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Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood

Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood: Alchemy and End Times in Reformation Germany

inglés2019Alquimia

Source entries are currently shown in Spanish; English-first entries arrive with the next cataloguing pass.

El libro parte de un objeto de museo y de su desmentido: la silla de hierro que el Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum exhibe como instrumento de la ejecución de Anna Zieglerin en 1575. Nummedal sostiene que no hay con qué sostenerlo — «In the end, there is no contemporary evidence confirming that Zieglerin was executed in any chair, let alone this chair, nor even that this chair was made in the sixteenth century» «Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 14» — y que el objeto desvía la mirada: «It misdirects our attention toward early modern witchcraft, a brutal justice system, and a narrative of modern progress away from that pitiless era» «Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 13».

Lo que la silla tapa es la historia que el libro quiere contar. Zieglerin entiende la alquimia como técnica de materia: «Zieglerin understood alchemy primarily as a powerful technology for generating unusually subtle matter, whether gemstones, plants, gold, or human bodies» «Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 16»; y la sangre de león no promete solo oro: «The real promise of the lion’s blood was not simply gold and gemstones, but nothing less than the redemption of the world in its final moments» «Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 13».

La apuesta historiográfica va en dos frentes. Contra la reducción de la alquimia a prehistoria de la química, Nummedal enuncia que «The history of alchemy is not coterminous with the history of science and medicine, however» «Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 16»; y por el lado del archivo, sostiene que este expediente permite una pregunta que otros no permiten — los papeles del proceso son «unusually voluminous, offering a rare opportunity to examine how, and on what terms, a woman could claim plausibly to be an alchemist in the sixteenth century» «Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 18». El resultado que declara es de enlace: «Zieglerin’s life and ideas reveal how tightly alchemy was entwined with the political, religious, social, and intellectual culture of Reformation Europe» «Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 18».

1200 claims · 1 source · 1 attribution

Attribution

recorded, never asserted
DECLARED
la ficha de la Library of Congress en la página de derechos consigna «Names: Nummedal, Tara E., author.»
per Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)
«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 4»

The chain of the work

the processed witness, in emerald
EDITION · PROCESSED
Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)
inglés · 2019 · Filadelfia, University of Pennsylvania Press (Haney Foundation Series), 1st edition · University of Pennsylvania Press (imprimio)

Claims

1200 entries — the work's own voice, with its passage

«Early modern German names were fluid, particularly for women, both in spelling and in form. Noblewomen, for example, took on the names or titles of their husbands, changing their names over the course of their lives, which makes them sometimes confusing to track.»Nummedal abre advirtiendo que el nombre propio alemán del siglo XVI no es un dato fijo: las nobles tomaban el nombre o el título del marido y lo cambiaban a lo largo de la vida, lo que vuelve difícil seguirles la pista.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 9»

«Hedwig was born as Margravess Hedwig of Brandenburg, but once she married Duke Julius, she became Duchess Hedwig of Braunschweig-Lüneburg and Princess of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel.»Da el ejemplo con la duquesa: nacida margravina Hedwig de Brandeburgo, al casarse con Julius pasa a duquesa de Braunschweig-Lüneburg y princesa de Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 9»

«Anna’s surname was also unstable in the sixteenth century, and she signed her own name variously as Anna Maria Zigler/Ziegler, Ziglerin/Zieglerin, or more rarely (taking her husband’s name) Schombach/Schombachin.»Y señala que el apellido de Anna era igual de inestable: ella misma firmó de varias maneras, y más raramente con el apellido del marido.

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«The suffix -in was added irregularly to Anna’s surname in the sixteenth century and should be understood simply as an indicator of the female form of her family name, Ziegler.»Sostiene que el sufijo *-in* se añadía de manera irregular y debe entenderse sin más como marca de la forma femenina del apellido Ziegler.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 9»

«Because the suffix -in has been abandoned in modern German, it is tempting to drop it in Anna’s name today.»Reconoce la tentación de suprimirlo hoy, porque el sufijo desapareció del alemán moderno.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 9»

«Moreover, the -in suffix can sometimes have a pejorative ring to modern German ears, as in “that Zieglerin woman.”»Y añade el segundo motivo para suprimirlo: hoy puede sonar peyorativo al oído alemán.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 9»

«Because Anna seems to have referred to herself most often as Anna Maria Zieglerin, however, I have chosen to follow her own usage.»La abstención que declara: conserva la forma porque es la que Anna usaba con más frecuencia para sí misma, y sigue su uso en vez de corregirlo.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 9»

«In October 2011, the State Museum in Braunschweig, Germany, opened an exhibit to celebrate its 120th anniversary. On display were 120 objects from the museum’s collections, each meant to spark a dialogue between the viewer and a particular moment in the region’s past.»El punto de partida es una exposición: en octubre de 2011 el museo estatal de Braunschweig celebró su 120 aniversario con 120 objetos, cada uno pensado para abrir diálogo con un momento del pasado de la región.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 11»

«With a curved back, decorative ironwork, a swivel, pedestal stem, and five wheels (only one of which remains), the chair’s elegant design hints at lofty origins, perhaps in a patrician’s home or at a princely court. It may have been a work chair, originally a kind of Renaissance office chair.»Nummedal describe la silla por sus rasgos —respaldo curvo, herrería decorativa, giro, pedestal y cinco ruedas, de las que solo queda una— y propone la lectura más sobria: pudo ser una silla de trabajo, una suerte de silla de oficina renacentista.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 11»

«The 2011 exhibition’s wall text, however, suggested a far more unsettling history for this object.»Frente a esa lectura sobria, señala que el cartel de la exposición proponía para el objeto una historia mucho más inquietante.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 11»

«It is “Purportedly A Witch’s Chair,” ostensibly the chair in which a woman named Anna Maria Zieglerin was executed in nearby Wolfenbüttel on February 7, 1575, for numerous crimes, including sorcery, poison, fraud, theft, adultery, and infanticide.»Enumera, según el cartel del museo, los cargos por los que Anna Maria Zieglerin fue ejecutada en Wolfenbüttel el 7 de febrero de 1575: hechicería, veneno, fraude, robo, adulterio e infanticidio.

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«For these offenses, according to local lore, Zieglerin was led to the public site of execution, her skin was torn six times with red-hot tongs, and then she was executed by fire, strapped to this iron chair and suspended over the flames by chains attached to the loops under the armrests.»Y consigna, atribuyéndolo expresamente a la tradición local y no a un documento, el relato de la ejecución: seis desgarros con tenazas al rojo y el fuego con la mujer atada a la silla y suspendida sobre las llamas.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 11»

«According to the museum’s exhibition catalog, Zieglerin’s execution in 1575 was “one of the most gruesome and sensational cases in Wolfenbüttel,” and indeed, the chair certainly prompts revulsion.»Cita el catálogo del museo, que llama al caso uno de los más espantosos y sensacionales de Wolfenbüttel, y concede que la silla en efecto provoca repulsión.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 11»

«Whatever Zieglerin’s crimes may have been, this was a ghastly way to die, and it is all the more chilling that she was executed legally at the hands of the state after a rigorous and procedurally correct trial.»Añade lo que a su juicio agrava la escena: que la ejecución fuera legal, a manos del Estado y tras un proceso riguroso y procesalmente correcto.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 11»

«Nevertheless, the museum tells us, during her trial, Anna Zieglerin stated that “she confessed to everything, but didn’t do everything; she said these things out of fear.”»Y recoge, otra vez por boca del museo, lo que Anna Zieglerin declaró en el proceso: que confesó todo pero no hizo todo, y que lo dijo por miedo.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 11»

«Although each of the crimes to which Zieglerin confessed warranted its own punishment, in the end, the chair suggests, state authorities chose to execute her by fire, the punishment reserved for the most heinous crimes: heresy, sorcery, poison, and sodomy, as well as crimes related to fire, such as arson.»Explica por qué el fuego: cada delito confesado tenía su propia pena, y la hoguera quedaba reservada a los más atroces —herejía, hechicería, veneno y sodomía— además de los delitos de fuego como el incendio.

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«Fire was meant to completely obliterate the early modern criminal’s body, preventing a burial and functioning almost as a purifying ritual to purge the community of his or her offenses.»Y qué se esperaba de esa pena: aniquilar del todo el cuerpo del reo, impedir el entierro y funcionar casi como rito de purificación de la comunidad.

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«the chair also evokes the witch hunts that proliferated in Europe during this same period, condemning tens of thousands of men and women to their deaths.»Sitúa además la silla en la serie de la caza de brujas europea del mismo periodo, que condenó a muerte a decenas de miles de hombres y mujeres.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 12»

«And yet, in the exhibition wall text next to the chair, the State Museum encouraged viewers to ponder Zieglerin’s life as well as her death.»Reconoce que el propio cartel invitaba a considerar la vida de Zieglerin y no solo su muerte.

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«Anna claimed that she and an enigmatic adept named Count Carl von Oettingen were to fulfill a prophecy, using the lion’s blood to conceive children whose alchemical bodies would help prepare the world for its end.»Según Nummedal, Anna sostuvo que ella y un adepto llamado conde Carl von Oettingen habían de cumplir una profecía usando la sangre de león para concebir hijos cuyos cuerpos alquímicos ayudaran a preparar el mundo para su fin.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 12»

«The sixteenth-century documents related to Zieglerin’s case are oddly silent about this detail of her execution, in fact—a surprising omission, given how unusually extensive the records surrounding her trial otherwise are.»Objeta el relato de la silla midiendo el silencio del archivo: los documentos del siglo XVI callan sobre ese detalle, omisión notable en un expediente por lo demás inusualmente extenso.

