabra por palabra del final de un verso de Hesíodo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 141»

«In short, the model for the Orphic verse is not Plato but Hesiod, and the prose version in the Phaedo is based on it, not the other way round.»y su conclusión: el modelo del verso órfico no es Platón sino Hesíodo, y la versión en prosa del Fedón se basa en él y no al revés

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 141»

«Orphic version must be primary, it is equally clear how Plato's very similar prose version came into being.»lo que de ahí se sigue sobre la prosa platónica; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 141»

«On the contrary, he developed a deliberate art of casual allusion.»la práctica que Kingsley adjudica a Platón: un arte deliberado de la alusión casual

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 141»

«In particular, he liked to alternate exact quotations with paraphrases— modifying lines of verse by adapting them to his prose, abbreviating them, preserving some of the original words and substituting synonyms for others.»y su técnica: alternar citas exactas con paráfrasis, adaptando versos a su prosa, abreviándolos, conservando algunas palabras y sustituyendo otras por sinónimos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 141»

«Comparison of Plato’s allusions to Homer or Hesiod with the poems themselves shows that even the smallest details in his manner of alluding to the Orphic verse have exact parallels elsewhere, and are typical of his normal style and procedure.»la comprobación que Kingsley ofrece: comparadas con Homero y Hesíodo, hasta las minucias del modo de aludir al verso órfico tienen paralelos exactos y son típicas de su procedimiento

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 141»

«Once again, the way in which the Neoplatonists quote the Orphic line is no help in reconstructing its original context.»la limitación que declara: el modo en que los neoplatónicos citan el verso órfico no ayuda a reconstruir su contexto original

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 142»

«But one thing we can be quite sure of is that it occurred in a poem which was pre-Platonic; and although this is not the first time we have found Plato paraphrasing Orphic literature in the Phaedo, what is especially interesting about the example this time is that it takes us to the very core of the final myth.»y lo único de lo que dice poder estar seguro: que el verso apareció en un poema preplatónico, y que este ejemplo lleva al núcleo mismo del mito final; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 142»

«Even with the pitifully slender evidence at our disposal, we can begin to see that Olympiodorus probably knew rather well what he was talking about when he said 'Plato paraphrases Orpheus everywhere'??»la rehabilitación que Kingsley propone: con la evidencia lastimosamente escasa disponible, Olimpiodoro probablemente sabía bien lo que decía al afirmar que Platón parafrasea a Orfeo en todas partes

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 142»

«This myth has a certain practicality which makes it all the more attractive.»la observación con que califica ese mito historiográfico: tiene una practicidad que lo vuelve más atractivo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 142»

«Plato himself is not so much a starting-point as an isthmus between two continuous bodies of tradition.»la imagen con que Kingsley reubica a Platón: no tanto un punto de partida como un istmo entre dos cuerpos continuos de tradición

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 143»

«Everything is interrelated, and so long as these complex interrelations remain unperceived everything goes wrong:»y su consecuencia de método: todo está interrelacionado, y mientras esas relaciones no se perciban todo sale mal

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 143»

«the Neoplatonic evidence cannot be understood properly without understanding the real roots of Platonic tradition; and conversely, the Neoplatonic evidence has a very significant contribution to make in helping us understand the truth about those origins.»con la doble dirección: la evidencia neoplatónica no se entiende sin las raíces reales de la tradición platónica, y a la vez contribuye de manera significativa a entender esos orígenes

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 143»

«When Olympiodorus exclaims with an obvious touch of humorous exaggeration that 'Plato paraphrases Orpheus everywhere', we need to start by assessing how much truth there is in what he says, not how little.»la regla que Kingsley propone para leer a Olimpiodoro: empezar por medir cuánta verdad hay en lo que dice, no cuán poca

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 143»

«When Proclus says Plato received his knowledge of divine matters from ‘Pythagorean and Orphic writings’ (ἔκ τε τῶν Πυθαγορείων καὶ τῶν Ὀρφικῶν γραμμάτων), we may disagree with some of the picturesque details of initiatory succession which he provides, and with his emphasis on purely written transmission, but that is no justification»y la misma regla aplicada a Proclo, que dice que Platón recibió su conocimiento de lo divino de escritos pitagóricos y órficos —ἔκ τε τῶν Πυθαγορείων καὶ τῶν Ὀρφικῶν γραμμάτων—, con las reservas de Kingsley sobre los detalles de sucesión iniciática; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 143»

«And when Proclus claims that Plato ‘took over from Orpheus the mythological details’ in the Phaedo myth, or when Julian— writing a century earlier—says Plato followed the model of Orpheus in his descriptions of the underworld, we may object to their failing to distinguish between Orpheus and people writing under the name of Orpheus; but otherwise the evidence indicates»los dos testimonios tardíos que Kingsley recoge con su objeción incorporada: Proclo dice que Platón tomó de Orfeo los detalles mitológicos del mito y Juliano, un siglo antes, que siguió el modelo de Orfeo, y él objeta que no distingan entre Orfeo y quienes escribían bajo su nombre; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 144»

«First, ‘craters’ or bowl-shaped hollows in the earth are mentioned by Greek and Roman writers as occurring in a number of places.»el punto de partida del excurso sobre el krater: los *cráteres* o huecos en forma de cuenco que escritores griegos y romanos mencionan en varios lugares

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 145»

«but later acquired its by now more familiar sense through being applied metaphorically to hollows in the earth and volcanic 'craters'.»el desplazamiento semántico que Kingsley traza: la palabra adquirió su sentido hoy familiar al aplicarse metafóricamente a huecos de la tierra y a cráteres volcánicos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 145»

«It will be noted that even in Roman times the original meaning of the word was still very palpable behind the metaphorical usage.!»con la observación de que aun en época romana el sentido original seguía muy palpable detrás del uso metafórico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 145»

«We have already found this applied sense of the word in the myth at the end of the Phaedo,’ and a few brief comments on it will not be out of place.»el uso ya encontrado en el mito final del Fedón, sobre el que anuncia unos comentarios

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 145»

«But by far the most important and most often referred to were in two regions which were repeatedly compared with each other in antiquity because of the volcanic qualities they shared and which, as we have seen, were understood to be joined to each other along a single volcanic seam.»las dos regiones que Kingsley señala como las más importantes: comparadas una con otra en la antigüedad por sus cualidades volcánicas y entendidas como unidas por una sola costura volcánica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 145»

«These regions were, on the one hand, the area around the Bay of Naples in Campania and, on the other, the eastern part of Sicily extending from Hiera and Strongyle, just off the north coast of the island, down through Etna and—past Hybla Geleatis (modern Paternó) at Etna's southern face—to the lakes of the Palici and Syracuse.»y cuáles son: la bahía de Nápoles en Campania y la parte oriental de Sicilia, de Hiera y Strongyle hasta el Etna y los lagos de los Palicos, pasando por Hybla Geleatis, la moderna Paternò; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 145»

«Third, through this special link with the other world they became ‘places of power’: sites of oracles, appropriate spots for the taking of oaths, places of ordeal where truth was revealed and untruth exposed, and locations associated with dreams and their interpretation?»el tercer rasgo que Kingsley enumera: por su vínculo con el otro mundo esos sitios se volvieron lugares de poder, sedes de oráculos, sitios para juramentos y ordalías y lugares asociados a los sueños y su interpretación

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 146»

«And finally Sicily in particular, but Campania as well, were famous not just for their craters of fire but also for craters of water.»y el cuarto: Sicilia sobre todo, y también Campania, fueron famosas no solo por sus cráteres de fuego sino por sus cráteres de agua

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 146»

«Regarding the Orphic Κταίετ, no verses specifically ascribed to the poem survive; its contents have remained a mystery in spite of—or rather because of—the fact that the krater was obviously an important Orphic symbol.»el estado de la evidencia sobre el Krater órfico, según Kingsley: no sobrevive ningún verso adjudicado al poema, y su contenido siguió siendo un misterio precisamente porque el krater era un símbolo órfico importante; la capa de texto imprime el título como *Κταίετ*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 146»

«There is also—not surprisingly, considering the links between the Hermetica and Pythagoreanism—a Hermetic work called the Krater; the importance of the symbol here can easily be gauged from the immense influence it subsequently exerted on the legend of the Grail.’»el paralelo hermético que Kingsley aporta: hay un tratado del corpus llamado Krater, y la influencia del símbolo se mide en la que ejerció después sobre la leyenda del Grial

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 147»

«But far from being able to clarify anything else, the Hermetic use of the symbol stands in need of clarification itself.»con su reserva: lejos de aclarar otra cosa, el uso hermético del símbolo necesita él mismo aclaración

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 147»

«It is a complex web of ideas, plainly due to the merging of different mystery traditions: the krater is not just the source of the liquid the initiate is expected to drink but also something he has to throw himself into so as to become pure and immortal, a ‘perfect man’ capable of reascending to heaven.'?»y su descripción: una red compleja de ideas por fusión de tradiciones mistéricas distintas, donde el krater es a la vez fuente del líquido que el iniciado bebe y algo a lo que ha de arrojarse para volverse puro e inmortal

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 147»

«This second idea would seem to suggest a form of pagan initiatory ritual; commentators have plausibly pointed to Orphic and Pythagorean ideas and, in particular, to the legend of Empedocles throwing himself into the krater of Etna to achieve precisely the same results.!!»la sugerencia que Kingsley considera plausible en los comentaristas: esa segunda idea apunta a un ritual iniciático pagano, con paralelos órficos y pitagóricos y con la leyenda de Empédocles arrojándose al cráter del Etna para lograr lo mismo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 147»

«However, there is a missing link to the puzzle: a text which directly associates the symbol of the krater with the name of Orpheus and, in so doing, promises to throw some real light on the contents and concerns of the lost Orphic Krater.»el eslabón que Kingsley dice faltar: un texto que asocie directamente el símbolo del krater con el nombre de Orfeo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 147»

«The existence of the link, as well as its potential value, have been appreciated for a long time; but the obvious and also less obvious implications of the text appear not to have been drawn.»y el estado de su recepción: el vínculo y su valor se aprecian desde hace mucho, y sus implicaciones no parecen haberse extraído

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 147»

«In one of his eschatological myths Plutarch gives a description of a visit to the other world during which the fictional character making the journey arrives at a ‘vast krater with rivers»el texto en cuestión: uno de los mitos escatológicos de Plutarco, donde el viajero llega a un krater enorme con ríos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 147»

«The character is then told by his spirit guide that this is as far as Orpheus managed to get on his descent to the underworld in search of his wife; that he suffered a lapse of memory and, as a result, when he returned to earth emptyhanded he spread around the false story that the oracle at Delphi was shared by Apollo and Night.»lo que el guía espiritual le dice ahí: que hasta ahí llegó Orfeo en su descenso en busca de su mujer, que sufrió un lapso de memoria y difundió al volver el relato falso de un oráculo compartido en Delfos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana; la fuente imprime *empty-handed* partido por el salto de renglón y span() lo une

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 148»

«The guide goes on to explain that this krater is in fact the site of an oracle shared by Night and the Moon, and is the source of dreams.»y la explicación que sigue: ese krater es en realidad la sede de un oráculo compartido por la Noche y la Luna, y la fuente de los sueños

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 148»

«The passage is a classic example of how with the passing of time myth becomes contaminated and corrupted, mixed up with other traditions, and distorted by misunderstandings and polemic; but a genuine Orphic kernel to it there undoubtedly is.»el juicio de Kingsley sobre el pasaje: ejemplo clásico de cómo el mito se contamina, se mezcla con otras tradiciones y se distorsiona por polémica, y a la vez con un núcleo órfico genuino fuera de duda

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 148»

«But by Plutarch's time the original mythical material has been heavily modified through contact with outside factors and interests.»con la acotación temporal: para tiempos de Plutarco el material mítico original está muy modificado por factores e intereses externos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 148»

«A story of Orpheus' descent to the underworld has obviously been parodied, at the expense of Orpheus himself and to the decided advantage of Delphi.»lo que Kingsley identifica como parodia: un relato del descenso de Orfeo, a costa suya y en ventaja decidida de Delfos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 148»

«His mission is abortive, his memory fails him, he wrongly associates Night with Apollo at Delphi, and he is stupid enough to disseminate his lies and confusion among others.»y su inventario del daño: misión abortada, memoria fallida, asociación errónea de la Noche con Apolo en Delfos y difusión de sus mentiras

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 148»

«Possibly there is an allusion here to an actual statement by Orpheus to the effect that Night's role at Delphi had been ignored and suppressed; possibly a more universal statement by him expressing the primacy of Night's role as an oracular power was taken personally by Delphic propagandists and turned back against him.”»las dos conjeturas que Kingsley ofrece, las dos marcadas como posibles: una declaración de Orfeo sobre el papel ignorado de la Noche en Delfos, o una afirmación más universal sobre su primacía oracular vuelta contra él por la propaganda délfica; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 148»

«The oracle of Night, delivered by her from her mysterious sanctuary or cave, is an authentic and ancient feature of Orphic mythology.»lo que Kingsley da por auténtico y antiguo en la mitología órfica: el oráculo de la Noche pronunciado desde su santuario o cueva misteriosa; el ancla de fin del informe caía del otro lado del límite de chunk en la plana 148

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 148»

«First, the krater which Orpheus arrives at originally had nothing to do with Delphi.»la primera de las cosas que Kingsley separa en el pasaje: el krater al que llega Orfeo no tenía originalmente nada que ver con Delfos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 149»

«At the most obvious level, an oracle of dreams which gave individuals their own way of seeing into the past and future would be a threat and source of competition to the very principles on which the oracle at Delphi was based.»y la razón del conflicto: un oráculo de sueños que diera a cada uno su propio modo de ver el pasado y el futuro amenazaba los principios mismos en que Delfos se fundaba

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 149»

«Also, Plutarch himself goes some of the way to set things right by making it plain that the oracle at the krater and the oracle at Delphi are two quite separate things.»la concesión que Kingsley hace al propio Plutarco: deja claro que el oráculo del krater y el de Delfos son dos cosas distintas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 149»

«Second, it is clear as well that the various mistakes and failures are features not of the original myth but of a parody of it produced in a spirit of blatant Delphic one-upmanship; the fact that Plutarch himself was a proud member of the Delphic priesthood is hardly a coincidence.»la segunda: los errores y fracasos no pertenecen al mito original sino a una parodia hecha con descarada superioridad délfica, y que Plutarco fuera sacerdote de Delfos no es casual; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 149»

«As for Orpheus’ fundamental failure to bring back his wife, this is very probably a reflection of what appears to have been the widespread tendency to replace earlier stories in which Orpheus' descent to the underworld was successful with more morally 'acceptable' versions in which his superhuman journey proved too much for him.»la explicación que Kingsley da al fracaso de Orfeo: refleja la tendencia extendida a sustituir los relatos antiguos, en los que el descenso tenía éxito, por versiones moralmente más aceptables; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana; la fuente imprime *super-human* partido por el salto de renglón y span() lo une

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 149»

«On the other hand behind the remodellings and reworkings there are those traces, still discernible, of the earlier stratum of myth; and here we come to the obvious point of significance in this passage of Plutarch.»y lo que queda pese a las refundiciones: rastros aún discernibles del estrato de mito más antiguo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 149»

«The vast krater which Orpheus arrives at on his descent into the underworld is not just some literal or oracle at Delphi would be yet another effective way of ridiculing him by adding to the impression of his confusion.»la afirmación de Kingsley sobre ese krater; el tramo se corta y arrastra parte de la nota al pie porque el aparato va dentro del cuerpo en la capa de texto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 149»

«Just like the geophysical ‘craters’ considered earlier, it is a point of descent and entry into the underworld.»lo que el krater es, según Kingsley, igual que los cráteres geofísicos ya examinados: un punto de descenso y de entrada al inframundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 150»

«Plutarch explains the true nature of the krater which Orpheus arrived at in the following words: “This is an oracle shared by Night and the Moon.»la explicación que Plutarco pone en boca del guía: es un oráculo compartido por la Noche y la Luna

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 150»

«That seems straightforward enough—except that Plutarch is referring here to the very same Orphic verse which Plato paraphrases in the Phaedo.»y el hallazgo de Kingsley: Plutarco se refiere ahí al mismo verso órfico que Platón parafrasea en el Fedón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 150»

«The strange idea in Plutarch of a krater which *wanders everywhere' (πάντηι πλανητόν) looks very much like a facetious extrapolation from the Orphic verse which describes the vast chasm as reaching ‘here and there’ (ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα,»el detalle que lo apoya: el krater que *vaga por todas partes* —πάντηι πλανητόν— parece extrapolación jocosa del verso órfico que describe el abismo alcanzando *aquí y allá*, ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 150»

«As we have seen, though, this transposition of underworld geography is not only present in Plato's myths themselves but had already been carried out before his time;»la corrección de Kingsley a esa datación: la transposición de la geografía del inframundo no solo está en los mitos de Platón sino que ya se había hecho antes de él

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 151»

«Plutarch by no means derived his basic materials from Plato alone.»y su consecuencia sobre Plutarco: no sacó de Platón solamente sus materiales básicos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 151»

«Both Plato and Plutarch paraphrase the same Orphic verse, but they paraphrase it in different terms;»el argumento textual: Platón y Plutarco parafrasean el mismo verso órfico, y lo parafrasean con términos distintos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 151»

«This can only mean one thing: they are both independently dependent on the same ultimate source.»y la única conclusión que Kingsley admite: los dos dependen de manera independiente de la misma fuente última

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 151»

«That ultimate source is plainly an Orphic poem, and both Plato and Plutarch have inherited along with the poem a tradition of allegorical interpretation which is Pythagorean in origin.»que identifica como poema órfico, del que ambos heredaron además una tradición de interpretación alegórica de origen pitagórico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 151»

«The similarities between the Phaedo myth and the passage in Plutarch—the Orphic background in both cases, the same concern with underworld geography, the same central image of a huge crater with rivers flowing into it, the allusion to the same Orphic verse—all point to the conclusion that the same Orphic poem lies behind them both.»el conjunto de semejanzas que Kingsley enumera —trasfondo órfico, geografía del inframundo, el cráter con ríos, la alusión al mismo verso— y la conclusión hacia la que apuntan; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 152»

«First, according to an ancient tradition all three works were written by one and the same author.”»el primero de los factores que Kingsley alega a favor de esa adjudicación: una tradición antigua daba las tres obras por escritas por un mismo autor

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 152»

«Second, the object mentioned in the title of each poem clearly represented a different cosmic or terrestrial symbol, in the sense that each of them appears to convey an image describing one major aspect of the structure of the cosmos or of the earth itself and the life upon it.”»el segundo: el objeto del título de cada poema representaba un símbolo cósmico o terrestre distinto, describiendo un aspecto mayor de la estructura del cosmos o de la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 152»

«Plainly it is a question here not of reasoning or abstract argument but of the immediacy of visual imagery, capable of encapsulating a cosmic principle in one vivid symbol: the robe, for example, almost certainly refers to the patchwork garment 'symbolizing the surface of the earth'.»y su carácter: no razonamiento ni argumento abstracto sino inmediatez de imagen visual, como el manto que casi con seguridad remite a la vestidura de retazos que simboliza la superficie de la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 152»

«The earlier imagery of souls as birds drawing in their wings and making their way round a vast chasm instead of flying straight across it (565e—566a) is an obvious allusion to volcanic phenomena, and points especially either to Campania or»la lectura que Kingsley hace de la imagen previa de las almas como aves que repliegan las alas y rodean el abismo en vez de cruzarlo: alusión obvia a fenómenos volcánicos, y en especial a Campania; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 149»

«As we have seen, the vast crater in Plutarch into which the rivers flow corresponds in the Phaedo myth to the chasm of Tartarus, into which all rivers flow—keeping apart at first, then pouring together and being mixed with each other in one huge, terrestrial mixing-bowl.»la correspondencia que Kingsley establece: el cráter enorme de Plutarco al que fluyen los ríos equivale en el Fedón al abismo del Tártaro, donde todos los ríos acaban mezclándose en un enorme cuenco terrestre

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 153»

«In short, what the Phaedo myth together with the Plutarch passage provides us with is a remarkable symbolic image of the entire inner structure of the earth which is perfectly comparable, and exactly complementary, to the image of the earth's surface as one huge terrestrial garment.»y lo que de ahí resulta: una imagen simbólica de la estructura interna entera de la tierra, comparable y exactamente complementaria a la de su superficie como manto terrestre

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 153»

«It has often been noticed that the intricate description in the Phaedo myth of the workings of the great terrestrial ‘mixing-bowl’, with its complex system of see-saw oscillations and balancing forces, displays all the signs of a writer possessing considerable mechanical flair and ingenuity.”»el rasgo del mito que Kingsley recoge de la bibliografía: la descripción del funcionamiento de ese cuenco, con oscilaciones y fuerzas en equilibrio, delata a un autor con notable ingenio mecánico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 153»

«To begin with, it is quite true that the oscillation system in the Phaedo, together with the imagery of the earth breathing through its subterranean channels and ‘exhaling’ during volcanic eruptions, is undoubtedly based on an analogy between microcosm and macrocosm: the earth is one vast breathing creature.»la primera concesión de Kingsley al analizar esa mecánica: el sistema de oscilación y la imagen de la tierra respirando por sus canales y exhalando en las erupciones descansa en una analogía entre microcosmos y macrocosmos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 154»

«Similarly, it is also highly likely that Empedocles intended his clepsydra analogy to be understood as a model not only for the breathing process in humans but also for the breathing of the universe during alternating stages of the cosmic cycle.»la segunda: es muy probable que Empédocles quisiera que su analogía de la clepsidra valiera como modelo de la respiración humana y también de la del universo en el ciclo cósmico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 154»

«But what is significant here is, first that the idea of cosmic breathing is a basic Pythagorean tenet which was invented by Empedocles no more than it was by Plato;”»pero lo que Kingsley considera significativo: la idea de la respiración cósmica es un principio pitagórico básico, no inventado por Empédocles ni por Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 154»

«In short, the similarities are to be explained in much the same way as the common concern with Sicilian geography: in terms of a Pythagorean background shared by Empedocles and by the author of the myth that lies behind the Phaedo.»y su explicación de las semejanzas: un trasfondo pitagórico compartido por Empédocles y por el autor del mito que está detrás del Fedón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 154»

«As for the differences, however, they argue against any direct indebtedness to Empedocles in the myth of the Phaedo; and we are left in the same situation as when looking, earlier, to see if Empedocles was the author of the original stratum of the Phaedo myth.»lo que las diferencias, en cambio, argumentan según Kingsley: contra cualquier deuda directa con Empédocles en el mito

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 154»

«He is not our man; it is to someone else, apparently writing under the name of Orpheus and to a considerable extent sharing»y su veredicto sobre la autoría: no es él, sino alguien que escribía aparentemente bajo el nombre de Orfeo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 154»

«To begin with the identification of the town: the fact that the historian Herodorus, from Heraclea on the Black Sea, is known to have written about Orpheus? might seem a possible indicator.»el primer indicio que Kingsley examina para localizar la ciudad: que el historiador Herodoro, de Heraclea del Mar Negro, escribiera sobre Orfeo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 155»

«However, the very close links between towns in the Greek West—Metapontum, Croton, Velia, Camarina, Syracuse—and the actual production of Orphic literature” point with much greater probability to two other cities of the same name:»y lo que apunta con mucha mayor probabilidad, según él: los vínculos estrechos entre las ciudades del occidente griego —Metaponto, Crotona, Velia, Camarina, Siracusa— y la producción efectiva de literatura órfica; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 155»

«Of these two, on quite general grounds the Heraclea in southern Italy is the more likely candidate; it was significantly better known in antiquity and was the one more commonly referred to by classical writers simply as ‘Heraclea’ with no further specification.»la elección que hace entre las dos candidatas: por razones generales, la Heraclea del sur de Italia es más probable, mejor conocida en la antigüedad y la que los clásicos llamaban *Heraclea* sin más

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 155»

«But the single most decisive fact for our purposes is that this Italian Heraclea was actually situated on the gulf of Tarentum.»y el dato que Kingsley considera el más decisivo: esa Heraclea italiana estaba situada en el golfo de Tarento

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 155»

«The resulting situation was rather paradoxical: Heraclea was able to achieve what Tarentum by itself was unable to do, but its success and fame were attributed to the founding city.»la paradoja que registra en su historia: Heraclea logró lo que Tarento por sí sola no pudo, y su éxito y su fama se atribuyeron a la ciudad fundadora

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 156»

«These considerations are, in themselves, enough to make it very probable that Zopyrus of Heraclea and Aristoxenus’ Zopyrus of Tarentum were one and the same person; but there are other factors which serve to confirm the identification.»lo que esas consideraciones bastan para volver muy probable, según Kingsley: que Zópiro de Heraclea y el Zópiro de Tarento de Aristoxeno fueran la misma persona

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 156»

«This same larentine Heraclea is repeatedly mentioned by ancient writers for its connections with Pythagoreanism.»y el primer factor que lo confirma: esa Heraclea tarentina se menciona repetidamente por sus conexiones con el pitagorismo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 156»

«We are told by Livy that Pythagoras himself set up schools (iuvenum aemulantium studia coetus) at Metapontum, Heraclea, and Croton.»el testimonio de Livio que aporta: Pitágoras habría fundado escuelas en Metaponto, Heraclea y Crotona

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 156»

«This is an obvious anachronism— Pythagoras died long before Heraclea was even founded—but is an equally obvious acknowledgement of Heraclea's importance, alongside Metapontum and Croton, as a centre of Pythagoreanism.»con el anacronismo declarado en la misma frase: Pitágoras murió mucho antes de que Heraclea se fundara, de modo que el dato reconoce la importancia de la ciudad, no la funda

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 156»

«Again, in his Pythagorean Life lamblichus gives Heraclea as the home of Philolaus and another Pythagorean,»el segundo testimonio: Jámblico da Heraclea como patria de Filolao y de otro pitagórico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 156»

«Plato's acquaintance Archytas, who during his rulership of larentum served as president of the Italian League at its famous congressional centre in Heraclea.»y el tercero: Arquitas, conocido de Platón, que durante su gobierno de Tarento presidió la Liga Itálica en su centro de reuniones de Heraclea; la capa de texto imprime *larentum*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 156»

«Fortunately, there is one other cluster of details which settles the matter and confirms this conclusion beyond any reasonable room for doubt.»el anuncio de Kingsley del grupo de datos que a su juicio cierra el asunto sin margen razonable de duda

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 157»

«Biton ends his work on war machinery with a section devoted to the mechanical designs and innovations of Zopyrus from Tarentum.»y el primero de ellos: Bitón cierra su obra sobre maquinaria de guerra con una sección dedicada a los diseños e innovaciones mecánicas de Zópiro de Tarento

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 157»

«First, in quite general terms the early stages of innovation in the design of weaponry depended heavily on the practical application of mathematics, and Pythagoreans are known to have been pioneers in this very field;»el primero de los puntos de Diels según Kingsley: la innovación temprana en el diseño de armamento dependía de la aplicación práctica de las matemáticas, campo en el que los pitagóricos fueron pioneros

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 158»

«Second, and more specifically, Diels noted that the one person who during this period was associated most closely with applied mathematics and, in particular, with breakthroughs in the field of mechanics, was none other than the famous Pythagorean from Tarentum: Archytas.»y el segundo: la persona más ligada en ese periodo a la matemática aplicada y a los avances en mecánica era el pitagórico de Tarento, Arquitas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 158»

«But there is also one other point, not given the emphasis it deserves by Diels, which clinches the matter decisively.»el punto adicional que Kingsley suma y que dice que Diels no destacó lo bastante

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 158»

«Ancient sources link the Pythagorean school of Archytas—who was himself elected by Tarentum seven times as its military general—not only with general advances in mechanical science but also with innovations in warfare and the design of weaponry.»y cuál es: las fuentes antiguas ligan la escuela de Arquitas —elegido siete veces general por Tarento— no solo a avances mecánicos generales sino a innovaciones en la guerra y el diseño de armas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 158»

«According to Heraclitus war is harmony; according to Pythagoreans, war is a harmony when correctly conducted.»la sentencia que Kingsley cita para situar esa combinación: para Heráclito la guerra es armonía, y para los pitagóricos es armonía cuando se conduce correctamente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 159»

«But one puzzling feature about the myth is that the author of the poem on which it is based evidently took a considerable interest not only in mythology but also in mechanics.»el rasgo desconcertante del mito que Kingsley aísla: el autor del poema se interesaba no solo por la mitología sino por la mecánica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 159»

«This interest cannot simply be attributed to Plato himself.»y su negativa a adjudicárselo a Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 159»

«First, Plato was no more mechanically minded than he was a musician, astronomer, or mathematician: he took a great interest in all these subjects, but whenever one looks closely at his treatment of them one invariably gains 'the impression of the enthusiastic layman trying to catch science on the wing.»con la primera razón: Platón no era más mecánico que músico, astrónomo o matemático, y su trato con esos temas deja la impresión del aficionado entusiasta cazando la ciencia al vuelo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 159»

«And second, we have seen that the basic description of subterranean geography in the Phaedo myth derives not from him but from a Pythagorean text which was almost certainly transmitted to him via the school of Archytas—a school that happens to have had an unrivalled reputation in the field of mechanics.»y la segunda: la geografía subterránea del mito viene de un texto pitagórico transmitido casi con seguridad por la escuela de Arquitas, de reputación sin rival en mecánica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 159»

«The evidence is remarkably consistent, and confirms the conclusion that the poem which lies behind the Phaedo myth was by Zopyrus of Tarentine Heraclea.»la conclusión que Kingsley declara: la evidencia es notablemente consistente, y con ella adjudica el poema detrás del mito a Zópiro de la Heraclea tarentina

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 160»

«According to Aristoxenus the ‘last’ of the Pythagoreans were contemporaries of Plato and Archytas, and active in around 365.»el dato cronológico de Aristoxeno: los *últimos* pitagóricos eran contemporáneos de Platón y Arquitas y actuaban hacia el 365

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 161»

«Zopyrus is not mentioned among them, so we can safely assume he lived and worked even earlier.»y la inferencia: Zópiro no figura entre ellos, así que puede suponerse con seguridad que vivió y trabajó antes

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 161»

«If Zopyrus belonged to a generation earlier than these ‘last’ Pythagoreans, he will almost certainly have lived no later than Philolaus who—again according to Aristoxenus—was one of their teachers.»con la precisión siguiente: si pertenecía a una generación anterior, no vivió después de Filolao, que según Aristoxeno fue uno de los maestros de aquellos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 161»

«Biton points to precisely the same period. Artillery had its grand début in the Greek world at Syracuse in 399 BC.»la segunda vía de datación, por Bitón: la artillería debutó en el mundo griego en Siracusa en 399 a. C.

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 162»

«Dionysius I stage-managed a remarkable scene by inviting expert craftsmen from Italy and elsewhere to come to his city and transform it into an immense workshop for the mass production of weapons of war.»y la escena que Dionisio I montó: invitar a artesanos expertos de Italia y de otras partes para convertir su ciudad en un taller inmenso de producción masiva de armas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 162»

«Diodorus Siculus, probably basing what he says on an eyewitness account by the Sicilian historian Philistus,® describes how ‘all kinds of catapults were constructed, plus a considerable number of other missile launchers'; these weapons are almost certain to have included the kind of non-torsion catapult invented by Zopyrus and described by Biton.»el testimonio de Diodoro Sículo, probablemente basado en el relato del historiador siciliano Filisto: se construyeron catapultas de todo tipo y bastantes otros lanzadores; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 162»

«To put the matter in a different way, the kind of ‘catapult that Zopyrus designed—it was actually a type of crossbow supplied with a pull-back winch system and a base—transformed artillery into a stunningly effective weapon of war, and it is very difficult not to suppose that this type and level of development lie behind Dionysius’ initial artillery success at his siege of Motya in western Sicily during the year 901.»la descripción que Kingsley da del invento de Zópiro: una ballesta con torno de retroceso y base, que volvió la artillería un arma extraordinariamente eficaz; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 162»

«These points would in themselves incline one to date Zopyrus' activities to the period during and before 399—397 rather than afterwards—even if we were»la datación que esos puntos sugieren por sí solos, según Kingsley: la actividad de Zópiro durante y antes del 399-397 más que después; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 162»

«Biton mentions among Zopyrus' creations one particular catapult design which he produced at Miletus.»el dato que Bitón añade: entre las creaciones de Zópiro hay una catapulta que hizo en Mileto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 162»

«In 412 Bc Miletus freed itself from the yoke of Athens.»el hecho histórico que Kingsley pone al lado: en el 412 a. C. Mileto se liberó del yugo de Atenas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 162»

«Under the protection of the fleet that had arrived from Syracuse it immediately started arming itself, and during the ten years between 411 and 402 built up its own defences and fortifications; but then, as part»y lo que hizo después: armarse bajo la protección de la flota llegada de Siracusa y levantar defensas entre el 411 y el 402; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 162»

«For almost seventy years, from 401 BC down to the time of Alexander the Great's unwelcomed arrival, Miletus remained willingly under Persian rule; it avoided contact with the Greek world, became the home of a Persian garrison, and concentrated on making carpets.»el periodo siguiente, según Kingsley: casi setenta años bajo dominio persa aceptado, evitando el contacto con el mundo griego, con guarnición persa y dedicada a fabricar alfombras

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 163»

«Prior to 412, a trip made by Zopyrus from Tarentum to Asia Minor to help the Milesians arm themselves is out of the question.»la primera exclusión que de ahí saca: antes del 412 un viaje de Zópiro desde Tarento a Asia Menor para armar a los milesios queda fuera de discusión

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 163»

«As for trying to date Zopyrus' journey to some time after 402, this possibility must also be excluded.»la segunda: tampoco cabe datar el viaje después del 402

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 163»

«Once under Persian control Miletus required no intervention at all from Greeks in the West; any attempt by Zopyrus to equip it with weapons would have been superfluous and inexplicable, unasked for and unwelcome.»y su razón: bajo control persa Mileto no necesitaba intervención alguna de los griegos de occidente, y cualquier intento habría sido superfluo y no solicitado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 163»

«This leaves us only with the ten-year period between 411 and 402 as an acceptable time for Zopyrus' trip to Miletus; and, what is more, during this same period it makes perfect sense.»la ventana que queda: la década entre 411 y 402, en la que además el viaje tiene pleno sentido

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 163»

«Miletus had just managed to liberate itself from Tarentum’s long-standing enemy; straight away it appears to have taken the logical step of actively arming and fortifying itself, and Zopyrus was precisely the kind of professional whose services the city would want to call on in such a situation.»y por qué: Mileto acababa de liberarse del enemigo declarado de Tarento y Zópiro era justo la clase de profesional cuyos servicios pediría una ciudad en esa situación

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 163»

«Also, it happens that the last decade or so of the fifth century is exactly the kind of dating we had already arrived at on quite independent grounds as the most likely period of Zopyrus' activity.»la convergencia que Kingsley subraya: la última década del siglo V es exactamente la datación a la que ya había llegado por vías independientes

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 163»

«Tarentum and Athens were sworn enemies, and any attempt on Zopyrus' part to help Miletus eject»la razón con que Kingsley excluye un viaje anterior al 412: Tarento y Atenas eran enemigas juradas y cualquier intento de Zópiro de ayudar a Mileto habría chocado con ellas; el tramo se corta en el límite de chunk, sin cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 163»

«the Athenians by working right under their noses would have been doomed to failure.»la continuación del mismo argumento del otro lado del corte de chunk: trabajar bajo las narices de los atenienses estaba condenado al fracaso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 163»

«Second, it gives the lie to the general assumption that, once Pythagoras had emigrated from Samos to southern Italy, Pythagoreanism effectively broke its ties with the East.»lo segundo que Kingsley opone con ese caso: el supuesto general de que, tras la emigración de Pitágoras de Samos al sur de Italia, el pitagorismo cortara sus lazos con oriente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 164»

«it has often been noted that Tarentum was more or less the only major city which appears to have stayed on friendly terms with Dionysius during his subsequent incursions into [taly;? and the combined Syracusan and Italian fleet which sailed out under Dionysius’ instructions against the Athenians in 387 almost certainly included ships from Tarentum.^»el dato político que aporta: Tarento fue casi la única gran ciudad que se mantuvo en buenos términos con Dionisio en sus incursiones a Italia, y la flota conjunta siracusana e itálica salió contra los atenienses en 387; la capa de texto imprime *[taly*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 165»

«Again, immediately after the Milesian expedition, ships from Tarentum sailed out with ships from Syracuse during the summer of 411 in another excursion against the Athenians.»y el dato que le sigue: inmediatamente después de la expedición milesia, naves de Tarento salieron con naves de Siracusa en el verano del 411 en otra excursión contra los atenienses

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 165»

«In short, nothing could have been more natural or understandable than a Tarentine accompanying the Syracusan fleet out to Miletus in 412 or early 411.»la conclusión: nada podría haber sido más natural que un tarentino acompañando a la flota siracusana a Mileto en 412 o a principios del 411

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 165»

«It was savagely defeated, depopulated, and converted into an Oscan colony before eventually passing under Roman control.»lo que Kingsley recuerda de la suerte de Cumas: derrotada salvajemente, despoblada y convertida en colonia osca antes de pasar a control romano

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 166»

«Nothing survived of its Greek heritage except some relics of its earlier customs and culture: ‘the town no longer had any history of its own.»y lo que quedó de ella: nada de su herencia griega salvo reliquias de costumbres, sin historia propia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 166»

«So, when the various pieces are put together we are left with a picture of the man living and working during the last third of the fifth century Bc.»el retrato cronológico que resulta al juntar las piezas: un hombre que vivió y trabajó en el último tercio del siglo V a. C.

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 167»

«The case of Zopyrus can be taken as a reminder that even at the height of Athenian power there were other centres of culture in the Greek world which were just as important in their own way, and which would have seen events in antiquity in a very different perspective from the one we have become accustomed to.»lo que el caso de Zópiro recuerda, según Kingsley: que incluso en el apogeo del poder ateniense había otros centros de cultura igual de importantes a su manera y con otra perspectiva de los hechos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 168»

«but the case of Zopyrus is an eloquent warning against the tendency to idolize the achievements of a few individuals while»la advertencia que Kingsley extrae del caso: contra la tendencia a idolatrar los logros de unos pocos individuos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 168»

«In particular, Zopyrus’ activities present a strangely familiar arnere-plan to Plato’s itinerary on his first crossing from Tarentum over to Sicily; and it also becomes clear that the 'friendship' or alliance (φιλία) which Plato managed to secure between Archytas of Tarentum and Dionysius II of Syracuse was not quite as unprecedented as it is often assumed to be, but had a very definite history behind it.”»lo que la actividad de Zópiro ilumina, según Kingsley: el trasfondo del itinerario de Platón en su primer paso de Tarento a Sicilia, y la amistad —φιλία— que Platón consiguió entre Arquitas y Dionisio II; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana y la capa de texto imprime *arnere-plan*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 169»

«Fourthly, from the point of view of the history of philosophy we are presented with a very different picture of pre-Platonic Pythagoreans from the usual stereotype of them as impractical dreamers, their minds fogged and obsessed with number mysticism, who had no 'clear idea of the value of empirical research' because all that interested them was discovering metaphysical principles.”»el cuarto resultado que Kingsley declara: un cuadro muy distinto de los pitagóricos preplatónicos frente al estereotipo de soñadores impracticables obsesionados con el misticismo numérico; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 169»

«For Plato this emphasis on practicality remained a powerful ideal; and yet, ideals apart, practically speaking it went against the grain of his temperament, his abilities, and against the conditions of the times in which he lived.»la tensión que Kingsley señala en Platón: la practicidad seguía siendo un ideal poderoso y a la vez iba contra su temperamento, sus capacidades y las condiciones de su tiempo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 170»

«But the example of Zopyrus indicates that while Empedocles may—even in the fifth century in which he lived— have belonged to a breed apart, there were other horses in the same stable.»lo que el ejemplo de Zópiro indica, según Kingsley: aunque Empédocles fuera de una raza aparte, había otros caballos en la misma cuadra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 170»

«But however important he was, Zopyrus—like Plato—is not someone whose contribution can be appreciated out of context or in isolation.»la acotación que Kingsley pone a su propio hallazgo: por importante que fuera, Zópiro no puede apreciarse fuera de contexto ni aislado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 171»

«And it is fairly clear that Zopyrus' relevance to Plato is not confined to the Phaedo alone.»y su alcance: la pertinencia de Zópiro para Platón no se limita al Fedón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 171»

«Certainly the Phaedo makes it quite clear that when considering the influence of Zopyrus on Plato we have to make allowance for the generation in between, and for the contribution of Plato's immediate informants: men such as Archytas, or Archytas’ Sicilian disciple Archedemus.»lo que el Fedón deja claro, según Kingsley: hay que contar con la generación intermedia y con los informantes inmediatos de Platón, como Arquitas o su discípulo siciliano Arquedemo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 172»

«Whichever way we look at the matter, there was undoubtedly more than one person involved.»y su conclusión: se mire como se mire, hubo sin duda más de una persona implicada

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 172»

«For a long time it has been disputed whether these men and women were 'Orphics' or ‘Pythagoreans’, and the overriding tendency has been to decide in favour of the conclusion that they were Orphics rather than Pythagoreans.»la disputa que Kingsley abre a continuación: si esos hombres y mujeres eran órficos o pitagóricos, con la tendencia dominante a decidirse por los órficos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 172»

«As far as Empedocles is concerned, ever since the fourth century Bc—and especially during the last century or so—his multifaceted interests have tended to be»según Kingsley, desde el siglo IV a. C. y sobre todo en el último siglo los intereses multifacéticos de Empédocles han tendido a leerse de cierta manera; el ancla de fin se acortó porque el tramo del informe cruzaba el corte de chunk

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 170»

«From a theoretical point of view it is valid to claim that all ideas, beliefs, and practices which people in antiquity put under the patronage of Orpheus were automatically invested with a common spiritual affiliation; but practically speaking we need to be more specific, and when it is a question of 'Orphics' we always need to ask which are the Orphics in question.»la distinción que Kingsley traza: en teoría todo lo que la antigüedad puso bajo el patrocinio de Orfeo compartía una afiliación espiritual, y en la práctica hace falta ser más específico; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 173»

«As far as Plato is concerned, it could hardly be plainer that the *wise men and women' mentioned in the Meno are not the same people as the famous wandering Orphic priests on whom he pours his scorn in the Republic:»lo que Kingsley considera clarísimo en Platón: los *hombres y mujeres sabios* del Menón no son los sacerdotes órficos ambulantes de los que se burla en la República

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 173»

«far from being individuals from whom he would be likely to want to learn anything through personal contact—or have Socrates learn anything through ‘hearing’— he gives the impression that they are people he would prefer to keep well clear of.»y la diferencia de trato: de esos otros da la impresión de ser gente de la que preferiría mantenerse lejos, no de la que aprender por contacto personal

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 173»

«the broader evidence would tend to suggest that although they were not necessarily celibates they were quite probably misogynistic.*’»la sugerencia que Kingsley extrae de la evidencia más amplia, con su reserva: sin ser necesariamente célibes, esos órficos eran muy probablemente misóginos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 173»

«Another passage in Plutarch indicates that the rites in question were open only to women.»y el dato de Plutarco que aporta: los ritos en cuestión estaban abiertos solo a mujeres

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 173»

«Any attempt to identify the men and women in the Meno by following this line of inquiry leads to a dead end.»la conclusión de esa vía: identificar así a los hombres y mujeres del Menón lleva a un callejón sin salida

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 174»

«On the other hand, everything falls into place as soon as we remember that to attempt to distinguish on principle between “Orphics’ and '"Pythagoreans' is to create a false dichotomy: as we have seen, for the origins of ideas and literature that can be described as Orphic we are drawn repeatedly to Pythagorean circles in the West.»y la salida que Kingsley propone: distinguir por principio entre órficos y pitagóricos es crear una dicotomía falsa; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 174»

«One of the—by classical standards— most extraordinary features of ancient Pythagoreanism was, precisely, ‘the equal status of women side by side with men’: ‘the fact that there were female as well as male Pythagoreans is often stressed in the sources'.»el rasgo del pitagorismo antiguo que Kingsley considera extraordinario para los cánones clásicos: la igualdad de estatus de las mujeres junto a los hombres, subrayada a menudo en las fuentes

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 174»

«There can in fact be little doubting that this connection between the Philolaic and the Bacchic needs taking seriously:»lo que Kingsley da por poco dudoso: que la conexión entre lo filolaico y lo báquico deba tomarse en serio

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 174»

«But whereas in those other places Plato focuses attention on the individual and away from the others who share his wisdom, here he focuses it away from the individual and onto the group to which he belongs.»el desplazamiento de foco que Kingsley registra en ese pasaje del Menón: aparta la atención del individuo y la pone en el grupo al que pertenece

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 175»

«Partly that was no doubt a literary device, a convenient way of avoiding the anachronisms involved in having the historical Socrates learn from people whom Plato himself learned from years after Socrates’ death; but we must remember that there were other dramatic options open to Plato apart from leaving the person anonymous, and that he managed to get around the problem in other ways in other similar situations.»la primera explicación que ofrece, como recurso literario: evitar el anacronismo de hacer que el Sócrates histórico aprendiera de gente de la que Platón aprendió años después de su muerte; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 175»

«And yet, much more specifically, the anonymity also serves to remind us that Pythagoreans saw themselves as parts of, and mouthpieces for, a tradition greater than their own personalities.»y la explicación que considera más específica: el anonimato recuerda que los pitagóricos se veían como partes y portavoces de una tradición mayor que sus personas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 175»

«There was wisdom in leaving divinity nameless, Pythagoras nameless, and Pythagoreans nameless as well—all for different but related reasons.»la fórmula con que Kingsley lo resume: había sabiduría en dejar sin nombre a la divinidad, a Pitágoras y a los pitagóricos, por razones distintas y relacionadas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 175»

«It is hardly a coincidence that, immediately after introducing the subject of reincarnation as taught by these same priests and priestesses, Plato quotes some lines from Pindar specifically on the mysteries of Persephone.»el dato que Kingsley niega que sea casual: justo después de introducir la reencarnación enseñada por esos sacerdotes y sacerdotisas, Platón cita versos de Píndaro sobre los misterios de Perséfone

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 176»

«And approaching the matter from an entirely different point of view, it is difficult to suppose that during his period of prominence and eventual rulership at Tarentum Archytas will not have been expected to preside over the mysteries of Persephone in much the same way that rulers at Syracuse were expected to officiate in their own city at the mystery ceremonies associated with the goddess.»y el argumento que aporta desde otro ángulo: durante su gobierno en Tarento se habría esperado de Arquitas que presidiera los misterios de Perséfone como los gobernantes de Siracusa; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 176»

«Second, there is Plato's emphasis on the priests and priestesses going to special trouble to 'explain' their activities.»el segundo rasgo que Kingsley subraya en el pasaje: que los sacerdotes y sacerdotisas se tomen el trabajo especial de explicar sus prácticas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 176»

«Plato's portrayal is obviously unhistorical and would have to be dismissed as simple literary fiction.»y lo que eso obligaría a concluir si no hubiera más: que el retrato de Platón es ahistórico y ficción literaria

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 176»

«But, as the Derveni papyrus dramatically shows, there is more to the matter than that.»con lo que Kingsley opone: el papiro de Derveni muestra que el asunto tiene más

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 176»

«Applied to the Meno passage, the implication of this is simple, obvious, and extremely meaningful.»la implicación que Kingsley extrae del papiro para el pasaje del Menón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 177»

«The ‘wise men and women' are presented as doing precisely what Socrates’ oral informant has done in the Phaedo myth: take a sacred Orphic text about reincarnation and the other world, and interpret it allegorically.»y en qué consiste: esos hombres y mujeres hacen exactamente lo que el informante oral de Sócrates en el Fedón, tomar un texto órfico sobre reencarnación y el otro mundo e interpretarlo alegóricamente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 177»

«With these men and women, 'wise' about what they do, we are also brought back once again to the ‘wise man’ in the fragment of myth in the Gorgias, who is wise because he is so skilful at explaining allegorically the real meaning of accounts about the other world.»la tercera pieza que Kingsley suma: el *hombre sabio* del fragmento de mito del Gorgias, sabio por su destreza en explicar alegóricamente el sentido real de los relatos sobre el otro mundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 177»

«Yet again, it is striking how harmoniously the details fit into place.»y su comentario sobre el ajuste de las piezas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 177»

«However, the very fact that there are so many of them, scattered through different dialogues, demands a few final comments on Plato's attitude both to myth and to the allegorical interpretation of it.»lo que ese número de piezas le exige, según Kingsley: unos comentarios finales sobre la actitud de Platón ante el mito y ante su interpretación alegórica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 177»

«Platonic myth has had a poor reputation during the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century.»el estado de la reputación del mito platónico en el siglo XIX y buena parte del XX

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 177»

«But although the assumption that his famous attacks on Homeric myths in the Republic were attacks on the genre of myth as a whole is superficially tempting, it is fundamentally mistaken; and recent research has done a great deal to rehabilitate the Platonic myths from the inferior position to which they had most often been»la tentación superficial que Kingsley rechaza: leer los ataques a los mitos homéricos en la República como ataques al género entero; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 177»

«It is impossible to overemphasize the significance of the fact that, after attacking and re-attacking the moral degeneracy of traditional Greek myths in the Republic, Plato could bring the work as a whole to a final dramatic crescendo with a spiritually edifying myth about the other world.»el hecho que Kingsley considera imposible de sobreestimar: tras atacar una y otra vez la degeneración moral de los mitos griegos, Platón cierra la República con un mito espiritualmente edificante sobre el otro mundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 178»

«What is more, as we have already seen, Plato repeatedly tends to set up the two apparently opposing categories of myth and logic only to end up merging and demolishing them.»y el procedimiento recurrente que le adjudica: montar las dos categorías opuestas de mito y lógica para acabar fundiéndolas y demoliéndolas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 178»

«In other words, there can be no clear distinction between Plato’s attitude to myth and his attitude to philosophical writing; any conclusions about his own myths inevitably affect our understanding of his work as a whole.»la consecuencia que Kingsley saca: no cabe distinción clara entre la actitud de Platón ante el mito y ante la escritura filosófica, y toda conclusión sobre sus mitos afecta a la comprensión de su obra entera

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 178»

«There is still a general belief that Plato was resolutely opposed to allegory as a method of explaining literary texts.»la creencia general que registra a continuación: que Platón se opusiera resueltamente a la alegoría como método de explicar textos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 178»

«However, the fact is that his attitude to it was as ambiguous and complex as his attitude to myth itself.»y su corrección: su actitud ante ella era tan ambigua y compleja como ante el mito mismo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 179»

«And yet Plato's attack on allegorizing in the Republic is not an attack on the method but only on its use in certain circumstances;»con la precisión sobre la República: su ataque no lo es al método sino a su uso en ciertas circunstancias

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 179»

«while the Phaedrus also shows that mythical allegory, when practised with real wisdom, can direct a man towards the truth of himself just as much as it can direct him away.»y el testimonio del Fedro: la alegoría mítica, practicada con verdadera sabiduría, puede dirigir a un hombre hacia la verdad de sí mismo tanto como apartarlo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 179»

«Plato's point is simply that it is not just a myth.»lo que Kingsley considera el punto de Platón, dicho simplemente: no es solo un mito

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 179»

«the word ‘ingenious’ (κομϕός) is neutral in connotation and can be used by Plato in a clearly positive or complimentary sense, it is also true that he uses it sarcastically; here it is difficult not to detect a touch of irony.»el matiz léxico que Kingsley pesa: κομψός es neutro y Platón lo usa en sentido positivo y también sarcástico, y aquí cuesta no detectar ironía; la capa de texto imprime *κομϕός*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 180»

«Plato has, light-heartedly but quite deliberately, locked the figure of Socrates in a perfect circle of irony by linking him with the very person whom it might seem that he is ironically depreciating.»y lo que Platón hace con ella, según Kingsley: encerrar a Sócrates en un círculo perfecto de ironía ligándolo con aquel a quien parece depreciar

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 180»

«This may seem too fleeting a paradox to be of any real significance; but in fact Plato goes on to do exactly the same thing in the very next words.»la respuesta anticipada a la objeción de que la paradoja sea demasiado fugaz

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 180»

«Immediately after describing the myth-teller as ‘ingenious’, he presents him as ‘leading away’ (παράγων) through his myths by using etymological procedure to explain the meaning of words.»y el segundo caso: justo después de llamar *ingenioso* al narrador lo presenta *desviando* —παράγων— por medio de mitos, con procedimiento etimológico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 180»

«What he does not point out is that the verb in question also has the standard, semi-technical sense of ‘deriving’ a word from another through the use of etymology;»lo que Kingsley señala que no se advierte: ese verbo tiene también el sentido semitécnico estándar de derivar una palabra de otra por etimología

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 181»

«Even more important, though, than the fact that this interpretative process is the work not of the myth-teller but of the *wise man' explaining the myth, is the fact that elsewhere Plato himself unashamedly uses the same etymologizing procedure—and even the very same etymologizing example—»y lo que considera más importante todavía: que el propio Platón use en otros lugares el mismo procedimiento etimológico y hasta el mismo ejemplo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 181»

«The interpreter generously attributes his own interpretation not to himself but to the writer whose work he is interpreting: ‘he already intended these subtle meanings, and I am simply bringing out into the open what he left implicit.’»el gesto del intérprete que Kingsley describe: adjudicar su propia interpretación no a sí mismo sino al autor interpretado, sacando a la luz lo que aquel habría dejado implícito

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 181»

«The irony of the situation is inescapable; the more we try to extricate ourselves, the more we end up trying to extricate Plato from himself.»la ironía que Kingsley declara inevitable: cuanto más se intenta salir de ella, más se acaba intentando sacar a Platón de sí mismo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 182»

«This is not the Plato we are generally used to: the image of the serious philosopher rebuking the poets and aiming to cleanse the state and the soul of all ambiguity.»y el contraste con la imagen recibida: el filósofo serio que reprende a los poetas y quiere limpiar de ambigüedad al estado y al alma

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 182»

«Plato makes it clear that he viewed not only myth-telling but also dialectic as a game— which is not»lo que Kingsley sostiene que Platón deja claro: que tenía por juego no solo el contar mitos sino también la dialéctica; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 182»

«Or as he said at the end of his life, the only thing worth being serious about is God; but as for man, he is just made as God's plaything and that really is what is best about him.»y la formulación tardía que aporta: lo único digno de tomarse en serio es Dios, y el hombre está hecho como juguete de Dios, que es lo mejor que tiene

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 182»

«From examining the Phaedo myth one point has become clear: the idea of massive fires inside the earth was held not just by Empedocles but also by western Pythagoreans living later on in the fifth century sc.»lo que Kingsley da por establecido tras el análisis del Fedón: la idea de fuegos masivos dentro de la tierra no era solo de Empédocles sino de pitagóricos occidentales de finales del siglo V

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 184»

«The earliest specific reference to the idea of a central fire occurs in Aristotle. There it is just vaguely attributed to ‘Italians’ or ‘Pythagoreans’.»la primera referencia específica al fuego central, según Kingsley: en Aristóteles, atribuida vagamente a *italianos* o *pitagóricos*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 184»

«The doctrine of the central fire, as preserved by Aristotle and as ascribed in later reports to Philolaus, is very precise in its outlines.»y la precisión de esa doctrina en Aristóteles y en los informes que la adjudican a Filolao

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 184»

«Earlier cosmologies had, as a matter of course, placed the earth at the centre of the universe.»el contraste con lo anterior: las cosmologías previas ponían la tierra en el centro del universo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 184»

«But this system gives the central place to a fiery ‘hearth’, surrounded by a number of bodies revolving around it in circular orbits at various different distances from it; and one of those revolving bodies is our earth.»y el sistema nuevo: un *hogar* ígneo en el centro, rodeado de cuerpos que giran en órbitas circulares a distancias distintas, uno de ellos nuestra tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 184»

«The closest body of all to the central fire is the so-called ‘counter-earth’ (antichthon).»el cuerpo más cercano al fuego central: la llamada contratierra, *antichthon*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 184»

«This, just like the central fire itself, has the interesting property of always remaining invisible to the inhabitants of the earth on which we live.»con la propiedad que Kingsley llama interesante: como el propio fuego central, permanece siempre invisible a los habitantes de nuestra tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 184»

«The next body out from the central fire is the earth itself; as for the name 'counter-earth’, it can at least in part be explained as due to the fact that»el orden que sigue y la explicación parcial del nombre; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 184»

«this mysterious celestial body lies ‘opposite’ (antı-) or ‘over against' our earth while revolving in its own smaller orbit, always keeping level with the earth and so remaining directly between us and the central fire.»y su continuación: ese cuerpo celeste queda *enfrente* de nuestra tierra en una órbita menor, siempre a su altura y por tanto entre nosotros y el fuego central

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 185»

«The most striking feature of this scheme from our point of view is of course the fact that it displaces the earth from its central position, and in this respect seems to anticipate the modern, heliocentric theory.»el rasgo que Kingsley considera más llamativo del esquema: desplaza a la tierra de su posición central y parece anticipar la teoría heliocéntrica moderna

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 185»

«Copernicus himself named Philolaus as one of his predecessors, and even recently the Philolaic scheme has been described as requiring 'a bold leap of the scientific»y su recepción: el propio Copérnico nombró a Filolao entre sus predecesores, y aun hoy el esquema se describe como un salto audaz; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 185»

«However, on closer analysis it becomes clear that the scheme has little pretension to be ‘scientific’ in the modern sense of the term.»la reserva que Kingsley opone: mirado de cerca, el esquema tiene poca pretensión de ser científico en el sentido moderno

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 185»

«But there is no Babylonian equivalent to his counter-earth or central fire; there appears to be no empirical justification for positing their existence in the first place; and the very fact that they are both so emphatically invisible to us tends to relegate them—along with»y sus razones: no hay equivalente babilonio de la contratierra ni del fuego central, no hay justificación empírica para postularlos y su invisibilidad enfática los relega; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 185»

«However, we must be guided here by the repeated emphasis on the part of our sources that each of the revolving bodies occupies a different orbit, with the orbit of the counter-earth closer in to the central fire than the orbit of our own earth.»el dato por el que Kingsley se deja guiar: las fuentes insisten en que cada cuerpo ocupa una órbita distinta, con la de la contratierra más cerca del fuego central que la nuestra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 185»

«To describe the theory as scientific is not only misleading but self-deceptive, because it begs the fundamental question as to how and why this aspect of the theory came to be formulated.»lo que llamar científica a la teoría hace, según Kingsley: además de engañoso, es autoengaño, porque elude la pregunta de cómo y por qué llegó a formularse

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 186»

«Since antiquity, more or less serious attempts to answer this fundamental question have repeatedly been made; but what is most noticeable about them is their half-heartedness and their failure to assess the evidence with the care it deserves.»y lo que él encuentra en los intentos de responderla desde la antigüedad: falta de convicción y de cuidado al valorar la evidencia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 186»

«Already Aristotle tried, in his Metaphysics, to explain the lack of any empirical justification for positing the existence of a counter-earth or a central fire by suggesting that these entities were simply introduced to bring the total of moving celestial bodies up to the mystically significant number of ten.»la explicación aristotélica que Kingsley expone: la contratierra y el fuego central se habrían introducido para llevar el total de cuerpos celestes móviles al número místicamente significativo de diez

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 186»

«At first sight there would seem perhaps to be something to his suggestion.»la concesión inicial que le hace

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 186»

«But on closer analysis it emerges that Aristotle is adopting his usual facetious stance when dealing with the Presocratics, and that there is little in the way of a serious understanding of the system to be extracted from his words.»y su retirada: mirado de cerca, Aristóteles adopta su postura burlona habitual ante los presocráticos y de sus palabras se extrae poco entendimiento serio del sistema

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 186»

«What is more, even if this were not the case it would still be only too clear that his proposed explanation fails to explain anything at all.»con el argumento adicional: aun sin eso, la explicación propuesta no explica nada

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 186»

«In other words, the number-symbolism approach could possibly be used to help account for a planetary system which incorporates either the counter-earth or a central fire, but fails completely to explain a system that includes them both.»y la razón concreta: el simbolismo numérico podría dar cuenta de un sistema con la contratierra o con el fuego central, y no de uno que incluya los dos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 186»

«Another clue to the peculiar structure of the scheme has been found in a statement made by Aristotle elsewhere.»la segunda pista que Kingsley examina, en otra declaración de Aristóteles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 187»

«In his On the Heavens he raises the issue of the earth’s location in the universe, and cites the view of the ‘Italians’ or ‘Pythagoreans’ to the effect that the midpoint of the cosmos is occupied not by the earth but by a central fire.»y dónde está: en el De caelo, donde cita la posición de *italianos* o *pitagóricos* de que el centro del cosmos lo ocupa un fuego central y no la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 187»

«He then goes on to offer the following line of reasoning in support of this view: the centre 1s an honourable place, what occupies an honourable place should be worthy of honour itself, fire is more honourable than earth, and so fire—not earth—should occupy the centre of the universe.»el razonamiento que Aristóteles ofrece en apoyo: el centro es un lugar honorable, lo que lo ocupa debe ser digno de honor, el fuego es más honorable que la tierra, luego el fuego ocupa el centro; la capa de texto imprime *1s* por *is*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 187»

«However, from Aristotle's own words one point is perfectly clear: he is ascribing this belief in the honourableness of the centre not to Pythagoreans at all, but to ‘others’ whom he specifically distinguishes from them.»la objeción de Kingsley: de las palabras del propio Aristóteles queda claro que esa creencia no se adjudica a los pitagóricos sino a *otros* a quienes distingue expresamente de ellos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 187»

«T here are many others (πολλοῖς ἑτέροις) who might agree that it is not right to allocate the central position to the earth— people who look for proof to theoretical argument rather than to phenomena.»la frase griega en que se apoya: hay muchos otros —πολλοῖς ἑτέροις— que estarían de acuerdo, gente que busca la prueba en el argumento teórico y no en los fenómenos; la capa de texto separa *T here*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 187»

«For they believe that what is most worthy of honour deserves the most honourable place; and as fire is more honourable than earth, a bounding position more honourable than an intermediary one, and the outermost limit and the centre are both boundaries, they arrive by way of conclusion at the opinion that fire, and not the earth, lies at the centre of the spherical universe.»y su continuación: como el fuego es más honorable que la tierra y una posición limítrofe más que una intermedia, y el límite externo y el centro son ambos límites, concluyen lo que concluyen; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 187»

«There is nothing at all here that tells us anything about the Pythagorean theory itself—except in the negative sense that we can safely assume the specific details mentioned in the parenthesis do not represent ideas which Aristotle considered Pythagorean.”»lo que Kingsley sostiene que ese pasaje aporta sobre la teoría pitagórica: nada, salvo en sentido negativo, porque los detalles del paréntesis no son los que Aristóteles tenía por pitagóricos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 188»

«The Aristotelian commentators knew of nobody apart from Pythagoreans who, prior to the time of Aristotle, so much as considered displacing the earth from the centre of the cosmos.»el dato que complica el asunto, según Kingsley: los comentaristas de Aristóteles no conocían a nadie fuera de los pitagóricos que antes de él considerara desplazar a la tierra del centro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 188»

«some of them proposed the solution that the ‘others’ mentioned by Aristotle did not exist at all, and that the question as a whole was fruitless:»y la salida que algunos propusieron: que esos *otros* no existieran y la cuestión entera fuera estéril

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 188»

«Aristotle’s initial statement, ‘there are many others who might agree that ...’, is no more than hypothetical, there is nothing hypothetical at all in his following remarks about them believing that what is most worthy of honour deserves the most honourable place.»la distinción que Kingsley introduce: la primera frase es hipotética y no lo es en absoluto lo que sigue sobre lo que esa gente cree

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 188»

«In this case his peculiar mixture of hypothesis and assertion is instructive, and helps us delimit what can safely be inferred about the people in question.»y lo que esa mezcla de hipótesis y aserción permite delimitar con seguridad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 189»

«Plainly they held, as a matter of doctrine, to the belief that what is most worthy of honour deserves the most honourable place.»lo primero: sostenían como doctrina que lo más digno de honor merece el lugar más honorable

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 189»

«they may well have flirted with the possibility that this requires displacing the earth from its traditional position at the centre of the universe, although without necessarily being prepared to commit themselves to a non-geocentric viewpoint as a definite item of doctrine.»y lo segundo, con reserva: pudieron coquetear con desplazar a la tierra del centro sin comprometerse necesariamente con una postura no geocéntrica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 189»

«Time and time again in his works Aristotle couples Pythagoreans with Platonists, and turns from describing Pythagorean ideas to outline Platonic ones.»el hábito de Aristóteles que Kingsley aprovecha: acopla una y otra vez a pitagóricos con platónicos y pasa de describir ideas pitagóricas a esbozar platónicas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 189»

«this is precisely what he does in the passage of On the Heavens immediately following the one we have been considering.»y su caso concreto: eso es justo lo que hace en el pasaje del De caelo inmediatamente siguiente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 189»

«Aristotle repeatedly combines allusions to Pythagorean views with a passing reference to ideas held or expressed by Speusippus—who, as Plato's nephew and successor, was an extremely important figure in the early Academy.»el segundo hábito: combinar alusiones a posiciones pitagóricas con una referencia de paso a Espeusipo, sobrino y sucesor de Platón y figura importantísima en la primera Academia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 189»

«Speusippus had direct contact with Pythagoreans, wrote a work on Pythagorean numerology which places him in a line of tradition linking him closely with Philolaus, and played a crucial role for the Academy in transforming and modernizing Pythagorean doctrine by bringing it into harmony with the Platonism of his time.”»y lo que Kingsley reúne sobre él: trato directo con pitagóricos, una obra sobre numerología pitagórica que lo liga a Filolao y un papel decisivo en modernizar la doctrina pitagórica armonizándola con la platónica; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 189»

«However, the evidence is not disposed of so easily.»la resistencia que Kingsley opone a que la evidencia se descarte tan fácilmente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 190»

«This is not quite the last word in the matter, however; more definite confirmation of the identity of the people whom Aristotle has in mind in this section of On the Heavens is also close to hand.»el anuncio de la confirmación que dice tener a mano sobre la identidad de esa gente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 191»

«First, at the very end of the Critias Plato himself describes the centre of the universe as ‘the most honourable’ spot: precisely the view that lies at the heart of Aristotle’s parenthesis.»la primera: al final del Critias el propio Platón llama al centro del universo el lugar más honorable, que es justo lo que está en el corazón del paréntesis aristotélico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 191»

«Second, and even more significantly, we also have another passage which does not just assume—as in the Critias—that the centre of the universe is a place of special honour, but makes this theory a specific point of doctrine.»la segunda, que Kingsley considera aún más significativa: un pasaje que no solo supone eso sino que lo convierte en punto específico de doctrina

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 191»

«The writer in question this time is not Plato, but Speusippus; our authority for what Speusippus says, Theophrastus.»y de quién es: no de Platón sino de Espeusipo, con Teofrasto como autoridad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 191»

«Even the Aristotelian commentators' bewilderment about the identity of the people in question is now easy to understand: the severe lack of information available to them about ideas floated in the early Academy—and about Speusippus' philosophy in particular— is well known.»lo que eso permite entender, según Kingsley: hasta el desconcierto de los comentaristas de Aristóteles, por la severa falta de información que tenían sobre las ideas de la primera Academia y sobre Espeusipo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 191»

«The answer, very simply, is what we saw to begin with: Aristotle does not attribute the doctrine to the Pythagoreans at all.»la respuesta que Kingsley da al problema, remitiéndose a su punto de partida: Aristóteles no adjudica la doctrina a los pitagóricos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 192»

«However, there is one other line of approach to the matter which would seem to be more promising—although, as we will see, it soon peters out for lack of enough solid evidence.»la vía alterna que abre, con su límite declarado de antemano: parece más prometedora y se agota pronto por falta de evidencia sólida

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 192»

«Support for the existence of such an earlier cosmology has been found in Empedocles.»dónde se buscó apoyo para una cosmología anterior: en Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 192»

«If this appeal to Empedocles were right, that would mean being able to trace the Pythagorean—as well as the Empedoclean— idea of a central fire back to its roots in the»y lo que esa apelación permitiría si fuera correcta: rastrear hasta sus raíces la idea del fuego central, pitagórica y empedoclea; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 192»

«In fact, as we will see later, the comparison between central fire and underworld turns out to be more than just an analogy.»lo que Kingsley anticipa: la comparación entre fuego central e inframundo resulta ser más que una analogía

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 193»

«To suppose that the central fire which we encounter in the Philolaic system first belonged inside the earth definitely has probability on its side.»la probabilidad que declara del lado de su tesis: que el fuego central del sistema filolaico perteneciera primero al interior de la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 193»

«It has been disputed whether Pythagoreans ever agreed with Empedocles in positing the existence of fire inside the earth;? however, through what we have learned from the Phaedo myth it has become clear that the idea of vast fires at the centre of the earth was held not just by Empedocles but also, indeed, by western Pythagoreans in the late fifth century Bc.»y el dato que la apoya: por el mito del Fedón quedó claro que la idea de fuegos vastos en el centro de la tierra no era solo de Empédocles; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 193»

«Simplicius goes on to state that ‘the more genuine’ Pythagoreans held to the same basic idea and terminology of a central fire while maintaining a geocentric view with the central fire occupying the core of the earth.»el testimonio de Simplicio que Kingsley recoge: los pitagóricos *más genuinos* sostenían la misma idea del fuego central manteniendo una visión geocéntrica, con ese fuego en el núcleo de la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 193»

«In short, the overall probability must remain that in origin the Pythagorean central fire did occupy the middle of the earth. However, the evidence produced so far is not strong enough to allow us to be more specific;»la probabilidad global que Kingsley declara: en su origen el fuego central pitagórico ocupaba el medio de la tierra; y la reserva de que la evidencia no basta para precisar más

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 194»

«And yet this, too, is to go beyond the evidence at our disposal.»y la abstención con que rechaza también la conclusión contraria: eso sería ir más allá de la evidencia disponible

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 194»

«However, the evidence produced so far is not strong enough to allow us to be more specific; and certainly it is not strong enough to allow us to pinpoint the reason why this central fire should have been projected out of the earth and into the heavens.»con el hueco que deja escrito: la evidencia tampoco basta para señalar por qué ese fuego central fue proyectado fuera de la tierra hacia los cielos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 194»

«In fact, however, the answer to the problems has been staring us in the face all along.»la fórmula con que Kingsley anuncia el hallazgo del capítulo siguiente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 195»

«But it is essential to appreciate the nature and purpose of Anatolius’ work rather than judge it for what it is not.»y su regla de lectura para Anatolio: apreciar la naturaleza y el propósito de su obra en vez de juzgarla por lo que no es

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 195»

«He was not writing a continuous piece of logically consistent argument, but presenting an anthology of philosophical theories about each of the numbers he discusses;»cuál es: no un argumento continuo y lógicamente consistente sino una antología de teorías filosóficas sobre cada número

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 195»

«And yet there is one other piece of information which obviously can:»la pieza de información que Kingsley dice que sí puede resolverlo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 196»

«One observation needs to be made here straight away: the identification of Tartarus and central fire which is to be inferred from Anatolius is far more than some unintelligent or arbitrary guess.»la observación que hace de inmediato: la identificación de Tártaro y fuego central inferible de Anatolio es mucho más que una conjetura arbitraria

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 197»

«The two are interchangeable: Tartarus is the central fire, and the central fire is Tartarus.»la formulación de esa identidad: los dos son intercambiables, el Tártaro es el fuego central y el fuego central es el Tártaro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 197»

«The one difference in the Anatolius passage, which is also the difference in the Philolaic cosmological scheme, is that the central fire appears to burn no longer inside the earth but alone at the centre of the universe.»la única diferencia que Kingsley registra en el pasaje de Anatolio, que es también la del esquema filolaico: el fuego central ya no arde dentro de la tierra sino solo en el centro del universo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 197»

«It cannot—as has sometimes been assumed—have been coined to describe a planetary body that acts as a counter-balance to our earth, for the simple reason that the body in question manifestly fails to perform any such role in the Philolaic scheme.»lo que Kingsley descarta sobre el nombre de la contratierra: no pudo acuñarse para un cuerpo que contrapesara a la nuestra, porque en el esquema filolaico no cumple ese papel

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 198»

«Yet this explanation ultimately falls flat, and fails to satisfy or account sufficiently for how both the word and the idea itself came into being.»y por qué la explicación alternativa tampoco basta: no da cuenta suficiente de cómo nacieron la palabra y la idea

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 198»

«On the other hand, though, in its literal sense of ‘anti-earth’ the word also evokes the idea of an earth in reverse, a kind of shadow-earth, a reflected or lookingglass earth which represents the Other World: the world of the dead.»la lectura que Kingsley propone: en su sentido literal la palabra evoca una tierra al revés, una tierra-sombra o tierra-espejo que representa el otro mundo, el de los muertos; la capa de texto pega *lookingglass*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 198»

«The correspondence between central fire and Tartarus makes, as we have seen, excellent sense; but it may seem less easy to make sense of the remaining correspondence between counter-earth and Hades.»la correspondencia que da por bien establecida y la que dice que parece más difícil: fuego central y Tártaro, contratierra y Hades

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 198»

«In fact, however, there is nothing difficult here at all.»y su respuesta: ahí no hay nada difícil

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 198»

«The name can, to some extent, be explained by the detail mentioned earlier: that the ‘counter-earth’ would seem to maintain a position ‘over against’ or ‘opposite’ our earth during its circuit around the central fire.»la explicación parcial que ofrece: la contratierra mantiene una posición *enfrente* de la nuestra durante su circuito en torno al fuego central

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 198»

«Once again, there can be no doubting what is meant by the Pythagorean allusion to Zeus' fortified wall.»y la afirmación con que Kingsley cierra el tramo: no cabe duda de lo que significa la alusión pitagórica al muro fortificado de Zeus

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 200»

«And finally, to bring all the threads together, we can note that the Homeric line which Anatolius quotes for its relevance to the Pythagorean central fire forms the climax to Zeus' famous boast about his ability to banish anyone he wants down to the impenetrable prison of Tartarus.»la última hebra que Kingsley junta: el verso homérico que Anatolio cita corona la jactancia de Zeus sobre su poder de desterrar a quien quiera a la prisión impenetrable del Tártaro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 201»

«The two sources— Aristotle and Anatolius—corroborate, confirm, and clarify each other.»y el modo en que sus dos fuentes se sostienen: Aristóteles y Anatolio se corroboran, se confirman y se aclaran

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 201»

«And from wherever we start we arrive at the same conclusion: the Philolaic central fire is none other than the Tartarus of Greek mythology.»la conclusión a la que dice llegar desde cualquier punto de partida: el fuego central filolaico no es otra cosa que el Tártaro de la mitología griega

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 201»

«The explanatory power of the Homeric line so informatively cited by Anatolius is no accident or coincidence.»la negativa a tener por casual el poder explicativo del verso citado por Anatolio

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 201»

«On the contrary, the verse provides the key to understanding the mythical background to the Philolaic system and how it came into being.»y lo que ese verso da, según Kingsley: la clave del trasfondo mítico del sistema filolaico y de cómo nació

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 201»

«That means in turn that the appeal to Homer cannot simply have been thought up by some poetically minded commentator on the original system, but must have played an essential role in the evolution of the scheme itself.»con la consecuencia: la apelación a Homero no pudo ocurrírsele a un comentarista poético posterior, sino que tuvo un papel esencial en la evolución del esquema

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 201»

«It is important to appreciate that there was no need to read any fanciful explanation into the passage.»lo que Kingsley considera importante apreciar: no hacía falta leer en el pasaje ninguna explicación fantasiosa

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 202»

«On the contrary, just as in the most striking examples of allegorical and metaphysical interpretation of scriptural texts—whether Greek, Jewish, Christian, or Muslim—it was simply a matter of taking the words in the passage perfectly literally, at their exact face value.»y su comparación: como en los ejemplos más notables de interpretación alegórica de textos sagrados, griegos, judíos, cristianos o musulmanes, bastaba tomar las palabras al pie de la letra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 202»

«The sheer immensity of the distance between the earth and Tartarus as portrayed by Homer or Hesiod meant it was almost inevitable that at some stage, and sooner rather than later, the attempt would be made to explain such huge stretches of space in terms of a planetary model.»el paso que Kingsley juzga casi inevitable: la inmensidad de la distancia entre la tierra y el Tártaro en Homero y Hesíodo pedía tarde o temprano un modelo planetario

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 202»

«To conclude that the fires of Tartarus so familiar to Pythagoreans in the West must in fact be burning not just under the earth's surface but way beneath the earth itself could hardly be more logical, or more faithful to the words of the poets.»y la conclusión que de ahí sale, fiel a los poetas: los fuegos del Tártaro arden no bajo la superficie de la tierra sino muy por debajo de la tierra misma

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 202»

«Keeping the earth at the centre was no longer a real possibility.»con su efecto sobre la cosmología: mantener la tierra en el centro dejaba de ser posible

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 202»

«And inevitably, the more distant the earth becomes from that central, terrible but life-giving fire, the more it is reduced in importance to the role of a mere orbiting planet.»y el efecto sobre el estatuto de la tierra: cuanto más se aleja de ese fuego central, terrible y dador de vida, más queda reducida a mero planeta en órbita

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 203»

«The first gesture at displacing the earth from its position at the centre of the universe was, ultimately and indirectly, the result of eastern influence; and yet it was the result of eastern influence modified by western ways of thought.»la adjudicación que Kingsley hace del primer gesto de desplazar a la tierra del centro: resultado último e indirecto de influencia oriental, modificada por modos de pensar occidentales

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 203»

«More specifically, it was the result of oriental influence enlivened by a strange gift of visionary imagination which took its point of departure not in abstract theorizing but from a verse in Homer.»y con más precisión: influencia oriental animada por un don extraño de imaginación visionaria que parte no de una teorización abstracta sino de un verso de Homero

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 203»

«This imaginative aspect of the Philolaic system needs no further comment here; the oriental contribution starts to become understandable as a fuller picture continues to emerge of the extent to which Babylonian influence shaped Greek astronomy and cosmology during the late fifth and fourth centuries BC;?! but the significance of the role played by the poetry of Homer deserves a few extra words.»lo que Kingsley deja para después y lo que da por comprensible: la contribución oriental se entiende conforme se ve cuánto configuró la astronomía babilonia a la griega en los siglos V y IV; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 203»

«It is no exaggeration to say that the line from the Z7/ad appears to have been the single most important factor in the genesis of the scheme as a whole.»la fuerza con que Kingsley lo afirma: el verso de la Ilíada parece haber sido el factor aislado más importante en la génesis del esquema entero; la capa de texto imprime *Z7/ad*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 203»

«That may seem remarkable: to find a philosopher not just turning to the authority of Homer for confirmation of an idea, but actually deriving a major aspect of his cosmological system from a passage in the Ikad.»y lo que reconoce que puede parecer notable: un filósofo que no solo apela a Homero para confirmar una idea sino que deriva de un pasaje suyo un aspecto mayor de su cosmología; la capa de texto imprime *Ikad*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 203»

«And yet this simply gives us a taste of how serious writers were when, both before and after Philolaus' time, they kept insisting that in Greek society Homer»con lo que eso da a probar, según Kingsley: cuán en serio hablaban los autores, antes y después de Filolao, al insistir en el lugar de Homero en la sociedad griega; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 203»

«The fact that the Philolaic system and the Phaedo give two divergent interpretations of the same Homeric passage simply testifies yet again to the lack of any rigid orthodoxy in pre-Platonic Pythagoreanism, and emphasizes the extent to which Pythagoreans evidently felt free to follow their intuition and develop their own systems of understanding—especially when it came to ways of interpreting poetry.»lo que la divergencia de interpretaciones indica, según Kingsley: la falta de ortodoxia rígida en el pitagorismo preplatónico y la libertad con que seguían su intuición; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 204»

«and to such an extent that without the text of Homer the cosmology would never have assumed its present shape at all.»y la fuerza de esa dependencia: sin el texto de Homero la cosmología nunca habría tomado la forma que tiene; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 205»

«But this association of Tartarus with fire is not to be found in Homer; and, far from being a commonplace in ancient literature, it points us to a very specific part of the Greek world.»el límite que Kingsley señala en el propio Homero: la asociación del Tártaro con el fuego no está en él y, lejos de ser un lugar común, apunta a una parte muy concreta del mundo griego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 205»

«In short, the original background or initial starting-point for his own interpretation of Tartarus as the central fire around which our earth revolves was, undoubtedly, the volcanic fires of his home in southern Italy.»y cuál es: los fuegos volcánicos de su tierra en el sur de Italia, punto de partida indudable de la interpretación del Tártaro como fuego central

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 205»

«When Proclus and Damascius insisted on interpreting the Pythagorean central fire as a name for the fires»lo que Proclo y Damascio hicieron con ese fuego central pitagórico; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 205»

«And when Simplicius insisted on calling the adherents of this same view the ‘more genuine' Pythagoreans he was quite right, in the sense that the view in question was the original one ffom which Philolaus so dramatically and ingeniously departed.»la rehabilitación que Kingsley hace de Simplicio: tenía razón al llamar *más genuinos* a los pitagóricos de esa posición, porque era la original de la que Filolao se apartó; la capa de texto imprime *ffom*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 206»

«Those who have argued for a geocentric cosmology as preceding the Philolaic one were correct.»y su veredicto sobre quienes defendieron una cosmología geocéntrica anterior a la filolaica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 206»

«However, something also deserves to be said about the misunderstanding of it.»la parte del asunto que Kingsley dice que también merece decirse: el malentendido de esa cosmología

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 207»

«But from what we have seen, this is far from being the case.»y su distancia de lo que se ha supuesto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 207»

«It is not his home, let alone where he has his throne.»lo que el centro no es, según Kingsley: ni la casa de Zeus ni la sede de su trono

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 207»

«on the contrary, his home and throne were up high—as far as possible from Tartarus—on Olympus.»sino que su casa y su trono estaban arriba, lo más lejos posible del Tártaro, en el Olimpo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 207»

«the first generation of the Academy— Plato and Speusippus in particular—considered no position more worthy of honour than the centre, and argued that the central point in the universe must be occupied by the most honourable entity of all.”»el dato de la primera Academia que Kingsley recuerda: Platón y Espeusipo no tenían por más honorable ninguna posición que el centro, que debía ocuparlo la entidad más honorable de todas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 208»

«That certainly harmonizes with the idea that the central fire is the throne or home of the king of the gods.»lo que eso armoniza: la idea del fuego central como trono o casa del rey de los dioses

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 208»

«However, it does not harmonize at all with the idea that the centre of the universe is occupied by a blazing, hellish dungeon.»y lo que no armoniza en absoluto: que el centro del universo lo ocupe una mazmorra infernal ardiendo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 208»

«It is also important to realize that there was nothing at all special about the terms.»la precisión que Kingsley añade sobre los términos: no tenían nada de especial

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 208»

«Both of them—throne of Zeus and home of Zeus—were stereotype expressions which were readily available to anyone who had such a purpose in mind.»porque trono de Zeus y casa de Zeus eran expresiones estereotipadas al alcance de cualquiera con ese propósito

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 208»

«Fortunately, this does not need to remain a conjecture. For the information that the Pythagorean central fire was given the name ‘Zeus’ throne’ we are indebted to a very instructive passage in Simplicius’ commentary»y la fuente que evita que quede en conjetura: un pasaje instructivo del comentario de Simplicio; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 208»

«Simplicius starts by citing Aristotle as authority for the fact that the Pythagoreans called their central fire ‘Zeus’ defence-tower’ and ‘prison of Zeus’.»lo que Simplicio hace primero, según Kingsley: citar a Aristóteles como autoridad de que los pitagóricos llamaban a su fuego central torre de defensa y prisión de Zeus

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 208»

«But then he continues: ‘and it is also called “Zeus’ throne”, as others say’ (οἱ»y lo que añade después: que también se lo llama trono de Zeus, *según dicen otros*; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 208»

«They were the Academy in general, and Speusippus in particular.»a quiénes identifica Kingsley con esos *otros*: la Academia en general y Espeusipo en particular

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 209»

«Little doubt can remain as to the source of that peculiar reinterpretation of the Philolaic system which was to prove so successful in colouring and confusing our ideas about what the system originally meant.»y lo que de ahí concluye sobre el origen de la reinterpretación que confundió las ideas sobre el sistema filolaico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 209»

«One of the greatest lessons of western intellectual culture had already been learned: argument is more important than appreciation, reinterpretation an easy substitute for understanding.»la lección que Kingsley extrae del episodio: el argumento importa más que la apreciación, y la reinterpretación es un sustituto cómodo de la comprensión

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 210»

«But, to be fair, it must be noted that Philolaus himself had already contributed to this general trend.»la ecuanimidad con que reparte la responsabilidad: el propio Filolao ya había contribuido a esa tendencia general

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 211»

«One side of having the freedom to be able to formulate theories and systems of one's own is undeniably positive in its implications; but the other side to it is the creation of a chaos of different schemes and mental structures in which no one is able to see things the same way as anyone else.»y la ambivalencia que le atribuye: la libertad de formular sistemas propios tiene un lado positivo y otro que crea un caos de esquemas en el que nadie ve las cosas como los demás

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 211»

«By far the easiest point of access to understanding the Philolaic system and its mythical dimension lay in the single expression ‘prison of Zeus’ or ‘Zeus’ guard-post' (Διὸς φυλακή). With this expression understood, the essential had been grasped; all the other details were secondary in importance.»el punto de acceso que Kingsley considera más fácil al sistema filolaico: la expresión *prisión de Zeus* o *puesto de guardia de Zeus*, Διὸς φυλακή, con la que lo esencial queda captado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 211»

«Already with Aristotle the key had been lost—and with an almost malicious abandon.»el momento en que Kingsley sitúa la pérdida de la clave: ya con Aristóteles, y con abandono casi malicioso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 212»

«With the greatest of assurance he not only quotes the expression but also explains why it was used:»lo que Aristóteles hace con la mayor seguridad: citar la expresión y explicar por qué se usó

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 212»

«because the supreme place in the universe (τὸ κυριώτατον τοῦ παντός) deserves to be guarded the most—and the centre is such a place—the Pythagoreans call the fire at the centre ‘Zeus’ guard-post'.»y su explicación: como el lugar supremo del universo —τὸ κυριώτατον τοῦ παντός— merece la mayor guarda, y el centro es tal lugar, los pitagóricos llaman al fuego central puesto de guardia de Zeus

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 212»

«Then, as if this were not enough in the way of careless exegesis, Aristotle goes on to dispose of the Pythagoreans using the weapon of mockery:»lo que sigue a esa exégesis, según Kingsley: deshacerse de los pitagóricos con el arma de la burla

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 212»

«there is really no need for them to get into a confused panic about the universe and call in a guard to protect its centre.'?»con la burla misma: no hay necesidad de que entren en pánico por el universo y llamen a un guardia a proteger su centro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 212»

«But the confusion was Aristotle's—as, inevitably, it was to become the confusion of the Aristotelian commentators after him.»y la adjudicación de Kingsley: la confusión era de Aristóteles y pasó inevitablemente a sus comentaristas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 212»

«So in a memorable passage Simplicius chases himself round in circles debating whether the Pythagorean expression should be taken to mean, as Aristotle implies, that the central fire is somehow watched over and protected or, on the contrary, that it somehow performs a protective role itself.»el ejemplo que trae: Simplicio dando vueltas sobre si el fuego central es custodiado o custodia él mismo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 212»

«While the idea that the central fire itself needs guarding because of its ‘supremacy? goes back to Aristotle and, ultimately, beyond him to the Academy, an alternative interpretation of the name ‘Zeus’ guard-post' also springs eventually into view.»la bifurcación que Kingsley traza: la idea de que el fuego central necesita guarda por su supremacía viene de Aristóteles y en última instancia de la Academia, y aparece otra interpretación alternativa

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 212»

«In the fourth century Ap, Calcidius translated the Pythagorean name into Latin as Jovis custos, ‘Zeus’ custodian’.»la primera: en el siglo IV d. C., Calcidio traduce el nombre pitagórico al latín como *Jovis custos*, custodio de Zeus

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 212»

«Proclus explained the original Greek expression with the utmost vagueness as referring to Zeus setting up his ‘demiurgic watch-post’ at the»la segunda: Proclo explica el griego con la mayor vaguedad como el puesto de vigilancia demiúrgico de Zeus; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 212»

«Both Calcidius and Proclus are quite open about the fact that they are interpreting the Pythagorean name in the light of the passage in Plato’s Timaeus where the earth, 'the first and most venerable of the gods created inside the heavens’, is placed at the centre of the universe as ‘custodian and creator of night and day’ (φύλακα»lo que ambos declaran abiertamente, según Kingsley: que interpretan el nombre a la luz del Timeo, donde la tierra, primera y más venerable de los dioses creados dentro del cielo, es puesta en el centro; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 213»

«To point out that these Platonists tried to understand the Pythagorean expression in the light of the Timaeus is to state the obvious.»la obviedad que Kingsley reconoce en ese señalamiento

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 213»

«Plato's own choice of the word phylax—‘guard’ or 'custodian'—in referring to the earth at the centre of the universe is one of the least comprehensible details in the Timaeus; not surprisingly, it has attracted a considerable amount of attention from ancient and modern commentators.»y el problema real: la elección platónica de *phylax* para la tierra en el centro es uno de los detalles menos comprensibles del Timeo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 213»

«Yet it also bears a suspiciously close resemblance to the word phylake, ‘guard-post’ or ‘custody’, used in the Pythagorean scheme to describe the fire at the centre of the universe.”»con la semejanza sospechosa que Kingsley señala: con *phylake*, *puesto de guardia*, que el esquema pitagórico usa para el fuego central

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 213»

«The suspicion that this resemblance is more than an accident is confirmed when we turn from the Timaeus to the end of its sister dialogue, the Critias.»y la confirmación que busca al final del Critias, diálogo hermano del Timeo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 213»

«There, as we have seen, the centre of the universe is described as ‘the most honourable home of the gods’; but no less interesting is the detail which Plato adds next.»donde el centro del universo se describe como la morada más honorable de los dioses, con un detalle que Platón añade a continuación

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 213»

«This makes it difficult to avoid the conclusion that both passages are more or less experimental attempts at explaining how the central point in the universe can be described as a ‘watcher’ or *watch-post'.»la conclusión que Kingsley considera difícil de evitar: los dos pasajes son intentos más o menos experimentales de explicar cómo el centro puede describirse como vigía o puesto de vigilancia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 214»

«In short, the similarities between the idea of a ‘custodian’ or ‘watcher’ in the Timaeus, the idea of *watching over! in the Critias, and the idea of a ‘guard-post’ in the Philolaic system are too close to be a coincidence.»y su fórmula: las semejanzas entre el custodio del Timeo, el vigilar del Critias y el puesto de guardia filolaico son demasiado estrechas para ser casuales

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 214»

«It has been suggested that here in the Critias we have the Philolaic scheme of a central fire; but chronological considerations—along with the fact that in the (वः twin dialogue, the Timaeus, the 'venerable' place at the centre of the cosmos is firmly occupied by our earth—make this difficult to accept.»la propuesta que Kingsley considera difícil de aceptar: que en el Critias esté ya el esquema filolaico, contra las consideraciones cronológicas y contra el Timeo, donde el centro lo ocupa la tierra; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 214»

«The almost inevitable solution to this dilemma, made all the more inevitable by what we have already seen of the Pythagorean and Academic background to the passage in the Cntias, is that Plato was working with mythological and cosmological themes which he had not fully succeeded in integrating into the framework of his own ideas.»la solución que él propone: Platón trabajaba con temas mitológicos y cosmológicos que no había logrado integrar del todo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana y la capa de texto imprime *Cntias*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 214»

«Whether this was the case or not, however, it would seem certain that the references in the Timaeus and Critias to the centre of the universe as custodian or watch-post betray the kind of efforts made in the early Academy at explaining the Pythagorean idea of the centre as Zeus' defence-tower or prison.»lo que Kingsley da por seguro en cualquier caso: esas referencias delatan los esfuerzos de la primera Academia por explicar la idea pitagórica del centro como torre de defensa o prisión de Zeus; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 214»

«‘Zeus’ prison’ as meaning ‘Zeus’ watch-post' which we find in Calcidius and Proclus in fact appears to go back to Plato himself.»y su datación del error: la lectura de *prisión de Zeus* como *puesto de vigilancia* que hay en Calcidio y Proclo parece remontarse al propio Platón; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 215»

«We have already seen evidence of the role played by Archytas' school in reinterpreting—often quite radically—Pythagorean mythological ideas which were current in the generation of Philolaus;»el papel que Kingsley adjudica a la escuela de Arquitas: reinterpretar, a menudo de manera radical, ideas mitológicas pitagóricas corrientes en la generación de Filolao

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 215»

«Archytas’ role as immediate source for the Pythagorean ideas embodied by Plato in the Timaeus is more than a matter of speculation; and it is quite possible that the idea of the centre of a circle or sphere as its most ‘honourable’ place is related to Archytas’ exaltation of the geometric properties of circle and sphere.»y su vínculo con el Timeo: el papel de Arquitas como fuente inmediata es más que especulación, y la idea del centro como lugar más honorable puede relacionarse con su exaltación de las propiedades geométricas; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 215»

«However, to push this fundamental error in interpretation back even to before Plato only serves to emphasize how total it was soon to become.»lo que subraya al llevar el error hasta antes de Platón: cuán total llegaría a ser poco después

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 215»

«By the time of Calcidius, Proclus, and Simplicius they would seem to have been well and truly locked.»la imagen con que fecha su consumación: para Calcidio, Proclo y Simplicio la clave parece bien perdida

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 215»

«The basic understanding of the Philolaic scheme did survive—although in a form and in a line of tradition which modern scholarship appears to have completely overlooked.»y lo que Kingsley afirma que sí sobrevivió: la comprensión básica del esquema filolaico, en una forma y una línea de tradición que la erudición moderna ha pasado por alto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 215»

«The most obvious key to appreciating the dynamic of the Philolaic system lies, as we have seen, in the fact that its central fire corresponds to the traditional Tartarus of Greek mythology: the Tartarus into which Zeus hurls his enemies.»la clave más obvia de la dinámica del sistema, según Kingsley: que su fuego central corresponda al Tártaro tradicional, aquel al que Zeus arroja a sus enemigos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 215»