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«The jurists recommended that Zieglerin be punished “with fire,” but we find nothing here about a chair, nor do any contemporary sixteenth-century sources bear witness to Zieglerin’s execution in this manner.»Precisa qué dicen los juristas: que se la castigue con fuego, sin mención de silla alguna, y que ninguna fuente coetánea atestigua esa forma de ejecución.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 13»

«This silence is telling, because such a punishment would have been highly unusual in the sixteenth century and certainly would have sparked comment.»Y por qué ese silencio pesa: un castigo así habría sido rarísimo en el siglo XVI y habría dado que hablar.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 13»

«Nor does the chair as a material object offer any conclusive evidence of either its use in Zieglerin’s execution or its origins in the sixteenth century.»El objeto tampoco resuelve nada: como pieza material no ofrece prueba concluyente ni de su uso en la ejecución ni de su origen en el siglo XVI.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 13»

«Both its capacity to swivel and the small wheels at its base are striking, seemingly out of place for a sixteenth-century chair.»Señala los dos rasgos que chirrían: el giro y las ruedecillas de la base parecen fuera de lugar en una silla del XVI.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 13»

«And yet, swivel chairs were already in use in the fifteenth century in the German lands in work or study settings; nor were early modern medical wheelchairs unheard of (most famously, a wheeled, reclining chair that King Philipp II of Spain used because of his gout).»Y de inmediato acota su propia objeción: las sillas giratorias ya se usaban en tierras alemanas en el siglo XV, y existían sillas de ruedas médicas —la reclinable con ruedas que usó Felipe II por su gota.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 13»

«In the end, there is no contemporary evidence confirming that Zieglerin was executed in any chair, let alone this chair, nor even that this chair was made in the sixteenth century.»El balance que saca: no hay prueba coetánea de que Zieglerin fuera ejecutada en silla alguna, menos en ésta, ni de que la silla se hiciera en el siglo XVI.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 14»

«The fact that this iron chair stands in a museum today as an artifact of Anna Zieglerin’s execution, despite the uncertainty about its origins, offers a powerful reminder of both the influence still exerted by nineteenth-century historical narratives about early modern Europe and how careful we need to be in accepting them uncritically.»De ahí la lección que extrae: que la silla siga expuesta como reliquia de esa ejecución mide la fuerza que aún tienen los relatos históricos decimonónicos sobre la Europa moderna temprana, y el cuidado con que hay que recibirlos.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 14»

«It misdirects our attention toward early modern witchcraft, a brutal justice system, and a narrative of modern progress away from that pitiless era, obscuring a far more interesting story about the intersection of alchemy, gender, and belief in the era of the Reformation.»Nombra lo que la silla tapa: una historia más interesante sobre el cruce de alquimia, género y creencia en tiempos de la Reforma.

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«disturbing artifact of an early modern legal system that not only sanctioned torture but also depended on it in exceptionally serious cases to produce confessions.»Lee la silla, ante todo, como pieza de un sistema legal que no solo toleraba la tortura sino que dependía de ella para producir confesiones en los casos graves.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 12»

«The chair vividly reminds us, too, of the carefully choreographed and public nature of early modern statesponsored punishment, which was meant simultaneously to punish and dishonor criminals’ bodies, to restore the communities they had violated, and to communicate the precise nature of their offenses to onlookers.»Y como recordatorio del castigo coreografiado y público del Estado moderno temprano, que a la vez castigaba y deshonraba el cuerpo del reo, restauraba a la comunidad agraviada y comunicaba a los presentes la naturaleza exacta del delito. El troceo parte *state-sponsored* al fin de renglón y `span()` la devuelve unida, *statesponsored*.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 12»

«By choosing this particular form of execution, then, the Wolfenbüttel officials would have intended to send a very clear message: Anna Zieglerin had violated not only the laws, but also the spiritual community of the Duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg.»De la elección de la hoguera deduce el mensaje que las autoridades de Wolfenbüttel habrían querido enviar: que Zieglerin había violado no solo las leyes sino la comunidad espiritual del ducado.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 12»

«As we gaze upon this chair today, we are faced first and foremost with a spectacular death and the brutality of early modern justice, leaving us unsettled but perhaps also oddly comforted, glad that we live in a different era.»Y nombra el efecto que el objeto produce hoy: nos deja inquietos y a la vez extrañamente confortados, contentos de vivir en otra época.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 12»

«A Lutheran woman who spent her entire life in proximity to three German princely courts, Anna Zieglerin (ca. 1545–1575) was wife, courtier, and alchemist before her arrest and conviction in 1574.»La presenta con las tres identidades que el libro va a examinar: luterana que pasó la vida cerca de tres cortes principescas alemanas, esposa, cortesana y alquimista antes de su arresto y condena en 1574.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 12»

«Julius was drawn to Anna’s recipes for a golden oil she called the lion’s blood, which was said to possess the extraordinary ability to stimulate the growth of plants, make gemstones, and even transform lead into the coveted philosophers’ stone, a precious secret in its own right that could transmute metals and promote health.»Según Nummedal, lo que atrajo al duque Julius fueron las recetas de un aceite dorado que Anna llamaba sangre de león, al que se atribuía estimular el crecimiento de las plantas, hacer gemas y aun convertir el plomo en piedra filosofal.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 12»

«Equally intriguing was the way Anna framed her alchemy as a tool for addressing a matter that weighed heavily on the minds of pious Christians in sixteenth-century Europe: the rapidly approaching end of time.»Y lo que a juicio de Nummedal resulta igual de notable: que Anna presentara su alquimia como herramienta para el asunto que más pesaba a los cristianos piadosos del siglo XVI, el fin de los tiempos.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 12»

«As riveting as it is, therefore, the iron chair on display in Braunschweig turns out to be a red herring.»El veredicto sobre el objeto: por fascinante que sea, la silla de hierro resulta ser una pista falsa.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 13»

«The Lower Saxony Regional Archive in Wolfenbüttel contains thirty-one folders pertaining to the case, including letters, recipes, supply orders, and various other items written before her arrest, as well as transcripts of interrogations and other legal documents generated during the trial itself.»Declara la base documental: treinta y una carpetas en el archivo regional de Baja Sajonia en Wolfenbüttel, con cartas, recetas, órdenes de suministro y otros papeles anteriores al arresto, además de las transcripciones de los interrogatorios.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 13»

«The record of the final judgment (Urteil) has not survived, unfortunately, but a summary of the legal judgment and sentences recommended by two panels of jurists (Schöffensprüche) has, and we can assume that these guided Duke Julius’s court in issuing the final sentence.»Y declara el hueco de esa base: no se conserva el *Urteil* final, sí el resumen del dictamen y las penas recomendadas por dos paneles de juristas, de los que supone que guiaron a la corte de Julius.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 13»

«The catalog entry from the Braunschweig State Museum notes that the chair bears white “blooms” on its surface, suggesting that at some point it may have been in a fire, but when the marks were created is unknown.»El único indicio material que registra el catálogo del museo —unas eflorescencias blancas que sugieren paso por el fuego— no fecha nada: se ignora cuándo se produjeron.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 13»

«It is “purportedly” Zieglerin’s chair. Prior to her execution, it “could have belonged” to her patron Duke Julius, who was disabled and who might have used it as either a wheelchair or (an extremely heavy, it must be said) sedan chair before repurposing it for Zieglerin’s execution.12 These conclusions, while intriguing, remain speculative.»Lee la propia ficha del catálogo como prueba de su incertidumbre: la silla es *supuestamente* la de Zieglerin y *pudo haber pertenecido* al duque Julius, que era discapacitado; conclusiones que quedan en especulación.

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«Virgin Mary, likening Anna’s extraordinary generation of life, as well as its profound implications for sacred history, with the virgin birth of Christ.»Según Nummedal, Anna y su círculo trazaron el paralelo con la Virgen María —el tramo abre en la plana anterior con *Anna and those close to her drew parallels to the*—, equiparando esa generación extraordinaria de vida y sus consecuencias para la historia sagrada con el nacimiento virginal de Cristo.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 13»

«Anna Zieglerin has largely (although not entirely) faded from view and from historical memory in Braunschweig, even as the iron chair still sits in the Braunschweig State Museum.»Mide el contraste del presente: Zieglerin se ha borrado casi del todo de la memoria histórica de Braunschweig mientras la silla sigue en el museo.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 15»

«Meanwhile, more than a century of scholarship on the history of alchemy, gender, and Reformation Germany makes it possible to move beyond her execution and the distorted image of Zieglerin as witch and, instead, use her life to raise a new set of questions.»Frente a eso, Nummedal declara su punto de apoyo: más de un siglo de estudios sobre historia de la alquimia, del género y de la Alemania de la Reforma permite pasar de la ejecución y de la imagen deformada a un juego nuevo de preguntas.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 15»

«Above all, Zieglerin refocuses attention on the religious, gendered, and political meanings of early modern European alchemy in the wake of a generation of revisionist scholarship.»Y qué reenfoca su caso: los sentidos religiosos, de género y políticos de la alquimia europea moderna temprana, tras una generación de estudios revisionistas.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 15»

«The history of alchemy is not coterminous with the history of science and medicine, however, for it also extends into the history of Christianity, gender, politics, commerce and political economy, material culture, art, literature, and even music in early modern Europe.»Y ahí pone su reserva: la historia de la alquimia no coincide con la de la ciencia y la medicina, porque se extiende al cristianismo, el género, la política, el comercio, la cultura material, el arte, la literatura y hasta la música.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 16»

«Following Zieglerin’s life and ideas makes many of these connections visible in new and surprising ways.»Y declara para qué le sirve su caso: seguir la vida y las ideas de Zieglerin vuelve visibles esas conexiones de maneras nuevas.