«We can add that no doubt for Philolaus, as certainly for Pythagoreans both before and after his time, Tartarus had become not just a prison for the Titans but also the place reserved for the souls of the human damned.»y lo que añade: para Filolao, como para los pitagóricos de antes y de después, el Tártaro no era solo prisión de los Titanes sino lugar reservado a las almas de los condenados

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 215»

«The expression Dios phylake was no longer understood as meaning 'Zeus' prison'; so, by the time that Calcidius came to translate it into Latin in the fourth century AD, the best he could do was understand it in the light of Plato's Timaeus as meaning lovis custos, ‘Zeus’ watcher’.»el destino de la expresión, según Kingsley: dejó de entenderse como prisión de Zeus, y Calcidio en el siglo IV solo pudo leerla desde el Timeo como *Iovis custos*; la capa de texto imprime *lovis*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 216»

«Here Aquinas, unlike Calcidius, has not only translated the crucial expression correctly but has also grasped its eschatological connotation.»y lo que Kingsley reconoce en Tomás de Aquino frente a Calcidio: no solo tradujo correctamente la expresión sino que captó su connotación escatológica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 216»

«In fact his own commentary to On the Heavens survives: in the passage in question he again translates the Greek name quite correctly as carcer Iovis, ‘Zeus’ prison'.»con el dato que lo apoya: en su comentario al De caelo vuelve a traducir el nombre griego con exactitud como *carcer Iovis*, prisión de Zeus

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 216»

«And the Pythagoreans ... called the centre of the world a prison (carcerem) which encloses equally on all sides.^»la frase latina que Kingsley cita: los pitagóricos llamaban al centro del mundo una prisión —*carcerem*— que encierra por igual en todos lados

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 217»

«He has managed to condense into a few lines the essence of the mythological ideas»lo que él le reconoce: condensar en pocas líneas la esencia de las ideas mitológicas; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 217»

«All the veils of mystification and misunderstanding thrown over the subject by Plato and Platonists, Aristotle and Aristotelians, have been drawn back at once.»y su efecto: retirar de golpe los velos de mistificación puestos por Platón y los platónicos, Aristóteles y los aristotélicos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 217»

«After repeating the little that Aristotle himself has to say about it at this particular point in On the Heavens, he deliberately digresses from the text of Aristotle so as to throw light on the Pythagorean idea»el gesto que Kingsley describe: tras repetir lo poco que dice Aristóteles, ese autor se desvía deliberadamente del texto para iluminar la idea pitagórica; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 217»

«With Albertus Magnus' striking insight, and originality, we may seem to have gone back as far in time as we can.»la impresión de haber llegado al límite temporal con la intuición y la originalidad de Alberto Magno

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 218»

«Albertus plainly used his intuition; and his intuition was correct.»y su juicio sobre esa intuición: Alberto la usó y era correcta

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 218»

«Gerard has not only hit on the fact that the central fire according to Philolaus is a prison, but has also succeeded in putting his finger on its broad mythical and eschatological connotations»lo que Kingsley reconoce a Gerardo de Cremona: dio con que el fuego central filolaico es una prisión y además acertó con sus connotaciones míticas y escatológicas; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 219»

«His error was understandable enough: for Christians down to and beyond the Middle Ages, ‘prison’ was itself a synonym for hell»con la disculpa de su error: para los cristianos de la Edad Media y después, *prisión* era sinónimo de infierno; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 219»

«This mistake of Gerard’s accounts for the way that Albertus Magnus and Ihomas Aquinas came to treat the Pythagorean central fire as the place for punishment of souls after death; and vet it still leaves us with the fact that Gerard, Albertus, William of Moerbeke, and Aquinas all translated the Pythagorean phylake correctly as 'prison'.»lo que ese error explica y lo que deja sin explicar, según Kingsley: por qué Alberto Magno y Tomás de Aquino trataron el fuego central como lugar de castigo, y el hecho de que Gerardo, Alberto, Guillermo de Moerbeke y Tomás tradujeran todos igual; la capa de texto imprime *Ihomas* y *vet*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 220»

«On the contrary, he simply translated into Latin the unambiguous word for ‘prison?’ which he found in his Arabic text (habs);»la explicación que Kingsley da para Gerardo: tradujo al latín la palabra árabe inequívoca para prisión, *habs*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 220»

«As for the original translator from Greek into Syriac, he could easily have chosen another word for phylake: one which would have harmonized exactly with the sense of 'guard-post' offered by Aristotle himself in his own discussion of the term.»y la que da para el traductor siríaco: pudo elegir otra palabra para *phylake*, armónica con el sentido de puesto de guardia que da el propio Aristóteles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 220»

«Instead of paying attention to the context in Aristotle, he paid attention to the sense of 'prison' almost invariably attached to the word phylake in early Christian literature—and, in particular, to the idea of hell as a fiery prison which not only influenced Gerard of Cremona but also happened to play a pronounced role in the literature of early Syriac Christianity.”»pero atendió, según Kingsley, al sentido de prisión casi invariable de *phylake* en la literatura cristiana temprana y a la idea del infierno como cárcel de fuego; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 220»

«Gerard of Cremona made a mistake with his ‘place of punishment': a mistake which proved fundamentally correct.»la fórmula con que Kingsley resume el caso de Gerardo: un error que resultó fundamentalmente correcto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 220»

«The Syriac translator made no mistake at all in his translation of the crucial word for ‘prison’—unless, that is, we consider it a mistake that he totally disregarded Aristotle's own misinterpretation of the word.»y la del traductor siríaco: ningún error, salvo que se tenga por error desatender por completo la mala interpretación de Aristóteles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 220»

«In both cases, what Gerard and the Syriac translator did amounts to the same thing.»lo que ambos hicieron, según Kingsley, viene a ser lo mismo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 220»

«It needed a translator or translators capable of departing radically from the learned Greek philosophical tradition, and of veering off at right angles from Aristotle himself, to get back to what the Philolaic system was really about.»y qué hizo falta para recuperar el sentido del sistema filolaico: traductores capaces de apartarse radicalmente de la tradición filosófica griega culta y del propio Aristóteles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 220»

«However inclined we may be to dismiss these details as insignificant, there are some undeniable implications here for our broader understanding of the role played by Christian, Arab, and medieval writers in the transmission of Greek philosophy.»las implicaciones que Kingsley declara innegables para entender el papel de los escritores cristianos, árabes y medievales en la transmisión de la filosofía griega

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 220»

«This approach— this simple, linear view of cultural corruption—is quite adequate if ‘Greek philosophy’ is equated either with Aristotelian philosophy or with Aristotle's interpretation of his predecessors (which amounts to the same thing).»la condición bajo la cual el modelo lineal de corrupción cultural le parece adecuado: si *filosofía griega* se iguala a la filosofía aristotélica o a la lectura aristotélica de sus predecesores

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 221»

«Instead of Greek philosophy assuming the appearance of a dead-straight line which was bound to be refracted and distorted in the medium of Christian, Muslim, or medieval culture, another more rounded picture starts to emerge: a picture suggesting that the course of Greek philosophy is itself a kind of curve, and that it needed a further deviation to return—via the detour of Platonic and Aristotelian misunderstandings—closer to the original Presocratic point of view.»el cuadro alternativo que Kingsley propone: no una línea recta refractada por la cultura cristiana, musulmana o medieval, sino un curso que es él mismo una especie de curva; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 221»

«In our case, both Gerard and the Syriac translator were well equipped to produce an adjustment of this kind.»y la aptitud que atribuye a Gerardo y al traductor siríaco para producir ese ajuste

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 221»

«First, it needed someone with a different approach and cast of mind— ideally someone with a different language and from a different culture—to cut through the almost endless spinning of abstract speculations by Aristotelians and Neoplatonists about the meaning of the Pythagorean central fire, the almost endless refinements in misinterpreting the expression ‘Zeus’ prison'.»la primera condición: alguien con otro enfoque, idealmente de otra lengua y otra cultura, capaz de cortar la especulación abstracta de aristotélicos y neoplatónicos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 221»

«Second, as Christians, it was only natural for them to bring the theological and ultimately mythological dimension back into whatever they touched.»y la segunda: como cristianos, les era natural devolver la dimensión teológica y mitológica a cuanto tocaban

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 221»

«With Plato this dimension had been purified; with Aristotle it had been removed altogether not just from the Philolaic cosmology but from the natural world as a whole; while with the late Neoplatonists there had been such a proliferation of levels of existence that it was impossible to say anything straightforward about anything at all.»el contraste que Kingsley traza con la tradición griega: purificada esa dimensión en Platón, eliminada en Aristóteles y disuelta en la proliferación de niveles de los neoplatónicos tardíos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 221»

«As Christians, both Gerard and the Syriac translator were quite capable of living with the hard edge of something that Plato and Aristotle had already become too ideologically refined to accept: the discomforting, uncompromisingly mythical vision of the centre of the universe as a prison.»y lo que ellos podían sostener y Platón y Aristóteles ya no: la visión mítica incómoda e intransigente del centro del universo como prisión

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 221»

«Normally it is assumed that Arab and medieval writers may occasionally have preserved Greek material lost to»el supuesto habitual que Kingsley registra sobre los escritores árabes y medievales: que a lo sumo preservaran material griego perdido; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada a nota, que la capa de texto mete dentro del cuerpo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 220»

«But when one begins to perceive the extent of the damage inflicted»la condición bajo la que ese supuesto se derrumba, según Kingsley: percibir la magnitud del daño infligido a la comprensión; el ancla de fin del informe caía del otro lado del límite de chunk en la plana 221

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 221»

«The labels ‘Pythagorean’ or ‘Christian? were irrelevant; all that mattered was the mythology.»lo que Kingsley sostiene sobre las etiquetas en ese proceso: pitagórico o cristiano daban igual, lo que importaba era la mitología

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 222»

«Exactly the same thing happened quite independently in Christian tradition, when Calvin took the single most important reference in the New Testament to hell as being a prison, phylake, and mistranslated the word as ‘watch-post’.»el caso paralelo que aporta: Calvino tomó la referencia neotestamentaria más importante al infierno como prisión, *phylake*, y tradujo mal la palabra como puesto de vigilancia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 223»

«It is tempting to say that chance or coincidence played the decisive part in the way that first the Syriac translator of On the Heavens and then Gerard of Cremona so accurately interpreted the Pythagorean central fire; but they played a part only superficially.»la explicación por azar que Kingsley admite solo en superficie para los aciertos del traductor siríaco y de Gerardo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 223»

«Ultimately, it was contact with the same mythological tradition on which Philolaus himself had depended that was to ensure the Syriac translator translated the crucial Pythagorean term just as he did—Aristotle notwithstanding.»y la explicación que da en el fondo: el contacto con la misma tradición mitológica de la que dependió Filolao

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 223»

«There was naturally no need for him to be aware of his religious and mythological conditioning; all that matters is that the conditioning worked.»con la precisión de que ese condicionamiento no tenía que ser consciente, solo funcionar

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 223»

«Without it, Gerard could never have expanded the reference to a prison into the additional mention of it as ‘place of punishment’; Albertus Magnus would never have been able to piece the various fragments of the picture together; and Thomas Aquinas would never have had the opportunity to refer to the Philolaic system in his Summa theologica as an example of pre-Christian eschatology.»lo que sin él no habría ocurrido, según Kingsley: ni la ampliación de Gerardo a lugar de castigo, ni la reconstrucción de Alberto Magno, ni la referencia de Tomás de Aquino; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 224»

«On the contrary, the sheer authority of the Summa made sure that over time it would reach a wider audience than ever.»y el efecto de la autoridad de la Summa: con el tiempo llevó ese dato a un público más amplio que nunca

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 224»

«If you run over all the Poets . . . you shall find that with one general Consent they placed Hell, not only κάτω below, but ὑπὸ χθονὸς quite under the Earth.»la cita del divino inglés que Kingsley trae: todos los poetas de común acuerdo situaron el infierno no solo abajo —κάτω— sino ὑπὸ χθονὸς, del todo bajo la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 224»

«Swinden immediately goes on to cite as demonstration of his point the passage in the 7/tad where Zeus talks of Tartarus as being as far below Hades as the earth is below the heavens, and the similar statement in Hesiod's Theogony: the very same passages on which Philolaus himself appears to have based his whole system.»y lo que Swinden aduce enseguida: el pasaje de la Ilíada sobre el Tártaro tan bajo el Hades como la tierra bajo el cielo, y el paralelo de la Teogonía, los mismos en que Filolao parece haberse basado; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana y la capa de texto imprime *7/tad*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 224»

«Finally, Swinden comes to Aquinas. First he makes the most of the fact that the Catholic Church, and notably Aquinas in his Summa theologica, admitted the severe difficulties involved in locating hell inside the earth: difficulties which made them concede that nobody can tell where hell really is»el paso siguiente de Swinden según Kingsley: aprovechar que la Iglesia y Tomás de Aquino admitieran las dificultades severas de situar el infierno dentro de la tierra; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 224»

«And yet in the same place where Aguinas saith this, he telleth us that Pythagoras placed the Seat of Punishment in the Sphere of Fire, and that he also placed that in the middle, not of the Earth, but of the Universe, or whole World, and for this he quoteth Aristotle de Coelo.»la cita en que Swinden opone a Tomás consigo mismo: en el mismo lugar dice que Pitágoras puso la sede del castigo en la esfera del fuego, y esta en el medio no de la tierra sino del universo, citando el De caelo; la capa de texto imprime *Aguinas*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 225»

«Indeed Aristotle telleth us there, not of Pythagoras himself, but of certain Pythagorick, or Italian Philosophers that placed the Sphere of Fire there, and that they also called it Jupiter’s Prison,»y la corrección que Swinden añade: Aristóteles no habla de Pitágoras mismo sino de ciertos filósofos pitagóricos o italianos, que además llamaban a eso la prisión de Júpiter

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 225»

«It is, to say the least, ironic that all the essential elements for an understanding of the Philolaic scheme are present in a book written just before the dawn of modern scholarly endeavour:»la ironía que Kingsley subraya: todos los elementos esenciales para entender el esquema filolaico están en un libro escrito justo antes del amanecer de la erudición moderna

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 225»

«Modern scholarship would hardly dream of learning anything fundamental about early Pythagorean cosmology from an eighteenth-century divine, or for that matter from Thomas Aquinas or Albertus Magnus, but prefers instead to drink without precaution from a tainted stream.»y su reproche: la erudición moderna no soñaría con aprender de un clérigo del siglo XVIII, ni de Tomás de Aquino o Alberto Magno, y prefiere beber sin precaución de una corriente contaminada

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 225»

«EMPEDOCLES’ equation of Hades and fire has turned out to be a key capable of opening many doors.»la afirmación con que Kingsley abre la tercera parte: la ecuación empedoclea de Hades y fuego resultó una llave capaz de abrir muchas puertas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 229»

«Ideas, themes, and philosophical tendencies which on the surface might seem unrelated or even divergent prove to be linked with each other at a deeper level;»y lo que abrió: ideas, temas y tendencias filosóficas que en superficie parecían inconexas resultan ligadas en un nivel más hondo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 229»

«And in tracing these links we repeatedly find ourselves drawn back into the orbit of ancient Pythagoreanism.»con la constante que él registra: al rastrear esos vínculos se vuelve una y otra vez a la órbita del pitagorismo antiguo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 229»

«Often in the modern literature it is emphasized how little we know about Pythagorean ideas before Plato's time.»lo que la literatura moderna subraya: lo poco que se sabe de las ideas pitagóricas anteriores a Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 229»

«But on closer analysis one of the major reasons for this lack of knowledge proves to be, very simply, that we have not been looking in the right direction:»y la razón mayor de esa ignorancia según Kingsley: no haber mirado en la dirección correcta

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 229»

«However, the fact remains that the ground covered so far in clarifying Empedocles’ idea of a fiery underworld has in a fundamental sense been limited.»el límite que se pone a sí mismo: lo recorrido hasta ahí sobre el inframundo ígneo ha sido en un sentido fundamental limitado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 229»

«This is because the course which has been followed has, by and large, been to approach the idea from an impersonal or cosmological point of view.»porque el enfoque ha sido impersonal o cosmológico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 229»

«And yet the whole question of fire in the underworld also has a more personal, more immediately human dimension—a dimension plainly hinted at in the ancient literature about Empedocles but which, predictably, modern scholarship has not wanted to take seriously because it would seem to take us into the realms of fantasy and legend.»y lo que falta: la dimensión más personal e inmediatamente humana, insinuada en la literatura antigua sobre Empédocles y que la erudición moderna no ha querido tomar en serio; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 229»

«We have already come far enough, however, in uncovering the mythological background to Empedocles' ideas for there to be no stopping half-way.»con la decisión de no detenerse a mitad de camino

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 229»

«There are some lines of Empedocles which Diels discreetly tucked away at the very end of his edition of the cosmological poem—in spite of the fact that they almost certainly belong right at the beginning.’»el gesto editorial que Kingsley vuelve a señalar en Diels: relegar discretamente al final del poema cosmológico unas líneas que casi con seguridad van al principio

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 230»

«The lines—fragment 111 in Diels’s collection—are important enough to deserve translating in full.»y su importancia: el fragmento 111 merece traducirse entero

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 230»

«The modern reactions to this passage are, for the most part, amusing.»el juicio de Kingsley sobre las reacciones modernas a ese pasaje: en su mayor parte, divertidas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 230»

«Diels was quick to admit that its content can be summed up in one word: magic—or as a later writer was to say,»y lo que el propio Diels admitió pronto: que su contenido se resume en una palabra, magia; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 230»

«According to him, the fragment as a whole 'suggests nothing more than what science promises to give its adepts today:»la lectura ajena que Kingsley expone: el fragmento no sugeriría más que lo que la ciencia promete hoy a sus adeptos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 231»

«In other words, what Empedocles says is not to be taken literally; once allegorized, or interpreted metaphorically, it is no longer embarrassing.»y lo que esa lectura consigue: alegorizado o leído en metáfora, lo que dice Empédocles deja de ser embarazoso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 231»

«The fact that the fragment itself neither contains nor implies anything even remotely resembling 'a complex philosophical argument’, and that what it does say could hardly be less complex, less philosophical, and less argumentative, is obviously considered insignificant.»la objeción de Kingsley: el fragmento ni contiene ni implica nada parecido a un argumento filosófico complejo, y lo que dice difícilmente podría ser menos complejo y menos argumentativo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 231»

«In fact it is quite clear that any attempt at denying the fragment its literal, obvious meaning is wrong.»su conclusión: cualquier intento de negar al fragmento su sentido literal y obvio es erróneo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 232»

«Empedocles claims he is immortal, that he has transcended the human condition, and is able through his mystical or occult powers to free men and women from their mortal sufferings;»y lo que ese sentido dice: Empédocles se declara inmortal, dice haber trascendido la condición humana y poder liberar a hombres y mujeres de sus sufrimientos mortales por poderes místicos u ocultos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 232»

«The Hippocratic corpus vividly reminds us of the need to understand Empedocles’ promises literally when, in the name of the new medical rationalism, it lashes out at those ‘magicians and purifiers ... who claim to know how to create storms and fine weather, rain and drought, and all the rest of their nonsense?»el testimonio contemporáneo que Kingsley aporta: el corpus hipocrático arremete en nombre del nuevo racionalismo médico contra los magos y purificadores que dicen saber hacer tormentas, buen tiempo, lluvia y sequía; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 232»

«There is also the specific report that one of Empedocles’ pupils, Gorgias, ‘had himself witnessed Empedocles performing magic’.’»y el informe específico que añade: Gorgias, discípulo de Empédocles, habría presenciado él mismo a Empédocles haciendo magia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 232»

«but even if that were true, this reference of his is inseparable from Empedocles own claims to magical powers and would no doubt have gained extra force for just that reason.»con la reserva que Kingsley pone: aun si eso fuera cierto, la referencia es inseparable de las propias pretensiones mágicas de Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 232»

«The ‘well-healing utterance’ (εὐηκέα βάξιν, B112.11) which the sick flock to him to hear is plainly no rational diagnosis but, as the context implies, an oracular insight into the state of the individual which Empedocles derives from prophetic inspiration:»la lectura que da a la *expresión bien sanadora* —εὐηκέα βάξιν— por la que los enfermos acuden a él: no diagnóstico racional sino visión oracular nacida de inspiración profética

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 232»

«Empedocles was not approached by people either for prophetic oracles (μαντοσυνέων, B112.10) or for healing: his healing was itself prophetic and obtained by magical means, making him the perfect example of a tatromantis or ‘inspired healer’.»y la consecuencia: no se acudía a Empédocles por oráculos o por curación por separado, porque su curación era ella misma profética y por medios mágicos, lo que lo vuelve el ejemplo perfecto de *iatromantis*; la capa de texto imprime *tatromantis*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 232»

«The circumstantial evidence merely serves to make any attempt at disposing of fragment»lo que la evidencia circunstancial consigue, según Kingsley: volver indefendible cualquier intento de deshacerse del fragmento 111

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 233»

«That leaves us with Empedocles’ promise to his disciple to make his magical powers available to ‘you alone’ (μούνωι σοί).»y lo que queda por explicar: la promesa de Empédocles de poner sus poderes mágicos a disposición de *ti solo*, μούνωι σοί

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 233»

«The closest parallels to Empedocles’ assurance that he will ‘make all these things come true for you alone'—and they are the only real parallels in the whole surviving body of Greek and Latin literature—occur in the world of Graeco-Egyptian mysticism: the magical papyri (especially the famous Paris papyrus), the Hermetica, and alchemical literature.»los paralelos más cercanos que Kingsley encuentra a esa fórmula, y los únicos reales en toda la literatura griega y latina conservada: el mundo de la mística grecoegipcia y los papiros mágicos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 233»

«The magical content of the fragment Is a clear indication as to how we are to understand the Temedies', pharmaka, mentioned in the first line; but it also warns us against giving the word too specific a meaning.»lo que el contenido mágico del fragmento indica y a la vez advierte, según Kingsley: cómo entender los *pharmaka* del primer verso, y que no se les dé un sentido demasiado específico; la capa de texto imprime *Is* y *Temedies*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 234»

«A primary reference is, no doubt, to magical remedies extracted from plants.»la referencia primaria que no duda: remedios mágicos extraídos de plantas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 234»

«However, the word pharmakon also had the broader connotations of ‘spell’ or ‘charm’; and here in Empedocles it is best understood as referring not just to the remedies themselves but also, implicitly, to the incantations (ἐπωιδαί) which were recited during the gathering of the plants and during their preparation.»y la ampliación que propone: *pharmakon* connotaba también hechizo o encanto, y aquí conviene entenderlo incluyendo las incantaciones —ἐπωιδαί— recitadas al recoger y preparar las plantas; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 234»

«Empedocles' claim that his remedies can act as a 'defence' or 'safeguard' against 'sufferings and old age’ (κακῶν καὶ γήραος ädAkap) is, in terms of the traditional Greek religion we are most accustomed to, scandalous.»lo que Kingsley considera escandaloso en términos de la religión griega usual: que los remedios de Empédocles sirvan de defensa contra los males y la vejez, κακῶν καὶ γήραος ἄλκαρ

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 234»

«Old age was a deliberate imposition on mortals by the gods so as to keep them in their place; only a god had the power to postpone or take it away.»y por qué: la vejez era imposición deliberada de los dioses para mantener a los mortales en su sitio, y solo un dios podía aplazarla o quitarla

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 234»

«Empedocles made it clear that he was issuing a flagrant challenge to the standard Greek view, embodied in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, of humanity as ‘senseless and helpless, incapable of finding a remedy for death and a defence against old age (γήραος ἄλκαρ, 192-3).»el desafío que Kingsley lee en el fragmento: contra la visión estándar del Himno homérico a Apolo, que llama a la humanidad incapaz de hallar remedio contra la muerte y defensa contra la vejez

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 235»

«In turning the words of the hymn on their head Empedocles was affronting not only literary tradition but also—to the extent that the Homeric poems were viewed as the major repository of Greek values and wisdom!*—the most fundamental of religious attitudes and assumptions.»y su alcance: al invertir las palabras del himno, Empédocles afrontaba no solo la tradición literaria sino las actitudes religiosas más fundamentales

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 235»

«Essentially there is little to choose between his implied message here and his declaration elsewhere that he was no longer a human but a god.»con la equivalencia que Kingsley establece: poco hay que elegir entre ese mensaje implícito y su declaración de haber dejado de ser humano para ser dios

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 235»

«Next, Empedocles claims to be able to control the wind and rain.»la segunda pretensión del fragmento: poder controlar el viento y la lluvia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 235»

«Strictly this is not surprising: in the sphere of magic, being able to influence the weather was a natural extension of influencing the human body.»que Kingsley no considera sorprendente: en la esfera de la magia, influir en el clima era extensión natural de influir en el cuerpo humano

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 235»

«and rain was traditionally in the hands of Zeus, which explains why the bid to exert influence over the weather of an extremely limited and restricted kind could be embodied in institutionalized religious worship and ritual.^ However, almost as if to shatter any idea that what he had in mind was simply to pray to Zeus and invoke his assistance, Empedocles throws in the assurance that Pausanias will be able to change the weather ‘if you so wish’»el contraste con la religión institucional: la lluvia estaba en manos de Zeus, y por eso el intento limitado de influir en el clima podía encajar en el culto ritual; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 236»

«The casualness of the phrase, not to mention its theological overtones, could hardly convey more clearly that Empedocles was not counting on obtaining the approval of some higher divinity; and it explains very well why this kind of magic was always bound to bring down on itself the charge of impiety.^»y lo que la fórmula empedoclea deja claro, según Kingsley: que no contaba con la aprobación de una divinidad superior, lo que explica que esta magia atrajera siempre la acusación de impiedad; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 236»

«The closest parallel we have in classical literature to Empedocles’ description of having free power to influence the weather is a passage in Diodorus Siculus about the Telchines, the legendary smiths who were able to produce clouds, rainstorms, hail, and snow ‘whenever they chose’ (ὅτε βούλοιντο).»el paralelo más cercano que Kingsley encuentra en la literatura clásica: el pasaje de Diodoro Sículo sobre los Telquines, herreros legendarios capaces de producir nubes, lluvia, granizo y nieve *cuando querían*, ὅτε βούλοιντο

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 236»

«The phrase has the general sense of ‘if you feel inclined’; and to that we can add that it was no doubt chosen deliberately by Empedocles because of its frequent use in Homer and Hesiod when referring to the special divine powers of gods and goddesses.”»la fuerza que Kingsley da a esa fórmula: sentido general de *si te apetece*, elegida sin duda a propósito por su uso frecuente en Homero y Hesíodo para los poderes divinos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 236»

«In addition to their power of control over the weather they supposedly also had knowledge about the magical uses of plants.“»y el segundo rasgo de los Telquines: además del control del clima, el conocimiento de los usos mágicos de las plantas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 236»

«But to return to Diodorus Siculus: he also supplies the word routinely used when describing the man who lays claim—like the mythical Telchines—to have power over the wind and rain.»lo que Diodoro aporta además, según Kingsley: la palabra que se usaba de rutina para quien pretendía tener poder sobre el viento y la lluvia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 237»

«The precise wording chosen here by Empedocles quite clearly indicates that what he had in mind was not just some kind of necromantic invocation but an actual descent to the underworld to fetch back the dead man’s vital soul—in»y la lectura que Kingsley da al último tramo del fragmento: no una invocación nigromántica sino un descenso efectivo al inframundo para traer de vuelta el alma vital del muerto; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 237»

«It is not difficult to understand why such a promise by Empedocles, in the last line of a fragment tucked away by Diels at the very end of the cosmological poem, should have been put out of mind to the extent that it has.»la explicación que Kingsley da al olvido de esa promesa final del fragmento 111

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 238»

«The idea of trying to bring someone back from the dead was, in the framework of normal Greek morality, almost unthinkable.»y su razón: en el marco de la moral griega normal, intentar traer a alguien de entre los muertos era casi impensable

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 238»

«Even for someone half-divine like Asclepius, the attempt was bound to end in disaster.»con el precedente que aduce: incluso para un semidiós como Asclepio el intento acababa en desastre

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 238»

«To be sure, Orpheus would seem originally to have had the power to fetch the dead back to life;»la excepción que Kingsley admite: Orfeo parece haber tenido en origen el poder de devolver a los muertos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 238»

«but exposure to the influence of Greek moralizing appears to have guaranteed that his success would be suppressed and converted into a tragic story of failure.»y lo que la moralización griega hizo con ella: suprimir el éxito y convertirlo en un relato trágico de fracaso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 238»

«And yet behind the suppression lies what was suppressed: in terms not only of formal and structural analogies but also of historical contacts, there can be no separating the Thracian Orpheus from central-Asiatic shamanic tradition.»lo que Kingsley afirma que hay detrás de esa supresión: por analogías formales y por contactos históricos no cabe separar al Orfeo tracio de la tradición chamánica centroasiática

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 238»

«To ignore these connections, or try to banish the word 'shaman' from discussions of Greek religion on the grounds that phenomena in the Greek world must only be explained using Greek words, is simply to perpetuate the myth that ancient Greeks were magically sealed off from external influences—and is to carry the suppression of those foreign influences further than the Greeks ever did themselves.”»y su objeción a quienes quieren desterrar la palabra chamán del estudio de la religión griega: perpetúa el mito de unos griegos mágicamente aislados de influencias externas; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 238»

«In view of these points it is certainly no accident that the closest parallel from ancient literature to Empedocles’ image of a person capable of descending to and returning from the underworld at will is the account by Lucian of the practices of a Zoroastrian magus at Babylon.”»el paralelo más cercano que Kingsley encuentra al descenso voluntario de Empédocles: el relato de Luciano sobre las prácticas de un mago zoroástrico en Babilonia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 238»

«Not only were these Persian Magi the people who provided the Greeks with their word magos or ‘magus’ in the first place: we also know that their own religious and magical traditions are inextricably linked with the traditions of north-Asiatic shamanism,»con los dos datos que lo apuntalan: esos magos persas dieron a los griegos la palabra *magos*, y sus tradiciones religiosas y mágicas están ligadas a las del chamanismo norasiático

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 238»

«From the closeness of the parallel in Lucian to Empedocles’ own words in fragment 111 we can understand why later writers felt it natural to make Empedocles a pupil ofthe Magi.”»lo que esa cercanía explica, según Kingsley: que los escritores posteriores hicieran de Empédocles un discípulo de los magos; la capa de texto pega *ofthe*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 239»

«In other words even before his death there would appear to have been people attesting, indirectly if not directly, to Empedocles’ magical powers.»y lo que se sigue: ya antes de su muerte hubo quien atestiguaba, directa o indirectamente, sus poderes mágicos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 239»

«It is now well known that ancient biographers often created the life stories of classical poets out of nothing:»lo que Kingsley reconoce como bien sabido: que los biógrafos antiguos a menudo fabricaban de la nada la vida de los poetas clásicos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 239»

«The Greek flair for inventing history is nowhere more apparent.»con su fórmula: en ningún sitio es más patente el don griego para inventar historia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 239»

«We do not have to be told that Diogenes Laertius 'says that Satyrus believed that Empedocles laid claim to the powers mentioned in fragment 111';»la distinción que Kingsley introduce en el caso: no hace falta que le digan que Diógenes Laercio dice que Sátiro creía que Empédocles reclamaba los poderes del fragmento 111

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 240»

«Empedocles’ importance lies in his philosophy, taken as philosophy and not as biography.»y la posición que expone: la importancia de Empédocles estaría en su filosofía tomada como filosofía y no como biografía

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 240»

«The legend of Empedocles was created in the first instance not by later biographers.»lo que Kingsley sostiene en cambio: la leyenda de Empédocles no la crearon en primer lugar los biógrafos posteriores

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 240»

«His saga must have its roots not in literature, but in reality.“»sino que su saga tiene raíces no en la literatura sino en la realidad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 240»

«Learning about the elements, about the history and constitution of man, about the nature of plants, animals, metals, physical phenomena, astronomy, and the structure of the universe is not some end in itself: not the satisfaction of some theoretical desire for knowledge.»la lectura que Kingsley da al programa del poema: aprender sobre elementos, hombre, plantas, animales, metales, astronomía y estructura del universo no es un fin en sí ni satisfacción de un deseo teórico de saber

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 241»

«On the contrary, the promise of magical powers—mastery of the elements, mastery of life and death—plainly implies that through grasping and absorbing the teachings contained in the poem, and letting them grow inside him,” the disciple will eventually gain the ability not just to understand the powers of nature but also to control them.»sino que la promesa de poderes mágicos implica que, al absorber la enseñanza y dejarla crecer dentro, el discípulo podrá entender y también controlar las potencias de la naturaleza; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 241»

«That, after all, was the original role of magic; that is why, before the realm of magic was torn in two by the mutually hostile claims of religion and science, to accumulate knowledge and information about the world—and be able to synthesize and use it—was precisely the task of the magician.»y la razón histórica que Kingsley da: ese era el papel original de la magia, antes de que el reino de la magia quedara partido en dos por las pretensiones hostiles de religión y ciencia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 241»

«In the words of Marcel Mauss, Magic is linked to science in the same way as it is linked to technology.»la cita de Marcel Mauss con que lo apoya: la magia está ligada a la ciencia del mismo modo que a la tecnología

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 241»

«It is not only a practical art, it is also a storehouse of ideas.»y su continuación: no es solo un arte práctico sino también un almacén de ideas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 241»

«In fact as far as magic is concerned, knowledge is power.»con la fórmula que Kingsley subraya: en la magia, el conocimiento es poder

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 241»

«It quickly set up a kind of index of plants, metals, phenomena, beings and life in general, and became an early store of information for the astronomical, physical and natural sciences.»y el detalle de ese almacén: un índice de plantas, metales, fenómenos y seres que fue depósito temprano de información para las ciencias astronómicas, físicas y naturales

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 241»

«It is a fact that certain branches of magic, such as astrology and alchemy, were called applied physics in Greece.»el dato que Mauss aporta: en Grecia ciertas ramas de la magia, como la astrología y la alquimia, se llamaban física aplicada

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 241»

«That is why magicians received the name of physikoi and that the word physikos was a synonym for magic.»y su consecuencia terminológica: por eso los magos recibieron el nombre de *physikoi* y *physikos* fue sinónimo de magia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 241»

«It has been suggested as well that, in this concern with practical application and the mastery of natural forces, Empedocles had more in common with the modern scientist than with our familiar image of the abstract philosopher.»la sugerencia que Kingsley recoge: que en esa preocupación por la aplicación práctica Empédocles tuviera más en común con el científico moderno que con el filósofo abstracto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 242»

«And yet there is a world of difference between the modern practical scientist, attempting to manipulate various forms of matter, and Empedocles—for whom, as he explains in another fragment, there is nothing that is not vibrantly and knowingly alive.»y la diferencia de mundo que él opone: para Empédocles, según explica en otro fragmento, no hay nada que no esté vibrante y conscientemente vivo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 242»

«They are not to be argued with: they are to be treasured.»lo que Kingsley dice que hay que hacer con esas enseñanzas: no discutirlas, atesorarlas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 242»

«They are to be tended and guarded, otherwise they will fly away.»y cuidarlas y guardarlas, o se irán volando

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 242»

«More specifically, the terminology Empedocles uses refers in a deliberately allusive way to the standard vocabulary employed in the mysteries of Persephone and Demeter.»la lectura terminológica que propone: el vocabulario de Empédocles alude deliberadamente al de los misterios de Perséfone y Deméter

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 242»

«If we follow up the allusion we see that he is referring to the stage when—after the pupil to whom the poem is addressed has gone through the preliminary stage of purification (katharmos), and has then absorbed the knowledge transmitted to him by his teacher (paradosis)— there is nothing left to learn’.»y a qué etapa remite: la que sigue a la purificación —*katharmos*— y a la transmisión del conocimiento por el maestro —*paradosis*—, cuando ya no queda nada que aprender; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 242»

«teacher take root and grow inside the disciple, transforming not Just his vision but his being, and providing him with everything he will need in future.»la etapa final que Kingsley describe: las palabras del maestro arraigan y crecen dentro del discípulo transformando no solo su visión sino su ser; el tramo empieza a media frase porque la anterior queda del otro lado del corte de chunk, y la capa de texto imprime *Just* con mayúscula

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 242»

«This ‘initiation vocabulary"? is no more a metaphor or allegory than the promises in fragment 111.»lo que Kingsley sostiene sobre ese vocabulario iniciático: no es metáfora ni alegoría, igual que las promesas del fragmento 111

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 243»

«And just as in the case of fragment 111, to ignore it is as pointless as trying to explain it away: it forms a fundamental part of the framework and context in which Empedocles poetry ‘needs to be approached.»y lo que hay que hacer con él: ni ignorarlo ni explicarlo lejos, porque forma parte del marco en que hay que acercarse a la poesía de Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 243»

«Once again, if we are to understand Empedocles at all we need to understand him on his own terms; otherwise the whole enterprise of interpretation will be nothing but a collection of anachronisms and empty words.»la regla que repite: entender a Empédocles en sus propios términos, o la interpretación entera será una colección de anacronismos y palabras vacías

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 243»

«He considered his words capable of acting, of having an effect; as someone who considered himself divine it is perfectly understandable that he attributed to them the magical properties of the divine word which typically has a life of its own, is 'a living thing, a natural reality that sprouts and grows'.»lo que Kingsley adjudica a Empédocles sobre sus palabras: las tenía por capaces de actuar, con las propiedades mágicas de la palabra divina que tiene vida propia y brota; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 243»

«In the first instance, as he carefully explains, these words of his had the power to affect and transform the person who absorbs them.»el primer efecto de esas palabras, según lo explica el propio Empédocles: transformar a quien las absorbe

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 243»

«Later, it was only inevitable that the same power could be used by the transformed person to affect and change the world around him.»y el segundo, que Kingsley llama inevitable: que el transformado use ese mismo poder para cambiar el mundo en torno

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 243»

«In short, it is not enough to accept that Empedocles may have had a ‘magical side to his character: to suppose that although first and foremost a philosopher he may, also, have had an interest in magic—like someone who takes up stampcollecting or conjuring as a spare-time hobby.»lo que Kingsley declara insuficiente: aceptar que Empédocles tuviera un *lado mágico* como quien colecciona estampillas en su tiempo libre

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 243»

«Those who try to understand Empedocles as a phenomenon in his own right invariably end up describing him as an individual who managed to combine in himself the contradictory roles of magician and philosopher, wonder-worker and thinker.»la descripción a la que llegan quienes lo estudian como fenómeno propio: alguien que combinó los papeles contradictorios de mago y filósofo, taumaturgo y pensador

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 243»

«suppose that a magician is someone incapable of devising coherent theories about the structure and working of the universe is in the last resort sheer prejudice, denied by all the evidence.»y lo que Kingsley llama puro prejuicio negado por toda la evidencia: suponer que un mago sea incapaz de idear teorías coherentes sobre el universo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 244»

«To assume that Empedocles must have shared our questionable distinctions between rational and irrational forms of inquiry or understanding is historically implausible, and is not necessarily to compliment him.»con el segundo cargo: suponer que Empédocles compartiera nuestras distinciones dudosas entre racional e irracional es históricamente inverosímil y no necesariamente un elogio

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 244»

«Most importantly, there is no point in acknowledging that Empedocles was a magician unless we are prepared to see that the poetry of his which has come down to us was an integral part of his magical activity.»lo que Kingsley considera más importante: no tiene caso reconocer que Empédocles fue mago si no se ve que la poesía suya que llegó hasta nosotros era parte integral de su actividad mágica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 244»

«Taken out of context, this poetry can be interpreted in any number of ways; but placed in its magical matrix, the evidence starts to fit together in a way fundamentally independent of modern prejudices and preconceptions.»y lo que se gana al ponerla en su matriz mágica: la evidencia empieza a encajar de un modo independiente de los prejuicios modernos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 244»

«And, as we will now see, we can also observe this same process at work in the case of the ancient legends about Empedocles' death.»el anuncio de que el mismo proceso se observa en las leyendas antiguas sobre su muerte

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 244»

«However, there is one particular version of his death which stands out from the rest.»la versión que Kingsley destaca entre las demás

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 245»

«According to this story Empedocles died by throwing himself into Mount Etna.»y su contenido: Empédocles murió arrojándose al Etna

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 245»

«He had, apparently, hoped to deceive everyone into believing he was a god by making any trace of his body disappear.»con su motivo según el relato: engañar a todos haciéndoles creer que era un dios al desaparecer todo rastro de su cuerpo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 245»

«But, so the story goes, one of the bronze sandals he used to wear gave the trick away.»y el detalle que lo delató: una de las sandalias de bronce que solía llevar

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 245»

«The sandal was ejected by the volcano and discovered, exposing the hoax so that eventually it became clear (ὕστερον γνωσθῆναι) what he had really done.»expulsada por el volcán y hallada, de modo que *después se supo* —ὕστερον γνωσθῆναι— lo que realmente había hecho

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 245»

«For obvious reasons this story has been dismissed by both modern and ancient writers as nothing but a 'farce'.»lo que escritores antiguos y modernos hicieron con ese relato: descartarlo como una farsa

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 245»

«But even so, it deserves looking at a little more closely.»y la razón por la que Kingsley lo mira más de cerca

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 245»

«Timaeus had little patience or sympathy for stories about Jumping into volcanoes and sandals of bronze; in the absence of any more credible account of Empedocles’ death he considered it his duty to find one.»lo que Kingsley adjudica a Timeo: poca paciencia con los saltos a volcanes y las sandalias de bronce, y el deber de encontrar una versión más creíble; la capa de texto imprime *Jumping*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 246»

«he suggested that Empedocles may have died outside of Sicily and came to the conclusion that he ended his days, unknown, in the Peloponnese.»y su propuesta: que Empédocles muriera fuera de Sicilia y acabara sus días, desconocido, en el Peloponeso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 246»

«The conclusion sounds eminently reasonable, and has been welcomed by scholarship either as the most probable account of Empedocles' death or even as established fact.»la recepción de esa conclusión: bien acogida por la erudición como el relato más probable o incluso como hecho establecido

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 246»

«But, as Bidez pointed out a century ago, Timaeus theorizing is sheer guesswork—motivated, as we will soon see, by a strong element of polemic—and historically is worthless.»y la objeción que Kingsley recoge de Bidez: la teorización de Timeo es pura conjetura, movida por polémica, e históricamente sin valor

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 246»

«He knew no more about the matter than we do.»con la fórmula que la cierra: no sabía del asunto más que nosotros

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 246»

«Heraclides himself appears to have written a fictional dialogue specifically about Empedocles.»el segundo testimonio: Heráclides parece haber escrito un diálogo de ficción específicamente sobre Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 246»

«In it he described how a celebration banquet was held in a Sicilian field after Empedocles had performed one of his miracles; and how in the middle of the night, after everyone else had fallen asleep, Empedocles was suddenly snatched up to heaven accompanied by a flashing of celestial lights.»con su escena: un banquete en un campo siciliano tras uno de sus milagros y, a media noche, Empédocles arrebatado al cielo entre luces celestes

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 246»

«But in the same dialogue Heraclides also refers to another version of Empedocles' death: the version we have already looked at.»y el dato que Kingsley subraya: en el mismo diálogo Heráclides remite a la otra versión de la muerte

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 246»

«It would seem that the legend already had the connotations of hoax and fraud from which Heraclides felt Empedocles ought to be protected.»lo que eso indica: la leyenda ya tenía las connotaciones de engaño y fraude de las que Heráclides quería proteger a Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 247»

«In short, Heraclides proposes one version of Empedocles' death, but not without feeling the need to refute another.»con la fórmula que lo resume: propone una versión no sin sentir la necesidad de contradecir otra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 247»

«According to him the story of Empedocles’ ascent to heaven and evident apotheosis was older than the story about the leap into Etna.»la cronología que Heráclides afirmaba: que la ascensión al cielo fuera más antigua que el salto al Etna

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 247»

«On the one hand, the trouble Heraclides took to contradict the legend of the leap into Etna shows plainly that—as Bidez himself admits'’—it must have been well established before his time.»y el argumento que Kingsley opone, con Bidez de su lado: el trabajo que Heráclides se tomó en contradecir la leyenda muestra que estaba bien establecida antes de él

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 247»

«In other words, if forced to choose, one would have to conclude that the story of the leap into Etna is the older of the two versions.»con su conclusión: si hubiera que elegir, la del salto al Etna es la más antigua de las dos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 247»

«Heraclides would in fact seem to have been responsible not so much for inventing the idea of a celestial ascent as for reworking and bowdlerizing an earlier version which described the leap plus the apotheosis together.»y la adjudicación que Kingsley hace a Heráclides: no inventar la ascensión celeste sino refundir y expurgar una versión anterior que unía el salto y la apoteosis

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 247»

«Bidez also passed another premature judgement on the story of Empedocles’ leap into Etna.»el segundo juicio prematuro que Kingsley reprocha a Bidez sobre el salto al Etna

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 248»

«According to our only source of information on the matter, Heraclides made his fictional Pausanias reject not just the story of the leap into Etna as a whole but— very specifically—the detail about the bronze sandal being ejected by the volcano and exposing Empedocles’ fraud;»el dato que aporta: el Pausanias ficticio de Heráclides rechaza no solo el relato entero sino específicamente el detalle de la sandalia expulsada por el volcán

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 248»

«there is no reason whatever to ascribe this to a misunderstanding on the part of our source.»y su defensa de la fuente: no hay razón alguna para adjudicar eso a un malentendido de quien lo transmite

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 248»

«And it also suggests something else: that originally the detail of the sandal was meant to act as a 'sign' which, far from contradicting the miraculous nature of Empedocles’ death, would in fact confirm 12 Bidez»la sugerencia que Kingsley extrae: el detalle de la sandalia funcionaba en origen como una *señal* que confirmaba, en vez de contradecir, el carácter milagroso de la muerte; el tramo arrastra la llamada a nota *12 Bidez* porque el aparato va dentro del cuerpo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 248»

«This would tend to suggest that the peculiar mention of the bronze sandal is more likely to have been an integral part of the original legend than simply a later addition by some malicious biographer or satirist.»y su conclusión: la mención de la sandalia de bronce es más probablemente parte integral de la leyenda original que añadido tardío de un biógrafo malicioso o de un satírico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 248»

«As for the malicious twist to the story which makes the discovery of the sandal expose Empedocles as a fraud, rather than reveal his genuineness, this must almost certainly have been introduced at some later stage—either deliberately or through a basic misunderstanding of the mythical motif.»la adjudicación de Kingsley al giro malicioso del relato: la sandalia que expone a Empédocles como impostor en vez de revelar su autenticidad tuvo que introducirse después, deliberadamente o por malentendido del motivo mítico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 249»

«In other words, here we would appear to have a perfect example of one of the most pervasive features of ancient Greek mythology: the tendency to rationalize the obscure, with the common result of giving motifs, symbols, or ritual practices a meaning the very opposite of the significance they would seem originally to have had.!?»y el rasgo general de la mitología griega que ve ahí: la tendencia a racionalizar lo oscuro dando a los motivos y ritos un sentido opuesto al que tenían; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 249»

«Because the malicious version seems already to have been the one that Heraclides knew and reacted to, we must suppose that the original story goes back at least to the early fourth century Bc—quite probably to the late fifth century—and so brings us very close to Empedocles' own lifetime.»la datación que Kingsley deduce: como la versión maliciosa es la que Heráclides conocía, el relato original se remonta al menos al siglo IV temprano y probablemente al V tardío, cerca de la vida de Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 249»

«There is one other, highly significant, aspect to the detail about the bronze sandal.»el aspecto del detalle que Kingsley anuncia como muy significativo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 249»

«As for being an 'obvious fiction’, this too is hardly an accurate description.»y su respuesta a quien lo llame ficción obvia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 249»

«Various suggestions have been made as to why Empedocles should have worn bronze sandals;»las varias explicaciones que se han propuesto sobre las sandalias de bronce

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 249»

«If the desired intention was to make Empedocles boast his immortality by openly imitating the ways of the gods, then the obvious step would have been to portray him wearing golden sandals—not sandals of bronze.»la objeción de Kingsley a la explicación por imitación de los dioses: entonces habría llevado sandalias de oro, no de bronce

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 250»

«Walking around in bronze sandals would be not only extremely uncomfortable but, in practice, virtually impossible.»y el argumento práctico: andar con sandalias de bronce sería incomodísimo y en la práctica casi imposible

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 250»

«The biographers are careful to smooth over and rationalize the oddity of the incident about the one bronze sandal being thrown up from the volcano at Empedocles' death by stating that it was his normal custom to go around in sandals of bronze all the time.»el gesto racionalizador que Kingsley atribuye a los biógrafos: alisar la rareza diciendo que era su costumbre andar siempre así

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 250»

«And yet if Empedocles was to wear bronze sandals at all it can only have been for a very limited, and special, occasion—such as a particular ritual.»y su lectura: si las llevó, solo pudo ser para una ocasión limitada y especial, como un ritual determinado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 250»

«In fact the solution to the whole problem of Empedocles' bronze sandal was provided over a century ago by Dieterich— even though Dieterich himself made no mention of the detail in the Empedocles legend and seems not to have noticed its relevance to what he says.»la solución que Kingsley adjudica a Dieterich hace más de un siglo, aunque él mismo no mencionara el detalle de la leyenda ni notara su pertinencia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 250»

«What is more, the evidence he gathered shows that—in the strange world of mythical and magical symbolism to which the motif of the bronze sandal belongs—it was invariably a matter of one sandal of bronze, and one alone.»y lo que la evidencia reunida muestra: en ese simbolismo se trataba siempre de una sandalia de bronce, y una sola

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 250»

«This one bronze sandal was the chief ‘sign’ or ‘symbol’ of Hecate who, as the ‘controller of Tartarus' and mediator between this world and the next, grants the magician access to the underworld.»de quién era esa sandalia según Kingsley: la señal principal de Hécate, que como controladora del Tártaro y mediadora entre los dos mundos da al mago acceso al inframundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 250»

«The correspondence with the story of Empedocles’ leap into Etna is unmistakable.»y la correspondencia con el salto al Etna, que él declara inconfundible

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 251»

«It becomes even more remarkable when we bear in mind the number of times that the Greek magical papyri, and especially the Paris papyrus, have thrown light not just on the legends surrounding Empedocles but on his actual life and poetry.»lo que la vuelve más notable: las veces que los papiros mágicos griegos, y sobre todo el papiro de París, han iluminado no solo las leyendas sino la vida y la poesía de Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 251»

«What the motif of the bronze sandal has succeeded in doing is to plunge us into a web of correspondences linking the magical papyri themselves not only with the legend of Empedocles' death but also with Empedocles' own life and his own ideas.»y lo que el motivo consigue: sumergirnos en una red de correspondencias entre los papiros mágicos, la leyenda de la muerte y la vida y las ideas del propio Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 251»

«Bronze for the Greeks had a special affinity with the dead, καὶ κλεῖδα κρατῶ.»la afinidad que Kingsley registra: el bronce tenía para los griegos una afinidad especial con los muertos; el tramo se corta donde entra el griego καὶ κλεῖδα κρατῶ del aparato

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 251»

«As for the bronze sandal, it points directly to Hecate and—through her—to the mysteries of Persephone.»lo que la sandalia de bronce señala, según Kingsley: directamente a Hécate y, por ella, a los misterios de Perséfone

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 252»

«That brings us, once again, onto familiar ground: as we have seen repeatedly in looking into the background to Empedocles' equation of Hades and fire, the craters and volcanic phenomena of Sicily—including Etna itself—were not just viewed as entrances to the underworld but were associated specifically with the mythology and the mysteries of Persephone.»y adónde lleva eso: al terreno ya recorrido, donde los cráteres y fenómenos volcánicos de Sicilia no solo eran entradas al inframundo sino que se asociaban específicamente a esos misterios; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 252»

«The extreme oddity of the feature of the one bronze sandal would, in itself, be quite enough to establish a link between the Empedocles legend and the magical papyri; these subsidiary connections merely serve to confirm it.»el peso que Kingsley da al detalle: la rareza extrema de la sandalia única bastaría por sí sola para establecer el vínculo con los papiros mágicos, y las conexiones subsidiarias solo lo confirman

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 252»

«The first step to answering this question involves making some basic observations about the magical papyri themselves.»y el primer paso que anuncia para responder a la pregunta que sigue

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 252»

«All of them were composed, and subsequently discovered, in Egypt»la primera observación de Kingsley sobre los papiros mágicos: todos se compusieron y se hallaron en Egipto; el ancla de fin del informe caía del otro lado del límite de chunk en la plana 252

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 252»

«which are significantly older.” As for the later ones, even they plainly represent no more than the end result of a long process of textual transmission.»la precisión que Kingsley hace sobre la datación de los papiros: aun los tardíos representan el resultado final de un largo proceso de transmisión textual; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 253»

«This is especially true in the case of that great miscellany of spells, evidently produced during the late fourth century AD in the region of Thebes in Upper Egypt, which is known as the Paris magical papyrus: here the scribe went to considerable trouble to preserve the variant readings he had collated from older magical texts, and in so doing he provides brief glimpses into the history of this continuous tradition.»el caso que subraya: la gran miscelánea de conjuros producida a fines del siglo IV d. C. en la región de Tebas, el papiro mágico de París, cuyo escriba se tomó el trabajo de preservar las variantes que había cotejado; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 253»

«But particularly important for our purposes is the fact that over the course of the centuries the writers of these texts incorporated and absorbed into their magical material fragments of earlier Greek poetry, hymns, and liturgical formulae used in the mysteries.»y el hecho que declara particularmente importante: con los siglos, los redactores absorbieron en su material mágico fragmentos de poesía griega anterior, himnos y fórmulas litúrgicas de los misterios

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 253»

«Interestingly, one of the most revealing passages of all in this respect is the section of the Paris papyrus which—itself in the form of a hymn—refers to Hecate and the bronze sandal: long ago Dieterich gave strong reasons for concluding that this mention of the bronze sandal derives, like many other details in the magical papyri, from Orphic literary tradition.»el pasaje que Kingsley considera más revelador: la sección del papiro de París que, en forma de himno, menciona a Hécate y la sandalia de bronce, y que Dieterich remitió con buenas razones a un original más antiguo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 253»

«Strangely enough, however, the implications of being able to do so have hardly if at all been appreciated.»con su extrañeza: las implicaciones de poder hacer eso apenas se han apreciado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 253»

«A major component of what we find in the papyri is, as one would expect, Egyptian: a basic stock of native magical tradition onto which other ideas and practices— primarily Greek and Jewish?— were grafted.»la composición del material que Kingsley describe: un fondo básico de tradición mágica egipcia sobre el que se injertaron ideas y prácticas sobre todo griegas y judías

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 254»

«The components of this synthesis which are most recognizably Greek in origin are the elements of Hecate magic; and the closest and most remarkable analogies here are to be found in Theocritus.»y el componente más reconociblemente griego: los elementos de magia hecatea, con sus analogías más notables en Teócrito

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 254»

«By origin from Syracuse, Theocritus left Sicily in the early third century Bc and—like many other Sicilians of the time who, disturbed by political conditions on the island, emigrated to Alexandria—he ended up in Egypt.»el dato biográfico que aporta: Teócrito, de Siracusa, dejó Sicilia a principios del siglo III y acabó en Egipto, como muchos sicilianos que emigraron a Alejandría por las condiciones políticas de la isla

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 254»

«As was already noted in antiquity, behind these accounts of Hecate magic which Theocritus' poetry shares in common with the Graeco-Egyptian papyri stands another figure to whom Theocritus was in this respect indebted.»la figura anterior que ya en la antigüedad se veía detrás de esos relatos de magia hecatea

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 254»

«That was the Sicilian writer Sophron, who lived and worked at Syracuse during the fifth century Bc.»y quién era: el escritor siciliano Sofrón, que vivió y trabajó en Siracusa en el siglo V a. C.

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 254»

«In other words, when we trace the Hecate magic of the Egyptian papyri back in time, we arrive at the very same country and the very same century in which Empedocles himself lived—and in which the legend about his death probably started to evolve.»la conclusión de esa cadena: rastreando la magia hecatea de los papiros egipcios se llega al mismo país y al mismo siglo de Empédocles y de la leyenda de su muerte

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 254»

«But there is also a more specific sense in which we can talk of magical traditions passing down to Egypt from the Greek West, and particularly from Sicily.»el sentido más específico en que Kingsley habla de tradiciones mágicas que bajan a Egipto desde el occidente griego, y en particular desde Sicilia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 254»

«In other words the circle linking Sicilian magic, Selinus, and the magic of the Egyptian papyri is complete.»la fórmula con que cierra ese circuito: el círculo que une la magia siciliana, Selinunte y la magia de los papiros egipcios queda completo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 255»

«It is plainly significant that the oldest surviving examples in the ancient Greek world of a certain type of magical spell come from Sicily and date from the sixth or fifth centuries Bc; and it is no coincidence that the discovery of a number of them either in, or right next to, the Gaggera sanctuary at Selinus points to a very close link between the type of ‘binding’ magic in question and the local cult of Demeter, Hecate, and Persephone.»el dato arqueológico que lo apoya: los ejemplos más antiguos de cierto tipo de conjuro en el mundo griego vienen de Sicilia y son de los siglos VI o V, hallados en el santuario de la Gaggera o junto a él; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 255»

«What is more, the goddess invoked at the start of the fullest and most important of these magical texts from the Gaggera is almost certainly none other than the Persephone- Pasikrateia whom we find invoked in the Paris papyrus.»y la identificación que Kingsley considera casi segura: la diosa invocada al comienzo del más completo de esos textos es la Perséfone-Pasikrateia del papiro de París

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 255»

«The Gaggera sanctuary was evidently a significant site for the cult of Hecate as well as Persephone, with Hecate performing the role of gate-keeper to the main sanctuary:»con el papel de Hécate en ese santuario: guardiana de la puerta del recinto principal, junto al culto de Perséfone

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 255»

«there is no lack of options.»la abundancia de vías de transmisión que Kingsley declara

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 256»

«It would be perfectly understandable if such traditions were preserved intact in southern Italy over a period of many centuries, and in fact we see exactly the same thing happening in very similar cases.»y su plausibilidad: sería perfectamente comprensible que esas tradiciones se conservaran intactas en el sur de Italia durante muchos siglos, como se ve en casos muy parecidos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 256»

«the compilers of the Egyptian papyri appear still to have been at the receiving end of magical traditions imported from Rome as late as the fourth century AD.»el dato tardío que aporta: los compiladores de los papiros egipcios seguían recibiendo tradiciones mágicas importadas de Roma todavía en el siglo IV d. C.

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 256»

«We know for example—again from Theocritus but not from him alone—that by the third century Bc a good number of Syracusans had, just like him, left their home for Egypt and become either temporary or permanent residents at Alexandria.»y el temprano: por Teócrito y por otros se sabe que ya en el siglo III muchos siracusanos habían dejado su tierra por Alejandría

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 256»

«nothing could be less surprising; in broad terms, all the evidence fits remarkably well into place.»la falta de sorpresa con que Kingsley recibe ese cuadro: toda la evidencia encaja notablemente bien; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 257»

«we can also be more specific about the link between Sicily and Egypt in this particular case.»y su promesa de precisar el vínculo entre Sicilia y Egipto en este caso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 257»

«it is impossible to know just how much of the adjoining prose sections either in the papyrus or on the tablet are likely to derive from the same source;»la abstención que declara sobre las secciones en prosa contiguas al papiro y a la tablilla: es imposible saber cuánto deriva de la misma fuente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 257»

«the parallel text in the magical papyrus does not distinguish formally between the two verse passages but combines words from both of them in a continuous sequence.»el dato formal que aporta: el texto paralelo del papiro mágico no distingue formalmente entre los dos pasajes en verso sino que combina palabras de ambos en secuencia continua

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 257»

«These factors tend to suggest that the two verse extracts are probably related and in origin are likely to have derived from ‘the same worship'.»y lo que esos factores sugieren: que los dos extractos en verso estén emparentados y vengan del mismo culto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 257»

«While it would seem safe to derive both of the verse passages on the lead tablet from the same ‘chthonic cult’,” the origin of the second verse fragment can in fact be isolated with precision.»la precisión que Kingsley logra: mientras derivar los dos pasajes de un mismo culto ctónico parece seguro, el origen del segundo puede aislarse con exactitud

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 258»

«The greater part of it happens to be an almost exact reproduction of a block of verse preserved on another lead tablet which was apparently found at Selinus in Sicily and is datable to the fourth century Bc.»y cuál es: la mayor parte reproduce casi exactamente un bloque de verso conservado en otra tablilla de plomo hallada al parecer en Selinunte y datable en el siglo IV a. C.

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 258»

«This fact has major implications of its own, as we will discover later; but as we have already seen, what applies to the second verse passage almost certainly applies to the first as well.»lo que Kingsley extiende del segundo pasaje al primero

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 258»

«On the other hand, any doubts as to the safety of tracing not only the second but also the first verse fragment on the Oxyrhynchus lead plate back to Sicily are effectively overruled by the fact that we find precisely the item»y el argumento que anula las dudas sobre remitir también el primero a Sicilia; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 258»

«There is no need to emphasize the significance of this Sicily— Egypt connection for our understanding of the magical traditions preserved in the Egyptian papyri.»la significación que declara sin necesidad de subrayarla: la conexión Sicilia-Egipto para entender las tradiciones mágicas de los papiros

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 259»

«However, it should also be clear by now how valuable the Egyptian papyri and related magical documents can be for understanding the Empedoclean legends which we find circulating in Sicily very shortly after his death.»y la recíproca: cuán valiosos son los papiros egipcios para entender las leyendas empedocleas que circulaban en Sicilia poco después de su muerte

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 259»

«The detail about the bronze sandal is an obvious case in point, but it is by no means the only example of a connection between the magical papyri and the legends surrounding Empedocles.»con la aclaración de que la sandalia de bronce es un caso obvio y no el único

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 259»

«For instance, there is the picturesque story about how one day at a banquet Empedocles prevented a man from murdering someone in an uncontrolled outburst of anger (θυμός) by, at the critical moment, reciting a single verse from Homer.»el segundo caso que aporta: el relato de cómo Empédocles impidió en un banquete que un hombre matara a otro en un arrebato de ira —θυμός— recitando en el momento crítico un solo verso de Homero

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 259»

«In essence, what Empedocles is made to do here corresponds exactly to the magical practice of reciting a single verse from Homer as a 'charm for restraining anger' (θυμοκά-Toxov): a practice referred to repeatedly in the Paris magical papyrus.»y su correspondencia exacta con la práctica mágica del *freno de la ira* —θυμοκάτοχον— por recitación de un verso homérico, mencionada repetidamente en el papiro de París; la capa de texto imprime *θυμοκά-Toxov*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 259»

«Our earliest written source for the Empedocles story is lamblichus; this makes it tempting to dismiss it as a late invention dating at least from after the time of Plato and Aristotle.»la objeción que Kingsley se plantea: la fuente escrita más antigua del relato es Jámblico, lo que tienta a descartarlo como invención tardía

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 259»

«The story in lamblichus forms an integral part of a discussion about the early Pythagorean use of music and song for magical purposes to counteract passion—and particularly anger (0vjós)—which can be traced back, via Aristoxenus, to the pre-Platonic period; it has been demonstrated that this incantatory use of poetry for harmonizing the emotions was a common magical practice among the Pythagoreans of Empedocles’ time;?»y su respuesta: el relato es parte integral de una discusión sobre el uso pitagórico temprano de música y canto contra la pasión, rastreable vía Aristoxeno al periodo preplatónico; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 259»

«also been shown that this magical use of the spoken word for curative purposes meshes perfectly with what we can see of Empedocles’ healing methods from his own poetry;” and, contrary to what is usually supposed, the tendency was for later biographers of men such as Pythagoras and Empedocles not to create but to tone down and rationalize, or even remove altogether, this kind of miraculous tale.”'»el segundo argumento: ese uso mágico de la palabra hablada encaja con los métodos curativos que se ven en la propia poesía de Empédocles; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 260»

«contrary to what is usually supposed, the tendency was for later biographers of men such as Pythagoras and Empedocles not to create but to tone down and rationalize, or even remove altogether, this kind of miraculous tale.»y el tercero, contra lo que suele suponerse: los biógrafos tardíos de Pitágoras y de Empédocles tendían no a crear sino a atenuar, racionalizar o suprimir esta clase de relato milagroso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 260»

«the story cannot be dismissed as a late invention but can and must be taken as a reliable indication of the type of ideas and practices known to Pythagorean circles in the West during the fifth century Bc.»la conclusión: el relato no puede descartarse como invención tardía y debe tomarse como indicación fiable de las ideas y prácticas de los círculos pitagóricos occidentales del siglo V; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 260»

«in the ‘charm for restraining anger’ by reciting a line from Homer we have a characteristically ancient Pythagorean practice reappearing, almost a millennium later, in the Egyptian magical papyri.»y lo que eso significa para el conjuro: una práctica pitagórica antigua característica reaparece casi un milenio después en los papiros mágicos egipcios; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 260»

«the Empedocles who used magical incantations—the same type of incantations we find mentioned or referred to in the magical papyri—and who claimed that his own poetry could have a magical effect.»el Empédocles que de ahí resulta, según Kingsley: el que usaba incantaciones mágicas del tipo de las de los papiros y sostenía que su propia poesía podía tener efecto mágico; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 260»

«the ability of the legendary Empedocles to manipulate people's emotions we must also compare the remarks on the magical effectiveness of the spoken word made by Gorgias, who was in a number of senses a successor of Empedocles.»y la comparación que Kingsley añade: las observaciones de Gorgias, sucesor de Empédocles en varios sentidos, sobre la eficacia mágica de la palabra hablada; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 260»

«This is the historical reality of Empedocles as a magician—not just any magician but a magician who claimed to be able to use his magical powers to descend to the underworld.»la fórmula con que Kingsley enuncia su tesis histórica: esta es la realidad histórica de Empédocles como mago, y no un mago cualquiera sino uno que decía poder descender al inframundo con sus poderes

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 261»

«the passage from Lucian which provides the closest parallel to this claim of his explicitly states that such a descent to the underworld would be bound to involve encounter with, and invocation of, Hecate and the Furies as well as Persephone.»el paralelo de Luciano que la apoya: tal descenso implicaría necesariamente encuentro con Hécate, las Furias y Perséfone, e invocación de ellas; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 261»

«In short, in confronting us with the ritual aspect of the story about Empedocles’ death, the magical papyri have ended up confronting us with an Empedocles who is implicated in his own legend.»y lo que los papiros mágicos acaban poniendo delante, según Kingsley: un Empédocles implicado en su propia leyenda

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 261»

«the magical symbolism of the bronze sandal has been like an Ariadne's thread, allowing us to move behind the superficial parodies and distortions to something far more substantial.»la imagen con que describe el papel del símbolo: la sandalia de bronce fue como un hilo de Ariadna para pasar detrás de las parodias y las distorsiones; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 262»

«it is still very much in evidence in contemporary Greek folklore and ritual.»la persistencia que registra: el motivo sigue muy presente en el folclor y el ritual griegos contemporáneos; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 264»

«there can be little doubt that the theme of his immortalization through fire—a theme of oriental, and specifically Phoenician, origin—along with his subsequent ascent into the heavens to join the company of the gods had become a part of this tradition at least by the time of Empedocles.'?»lo que Kingsley da por poco dudoso sobre Heracles: el tema de su inmortalización por el fuego, de origen oriental y en concreto fenicio, y su ascenso al cielo eran ya parte de la tradición en tiempos de Empédocles; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 265»

«The idea of fire as purifying—and immortalizing—became so deeply imbedded in the consciousness of the Greeks that even at their most facetious they were unable to escape it.»y la profundidad que atribuye a esa idea: el fuego como purificador e inmortalizador quedó tan hondo en la conciencia griega que ni en sus momentos más burlones podían escapar de ella

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 265»

«So we find Diogenes Laertius composing two malicious epigrams about Empedocles’ death which he considered worth placing»con el ejemplo: los dos epigramas maliciosos que Diógenes Laercio compuso sobre la muerte de Empédocles; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 265»

«there is clear evidence that already by the fifth century Bc Heracles had become a figure of major importance for Pythagoreans in the West»la evidencia que Kingsley declara clara: ya en el siglo V a. C. Heracles se había vuelto figura de gran importancia para los pitagóricos de occidente; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 265»

«Diogenes Laertius was not an inventive man; he was a compiler of ideas, not a creator of them.»lo que Kingsley dice de Diógenes Laercio: no era hombre inventivo sino compilador de ideas, no creador

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 266»

«the idea of Empedocles finding purification, life, and immortality in the flames of Etna was not his own invention either:»y su consecuencia: tampoco era invención suya la idea de Empédocles hallando purificación, vida e inmortalidad en las llamas del Etna

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 266»

«we are left with the important conclusion that there were others before him who saw Empedocles' leap into Etna as an act intended to purify and immortalize.»con la conclusión que declara importante: hubo antes de él quienes vieron el salto al Etna como acto destinado a purificar e inmortalizar

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 266»

«alongside the symbolism of the bronze sandal we are now presented with another aspect of the original legend before the distorting parodies and rationalizations started to set in;»y lo que eso aporta: junto al símbolo de la sandalia, otro aspecto de la leyenda original anterior a las parodias y racionalizaciones

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 266»

«According to the hostile rationalizations Empedocles jumped into Etna because, fraud that he was, he wanted to create the illusion that he had miraculously disappeared and become immortal; according to the original version he jumped in so as to become immortal in fact.”»la oposición que Kingsley formula entre las dos versiones: en la racionalización hostil salta para fingir que se ha vuelto inmortal, y en la original salta para volverse inmortal de hecho

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 267»

«He pointed out that in the first one we have a perfect example of the familiar idea that fire—whether in the form of a pyre or in the form of lightning— not only releases and immortalizes the soul but also allows it to make its way, fully purified, straight to the immortal gods.»el paralelo que aporta: la idea familiar de que el fuego —pira o rayo— libera e inmortaliza el alma y la lleva purificada directo a los dioses inmortales

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 267»

«It goes almost without saying that in this mythological context nothing could be more natural than for Empedocles, already conscious of his divinity while alive but not yet separated from his physical body, to rise up to the gods via Mount Etna:»y lo que en ese contexto le parece natural: que Empédocles, consciente ya de su divinidad en vida pero no separado del cuerpo, subiera a los dioses por el Etna

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 267»

«So neatly, so closely do the various pieces of evidence fit together that it is as though behind the distortions and parodies there is an alphabet waiting to be read.»la imagen con que Kingsley describe el ajuste de la evidencia: detrás de las distorsiones hay un alfabeto esperando ser leído

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 268»

«There is nothing surprising in that.»y su falta de sorpresa ante ello

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 268»

«On the contrary, as someone very close to Plato and intimately involved in the early days of the Academy, in this case Heraclides simply manifests again the same tendency we already encountered in the case of Philolaus' central fire:»lo que adjudica a Heráclides: como allegado de Platón y de la primera Academia, manifiesta la misma tendencia ya vista en el fuego central de Filolao

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 268»

«There is one other source of information which we have so far not examined:»la fuente que Kingsley anuncia que aún no ha examinado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 268»

«Two points need making about these gold plates.»y los dos puntos que hay que hacer sobre esas láminas de oro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 268»

«As we have already seen, the legend of Empedocles' death resonates with heroic undertones and invites comparison with the mythology of Heracles»lo que ya dio por establecido: la leyenda de la muerte de Empédocles resuena con matices heroicos e invita a comparar con la mitología de Heracles; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 268»

«The gold plates, too, ascribe a fundamental role to the process of heroization.»y lo que las láminas comparten: adjudican un papel fundamental al proceso de heroización

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 269»

«In fact they present a possibility virtually unparalleled in Greek religion: the possibility for the initiate's experience to culminate, at death, in heroization and apotheosis.»con la posibilidad que Kingsley llama casi sin paralelo en la religión griega: que la experiencia del iniciado culmine, al morir, en heroización y apoteosis

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 269»

«leaves little doubt that this initiatory heroization schema was more or less consciously modelled on the figure of Heracles.»la conclusión que de ahí saca: el esquema de heroización iniciática estaba modelado más o menos conscientemente sobre la figura de Heracles; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 269»

«we have the fragment of a poem by Pindar which closely mirrors the theological doctrine they contain, and which ends with the heroization of the liberated soul:»el testimonio de Píndaro que refleja de cerca esa doctrina y acaba en la heroización del alma liberada; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 269»

«it describes those who live the lives of great kings, champions, or sages before ultimately being transformed into ‘sacred heroes’ (ἥρωες ἁγνοί).»con su descripción: quienes viven vidas de grandes reyes, campeones o sabios y acaban transformados en *héroes sagrados*, ἥρωες ἁγνοί

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 269»

«All three of the plates found in one of the burial mounds at Thurii, on the western edge of the Gulf of Tarentum, present the individual with whom each of them was buried as dying from being struck by lightning.»el dato arqueológico que aporta: las tres láminas de un túmulo de Turios, al borde occidental del golfo de Tarento, presentan al difunto como muerto por un rayo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 269»

«For the Greeks death by lightning, which was seen as the purest form of fire, was a standard way of attaining heroic status.»y su sentido para los griegos: la muerte por rayo, la forma más pura del fuego, era vía estándar para alcanzar estatus heroico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 270»

«the startling declarations of divinity and immortality which we find on the plates—‘happy and most blessed, you will be a god instead of a mortal’ on one of them, ‘from a man you have become a god’ on another— provide the most direct and eloquent parallels to Empedocles' own famous assertion»los paralelos más directos que Kingsley encuentra a la declaración de divinidad de Empédocles: en una lámina *serás un dios en vez de un mortal* y en otra *de hombre te has vuelto dios*; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 270»

«It is worth emphasizing that, for the Greeks, death by lightning as punishment for a crime was in no way incompatible with death by lightning as a prelude to heroization»y la compatibilidad que subraya: para los griegos la muerte por rayo como castigo no era en absoluto incompatible con la muerte por rayo como preludio de heroización

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 270»

«New discoveries plainly demonstrate what a number of scholars had already suspected: that it was considered the end result of a dialectical sequence of death followed by rebirth or regeneration ‘into another condition'.»lo que Kingsley dice que los hallazgos nuevos indican: que la heroización se tenía por resultado final de una secuencia dialéctica de muerte seguida de renacimiento a otra condición

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 271»

«However a new gold plate, found at Hipponium in 1969 and published in 1974, introduced a crucial new factor: it presents the same material found on a number of the other gold plates in an explicit context of»el factor decisivo que introduce la lámina nueva: hallada en Hiponio en 1969 y publicada en 1974, presenta el mismo material en un contexto explícito; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 271»

«the newly-found gold plates from Thessaly—‘Now you have died and now you have come into being, thrice-blessed, on this very day’ ( TGL, loc. cit.)—vividly confirm it.»y las láminas de Tesalia que lo confirman con la fórmula *ahora has muerto y ahora has nacido, tres veces bendito, en este mismo día*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 271»

«The text on the plate from Hipponium is not only the fullest and longest of the series discovered so far, but also the earliest; and various factors point to the conclusion that its reference to Bacchic mysteries occurred in the archetype from which a number of the other gold plates derive as well.»los datos que Kingsley aporta sobre la lámina de Hiponio: la más completa y la más antigua de la serie, con indicios de que su referencia báquica estaba ya en el arquetipo del que derivan otras

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 272»

«two further gold plates—this time in the shape of ivy leaves— were discovered in 1985 in Thessaly.»el segundo hallazgo: dos láminas más, en forma de hojas de hiedra, descubiertas en Tesalia en 1985

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 272»

«they bear a very close relation to the various gold plates found in southern Italy; and yet they shed a dramatic new light on them by highlighting not only Persephone—who was central to the earlier texts—but also Dionysus Bacchios as key figures in the liberation of the soul.»y su aporte: emparentadas con las del sur de Italia, iluminan no solo a Perséfone sino a Dioniso Baquio como figuras clave en la liberación del alma

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 272»

«the gold plates are not to be distinguished from Pythagorean ideas and ideology; on the contrary, the evidence suggests that they represent a vital aspect of the religious landscape in the Greek West which early Pythagoreans rapidly assimilated and inherited.»la conclusión de Kingsley: las láminas no se distinguen de las ideas pitagóricas y representan un aspecto vital del paisaje religioso del occidente griego que los pitagóricos tempranos asimilaron

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 272»

«The bridge certainly seems to hold strong at every level.»la fórmula con que Kingsley evalúa el puente órfico: parece sostenerse firme en todos los niveles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 273»

«On the other hand, the links between Orphic texts and Bacchic mysteries are undeniable.»con lo que declara innegable: los vínculos entre textos órficos y misterios báquicos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 273»

«It has often been noted that, in its relation to the mysteries of Dionysus, Orphic literature shows a concern not with the coarser revels and celebrations but with a more esoteric aspect of the mysteries, with a kind of mystery within the mysteries focusing on the fate of the soul after death;»y el rasgo que se ha notado a menudo: la literatura órfica no se ocupa de las juergas sino de un aspecto más esotérico, un misterio dentro de los misterios centrado en el destino del alma; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 273»

«And to return to the gold plates: although for a long time parallels have been observed between what they say and what later sources tell us about Orphic theology, the precise way in which the two new samples from Thessaly mention Dionysus together with Persephone ties the genre in even more directly to the little we know of Orphic sacred poetry.»el dato que aprieta ese nudo: el modo preciso en que las dos muestras tesalias nombran a Dioniso junto a Perséfone; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 273»

«At the same time, however, the idea of making Orphic literature a bridge between the Bacchic and the Pythagorean is bound to prove misleading.»la reserva que Kingsley pone a su propio puente: hacer de la literatura órfica un puente entre lo báquico y lo pitagórico acaba resultando engañoso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 274»

«And yet this idea of incompatibility is one that should never have been given too much credence.»y su juicio sobre la incompatibilidad supuesta: nunca debió dársele tanto crédito

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 274»

«Apollo may have been important for Pythagoreans, but at a purely theoretical and general level we need to bear in mind that the Apollonian and Dionysiac elements of Greek life were intimately intertwined.»el argumento general: Apolo pudo ser importante para los pitagóricos, y aun así lo apolíneo y lo dionisíaco de la vida griega estaban íntimamente entrelazados

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 274»

«Philolaus is credited with a work called Bacchae: a piece of information which it is highly dangerous to attempt to argue away.»el dato concreto: a Filolao se le adjudica una obra llamada Bacantes, información que Kingsley considera muy peligroso intentar explicar lejos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 274»

«It is worth noting how Heracles, in particular, managed to maintain the closest alliance with both Dionysus and Apollo.»y el ejemplo que añade: Heracles mantuvo la alianza más estrecha con Dioniso y con Apolo a la vez

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 274»

«The fact that in isolating this direct link between Pythagoreanism and what can be described as Bacchic esotericism we are drawn into the orbit of Orphic literary tradition is, naturally, significant.»lo que Kingsley considera significativo del vínculo aislado: rastrearlo lleva a la órbita de la tradición literaria órfica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 275»

«Even though the appearance of a fundamental conflict between the Bacchic and the Pythagorean may just be an illusion, and even though there may be no need for a third party to keep the two apart, the Orphic factor is certainly a point where the two terms meet.»y su formulación: aunque el conflicto entre lo báquico y lo pitagórico sea ilusorio y no haga falta un tercero que los separe, el factor órfico es el punto donde los dos términos se encuentran

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 275»

«According to the fuller version of this text, Herodotus states that certain 'so-called Orphic and Bacchic' burial rites are 'really Egyptian and Pythagorean'.»el testimonio de Heródoto que Kingsley cita en su versión más completa: ciertos ritos funerarios llamados órficos y báquicos son *en realidad egipcios y pitagóricos*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 275»

«In purely general terms, it would appear that the gold plates need to be understood in a Bacchic and Orphic context.»la conclusión general que Kingsley formula: las láminas de oro deben entenderse en un contexto báquico y órfico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 276»

«Immediately after the declarations on the plates from Thurii about becoming ‘a god instead of a mortal’, or ‘from a man becoming a god’, we find the notorious saying ‘I am a kid who has rushed for the milk’ (ἔριφος»el dicho que aparece junto a las declaraciones de divinización de Turios: *soy un cabrito que se ha lanzado a la leche*, con el griego ἔριφος tal como lo imprime la capa de texto; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 276»

«The enigmatic nature of the saying has, understandably, given rise to heated debates about its exact meaning and significance.»y los debates acalorados que su carácter enigmático provocó

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 276»

«By the early twentieth century it had become common to interpret the milk Burkert, loc. cit.), it was in fact always to be preferred to the shorter version on purely textual grounds.»la lectura que se volvió corriente a principios del siglo XX; el tramo arrastra parte de la nota al pie, que la capa de texto mete dentro del cuerpo, y se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 276»

«At a very obvious level this interpretation has the evidence on its side.»la concesión que Kingsley le hace: en un nivel obvio esa interpretación tiene la evidencia de su lado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 277»

«However, another more recent line of interpretation—which developed alongside the tendency to either deny or, at the very least, minimize any trace of Bacchic influence on the gold plates—has been to dismiss the saying about the kid and the milk as no more than a proverb describing the attainment in abundance of something one has hoped for.»la línea más reciente que expone: descartar el dicho como un simple proverbio, junto con la tendencia a negar o minimizar la influencia báquica en las láminas; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 277»

«In other words, the imagery of milk and kid has no significance and is simply to be understood metaphorically.»con su tesis: la imagen de la leche y el cabrito no tendría significación y sería simple metáfora

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 277»

«This reduction of the saying to the status of a mere metaphor is unacceptable for two different categories of reason:»y el rechazo de Kingsley por dos clases distintas de razón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 277»

«First of all there is the basic fact that the saying about the kid rushing for milk needs, as the context shows, to be understood in terms of immortalization:»la primera: el dicho debe entenderse, por el contexto, en términos de inmortalización

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 277»

«obviously of relevance here is the further fact that later in antiquity initiates were given milk to drink as part of a ritual of rebirth and divinization in the Attis mysteries, which»con el dato que añade: más tarde en la antigüedad se daba leche a beber a los iniciados en un rito de renacimiento y divinización en los misterios de Atis; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 277»

«To begin with, on principle there is little point in attempting to deny the occurrence of Bacchic imagery here when it seems clear—thanks to the new discoveries in Hipponium and Thessaly—that the gold plates as a whole need to be understood in a Bacchic context;»la segunda razón: no tiene caso negar la imagen báquica cuando los hallazgos de Hiponio y Tesalia muestran que el conjunto de las láminas debe entenderse en contexto báquico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 278»

«on the contrary, what we can now infer about this context simply provides extra reinforcement for an interpretation of the statement about the kid and the milk which was always more or less self-evident.»y lo que ese contexto aporta: refuerzo extra a una lectura del dicho que siempre fue más o menos evidente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 278»

«We only have to consider, for example, that Dionysus is not just associated in classical sources with kids, but is also associated with them specifically in the context of suckling milk.’*»con el ejemplo concreto: Dioniso no solo se asocia con cabritos en las fuentes clásicas sino específicamente en el contexto de mamar leche

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 278»

«But, as we have already seen in passing, the theology of the gold plates has unmistakable affinities with»lo que Kingsley ya había señalado de paso: la teología de las láminas de oro tiene afinidades inconfundibles; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 280»

«Zuntz was well aware, even without the explicit evidence of the Thessaly plates about a new birth, of this thread of imagery and of its more immediate implications.»lo que reconoce a Zuntz: era consciente de esa hebra de imágenes y de sus implicaciones inmediatas incluso sin la evidencia explícita de las láminas tesalias

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 280»

«In fact the evidence does point to imitation of, impersonation of, or identification with Dionysus in the context of Bacchic mysteries during Hellenistic and later antiquity»la evidencia que Kingsley opone: sí apunta a imitación, personificación o identificación con Dioniso en los misterios báquicos del helenismo y la antigüedad tardía

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 281»

«the idea of imitating or identifying with Dionysus in later times often tended to go hand in hand with the idea of imitating Heracles»y el dato que añade: la idea de imitar o identificarse con Dioniso solía ir de la mano con la de imitar a Heracles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 281»

«Aphrodite's name directly juxtaposed with Persephone's in a way which naturally implies the two goddesses were to at least some extent being»lo que Kingsley lee en la yuxtaposición del nombre de Afrodita con el de Perséfone: implica naturalmente que las dos diosas se asimilaban al menos en parte; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 282»

«the mention of the child (r[ais] on the Oxyrhynchus tablet is safely reconstructed from the Selinuntine version) tugging at the goat we have another very probable connection with Dionysus»y la segunda conexión probable con Dioniso: la mención del niño que tira de la cabra, reconstruida con seguridad desde la versión selinuntia; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 282»

«And yet they also show that he was wrong in another respect: in trying to minimize the importance, or even the existence, of the cult of Dionysus in Sicily during the classical period.»el segundo error que Kingsley adjudica a Zuntz: intentar minimizar la importancia, y hasta la existencia, del culto de Dioniso en la Sicilia clásica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 283»

«It is impossible to read this verse fragment on the lead plates and not be reminded by its imagery of the gold plates from Thurii, with their saying about the kid and the milk.»la conexión que declara imposible de no ver: la imagen del fragmento en verso de las láminas de plomo recuerda las de oro de Turios y su dicho del cabrito y la leche

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 283»

«But as we will see, there are good reasons to suppose it does indeed have a Selinuntine origin.»y la razón que anuncia para suponerle origen selinuntio

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 283»

«There is an important inference to be drawn here.»la inferencia que Kingsley declara importante

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 284»

«In view of these points of contact between Selinus and the Empedocles legend, there is also little to be surprised at in the fact that one version of the legend explicitly links him with Selinus.»y la falta de sorpresa que expresa ante una versión de la leyenda que liga explícitamente a Empédocles con Selinunte

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 284»

«According to this version— preserved for us by Diogenes Laertius and ascribed by Diogenes to an otherwise»la procedencia de esa versión: conservada por Diógenes Laercio y adjudicada por él a un autor por lo demás desconocido; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 284»

«However, since the 1930s it has been made clear that this interpretation of the coins is not only unjustified but wrong: there are no grounds whatever for reading into them any reference at all to a plague or to a miraculous cure.*!»lo que Kingsley da por aclarado desde los años treinta: la lectura de las monedas como referencia a una peste o a una cura milagrosa es injustificada y errónea

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 285»

«That would seem to be the end of the matter; but it is not.»la fórmula con que Kingsley anuncia que el asunto no termina ahí

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 286»

«In fact, however, it is precisely these last details which provide the clue as to how we are meant to understand the story as a whole: not in primarily physical terms, but in terms of mythical symbolism.»y la clave que propone: los últimos detalles indican que el relato debe entenderse no en términos físicos sino de simbolismo mítico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 286»

«While the reverse sides of the coins from Selinus show the town's two river-gods, the obverse of one of them portrays Heracles performing one of his famous labours.»el dato numismático que aporta: los reversos de las monedas de Selinunte muestran los dos dioses fluviales de la ciudad y el anverso de una de ellas retrata a Heracles en uno de sus trabajos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 286»

«And the crucial point here is that the action which Empedocles is made to perform—rechannelling rivers and streams—is one of the most typical mythical labours accomplished by Heracles.»y el punto que llama crucial: reencauzar ríos y arroyos, lo que se hace hacer a Empédocles, es uno de los trabajos míticos más típicos de Heracles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 286»

«Sometimes this mythical labour is performed for the specific purpose of purification and removing a plague; and the wording used by writers in describing Heracles' achievement, which at times 1s linked explicitly to his forthcoming apotheosis, is unmistakably reminiscent of the wording used of Empedocles in Diogenes Laertius.»con el paralelo verbal: a veces ese trabajo se hace para purificar y quitar una peste, y las palabras con que se describe el logro de Heracles, ligado explícitamente a su apoteosis, recuerdan las usadas de Empédocles; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana y la capa de texto imprime *1s* por *is*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 286»

«The significance of this detail should be clear.»la claridad que Kingsley atribuye a la significación de ese detalle

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 286»

«Heracles was an extremely popular mythical figure throughout ancient Sicily and Italy, but in few places if anywhere was he more important than at Selinus— not just as a local hero but also as a divinity.»y el dato local: Heracles era popularísimo en Sicilia e Italia, y en pocos lugares tanto como en Selinunte, no solo como héroe local sino como divinidad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 286»

«The version of the story located in Syria is particularly significant because it provides a direct link with one of the oriental prototypes of Heracles: Nergal, who in his Akkadian form as Erragal very probably points to the real etymology of the Greek name Heracles, and who—on his Assyrian standard as well as elsewhere—is portrayed alone with two streams of flowing water.»la versión siria que Kingsley considera particularmente significativa: enlaza con Nergal, uno de los prototipos orientales de Heracles, cuya forma acadia Erragal apunta muy probablemente a la etimología real del nombre griego; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 287»

«As for the subsidiary details in the Empedocles story, they only serve to confirm the correspondence with Heracles: a hero who was well known not just as a popular saviour but also, more specifically, as a purifier from contagion, a freer from sickness, and a rescuer from plagues.»los detalles subsidiarios que confirman la correspondencia: Heracles conocido como salvador popular y, más específicamente, como purificador de contagios, liberador de enfermedades y rescatador de pestes

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 287»

«And finally, as we have seen, this Heraclean gesture is followed by the ultimate one: Empedocles dies in flames and ascends to the gods in heaven.”»y el gesto final: Empédocles muere en llamas y asciende a los dioses en el cielo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 287»

«In short, to concentrate on the physical details of the story told by Diodorus of Ephesus is to miss the point: far more important is the mythological information it conveys.»con la conclusión de método: concentrarse en los detalles físicos del relato de Diodoro de Éfeso es perder el punto, porque importa más la información mitológica que transmite

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 287»

«These examples make it natural to suspect that behind Empedocles’ Heraclean exploits as described by Diodorus οἱ Ephesus lies nothing but either literary commonplace or personal vanity. And yet we have seen enough to know that that was not the case.»la sospecha que Kingsley considera natural y luego niega: que detrás de las hazañas heracleas de Empédocles solo haya lugar común literario o vanidad personal; la capa de texto imprime *οἱ* por *of*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 288»

«Pythagoreans are presented as practising the 'imitation of Heracles' from the very beginnings of Pythagoreanism in the West right through to the Christian era.»lo que sostiene en cambio: se presenta a los pitagóricos practicando la imitación de Heracles desde los inicios mismos del pitagorismo occidental hasta la era cristiana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 288»

«Milo of Croton—a man inextricably bound up with the history of Pythagoras and the first generation of his school—is portrayed as leading the people of Croton during their attack on Sybaris in 510 BC dressed in the costume of Heracles; while, over five hundred years later, Apollonius of Tyana modelled himself on the ideal image of Heracles the Averter—‘the wise and courageous being’ who diverted rivers, who purified cities from plagues—and thanks to his good works was subsequently accorded divine worship at Ephesus as an incarnation of Heracles.”»con los dos extremos de esa serie: Milón de Crotona conduciendo el ataque contra Síbaris en 510 vestido de Heracles, y Apolonio de Tiana quinientos años después; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 288»

«For example we find it attributed, in various respects and varying degrees, to Pericles and Callias, to Alexander the Great, to the Roman Emperors Caligula, Nero, Domitian, and Commodus, to Maximian, and to the Cynic ‘philosopher’ Sostratus who lived to the end of his days on a diet of nothing but milk.*!»y la lista de quienes también la practicaron: Pericles y Calias, Alejandro Magno, los emperadores Calígula, Nerón, Domiciano y Cómodo, Maximiano y el cínico Sóstrato; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 288»

«It is no doubt relevant here that Apollonius appears to have been particularly well informed about ancient Pythagorean tradition at Croton.»la pertinencia que Kingsley señala: Apolonio parece haber estado especialmente bien informado sobre la tradición pitagórica antigua en Crotona

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 288»

«The fact that these aspirations—as reflected above all in the gold plates and in the poetry of Empedocles himself—‘go beyond everything else that is known from Greek mysteries of the Classical Age’ and, in doing so, ‘infringe upon the system of traditional Greek religion'?? does not diminish the importance of this esoteric network, but makes it all the greater.»y el juicio que recoge sobre esas aspiraciones: que vayan más allá de lo conocido en los misterios griegos clásicos e infrinjan el sistema de la religión tradicional no disminuye su importancia; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 289»

«finally, because of the geography of Mount Etna it would have been extremely difficult for anyone to cover the distance to the foot of the mountain, to make the climb of over ten thousand feet, and then to survive the intense heat long enough to approach the mouth of the crater.»la objeción práctica que Kingsley expone antes de responderla: la dificultad de cubrir la distancia, subir más de tres mil metros y sobrevivir al calor hasta la boca del cráter

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 290»

«The writer concludes with a reference to ‘Strabo’s detailed description of Etna, and his demonstration of the impossibility either for Empedocles to have leaped into the crater or for a sandal to have been thrown up by the fire’.»con la conclusión que esa objeción invoca: la demostración de Estrabón de que era imposible saltar al cráter o que una sandalia fuera expulsada

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 290»

«Bidez had already vindicated Strabo's scepticism over a century ago on the grounds that, by basing himself *with reason' on the topography of Etna, the Greek geographer had delivered ‘an absolutely convincing refutation' of the idea that there could be any historical basis to the legend about Empedocles’ death.’»y su respaldo: Bidez había reivindicado hace un siglo el escepticismo de Estrabón y lo daba por absolutamente convincente; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 290»

«Strabo based his conclusion entirely on a report he had heard from certain people who had recently made the ascent of Mount Etna but been prevented from getting as far as the»la base real de esa conclusión, según Kingsley: Estrabón se apoyó por entero en un informe de unos que habían subido hacía poco y no habían llegado hasta arriba; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 290»

«The volcanic intensity ebbed and flowed, just as it does now—often making it possible to walk up to the crater's edge, sometimes not.»el dato que Kingsley opone: la intensidad volcánica subía y bajaba entonces como ahora, lo que a veces permitía llegar al borde del cráter y a veces no

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 291»

«only the odd poet felt he had the literary licence to exaggerate the truth by portraying the mouth of the volcano as unreachable by humans.»y su matiz: solo algún poeta se tomó la licencia de exagerar presentando la boca del volcán como inalcanzable

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 291»

«Those who continue to cite him as authority for rejecting the legend of Empedocles' leap into Etna appear not to have read on as far as the comments which he himself adds just a few sentences later.»el reproche a quienes siguen citando a Estrabón como autoridad: no parecen haber leído los comentarios que él mismo añade unas frases después

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 291»

«If these data are to be believed, we probably shouldn't dismiss the mythical tales that are told about Empedocles after all.»y esos comentarios: si los datos son de fiar, probablemente no habría que descartar los relatos míticos sobre Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 291»