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«From the time of alchemy’s arrival from the Islamic world, its promoters in Europe had attempted to forge connections between alchemy and Christianity.»Data el enlace entre alquimia y cristianismo desde la llegada del arte a Europa desde el mundo islámico.

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«Alchemists articulated an analogical relationship between the production of the philosophers’ stone and the life of Christ, for example, likening the dissolution and reconstruction of matter in the furnace and flask to Christ’s suffering on the cross; both stone and Christ emerged from their ordeals with the power to redeem.»Describe la analogía clásica: la disolución y reconstrucción de la materia en el horno y el matraz se equipara al padecer de Cristo en la cruz, y de la prueba salen ambos con poder de redimir.

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«Alchemy had also long been a resource for imagining and understanding the peculiar qualities of biblical bodies, whether of Adam and the long-lived patriarchs, or of the millennial or resurrected bodies at the end of time.»Añade el otro uso antiguo de la alquimia: pensar las cualidades peculiares de los cuerpos bíblicos —Adán, los patriarcas longevos, los cuerpos milenarios o resucitados del fin de los tiempos.

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«Anna Zieglerin pulled on all of these threads in her engagement with alchemical tradition, but she came to focus especially on how alchemy could help her explore, if not manipulate, the vexed relationship between matter and spirit in early modern Christianity.»Según Nummedal, Anna tira de todos esos hilos, pero se concentra en cómo la alquimia podía explorar y aun manipular la relación conflictiva entre materia y espíritu.

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«This view led her to draw analogies not between the philosophers’ stone and the crucifixion, as had so many alchemists before her, but rather between the alchemist and the Virgin Mary, whose own paradoxical body made possible the incarnation of Christ.»Y de ahí la sustitución que Nummedal le adjudica: la analogía no va entre la piedra y la crucifixión, como en tantos antes, sino entre el alquimista y la Virgen María, cuyo cuerpo paradójico hizo posible la encarnación.

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«Ultimately, Zieglerin proposed that alchemy could help her enact another pivotal event in sacred history, using the alchemical lion’s blood and her own body to transcend ordinary generation and produce subtle alchemical bodies, thereby bringing about the end of time.»Según Nummedal, la propuesta de Anna llega hasta actuar otro episodio de la historia sagrada: con la sangre de león y su propio cuerpo, trascender la generación ordinaria y producir cuerpos alquímicos sutiles que traigan el fin del tiempo.

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«The fact that Zieglerin, who seems to have encountered only a few alchemical texts, could nonetheless draw on alchemical ideas and practices to forge such a creative and sophisticated view of Christian eschatology is striking, underscoring the fact that alchemy was as entangled with the Reformation as it was with science or medicine during the turbulent sixteenth century in Europe.»Y de ahí saca su tesis de enlace: que una mujer que apenas trató unos pocos textos alquímicos armara con ellos una escatología cristiana tan elaborada muestra que la alquimia estaba tan enredada con la Reforma como con la ciencia o la medicina.

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«Zieglerin’s preoccupations also point to the importance of the body in the early modern period.»Segunda línea del libro: sus preocupaciones apuntan a la importancia del cuerpo en el periodo moderno temprano.

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«In another sense, however, Zieglerin merely typified much broader understandings of the body as a site of both knowledge and piety in medieval and early modern Europe.»Acota de inmediato lo idiosincrásico: en otro sentido Zieglerin no hacía sino tipificar entendimientos mucho más amplios del cuerpo como sitio de conocimiento y de piedad.

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«Zieglerin’s body, too, bore signs of her spiritual purity, and was crucial to her articulation of her own piety and authority.»Según Nummedal, el cuerpo de Anna llevaba también señales de pureza espiritual y era pieza central de cómo articulaba su piedad y su autoridad.

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«The fact that she was a Lutheran might make this surprising; in some ways she calls to mind medieval Catholic holy women more than sober Lutheran Hausmütter, and the fact that she chose to model herself on the Virgin Mary at the court of a recently converted Lutheran prince underscores the longevity of medieval modes of piety even for all of the dramatic ruptures of the Reformation.»Y consigna la anomalía sin resolverla: siendo luterana, se parece más a las santas católicas medievales que a las sobrias *Hausmütter* luteranas, y modelarse sobre la Virgen en la corte de un príncipe recién convertido subraya cuánto duraron los modos medievales de piedad pese a las rupturas de la Reforma.

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«Although we often imagine alchemists producing precious metals in a laboratory, Zieglerin highlights the fact that the human body was also a primary object of alchemical technologies.»Objeta la imagen corriente del alquimista fabricando metales en el laboratorio: el cuerpo humano era también objeto primario de las tecnologías alquímicas.

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«Alchemically produced elixirs, tinctures, quintessences, and balsams, whether ingested or applied externally, held out the promise of transforming the body to make it healthier, more productive, and long-lived.»Lo que esos preparados prometían, ingeridos o aplicados: transformar el cuerpo para hacerlo más sano, más productivo y más longevo.

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«Some alchemists also extended their art far beyond medicine, aiming to produce especially subtle bodies that straddled the divide between the worldly and divine, continuing to exist in this world, while accessing qualities and gifts that were beyond it.»Y hasta dónde llegaban algunos: producir cuerpos especialmente sutiles a caballo entre lo mundano y lo divino, que siguieran en este mundo accediendo a cualidades de más allá.

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«She used her own body to demonstrate her piety, authority, and expertise as a holy alchemist, promising to manipulate the entanglements of body and spirit that vexed and inspired early modern Europeans.»Según Nummedal, Anna usó su propio cuerpo para acreditar piedad, autoridad y pericia como alquimista santa, prometiendo manipular los enredos de cuerpo y espíritu.

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«Zieglerin also brings the history of women and gender to the fore in this period. Historians continue to add to our understanding of the many ways in which women produced, consumed, and contributed to knowledge of nature in the early modern world.»Tercera línea: su caso trae al frente la historia de las mujeres y del género, en un campo donde los estudios siguen ampliando lo que se sabe de cómo las mujeres produjeron y consumieron conocimiento de la naturaleza.

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«Like their male counterparts, women were patrons and practitioners, and engaged with science and medicine in the court, as well as in the household, library, laboratory, workshop, and Republic of Letters.»Y dónde: como los hombres, fueron patronas y practicantes, en la corte y también en la casa, la biblioteca, el laboratorio, el taller y la República de las Letras.

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«The records of Zieglerin’s successes and failures in Wolfenbüttel are unusually voluminous, offering a rare opportunity to examine how, and on what terms, a woman could claim plausibly to be an alchemist in the sixteenth century.»Y por qué este expediente permite preguntarlo: es inusualmente voluminoso y da una ocasión rara de examinar cómo y en qué términos una mujer podía sostener con plausibilidad que era alquimista.

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«Most practitioners of alchemy still had to rely on wealthy patrons to support their work in this period, and this plunged many alchemists into the dangerous world of the early modern court.»Nombra la condición material del oficio: casi todo practicante seguía dependiendo de patrones ricos, y eso metía a muchos alquimistas en el mundo peligroso de la corte.

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«Zieglerin’s career in Wolfenbüttel demonstrates the peril and the opportunity that courts could offer any alchemist, but it also highlights the particular challenges that she faced as a female courtier.»Su carrera muestra a la vez el riesgo y la oportunidad que la corte ofrecía a cualquier alquimista, y los obstáculos propios de ser cortesana.

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«In attempting to secure a place at the ducal court in Wolfenbüttel and to assert her own authority as an alchemist, Zieglerin creatively navigated extremely dangerous terrain, including the formidable opposition of the ranking woman at court, Duchess Hedwig.»Y con qué obstáculo concreto: la oposición formidable de la mujer de mayor rango en la corte, la duquesa Hedwig.

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«In the end, Zieglerin (like her male companions but for different reasons) was unsuccessful.»El desenlace que enuncia, con su matiz: fracasó como sus compañeros varones, pero por razones distintas.

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«Even her downfall is instructive, however, for it makes visible a set of associations between alchemy and poison, sorcery, and political sabotage that pulsed through the courts of the Holy Roman Empire, revealing the instability and fear lurking at the heart of the nascent centralizing state.»Y por qué el fracaso sirve: hace visible un conjunto de asociaciones entre alquimia, veneno, hechicería y sabotaje político que latía en las cortes del Sacro Imperio, y con él la inestabilidad y el miedo del Estado centralizador naciente.

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«When Anna Zieglerin imagined herself to be a new Virgin Mary, with the alchemical lion’s blood in hand, she made a surprisingly bold claim not only to being a court alchemist, but also to playing a central role in bringing about the Last Days.»Según Nummedal, imaginarse nueva Virgen María con la sangre de león en la mano era reclamar no solo el puesto de alquimista de corte, sino un papel central en el advenimiento de los Últimos Días.

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«Zieglerin wove together her biography, her body, her piety, and her alchemy in sometimes startling ways, suggesting that alchemy was, for her, deeply personal and constitutive of self.»Y lo que de ahí deduce sobre su alquimia: que era para ella profundamente personal y constitutiva de sí misma.