«This description of human as well as volcanic activity on Etna is significant for more than one reason.»la significación que Kingsley atribuye a esa descripción de la actividad humana y volcánica en el Etna

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 292»

«First, it presents a balanced statement regarding the accessibility or otherwise of the crater: a statement which automatically resolves all the apparent contradictions in our other sources.»la primera: presenta un enunciado equilibrado sobre la accesibilidad del cráter que resuelve las contradicciones aparentes de las demás fuentes

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 292»

«it is ‘highly remarkable’ that— contrary to what one might otherwise have tended to suppose—there was evidently 'a great deal going on' from a religious point of view right at the top of Etna, over three thousand metres Πίσῃ.»la segunda, que Kingsley llama muy notable: había mucha actividad religiosa en la cima misma del Etna, a más de tres mil metros; la capa de texto imprime *Πίσῃ*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 292»

«although this religious activity does seem remarkable considering the blanket of silence thrown over it in virtually all modern literature on the volcano,’ one is bound to add that it is less than surprising when we bear in mind the very special nature of Mount Etna as a place simultaneously linked for ancient Greeks and Romans both with the underworld and with the heavens.»con su explicación: es menos sorprendente si se tiene presente la naturaleza especial del Etna como lugar ligado a la vez a dos cosas; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 292»

«the worshippers who propitiate the celestial deities with incense on the highest ridge, precisely at the spot which gives the most unrestricted view into the gaping mouth of Etna— provided, that is, that there is nothing to irritate the flames and that the depths remain in a state of stupefaction.»el pasaje del poema Aetna que Kingsley cita: los adoradores propician a las deidades celestes con incienso en la cresta más alta, justo en el punto de vista más despejado sobre la boca del Etna, cuando las profundidades están en calma

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 291»

«We are not dependent for our knowledge of them on the Aetna poem alone: Pausanias, too, mentions rituals which involved throwing offerings right into the volcano's mouth and, as Frazer has pointed out, the antiquity of this type of ritual offering to a volcano is guaranteed.»y la fuente que lo confirma: Pausanias menciona ritos de arrojar ofrendas a la boca del volcán, cuya antigüedad Frazer da por garantizada

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 292»

«certainly right when, in the first century Bc, he spoke of the ‘incredible’ number of very ancient and very beautiful incenseburners that used to be found everywhere in Sicily but in his day were rapidly disappearing.»el testimonio del siglo I a. C. que Kingsley da por acertado: el número increíble de incensarios antiquísimos y bellísimos que solía haber por toda Sicilia y en su día desaparecían aprisa; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana y la capa de texto pega *incenseburners*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 293»

«diffusion of the practice of incense-burning no doubt goes back, just like the mythology of Heracles' death and apotheosis through fire, to the early days of Phoenician influence and colonization of the island.»la datación que propone para esa práctica: como la mitología de la muerte y apoteosis de Heracles por el fuego, se remonta a los días tempranos de la influencia y la colonización fenicias; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 293»

«number of the details in his description make it clear that he is in fact referring to worship at the pre-Greek temple of Adranus,»lo que Kingsley concluye de los detalles de esa descripción: se refiere al culto en el templo pregriego de Adrano; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 293»

«the evidence would appear to suggest a coherent picture of ancient fire-worship based at a temple located close to—but also at a comparatively safe distance from—the main crater and carried up to the craters mouth when circumstances and conditions permitted.»y el cuadro coherente que la evidencia sugiere: culto antiguo del fuego con base en un templo cercano pero a distancia segura del cráter principal, llevado a la boca del cráter cuando las condiciones lo permitían

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 293»

«There can be no doubt that, just as with the temple of Adranus, the local cult of the goddess at Hybla Geleatis was another symptom of the religious activity bound up with the volcanic phenomenon of Mount Etna as a whole.»lo que Kingsley da por fuera de duda sobre Hybla Geleatis: el culto local de la diosa era otro síntoma de la actividad religiosa ligada al fenómeno volcánico del Etna

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 294»

«Freeman was plainly right in connecting this local cult specifically with the active craters of water and mud on the outskirts of the town:»y el acierto que reconoce a Freeman: ligar ese culto a los cráteres activos de agua y lodo en las afueras del pueblo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 294»

«In the ancient world a fixed centre for the interpretation of dreams invariably implied the existence of a dream oracle; and oracle centres in the volcanic regions of southern Italy and Sicily were inevitably associated with craters and openings viewed as points of access to the underworld.»la regla que Kingsley formula: en el mundo antiguo un centro fijo de interpretación de sueños implicaba siempre un oráculo onírico, y en las regiones volcánicas esos centros se asociaban a cráteres vistos como accesos al inframundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 294»

«This was true in particular of oracle centres specializing in the interpretation of dreams.’’»con su aplicación específica a los oráculos oníricos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 294»

«we have already come across all these details before in a different context:»y el reconocimiento de que todos esos detalles ya aparecieron antes en otro contexto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 294»

«While on the subject of Pythagoreans and dream oracles it is worth establishing one final point.»el punto final que Kingsley anuncia sobre pitagóricos y oráculos oníricos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 295»

«The similarities between the famous Pythagorean food taboos and the requirements of abstinence in Greek ritual and magic have often been noted; they are in fact so obvious that they were already commented on in antiquity.»la semejanza que ya se notaba en la antigüedad: entre los tabúes alimentarios pitagóricos y las exigencias de abstinencia del ritual y la magia griegos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 295»

«More specifically, attention has also been drawn to the similarities between those same taboos and Greek rituals and mysteries relating to underworld divinities such as Hecate and Demeter.»y la segunda: entre esos tabúes y los ritos y misterios de divinidades del inframundo como Hécate y Deméter

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 295»

«what has not been given the full emphasis it deserves is the fact that the closest similarities of all are between the Pythagorean taboos and the requirements laid down for people using dream oracles.”»lo que Kingsley dice que no ha recibido el énfasis que merece: que las semejanzas más estrechas de todas sean con los requisitos impuestos a quienes usaban oráculos oníricos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 295»

«Contrary to what is often supposed, the immediate aspiration on the part of Pythagoreans for contact with the divine appears to have been directed in the first instance to the underworld,»y la corrección que de ahí deriva, contra lo que suele suponerse: la aspiración pitagórica al contacto con lo divino parece haberse dirigido en primera instancia al inframundo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 295»

«In fact the surviving evidence leaves us in little doubt about how important dreams and dream-divination were considered to be by early Pythagoreans as means of providing them with knowledge, teaching, and guidance.”»lo que la evidencia deja poco dudoso, según Kingsley: cuán importantes tenían los pitagóricos tempranos los sueños y la adivinación por sueños como fuente de conocimiento, enseñanza y guía

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 296»

«There is, for example, the famous Pythagorean prohibition on eating beans—a prohibition vigorously shared by Empedocles.»el caso que examina: la prohibición pitagórica de comer habas, compartida con vigor por Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 296»

«Cicero states as a basic reason for this prohibition by Pythagoreans the fact that beans cause flatulence, disturbing tranquillity of mind (tranquillitas mentis) and preventing them from having prophetic dreams;»la razón que Cicerón da: las habas causan flatulencia, perturban la *tranquillitas mentis* y estorban los sueños proféticos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 296»

«Cicero mentions flatulence specifically because of its detrimental effect on ‘tranquillity of mind'—an important notion in Pythagoreanism, divination, and the mysteries—and he mentions it in the middle of a discussion about impediments to obtaining true and divinatory dreams:»y la lectura que Kingsley hace de esa razón: Cicerón menciona la flatulencia por su efecto sobre la tranquilidad de ánimo, noción importante en el pitagorismo, la adivinación y los misterios, y lo hace discutiendo los impedimentos para los sueños verdaderos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 297»

«First, we are told, ‘he rejected all foods that produce flatulence or cause disorder’; then, ‘he prescribed abstention from all foods which interfere with divination’ (ὅσα eis μαντικὴν ἐνεπόδιζεν);»el testimonio paralelo que aporta: Pitágoras rechazaba los alimentos que producen flatulencia o desorden y prescribía abstenerse de cuantos estorban la adivinación, ὅσα εἰς μαντικὴν ἐνεπόδιζεν; la capa de texto imprime *eis* en alfabeto latino

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 297»

«Against this background of ideas we are able to make sense of a rather disjointed section in Iamblichus’ Pythagorean Life which presents a string of reasons, supposedly given by Pythagoras himself, for refusing certain foods.»y el uso que hace de todo ello: dar sentido a una sección deshilvanada de la Vida pitagórica de Jámblico con razones adjudicadas a Pitágoras para rechazar ciertos alimentos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 297»

«The same explanation—that eating beans causes flatulence and interferes with the process of getting straightforward dreams (εὐθυονειρίαι: not 'vivid dreams’, LSJ) as opposed to disturbed and complicated ones (ὀνείρους τεταραγμένους: cf. Apollonius, Clement, and D.L. locc. citt.)—is attributed to ‘the philosophers', οἱ φυσικοί, at Geoponica 2.35.3—4;»la nota en que Kingsley precisa el griego: comer habas estorba los sueños derechos —εὐθυονειρίαι, no *sueños vívidos* como traduce el diccionario— frente a los perturbados y complicados, ὀνείρους τεταραγμένους; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 296»

«The explanation they give may be practical and pragmatic; but»la reserva con que Kingsley acota esas explicaciones antiguas: pueden ser prácticas y pragmáticas, y el tramo se corta ahí por el corte de chunk dentro de la misma plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 297»

«in a narrow sense it certainly was not.»y su remate del otro lado del corte: racional en sentido estrecho no lo era

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 297»

«Iamblichus' listing of non-alternatives as alternatives simply demonstrates his lack of understanding in this particular case of the materials he is transmitting, and at the same time gives us an insight into the long, complex process of exegesis and interpretation which stretches back into the centuries before him.»lo que Kingsley lee en la lista de Jámblico: enumerar como alternativas cosas que no lo son delata su falta de comprensión del material que transmite y a la vez deja ver el largo proceso de exégesis previo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 298»

«It is clear, for example, that very early on in Pythagorean tradition—and quite probably with Pythagoras himself—the close link between beans and the world of the dead gave rise through a natural line of development to forms of interpreting the taboo which tied it in with the doctrine of reincarnation.»lo que él da por claro: muy pronto en la tradición pitagórica, y quizá con el propio Pitágoras, el vínculo entre habas y mundo de los muertos generó lecturas del tabú ligadas a la reencarnación; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 298»

«There is no need to emphasize how saturated these papyri are with the concern for obtaining helpful dreams: a concern explicitly linked on one occasion to the theme of making an initiatory descent into the underworld within the framework of an invocation of Hecate and her magic»la saturación de los papiros que Kingsley señala: el afán de obtener sueños útiles, ligado una vez explícitamente al descenso iniciático al inframundo dentro de una invocación de Hécate; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 298»

«But it makes perfect sense when we remember Zopyrus' description of Orpheus' descent into the underworld at the site of a dream oracle.»y el sentido que eso cobra al recordar la descripción de Zópiro del descenso de Orfeo en el sitio de un oráculo onírico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 299»

«And yet to speak here of an exclusive indebtedness to Pythagoreanism on the part of the Egyptian magicians would be out of the question.»la salvedad que Kingsley pone: hablar de una deuda exclusiva de los magos egipcios con el pitagorismo queda fuera de discusión

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 299»

«It becomes even more understandable when we bear in mind that the practice of incubation provided the setting for those same Pythagorean rituals of death, descent to the underworld, and rebirth which were mentioned earlier for their relevance to the legend of Empedocles’ death on Etna.»lo que vuelve aún más comprensible ese cuadro: la incubación daba el marco de los mismos rituales pitagóricos de muerte, descenso y renacimiento ya invocados a propósito de la muerte de Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 299»

«The trouble is that here, as so often, the magical papyri hit the nail on the head and reveal aspects of early Pythagoreanism which modern preconceptions and interests have tended to stifle almost to the extent of making them disappear.»la fórmula con que Kingsley describe el aporte de los papiros: dan en el clavo y revelan aspectos del pitagorismo temprano que los prejuicios modernos casi han hecho desaparecer

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 300»

«There is no point in denying that he could have died by jumping into the volcano: he could have.»la concesión que hace sobre la muerte de Empédocles: no tiene caso negar que pudiera morir saltando al volcán, porque pudo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 301»

«What ts important is that, interpreted rightly, the legend introduces us to a world of esoteric ideas and practices characteristic of certain mystical circles in southern Italy and Sicily.»y lo que él considera importante: bien interpretada, la leyenda introduce a un mundo de ideas y prácticas esotéricas propias de ciertos círculos místicos del sur de Italia y de Sicilia; la capa de texto imprime *ts* por *is*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 301»

«Paradoxically, Empedocles’ unique talents and special charisma made him a perfect vehicle for conveying themes and possibilities which were by no means restricted in scope or relevance to one individual alone.»la paradoja que registra: los talentos únicos y el carisma de Empédocles lo volvieron vehículo perfecto de temas cuyo alcance no se limitaba a un individuo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 301»

«From later sources, which themselves can be traced back to Sicily in the fifth century Bc, we see that it was the magical 'symbol' par excellence of Hecate.»lo que las fuentes tardías, rastreables a la Sicilia del siglo V, dicen de la sandalia: era el *símbolo* mágico por excelencia de Hécate

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 301»

«Worn or held by the magician, it was the 'sign' of his ability to descend to the underworld at will.»y su función: llevada o sostenida por el mago, era la *señal* de su capacidad de descender al inframundo a voluntad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 301»

«There can be no doubt as to the meaning of these terms ‘symbol’ and ‘sign’: they refer to»la precisión que Kingsley hace sobre esos dos términos, símbolo y señal; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 301»

«They are effectively indistinguishable from the symbola, the ‘passwords’ or secret objects which— besides being central to the rites of regeneration and immortalization as described in the Bacchic gold plates, in the Hermetica, and in the magical papyri— played a major role among the earliest Pythagoreans as means of identification»y con qué los identifica: prácticamente indistinguibles de los *symbola*, las contraseñas u objetos secretos centrales en los ritos de regeneración de las láminas báquicas, de los Hermetica y de los papiros mágicos, y de gran papel entre los primeros pitagóricos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 302»

«There is an obvious temptation here to adopt a conciliatory stance and try to describe Empedocles as someone who, admittedly, had affinities with this esoteric substratum of theory and practice but had risen out of and above it»la tentación conciliadora que Kingsley describe: presentar a Empédocles como alguien con afinidades por ese sustrato esotérico pero elevado por encima de él; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 302»

«The attempt may seem attractive, but it is ruled out by the evidence that survives.»y su respuesta: el intento puede parecer atractivo y lo descarta la evidencia que sobrevive

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 302»

«Empedocles own words attach him to what, in modern terms, is the least acceptable level of this substratum.»lo que las propias palabras de Empédocles hacen, según Kingsley: adherirlo al nivel menos aceptable de ese sustrato en términos modernos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 302»

«He was an actual, practising magician; and what is more, he himself talks in terms which demand that we understand his poetry in a magical context, as having a specifically magical purpose and aim.»con la afirmación central del capítulo: fue un mago en ejercicio, y además habla en términos que exigen entender su poesía en contexto mágico y con propósito específicamente mágico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 302»

«The parallels with the Empedocles legend go still further.»la extensión de los paralelos que Kingsley anuncia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 303»

«Just as the story of his leap into Etna represents a kind of code, understandable only by the few, so the legend about the golden thigh is one of several ‘miracle stories’ that attached themselves to Pythagoras»y el primero: como el salto al Etna es una especie de código comprensible solo para unos pocos, la leyenda del muslo de oro es una de varias historias de milagros adheridas a Pitágoras; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 303»

«Finally, it is worth noting that one particular ancient text mentions Empedocles with his bronze sandal directly alongside Pythagoras with his golden thigh.»el texto antiguo que Kingsley destaca: menciona a Empédocles con su sandalia de bronce junto a Pitágoras con su muslo de oro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 304»

«In one of Lucian’s Dialogues of the Dead the first two philosophers with whom the mock-hero Menippus enters into conversation during a descent into the underworld are Pythagoras, whom Menippus asks about his golden thigh, and Empedocles, whom he addresses as ‘bronze-foot’.»y cuál es: en un Diálogo de los muertos de Luciano, Menipo conversa en su descenso primero con Pitágoras, a quien pregunta por el muslo de oro, y luego con Empédocles, a quien llama *pie de bronce*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 304»

«On the one hand, it needs to be assessed in terms of the deceptive nature of Lucian's mockery and satire.»la primera advertencia de Kingsley al evaluarlo: hay que medirlo por la naturaleza engañosa de la burla y la sátira de Luciano

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 304»

«Underneath their brilliant surface they tend to conceal a great deal more information about ancient ritual and magic than meets the eye, and his familiarity with these matters is—in many respects—unparalleled in classical literature.»y su razón: bajo la superficie brillante esconden mucha más información sobre ritual y magia antiguos de lo que parece, y su familiaridad con esos asuntos no tiene par en la literatura clásica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 304»

«On the other hand, here in Lucian we have the ultimate stage in the reduction to parody of what originally were two cult legends: that is, legends having 'connections with religious or semi-religious communities’ and that ‘present the hero as the embodiment of the value system which he revealed to the community and by which they were sustained’.»la segunda: en Luciano se tiene la etapa última de la reducción a parodia de lo que fueron dos leyendas de culto, ligadas a comunidades religiosas y con el héroe como encarnación del sistema de valores; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 304»

«As with Empedocles and his involvement in magic, the attempt has been made to clean up the image of early Pythagoreanism and present Pythagoras himself as a philosopher who is more or less respectable in modern terms.»el paralelo que Kingsley traza entre los dos casos: como con Empédocles y la magia, se ha intentado limpiar la imagen del pitagorismo temprano y presentar a Pitágoras como filósofo respetable en términos modernos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 304»

«The most obvious targets of this rationalizing trend have been the Pythagoras legends, usually dismissed as late and worthless fabrications.»el blanco más obvio de esa tendencia racionalizadora: las leyendas de Pitágoras, descartadas como fabricaciones tardías y sin valor

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 305»

«But fırst, the legend of Pythagoras’ golden thigh in particular is just one aspect ofthe varied evidence for early Pythagorean involvement in ritual activity.»la primera respuesta de Kingsley: la leyenda del muslo de oro es solo un aspecto de la evidencia variada sobre la implicación pitagórica temprana en la actividad ritual; la capa de texto imprime *fırst* y pega *ofthe*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 305»

«It cannot be argued away without arguing away the rest of the evidence, which is impossible; and, on the contrary, the problems that writers in the fifth century Bc—let alone the fourth—had in understanding the type of initiatory themes and motifs involved simply serve to emphasize the authenticity, and antiquity, both of the legends and of the ritual activities which they unquestionably imply.»y su argumento: no puede explicarse lejos sin explicar lejos el resto de la evidencia, y las dificultades que ya tenían los autores del siglo V para entender esos motivos iniciáticos subrayan su autenticidad; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 305»

«Secondly, it is clear that—contrary to usual assumptions—the developmental trend in the history of stories and legends about Pythagoras was not one of increasing inventiveness but one of growing rationalization: of an increasing embarrassment in face of the bizarre or miraculous and a growing tendency to replace it with either the understandable or the merely sentimental.»la segunda respuesta, contra los supuestos habituales: la tendencia en la historia de las leyendas sobre Pitágoras no fue de creciente inventiva sino de creciente racionalización y de vergüenza ante lo milagroso; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 305»

«As for those elements of fantasy and blatant irrationality which occur in the biographical literature of late antiquity, they can often be shown to be no more than echoes of the very earliest Pythagorean traditions.»con la consecuencia: los elementos de fantasía en la literatura biográfica tardía suelen ser ecos de las tradiciones pitagóricas más antiguas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 305»

«Thirdly it is also clear that, in the case of the golden thigh, the motif has the closest of affinities with Near Eastern—and specifically Anatolian—cult»la tercera: el motivo del muslo de oro tiene las afinidades más estrechas con el culto próximo-oriental, y en concreto anatolio; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 305»

«What is more, in this particular case we have to consider the probability that the golden-thigh motif along with»y la probabilidad que añade sobre la vía de llegada de ese motivo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 305»

«It will be noted in this connection that Empedocles' bronze sandal, too, probably falls into the pattern of religious and mythological traditions transferred to the Greek West—along with the cult of Hecate—from Anatolia.»el paralelo que Kingsley señala en la misma dirección: también la sandalia de bronce de Empédocles cae probablemente en el patrón de tradiciones traídas al occidente griego desde Anatolia junto con el culto de Hécate

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 306»

«Potentially more successful than the attempt to strip Pythagoras and early Pythagoreans of involvement with magic, superstition, and ritual is the attempt to claim that, although such ‘primitive elements may have formed a part of their world, they somehow succeeded in transmuting and transcending them.»la línea que Kingsley considera potencialmente más eficaz que la anterior: admitir esos elementos primitivos y sostener que Pitágoras y los suyos los transmutaron y trascendieron; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 306»

«At its simplest this line of approach is summarized in the statement that ‘Pythagoras’ success was clearly not that of a mere magician or occultist, appealing only to the feeble-minded and insecure.»con su formulación más simple: que el éxito de Pitágoras no fuera el de un mero mago u ocultista que apela a los débiles de mente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 306»

«Pythagoreanism contains a strong element ofthe magical, a primitive feature which sometimes seems hard to reconcile with the intellectual depth which is no less certainly attested.»la formulación ajena que Kingsley cita: el pitagorismo contiene un fuerte elemento mágico, rasgo primitivo difícil de conciliar con su profundidad intelectual; la capa de texto pega *ofthe*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 307»

«It is not on that account to be dismissed as a mere excrescence, detachable from the main system.»y su continuación, que él suscribe: no cabe descartarlo como mera excrecencia separable del sistema principal

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 307»

«All who work on the border-line of philosophy and religion among the Greeks are quickly made aware of a typical general characteristic of their thought: that is, a remarkable gift for retaining, as the basis for their speculations, a mass of early, traditional ideas which were often of a primitive crudity, while at the same time transforming their significance so as to build on them some of the most profound and influential reflexions on human life and destiny.»la característica general del pensamiento griego que Kingsley recoge: el don notable de conservar como base de sus especulaciones una masa de ideas tradicionales de carácter a menudo primitivo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 307»

«First, it is important to appreciate that those characteristics we associate most readily with modern science—observation, the collection of data, and the organization of knowledge—are not the prerogative of the scientist but, as noted by Marcel Mauss in the passage quoted earlier,” are part of his inheritance from the magician.»la primera observación con que responde: los rasgos que asociamos a la ciencia moderna —observación, recolección de datos, organización del saber— no son prerrogativa del científico sino, con Mauss, herencia suya del mago; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 307»

«Certainly major differences can be said to exist between ancient magic and modern science, especially in terms of attitude and approach; but when we look underneath what is often little more than a veneer of rhetoric and selfjustification, we find that the similarities between the supposedly magical mentality and the modern, scientific mentality tend to be as significant as the dissimilarities.»la segunda: existen diferencias mayores entre magia antigua y ciencia moderna, sobre todo de actitud, y bajo el barniz retórico las semejanzas afloran; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana y la capa de texto pega *selfjustification*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 307»

«As Peter Brown has recently pointed out with regard to the whole question of magic and so-called ‘popular religion’, there is now a growing need in scholarship to look for ways 'to answer a tradition of explanation that gives pride of place to physical insecurity and to unmodified fear of invisible forces in its rhetoric of explanation’.»lo que Kingsley toma de Peter Brown: la necesidad creciente de responder a una tradición explicativa que da primacía a la inseguridad física y al miedo no modificado; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 307»

«As far as Empedocles is concerned, it is important to remember that—in Simone Pétrement's words—‘there is nothing to prevent a magician from being a philosopher ’;” and it is worth repeating that there is no incompatibility at all between a magical outlook and those qualities which as a rule are valued most highly in Empedocles!»la formulación de Simone Pétrement que Kingsley hace suya: nada impide que un mago sea filósofo, y no hay incompatibilidad entre una mirada mágica y las cualidades que suelen valorarse en Empédocles; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 308»

«At the same time, we have also seen how much can be assumed to have been lost in terms of profundity and fullness of approach as a result of the scholarly specialization which came into force at Athens during the fourth century sc.»lo que Kingsley da por perdido con la especialización erudita ateniense del siglo IV: profundidad y plenitud de enfoque

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 308»

«we have already seen—and with regard to Pythagoreanism in particular—that it is precisely this type of evolutionary approach to the history of ideas in ancient Greece which is most likely to end up presenting a grossly distorted picture of the facts.»y lo que ya mostró sobre el pitagorismo: que ese enfoque evolutivo de la historia de las ideas acaba dando un cuadro groseramente distorsionado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 308»

«However, this 1s no longer the case: not because it is true, as is sometimes claimed, that Empedocles’ two poems are really only one but because the most explicitly magical material occurs in the cosmological—and supposedly rational—poem.»el cambio de situación que Kingsley registra: el material más explícitamente mágico está en el poema cosmológico y supuestamente racional, no porque los dos poemas sean uno; la capa de texto imprime *1s* por *is*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 309»

«And yet the next step has, strangely enough, never really been taken.»y el paso que, según él, nunca se dio de verdad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 309»

«Theoretically, there has never been a better or more appropriate time for taking this step:»con la afirmación de que teóricamente nunca hubo mejor momento para darlo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 309»

«recent literature over the past few years reveals an increasing appreciation of the need to view ancient philosophy in terms of a way of life and to understand philosophical documents against a wider contextual background.”»y su razón: la literatura reciente aprecia cada vez más la necesidad de ver la filosofía antigua como forma de vida y de leer los documentos en su contexto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 309»

«In view of these specific and general factors there can no longer be any justification for continuing to set apart what belongs together and continuing to tear elements of doctrine out of their native»la conclusión: ya no hay justificación para seguir separando lo que va junto y arrancando elementos de doctrina de su suelo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 309»

«What is more, we have already seen in a very specific way how Empedocles invites (or rather demands) that any reader of his cosmological poem approach it as an integral part of his magical activity, as a text that'needs to be understood in a magical context.”»y lo que Empédocles mismo exige, según Kingsley: que su poema cosmológico se lea como parte integral de su actividad mágica y en contexto mágico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 309»

«The alternative is not easy. It requires reassessing our entire approach to Empedocles from the ground up.»la alternativa que Kingsley plantea, con su costo: reevaluar de raíz el enfoque entero sobre Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 310»

«It requires being prepared to concede that not all Presocratic philosophers were aspiring Aristotles, but could have had completely different aims and intentions.»lo primero que exige: conceder que no todos los presocráticos eran aspirantes a Aristóteles y pudieron tener fines completamente distintos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 310»

«And, above all, it requires starting to become familiar with a literary genre which has only been explored by a very few and understood by even fewer: the genre of magical literature.»y sobre todo: familiarizarse con un género literario explorado por muy pocos y entendido por menos, el de la literatura mágica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 310»

«There is no denying that occasionally a connection has been noted between Empedocles the magician and some item of his teaching—as between his central doctrine of like being drawn to like and the principle, so basic to magical praxis the world over, of like influencing and attracting like.?!»la conexión que Kingsley reconoce que sí se ha notado alguna vez: entre el mago y su doctrina de que lo semejante atrae a lo semejante, principio básico de la praxis mágica en todo el mundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 310»

«But what has not been done is to see how fundamental these points of contact really are.»y lo que no se ha hecho: ver cuán fundamentales son esos puntos de contacto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 310»

«To take the most obvious example: behind Empedocles’ doctrine of like-to-like lies his major teaching of two cosmic principles, Love and Strife.»el ejemplo más obvio: detrás de la doctrina de lo semejante está su enseñanza mayor de los dos principios cósmicos, Amor y Discordia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 310»

«This means that we have on the one hand Empedocles the magician, and on the other his basic doctrine of Love, or attraction and desire, and Strife, or hatred, contention, rivalry, ill will.»con la yuxtaposición que Kingsley subraya: por un lado el mago, por otro su doctrina de Amor —atracción y deseo— y Discordia —odio, contienda, rivalidad, malquerencia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 310»

«A great deal has been written in the attempt to explain why Empedocles devised such an emotional, pungent dualism, but without the point being made that these forces of love or attraction and strife or repulsion are the fundamental governing principles of magical operations both in the ancient Greek world and elsewhere.??»lo que se ha escrito para explicar ese dualismo emotivo y lo que nadie ha dicho: que atracción y repulsión son los principios rectores fundamentales de las operaciones mágicas; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 310»

«The famous occult doctrine of sympathies and antipathies in nature which was to have such an enduring history from late antiquity through into the Islamic world and the Renaissance is associated in particular with the name of Bolus of Mendes, who lived in Egypt during the second century ΒΟ;»la doctrina que Kingsley enlaza ahí: las simpatías y antipatías en la naturaleza, de larga historia hasta el islam y el Renacimiento, asociada al nombre de Bolo de Mendes, del Egipto del siglo II a. C.

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 310»

«primary practical applications of the doctrine was to the world of plants.»y su primera aplicación práctica: el mundo de las plantas; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 311»

«The origins of this doctrine are usually claimed nowadays to be traceable back to Theophrastus' botanical works;” but the crucial point which has come to be overlooked is that Theophrastus’ occasional and unsystematic allusions to what can broadly be described as the notion of sympathies, affinities, or mutual affections between plants are an intrinsic part of the lore he inherited from earlier generations of ‘root-cutters’, herbalists, and agricultural theorists.»el origen que hoy suele adjudicársele y la objeción de Kingsley: las alusiones ocasionales y asistemáticas de Teofrasto a las afinidades no bastan; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 311»

«Here we need to remember the special importance Empedocles attached to describing the working of the principles of love and repulsion in the world of plants; his self-declared expertise, as a sorcerer, in the field of plant remedies and magic; and the fact that, when he gives instructions to his disciple for mastering the magical power of his teaching, he specifically compares the process of nurturing his words with the process of tending and nurturing plants.»lo que él pide recordar en su lugar: la importancia que Empédocles daba a los principios de amor y repulsión en el mundo vegetal, su pericia declarada como hechicero en remedios de plantas y sus instrucciones al discípulo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 311»

«Here the language of agriculture has blended imperceptibly with the language of the mysteries.»la fórmula con que Kingsley describe el resultado: el lenguaje de la agricultura se ha mezclado imperceptiblemente con el de los misterios

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 311»

«Finally, to return to the question of Love and Strife, it seems never to have been noticed just how relevant a famous passage in Plotinus is to our understanding of Empedocles:»la pertinencia que Kingsley dice que nunca se notó: la de un pasaje famoso de Plotino para entender a Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 312»

«And the real magic in everything is the Love in it, along with the Strife.»y la frase de Plotino: la magia real en todas las cosas es el Amor que hay en ellas, junto con la Discordia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 312»

«Plotinus then goes on to talk, in equally generalizing terms, about the natural power of love in the cosmos and the way that magicians apply it practically when formulating their incantations and charms.»lo que Plotino añade: el poder natural del amor en el cosmos y el modo en que los magos lo aplican en la práctica al formular sus incantaciones y encantos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 312»

«As with Love and Strife, so with the elements.»la extensión que Kingsley hace del argumento a los elementos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 312»

«The bearing of this passage on Empedocles— Empedocles the magician, Empedocles the teacher of the principles of Love and Strife—would in normal circumstances have been more or less self-evident.»y lo que declara casi evidente en circunstancias normales: la incidencia de ese pasaje sobre Empédocles mago y maestro del Amor y la Discordia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 312»

«As soon as we start to place Empedocles and his work in their mythological and magical context, some very striking results emerge:»los resultados llamativos que Kingsley promete al situar a Empédocles en su contexto mitológico y mágico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 313»

«Here it will be worth mentioning just one example:»con el ejemplo que anuncia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 313»

«Recent research has done much to show how important a place the practice as well as the theory of theurgy—that is, the 'performing of divine actions', chiefly with the aid of magical 'symbols' or symbola—occupied in Neoplatonic tradition.»lo que la investigación reciente ha mostrado, según Kingsley: el lugar importante de la teurgia —el *obrar acciones divinas* con ayuda de *symbola*— en la tradición neoplatónica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 313»

«Certainly one finds the nostalgia for such a tradition in some late writers, such as Plotinus during the course of his polemic against the Gnostics; but it is important to remember that this hankering after an ‘ancient Hellenic tradition’* was based to a large extent on the often fundamental misinterpreting of the earlier literature in question.»la nostalgia por una tradición helénica antigua que registra en autores tardíos como Plotino, basada en buena medida en malentendidos fundamentales; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 314»

«On the one hand, the notion of a monolithic ‘Greek rationalist tradition’ is in certain respects just as mythical as it is real.»la primera de las dos cosas que Kingsley pone en la balanza: la noción de una tradición racionalista griega monolítica es en ciertos aspectos tan mítica como real

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 314»

«On the other hand there is the fact that, inside Neoplatonism itself, acceptance of the role of theurgy was by and large more the norm than a deviation from the norm.»y la segunda: dentro del propio neoplatonismo, aceptar el papel de la teurgia era más la norma que la desviación

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 314»

«What is more, the elements of ritual and magic which were essential to the practice of theurgy were not viewed by many Neoplatonists in the way that modern scholars have preferred to view them: as a corruption of, or lower alternative to, rational philosophy. Instead they tended to be seen as the culmination of philosophy, as a way of attaining what thinking alone was incapable of ever achieving: the raising of men to the gods and the divinization of the soul.»lo que muchos neoplatónicos no veían como corrupción de la filosofía racional, según Kingsley, sino como culminación; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 314»

«Viewed from this theurgical perspective, the similarities between the role attributed to ritual and magic by Neoplatonists and the role attributed to them by Empedocles and early Pythagoreans are striking.»las semejanzas que él llama llamativas: entre el papel dado al ritual y a la magia por los neoplatónicos y el que les daban Empédocles y los pitagóricos tempranos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 314»

«Neoplatonic theurgists were known as magicians and considered capable not just of extracting men's souls from their bodies but also of returning them, just like Empedocles; they were considered able to make rain and stop plagues, again just like Empedocles; they had visionary encounters with Hecate and in their rituals they used»y su inventario: los teúrgos eran tenidos por magos capaces de sacar y devolver almas a los cuerpos como Empédocles, de hacer llover y parar pestes como él, y de encontrarse en visión con Hécate; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 314»

«It is a curious fact that Neoplatonism today is identified with Plotinus and an intellectual mysticism which denied formal religious worship, for in the history of the tradition Plotinus stands nearly alone in this attitude .»el dato que Kingsley llama curioso: hoy se identifica el neoplatonismo con Plotino y un misticismo intelectual que negaba el culto formal, cuando en la historia de la tradición Plotino está casi solo en esa actitud

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 314»

«It also helps to show how misleading it is to describe theurgy as this invasion of philosophy—a mental activity which the Greeks had always laboured to render rational—by this element of the extrarational based on revelation and ritual.»lo que Kingsley considera engañoso: describir la teurgia como invasión de la filosofía por un elemento extrarracional basado en revelación y ritual; la fuente imprime *extra-rational* partido por el salto de renglón y span() lo une

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 315»

«Plotinus alone appears to us as a heroic exception to this general crazy infatuation.»y la fórmula ajena que cita: Plotino solo se nos aparece como excepción heroica a ese enamoramiento general y loco

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 315»

«In fact when we view things in a broader perspective it becomes apparent that the Neoplatonists who were drawn into the world of theurgy were motivated, unconsciously as well as consciously, by a powerful urge for symmetry: by the wish to renew and maintain contact with the wellsprings of western philosophy, understood not just as a mental exercise but as a way of life.»la motivación que Kingsley atribuye a los neoplatónicos atraídos por la teurgia: un impulso poderoso de simetría, el deseo de renovar el contacto con los manantiales de la filosofía occidental; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana y la capa de texto pega *wellsprings*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 315»

«Certainly it is no coincidence that a close relationship evolved between the theory of theurgy and the collection of mystical poetry known as the Chaldaean Oracles: a title which was meant to indicate that the Julian who composed the oracles was a recipient of, and belonged in the hereditary line»y lo que niega que sea casual: la relación estrecha entre la teoría teúrgica y los Oráculos caldeos, cuyo título indicaba que el Juliano que los compuso pertenecía a una línea hereditaria; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 315»

«But, as we have seen, this is more than just a hypothesis. Coming to grips with Empedocles basic identification of elements with divinities has involved penetrating a world of mythology behind the veil of philosophy, and then penetrating a world of magic»la fórmula con que Kingsley niega que su lectura sea hipótesis: enfrentar la identificación empedoclea de elementos con divinidades obligó a penetrar un mundo de mitología detrás del velo de la filosofía y luego un mundo de magia; el ancla del informe se alargó porque la frase corta aparece dos veces

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 313»

«Here we need to understand that, already by the fourth century Bc, the term ‘Chaldaean’ had come to denote the blending of Iranian and Mesopotamian traditions which occurred chiefly as a result of Cyrus’ conquest of Babylon in 539 and the subsequent two-hundred-year occupation of the city by Zoroastrians; as it happens, genuine elements of both Iranian and Mesopotamian traditions can be detected in the Chaldaean Oracles underneath the surface of their Platonic terminology.»la definición histórica que Kingsley da del término *caldeo*: ya en el siglo IV a. C. designaba la mezcla de tradiciones iranias y mesopotámicas surgida de la conquista de Babilonia por Ciro en 539 y de los dos siglos de ocupación zoroástrica; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 316»

«It is no coincidence that that is exactly what Numenius, a figure of special significance in the subsequent evolution of Neoplatonism, claimed he was setting out to do in the second century Ap: he insisted that the only way to rescue Platonism from the academic hair-splitting into which, according to him, it had degenerated was to trace it back to its origins in the cults, rituals, and doctrines of the Near East—aided by the guiding inspiration of early Pythagoreanism.»lo que Numenio declaraba proponerse en el siglo II d. C., según Kingsley: rescatar el platonismo de la sutileza académica volviendo a algo anterior; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 316»

«But neither writer was quite the fool he has been made out to be; what have been dismissed as the irrational excesses and innovations of the Neoplatonists were in fact not their creation at all but, on the contrary, faithfully mirror—and perpetuate—the traditions of pre-Platonic Pythagoreans.»la defensa que Kingsley hace de los dos: ninguno era el tonto que se ha dicho, y los excesos irracionales que se les adjudican no eran creación suya sino espejo fiel de las tradiciones pitagóricas preplatónicas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 317»

«Once again we find that, although at a doctrinal level the importance of Plato for the Neoplatonists was naturally fundamental, there were also respects in which he had no original contribution to make.»y lo que de ahí se sigue: por fundamental que fuera Platón en lo doctrinal para los neoplatónicos, hubo aspectos en los que no aportó nada original

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 317»

«Most Neoplatonists were themselves well aware of this fact, and said as much in emphasizing Plato's role as a mere link in the chain of transmission of earlier Pythagorean and Orphic tradition.»con el dato de que ellos mismos lo sabían y lo decían, subrayando el papel de Platón como mero eslabón en la cadena de transmisión de la tradición pitagórica y órfica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 317»

«The idea that theurgy was some regrettable intrusion of the irrational into the intellectual life of late antiquity is just one manifestation of an underlying attitude which has paralysed attempts at understanding certain aspects of earlier western culture.»lo que Kingsley identifica detrás de la idea de la teurgia como intrusión lamentable: una actitud de fondo que ha paralizado la comprensión de la cultura occidental temprana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 317»

«Crucial to this attitude have been certain assumptions about the relationship between religion and magic.»y su base: ciertos supuestos sobre la relación entre religión y magia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 317»

«It used to be normal, and to a significant extent still is, to view magic as the degeneration and corruption of religion.»el supuesto dominante: ver la magia como degeneración y corrupción de la religión

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 317»

«From this perspective the magic known to us from late antiquity—and in particular from the magical papyri, with the tendency of their authors to ‘pick up formulae of religious origin and utilise them for their own magical ends'—is little more than a rubbish-tip on which we can watch the infinitely purer conceptions of religion disintegrate and decompose.»con la imagen que produce: la magia de la antigüedad tardía, y los papiros en particular, como basurero donde se observa la degradación; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 317»

«However, time has worked its changes in the last few years.»el cambio que Kingsley registra en los últimos años

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 318»

«There is a growing awareness that the dividing line between magic and religion is very thin, sometimes impossible to draw.”»y su contenido: la conciencia creciente de que la línea entre magia y religión es finísima y a veces imposible de trazar

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 318»

«What at first sight may seem objective and distinctive categories often turn out, on closer inspection, to be no more than variables in the manipulative hands of social and political forces.»con la observación que añade: categorías que parecen objetivas resultan variables en manos de fuerzas sociales y políticas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 318»

«As for the well-known distinction between magic as coercing the will of the gods and religion as simply appealing to it or supplicating, it is impossible to sustain.”»la distinción que Kingsley declara insostenible: la magia como coerción de la voluntad de los dioses y la religión como súplica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 318»

«The evidence shows that the ‘magical mentality’, if we can describe it as such, is perfectly capable of supplicating and praying rather than trying overtly to force the gods—which is hardly surprising when we bear in mind the bonds linking magic with rhetoric, and the powerful role which the Greeks ascribed to subtlety or persuasion as effective alternatives to outright force.”»y el dato con que lo apoya: la mentalidad mágica es perfectamente capaz de suplicar y orar en vez de forzar, lo que no sorprende dados sus lazos con la retórica; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 318»

«Of course magic as generally understood is not only a late phenomenon.”»la advertencia de que la magia no es solo un fenómeno tardío

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 318»

«First there are the curses, inscribed on lead plates, which date from at least the early fifth century BC and were deposited either inside the Gaggera sanctuary at Selinus or just outside its walls.”»con la evidencia siciliana: maldiciones inscritas en plomo del siglo V a. C., depositadas dentro del santuario de la Gaggera en Selinunte o junto a sus muros

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 318»

«What is significant about them is not only their age, but also the place»y lo que en ellas importa además de su antigüedad: el lugar; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 318»

«In other words, here in Sicily we have a perfect example of what would usually be described as typically magical practices being performed by people who no doubt also used the sanctuary as a centre of religious worship:»lo que Kingsley lee ahí: un ejemplo perfecto de prácticas típicamente mágicas realizadas por gente que sin duda usaba el santuario como centro de culto religioso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 319»

«clearly nothing strange was felt in asking the divinities worshipped to make one's curses effective.”»y su corolario: nada se sentía extraño en pedir a las divinidades adoradas que hicieran eficaces las propias maldiciones

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 319»

«One of the many problems here is that these standard depictions of 'theft' of religious material on the part of supposedly degenerate magicians in late antiquity describe perfectly what we know was already happening in the fifth and fourth centuries BC.»el problema que Kingsley señala en el relato estándar del *robo* de material religioso por los magos tardíos: describe perfectamente lo que ya ocurría en los siglos V y IV a. C.