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«More than just a good story, however, Zieglerin’s life and ideas reveal how tightly alchemy was entwined with the political, religious, social, and intellectual culture of Reformation Europe.»El alcance que reclama para el caso más allá del relato: la vida y las ideas de Zieglerin muestran cuán estrechamente se enredaba la alquimia con la cultura política, religiosa, social e intelectual de la Europa de la Reforma.

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«In her encounters with networks of Lutheran pastors searching for the philosophers’ stone or with princes trying to pry secrets out of angels and alchemists, as well as in her own extraordinarily creative explorations of the relationship between matter and spirit, Anna Zieglerin found in alchemy a powerful way to engage, manipulate, and interrogate her world.»Y qué fue la alquimia para ella: un modo poderoso de tratar, manipular e interrogar su mundo, en el trato con pastores luteranos que buscaban la piedra y con príncipes que querían arrancar secretos a ángeles y alquimistas.

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«She was not the only person in her circle of companions, patrons, and foes to put forward claims that some modern readers may find outrageous, implausible, or simply ridiculous, however.»Y acota que no era la única de su círculo —compañeros, patrones y enemigos— en sostener cosas que hoy pueden parecer descabelladas.

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«Such stories and contentions challenge us to take Zieglerin and her contemporaries on their own terms, to explore the cultural logic of their assertions.»La regla de lectura que propone: tomar a Zieglerin y a sus contemporáneos en sus propios términos y explorar la lógica cultural de lo que afirmaban.

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«We must seek to understand why seemingly preposterous claims might have seemed reasonable to early modern ears, as well as the standards that they used to evaluate them and to determine whether they were plausible.»Y qué hay que reconstruir para eso: por qué una afirmación aparentemente absurda podía sonar razonable a oídos del siglo XVI, y con qué criterios la evaluaban.

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«In one way or another, most of the figures in this book were engaged in spinning tales, both about themselves and others.»Consigna la condición común de sus personajes: casi todos andaban urdiendo relatos, sobre sí mismos y sobre los demás.

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«Zieglerin, too, may have reinvented herself and her past repeatedly, both in response to very real events and to less tangible rumors and matters of reputation, and it is sometimes difficult to know how to make sense of her claims.»Y admite el límite de su propio material: Anna pudo reinventarse una y otra vez, ante hechos reales y ante rumores, y a veces es difícil saber qué hacer con lo que dice.

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«We might wonder whether her tales were improvised or strategic, knowing dissimulation or self»La pregunta que deja abierta sin resolver: si sus relatos eran improvisados o estratégicos, disimulo consciente o fabricación de sí; el tramo se corta en el guion de fin de renglón y sigue con *fashioning*.

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«begins with a proposal, however—namely, that it is more productive to set aside the question of what really happened and to ask not only how Zieglerin and her contemporaries negotiated the middle ground between self-narration and outright lying, but also how fantasy both propelled and limited politics, faith, and knowledge in Reformation Germany.»La propuesta con que declara arrancar el libro: dejar de lado la pregunta por lo que realmente pasó y preguntar cómo se negociaba el terreno intermedio entre narrarse y mentir, y cómo la fantasía impulsó y a la vez limitó la política, la fe y el conocimiento en la Alemania de la Reforma.

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«How Zieglerin came to construct, believe, and convince others of her ideas makes for a dramatic narrative, not least because some of them»Reconoce la dificultad del material: cómo llegó a construir esas ideas, creerlas y convencer a otros de ellas hace un relato dramático, no en último término porque algunas —el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con *seem to defy belief today*— hoy parecen increíbles.

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«Anna Zieglerin’s tale unfolded mostly in the small northern German city of Wolfenbüttel, at the court of Duke Julius (1528–1589) and Duchess Hedwig (1540–1602) of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. This is where Anna arrived in the fall of 1571, accompanied by her husband Heinrich Schombach and their companion Philipp Sömmering, and where, for a time, they flourished as alchemists and courtiers.»Sitúa el escenario y la fecha: Wolfenbüttel, corte de Julius y Hedwig, adonde Anna llega en otoño de 1571 con su marido Heinrich Schombach y su compañero Philipp Sömmering, y donde por un tiempo prosperan como alquimistas y cortesanos.

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«Wolfenbüttel is also where Anna, Heinrich, and Philipp would face their downfall three years later, as controversy around them evolved into a legal process and, ultimately, condemnation at the scaffold.»Y anuncia el desenlace en la misma frase: tres años después la controversia se vuelve proceso legal y condena en el cadalso.

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«Although these events in Wolfenbüttel would prove decisive for Anna and her companions, their lives there were overshadowed by the events that had propelled them to Julius and Hedwig’s court in the first place: the 1567 siege of Gotha and the downfall of their first patron, Duke Johann Friedrich II of Saxony (1529–1595).»La tesis del capítulo: lo de Wolfenbüttel queda ensombrecido por lo que los llevó allí, el sitio de Gotha de 1567 y la caída de su primer patrón, Johann Friedrich II de Sajonia.

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«Johann Friedrich had been led into this ill-advised military confrontation by his adviser Wilhelm von Grumbach (1503– 1567) and by a host of angelic spirits, who had been communicating with the ducal court for years via a peasant boy named Hänschen (or “Little Hans”).»Según Nummedal, quienes empujaron al duque a esa confrontación fueron su consejero Wilhelm von Grumbach y una hueste de espíritus angélicos que llevaban años comunicándose con la corte por medio del niño campesino Hänschen.

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«These angels turned out to be quite bellicose, exacerbating long-simmering tensions between duke and emperor, which eventually erupted into a three-month siege and Duke Johann Friedrich II’s overthrow.»Y qué hicieron esos ángeles, según ella: resultaron belicosos y agravaron tensiones viejas entre duque y emperador hasta el sitio de tres meses y el derrocamiento.

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«In the wake of the political and military defeat, rumors that Grumbach used sorcery to manipulate the duke circulated, adding to the disturbing implications of this episode.»Consigna el rumor que siguió a la derrota —que Grumbach manipulaba al duque por hechicería— sin adjudicarle verdad.

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«Heinrich, Philipp, and especially Anna were not directly involved in the “Grumbach Feud” or the 1567 “Gotha Rebellion,” as these events came to be known. Nevertheless, they were affiliated with Duke Johann Friedrich II’s court in the 1560s and thus were forced to flee ducal Saxony in the ensuing political fallout.»Y precisa la posición de los tres: no estuvieron implicados directamente ni en la Grumbach Feud ni en la Rebelión de Gotha, pero su vinculación a la corte los obligó a huir de la Sajonia ducal.

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«Much to their dismay and frustration, however, the heady blend of angelic prophecy and sorcery associated with Duke Johann Friedrich II’s demise continued to hover over Anna, Heinrich, and Philipp, shaping their new lives in ways they could not always control.»El hilo que el capítulo persigue: la mezcla de profecía angélica y hechicería asociada a la caída de Johann Friedrich II siguió pesando sobre los tres y les modeló la vida nueva de maneras que no siempre podían controlar.

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«The story of Anna’s years in Wolfenbüttel, therefore, must begin nearly a decade before in Gotha.»De ahí su decisión de composición: la historia de los años de Anna en Wolfenbüttel tiene que empezar casi una década antes, en Gotha.

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«The episode began years earlier with a shared sense of injustice and an assassination.»Resume el origen de la disputa en dos términos: un agravio compartido y un asesinato.

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«The Franconian knight Wilhelm von Grumbach arrived at Duke Johann Friedrich II’s court in 1557, seeking employment following the death of his previous patron, Margrave Albrecht Alcibiades of Brandenburg-Kumbach (1522–1557).»Data la llegada de Grumbach a la corte del duque en 1557, buscando empleo tras la muerte de su patrón anterior.

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«Duke Johann Friedrich II’s misfortunes had to do with an old rivalry between two branches of the Saxon Wettin dynasty: the Albertines, centered in Dresden, and the Ernestines in Weimar.»El origen de la desgracia del duque: la rivalidad vieja entre las dos ramas de la dinastía Wettin sajona, albertinos en Dresde y ernestinos en Weimar.

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«This presumed future was entirely scuttled at the 1547 Battle of Mühlberg, however, when the seventeen-year-old Johann Friedrich II, fighting alongside his father, was defeated by his Albertine cousin Moritz and subsequently stripped of the electoral title and his lands.»Y la fecha del vuelco: la batalla de Mühlberg de 1547, donde a los diecisiete años fue derrotado por su primo albertino Moritz y despojado del título electoral y de sus tierras.

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«Almost in an instant, Johann Friedrich II saw his political fortunes plummet, his father taken off to prison, and, in his view, the ideals of the evangelical movement betrayed by political expediency, as the Protestant Moritz had joined Catholic imperial troops to seize his Protestant cousin’s lands.»Y lo que el propio duque veía en ello, según Nummedal: los ideales del movimiento evangélico traicionados por conveniencia política, porque el protestante Moritz se sumó a las tropas imperiales católicas.

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«Grumbach’s woes, meanwhile, were rooted in a decade-long feud with the Catholic prince-bishops of Würzburg, during which Prince-Bishop of Würzburg Melchior Zobel von Giebelstadt confiscated Grumbach’s fiefs in the area.»El agravio de Grumbach: una década de pleito con los príncipes-obispos católicos de Wurzburgo, que le confiscaron los feudos.

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«In retaliation, Grumbach’s men shot and killed the bishop in 1558.»Y la represalia: en 1558 sus hombres mataron a tiros al obispo.

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«The murdered bishop’s successor, Prince-Bishop Friedrich von Wirsberg, pressed the issue with imperial authorities, launching a legal process that continued for nearly a decade.»El sucesor llevó el asunto a las autoridades imperiales y abrió un proceso que duró casi una década.

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«When Anna and Heinrich first arrived at Duke Johann Friedrich II’s court in the early 1560s, therefore, they stepped into a tense political situation.»Data la llegada de Anna y Heinrich a la corte de Johann Friedrich II a principios de los años sesenta, en plena tensión política.

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«Grumbach and the duke were feeling increasingly embattled as they nursed their grievances against Elector August of Saxony, on the one hand, and the prince-bishop of Würzburg, on the other.»Nombra a los dos adversarios de los que se sentían cercados: el elector August de Sajonia por un lado y el príncipe-obispo de Wurzburgo por el otro.

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«Meanwhile, they anxiously waited to hear whether Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I would place Grumbach under an imperial ban for his role in Zobel von Giebelstadt’s murder (thereby nullifying all of Grumbach’s legal and property rights)»Y lo que esperaban con angustia: si el emperador Fernando I pondría a Grumbach bajo ban imperial por el asesinato de Zobel von Giebelstadt, lo que anularía todos sus derechos legales y de propiedad.

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«In the fall of 1562, Grumbach urged the duke to come to the Grimmenstein fortress in Gotha to meet a thirteen-year-old illiterate peasant boy named Hänschen from Sundhausen, a nearby village.»Data en otoño de 1562 el encuentro que Grumbach promovió: el duque va a la fortaleza de Grimmenstein en Gotha a conocer a un niño campesino iletrado de trece años, Hänschen, de la aldea vecina de Sundhausen.

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«These “Little Men,” as Hänschen called them, were about the size of two- or three-year-old children, wore white garments with black caps, and each carried a burning torch and a little white rod, with which they opened up the earth to return to their underground dwelling.»Según Nummedal, así describía Hänschen a sus Little Men: del tamaño de niños de dos o tres años, con ropas blancas y gorros negros, cada uno con una antorcha encendida y una varita blanca con que abrían la tierra para volver a su morada subterránea.

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«Eventually, Johann Friedrich II would come to believe that the Little Men were in fact angels sent by God to communicate with him through Hänschen.»Y a qué conclusión llegó el duque: que los Little Men eran en realidad ángeles enviados por Dios para hablarle a través del niño.

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«He knew that he had to be cautious, recognizing that Hänschen’s visions could easily be the product of sorcery, diabolic deception, melancholy, or fraud.»Nummedal insiste en que el duque procedió con cautela, reconociendo que las visiones podían ser hechicería, engaño diabólico, melancolía o fraude.

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«Well informed about the dangers of demonic activity and sorcery, Johann Friedrich II understood that his role as a magistrate was to root them out in his lands; indeed, during the years before Hänschen arrived at his court, he had launched fifteen trials against sorcerers.»Y aporta la medida de esa cautela: en los años anteriores a la llegada de Hänschen el duque había abierto quince procesos contra hechiceros en sus tierras.

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«Even Grumbach was skeptical when Hausner first reported Hänschen’s visions, reportedly expressing his belief that Hänschen’s visions “were a product of sorcery or demonic delusions.”»Según Nummedal, hasta Grumbach dudó cuando Hausner le informó por primera vez, y llegó a decir que las visiones eran producto de hechicería o de ilusiones demoníacas.

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«Concluding from this first inquiry that no sorcery was involved and that Hänschen’s Little Men were real, the duke then conducted a rigorous investigation to determine whether the spirits were demons or angels.»Del primer interrogatorio el duque concluyó que no había hechicería y que los Little Men eran reales, y abrió una investigación rigurosa para decidir si eran demonios o ángeles.

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«The duke was impressed with the answers he received, but even so both he and Grumbach remained skeptical.»Y consigna que las respuestas lo impresionaron sin convencerlo: tanto él como Grumbach siguieron escépticos.

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«When Stößel asked the duke why he was so certain that the Little Men were not demons, Johann Friedrich replied, “Because Satan never states the truth.»Según Nummedal, el criterio que el duque dio a Stößel fue que Satán nunca dice la verdad.

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«But this spirit [i.e., the Little Men] has spoken the truth more than a hundred times, therefore it is not an evil spirit.”»Y el argumento con que lo aplicaba, en su propia letra según Nummedal: ese espíritu había dicho la verdad más de cien veces, luego no era un espíritu maligno. El corchete aclaratorio es de la edición.

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«They never contradicted scripture or blasphemed, and Hänschen never demonstrated fear when they appeared, as demonologists agreed he would have had they been demons.»Otras pruebas que el duque tomaba por concluyentes: los espíritus nunca contradecían la Escritura ni blasfemaban, y el niño no mostraba miedo al verlos, como los demonólogos decían que ocurriría con demonios.

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«This argument—that accurate revelations were themselves proof of the angelic nature of Hänschen’s spirits—failed to convince Stößel and Selnecker.»Consigna que ese argumento no convenció a los teólogos Stößel y Selnecker, sin arbitrar entre las dos posiciones.

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«After a week of rigorous questioning deeply informed by numerous authorities on demons and angels, the duke finally reached his conclusion: Hänschen’s spirits were indeed angels.»Tras una semana de interrogatorio apoyado en muchas autoridades sobre demonios y ángeles, el duque concluyó que los espíritus eran ángeles.

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«Elector August of Saxony, too, agreed that his cousin Johann Friedrich was horribly mistaken, and that the only explanation for the duke’s stubborn conviction and the rebellious actions it inspired was that he himself had been bewitched.»Y la lectura contraria, la del elector August: que su primo se equivocaba de plano y que la única explicación de su terquedad y de la rebelión que inspiró era que él mismo estuviera hechizado.

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«This conclusion testifies to the climate of eschatological expectation that pervaded Lutheran circles in this period.»Nummedal lee ese episodio como testimonio del clima de expectación escatológica que impregnaba los círculos luteranos del periodo.

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«In the Revelation of John, angels played a pivotal role, not only in dispensing God’s wrath, but also heralding the various stages of the end times to come and dispatching the chosen to prophesy on earth.»Y de dónde venía el papel de los ángeles: en el Apocalipsis de Juan dispensan la ira de Dios, anuncian las etapas del fin y despachan a los elegidos a profetizar.

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«Moreover, to Duke Johann Friedrich II, it seemed reasonable that angels would seek him out as one of God’s chosen prophets to reform the world, for it accorded well with his belief that his family was on earth to serve as God’s instruments.»Explica por qué al duque le parecía razonable ser buscado: casaba con su creencia de que su familia estaba en la tierra para servir de instrumento de Dios.

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«Johann Friedrich II’s forefathers had been among Luther’s earliest supporters and had played an important role in the promulgation and preservation of the reformer’s message.»Y en qué se apoyaba esa creencia: sus antepasados habían estado entre los primeros partidarios de Lutero y en la difusión y preservación de su mensaje.

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«To the pious duke, the angels’ attempts to communicate with him through the peasant boy Hänschen merely confirmed what he already knew: God had special plans for Johann Friedrich II and his realm.»Según Nummedal, para el duque piadoso los intentos de los ángeles solo confirmaban lo que ya sabía: que Dios tenía planes especiales para él y su reino.

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«For the next four and a half years (during which time Anna’s husband Heinrich also served in Johann Friedrich II’s court as a valet and perhaps also court fool),16 Hänschen lived in Grumbach’s household, disguised as a servant boy and under the immediate supervision of Grumbach’s secretary, Moritz Hausner.»Y el arreglo doméstico que siguió: durante cuatro años y medio Hänschen vivió en casa de Grumbach disfrazado de criado y bajo la vigilancia del secretario Moritz Hausner, mientras Heinrich servía en la corte como ayuda de cámara y quizá bufón.

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«During these years, the duke and his closest advisers consulted almost daily via Hänschen with the Little Men, who carried Johann Friedrich II and Grumbach’s inquiries to God and returned with answers about matters of political, economic, medical, and alchemical import.»El uso cotidiano del canal: el duque y sus consejeros consultaban casi a diario con los Little Men, que llevaban sus preguntas a Dios y volvían con respuestas de asunto político, económico, médico y alquímico.

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«Some of what they revealed was “everyday” knowledge that had practical benefits for the duke and his court.»Nummedal subraya que buena parte de lo revelado era conocimiento cotidiano con beneficio práctico.

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«They consulted on the duke’s constipation, for instance, the duchess’s toothache, the maladies that afflicted the duke and duchess’s son, Friedrich IV, and Grumbach’s gout, as well as the illnesses that plagued various other members of the court.»Y da la lista, que es su argumento: el estreñimiento del duque, el dolor de muelas de la duquesa, los males del hijo Friedrich IV, la gota de Grumbach.

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«The angels’ talents extended beyond the health of the court as well, as they helped Duke Johann Friedrich II address his significant financial woes.»Y de ahí pasaban a las finanzas: ayudaron al duque con sus graves apuros de dinero.

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«By the 1560s, he was in desperate need of money, as his father’s debts, decades of warfare, the ensuing loss of territory, and the expenses of the ducal court had depleted his coffers.»Nummedal enumera las causas de esos apuros: las deudas del padre, décadas de guerra, la pérdida de territorio y el gasto de la corte ducal.