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 319»

«The lead plate from Selinus which was mentioned earlier because of the verse fragments it preserves—fragments containing what appears to have been cult material relating to the worship of Demeter, Persephone, and Dionysus—had, itself, an obviously magical function: another section of its text, together with the parallel provided by a more or less contemporary lead plate from Crete, indicates that it was used as a protective charm (ἐπωιδή) for warding off ‘a natural calamity or plague'.»con el caso concreto: la lámina de plomo de Selinunte con material de culto de Deméter, Perséfone y Dioniso tenía a la vez función mágica manifiesta; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 319»

«In noting that even the early gold plates were used as amulets it is important, however, not to overlook the obvious.»la advertencia de Kingsley al notar que también las láminas tempranas se usaban como amuletos: no perder de vista lo obvio

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 322»

«The first line of its text makes no sense as it stands: yet another sign of the lack of understanding»el dato que aporta: la primera línea de ese texto no tiene sentido tal como está, señal más de la falta de comprensión; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 322»

«In other words it was either passed down from generation to generation, or at some point unearthed from the place where it had first been buried»lo que eso implica sobre la lámina: fue transmitida de generación en generación o desenterrada del lugar donde se había depositado; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 321»

«Fortunately however, apart from its functional analogy to the Caecilia Secundina text, the first line of the Hipponium plate also corresponds to the very fragmentary text at the end of the plate from Petelia;»la correspondencia que Kingsley señala: la primera línea de la lámina de Hiponio corresponde al texto fragmentario del final de la lámina de Petelia; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 323»

«In short, use of the Petelia plate as an amulet when it was over half a millennium old appears to have been not only condoned, but also specified quite explicitly, on the original text itself.»y su conclusión: usar la lámina de Petelia como amuleto medio milenio después no solo se toleraba sino que el propio texto original lo especificaba

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 323»

«The fact that, to judge from the gold container and chain, the plate was eventually used by a living person rather than just by someone about to die is of no significance: as»con la irrelevancia que declara del detalle del estuche y la cadena de oro: que la usara un vivo y no un moribundo no cambia nada; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 323»

«All these details should not allow us to forget that there is nothing at all surprising in the Greek gold plates being used as amulets from their very beginnings.»lo que Kingsley pide no olvidar: nada tiene de sorprendente que las láminas griegas se usaran como amuletos desde el principio

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 324»

«For a number of reasons it must be considered extremely probable that at least part of the inspiration for them derives from Egypt, as a result of transmission via Phoenicians and Carthage.»la probabilidad que declara extrema: que al menos parte de su inspiración venga de Egipto por vía fenicia y cartaginesa

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 324»

«What can be considered the most typically magical quality of amulets—and this generalization is especially relevant to texts concerned with guidance and protection of the soul in the world of the dead—is the importance attached to the efficaciousness of the inscribed words:»la cualidad más típicamente mágica de los amuletos, según Kingsley: la importancia dada a la eficacia de las palabras inscritas, sobre todo en textos de guía y protección del alma

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 324»

«Also worth noting is the line just before this line about Persephone and Dionysus: the opening statement on the plates from Thessaly, ‘Now you have died and now you have come into being, thrice-blessed, on this very day.’»y la línea que pide notar: la apertura de las láminas tesalias, *ahora has muerto y ahora has nacido, tres veces bendito, en este mismo día*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 324»

«The repeated we can see from the magical papyri, it was the rule in the first instance to prepare gold-plate amulets for very specific occasions.»la regla que Kingsley extrae de los papiros mágicos: en primera instancia los amuletos de lámina de oro se preparaban para ocasiones muy específicas; el tramo arrastra parte de la nota al pie, que la capa de texto mete dentro del cuerpo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 324»

«To consider such a comparison irrelevant because on the gold plates it is a matter of immortalization whereas in the later literature it is usually a question of achieving far more ephemeral aims, is neither justified nor even correct.»la objeción que Kingsley declara injustificada e incorrecta: descartar la comparación porque las láminas buscan inmortalización y la literatura tardía fines más efímeros

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 325»

«As we can see in the case of theurgy, magic does not have to be trivial in its aims and aspirations.»con su razón: como se ve en la teurgia, la magia no tiene que ser trivial en sus fines

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 325»

«To consider it incompatible with what Bonner described as ‘true religious feeling? is as arbitrary as attempting to claim that, because of its exalted subject-matter, the spell for ritual immortalization in the Paris papyrus must have a ‘religious’ rather than ‘magical’ origin.»y la arbitrariedad que le reprocha a la posición contraria, comparándola con negar origen mágico al conjuro de inmortalización del papiro de París por lo elevado de su tema

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 325»

«there can be little room for doubt that the theme of mystical union with the divine arose, in the first instance, out of magical and ritual practice.»la conclusión que Kingsley considera poco dudosa: el tema de la unión mística con lo divino nació, en primera instancia, de la práctica mágica y ritual; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 325»

«That factor is Empedocles—who was plainly a magician, who considered his immortalization a fundamental prerequisite for his effectiveness as a magician,?'»el factor que Kingsley identifica en esa continuidad: Empédocles, mago declarado que tenía su inmortalización por requisito de su eficacia como mago; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 326»

«It shows little regard for established fields of scholarly specialization but cuts directly across them, and in doing so raises problems of a methodological as well as purely factual nature.»lo que Kingsley dice de su propio enfoque: cruza los campos establecidos de especialización y con ello plantea problemas metodológicos además de fácticos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 327»

«What is required is not just a reorganization of details about the ancient world, but also a refocusing of the perspective from which we view and assess those details.»y lo que exige: no solo reorganizar detalles del mundo antiguo sino reenfocar la perspectiva desde la que se los juzga

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 327»

«Ironically, the main obstacle that has stood in the way of such a reassessment in the past has been not so much the lack of evidence as the nature of the evidence relied on.»la ironía que señala en el obstáculo: no la falta de evidencia sino la naturaleza de la evidencia en que se confiaba

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 327»

«only with the comparatively recent discovery and publication of tablets, amulets, and papyri has a more balanced picture started to emerge.»y lo que cambió el cuadro: el descubrimiento y la publicación relativamente recientes de tablillas, amuletos y papiros

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 327»

«What is far less appreciated, however, is Dieterich's awareness that these same magical papyri have a great deal to tell us not just about the religious history of the Roman Empire but also about far older strata of myth, religion, magic, folklore, and cult in ancient Greece.»lo que Kingsley dice que se aprecia mucho menos: la conciencia de Dieterich de que esos mismos papiros dicen mucho sobre estratos muy anteriores de mito, religión, magia, folclor y culto en Grecia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 328»

«But the possibility of applying it to an earlier period has more or less remained at the level of theory; and when it has been applied, the application has with only a few exceptions been partial and spasmodic.»y el estado de esa posibilidad: se quedó en teoría, y cuando se aplicó fue parcial y espasmódica salvo pocas excepciones

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 328»

«There is no doubt that all the philosophical schools save the Epicurean took a new direction at this time.»la concesión que Kingsley hace a esa narrativa: no hay duda de que todas las escuelas filosóficas salvo la epicúrea tomaron un rumbo nuevo en esa época

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 330»

«Equally significant is the revival, after two centuries of apparent abeyance, of Pythagoreanism, not as a formal teaching school, but as a cult and as a way»y su segunda mitad: el renacer del pitagorismo tras dos siglos de aparente suspensión, no como escuela formal sino como culto y forma de vida; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 330»

«Nothing is said of early Pythagoreanism's profound affinities with oracle literature and revelation; of the reputation of Pythagoras’ own home as a ‘house of mysteries’; of the fundamental importance for the earliest Pythagoreans of ritual precepts or akousmata, *which are not supposed to be understood but merely obeyed’;»lo que Kingsley señala que se calla: las afinidades profundas del pitagorismo temprano con la literatura oracular, la fama de la casa de Pitágoras como *casa de misterios* y la importancia de los *akousmata*, que no debían entenderse; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 331»

«Again, nothing Is said about the fact that Empedocles presented his teaching in the form of divine revelation; that he was a perfect embodiment of ‘the sage dispensing oracles’; that he even presented his cosmological teaching itself as though it was an oracle; or that he expected his listener to accept and absorb his teaching rather than challenge or question»y lo segundo que se calla: que Empédocles presentara su enseñanza como revelación divina, que fuera encarnación perfecta del sabio que dispensa oráculos y que diera forma oracular incluso a su cosmología; la capa de texto imprime *Is* con mayúscula; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 331»

«However, in the absence of evidence to the contrary it must be assumed that writers of literature purporting to be Pythagorean will have had sympathies with Pythagoreanism and will very probably have considered themselves as standing in the line of Pythagorean tradition.»lo que Kingsley sostiene a falta de evidencia contraria: que quienes escribían literatura pitagórica simpatizaban con el pitagorismo y muy probablemente se tenían por parte de esa tradición

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 332»

«To dismiss the texts created by these authors as mere ‘literary fictions’, which meant nothing at all for them in terms of belief or style of life,'' is not only gratuitous but is also—as we will soon see—to make somewhat over-simplistic assumptions about what it meant to be a Pythagorean in pre-Platonic times.»y lo que declara gratuito: descartar esos textos como meras ficciones literarias sin valor de creencia ni de forma de vida; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 332»

«In fact the very idea of a mere 'literary fiction’ is by no means self-explanatory and, more than anything else, is reminiscent of modern reductionist tendencies to consider literary texts in an artificial void quite independent of their social context.»con su objeción de fondo: la idea misma de una *ficción literaria* no se explica sola y recuerda a la tendencia reduccionista moderna a leer los textos en un vacío artificial

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 332»

«Both are so-called ‘forgeries’: writings methodically ascribed to influential spiritual authorities from antiquity.”»lo que Kingsley dice de esas dos clases de escrito: son las llamadas falsificaciones, textos adjudicados metódicamente a autoridades espirituales de la antigüedad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 333»

«Thereis one other point to bear in mind when considering the apparent lack of concrete evidence for continuity of religious or mystical practices, and this is the danger of formulating arguments ex silentio.»el otro punto que pide tener presente: el peligro de formular argumentos ex silentio ante la falta aparente de evidencia concreta; la capa de texto pega *Thereis*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 333»

«the very idea of Pythagorean monasteries is little more than a romantic fantasy dreamed up by Max Wellmann in the 1920s.'?»lo que Kingsley declara fantasía romántica: la idea misma de monasterios pitagóricos, soñada por Max Wellmann en los años veinte

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 334»

«it was inevitable that what communities had existed until then would become fragmented and, to some extent at least, go underground.»lo que él considera inevitable en cambio: que las comunidades existentes quedaran fragmentadas y en alguna medida pasaran a la clandestinidad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 334»

«any account of subsequent history which allows for the transmission of Pythagorean ideas from generation to generation on a modest, even one-to-one, basis must be taken seriously—all the more so because we know that this method of transmission dates back to the classical period of Pythagoreanism.»y la consecuencia de método: hay que tomar en serio cualquier relato que admita la transmisión de ideas pitagóricas de generación en generación de manera modesta, incluso de uno a uno, como ya se hacía en el periodo clásico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 334»

«The view held by Cumont and others that, far from dying out, Pythagoreanism continued to lead a more or less ‘underground’ existence in southern Italy under the Romans makes perfect sense on this basis;»la posición de Cumont y otros que Kingsley considera con pleno sentido sobre esa base: que el pitagorismo no muriera y siguiera una existencia más o menos subterránea en el sur de Italia bajo los romanos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 334»

«the famous—and very influential—claim by Aristoxenus that he personally knew the ‘last’ of the Pythagoreans.»la afirmación influyente de Aristoxeno que Kingsley examina: haber conocido personalmente a los *últimos* pitagóricos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 335»

«his claim that he personally knew the ‘last’ of the Pythagoreans is blatantly polemical, and demonstrably false.»y su veredicto: esa afirmación es descaradamente polémica y demostrablemente falsa

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 335»

«On the one hand, this assertion formed an integral part of his strategy for making his own—highly unorthodox and idiosyncratic— view of Pythagorean tradition sound plausible by depriving those who would be liable to contradict him of their credentials and so cutting away the ground from under their feet.»la primera razón: formaba parte de su estrategia para volver plausible su visión heterodoxa del pitagorismo quitando credenciales a quienes podían contradecirlo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 335»

«On the other hand, we happen to know that Pythagoreans and Pythagoreanism did go on living—in Athens as, no doubt, elsewhere—regardless of his claims and assertions.»y la segunda: se sabe que los pitagóricos y el pitagorismo siguieron viviendo en Atenas y sin duda en otras partes, al margen de sus afirmaciones

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 335»

«His testimony shows that by his time a clear schism had developed between those—the so-called akousmatikoi—who adhered to Pythagorean tradition literally and faithfully and those—the mathematikot —who in a sense were more sophisticated because»lo que su testimonio sí muestra, según Kingsley: que ya en su tiempo había cisma entre los *akousmatikoi*, adheridos literalmente a la tradición, y los *mathematikoi*; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 335»

«they placed a greater emphasis on inner understanding, even to the extent of dispensing with the literal performance of certain ritual practices.»con el rasgo de estos últimos: mayor énfasis en la comprensión interior, hasta prescindir de la ejecución literal de ciertos ritos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 336»

«‘This second trend plainly goes back to before the time of Plato.»y la datación de esa segunda corriente: anterior a Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 336»

«It can already be seen at work in men such as Philolaus and Archytas: men who concentrated on allegorizing Pythagorean myth and lore and, in so doing, inevitably helped to shift attention away from the literal.»con sus figuras: hombres como Filolao y Arquitas, que al alegorizar el mito y la tradición pitagóricos desviaron la atención de lo literal

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 336»

«In other words, already during the late fifth century Bc, to be a true Pythagorean might in some circles have been seen more as a matter of inner understanding than of ‘living the Pythagorean life’ of ritual actions or abstinence.»la consecuencia que Kingsley saca: ya a fines del siglo V, en ciertos círculos ser verdadero pitagórico podía ser más cuestión de comprensión interior que de vivir la vida pitagórica de ritos y abstinencias

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 336»

«Such a state of affairs has an obvious bearing on our assessment of the writers of the later Pythagorean pseudepigrapha: there is little point in applying to them criteria which are possibly inapplicable to some of the greatest Pythagoreans in earlier times.»y su aplicación a los pseudoepígrafos tardíos: poco sentido tiene aplicarles criterios quizá inaplicables a algunos de los mayores pitagóricos anteriores

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 336»

«Aristoxenus’ report about ancient Pythagoreanism dying out in the fourth century is worth little because of the subjective and personal factors involved, so is Cicero's report?’ about Pythagoreanism being revived three hundred years later.»la simetría que Kingsley establece: si el informe de Aristoxeno vale poco por sus factores subjetivos, otro tanto vale el de Cicerón sobre el renacimiento tres siglos después

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 336»

«Aristoxenus claimed he personally knew the ‘last’ of the Pythagoreans, so the man whom Cicero names as responsible for ‘reviving’ Pythagoreanism happens to have been a close friend of his, Nigidius Figulus: a remarkable coincidence, and one which becomes all the more suspect when we bear in mind Cicero's notorious vanity and love of putting himself at the centre of attention.»con la coincidencia que llama notable y sospechosa: el hombre a quien Cicerón adjudica ese renacimiento, Nigidio Fígulo, era amigo cercano suyo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 336»

«were so strong that, even on his own admission, they made him throw to the wind any concern or respect for mere historical accuracy in his reports and descriptions of events.»y lo que Cicerón mismo admitía: que sus lealtades le hacían tirar por la borda el respeto a la exactitud histórica; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 336»

«passage in question and read Cicero’s words about Nigidius a little more closely we see that even he, with all his pomp and rhetoric, felt obliged to qualify his assertions in a way that provides a clearer pointer to reality.»lo que Kingsley encuentra al leer de cerca sus palabras sobre Nigidio: incluso él se sintió obligado a matizar de un modo que apunta mejor a la realidad; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 337»

«not present Nigidius’ ‘revival’ of Pythagoreanism as an accepted fact, but simply as his own generous opinion; and his choice of wording also suggests that the famous ‘extinction’ of ancient Pythagoreanism which he refers to was not as absolute as has usually been assumed.»y qué matizó: no presentó el renacimiento como hecho aceptado sino como opinión generosa propia, y su fraseo sugiere que la extinción no fue tan absoluta como suele suponerse; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 337»

«surprised that anyone would take this kind of assertion literally, and ignore his qualifications, would have been Cicero himself.»con la ironía que Kingsley añade: el propio Cicerón se habría sorprendido de que alguien tomara literalmente esa afirmación ignorando sus salvedades; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 337»

«On the contrary, they allow us to infer that Nigidius played a role in bringing Pythagoreanism into the limelight at Rome and making it a focus of popular attention among the high-flying social circles which Cicero used to move in; but that is all.»lo que sí permiten inferir esas palabras: que Nigidio puso el pitagorismo en el candelero en Roma y lo volvió foco de atención en los círculos sociales de Cicerón, y nada más

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 337»

«Very little is known about him, but that little is particularly significant.»lo poco que se sabe de Bolo y lo significativo de ese poco

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 337»

«On the one hand the evidence suggests that he played an important role as a transmitter of Pythagorean traditions, and specifically of miracle stories about wonder-workers of antiquity—with Pythagoras himself (and details such as Pythagoras’ golden thigh) taking centre-stage.»la primera cara de su papel: transmisor de tradiciones pitagóricas y en concreto de relatos de milagros de taumaturgos antiguos, con Pitágoras y su muslo de oro en el centro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 337»

«On the other hand he appears to have been a crucial figure in shaping the subsequent development of Graeco-Egyptian alchemy, and it is no doubt largely as a result of his influence that we find Pythagoreanism and alchemy starting to overlap.»la segunda: figura decisiva en la formación de la alquimia grecoegipcia, y por su influencia empiezan a solaparse pitagorismo y alquimia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 338»

«What is more, Bolus also produced works very closely related to the pseudo-Pythagorean literature considered earlier.»con el dato que añade: Bolo produjo además obras muy relacionadas con la literatura pseudopitagórica ya examinada

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 338»

«He also shows the closest of affinities with the world of the magical papyri, particularly on the matter of dream oracles and divination.»y la tercera afinidad: la más estrecha con el mundo de los papiros mágicos, sobre todo en oráculos oníricos y adivinación

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 338»

«His resulting position as a type of mediator between earlier Pythagorean traditions and the magic of the later papyri is obviously of major significance in the light of the evidence already noted for similarities between early Pythagoreanism and Graeco-Egyptian magic—and, what is more, for the actual transmission of Pythagorean lore down into Egypt.»la posición que de ahí resulta, según Kingsley: mediador entre las tradiciones pitagóricas tempranas y la magia de los papiros tardíos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 338»

«but elsewhere he is referred to as a ‘Democritean’.»la etiqueta alterna que las fuentes le dan: en otros sitios se lo llama *democríteo*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 338»

«First, it is not true that by late antiquity ‘Pythagorean’ had come to mean nothing but an esotericist or magician: the term always indicates someone who at the very least felt a conscious affinity with Pythagoras and with Pythagorean tradition.»la primera precisión de Kingsley al respecto: no es cierto que en la antigüedad tardía *pitagórico* significara solo esoterista o mago, porque el término indica siempre afinidad consciente con Pitágoras y su tradición

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 338»

«There can be no doubting that the two Suda entries refer to one and the same person:»y lo que da por fuera de duda: que las dos entradas de la Suda se refieren a la misma persona

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 338»

«Finally, however, and most important of all, there is the basic point whose immediate significance for the case of Bolus has scarcely been appreciated.»el punto que Kingsley declara más importante de todos y apenas apreciado en el caso de Bolo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 339»

«This is the fact that from very early on, and even during Democritus’ own lifetime, there was a tradition linking Democritus with Pythagoreanism and even giving him Pythagorean teachers.»y cuál es: desde muy pronto, y ya en vida de Demócrito, hubo una tradición que lo ligaba al pitagorismo y le daba maestros pitagóricos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 339»

«In all probability the tradition has a basis in historical fact.»con su juicio de probabilidad: la tradición tiene con toda probabilidad base en hecho histórico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 339»

«What is more, as soon as we put aside the somewhat anachronistic and plainly inadequate distinction between a ‘rational Democritus and ‘mystical’ Pythagoreans, it becomes apparent that the points on which the historical Democritus was most closely aligned with the Pythägoreanism of his time were their shared interests in the relation between physical constitution, lifestyle, and ethics, and—in particular—the tendency of both Democritus and Pythagoreans to consider philosophy in terms of medicine and therapeutics.»y lo que aparece al dejar la distinción anacrónica entre un Demócrito racional y unos pitagóricos místicos: los puntos de mayor alineación entre ellos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana y la capa de texto imprime *Pythägoreanism*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 339»

«it is a fundamental mistake to treat Bolus’ titles of “Democritean’ and ‘Pythagorean’ as in any way incompatible.»lo que Kingsley declara error fundamental: tratar los títulos de *democríteo* y *pitagórico* de Bolo como incompatibles; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 340»

«Far from being a problem to be removed or disposed of, this apparent ambiguity in Bolus' status has some major implications for our understanding of Pythagoreanism in antiquity.»y lo que esa ambigüedad aporta en vez de estorbar: implicaciones mayores para entender el pitagorismo antiguo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 340»

«Numenius was fundamentally correct in his perception of Plato's—and the early Academy’s—indebtedness to earlier Pythagoreanism;»lo que Kingsley concede a Numenio: acertaba en lo esencial sobre la deuda de Platón y de la primera Academia con el pitagorismo anterior

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 340»

«It is important not to misunderstand this second point.»con la advertencia de no malentender ese segundo punto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 340»

«The full implications of such a situation have rarely been appreciated, let alone properly grasped.»y lo que dice que rara vez se ha apreciado o comprendido: las implicaciones plenas de esa situación

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 341»

«Far from being unique to modern scholarship, this desire for tidiness is also to a large extent a reflection of the facile schematizing adopted by ancient writers and biographers.»el origen que Kingsley da al deseo de pulcritud: no exclusivo de la erudición moderna sino reflejo del esquematismo fácil de los escritores y biógrafos antiguos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 341»

«When we pick our way through these over-simplifications we repeatedly encounter the scenario of Pythagoreans teaching highly creative individuals who can in a sense be described as perpetuating aspects of Pythagorean tradition through their own writings, but who themselves can only questionably be referred to as 'Pythagoreans'.»el escenario que aparece al atravesar esas simplificaciones: pitagóricos que enseñan a individuos creativos que perpetúan aspectos de la tradición en sus escritos y a quienes cuesta llamar pitagóricos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 341»

«The crude fictitiousness of these stories is, however, more or less transparent.»lo que Kingsley dice de esos relatos: su ficcionalidad tosca es más o menos transparente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 342»

«And partly they are based on the inability to understand how someone could legitimately publish writings which might in any way be related to the proverbially secret Pythagorean teachings:»y la incapacidad en que se basan: no entender cómo alguien podía publicar legítimamente escritos relacionados con enseñanzas pitagóricas proverbialmente secretas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 342»

«Certainly, in the case of Plato, we can be sure that the truth about his relationship with the Pythagoreans who inspired and taught him was a great deal more complex than the stories of plagiarism and banishment would allow.»lo que él da por seguro en el caso de Platón: la verdad de su relación con los pitagóricos que lo enseñaron era mucho más compleja que los relatos de plagio y destierro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 342»

«This looseness, this flexibility, this blurring of Pythagoreanism at the edges, is ultimately a reflection of—and a reflection on— Pythagoras himself.»la fórmula con que Kingsley describe esa laxitud: el desdibujamiento del pitagorismo en sus bordes es reflejo del propio Pitágoras

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 343»

«It is all too often forgotten that Pythagoras was a collector: a collector of ideas, a collector of traditions.»y lo que dice que se olvida demasiado: que Pitágoras era un coleccionista de ideas y de tradiciones

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 343»

«Only by doing so can we begin to appreciate the remarkable breadth of influences and diversity of components which went to make up Pythagoreanism during the first hundred and fifty years or so of its existence.»con lo que se gana al verlo así: apreciar la amplitud de influencias y la diversidad de componentes del pitagorismo en sus primeros ciento cincuenta años

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 343»

«Even Pythagoras apparently innovative transposal of Ionian medical traditions across to Croton in southern Italy, or his practical concern with the links between healing and diet, turns out on closer examination to be far less innovative than one might have wished to suppose.»el ejemplo que Kingsley aporta: incluso el traslado de las tradiciones médicas jonias a Crotona resulta, mirado de cerca, mucho menos innovador de lo que se querría suponer

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 343»

«This is not in any way to diminish Pythagoras’ immense importance, or to deny his obvious originality in other respects; but it does mean that, from the very outset, Pythagoreanism had in its founder a major paradigm for interacting with, borrowing from, and contributing to other religious, cosmological, or medical traditions.»con la salvedad que él mismo pone: eso no disminuye la importancia ni la originalidad de Pitágoras, y sí significa que el pitagorismo tuvo desde el inicio en su fundador un paradigma de interacción y préstamo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 343»

«The term ‘eclecticism’ could, for the most influential of early as well as later Pythagoreans, hardly have had the negative connotations it has come to assume in scholarly circles.»lo que Kingsley dice del término *eclecticismo* para esos pitagóricos: difícilmente pudo tener las connotaciones negativas que ha asumido en los círculos eruditos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 344»

«On the one hand, early Pythagoreans plainly participated in the broad world of ancient Greek magic and ritual; but on the other hand, they also came to contribute in later centuries to the even broader world of Graeco-Egyptian magic.»la reciprocidad que describe: los pitagóricos tempranos participaron del mundo amplio de la magia y el ritual griegos y contribuyeron después al mundo aún más amplio de la magia grecoegipcia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 344»

«This pattern of reciprocity helps to explain how a magical spell explicitly attributed to the Pythagorean Apollonius of Tyana finds a place in the Graeco-Egyptian magical papyri; and why another Pythagorean, Anaxilaus of Larissa, is also known to have exerted an influence on the magical praxis of late antiquity.»lo que ese patrón explica, según Kingsley: que un conjuro adjudicado explícitamente a Apolonio de Tiana esté en los papiros, y que Anaxilao de Larisa influyera en la praxis mágica tardía; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 344»

«However, such a hypothesis reflects an exaggerated estimate both of the literary unity of the magical papyri and of the extent of any recognizably Pythagorean influence.»la hipótesis que él considera exagerada: la que sobreestima la unidad literaria de los papiros y el alcance de una influencia pitagórica reconocible

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 344»

«The truth is, rather, that Pythagoreans to some extent influenced the flow of magical tradition because they themselves were swimming in the stream—not because they were directing it.»y la verdad que propone en su lugar: los pitagóricos influyeron en el flujo de la tradición mágica porque nadaban en esa corriente, no porque la dirigieran

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 344»

«In this respect Lucian presents a highly significant, and almost symbolic, scenario with his literary portrayal of a man called Arignotus.»el escenario casi simbólico que Kingsley encuentra en Luciano: su retrato literario de un hombre llamado Arignoto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 344»

«Árignotus was a Pythagorean, a magician, and a man who had learned his occult skills from a famous Egyptian priest-magician called Pachrates who hardly spoke Greek, was immersed in the temple traditions of his native country, and is»y quién era: pitagórico, mago y discípulo en artes ocultas de un sacerdote-mago egipcio llamado Pacrates que apenas hablaba griego y estaba inmerso en las tradiciones de su país; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 344»

«Pythagoreanism with some of its practices, ideas, and formulations, Pythagoreanism in its own turn came to supply them.»la reciprocidad que Kingsley formula: del mismo modo que las tradiciones próximo-orientales dieron al pitagorismo prácticas, ideas y formulaciones, el pitagorismo acabó dándoselas a ellas; el tramo empieza a media frase porque la anterior queda del otro lado del corte de chunk

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 344»

«On the surface, Pythagoreanism and Hermetism are two quite distinct and different movements: the one formally acknowledging its origin in Pythagoras, the other in Hermes.»la distinción de superficie que Kingsley traza: pitagorismo y hermetismo son dos movimientos distintos, uno que reconoce su origen en Pitágoras y el otro en Hermes

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 345»

«But, as noted earlier in this chapter, the overlap between them in interests and concerns was at times immense.»y lo que ya había notado: el solapamiento entre ellos en intereses y preocupaciones fue a veces inmenso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 345»

«We are brought back in this respect to the fundamental point which has been well demonstrated by Burkert: that pagan mystery traditions never shared the strict exclusivity of Christianity but instead tolerated each other, encouraged a certain sense of individualism in their initiates rather than imposing on them a group identity, and as a rule openly permitted diversities of allegiance even among the priests and organizers.””»el punto fundamental que Kingsley toma de Burkert: las tradiciones mistéricas paganas nunca compartieron la exclusividad estricta del cristianismo, se toleraban entre sí y alentaban cierto individualismo en sus iniciados; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 346»

«Ironically, one of the implications of this openness is that in considering the survival of Pythagoreanism we must not just restrict ourselves to the so-called 'Neopythagorean' movement but must also take Hermetism into account as well.»la implicación que Kingsley llama irónica: al considerar la supervivencia del pitagorismo no basta el llamado neopitagorismo, y hay que contar también con el hermetismo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 346»

«Early in this century Eduard Norden drew attention to striking similarities—not only in ideas but also in the way these ideas are formulated—between Empedocles and the Hermetica; Norden himself was clearly aware that the examples he gave were just the tip of an iceberg.”»lo que Eduard Norden señaló a principios del siglo: semejanzas llamativas entre Empédocles y los Hermetica, no solo de ideas sino de formulación, y que él mismo veía como punta del iceberg

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 346»

«And yet, in spite of their importance, Norden's observations seem never to have been followed up; or if one were to be cynical one might be tempted to say that they have never been followed up precisely because they are so important.»y lo que Kingsley registra sobre su suerte: esas observaciones nunca se siguieron, y un cínico diría que no se siguieron precisamente por ser tan importantes

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 346»

«In fact the similarities in question are— as we will see shortly—pointers not just to a shared store of literary banalities but to a far deeper, and far more significant, continuity of ideas, traditions, and approaches to life.»con lo que él sostiene que indican: no un fondo compartido de banalidades literarias sino una continuidad mucho más honda de ideas, tradiciones y actitudes ante la vida

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 346»

«This new school broke with the older trend of natural science and research— which derived from the Peripatetic school of Aristotle and was based on the exact observation of natural forces and of their corresponding effects—and, instead, established as its goal the discovery of the occult magical powers of plants, animals, and stones»la caracterización de esa escuela nueva que Kingsley expone: rompió con la ciencia natural peripatética basada en la observación exacta y puso por meta el descubrimiento de los poderes mágicos ocultos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 347»

«Various details of Wellmann's at times over-imaginative reconstruction of Bolus' ideas and literary output are certainly questionable; but Bolus' basic involvement in these areas, and the influence he exerted on later writers, are beyond doubt.»la reserva que Kingsley pone a esa reconstrucción: varios detalles de Wellmann sobre Bolo son cuestionables por imaginativos, y su implicación básica y su influencia están fuera de duda

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 347»

«A fundamental characteristic of this Hellenistic wisdom is that it was intensely practical: it aimed at control of the world, not at disinterested understanding.»la característica fundamental que se adjudica a esa sabiduría helenística: intensamente práctica, orientada al control del mundo y no a la comprensión desinteresada

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 348»

«But underneath their convincing appearance they contain some essential misunderstandings about the course taken by ancient Greek science and philosophy.»y la objeción de Kingsley: bajo su apariencia convincente esas descripciones contienen malentendidos esenciales sobre el curso de la ciencia y la filosofía griegas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 349»

«The fact of the matter is that the 'blending of medicine with magic’ which Messina discounted as a decadent and chronologically secondary phenomenon dates back, in the Greek world as of course elsewhere, to a period far earlier than Aristotle.»con el hecho que aporta: la mezcla de medicina y magia que Messina descartaba como decadente y cronológicamente secundaria se remonta a un periodo muy anterior a Aristóteles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 349»

«The fourth-century physician Diocles was almost certainly one of the more important links in this sequence of traditions; and he is all the more important for our purposes because he is known to have been profoundly indebted in several respects to Empedocles, whose work dated from the century before him.»y el eslabón que destaca: el médico Diocles, del siglo IV, profundamente en deuda con Empédocles en varios aspectos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 349»

«What we have here is not ‘perversion’ or ‘debasement but a conscious selectivity coupled with a sense of continuity, of upholding a prior tradition, and an obvious disregard for the viewpoint or concerns of the Peripatetics.»lo que Kingsley sostiene que hay en esa literatura: no perversión ni degradación sino selectividad consciente unida a un sentido de continuidad y a un desdén manifiesto por las preocupaciones peripatéticas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 350»

«The truth is simultaneously more complex and more simple.»la fórmula con que enmarca su corrección: la verdad es a la vez más compleja y más simple

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 350»

«Later Pythagoreans may have departed very consciously from this new norm, but that is a point of only secondary significance.»la concesión que hace: los pitagóricos tardíos pudieron apartarse muy conscientemente de esa norma nueva, y eso es de importancia secundaria

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 351»

«The most important point, and the necessary starting-point for any discussion of the subject, is the fact that in doing so these later Pythagoreans were simply remaining true to the initial impetus of Pythagoreanism: a fact which gains even further in its implications when we bear in mind that the notion of ‘philosophy', and indeed the word itself, very probably originated in early Pythagorean circles.»y el punto que declara más importante: al hacerlo seguían siendo fieles al impulso inicial del pitagorismo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 351»

«conscious as well as unconscious Athenocentrism explains, but does not justify, the deeply ingrained tendency of classicists to view and judge ancient history from the exclusive perspective of Athenian interests or values.»lo que Kingsley adjudica al atenocentrismo consciente e inconsciente: explica, sin justificarla, la tendencia arraigada de los clasicistas a juzgar la historia antigua desde los intereses atenienses

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 352»

«This Athenocentrism is, undoubtedly, responsible to a large extent for the failure to observe and appreciate the various aspects of continuity between early and later Pythagoreanism.»y su efecto concreto: no observar ni apreciar los aspectos de continuidad entre el pitagorismo temprano y el tardío

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 352»

«One ofthe major barriers to uncovering these strands of continuity has been the remarkable tendency to overrate the importance of Aristotle—virtually to the extent of mythologizing him.»la segunda barrera que señala: la tendencia notable a sobrevalorar la importancia de Aristóteles, casi hasta mitologizarlo; la capa de texto pega *Ofthe*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 352»

«Earlier we saw some of the misunderstandings about the history and evolution of Pythagoreanism which have resulted both from the tendency to exaggerate the philosophical significance of Plato, and from the corresponding failure to look back in time to what really happened in the period before Plato when assessing developments that supposedly occurred only well after his lifetime.»el paralelo que recuerda: los malentendidos ya vistos por exagerar la significación filosófica de Platón y no mirar atrás a lo anterior a él; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 352»

«Now, in the case of Bolus and Neopythagoreanism, we are faced with the equally misleading tendency to exaggerate the historical significance of Aristotle for the ancient Greeks.»y su aplicación al caso de Bolo y el neopitagorismo: la tendencia igualmente engañosa a exagerar la significación histórica de Aristóteles para los griegos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 352»

«There is almost a palpable element of heresy involved in making such a statement; Giorgio de Santillana remains very much a lone voice in his criticism of what he has called 'the massed power of Platonic and Aristotelian scholarship, which tends unconsciously to see the classical landscape through the eyes of its favorite authors’.»lo que Kingsley reconoce al decirlo: hay en ello un elemento casi palpable de herejía, y Giorgio de Santillana sigue siendo voz solitaria al criticar el peso masivo de la erudición platónica y aristotélica; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 352»

«But it does not need too much reflection to show the implausibility—and indeed naivety—of attaching so much importance to one single individual, or two or three, by dividing the history of ancient Greek philosophy into a 'pre-Socratic’ and a ‘post-Aristotelian’ phase and then assuming that all philosophers in the second period were merely reacting to the achievements of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle while slipping further and further into the irrationalities of late antiquity.»su argumento contra esa periodización: no hace falta mucha reflexión para ver lo inverosímil y hasta ingenuo de dividir la historia de la filosofía griega en una fase presocrática y otra posaristotélica; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 352»

«This is not to deny that Aristotle as well as Plato contributed enormously to the scope of later Greek philosophy, especially through the new language and terminology which they handed down to later generations of philosophical writers throughout the Greek-speaking Near East and Mediterranean.»la concesión que hace enseguida: Platón y Aristóteles contribuyeron enormemente al alcance de la filosofía griega posterior, sobre todo por el lenguaje y la terminología que legaron

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 352»

«What is almost invariably overlooked, however, is that the influence of this often very characteristic vocabulary may have been far more superficial than one might be led to suppose.»y lo que dice que se pasa por alto casi siempre: que la influencia de ese vocabulario característico pudo ser mucho más superficial de lo que se supone

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 353»

«Mere verbal similarities can be deceptive; superficial signs of influence or indebtedness may conceal vastly different interests and concerns.»con la advertencia: las meras semejanzas verbales engañan, y las señales superficiales de deuda pueden ocultar intereses muy distintos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 353»

«‘Terminologies may have altered and new affiliations been formed, but that is not to say they altered the underlying issues of vocation, attitude, and approach to life.»y su formulación: las terminologías pudieron cambiar y formarse afiliaciones nuevas sin que cambiaran las cuestiones de fondo de vocación, actitud y modo de vida

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 353»

«Certainly Plato and Aristotle were neither the beginning nor the be-all and end-all of ancient philosophy; and all roads did not necessarily pass through Athens.»la conclusión que Kingsley declara: ni Platón ni Aristóteles fueron el principio ni el todo de la filosofía antigua, y no todos los caminos pasaban por Atenas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 353»

«Essential to the texts in question is the idea of the philosopher not just as a magician but also as a healer.»la idea que él considera esencial en esos textos: el filósofo no solo como mago sino como sanador

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 353»

«And, to be more specific, there can be no doubting the fundamental importance of this idea of the philosopher as healer in early Pythagorean circles.»y lo que da por fuera de duda: la importancia fundamental de esa idea en los círculos pitagóricos tempranos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 354»

«One is reminded, to begin with, of the figure of Empedocles: philosopher, healer, and evidently expert in the knowledge and use of magical and medicinal herbs.»con la figura que se impone: Empédocles, filósofo, sanador y experto declarado en hierbas mágicas y medicinales

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 354»

«But to the Empedoclean evidence we also have to add the unambiguous evidence for the interrelationship between the role of philosopher and the role of healer in early Pythagoreanism itself.»y la evidencia que añade: la relación inequívoca entre el papel de filósofo y el de sanador en el propio pitagorismo temprano

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 354»

«This Pythagorean evidence takes us back to well before the time of Plato, and to some extent at least must be assumed to go back to Pythagoras himself.»con su datación: mucho antes de Platón y, al menos en parte, hasta el propio Pitágoras

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 354»

«What is more, it is clear that the type of healing and medicine involved had a great deal to do with the world of incantation, magic, and ritual.»y el carácter de esa medicina: tenía mucho que ver con el mundo de la incantación, la magia y el ritual

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 354»

«One also notes that according to the Platonic Seventh Letter even Plato, as wise man and philosopher, found himself the centre of attention for people who approached him as a human oracle assuming he could answer their questions about physical and spiritual health as well as financial gain.»el paralelo platónico que Kingsley aporta: según la Carta séptima, también Platón se vio convertido en oráculo humano por quienes le preguntaban por la salud física y espiritual y por el lucro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 355»

«The aim in these circles was plainly to bring one's own life into order, and the lives of others as well; and it is in the light of this aim that we need to understand Empedocles’ various roles as philosopher, magician, and healer.»el fin que Kingsley adjudica a esos círculos: poner en orden la propia vida y la de otros, y desde ahí hay que entender los papeles de Empédocles como filósofo, mago y sanador

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 355»

«As we have seen, it was precisely this spectrum of roles that the so-called *Neopythagoreans' continued to honour and maintain.»y lo que los llamados neopitagóricos siguieron honrando: exactamente ese espectro de papeles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 355»

«There are aspects here of early Pythagoreanism which modern scholarship has shown little interest in understanding, but which an individual such as Bolus perfectly appreciated.»lo que Kingsley reprocha a la erudición moderna: poco interés por esos aspectos del pitagorismo temprano, que Bolo apreciaba perfectamente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 355»

«In other words, in the passage of Pythagorean traditions down from Sicily and southern Italy into the Graeco-Egyptian world of later antiquity we have a line of intellectual and spiritual transmission which may not be 'philosophical' in any narrow sense, but which is of capital importance for placing Empedocles and early Pythagoreanism in their real historical setting.»la línea de transmisión que él afirma: de Sicilia y el sur de Italia al mundo grecoegipcio tardío, no filosófica en sentido estrecho y de importancia capital; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 355»

«Now we see where we should have looked for a better understanding of them: to their self-declared successors, the muchmaligned Neopythagoreans.»y dónde había que mirar, según Kingsley: a los sucesores autodeclarados, los muy denostados neopitagóricos; la capa de texto pega *muchmaligned*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 355»

«The issue of Pythagoreanism's relationship to the Hermetica has already been touched on earlier.»el asunto que Kingsley retoma: la relación del pitagorismo con los Hermetica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 355»

«The Kore Kosmou 15 one of the more exotic of the surviving Hermetic texts.»lo que dice del texto que examina: el Kore Kosmou es uno de los más exóticos entre los hermeticos conservados; la capa de texto imprime *15* por *is*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 356»

«This exotic content of the Kore Kosmou made it understandable, and to an extent even inevitable, that one very prominent feature of the text—its coupling of philosophy (philosophia) with magic (mageia )— would be interpreted as an integral aspect of such a typically Graeco-Egyptian, orientalizing milieu.»y lo que ese exotismo hizo comprensible: que su acoplamiento de filosofía y magia se leyera como rasgo de una mezcla orientalizante grecoegipcia; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 356»

«they were essential aspects of it from the very outset, even if temporarily eclipsed in certain more rationalizing and narrowly intellectual circles.»lo que Kingsley sostiene en cambio: eran aspectos esenciales desde el inicio, aunque eclipsados temporalmente en ciertos círculos racionalizadores; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 356»

«This is not all. In another place in the Kore Kosmou a list is given of the highest and noblest incarnations: ‘the most just among you, anticipating the transformation into divinity’»el segundo pasaje que aporta: la lista de las encarnaciones más altas y nobles del Kore Kosmou, con los más justos anticipando la transformación en divinidad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 356»

«The Kore Kosmou supplies explicitly what, in the case of Empedocles, was otherwise to be inferred.»lo que ese texto aporta, según Kingsley: dice explícitamente lo que en Empédocles había que inferir

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 357»

«The idea of the noblest incarnations points to Pythagoreans, and back to Empedocles in particular.»con su adjudicación: la idea de las encarnaciones más nobles apunta a los pitagóricos y en particular a Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 357»

«First, we see once again how wrong it is to suppose that Plato was the necessary route for all earlier traditions passing down to later antiquity.»la primera conclusión de método: es erróneo suponer que Platón fuera la vía necesaria de todas las tradiciones antiguas hacia la antigüedad tardía

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 358»

«to overestimate the extent of Athenian influence on the Graeco-Egyptian world; and radically to underestimate the role played both by oral tradition and by texts now lost to us in the preservation and transmission of what, for many, were not just theoretical ideas but pointers and guides to a way of life.»y sus dos errores gemelos: sobreestimar la influencia ateniense en el mundo grecoegipcio y subestimar radicalmente el papel de la tradición oral y de los textos hoy perdidos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 358»

«Second, we saw earlier on where not to look for a real understanding of Empedocles' poetry, and of the mythological and mystery traditions that underlie it and make it comprehensible: to Aristotle, l'heophrastus, and the following generations of scholars or 'doxographers who merely repeated and elaborated ad infinitum what those early Aristotelians had said.»la segunda conclusión: dónde no hay que buscar la comprensión de la poesía de Empédocles, a saber en Aristóteles, Teofrasto y los doxógrafos que los repitieron; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana y la capa de texto imprime *l’heophrastus*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 358»

«Now we are in a position to see where we can look, and need to look, for a basic appreciation of the context to Empedocles’ poetry and to the man as a whole.»y la posición desde la que Kingsley dice poder ver ahora dónde sí hay que buscar

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 359»

«In other words Empedocles' originality lay not in inventing the name, but in transposing and applying it by equating it with one of his elements—just as we saw him do earlier with Zeus, Hera, and Hades.»lo que Kingsley adjudica a la originalidad de Empédocles con Nestis: no inventar el nombre sino transponerlo al equipararlo con uno de sus elementos, como hizo con Zeus, Hera y Hades

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 361»

«There is also one further point to bear in mind in the case of Nestis. This is the well-known phenomenon in ancient Sicily of famous Greek gods and goddesses coming to be referred to by local, and unusual, names as a result of Greek colonists assimilating their own religion to the indigenous, non-Greek traditions they found on the island.»el fenómeno siciliano que pide tener presente: dioses griegos famosos llamados con nombres locales inusuales por asimilación de los colonos a la religión indígena; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 361»

«But there is one other factor here which, for our purposes, must be considered more or less decisive.»y el factor que anuncia como más o menos decisivo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 361»

«All there is to say about the etymology of the name Nestis can be said very briefly.»la brevedad con que despacha la etimología del nombre

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 362»

«However, this did not stop ingenious writers in late antiquity from coming up with more ingenious etymologies.»y lo que eso no impidió: que escritores ingeniosos de la antigüedad tardía propusieran etimologías más ingeniosas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 362»

«‘Fasting’ is all that the word can mean; that is how any straightforward Greek would have understood the word and that is how, in the absence of any indications to the contrary, we are bound to understand it.»lo que Kingsley sostiene: *ayuno* es todo lo que la palabra puede significar, y así lo habría entendido cualquier griego llano

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 362»

«None the less, to draw this simple conclusion is certainly not to say there is no more complex reason for a goddess ending up with such a strange name.»con la salvedad que él mismo pone: sacar esa conclusión simple no significa que no haya una razón más compleja para que una diosa acabe con ese nombre

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 362»

«There is in fact one other factor very often involved in situations of this kind, even though in the case of the name Nestis its relevance seems not to have been noted.»el factor que suele intervenir en casos así y cuya pertinencia dice que no se notó para Nestis

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 362»

«That is the phenomenon of double etymology: a phenomenon which occurred when Greek colonists or explorers took a foreign name and—usually by altering its pronunciation very slightly, often just modifying the sound or sequence of the vowels—transformed it into an already-existing Greek word that sounded similar.»y cuál es: la doble etimología, cuando los colonos griegos tomaban un nombre extranjero y, alterando ligeramente su pronunciación, lo convertían en una palabra griega parecida; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 362»

«From a formal point of view, as we have seen, Empedocles’ listing of divinities in fragment 6 would tend to suggest that Nestis may well be the wife and partner of Hades by analogy with the partnership of Hera and Zeus.»lo que la lista del fragmento 6 sugiere formalmente, según Kingsley: que Nestis sea esposa y pareja de Hades por analogía con Hera y Zeus

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 363»

«We know this from the Homeric Hymn to Demeter as well as from later writers, and the same connection of Persephone with fasting appears also to be referred to on the 'Orphic' plates found at Thurii: a point of particular significance considering the intimate links between these gold plates and Empedocles.»el dato del Himno homérico a Deméter y de las láminas de Turios que él aporta: la conexión de Perséfone con el ayuno; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 363»

«In fact fasting lay at the heart of the Persephone mysteries both at Eleusis and in the Greek West.»con su alcance: el ayuno estaba en el corazón de los misterios de Perséfone tanto en Eleusis como en el occidente griego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 363»

«Her abduction and forced marriage to Hades in the underworld cause fasting on earth; not only does Demeter fast during her absence, but she herself fasts until the last moment while in the company of her husband.»y el mito que lo sostiene: el rapto y el matrimonio forzado con Hades causan ayuno en la tierra, y la propia Perséfone ayuna hasta el último momento junto a su marido

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 363»

«However there is still one other factor that needs considering.»el factor adicional que Kingsley anuncia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 364»

«This has to do with Empedocles’ description of Nestis 'moistening the spring of mortals with her tears’ (δακρύοις τέγγει κρούνωμα βρότειον).»y cuál es: la descripción empedoclea de Nestis humedeciendo con sus lágrimas el manantial de los mortales, δακρύοις τέγγει κρούνωμα βρότειον

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 364»

«Details in both the legend and the ritual associated with the Persephone mysteries were notoriously subject to variation from cult centre to cult centre, not to mention from poet to poet.»la advertencia de método que introduce: los detalles de la leyenda y el ritual de los misterios de Perséfone variaban notoriamente de centro a centro y de poeta a poeta

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 364»

«We also need to remember— surprising as it may seem—that the roles and images of Persephone and Demeter were by no means always firmly differentiated, but often became blurred and sometimes indistinguishable.»y la segunda: los papeles e imágenes de Perséfone y Deméter no siempre estaban firmemente diferenciados y a menudo se volvían indistinguibles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 364»

«specific fact already mentioned: that in origin it was Persephone who had the most direct link with springs and streams.»el hecho que Kingsley recuerda: en origen era Perséfone quien tenía el vínculo más directo con manantiales y arroyos; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 365»

«In mythology she was leader of the nymphs who were the daughters of Ocean and lived in springs and streams.»con su lugar mitológico: guiaba a las ninfas hijas del Océano que vivían en fuentes y arroyos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 365»

«At Syracuse, as we have seen, according to local tradition she actually disappeared with Hades into the spring called Kyane.»el caso de Siracusa: según la tradición local desapareció con Hades en la fuente llamada Kyane

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 365»

«Ritual links between this spring and Persephone herself were, here again, very close: when animals were dropped into the spring as sacrifices, they were dropped in as sacrifices to Persephone.»y su ritual: los animales que se echaban a la fuente se sacrificaban a Perséfone

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 365»

«Later writers certainly offer a wealth of stories personifying the spring as a nymph called Kyane who was transformed into water, according to most versions while trying to prevent Persephone from being abducted by Hades.»los relatos tardíos que personifican la fuente como una ninfa Kyane transformada en agua al intentar impedir el rapto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 365»

«Here, too, we find the idea that the spring was created from her tears.»con la idea que también aparece ahí: que la fuente naciera de sus lágrimas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 365»

«But even in these stories Kyane belongs firmly to Persephone's entourage; and the sheer variety of them together with the overlap of functions ascribed to Persephone and Kyane—as for example in the theme of Kyane herself being raped, like her mistress—tends to suggest that behind the poetic elaborations the nymph may have been little more than a doublet of Persephone herself.»y lo que Kingsley infiere de la variedad de esos relatos y del solapamiento de funciones: que detrás de la elaboración poética hay algo más; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 365»

«At the famous cult-centre near Andania in Messenia we again find an explicit link between Persephone and the spring of water on which the mysteries focused.»el segundo caso: en el centro de culto cercano a Andania, en Mesenia, hay vínculo explícito entre Perséfone y el manantial en que se centraban los misterios

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 365»

«Significantly, she is referred to in the inscriptional evidence not by name but as Hagne or ‘Holy’: one of Persephone's more familiar cult titles.»con el detalle significativo: la evidencia epigráfica no la nombra sino que la llama Hagne, *Santa*, uno de sus títulos de culto más familiares

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 365»

«The connection here is so close that the spring has in recent times been referred to, mistakenly, as ‘the spring Hagne' and actually identified with Persephone.»y el efecto de esa cercanía: en tiempos recientes se ha llamado por error *la fuente Hagne* y se la ha identificado con Perséfone

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 365»

«But in fact our ancient sources are only clear about the point that the spring rose up directly alongside the statue of Persephone-Hagne and was»mientras que las fuentes antiguas, según Kingsley, solo son claras en que el manantial brotaba junto a la estatua de Perséfone-Hagne; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 365»

«What is more, in the case of Empedocles such secrecy can hardly be considered unexpected: we find much the same type of religious reticence in the way Parmenides presents his own underworld goddess—and in fact, as Burkert has pointed out, this allusiveness on the part of Parmenides has a close parallel of its own in the allusive reference to Persephone as 'Hagne' in the mysteries»lo que Kingsley considera esperable en Empédocles: la misma reticencia religiosa con que Parménides presenta su propia diosa del inframundo, con un paralelo estrecho que Burkert señaló; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 366»