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«He addressed this problem in a variety of ways, including reducing the number of people he fed at court each day and seeking out loans from the French king and the duke of Lorraine, among others.»Y los remedios que ensayó: reducir el número de comensales diarios en la corte y buscar préstamos del rey de Francia y del duque de Lorena.

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«The Little Men also served as guardian angels, protecting the duke and his court from»Los mismos espíritus hacían de ángeles de la guarda de la corte; el tramo se corta en el límite de chunk del troceo, dentro de la misma plana, y sigue con *plague and other diseases, sorcery, and the perils of travel*.

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«his lands, seeking buried treasure, new mines, and a magical “spring-root” (Springwurtzel), which supposedly could help them locate both by “springing open” locked doors, exposing buried treasure, and revealing hidden veins of precious metals.»El duque buscó dinero también por vía mágica: tesoros enterrados, minas nuevas y una *Springwurtzel* que supuestamente abría de golpe puertas cerradas, sacaba a la luz tesoros y revelaba vetas ocultas.

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«The angels contributed to the duke’s financial agenda, helping him locate buried treasures and a new mine hidden in the Thuringian Forest.»Y los ángeles entraron en esa agenda financiera: le ayudaron a localizar tesoros y una mina nueva en el bosque de Turingia.

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«The cluster of related things—finance, treasure, mines, and magic— that promised to secure new inflows of cash to the court also led Duke Johann Friedrich II to alchemy.»Nummedal nombra el racimo que lleva a la alquimia: finanzas, tesoro, minas y magia, todo prometiendo entradas nuevas de dinero.

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«He owned two books on the subject, both of which were recently printed compendia of alchemical texts: De alchimia opuscula complura veterum philosophorum compiled by Cyriacus Jacob in 1550 and Guglielmo Gratarolo’s 1561 anthology, Verae alchemiae artisque metallica.»Y mide la biblioteca alquímica del duque: dos compendios impresos recientes, el *De alchimia opuscula complura veterum philosophorum* que compiló Cyriacus Jacob en 1550 y la antología de Guglielmo Gratarolo de 1561.

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«These texts offered a nice introduction to the study and practice of alchemy, but certainly not a deep scholarly engagement with the vast (and growing) corpus of alchemical texts available to readers by the 1560s, suggesting that the duke’s interest in alchemy was not particularly scholarly or extensive.»De ese inventario deriva su juicio, formulado como sugerencia y no como veredicto: dos introducciones no son trato hondo con el corpus alquímico, así que el interés del duque no parece haber sido erudito ni extenso.

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«Rather, it seems to have emerged largely in the context of his search for new sources of wealth.»Y de dónde le parece que salió: del contexto de la busca de fuentes nuevas de riqueza.

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«To pursue these entrepreneurial alchemical goals, the duke established a laboratory about ten miles outside of Gotha in Reinhardsbrunn, the site of the former Reinhardsbrunn Abbey, which the Saxon dukes had been using as a hunting lodge since the mid-sixteenth century.»Data y sitúa el laboratorio: a unas diez millas de Gotha, en Reinhardsbrunn, la antigua abadía que los duques sajones usaban de pabellón de caza desde mediados del siglo XVI.

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«There the duke employed a handful of alchemists, including a man named Matthes (or Mattheus Friedrich), another named Karl (or Carol), and a third named Hans Rudolf Blumenecker (or Plumenecker).»Nombra a los alquimistas empleados allí con sus variantes de grafía, tal como los trae el expediente.

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«All of this, reportedly, amounted to the duke’s total expenditure on alchemy of 10,000 gulden, a modest sum in the context of princely alchemical projects.»Y pone la cifra en escala: los 10 000 gulden gastados en alquimia son suma modesta entre los proyectos alquímicos principescos.

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«Still, Johann Friedrich II’s support for these alchemists was not uncontroversial. While the duke himself was interested in alchemy, and several of his own councillors were practitioners of the art, a number of skeptics also resided at court.»Consigna que ese apoyo no era pacífico: junto al duque interesado y a consejeros practicantes vivía en la corte un número de escépticos.

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«Anna Zieglerin would later report, for example, that even Wilhelm von Grumbach was an “enemy of the alchemists,” as was the ducal secretary, Hans Rudolf.»Según Nummedal, Anna Zieglerin declararía después que hasta Grumbach era enemigo de los alquimistas, y con él el secretario ducal Hans Rudolf.

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«In this context, the angels made themselves useful by weighing in on proposals for new alchemical projects presented to the duke.»En ese contexto los ángeles se hicieron útiles dictaminando sobre las propuestas alquímicas que llegaban al duque.

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«Some came from his own councillors, for example, the ducal envoy to France and legal scholar Dr. Lukas Thangel and the Augsburg patrician and financier David Baumgartner.»Unas venían de sus propios consejeros: el enviado ducal a Francia y jurista Lukas Thangel y el patricio y financiero de Augsburgo David Baumgartner.

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«Johann Friedrich decided to support the project, but the angels made their objections known, reporting that while God would indeed reveal the true art of alchemy, it would not be via Scherdinger and Sömmering.»El duque apoyó el proyecto y los ángeles objetaron: Dios revelaría el arte verdadero de la alquimia, pero no por Scherdinger ni por Sömmering.

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«Furthermore, the angels said, even if the pastor-alchemists accomplished something, it would not produce a profit, costing nearly as much to carry out the recipe as it would yield in the end.»Y añadieron un argumento de costo: aunque los pastores lograran algo, no daría ganancia, porque ejecutar la receta costaría casi tanto como lo que rindiera.

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«The angels also rejected the two alchemical proposals from Johann Friedrich II’s own councillor, Lukas Thangel, warning that his alchemy was not to be trusted either.»Los mismos ángeles rechazaron las dos propuestas de Thangel, advirtiendo que tampoco había que fiarse de su alquimia.

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«The angels did not stop at consulting on practical issues like toothaches, treasures, and alchemy. They also dictated ducal political policy, including how Johann Friedrich II should proceed in the escalating conflict with the emperor over the Grumbach Feud.»Y de ahí pasaron a la política: dictaban cómo debía proceder el duque en el conflicto creciente con el emperador.

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«the angels were extremely aggressive, ordering the duke and the knight to undertake a series of increasingly violent acts against their enemies.»En esa materia, dice Nummedal, fueron extremadamente agresivos: ordenaron al duque y al caballero una serie de actos cada vez más violentos.

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«From the moment they arrived, in fact, the angels advocated war.»Y lo resume en cuatro palabras: desde su llegada, los ángeles abogaron por la guerra.

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«In December 1562, shortly after Hänschen’s arrival, they commanded Grumbach to send a servant boy to shoot “the great lord who is not of the right belief and who is leading his people away from God’s word.”»Data la primera orden, de diciembre de 1562: mandar a un criado a disparar contra el gran señor que no tiene la fe recta y aparta a su pueblo de la palabra de Dios.

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«The target of this intended assassination, the angels then revealed, was none other than Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I.»Y quién era ese señor, según revelaron después los ángeles: el emperador Fernando I.

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«Astoundingly, Grumbach did not hesitate, revealing his steely resolve in dealing with the emperor.»Nummedal registra que Grumbach no vaciló, y lee en ello su determinación de acero frente al emperador.

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«Grumbach informed Johann Friedrich II that, “therefore, on orders from God, early today I armed the boy with his gun, and he awaits further orders from the angels about what he should do next.”»Según Nummedal, así se lo escribió Grumbach al duque: por orden de Dios armó esa mañana al muchacho con su arma, que espera nuevas órdenes de los ángeles.

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«The angels ordered the boy to walk out into a field and fire a shot into the sky; they would then guide the bullet through the air nearly eighty miles to Speyer, where the emperor was hunting, leading it into his body and killing him.»El procedimiento que los ángeles prescribieron: disparar al cielo desde un campo, y ellos guiarían la bala unas ochenta millas hasta Espira, donde el emperador cazaba.

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«On December 26, 1562, the boy actually fired off his shot, and Grumbach reported that the emperor was dead.»El 26 de diciembre de 1562 el muchacho disparó y Grumbach informó que el emperador había muerto.

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«In fact, Emperor Ferdinand I would continue to live for another year and a half, but Grumbach and the duke’s confidence in the angels’ pronouncements was strong enough that they continued to believe that their assassination attempt had been successful, waffling in this belief only a couple of years later, when evidence to the contrary made it difficult to sustain.»Nummedal contrapone el hecho sin armonizarlo: Fernando I vivió otro año y medio, y aun así la confianza en los ángeles bastó para que siguieran creyendo lograda la muerte hasta que la evidencia contraria se volvió insostenible.

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«With this attempt at the angelic assassination of an emperor, Duke Johann Friedrich II and his councillor Grumbach stepped onto a truly radical path.»Y qué significa ese episodio en su lectura: con el magnicidio angélico el duque y su consejero entraron en un camino verdaderamente radical.

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«In 1566, for example, two pastors, Abel Scherdinger and the man who would soon become Anna Zieglerin and Heinrich Schombach’s collaborator, Philipp Sömmering, approached the duke with a proposal to produce the»Data en 1566 la propuesta que importa al libro: los pastores Abel Scherdinger y Philipp Sömmering —el futuro colaborador de Anna y Heinrich— se acercan al duque; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con *philosophers’ stone in exchange for 750 thaler*.

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«unthinkable to the empire’s princes. This was the stuff of the radical peasant revolts of the 1520s, not the rhetoric of princes forty years later.»Mide la anomalía del magnicidio en su contexto: era materia de las revueltas campesinas radicales de los años veinte, no retórica de príncipes cuarenta años después.

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«The angels, however, convinced Duke Johann Friedrich II that imperial authority itself was illegitimate, and this allowed the duke to think the unthinkable.»Y cómo se volvió pensable: los ángeles convencieron al duque de que la autoridad imperial misma era ilegítima.

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«This delegitimization applied equally to Emperor Ferdinand I and to his heir, Maximilian II, who would ascend the imperial throne in 1564.»Esa deslegitimación cubría por igual a Fernando I y a su heredero Maximiliano II, que subió al trono imperial en 1564.

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«Asserting (incorrectly) that Ferdinand was dead, the angels told Grumbach that the emperor’s successor would be even worse: “This newly elected king [Maximilian II] is an even greater blasphemer and more worthless man than his father is,” they said.»Nummedal marca el error dentro de la propia frase —los ángeles afirmaban, incorrectamente, que Fernando había muerto— y recoge lo que dijeron del sucesor: blasfemo mayor y hombre más indigno que su padre.

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«With the conviction that they were fulfilling divine commands, Johann Friedrich and Grumbach went on to prepare for war against a group of powerful enemies that included not only the emperor, but also a long list of others: the prominent Protestant princes Elector August of Saxony and Duke Christoph of Württemberg, the free imperial city of Nuremberg, the Catholic Duke Albrecht of Bavaria, and the Catholic prince-bishops of Würzburg and Bamberg, among others.»Enumera la lista de enemigos contra los que se prepararon convencidos de cumplir mandatos divinos: príncipes protestantes y católicos, la ciudad libre de Núremberg y los príncipes-obispos de Wurzburgo y Bamberg.

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«Increasingly embattled and with no meaningful allies, Johann Friedrich and Grumbach nevertheless faced their enemies with full faith that God would ensure their victory.»Sin aliados de peso, encararon a esos enemigos con la fe puesta en que Dios les daría la victoria.

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«With the emperor supposedly dead, the angels next targeted Grumbach’s old nemesis, the prince-bishop of Würzburg. “God shall give the Junker [Grumbach] His grace that he should torture everyone from the least to the greatest [in Würzburg],” the angels prophesied; the priests in Würzburg “shall be exterminated, struck dead, and none of them shall remain in the land any longer.”»Según Nummedal, el blanco siguiente fue el príncipe-obispo de Wurzburgo, y la profecía se formuló como exterminio: los sacerdotes serían aniquilados y ninguno quedaría en la tierra.

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«In the fall of 1563, therefore, Grumbach led the hundreds of horsemen and soldiers he had assembled in an attack on the prince-bishopric and, accompanied by Hänschen, brought Würzburg to surrender within a single day. The soldiers plundered the city and seized Grumbach’s former lands.»Data el ataque en otoño de 1563: Grumbach rinde Wurzburgo en un solo día acompañado de Hänschen, los soldados saquean la ciudad y recuperan sus antiguas tierras.

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«The success of this campaign, of course, merely proved to Grumbach that the angels spoke the truth.»Y cómo se leyó el éxito dentro del propio sistema: como prueba de que los ángeles decían la verdad.

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«As Grumbach put it to Johann Friedrich II a few days after the attack on Würzburg, “the whole business went off just as the lad, Hänschen, stated it would beforehand.”»Según Nummedal, Grumbach lo escribió al duque a los pocos días: todo salió tal como el muchacho lo había dicho de antemano.

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«Shortly thereafter, Emperor Ferdinand I—very much still alive, despite beliefs to the contrary in Gotha—responded by finally declaring Grumbach an imperial outlaw and breaker of the peace, warning Duke Johann Friedrich II that he, too, would be placed under an imperial ban if he did not turn over Grumbach.»La respuesta del emperador, con la ironía de que seguía vivo pese a lo que se creía en Gotha: declaró a Grumbach proscrito imperial y quebrantador de la paz, y advirtió al duque que caería bajo ban si no lo entregaba.

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«Grumbach, however, was not particularly troubled. “I won’t let it worry me,” he wrote; “I have an honorable . . . case and a just God who lives in heaven, and who has thus far miraculously protected me from my enemies, and who has given me recently my victory in Würzburg.»Según Nummedal, Grumbach no se inquietó: alegó tener una causa honorable y un Dios justo que hasta entonces lo había protegido milagrosamente y le acababa de dar la victoria de Wurzburgo.

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«Indeed, the angels prepared for war again, this time against Johann Friedrich II’s cousin, Elector August of Saxony.»Y el blanco siguiente fue el primo del duque, el elector August de Sajonia.

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«They vacillated about whether Johann Friedrich II should go on the attack or merely prepare to defend himself, but the angels consistently promised that the duke would regain his lands and electoral title.»Nummedal registra la vacilación de los propios ángeles entre atacar y defenderse, y lo único constante: la promesa de recobrar tierras y título electoral.

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«They warned him that the battle would be horrific, but they also assured him that ultimately he would be victorious.»Con la advertencia de que la batalla sería horrenda y la garantía de la victoria final.

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«In January of 1564, the angels urged the duke to prepare for another attack from “a great people whom others would shudder in fear upon seeing. And therefore there will be such an immense outpouring of blood that one will be wading in the blood of the papists and other godless people until it goes over the tops of the shoes.”»Data en enero de 1564 la profecía de sangre: un derramamiento tal que se vadearía la sangre de los papistas y de los impíos por encima de los zapatos.

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«Rumors circulated at Johann Friedrich’s court that Elector August of Saxony was preparing to attack the duchy, while the angels continued their bellicose prophesies and Duke Johann Friedrich II began to assemble what forces he could, and prepared the Grimmenstein fortress adjacent to the Gotha town walls.»Y lo que ocurría a la vez: rumores de ataque, profecías belicosas y el duque reuniendo tropas y preparando la fortaleza de Grimmenstein junto a las murallas de Gotha.

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«Under ordinary circumstances, Duke Johann Friedrich II could hardly hope to resist his enemies with these meager troops and provisions, but the angels assured him that God would provide.»Nummedal mide la desproporción: con tropas y provisiones tan escasas el duque no podía esperar resistir, y los ángeles le aseguraban que Dios proveería.

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«“A great war will begin,” they said in January of 1564, “and everyone will say that it will not be possible to defend against such military forces. But these large forces will be defeated by very few people. And it will be a great sign from God about which everyone in the whole world will write and talk, as nothing like it has ever been heard of before. God will give this victory with thirty-two horses. He will order the people who will ride them.”»La profecía en su letra, con la cifra que la hace verificable: fuerzas enormes derrotadas por muy pocos, señal de la que escribiría y hablaría el mundo entero, y la victoria dada con treinta y dos caballos.

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«Persuaded by these promises of divine aid, Johann Friedrich II forged ahead, readying for war.»Persuadido de esas promesas, el duque siguió adelante y se aprestó a la guerra.

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«As Johann Friedrich II became increasingly isolated and embattled in the face of immense imperial pressure to give up Grumbach, the apocalyptic tenor of the angelic missives escalated.»Nummedal correlaciona las dos curvas: a más aislamiento y presión imperial, más subía el tono apocalíptico de los mensajes angélicos.

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«The angels began to draw more explicitly on apocalyptic imagery from scripture, making clear that this was to be no ordinary battle, but something far more epic.»Y en qué se notaba: empezaron a echar mano expresamente de la imaginería apocalíptica de la Escritura, dejando claro que la batalla no sería ordinaria.

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«They instructed Johann Friedrich II to make a set of six flags, for example, two each with imperial, electoral Saxon, and knightly insignia (that is, the titles that Johann Friedrich II and Grumbach hoped to gain or regain), explaining that “when [Johann Friedrich II] captures a castle or a city and plants one of these flags inside it, because of God no person will be able to recapture it.”»El encargo de las seis banderas —dos con insignias imperiales, dos electorales sajonas y dos de caballero, es decir los títulos que esperaban ganar o recobrar— con la promesa de que ninguna plaza así señalada podría reconquistarse.

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«The angels promised Johann Friedrich II that he would become king of France, as well as of Spain or Bohemia.»Y las coronas prometidas: Francia, y además España o Bohemia.

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«They showed Hänschen another vision of horses, one of which bore an angel with a letter “written by the hand of God and the blood of Jesus Christ.”»Según Nummedal, otra visión mostró caballos, uno con un ángel portador de una carta escrita por la mano de Dios y con la sangre de Jesucristo.

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«The angels declared that Elector August would be killed in battle, and that Johann Friedrich II would become Holy Roman Emperor “because religious faith in the world has never been in such a bad way as right now.”»La profecía imperial en su letra: August muerto en batalla y Johann Friedrich II hecho emperador porque nunca la fe había estado tan mal en el mundo.

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«Meanwhile, when Maximilian II finally donned the imperial crown in the summer of 1564, the angels issued yet another stunning prophesy: Maximilian “is not an emperor and will not become an emperor,” they declared. “God will not allow it. Another shall become [emperor] who will be Godfearing. God shall elect him with His holy cross and he [God’s emperor] shall allow His clear and pure word to be preached.”»Y la respuesta angélica a la coronación de Maximiliano II en el verano de 1564: no es emperador ni llegará a serlo, porque Dios elegirá a otro temeroso de Dios que deje predicar su palabra clara y pura.

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«Shortly thereafter, the angels promised that, “in fifty-two weeks, God will arrange for the duke [Johann Friedrich II] to assume the [imperial] office. But he must win it with the sword. And God shall give him His success and blessings.”»El plazo que fijaron, con la condición de la espada: en cincuenta y dos semanas Dios pondría al duque en el oficio imperial, pero tenía que ganarlo con la espada.