«The evidence brings us almost full circle, with the details sliding into place to produce a remarkably coherent picture.»el estado de la evidencia según él: casi cierra el círculo, con los detalles encajando en un cuadro notablemente coherente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 366»

«The coupling of Nestis with Hades, the meaning of her name, her connection with tears, springs, and streams, and even Empedocles’ allusive style all point—due allowance made for the factor of secrecy—to the very probable conclusion that Nestis was a cult title for Persephone.»y su conclusión, marcada como muy probable: el acoplamiento con Hades, el sentido del nombre, las lágrimas, los manantiales y el estilo alusivo apuntan a que Nestis fuera un título de culto de Perséfone

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 366»

«There could be few things less surprising than to find Persephone being given such an important place as one of the four elements in Empedocles’ teaching.»con su falta de sorpresa: pocas cosas serían menos sorprendentes que Perséfone ocupando ese lugar entre los cuatro elementos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 366»

«Equating the four elements with two divine couples—Zeus and Hera, Hades and Persephone— may seem insignificant from a modern philosophical point of view; however, it provides a surprisingly vivid example of a phenomenon studied in detail by Carl Jung and referred to by him as the ‘marriage quaternio’.»el paralelo que Kingsley introduce con reserva: equiparar los cuatro elementos con dos parejas divinas puede parecer insignificante para la filosofía moderna y da un ejemplo vívido de lo que Jung llamó el *cuaternio matrimonial*; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 367»

«In fact, as we have seen, the husband of Persephone—the element of water—was the element of fire.»el dato que Kingsley recuerda: el marido de Perséfone, elemento agua, era el elemento fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 368»

«Just how appropriate this ascription of water and fire to an underworld couple is, becomes clear as soon as we turn back to the point from which we began:»y lo apropiado de adjudicar agua y fuego a una pareja del inframundo, que se ve al volver al punto de partida

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 368»

«To quote again Strabo's succinct statement, already cited for its relevance to Empedocles' teaching about the elements, 'the entire island is hollow beneath the earth, filled with rivers and fire'.»con la frase de Estrabón que vuelve a citar: la isla entera es hueca bajo la tierra, llena de ríos y de fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 368»

«Similarly, in the Sicilian-based myth at the end of his Phaedo Plato repeatedly emphasizes that the underworld consists of vast rivers of water and fire:»y el paralelo platónico: en el mito siciliano del final del Fedón, el inframundo consta de vastos ríos de agua y de fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 368»

«In short, in these streams of water and fire we have all the basic materials»lo que Kingsley encuentra en esas corrientes: todos los materiales básicos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 368»

«First, in his world-scheme Empedocles portrayed the subterranean water as lying above the subterranean fire:»la primera precisión que añade: en el esquema del mundo de Empédocles el agua subterránea está encima del fuego subterráneo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 369»

«Second, another cyclical phenomenon in Sicily coincides rather well from a seasonal point of view with the traditional times of Persephone's stay on earth,»y la segunda: otro fenómeno cíclico siciliano coincide bien, desde el punto de vista estacional, con los tiempos tradicionales de la estancia de Perséfone en la tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 369»

«However easy it 15 to justify Empedocles’ equation of elements with gods from a geological or geographical point of view, we need also to give due emphasis to another aspect of the matter which, if anything, is even more crucial.»el límite que Kingsley pone a la justificación geológica: por fácil que sea justificar la ecuación desde la geografía, hay otro aspecto aún más crucial; la capa de texto imprime *15* por *is*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 369»

«Making the element of water—including, by implication, the water of the seas»la idea que Kingsley llama llamativa: hacer del elemento agua, incluida la de los mares, las lágrimas de una divinidad; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada a nota, que la capa de texto rinde como dos asteriscos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 367»

«That—with the extent, and nature, of the evidence at our disposal—is as far as we can go.»la abstención con que Kingsley cierra el capítulo de Nestis: con el alcance y la naturaleza de la evidencia disponible, hasta ahí puede llegarse

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 370»

«Even though it is possible to guess fairly safely at who she was, the identity of Empedocles Nestis remains—significantly enough—shrouded in uncertainty.»y su formulación: aunque se pueda conjeturar con bastante seguridad quién era, la identidad de la Nestis de Empédocles queda velada de incertidumbre, y eso es significativo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 371»

«The fact that this pseudo-Empedocles has the seal of approval of Aristotle and Theophrastus is neither here nor there.»lo que Kingsley dice del sello de aprobación de Aristóteles y Teofrasto sobre el pseudo-Empédocles: no viene al caso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 372»

«It has the seal of their approval because it is to a very large extent the product of Aristotle and Theophrastus: a faithful reflection of their particular interests, interpretations, and concerns.»y por qué: lo tiene porque en gran medida es producto de ellos, reflejo fiel de sus intereses e interpretaciones

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 372»

«Modern writers on Empedocles invariably take Aristotle's and Theophrastus' treatments of him as the starting-point for their own accounts of his philosophy on the grounds that these are the most reliable and relevant sources of information available.»la práctica que él registra en los autores modernos: tomar los tratamientos de Aristóteles y Teofrasto como punto de partida por tenerlos por las fuentes más fiables

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 372»

Sobre la obra

242 entradas — lo que el aparato y la investigación dicen de ella

«I would like to mention in particular Sir John Boardman, Archbishop Norair Bogharian, Mary Boyce, Walter Burkert, Michel Chodkiewicz,»la lista de agradecimientos del prefacio, que nombra entre otros a Sir John Boardman, al arzobispo Norair Bogharian, a Mary Boyce, a Walter Burkert y a Michel Chodkiewicz; el tramo se corta donde el prefacio sigue enumerando

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 9»

«But above all my thanks go to Martin West, for always being there ready to help at every stage in the writing of this book.»la deuda que Kingsley pone por encima de todas: Martin West, disponible en cada etapa de la escritura

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 9»

«The Kimbell Art Museum, Texas, has given permission to reproduce on the cover the detail from Salvator Rosa's Pythagoras Emerging from the Underworld (1662).»la procedencia de la ilustración de cubierta, que el prefacio declara: un detalle de Pythagoras Emerging from the Underworld (1662) de Salvator Rosa, con permiso del Kimbell Art Museum

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 9»

«but its lack of historical value was already seen by Bidez acentury ago»Kingsley recoge que Bidez ya había señalado un siglo antes la falta de valor histórico de ese informe aristotélico; la capa de texto pega *acentury*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 13»

«On the other hand, since the publication of Cherniss's work on Aristotle and the Presocratics in 1935 there has been a deeper awareness not only of the fact that Aristotle and his school were frequently capable of misinterpreting the Presocratics at a very fundamental level, but also of the fact that he and his followers systematically used deliberate misunderstanding and ‘shameless’ misrepresentation as a way of silencing their predecessors.»la otra mitad de la crisis según Kingsley: desde el trabajo de Cherniss sobre Aristóteles y los presocráticos, de 1935, se sabe que Aristóteles y su escuela malinterpretaban a fondo y que usaban el malentendido deliberado como recurso; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 15»

«To quote a recent writer, It is not words which are of interest but interpretations.»la cita con que Kingsley ejemplifica la posición contraria, de un autor reciente que él no nombra en el cuerpo: lo que interesa no son las palabras sino las interpretaciones

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 16»

«There is no way that one can cut through the layers to some 'objective truth' about the meaning of the ‘fragments’.»segunda frase de esa misma cita: no habría manera de atravesar las capas hasta una verdad objetiva sobre el sentido de los fragmentos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 16»

«When it comes to the Presocratics, scholars have no justification for asserting that what [any ancient authority] saw in the text was not there or was incorrect as a reading of that text.»tercera frase: los estudiosos no tendrían justificación para afirmar que lo que una autoridad antigua vio en el texto no estaba ahí

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 16»

«No subsequent reading based on the words they quote can have greater validity than their own readings.»y la conclusión de esa posición: ninguna lectura posterior podría tener más validez que la de quienes citaron las palabras

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 16»

«Millerd herself can be excused for not being aware that, already for a few years before the publication of her work, the slumbering giant of quantum physics had been starting to come alive.»Kingsley disculpa a Millerd por no haber sabido, en 1908, que la física cuántica ya despertaba

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 20»

«But there is no excusing classical scholars today for ignoring the developments in scientific theory and practice throughout the twentieth century, and continuing to pursue their own specialized interests apparently unaware of the fact that many people at the forefront of contemporary science are no longer able to accept that distinguishing between mind and matter represents n Millerd 1-2, 79-81.»y niega esa disculpa a los clasicistas de hoy, que siguen ignorando la teoría y la práctica científicas del siglo XX; el tramo arrastra la llamada a nota *n Millerd 1-2, 79-81.* porque la nota está dentro del cuerpo en la capa de texto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 20»

«In 1908 Clara Millerd published her study On the Interpretation of Empedocles. In it she described Empedocles’ philosophy as belonging to the ‘first bungling attempts' to understand the universe: to a stage of 'tentative blundering’ in which man was ‘almost ready'—but, intellectual infant that he was, still unable—to arrive at the fundamental distinction between mind and matter.»el ejemplo que Kingsley toma de Clara Millerd, que en 1908 describió la filosofía de Empédocles como uno de los primeros intentos torpes de entender el universo, con el hombre todavía incapaz de distinguir mente y materia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 20»

«Writers of the most recent full-scale studies of Empedocles are agreed in favouring the tradition that equates Zeus with fire, Hera with air, and Hades with earth.»los autores de los estudios de conjunto más recientes sobre Empédocles coinciden, según Kingsley, en la tradición que hace a Zeus fuego, a Hera aire y a Hades tierra

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 26»

«Modern proponents of an ancient tradition, they are quick to argue that its age is an indication of its reliability—even though there was more than one tradition in antiquity and both cannot be right.»la objeción de Kingsley a ese consenso: se invoca la antigüedad de la tradición como garantía de fiabilidad, cuando en la antigüedad hubo más de una y las dos no pueden ser correctas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 26»

«As for the nineteenth-century alternative, it is dismissed as a superfluous innovation.»y lo que ese consenso hace con la alternativa decimonónica: descartarla como innovación superflua

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 26»

«That Parmenides equated aither and fire is assumed without question by e.g. Diels, Parmenides: Lehrgedicht (Berlin, 1897), 108;»Kingsley consigna que Diels, en su Parmenides: Lehrgedicht de 1897, da por supuesta sin discusión la ecuación *aither*-fuego en Parménides; el escaneo imprime *azther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 30»

«On Anaxagoras’ presumed equation of atther with fire see Kingsley (1995a),»y remite a un trabajo propio de 1995 para la supuesta ecuación en Anaxágoras; el escaneo imprime *atther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 30»

«O'Brien has carefully assembled the evidence indicating that Empedocles described a massive storm of the elements which occurred when they were being separated out at the start of our world.»la evidencia que O’Brien reunió, según Kingsley, sobre la tormenta masiva de los elementos que Empédocles describió al separarse estos al inicio del mundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 34»

«This rules out changing the text of ps.- Plutarch so as to make it read ‘heaven was created out of atther (and fire)’ (Bignone 342 n. 1), as does the fact that the alteration destroys the obvious parallelism between heaven/aither and sun/fire.»la enmienda de Bignone al texto del pseudo-Plutarco que Kingsley descarta, porque además destruye el paralelismo entre cielo/*aither* y sol/fuego; el escaneo imprime *atther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 31»

«31 On wind in Empedocles as a phenomenon created by interreaction between the elements, see Olymp. Jn Meteora 102.1-3 Stüve = Emp. A64; Bollack, iii. 300-1. Cf. also Lucr. 1.759—62, 5.434-48, 6.366-78; Lucr. 5.495-505, with its contrast between the disorderly tumult of storms and the regular motion of the atther above, untouched by the turmoil below, is very probably a reminiscence of Empedocles—except that whereas Lucretius merges the aither and fire, for Empedocles the region of aither is above the region of fire.»la nota en que Kingsley reúne su aparato sobre el viento en Empédocles —Olimpiodoro, Bollack y varios pasajes de Lucrecio—, con el contraste lucreciano entre el tumulto de las tormentas y el movimiento regular del *atther* de arriba

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 35»

«Philo's statement that the fire 'grew (acec'aw) to become the rays of the sun' also derives from genuine Empedoclean material: cf. B41 with Macrobius ad loc., B48, and Kingsley (1994).»y la nota en que deriva de material empedocleo genuino la frase de Filón sobre el fuego que *creció* hasta ser los rayos del sol, con el griego tal como lo imprime la capa de texto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 35»

«Instead of “Titan and aither’ they, along with all subsequent translators, understood the Greek as meaning ‘and Titan azther’; and Diels, assuming not only that Titan here alludes to the sun but also that a:her means fire, explained the words in conjunction as referring to the sun.*»la lectura de Diels que Kingsley discute: entendió el griego como y Titán *aither*, supuso que Titán alude al sol y que *aither* significa fuego, y explicó ambas palabras como referidas al sol; el escaneo imprime *azther* y *a:her*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 37»

«As has often been noted, Porphyry's account is not explicit as to what goes back to Theagenes himself, and it obviously contains elements of Stoic elaboration:»la cautela que Kingsley recoge de la discusión previa: el informe de Porfirio no explicita qué se remonta a Teágenes y contiene elaboración estoica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 38»

«In determining what is what, it is essential to bear in mind the shift in meaning of aer—from mist in Theagenes' time to one of the four elements for the Stoics.»y el criterio que él propone para separarlas: tener presente el desplazamiento de sentido de *aer*, de niebla en tiempos de Teágenes a elemento para los estoicos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 38»

«An attempt has been made to explain this apparent inconsistency in terminology as due to the fact that where the word aer is used it refers to air inside the clepsydra, surrounded and—so it is claimed—affected by water.»la explicación ajena que Kingsley recoge para la aparente inconsistencia terminológica: que *aer* se refiera al aire dentro de la clepsidra, rodeado y afectado por el agua

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 39»

«The explanation is forced, and contradicted by the text itself.'*»y su respuesta: la explicación es forzada y el propio texto la contradice

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 39»

«Our earlier examination of the way that Aristotle tended to substitute the term aer for Empedocles’ airther makes Burnet’s explanation even more convincing;»según Kingsley, lo ya visto sobre la sustitución aristotélica vuelve más convincente la explicación de Burnet; el escaneo imprime *airther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 39»

«Add to this the further fact, also noted by Burnet, that the form aeros as given for the one occurrence of the word in the fragment cannot be correct (Empedocles would have used the epic form eeros) and there are no possible grounds for retaining the manuscript reading.»el dato adicional de Burnet que Kingsley suma: la forma *aeros* no puede ser correcta —Empédocles habría usado la forma épica *eeros*—, de modo que no hay base para conservar la lectura manuscrita

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 39»

«Stein emended it to aıtheros in 1852; he was clearly correct.!*»y la enmienda que Kingsley suscribe: la de Stein, de 1852, que leyó *aitheros*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 39»

«O'Brien 291-2. His specific idea that the aither ‘still has fire mixed with it’ which— when the clepsydra is submerged—is ‘lost to the surrounding water’ so that ‘we have only aer not azther’ is certainly wrong, based on the false explanation of azther as a mixture of air and fire.»la propuesta de O’Brien que Kingsley rechaza —que el *aither* conserve fuego mezclado y lo pierda al sumergirse la clepsidra—, por descansar en la falsa explicación del *aither* como mezcla de aire y fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 39»

«But even to suppose that atther (pure air) becomes aer (air mixed with water) as a result of the immersion would be implausible: the air in 13 is hermetically sealed off from the surrounding water by the girl’s pretty hand.»y el segundo motivo de ese rechazo: el aire del fragmento 13 queda herméticamente aislado del agua por la mano de la muchacha; el escaneo imprime *atther*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 39»

«Burnet was almost certainly correct in his account of the manuscript reading: Aristotle simply ‘made a slip’ at this point»la explicación de Burnet que Kingsley da por casi con seguridad correcta: Aristóteles cometió un desliz al citar el fragmento; el tramo se corta en el límite de chunk, sin cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 39»

«However, as I have noted elsewhere,” not only is the mention here of aer in any sense at all linguistically impossible and certainly wrong: it does not even have any manuscript authority, and is no more than an unfortunate emendation of a text which was correctly restored—and explained— by the elder Scaliger in the sixteenth century.»la enmienda que Kingsley rechaza: la mención de *aer* es lingüísticamente imposible, carece de autoridad manuscrita y corrige un texto que el Escalígero mayor ya había restituido y explicado en el siglo XVI; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 40»

«At 86.37—8 (2.61 ad init.) Alexander explicitly reiterates that he is following Empedocles here.»la nota con que Kingsley apuntala la adjudicación: en 86.37-8 Alejandro reitera explícitamente que ahí sigue a Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 43»

«It is worth noting that the word ἰκμάς is used specifically of sweat (Arist. De partibus animalium 668°4) and of moisture that, like perspiration, is prone to evaporate (Halleux 72 nn. 35-6).»la nota en que Kingsley apuntala el sentido del griego ἰκμάς, usado específicamente del sudor en Aristóteles y de la humedad que tiende a evaporarse

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 45»

«There is a general tendency to restrict the early philosophical use of ἰκμάς to Diogenes of Apollonia and Ionia (so e.g. Guthrie, ii. 374 n. 4), but this is misleading:»y la nota en que objeta a Guthrie y a otros la tendencia a restringir el uso filosófico temprano de ἰκμάς a Diógenes de Apolonia y a Jonia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 45»

«The most influential defence of it in modern times has been Rohde's; but his appeal to 'definite tradition' in favour of the interpretation—by which he means definite Neoplatonic tradition—remains a remarkable example of historical naivety.»la defensa moderna más influyente de la lectura alegórica, la de Rohde, que Kingsley califica de ingenuidad histórica notable por apelar a una *tradición definida* que es tradición neoplatónica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 49»

«However, there are two points worth noting in passing.»el aviso con que Kingsley enmarca sus dos observaciones de paso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 49»

«Second, it 15 more than a little ironic that the two scholars who have supported this interpretation most effectively in recent years did so immediately after criticizing at length the common failure among modern writers on Plato's Gorgias to distinguish—as sources for the myth contained in that work— between the original storyteller whom Plato refers to, and the allegorical interpreter of the story whom Plato»la ironía que registra en los dos estudiosos que sostuvieron esa interpretación con más eficacia, justo después de criticar la confusión entre el relato original y sus fuentes en el Gorgias; el tramo se corta a media palabra al pasar de plana y la capa de texto pega *storyt*; la capa imprime *it 15* por *it is*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 49»

«and, in particular, Plotinus’ excessive need to qualify himself even when mentioning Plato puts a very different complexion on Rohde's reference to 'definite tradition’, or Dodds’s appeal to ‘ancient authority’.»la relectura que Kingsley hace de esas apelaciones a la autoridad: la necesidad excesiva de Plotino de matizarse incluso al citar a Platón cambia el color de la *tradición definida* de Rohde y de la *autoridad antigua* de Dodds; el tramo arrastra el encabezado corrido *The Riddle 90* porque el folio y el título van dentro del cuerpo en la capa de texto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 51»

«We are told with great assurance that 'there is no place for the House of Hades in the cosmology of Empedocles: the true realm of death is this existence on earth', and that Empedocles must not be considered a shaman because he ‘does not even descend to the Underworld’ like any decent shaman would.»las dos afirmaciones ajenas que Kingsley cita con su tono de certeza: que no hay lugar para la Casa de Hades en la cosmología de Empédocles y que no cabe tenerlo por chamán porque no desciende al inframundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 52»

«These assertions appear in their true light when set against a line of Empedocles which, not without embarrassment on account of its content, Diels tucked away at the end of the cosmological poem even though it almost certainly belongs at the beginning.»y el gesto editorial de Diels que Kingsley opone: relegó al final del poema cosmológico, no sin incomodidad por su contenido, una línea que casi con seguridad pertenece al principio

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 52»

«In particular, he correctly emphasized the Neoplatonic tendency to explain whatever was enigmatic in any other philosopher apart from Plato—as well as whatever was enigmatic in Plato himself—on the basis of Platonic principles and»el acierto que Kingsley reconoce en ese mismo autor: haber subrayado la tendencia neoplatónica a explicar lo enigmático de cualquier otro filósofo, y del propio Platón, con principios platónicos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 51»

«Application of Zeus' epithet 'cloud-gatherer' to air is one obvious hint which Bollack was forced to ignore because he wrongly equated Zeus with fire: "The epithet usually associated with the name of Zeus is attributed to an element which, according to Empedocles, does not belong to him.»la pista que Bollack, según Kingsley, se vio forzado a ignorar por equiparar Zeus con el fuego, con su propia frase: el epíteto asociado a Zeus queda atribuido a un elemento que no le pertenece

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 56»

«It is impossible to see what meaning it had.’”»y el remate de esa misma frase de Bollack: sería imposible ver qué significado tenía

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 56»

«As Guthrie has said, ‘the epithet applied to Hera immediately suggests the fruitful earth’.»la formulación de Guthrie que Kingsley suscribe: el epíteto aplicado a Hera sugiere de inmediato la tierra fecunda

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 57»

«Bollack claimed that Hades 'est le dieu chtonien, trés exactement'.»la formulación de Bollack que Kingsley discute, en su francés original: Hades sería el dios ctónico, exactamente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 58»

«The common etymology of Hades as meaning ‘invisible’ (Pl. Gorg. 493b, Crat. 403a, 404b, Phd. 80d with Burnet ad loc.; Heracl. Alleg. 74.6) is of course just one expression of this idea, not its cause.»la nota en que Kingsley sitúa la etimología corriente de Hades como *invisible*, con sus lugares en Platón y en Heráclito el alegorista: expresión de la idea, no su causa

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 59»

«That Diels, along with practically all subsequent writers, was so taken in by this device that he tried to ascribe the equation of Hera with air and Hades with earth both to Theophrastus and to Empedocles is one of the lesser ironies of Empedoclean scholarship.»la ironía que Kingsley registra en Diels y en casi todos los autores posteriores: quedaron tan tomados por ese recurso que adjudicaron la ecuación Hera-aire y Hades-tierra a la vez a Teofrasto y a Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 60»

«Instead, he made the mistake of failing to realize that Empedocles’ hemisphere of blazing fire was no more than a past stage in the history of the universe.»el error que Kingsley adjudica a ese autor: no ver que el hemisferio de fuego ardiente de Empédocles era solo una etapa pasada en la historia del universo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 62»

«His error was easy enough to make: there is no lack of examples of writers in antiquity misunderstanding accounts,»y la disculpa que Kingsley le concede: el error era fácil de cometer, porque abundan los casos de autores antiguos que malentendieron informes de autores anteriores; el tramo se corta en el límite de chunk, sin cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 62»

«Modern commentators have noted that the reference to these ‘shoots’ of humanity as ‘benighted’ has a very pointed significance: these prototypes of mankind were raised up out of the earth at a time when our sun did not yet exist and there was no such thing as daylight.»lo que los comentaristas modernos han señalado, según Kingsley, sobre los *brotes* de humanidad llamados *entenebrecidos*: se alzaron de la tierra cuando el sol aún no existía y no había luz de día

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 63»

«It has also been noted that Empedocles' choice of vocabulary at this point appears to hint that these ancestors of humanity arose out of a place in the depths of the earth equivalent to what is now known as the underworld—the world presided over by Hades.*»y la segunda observación que recoge de ellos: el vocabulario de Empédocles insinúa que esos antepasados surgieron de un lugar en las profundidades equivalente al inframundo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 63»

«The one person who, since Ruska's edition in 1931, has seen the need to retain the manuscript reading has been Carl Jung.»la excepción que Kingsley registra desde la edición de Ruska de 1931: Carl Jung fue el único en ver la necesidad de conservar la lección manuscrita

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 69»

«Owing to his familiarity with alchemical literature he was quick to realize that the strange idea of the sun growing out of the middle of the earth was fundamental to alchemical doctrine.»y por qué, según Kingsley: su trato con la literatura alquímica le hizo ver enseguida que la idea del sol creciendo del centro de la tierra era fundamental en esa doctrina

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 69»

«However, as Martin Plessner was the first to point out in detail, the process by which certain doctrines are put into the mouths of certain Presocratic philosophers in the opening section of the work is far from arbitrary.»lo que Martin Plessner fue el primero en mostrar en detalle, según Kingsley: la adjudicación de doctrinas a presocráticos en la sección inicial de la obra dista de ser arbitraria

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 70»

«He managed to show that the views ascribed in the Turba to the various Presocratics often correspond both to ideas attributed to them by the Greek ‘doxographers’ and to the statements of the Presocratics themselves as preserved in the surviving fragments»y lo que consiguió demostrar: que las opiniones que la Turba adjudica a los presocráticos corresponden a menudo con lo que les atribuyen los doxógrafos griegos y con los propios fragmentos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 70»

«There is no real chance that the author of the work is identical with the Alexandrian Neoplatonist called Olympiodorus; and yet the kind of reasons often put forward by those reluctant to attribute the work to the Neoplatonist are significantly wide of the mark, revealing more about modern attitudes to alchemical literature than anything else.»la adjudicación que Kingsley descarta y a la vez matiza: el autor del texto no es el neoplatónico Olimpiodoro, pero las razones que suelen darse para negarlo revelan más sobre las actitudes modernas ante la literatura alquímica que sobre el texto; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 72»

«It is only too easy, for instance, to dismiss the subject of alchemy as ‘nebulous’, ‘eccentric’, and an unsuitable interest for a ‘philosopher’ —in spite of the plain evidence for ‘eccentric’ interests on the part of Neoplatonists, and in spite of the fact that there is much 'about late antique Alexandria to suggest that its intellectual atmosphere was more»lo que Kingsley considera demasiado fácil: descartar la alquimia como nebulosa, excéntrica e impropia de un filósofo, pese a la evidencia de intereses excéntricos entre los neoplatónicos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 72»

«certain scholars have dismissed the author of the alchemical Olympiodorus text as 'some muddle-headed charlatan' because he supposedly took his information about the Presocratics from two brief passages in Aristotle and then ‘completely distorted’ and ‘corrupted beyond recognition’ what Aristotle had said.”»la condena ajena que Kingsley cita textualmente: que el autor del Olimpiodoro alquímico sea un charlatán confuso por haber tomado su información de dos pasajes de Aristóteles y haberla corrompido más allá de reconocimiento

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 73»

«As Reitzenstein already saw and stated over seventy years ago, this work of Olympiodorus is just one of the»lo que Reitzenstein había visto y dicho más de setenta años antes, según Kingsley; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 73»

«Plessner well noted the close analogies between the initial sections of the work and the details of Presocratic 'doxography' preserved for us by Hippolytus of Rome;? but he also noted respects in which the 7urba relied on doxographic sources independent of what we find in Hippolytus.»lo que Plessner notó bien, según Kingsley: las analogías estrechas con la doxografía presocrática de Hipólito de Roma, y también que la Turba se apoyó en fuentes independientes de él; la capa de texto imprime *7urba*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 74»

«This criticism οἱ Plessner might, possibly, have had some force if we possessed all the doxographic texts ever written or circulated in antiquity; but that is far from being the case.»la objeción a Plessner que Kingsley considera sin fuerza: valdría solo si poseyéramos todos los textos doxográficos escritos en la antigüedad, lo que dista de ser el caso; la capa de texto imprime *οἱ* por *of*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 74»

«Plessner was at his least successful in dealing with this particular speech; Ruska had already pointed out that the doctrine of water inside the earth was a genuine item of Empedocles' teaching, but he overlooked even that.»donde Plessner estuvo menos afortunado según Kingsley: en este discurso, pasando por alto incluso que Ruska ya había señalado que la doctrina del agua dentro de la tierra era enseñanza genuina de Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 75»

«Rudolph (105, referring to Ref. 1.7.6) noted that the same Hippolytus passage mentions the distance of the stars in connection with changes of temperature on earth; but as Rudolph admitted, it only mentions the link between stars and weather so as to deny it—and of a positive link between seasons and sun there is no mention at all.»la objeción de Kingsley a Rudolph: el pasaje de Hipólito que aduce menciona el vínculo entre astros y clima solo para negarlo, y del vínculo positivo entre estaciones y sol no dice nada; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 75»

«The priority given to earth and water (82.22-83.26 Plessner) is, in particular, hardly a coincidence: cf. Xenophanes,»y la nota en que Kingsley niega que sea casual la prioridad dada a tierra y agua en la edición de Plessner, remitiendo a Jenófanes; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 75»

«The association of Hades and fire is (as Jean Letrouit has pointed out to me) already implicit in Zosimus' On Virtue»la nota en que Kingsley acredita a Jean Letrouit haberle señalado que la asociación de Hades y fuego ya está implícita en el On Virtue de Zósimo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 80»

«However, Bignone has refuted nothing. Empedocles emphasized how much fire (πολλά) there is underneath the earth, Bignone emphasized how little (‘piccola’).»la objeción de Bignone que Kingsley niega: Empédocles subrayaba cuánto fuego hay bajo la tierra —πολλά— y Bignone subrayaba qué poco, *piccola*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 84»

«It should hardly need saying that this distinction is meaningless and totally artificial.»y su veredicto sobre esa distinción: carente de sentido y del todo artificial

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 84»

«It is simply a question of whom we prefer to follow.»la fórmula con que Kingsley deja al lector ante las dos lecturas: es cuestión de a quién se prefiera seguir

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 84»

«Characteristic of this attitude is the assertion that In Empedocles' naturalistic theology the names [of gods given to the elements] have only a secondary significance, and they exhibit a great variety in the terms used;»la posición ajena que Kingsley cita como característica: que en la teología naturalista de Empédocles los nombres de dioses dados a los elementos tengan solo significación secundaria y varíen mucho

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 87»

«All that is important is the fact that they are considered to be gods.»y su remate: lo único importante sería que se los considere dioses

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 87»

«the consensus of modern opinion in interpreting the Phaedo myth has been that Plato put all the details together from various sources, imaginatively harmonized them, and then added the real-life allusion to Sicilian volcanoes as a touch of 'scientific colouring'—based no doubt on personal observations he made during his earlier visit to Sicily—so as to give a practical, tangible dimension to the story as a whole?»el consenso moderno que Kingsley expone antes de discutirlo: que Platón armonizó detalles de fuentes diversas y añadió la alusión a los volcanes sicilianos como toque de color científico; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 93»

«One writer even cites the myth's obvious reference to Etna as a perfect example of Plato's style of composition, because it shows the 'reckless freedom' with which he converted his observation of the volcano into grist for the mythical mill.»el ejemplo que Kingsley toma de un autor que no nombra ahí: la referencia al Etna como muestra de la *libertad temeraria* con que Platón convertía su observación en materia mítica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 93»

«The term ‘scientific colouring’ is Guthrie's, (1952), 168; he adds that ‘no one but Plato has made it [the Phaedo myth] into the wonderful imaginative whole which we find it to be'—a claim we will better be able to judge the accuracy of later on.»la nota en que Kingsley adjudica a Guthrie el término *color científico* y recoge su afirmación de que nadie salvo Platón hizo del mito del Fedón el todo imaginativo que es, con la reserva de que la exactitud de esa afirmación se juzgará después

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 93»

«Frutiger (68-4) tried to distinguish between what in the Phaedo myth may derive from scientific observations made by Plato during his journeys and what simply belongs to the category of ‘myth’; but, all other factors apart, the ancient reports of Plato conducting 'scientific observations' on his travels have virtually no historical value whatever.»y la nota sobre Frutiger, que intentó separar en el mito lo procedente de observaciones científicas de viaje y lo puramente mítico, con la objeción de Kingsley de que los informes antiguos sobre esas observaciones apenas se sostienen; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 93»

«The general answer we are given, on the basis of some perilously superficial reasoning, is that the idea is ‘distinctively Ionian’ as opposed to ‘Western’ or Pythagorean.»la respuesta general que Kingsley registra y califica de razonamiento peligrosamente superficial: que la idea sea distintivamente jonia y no occidental ni pitagórica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 96»

«For change in the colour of Sicily's waters cf. also Macr. Sat. 5.19.27 = Polemon, fr. 83 Preller.»la nota en que Kingsley remite a Macrobio y a Polemón para el cambio de color de las aguas de Sicilia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 96»

«Burnet was considerably more alert than other commentators to the possibility of a Sicilian colouring to Plato's myth, and yet when he came to comment on the passage describing a 'vast region burning with much fire’ he suggested that Plato was basing his account on voyagers' reports about the Senegal.”»la propuesta de Burnet que Kingsley discute: más atento que otros al colorido siciliano del mito, sugirió sin embargo que la región ardiente venía de informes de viajeros sobre el Senegal

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 98»

«A few modern writers have insisted on making the ‘someone’ purely fictional, explaining the cosmological theories which Plato specifically attributes to this unnamed person as being the creation either of Socrates or of Plato himself.»la posición de unos pocos autores modernos que Kingsley registra: hacer del *alguien* una figura puramente ficticia y adjudicar sus teorías a Sócrates o al propio Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 101»

«The idea of a spherical earth as presented in this section of the Phaedo undoubtedly goes back to Parmenides (Kahn 115-18, Guthrie, 11. 64-5, Burkert 308—6, Furley 24-6); but—regardless of whether Parmenides originated the idea or adopted it from earlier Pythagoreanism— by Plato's time it was taken for granted in Pythagorean circles.»la nota en que Kingsley reúne el aparato sobre el origen parmenídeo de la tierra esférica —Kahn, Guthrie, Burkert, Furley— y sostiene que en tiempos de Platón se daba por sentada en medios pitagóricos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 101»

«Calder's view (loc. cit.) that the sphericity of the earth was unknown to the Presocratics is untenable: above, n. 5.»y la nota en que declara insostenible la tesis de Calder de que la esfericidad de la tierra fuera desconocida para los presocráticos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 101»

«Almost without exception scholars have slid over this idea of a true earth on the assumption that it is a concept invented by Plato himself.»lo que Kingsley señala como casi unánime entre los estudiosos: pasar por encima de la idea de una tierra verdadera dándola por invención del propio Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 103»

«Clement's statement (loc. cit.; as usual in his time, ‘heaven’ here plainly means heaven of the fixed stars) that the Pythagoreans equated counter-earth with heaven has a close affinity with Gnostic exegesis, but is also related to the idea of the fixed stars as worlds with earths or as one single earth»la nota en que Kingsley relaciona la afirmación de Clemente sobre la contratierra pitagórica con la exégesis gnóstica y con la idea de las estrellas fijas como mundos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 104»

«Wehrli's attempt (99, ad loc.) to restrict the meaning of asteres here to planets as opposed to stars is not only forced but clearly wrong—cf. W. Kroll,»y la nota en que objeta a Wehrli el intento de restringir *asteres* a planetas frente a estrellas, que llama forzado y claramente erróneo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 104»

«Anaxagoras' name is invariably cited when discussing the idea of an inhabited moon before Plato's time, but Guthrie's warnings are almost certainly sound (ibid. 247-8,»la nota en que recoge la cautela de Guthrie sobre la cita habitual de Anaxágoras a propósito de una luna habitada antes de Platón; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 104»

«Wilamowitz warned—sensibly as so often—against projecting the straightforward political motives behind Plato's subsequent visits to Sicily back on to the first one;»la advertencia de Wilamowitz que Kingsley considera sensata: no proyectar sobre el primer viaje los motivos políticos claros de los siguientes

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 107»

«Edelstein's rejection of this comment on higher powers because it ‘really tells nothing about Plato's purpose in coming to Syracuse' and because of its 'reticence concerning essential data one wishes and is entitled [!] to know and about which other sources provide information' (op. cit. 14) is as shoddy as the rest of his arguments that the letter is a forgery.»el rechazo de Edelstein que Kingsley califica de chapucero, por descartar el comentario sobre poderes superiores alegando que no dice nada del propósito de Platón y que calla datos esenciales; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 107»

«The suspicion has also been voiced that the correspondence is quite possibly to be traced back in time as far as the Neopythagorean movement in Alexandria, still centuries later than Plato.»la sospecha ajena que Kingsley registra: que la correspondencia se remonte al movimiento neopitagórico de Alejandría, todavía siglos posterior a Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 114»

«Plainly he is taking sides here over an issue that had divided Platonists for centuries (cf. esp. 1.508, 2.114);»la toma de partido que Kingsley detecta en ese autor antiguo, sobre una cuestión que había dividido a los platónicos durante siglos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 118»

«In modern times the trend has been to follow Aristotle and Damascius, as e.g. J. Dillon, California Studies in Classical Antiquity, 4 (1971), 138—9; but for a rare insight into the allegorical level of the myth, and its relationship to the myth in Plutarch's De genio Socratis, see R. Heinze, Xenokrates (Leipzig, 1892), 135—6, and also de Santillana’s comments, Hamlet’s Mill (Boston, 1969), 186-8.»la nota en que Kingsley registra la tendencia moderna a seguir a Aristóteles y a Damascio, con Dillon como ejemplo, y señala a Heinze como excepción por su lectura del nivel alegórico; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 118»

«Culianu makes the normal mistake of claiming that in Plutarch ‘Plato’s data are constantly interpreted according to a modern, sophisticated, exegetical system'—the assumption being that there is neither sophistication nor exegetical system already implicit in Plato's myths.»el error que Kingsley adjudica a Culianu: sostener que Plutarco interpreta a Platón con un sistema exegético moderno, suponiendo que en los mitos platónicos no hay ya sofisticación ni sistema

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 118»

«It has become an article of faith nowadays that his myths are the productions of his own creative genius.»el artículo de fe que Kingsley registra sobre Platón: que sus mitos sean producciones de su propio genio creador

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 120»

«Time and again one meets with the claim, stated in almost identical terms, that ‘no one but Plato’ has made the myths into 'the wonderful imaginative wholes' which they are.”»y su fórmula recurrente: que nadie salvo Platón hizo de los mitos los todos imaginativos que son

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 120»

«who were happy to admit that Plato was essentially continuing in the line of Pythagorean tradition by ‘making his own’ (σφετερίσασθαι) the teachings of his predecessors.»quienes admitían de buen grado, según Kingsley, que Platón continuaba la línea de la tradición pitagórica *haciendo suyas* —σφετερίσασθαι— las enseñanzas de sus predecesores

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 122»

«the accusations of plagiarism are explained as malicious rumours concocted out of thin air to put a damper on Plato's reputation, while the Platonizing versions are condescendingly ascribed to the 'syncretistic mood of later antiquity with its supposed fondness for creating non-existent filiations between different traditions.’»y el trato moderno que él registra: las acusaciones de plagio explicadas como rumores malintencionados y las versiones platonizantes adjudicadas con condescendencia al ánimo sincrético de la antigüedad tardía; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 122»

«Aristotle was—as Plato's closest pupil—in a much better position to judge the truth of the matter than we are; but this is no obstacle nowadays to describing ‘the essential connection... which Aristotle claims exists between Pythagoreanism and Platonism' as 'apparently constructed by Aristotle himself’»la objeción de Kingsley al trato dado a Aristóteles: era el discípulo más cercano de Platón y estaba mucho mejor situado que nosotros para juzgar, y aun así hoy se describe la conexión que afirma como construida por él mismo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 123»

«And we can in fact go one stage further. Zeller and Wilamowitz noted that the wording used by Plato—‘some ingenious myth-teller of a man, probably a Sicilian or an Italian’ (τις μυθολογῶν κομψὸς ἀνήρ, ἴσως Σικελός τις ἢ Ἰταλικός)--15 a humorous paraphrase of a line by the poet Timocreon about ‘an ingenious Sicilian man’ (Σικελὸς kowbös ἀνήρ). As Wilamowitz also noted, the precise way in which Plato modifies and adds to his model clearly implies that, although the myth-teller in question must have had close links with Sicily so as to call to mind Timocreon's words in the first place, the man probably came not from Sicily but from mainland Italy.’ That excludes Empedocles altogether.»lo que Zeller y Wilamowitz notaron, según Kingsley: que la fórmula de Platón —*algún ingenioso narrador de mitos, probablemente un siciliano o un italiano*, τις μυθολογῶν κομψὸς ἀνήρ, ἴσως Σικελός τις ἢ Ἰταλικός— parafrasea con humor un verso de Timocreonte; la capa de texto pega *--15*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 126»

«this is further confirmed by Plato’s mention almost immediately afterwards of the ‘hubbub of books of Musaeus and Orpheus’ (βίβλων ὅμαδον Μουσαίου καὶ Ὀρφέως, 36463). ’ For the discovery and dating of the text see West 75-82, Brisson, RHR 202 (1985), 397-8; for its relevance to the Gorgias, Burkert (1968), 100 and n. 13.»la nota en que Kingsley remite a West, a Brisson y a Burkert para el descubrimiento, la datación y la pertinencia del papiro, con el griego de la mención platónica del *tumulto de libros de Museo y Orfeo*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 128»

«During the 1930s Wilamowitz and Thomas dealt what seemed almost a death-blow to the whole subject of ‘Orphism’ by demonstrating that there never was such a thing as a single or unified body of Orphic doctrine, and no such thing as an Orphic ‘church’.»lo que Wilamowitz y Thomas demostraron en los años treinta, según Kingsley: que nunca existió un cuerpo único de doctrina órfica ni una *iglesia* órfica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 129»

«In doing so they performed a miracle: acknowledgement of the existence of a genuine, pre-Platonic Orphic literature virtually vanished from the scholarly scene.»y el efecto colateral que él les adjudica: con ello desapareció de la escena erudita el reconocimiento de una literatura órfica genuina y preplatónica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 129»

«It is a century now since the last serious study was made of the relation between Orphic literature and Plato’s myths, by Dieterich in his JVekyia.»la deuda que Kingsley declara abierta: hace un siglo del último estudio serio sobre la relación entre literatura órfica y mitos de Platón, el Nekyia de Dieterich; la capa de texto imprime *JVekyia*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 129»

«During the wave of scepticism earlier in the century about all matters ‘Orphic’, Damascius and Olympiodorus suffered particularly badly: it was argued that, apart from living nearly a thousand years after Plato, they were gullible mystics and the value of their reports in helping to reconstruct early Orphic literature almost nil.”»el trato que Damascio y Olimpiodoro recibieron en esa ola de escepticismo, según Kingsley: se los tuvo por místicos crédulos y se descartó el valor de sus informes; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 132»

«Just like Aristotle and Theophrastus, Damascius and Olympiodorus can be very convenient sources of information when handled with care; and in contrast to Aristotle and Theophrastus, they have the advantage that they had no real taste for deviousness or wilful misrepresentation of their predecessors.»y la comparación con que Kingsley los rehabilita: como Aristóteles y Teofrasto, son fuentes convenientes si se los maneja con cuidado, y a diferencia de ellos no tenían gusto por la tergiversación deliberada

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 132»

«The relations between Stoicism and Orphism are best considered in the first instance in terms of affinities rather than of one-way influences from Stoic onto Orphic literature, because there are definite signs of influence the other way round:»la cautela de Kingsley sobre las relaciones entre estoicismo y orfismo: conviene pensarlas primero como afinidades y no como influencia de una sola dirección, porque hay señales claras de la contraria

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 136»

«For another thing, habits die hard, and in spite of the evidence of the Derveni papyrus it is still normal to find the allegorizing of Orphic poetry and mythology presented as a primarily Neoplatonic phenomenon.»lo que Kingsley registra como hábito duro de matar: pese al papiro de Derveni sigue siendo normal presentar la alegorización de la poesía órfica como fenómeno primordialmente neoplatónico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 138»

«In fact, as Burkert himself points out (166, 174), the allegorizing interpretation of akousmata can safely be dated back at least as far as the time of Philolaus.»y el dato que Kingsley toma del propio Burkert: la interpretación alegórica de los *akousmata* puede datarse con seguridad al menos hasta la época de Filolao

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 138»

«Similar misconceptions surround the closely related issue of the allegorizing of Pythagorean akousmata»los malentendidos paralelos que Kingsley señala en torno a la alegorización de los *akousmata* pitagóricos; el ancla de fin del informe caía del otro lado del límite de chunk en la plana 138

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 138»

«The truth of the matter was seen by Dieterich a century ago; but there is no accounting for fashion.»lo que Kingsley adjudica a Dieterich un siglo antes, con su comentario sobre la moda; el ancla tuvo que fijarse contando ocurrencias porque la frase aparece dos veces en el libro

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 135»

«It is either ignored or dismissed with condescension as a typical example of the ‘syncretistic’ fantasizing so characteristic of later antiquity: as a delusion to be traced back to this or that authority in the Neoplatonic school.»el trato que Kingsley registra hacia ese testimonio: ignorado o descartado con condescendencia como fantasía sincrética típica de la antigüedad tardía

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 142»

«This whimsical idea of a wandering krater is obviously appropriate for a conveyor of dreams, but see also below, n. 22.»la nota en que Kingsley concede lo caprichoso de la idea de un krater errante y a la vez la declara apropiada para un portador de sueños

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 149»

«In fact the extent of these similarities has been considerably underestimated, due to the belief that Plutarch’s projection of underworld geography into the cosmos represents a subsequent reworking and allegorizing of Plato’s myths;»la subestimación que Kingsley señala en la bibliografía: se creyó que la proyección de la geografía del inframundo al cosmos era una refundición alegórica posterior de los mitos de Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 151»

«the normal approach has been to attribute the decisive step in this process of reinterpretation either to Plato’s disciple and eventual successor, Xenocrates, or to Posidonius, living centuries later.”»y a quién se adjudicó el paso decisivo: a Jenócrates, discípulo y sucesor de Platón, o a Posidonio, siglos después

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 151»

«In the case of the Plutarch passage, Dieterich gave grounds for supposing that the original poem was the lost Orphic Krater, and there are a number of factors which suggest he was right.»los fundamentos que Dieterich dio, según Kingsley, para suponer que el poema original era el Krater órfico perdido, y los factores que sugieren que tenía razón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 152»

«The general tendency has been to answer the first question in the affirmative” and give at best an implicit answer to the second.»la tendencia que Kingsley registra en las respuestas previas: afirmar la primera pregunta y responder a lo sumo implícitamente a la segunda

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 155»

«would, in itself, tend to indicate that the man in question is very likely to be the Zopyrus from Tarentum listed by Aristoxenus; but Diels raised two additional points which confirm this supposition.»la inferencia que Kingsley extrae del gentilicio tarentino y los dos puntos adicionales con que Diels la confirma; el tramo empieza a media frase porque la anterior queda del otro lado del cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 158»

«Diels raised two additional points which confirm this supposition.»la formulación breve de Kingsley sobre esos dos puntos de Diels

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 158»

«Diels (1920), 22-3 saw the connection between Zopyrus' achievements and Dionysius' artillery successes, but failed to draw any specific conclusions about»la conexión que Diels vio en 1920 entre los logros de Zópiro y los éxitos artilleros de Dionisio, sin sacar conclusiones específicas según Kingsley; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 162»

«Marsden seriously suggested that Zopyrus designed this piece of weaponry for the city of Cumae in the mid-fourth century BC;” but this is out of the question.»la propuesta de Marsden que Kingsley descarta de plano: que Zópiro diseñara esa arma para Cumas a mediados del siglo IV

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 166»

«One is usually left with the image of Archytas as little more than an eccentric old man who liked to spend his time inventing toys for children, or of Eurytus— another Pythagorean from Tarentum—as an archaic gentleman with a penchant for 'arranging pebbles somewhat after the manner of esthetic stationmasters in our own time’.»las imágenes recibidas que Kingsley cita: Arquitas como viejo excéntrico que inventaba juguetes para niños y Eurito como caballero arcaico aficionado a ordenar guijarros; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 169»

«It is also worth noting that Brontinus soon assumed the role of a semi-legendary figure to whom it was natural to ascribe Pythagorean writings— Thesleff (1965), pp. iv, 54—6; Burkert 114—and that our probable authority in this case for the attribution to Brontinus (Epigenes) appears to have been rather poor at distinguishing between legend and fact:»la nota en que Kingsley advierte que Brontino asumió pronto el papel de figura semilegendaria a quien se adjudicaban escritos pitagóricos, y que la autoridad para esa atribución era pobre; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 171»

«Predictably, Archytas himself has tended to steal all the limelight through his own achievements and innovations in the field of mechanics»la razón por la que Arquitas se llevó los focos, según Kingsley: sus propios logros en mecánica, su relación directa con Platón y el modo arbitrario en que suele hacerse la historia; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada a nota, que la capa de texto imprime como dos asteriscos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 168»

«a number of reasons this is clearly wrong. First, Wilamowitz’s scathing attacks on the modern idea of a unified Orphic church or movement have had the enduring effect of making it untenable to talk of ‘Orphics’ in the abstract.»el efecto duradero que Kingsley adjudica a los ataques de Wilamowitz contra la idea moderna de una iglesia órfica unificada: volvió insostenible hablar de *órficos* en abstracto; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 173»

«In the light of this evidence, Burkert's strange insistence (229 n. 55) that ‘Philolaus’ and 'Orphism' are mutually exclusive terms is historically unsustainable; and the relation between what can be described as either ‘Orphic’ or ‘Bacchic’ religious phenomena and Pythagoreanism was no doubt much closer than is generally supposed.»la insistencia de Burkert que Kingsley declara históricamente insostenible: que *Filolao* y *orfismo* sean términos mutuamente excluyentes; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 174»

«Recent studies have shown increasingly that the radical distinction once assumed to exist between Platonic myth and argument is not nearly as clear-cut as it had seemed; instead, there has been a growing emphasis on uncovering the subtle but very significant ways in which the mythical and non-mythical in his dialogues interconnect and interact.»lo que los estudios recientes han mostrado, según Kingsley: que la distinción radical que se suponía entre mito y argumento en Platón no es tan tajante, y que interesa descubrir cómo se entrelazan; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 178»

«Wilamowitz once dismissed it as ‘unimpressive compared to Plato's other myths.»el desdén de Wilamowitz que Kingsley recoge: el mito del Fedón sería poco impresionante comparado con los otros mitos de Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 182»

«He considered its lengthy description of underworld geography ‘unusually wordy’, and was able to find ‘no satisfactory explanation’ for its mass of apparently insig»y su detalle: consideró la descripción de la geografía del inframundo inusualmente prolija y no halló explicación satisfactoria para su masa de detalles; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 182»

«This logic has seriously been accepted by a number of modern writers as expressing Pythagorean ideas, and as reflecting the kind of motivation which led to the Philolaic scheme being formulated in the first place.»los autores modernos que, según Kingsley, aceptaron en serio esa lógica como expresión de ideas pitagóricas y como motivación del esquema filolaico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 187»

«The attempt to make Aristotle's ‘many others’ mean ‘many other Pythagoreans’—so e.g. F. M. Cornford, Plato’s Cosmology (London, 1937), 126—is equally gratuitous; if that is what he had meant, that is what he would have said.»el intento de Cornford de leer los *muchos otros* de Aristóteles como *muchos otros pitagóricos*, que Kingsley llama igualmente gratuito: si eso hubiera querido decir, lo habría dicho

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 188»

«Plutarch was no fool, and knew his Theophrastus well;” as for Theophrastus himself, he was in a position to know more about changes of heart and other goings-on in the early Academy than we can ever hope to.»la defensa que Kingsley hace de sus fuentes: Plutarco no era tonto y conocía bien a Teofrasto, y Teofrasto sabía de los cambios de opinión en la primera Academia más de lo que nosotros podremos saber

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 190»

«What is more, the attribution can be considered confirmed by Theophrastus’ own use of extremely similar language in Met. 11?10-12, 22-4.»y la confirmación que añade: el propio Teofrasto usa un lenguaje muy semejante en la Metafísica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 190»

«scholars have done their best to dismiss them by arguing that either Plutarch or Theophrastus, or both, had got their facts wrong.*!»el recurso al que Kingsley dice que los estudiosos acudieron: sostener que Plutarco o Teofrasto, o los dos, se habían equivocado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 190»

«life Plato did express doubts about the traditional geocentric view during oral discussions in his school, the most that can safely be deduced from them is that the Philolaic scheme had its more or less serious defenders in the Academy of the late»lo máximo que Kingsley admite deducir con seguridad de esos datos: no que Platón dudara del geocentrismo al final de su vida, sino que el esquema filolaico tenía defensores más o menos serios en la Academia; el tramo empieza a media frase porque la anterior queda del otro lado del cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 191»

«However, Burkert has pointed out that what simplicius tells us here about the *more genuine! Pythagoreans does not rest on the authority of Aristotle; on the contrary, it is self-consciously worded as a deliberate modification of the»lo que Burkert señaló, según Kingsley: que lo que Simplicio dice de los pitagóricos *más genuinos* no descansa en la autoridad de Aristóteles sino que se formula como modificación deliberada; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana y la capa de texto imprime *simplicius* en minúscula

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 193»

«In a memorable passage W. Wiersma even doubted the existence of fire inside the earth according to Empedocles:»la duda que W. Wiersma llegó a plantear en un pasaje que Kingsley llama memorable: la existencia misma de fuego dentro de la tierra según Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 193»

«and he concluded that the geocentric version of the central fire theory cannot possibly be older than the Philolaic scheme but must be post-Aristotelian.”»y su conclusión: que la versión geocéntrica de la teoría del fuego central no pudiera ser anterior al esquema filolaico sino posaristotélica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 194»

«As for Pythagoreans, the view sometimes expressed in the past that before Plato’s time they were totally hostile to Homer and refused to have anything to do with interpreting his poems has become indefensible; evidence that pre-Platonic Pythagoreans concerned themselves with the detailed interpretation of Homer is clearly discernible, even though by the very nature of our sources it is thin on the ground.»la posición que Kingsley declara indefendible: que antes de Platón los pitagóricos fueran del todo hostiles a Homero y se negaran a interpretar sus poemas; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 204»

«Strong suspicions that he was in fact involved in the allegorical interpretation of Homer have already been raised;° while more recently, what little evidence survives has been used to support the claim that although Philolaus’ ‘use of mythology as a basis for physical cosmology’ would not seem specifically to ‘involve the reinterpretation of Homer’, it did create ‘a suitable background for such interpretation’.»las sospechas ya planteadas sobre la participación de Filolao en la interpretación alegórica de Homero, y el uso reciente de la poca evidencia que sobrevive; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 204»

«It is also worth noting that the lines about the ‘golden chain’ immediately following our passage in the Jad (8.18-27) had become a routine subject for philosophical interpretation by the end of the 5th c. Bc.»la nota en que Kingsley añade que los versos de la *cadena de oro*, inmediatamente posteriores en la Ilíada, eran ya a fines del siglo V materia rutinaria de interpretación filosófica; la capa de texto imprime *Jad*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 204»

«It is usual to assume, in line with an equally simplistic theory of historical evolution, that what Plato inherited from the Pythagoreans in the way of mythical material he invariably improved on.»el supuesto habitual que Kingsley registra, en línea con una teoría simplista de la evolución histórica: que Platón mejorara siempre el material mítico heredado de los pitagóricos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 209»

«The formula ‘you will learn, because . . . ' (mevonı émei . . ., B111.2) plainly echoes the same formula in B2.8-9 (ἐπεὶ... πεύσεαι), and should be placed in the same context.»la nota en que Kingsley empareja la fórmula *aprenderás, porque…* del fragmento 111 con la misma fórmula griega del fragmento 2 y pide situarlas en el mismo contexto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 230»

«Empedocles’ claim at the start of B112 that he is ‘an immortal god. . . honoured among all’, van Groningen tried to take this away from him as well (op. cit. 51-2); but here too, he is wrong.»el intento de van Groningen de quitarle a Empédocles también su declaración de ser un dios inmortal honrado entre todos, que Kingsley declara errado; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 232»

«Diels's statement that 'every single word of the fragment establishes its authenticity’ (140 n. 2) is exaggerated, but basically sound.»la afirmación de Diels de que cada palabra del fragmento establece su autenticidad, que Kingsley llama exagerada y en el fondo sana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 233»

«The emphatic ἀνθρώποις, ‘for men’, at the start of a line (B111.7) is typically Empedoclean: cf. B8.2, 17.26, 23.10, 112.8, 114.3, Bidez 165-6 and, for the implied message that the speaker is looking down on mortals from a superior position, Empedocles’ explicit statement in B113.»la nota en que Kingsley apuntala el carácter empedocleo del ἀνθρώποις enfático a comienzo de verso, con sus lugares paralelos y con Bidez

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 233»

«Van Groningen's dismissal of the fragment as un-Empedoclean because it contains ‘only’ two hapax legomena (op. cit. 60) is absurd; for refutation of his other»y el descarte de van Groningen por contener el fragmento *solo* dos hápax, que Kingsley llama absurdo; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 233»

«Herbalism and weather magic were intimately connected, as we can also see from the legends surroufiding names such as Epimenides— Pfeiffer 97;»la nota en que Kingsley liga herbolaria y magia del clima remitiendo a las leyendas de Epiménides y de Medea, con Pfeiffer, Lloyd y Fiedler; la capa de texto imprime *surroufiding*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 235»

«Any Athenian influence on the earliest examples can be excluded: K. Forbes, Philologus, 100»la nota en que Kingsley excluye toda influencia ateniense en los ejemplos más antiguos, remitiendo a Forbes; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 255»

«The editors of PGM’, followed by Betz (288, 292—5), claimed to find a reference in PGM rxx.13-14 to mysteries of the Idaean Dactyls, but this must be excluded (Jordan 257-8).»la referencia a los misterios de los Dáctilos Ideos que los editores de los PGM y Betz creyeron encontrar y que Kingsley excluye siguiendo a Jordan

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 258»

«As Bidez pointed out, both of the epigrams contain a reference to the ‘highly characteristic theory regarding the divine nature of fire:»lo que Bidez señaló, según Kingsley: los dos epigramas contienen una referencia a la teoría muy característica sobre la naturaleza divina del fuego

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 266»

«When Zuntz published his Persephone in 1971, he could seriously claim that these so-called Orphic plates were completely misnamed: that they were purely Pythagorean in nature and had no connection whatever with anything Bacchic or Orphic.»lo que Zuntz podía sostener en serio al publicar su Persephone en 1971: que las llamadas láminas órficas estuvieran mal nombradas, fueran puramente pitagóricas y sin conexión alguna con lo báquico o lo órfico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 271»

«And yet the evidence strikingly fails to bear his assessment out.»y el veredicto de Kingsley sobre esa evaluación: la evidencia deja de sostenerla de manera llamativa

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 272»

«Zuntz tried to cover his tracks by claiming that the reference in its final line to initiates into the Bacchic mysteries (μύσται καὶ βάχχοι) was ‘untypical’ of the gold plates as a whole and simply an idiosyncratic, insignificant deviation from what he considered their essentially Pythagorean tenor and content.»el intento de Zuntz de cubrir sus huellas, según Kingsley: llamar *atípica* la mención de los iniciados báquicos —μύσται καὶ βάχχοι— y desviación insignificante del tenor pitagórico; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 272»

«Burkert has pointed out that the plate from Hipponium in particular—with its combined mention of Bacchic initiation and of ideas also familiar to us from Pythagoreanism— not only clarifies but also helps to confirm the text of a disputed passage in Herodotus; the passage was very probably written in southern Italy during the second half of the fifth century Bc, and so is closely related to the plate in both time and space.»lo que Burkert señaló, según Kingsley: la lámina de Hiponio, que menciona a la vez iniciación báquica e ideas pitagóricas, aclara y confirma un pasaje disputado de Heródoto; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 275»

«Thesleff's assertion (ibid. 104) that the Bacchica attributed to Arignote appears to 'reveal an antiquarian interest in mysteries, but no actual engagement' is quite arbitrary.»la afirmación de Thesleff que Kingsley llama arbitraria: que las Báquicas adjudicadas a Arignote revelen interés anticuario por los misterios y ninguna implicación real

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 275»

«The parallel from Aelian recently adduced by Graf to support his own interpretation of the saying as a metaphor for 'going back to the beginning’ is both inadequate and unilluminating (Ael. VH 8.8»el paralelo de Eliano aducido por Graf, que Kingsley declara inadecuado y poco iluminador; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 277»

«Graf's own dismissal of the Sallustius passage as 'isolated in the material relating to ancient mysteries' (100— 1) flies in the face of Nock's observations on the passage (loc. cit.), of the evidence— cf. e.g. Dieterich (1911), 497; Burkert (1979), 102, 104—for fundamental links between Bacchic and Attis mysteries, and of the evidence supplied by the magical papyri (below, n. 58).»el descarte que Graf hace del pasaje de Salustio por *aislado*, y las objeciones que Kingsley le opone con Nock, Dieterich y Burkert; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 278»

«The significance of the new gold plates from Thessaly is well summarized in ΤΟΙ, 19 (in contrast to Graf's somewhat over-hasty conclusions, 93—4).»la nota en que Kingsley prefiere el resumen del significado de las láminas tesalias al que llama conclusión algo apresurada de Graf

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 277»

«The most varied interpretations, and even translations, have been offered for this line; but the parallels cited by Zuntz from Homeric literature put its meaning beyond any doubt.»los paralelos homéricos que Zuntz citó y que, según Kingsley, ponen el sentido de ese verso fuera de duda pese a las traducciones más variadas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 279»

«However, there were aspects of Persephone which Zuntz deliberately ignored.»y el reproche que le hace: hubo aspectos de Perséfone que Zuntz ignoró deliberadamente

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 280»

«This idea, though quite proper with Egyptian devotees of Isis, makes him shudder who has the slightest notion of Persephone, the goddess of the dead.»la frase de Zuntz que Kingsley cita: la idea sería propia de los devotos egipcios de Isis y haría estremecer a quien tenga la menor noción de Perséfone como diosa de los muertos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 280»

«Zuntz claimed that to aspire for union with a god may have been acceptable in Egypt but ‘it is beyond the horizon of Greek religion’»la primera de sus tres afirmaciones: aspirar a la unión con un dios pudo ser aceptable en Egipto pero estaría más allá del horizonte de la religión griega

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 281»

«that ‘it is axiomatic that no Greek cult of any kind ever aimed to achieve identity of god and worshipper, alive or dead’»la segunda: sería axiomático que ningún culto griego buscara la identidad de dios y adorador, vivo o muerto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 281»

«and that ‘no man or woman was ever thought to have been transformed into Dionysos'»y la tercera: que jamás se pensara que un hombre o una mujer se transformara en Dioniso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 281»

«In comparing Pl. Rep. 620e-621b Burkert seems to mean by rebirth physical reincarnation, but this interpretation is anyway unacceptable:»la nota en que Kingsley declara inaceptable la lectura de Burkert del renacimiento como reencarnación física en el pasaje de la República

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 279»

«The first person to demonstrate the untenability of the interpretation was A. H. Lloyd, Numismatic Chronicle, 15 (1935), 73-98, although some of his arguments—and almost all of his own interpretations of the coins—are equally untenable.»la nota en que Kingsley acredita a A. H. Lloyd, en 1935, haber demostrado lo insostenible de esa lectura, y a la vez declara igual de insostenibles casi todas sus propias interpretaciones de las monedas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 285»

«The passage deserves to be read in its context; cf. also Deubner 31 n. 9.»la nota en que Kingsley pide leer el pasaje en su contexto y remite a Deubner

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 299»

«Marcovich (op. cit. 8-10) radically over-simplifies— and falsifies—in postulating reincarnation theory as ‘the real reason’ for Pythagoras’ ban on beans, on the grounds that Pythagoras himself had nothing to do either with cult practice or with magic: see below»y la nota en que reprocha a Marcovich simplificar y falsear al postular la reencarnación como *la razón real* del veto pitagórico a las habas, sobre la base de que Pitágoras no tuviera que ver con el culto ni con la magia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 298»

«Recent scholarship can for example still feel justified in concluding that, while ‘Pythagoreanism later develops as a religious philosophy and as a specific way of life’, there is no evidence from the fifth or fourth centuries to link early Pythagoreans with cult or ritual activities of any kind.»la conclusión reciente que Kingsley registra: que no haya evidencia de los siglos V o IV que ligue a los pitagóricos tempranos con culto o ritual, aunque el pitagorismo se desarrolle después como filosofía religiosa

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 304»

«The recent claim by Zhmud’ that early Pythagorean interest in number belongs to ‘natural science’ as opposed to 'number mysticism' (291—2) requires that we misunderstand half of the evidence and ignore the rest; on the dangers involved in trying to impose sharp distinctions between the ‘mystical’ and the ‘scientific’ on the period down to the 4th c. Bc see Kingsley (1990), 250 n. 34 and above, Chs. 7, 12-19.»y la afirmación de Zhmud que Kingsley declara exigencia de malentender la mitad de la evidencia e ignorar el resto: que el interés pitagórico temprano por el número sea ciencia natural y no mística numérica; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 304»

«Talbert (op. cit. 1637 n. 82, 1639) is too dogmatic in his attempt to distinguish between the type of the ‘divine man’ and the type of man who, more dramatically, becomes an immortal; to claim that Emp. B112.4 could be understood, or was understood in antiquity, as describing the status of a ‘divine man’ rather than an immortal is absurd.»el dogmatismo que Kingsley reprocha a Talbert al distinguir el tipo del *hombre divino* del que se vuelve inmortal; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 309»

«can of course be traced back to Hesiod—cf. also Burkert (1992), 91—2— but this does not explain why he selected it or gave it such a prominent place alongside love.»la nota en que Kingsley concede que la Discordia puede remontarse a Hesíodo, con Burkert, y objeta que eso no explica por qué Empédocles la eligió ni le dio ese lugar junto al amor; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 310»

«The single most important passage in this connection is CP 3.10.4 = Androtion, FGrH 324 F82, where Theophrastus explicitly names Androtion as authority for the idea of mutual affection or attraction between plants.»la nota en que declara el pasaje más importante de la cuestión: aquel en que Teofrasto nombra explícitamente a Androción como autoridad de la afección mutua entre plantas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 311»

«B110.4—5 must be translated, ‘And from them [i.e. my words: Ch. 15 n. 47] you will obtain many other things as well, for they will grow each according to its inner disposition, in whatever way their natural tendency to growth dictates.'»y la nota en que Kingsley propone su propia traducción de dos versos de Empédocles sobre las palabras que crecen cada una según su disposición interna

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 311»

«These views and attitudes of Numenius and Iamblichus have become something of a laughing-stock for modern scholarship, as embodying the worst kind of romanticism and lack of historical realism on the part of individuals in late antiquity.»la burla que esas posiciones de Numenio y de Jámblico provocan en la erudición moderna, según Kingsley: romanticismo y falta de realismo histórico

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 317»

«The impression of an increase in magical beliefs and practices after the 1st or 2nd c. AD is not only unquantifiable— cf. Lloyd (1979), 5— but also largely illusory.»la nota en que Kingsley declara no solo incuantificable sino en gran medida ilusoria la impresión de un aumento de creencias mágicas después del siglo I o II d. C.

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 318»

«There are social as well as other reasons why earlier literary sources should have been selective and unrepresentative (Phillips, passtm; below, with n. 91), and papyrus evidence would naturally be most prolific in the later Graeco-Egyptian period.»y la nota en que da las razones sociales por las que las fuentes literarias tempranas serían selectivas y la evidencia papirácea más prolífica en la época grecoegipcia tardía; la capa de texto imprime *passtm*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 318»

«Zuntz chose to emphasize ‘the vast span of time separating the "Orphic" from the “magical” gold leaves', and portrayed these later amulets as product and symptom of the oriental superstition which engulfed the collapsing Roman Empire ...»lo que Zuntz eligió subrayar, según Kingsley: el vasto lapso que separa las láminas *órficas* de las *mágicas*, presentando estas últimas como síntoma de la superstición oriental que engulló al Imperio romano

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 320»

«Even though Zuntz saw this latest known example from the series of Bacchic and Orphic gold plates as testifying to some kind of continuity of literary and religious tradition, he also saw it as ‘evidence of the same religion sadly debased’, as revealing a ‘fundamental change’ of persuasion and religious attitude:»lo que Zuntz vio en la última lámina conocida de la serie: continuidad de tradición y a la vez *evidencia de la misma religión tristemente degradada*, con un cambio fundamental de persuasión; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 321»

«However, his words ‘gradually’ and ‘perhaps’ contained a crucial element of deception:»y el elemento de engaño que Kingsley encuentra en sus palabras *gradualmente* y *quizá*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 322»

«In short, ‘what had, once, expressed a deep and metaphysical devotion has been turned into an amulet'.»la frase de Zuntz que resume esa lectura: lo que una vez expresó una devoción honda y metafísica quedó convertido en amuleto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 321»

«Zuntz noted, ‘we are in the region of the Magic Papyri and Gnostic amulets’.»y su localización: estaríamos ya en la región de los papiros mágicos y los amuletos gnósticos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 321»

«What Zuntz fails to mention in his idealizing of the earlier gold plates (although he notes the point elsewhere) is the stupendous carelessness already exhibited in the inscribing of their texts:»lo que Kingsley reprocha a esa idealización de las láminas tempranas: no mencionar el descuido estupendo con que se inscribieron sus textos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 321»

«Again, there is the one piece of evidence that leaps Zuntz’s ‘vast span of time’ and appears to play havoc with his chronological distinctions: a gold plate, dating from around the third century Ap, which repeats formulae word for word from the much earlier Bacchic plates and plainly belongs to the same category of text.»la pieza que salta ese *vasto lapso*: una lámina de oro del siglo III d. C. que repite palabra por palabra fórmulas de las láminas báquicas muy anteriores; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 321»

«Zuntz realized the significance of this new evidence, and in his eventual account of the plate from Hipponium described it as a ‘talisman’.»y lo que Zuntz acabó reconociendo: describir la lámina de Hiponio como un talismán

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 323»

«Dodds, for example, considered ritual divinization as described in the magical papyri no more than a deceptive sham, a dishonest utilization by the magician 'for his own ends' of mystical formulae of religious origin.»la posición de Dodds que Kingsley registra: la divinización ritual de los papiros mágicos sería un fraude, uso deshonesto por el mago de fórmulas místicas de origen religioso

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 325»

«Zuntz said both too little and too much.»el reproche doble que Kingsley hace a Zuntz: dijo a la vez demasiado poco y demasiado

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 326»

«Zuntz himself was prepared to interpret the evidence of the gold plates as indicating the continuity of a ‘specific circle, or group' persisting from the period of the earliest of the gold plates down to the time of the Roman Empire.»y lo que sí estaba dispuesto a admitir: que las láminas indiquen la continuidad de un círculo o grupo específico desde las más antiguas hasta el Imperio romano

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 326»

«A key figure in helping to make the study of the magical material respectable was Albrecht Dieterich; it is largely due to his influence that scholarship over the last hundred years has come to appreciate how important the magical papyri in particular are 'for a proper understanding of the religious history of the Empire'.»el papel que Kingsley adjudica a Albrecht Dieterich: haber vuelto respetable el estudio del material mágico y hecho ver la importancia de los papiros para la historia religiosa; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 328»

«The general consensus nowadays—largely embodied in an influential study by Burkert—is that the original, early Pythagoreanism died out in the 9605 Bc, while the Pythagorean 'revival' began at Rome three hundred years later with Cicero's friend Nigidius Figulus, 'the Potter'.»el consenso vigente que Kingsley expone, con el estudio influyente de Burkert: el pitagorismo original habría muerto en el siglo IV a. C. y el *renacimiento* habría empezado en Roma tres siglos después con Nigidio Fígulo; la capa de texto imprime *9605* por el número de la década

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 329»

«And time was not the only factor separating the two movements: early Pythagoreanism and Neopythagoreanism were, to use Burkert's expression, basically ‘heterogeneous’.»y su segunda mitad: la separación no sería solo temporal, porque los dos movimientos serían básicamente heterogéneos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 329»

«Burkert was prepared to admit that it was a time when vast amounts of Pythagorean literature appear to have been produced, and yet he was adamant: during this intermediate period we have writers of pseudo-Pythagorean texts, but no Pythagoreans.»la posición terminante que Kingsley cita de Burkert: en el periodo intermedio hay autores de textos pseudopitagóricos pero no pitagóricos

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 329»

«a view well summarized in another writer’s claim that the phenomenon of Neopythagoreanism appeared ‘together with the blunting of the Greek critical habit ... and the growing thirst for mystical revelations’.»la fórmula ajena que resume esa visión: el neopitagorismo habría aparecido con el embotamiento del hábito crítico griego y la sed creciente de revelaciones místicas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 330»

«Yet in defining this continuity in terms of a descent from religion into magic»lo que Kingsley reprocha a Zuntz al definir esa continuidad como descenso de la religión a la magia; el ancla de fin del informe caía del otro lado del límite de chunk en la plana 326

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 326»

«Festugiere has described how in this heightened disgust with theoretical knowledge and pure science, and perhaps also as a consequence of the laxity of contemporary morals, ... philosophy transformed itself into apocalypse, revelation.»lo que Festugière describió, según Kingsley: el disgusto acrecentado con el saber teórico y la ciencia pura llevando a que la filosofía se transformara en apocalipsis y revelación

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 331»

«The sage dispensed oracles. No longer did people seek to understand: they just believed; and he added the finishing touch to this historical melodrama about the last pre-Christian century by presenting the faculty of reason as ‘lying in ruins’.»y su remate: el sabio dispensando oráculos, la gente que ya no buscaba entender sino creer, y la razón *en ruinas* en el último siglo precristiano

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 331»

«Dodds, Festugiére has told only half of the story; facts have been rearranged, over-simplified, made subordinate to some preconceived historical scheme.»el veredicto de Kingsley sobre esa narrativa: como en Dodds, se cuenta media historia, con los hechos reordenados, simplificados y subordinados a un esquema histórico previo; el tramo empieza a media frase por el cambio de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 332»

«For Burkert, the production of texts attributed either to Pythagoras or to followers of his during the supposed three-hundred-year gap between Pythagoreanism and Neopythagoreanism implied a ‘paradoxical’ conclusion: Pythagorean texts, but no Pythagoreans.»y la conclusión que Burkert llamó paradójica: textos pitagóricos pero sin pitagóricos durante los tres siglos del hueco supuesto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 332»

«to accept everything that Aristoxenus says as representing historical truth would, to say the least, be naive.»la cautela que Kingsley declara ante Aristoxeno: aceptar todo lo que dice como verdad histórica sería, cuando menos, ingenuo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 335»

«As for Kroll’s claim (281) that in Roman times the word ‘Pythagorean’ had simply come to mean ‘occultist’ or ‘magician’, it is neatly contradicted by Schol. Bobiensia on»la afirmación de Kroll que Kingsley da por contradicha: que en época romana *pitagórico* hubiera pasado a significar simplemente ocultista o mago; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 339»

«The relevance to Bolus of this early connection between Democritus and Pythagoreanism is noted by Wilson, 22.»y la nota en que acredita a Wilson haber notado la pertinencia para Bolo de esa conexión temprana entre Demócrito y el pitagorismo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 339»

«Peter Fraser, for example, has no qualms about stating that in the physical sciences the theoretical speculations of Theophrastus and Straton were replaced by a partly scientific, partly occult approach to the physical world, based especially on the notion of sympathy ... This development is particularly associated with one name, that of Bolus .»la descripción que Peter Fraser da sin reparos, según Kingsley: la sustitución de la especulación teórica de Teofrasto y Estratón por un enfoque en parte científico y en parte oculto basado en la simpatía; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 348»

«who stands with one foot in the Peripatetic atmosphere of the third century, and the other on the edge of the occult world of later antiquity, and who on that account occupies a position of the utmost importance in the history of the decline of Alexandrian and indeed of Greek science; or, more simply, about summarizing Bolus' interests as 'the perversion of the Peripatetic literature on the particular subjects which concerned him.»y su continuación: un autor con un pie en el ambiente peripatético y otro en el mundo oculto de la antigüedad tardía, situado así en la historia de la decadencia de la ciencia griega; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 348»

«The very human touch in the Platonic passage, plus the striking Empedoclean precedent, is a strong argument for considering the material in the Seventh Letter authentic rather than (as claimed by Lloyd, 160) inauthentic.»la nota en que Kingsley argumenta a favor de la autenticidad del material de la Carta séptima, contra Lloyd, por su toque humano y por el precedente empedocleo

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 355»

«In Emp. Bıı2.7 the obvious restoration is τοῖσιν δ᾽ ὧν ἂν ἵκωμαι ἐς ἄστεα ...»y la nota en que propone su propia restitución del texto griego de un verso de Empédocles

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 355»

«Cumont explained the text's use of the word 'philosophy' as meaning a religious *wisdom' conceived of as a secret tradition, an esoteric doctrine only revealed to an initiated élite.»la explicación de Cumont que Kingsley expone: el uso de *filosofía* ahí significaría una sabiduría religiosa concebida como tradición secreta revelada a una élite iniciada

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 356»

«At the end of antiquity the term philosophus was used as the common designation for a doctor of occult sciences; and, for the initial origin of the deviation or perversion that altered the sense of this word, we need to look to the notion of ‘philosophy’ entertained by the Hellenistic clergy—»y su continuación: el término *philosophus* como designación corriente del doctor en ciencias ocultas al final de la antigüedad, con la desviación remitida al clero helenístico; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 356»

«Zuntz was also able to draw another important conclusion.»la otra conclusión importante que Kingsley acredita a Zuntz

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 357»

«Festugiere had supposed that, as a typical piece of mythologizing about the soul produced in late antiquity, the philosophical and mythological content of the Kore Kosmou passage could be derived from the famous myths in Plato's Phaedo and Republic; it was in much the same spirit as this that Burkert underlined the close correspondences between details in the Kore Kosmou and features found in late Pythagorean literature, post-Platonic Pythagoreanism being for Burkert little more than Platonism thinly disguised.»la derivación que Festugière suponía: que el contenido filosófico y mitológico del pasaje del Kore Kosmou viniera de los mitos del Fedón y de la República; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 358»

«However, Zuntz has shown that the Hermetic text differs on the most fundamental points from the Platonic myths, and that the details it preserves must have been derived from early Pythagorean tradition quite independently of Plato.»y lo que Zuntz mostró, según Kingsley: que el texto hermético difiere en lo más fundamental de los mitos platónicos y que sus detalles vienen de la tradición pitagórica temprana con independencia de Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 358»

«In an important, although forgotten, note Paul Kretschmer has drawn attention to evidence indicating that the same -ti- suffix and -tıs ending as in the name Nestis were a regular feature of the Indo-European, pre-Greek names of goddesses in Sicily and southern Italy;»la nota olvidada de Paul Kretschmer que Kingsley recupera: el mismo sufijo del nombre Nestis era rasgo regular de los nombres indoeuropeos pregriegos de diosas en Sicilia y el sur de Italia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 361»

«Kretschmer himself used this evidence, with clear justification, to confirm the credentials of Empedocles’ Nestis as a genuine Sicilian goddess.»y el uso que Kretschmer le dio, con justificación clara según Kingsley: confirmar las credenciales de la Nestis empedoclea como diosa siciliana genuina

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 361»

«That has not, unfortunately, prevented it from gaining a foothold in modern scholarship, with even the great Wilamowitz attempting to justify it.»lo que Kingsley lamenta: que una de esas etimologías tardías haya arraigado en la erudición moderna, con el propio Wilamowitz intentando justificarla

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 362»

«Itis worth noting that Jung also pointed to the almost continual presence of the incest motif in the marriage quaternio structure»la nota en que Kingsley recoge de Jung la presencia casi continua del motivo del incesto en la estructura del cuaternio matrimonial

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 368»

«Zeus' incest with his daughter Persephone was of course an event that had vast repercussions according to the Orphic theology»y la nota que la acompaña: el incesto de Zeus con su hija Perséfone tenía vastas repercusiones en la teología órfica

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 368»

«van Groningen has well observed how Empedocles launches into the main body of his poem not with any argument or any philosophical reasoning but with a dogmatic assertion of the existence of four elements, cloaked in the form of a riddle; and yet, he goes on to add, Empedocles will not keep us in suspense for long.»lo que van Groningen observó bien, según Kingsley: que Empédocles entra en el cuerpo de su poema no con argumento sino con una aserción dogmática de cuatro elementos en forma de enigma; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 373»

«The attested convergence of both these words on the sense of ‘silence’ (for στέγειν cf. e.g. Tiresias in Soph. Oedipus Tyrannus 341, LSJ s.v. στέγω B 111.2; for ἔλλοψ, Bollack, iii. 40, Gemelli Marciano 62) must, quite apart from Plutarch's introductory comments on echemythta or Pythagorean 'reserve', be considered decisive in determining the primary meaning of both words and of the fragment as a whole.»la nota en que Kingsley reúne los lugares que hacen converger esas dos palabras griegas en el sentido de silencio, junto a los comentarios de Plutarco sobre la reserva pitagórica; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 378»

«Diels's reconstruction of the text— στεγάσαι φρενὸς ἕλλοπος εἴσω, ‘conceal [my words] in your mute breast’ (or, less probably, ‘mutely in your breast’ )— 1s preferable to Bollack’s (ii. 12-138, iii. 39-40) from the point of view both of sense and of closeness to the MSS.»la reconstrucción de Diels que Kingsley prefiere a la de Bollack por sentido y por cercanía a los manuscritos, con el griego tal como lo imprime la capa de texto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 378»

«An obvious parallel to the saying from later literature, and one that fully justifies Plutarch's comment on its 'Pythagorean' recommendation of silence, is Nicomachus' description of knowledge as something 'carefully guarded' by Pythagoreans 'silently in their breast’, ἄρρητος ἐν»el paralelo posterior que aduce: la descripción de Nicómaco del conocimiento guardado por los pitagóricos silenciosamente en el pecho; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 378»

«The deviously enigmatic phrasing in B15—'A man who was wise in such matters would not divine (μαντεύσαιτο) in his heart . . . '—is particularly significant: on oracles, divination, and riddles cf. Arist. RA. 1407^31—7 with Ch. 4 and n. 26; Iam. VP 161 with n. 12 above.»y la nota en que subraya el fraseo enigmático del fragmento 15, con su remisión a oráculos, adivinación y enigmas

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 378»

«It is interesting to note that according to ancient writers it was the Purifications, and not the poem to Pausanias, which was read out in public at Olympia:»el dato que Kingsley considera interesante: según los autores antiguos fue el poema de las Purificaciones, y no el dirigido a Pausanias, el que se leyó en público en Olimpia

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 380»

«On the other hand a much later figure such as Bolus of Mendes has been dismissed as a mere occultist, devoid of any ‘philosophical’ capacity,° in spite of the fact that more recent writers have repeatedly drawn attention to the systematic and even rigorous logic which appears to have informed his writings.»y el descarte de Bolo de Mendes como mero ocultista sin capacidad filosófica, contra el que Kingsley opone la lógica sistemática que otros le han reconocido; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 385»

«Stern's appeal to Sufism as a possible secondary connotation of al-‘Amiri’s term must be excluded: the word was only extended to include Sufis at a much later time (M. G. S. Hodgson, ET’ i. 1099b), and in this respect al-Ghazali's use of the term dafintyya in his onslaught on Isma‘ilism at the end of the 11th c.»la apelación de Stern al sufismo como connotación secundaria del término de al-‘Amiri, que Kingsley excluye por razones de cronología del vocabulario; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 389»

«Also overlooked is the correspondence between the idea of shell within shell, cortex within cortex, in the Turba passage (52.12-59.16) and the central theme—on which cf. R. Arnaldez, EJ? iii. 869-70, Rudolph (1989), 156—of shell within shell, qi within gi, in the ‘pseudo-Empedocles’ literature.»y la correspondencia que Kingsley señala como pasada por alto: la de la cáscara dentro de la cáscara del pasaje de la Turba con el tema central de la literatura pseudo-empedoclea

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 390»

«Rowson (207) has followed Stern in claiming that, by mentioning Ibn Masarra when elaborating on al-‘Amiri’s earlier statements about followers of Empedocles, Sa'id was ‘merely interpolating comments to supply local color and Islamic relevance—as he does with his note on Abu»lo que Rowson sostuvo siguiendo a Stern, según Kingsley: que al mencionar a Ibn Masarra el autor árabe solo interpolaba color local y relevancia islámica; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 394»

«But what Rowson does not mention is that, in this note on Abu ’l-Hudhail, 9a‘id provides specific information which turns out to be highly accurate and reliable»y lo que Rowson no menciona, según Kingsley: que en esa misma nota se dé información específica que resulta muy exacta y fiable; la capa de texto imprime *9a‘id*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 394»

«Stern's further assertion (ibid.) that ‘there were Neoplatonic philosophers in Spain, Muslim as well as Jewish—but they had nothing to do with Ibn Masarra and his school’, is fundamentally undermined by the Arabic texts»la afirmación de Stern que Kingsley declara socavada por los textos árabes: que los filósofos neoplatónicos de España nada tuvieran que ver con Ibn Masarra y su escuela

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 394»

«but as far as the Greek sources for this idea are concerned, more relevant than the text from Porphyry cited by Genequand (Ad Marcellam 13; note also Plot. 4.7.10.42—52) are Basilides ap. Clem. Str. 4.12.88.5 (cf. Asin Palacios 70-1) and CH 14.7.»la nota en que Kingsley prefiere unas fuentes griegas a otras para esa idea, contra la referencia de Genequand

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 396»

«It will be noted that al-Suhrawardi maintained this estimate of Aristotle in spite of his mistaken belief that the so-called Theology of Aristotle was a work of his»y la nota en que registra que al-Suhrawardi mantuvo ese juicio sobre Aristóteles pese a su creencia errónea de que la llamada Teología de Aristóteles fuera obra suya; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 399»

«It will be noted that Ibn Masarra in particular, apart from having certain affinities with the teachings of Dhu ’l-Nun (Asín Palacios 40, 86-8 with n. 36 and Picatrıx 297.21, 128, 174; Morris 15 n. 22, 21, Appendix, p. xv), was—as Asin Palacios suspected, and as has now been confirmed— especially indebted to Sahl al-Tustari.»la nota en que Kingsley confirma lo que Asín Palacios sospechaba sobre Ibn Masarra y sus afinidades con las enseñanzas de Dhu ’l-Nun; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 402»

«Fowden's statement that according to this passage 'the procedures of conventional alchemy are strictly preparatory to the purification and perfection of the soul' is wide of the mark: Zosimus is stating that the procedures of conventional alchemy are to be reinterpreted as, themselves, symbolizing the purification and perfect»la afirmación de Fowden que Kingsley declara errada: que en ese pasaje los procedimientos de la alquimia convencional sean estrictamente preparatorios de la purificación del alma, cuando Zósimo dice que deben reinterpretarse como símbolos; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 402»

«Fundamental problems with the traditional Greek etymology of Heracles as ‘Hera’s glory’ remain, in spite of the overly imaginative defence of it by P. Kretschmer, Glotta, 8 (1917), 121-9, and W. Pötscher, Ementa, 39 (1971),»los problemas que Kingsley declara pendientes con la etimología griega tradicional de Heracles, pese a la defensa demasiado imaginativa de Kretschmer y de Pötscher; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 406»

«As for W. G. Lambert's objections to the Nergal-Heracles etymology, Levant, 23 (1991), 185, they either miss the point or—in the case of his main argument, the supposed absence of Nergal from Syria—are contradicted by the Nergal coinage from Tarsus which portrays him complete with lion, bow, and club.»y las objeciones de W. G. Lambert a la etimología Nergal-Heracles, que Kingsley considera fuera de foco o contradichas por la moneda de Nergal de Tarso; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 406»

«his statement that the term ‘shell’ (gısr) in al-Shahrastani has been replaced by the term ‘body’ (jasad) in al-T usi is inaccurate: al-Sharastani's Empedocles already uses»la inexactitud que Kingsley señala en ese autor sobre la sustitución del término *cáscara* por *cuerpo* en al-Tusi; el tramo se corta al pasar de plana y la capa de texto separa *al-T usi*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 407»

«Papers are usually cited in their latest published form. Reprints of books are only mentioned if they contain corrections or supplementary material.»la regla de cita que la bibliografía declara: los artículos se citan en su forma publicada más reciente y las reimpresiones solo se mencionan si traen correcciones o material suplementario

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 415»

«Empedocles played a crucial role in the development of western culture; vet little is known or understood about this man, who lived in Sicily in the fifth century nc.»la contracubierta presenta el volumen: Empédocles habría tenido un papel crucial en el desarrollo de la cultura occidental y se sabe poco de él; la capa de texto imprime *vet* y *nc.*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 436»

«Using material never exploited before, this is the first full-scale study of Empedocles to situate his fragmentary writings in their original context of philosophy as a way of life, of mystery religion and magic, and of the struggle to realize one’s own divinity.»y declara su novedad: primer estudio de conjunto que sitúa los escritos fragmentarios en su contexto original de filosofía como forma de vida, religión mistérica y magia, y lucha por realizar la propia divinidad

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 436»

«Peter Kingsley also presents fresh evidence which proves Empedocles was not an isolated figure and reveals new links between his work and ancient Pythagorcanism.»con la afirmación editorial de que Kingsley aporta evidencia fresca sobre los vínculos con el pitagorismo antiguo; la capa de texto imprime *Pythagorcanism*

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 436»

«The process of establishing these links now makes it possible to demonstrate, in detail, the Pythagorean origin of Plato's myths.»y sobre el origen pitagórico de los mitos de Platón

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 436»

«More specifically, it traces for the first time a line of transmission from Empedocles and the early Pythagorcans down to southern Egypt, and from there into the world of Islam.»la línea de transmisión que anuncia la contracubierta: de Empédocles y los primeros pitagóricos al sur de Egipto y de ahí al mundo del islam

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 436»

«This neglected process of transmission is of profound significance for our understanding not only of Greek philosophy but also of the background to ancient alchemy, Sufism, and medieval mysticism.»y su alcance declarado: significación profunda para entender la filosofía griega y también el trasfondo de la alquimia antigua, del sufismo y de la mística medieval

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 436»

«Peter Kingsley is a former Fellow of the Warburg Institute, and now lives and teaches on the west coast of Canada.»la solapa de autor de la contracubierta: antiguo Fellow del Warburg Institute que vive y enseña en la costa oeste de Canadá

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 436»

«‘an original, lucid and intriguing narrative on Empedocles ον a powerful, wide ranging»uno de los blurbs de crítica que la contracubierta reproduce, de la revista Phronesis; el tramo se corta donde el OCR corrompe el texto

Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995)«Kingsley — Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic (1995) · p. 436»

Conceptos tratados

Cuatro elementos (fuego, aire, agua, tierra)El punto de partida del libro: Empédocles es, hasta donde se sabe, el primero que redujo toda la existencia a cuatro elementos, y los introduce en el fragmento 6 llamándolos «raíces» e identificando cada uno con una divinidad. Kingsley sostiene la adjudicación decimonónica: Zeus aire, Hera tierra, Hades fuego y Nestis agua.

kingsley-ancient-philosophy-mystery-magic · pp. 25, 59

Cadena de transmisión (quién tomó de quién)La tesis que ordena la tercera parte: una línea que va de Empédocles y los primeros pitagóricos al Egipto meridional y de ahí al mundo del islam, con al-Suhrawardi declarando en el siglo XII que la sabiduría de occidente volvió a oriente por Egipto.

kingsley-ancient-philosophy-mystery-magic · pp. 400, 403

Crítica de fuentes (criterios de inclusión y descarte)Aristóteles y Teofrasto se tratan como autoridades últimas sobre los presocráticos, y Kingsley sostiene que el «Empédocles auténtico» de esa tradición es en aspectos fundamentales un pseudo-Empédocles producido por sus intereses.

kingsley-ancient-philosophy-mystery-magic · pp. 15, 372, 396

Iniciación (recepción por grados / metamorfosis del ser)El poema a Pausanias se lee como texto iniciático: su propósito declarado no es dar datos sino inducir transformación interior, y Empédocles adopta conscientemente terminología mistérica y presenta sus elementos en forma de enigma.

kingsley-ancient-philosophy-mystery-magic · pp. 372, 375

Secreto (lo que se jura no fijar por escrito)El fragmento manda «ocultar mis palabras en tu pecho mudo», y el contraste entre el poema esotérico y el discurso público a los ciudadanos de Acragas es, según Kingsley, la prueba de que había dos poemas y no uno.

kingsley-ancient-philosophy-mystery-magic · pp. 378, 377

Necromancia (nigromancia)La última línea del fragmento 111 promete traer del Hades la fuerza vital de un muerto, y Kingsley la lee no como invocación nigromántica sino como descenso efectivo al inframundo, con el mago zoroástrico de Luciano como paralelo más cercano.

kingsley-ancient-philosophy-mystery-magic · pp. 237, 238

Talismán (imagen astrológica)Las láminas de oro báquicas y órficas se usaron como amuletos desde el principio, y el propio texto de la lámina de Petelia especificaba ese uso; Kingsley niega que eso indique degradación de religión a magia.

kingsley-ancient-philosophy-mystery-magic · pp. 323, 324

Theurgia (obra divina)La teurgia neoplatónica no fue intrusión de lo irracional sino, para muchos neoplatónicos, culminación de la filosofía; sus practicantes eran tenidos por magos capaces de sacar y devolver almas, hacer llover y parar pestes, igual que Empédocles.

kingsley-ancient-philosophy-mystery-magic · pp. 313, 314

Microcosmos (el hombre-mundo)El sistema de oscilación del Fedón y la imagen de la tierra respirando por sus canales descansan en una analogía entre microcosmos y macrocosmos: la tierra como una vasta criatura que respira.

kingsley-ancient-philosophy-mystery-magic · p. 154

Gnosis (conocimiento salvífico)El «punto del sol» en el centro de la tierra es instancia clásica del simbolismo alquímico y uno de los temas absorbidos por la literatura de la Turba desde círculos gnósticos; los monasterios pacomianos del Alto Egipto disputaban con los «filósofos» de Akhmim.

kingsley-ancient-philosophy-mystery-magic · pp. 78, 79

Prisca theologia (la teología antiquísima)Numenio declara querer rescatar el platonismo volviendo a algo anterior, y al-Suhrawardi describe cómo con Aristóteles «desaparecieron las huellas de los caminos de los sabios antiguos».

kingsley-ancient-philosophy-mystery-magic · pp. 316, 399

Philosophia perennis (filosofía perenne)Kingsley sostiene que los autores árabes reconstruyeron intuitivamente aspectos de la enseñanza empedoclea y pitagórica que ya en tiempos de Platón y Aristóteles se habían malinterpretado, y que Corbin tenía razón al ver en el Empédocles del islam la fisonomía moral de un sufí.

kingsley-ancient-philosophy-mystery-magic · pp. 391, 393

Obras citadas

Conversación

lo que dicen los lectores — distinto de lo consignado en la ficha, que lleva cita