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«They then ordered Johann Friedrich II to send Hänschen, along with Grumbach’s secretary, Moritz Hausner, to Torgau, where they were to oversee the forging of four swords to be used in the upcoming battles.»Y el encargo material que siguió: mandar a Hänschen y al secretario Hausner a Torgau a vigilar la forja de cuatro espadas para las batallas venideras.

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«Underscoring his warlike mood, in November of 1564 Johann Friedrich II also transferred his ducal seat from its traditional location in Weimar to the Grimmenstein fortress at Gotha.»Nummedal lee el traslado de la sede ducal de Weimar a la fortaleza de Grimmenstein en Gotha, en noviembre de 1564, como signo de ese ánimo de guerra.

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«A year and a half later, at the Imperial Diet in Augsburg in March 1566, the imperial estates confirmed the ban against Grumbach once again. Emperor Maximilian II followed up a few months later by stripping Johann Friedrich II of his ducal title, awarding it to his younger brother, Johann Wilhelm, instead, and then by making it clear that Johann Friedrich II had three months either to comply with the ban or to be placed under the ban himself.»El cerco legal: la dieta de Augsburgo de marzo de 1566 confirma el ban contra Grumbach, y Maximiliano II despoja al duque del título ducal en favor de su hermano menor y le da tres meses para acatar.

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«Johann Friedrich II, meanwhile, received pleas from his younger brother, local clergy, faculty at the local University of Jena, imperial envoys, and fellow princes begging him to comply with imperial orders. He continued to ignore these entreaties.»Y la lista de quienes le rogaron acatar —hermano, clero local, profesores de Jena, enviados imperiales y otros príncipes—, a los que siguió ignorando.

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«As embattled as he was, Johann Friedrich II remained certain that God was on his side; the angels told him so.»La fórmula con que Nummedal cierra el punto: por acorralado que estuviera, seguía seguro de que Dios estaba de su lado, porque los ángeles se lo decían.

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«In May of 1566, the angels upped the ante even further, predicting that Margrave Johann of Brandenburg-Küstrin, Duke Eric II of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, and King Erik XIV of Sweden “will join with the duke [Johann Friedrich II] and his people and help crush all the estates. . . . Thereupon, because of God, in this and next year an overturning of the world will happen, [and] the four lords . . . shall turn the world upside down.”»La profecía de mayo de 1566 suma aliados: el margrave Johann de Brandeburgo-Küstrin, el duque Eric II de Braunschweig-Lüneburg y el rey Erik XIV de Suecia, cuatro señores que pondrían el mundo de cabeza.

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«After these four lords emerged victorious, the angels continued, “then the Christians will have peace and rest . . . and [they] will multiply,” enjoying an earthly millennium before the final battles of the apocalypse.»Y qué vendría después: paz y descanso para los cristianos y su multiplicación, un milenio terrestre antes de las batallas finales del apocalipsis.

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«Finally, the angels continued, with divine aid Johann Friedrich II would even defeat the Ottoman Empire, preventing it from “crush[ing] and exterminat[ing] the Christian religion.”»El último tramo de la profecía: con ayuda divina el duque derrotaría al Imperio otomano e impediría que aplastara y exterminara la religión cristiana.

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«According to the angels’ steady stream of increasingly apocalyptic prophecies, in other words, Johann Friedrich II would vanquish Elector August of Saxony and the Catholic emperor in battle and take the electoral and imperial thrones himself. Then he would persecute the priests, restore the gospel, destroy the Ottoman Empire, and convert the Jews before laying down his crown and ushering in the final events of the apocalypse.»Nummedal resume la secuencia entera que los ángeles dibujaban: vencer a August y al emperador, tomar los tronos, perseguir a los sacerdotes, restaurar el evangelio, destruir el Imperio otomano, convertir a los judíos y deponer la corona para abrir el fin.

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«With this stunning prophecy, Hänschen’s angels identified Duke Johann Friedrich II with the Last World Emperor, who, it was widely believed, would bring about peace and prepare the way for the return of the Messiah.»Y nombra la figura que le adjudicaban: el Último Emperador del Mundo, que traería la paz y prepararía el retorno del Mesías.

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«According to an enormously influential apocalypse first recorded in Syriac and attributed in the seventh century to the fourthcentury bishop Methodius of Patara, the Last World Emperor would arise to restrain Antichrist, defeat Christ’s enemies (including Gog and Magog), reform the church, and usher in a reign of peace and prosperity before finally laying down his crown in Jerusalem, thus releasing Antichrist and launching the final battles of the end times.»Rastrea esa figura hasta un apocalipsis registrado primero en siríaco y atribuido en el siglo VII al obispo Metodio de Patara: el Último Emperador contendría al Anticristo, vencería a los enemigos de Cristo —Gog y Magog incluidos—, reformaría la Iglesia y depondría al fin su corona en Jerusalén. El troceo parte *fourth-century* al fin de renglón y `span()` la devuelve unida, *fourthcentury*.

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«In medieval central Europe, the Last World Emperor came to be identified with a messianic German emperor, a “third Friedrich,” successor to the twelfthand thirteenth-century Hohenstaufen emperors, Friedrich I, or Barbarossa, and Friedrich II.»En la Europa central medieval esa figura se identificó con un emperador alemán mesiánico, un tercer Friedrich sucesor de los Hohenstaufen. El troceo parte *twelfth-and* al fin de renglón y `span()` la devuelve unida, *twelfthand*.

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«(One legend claimed that one of these emperors had in fact never died, and was still sleeping in the Thuringian Kyffhäuser Mountains, awaiting the proper moment to restore the glory of the German empire as the Last World Emperor.)»Y recoge la leyenda anexa, entre paréntesis en el original: uno de esos emperadores nunca habría muerto y dormiría en el Kyffhäuser de Turingia esperando el momento de restaurar la gloria del imperio alemán.

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«By the sixteenth century, the legend that the Last World Emperor would be a “third Friedrich” was particularly strong in Saxony and Thuringia, where he was identified variously with Fredrick the Wise in Saxony and Johann Friedrich II’s own father, Elector Johann Friedrich I of Saxony.»Para el siglo XVI la leyenda era fuerte en Sajonia y Turingia, donde el tercer Friedrich se identificaba ya con Federico el Sabio, ya con el propio padre del duque.

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«Bolstered by this tradition, Duke Johann Friedrich II was prepared to accept the full eschatological implications of the angels’ prophecy— namely, that he was the Last World Emperor, and his upcoming confrontation with Elector August and Emperor Maximilian II was only the beginning of his campaign to reform the world before its end.»Con esa tradición detrás, según Nummedal, el duque estaba dispuesto a aceptar todas las consecuencias escatológicas: ser él el Último Emperador y ver en la confrontación inminente solo el comienzo de su campaña para reformar el mundo.

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«In the event, the angels proved to be horribly mistaken, of course, although Duke Johann Friedrich II’s faith in their prophecies never wavered.»Y consigna el desenlace junto con lo que no cambió: los ángeles erraron de manera espantosa y la fe del duque en sus profecías nunca flaqueó.

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«Having failed in his attempts to persuade Duke Johann Friedrich II to hand over Grumbach, Emperor Maximilian II finally turned to force.»Agotada la persuasión, el emperador Maximiliano II recurrió a la fuerza.

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«On December 12, 1566, Emperor Maximilian II placed the duke himself under imperial ban, divesting him of ducal title and lands, for his refusal to recognize the long-standing imperial order to surrender Grumbach.»Data el ban contra el propio duque el 12 de diciembre de 1566, con pérdida de título y tierras, por negarse a entregar a Grumbach.

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«In order to enforce the bans against Grumbach and now Johann Friedrich II, Maximillian activated the old intra-Saxon rivalry once again, authorizing the duke’s cousin and rival, Elector August of Saxony, to carry out the imperial order by force.»Y cómo se ejecutó: reactivando la vieja rivalidad intrasajona, con el primo y rival August autorizado a cumplir la orden por la fuerza.

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«With August’s aid, imperial troops besieged Gotha and the Grimmenstein fortress on New Year’s Day, 1567. Johann Friedrich II, his wife, Duchess Elisabeth, and their children, along with Grumbach and Hänschen, hunkered down in the fortress, while a relatively miniscule Gothaner militia skirmished with about 18,500 imperial cavalry, infantry, and trench diggers (Figure 2).»El sitio empieza el día de Año Nuevo de 1567, con la familia ducal, Grumbach y Hänschen encerrados en la fortaleza y una milicia mínima frente a unos 18 500 hombres imperiales.

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«With their water supply cut off, food supplies rapidly depleting, and unusually cold weather, the Gothaners were vulnerable to the propaganda campaign against Grumbach, which Elector August delivered in the form of pamphlets wrapped around arrows and shot into town.»La guerra de propaganda entra por la brecha material: cortada el agua, agotándose la comida y con frío inusual, los de Gotha quedaron expuestos a los panfletos que August hacía llegar envueltos en flechas.

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«If Johann Friedrich II and Grumbach viewed the conflict as an apocalyptic holy war for the preservation of the gospel, August’s missives proposed a much more disturbing interpretation: Grumbach was a deceitful, murderous, godless sorcerer who had bewitched the duke and willingly led Johann Friedrich II’s subjects into needless war just for his own preservation.»Nummedal contrapone las dos lecturas del mismo conflicto sin arbitrar: guerra santa apocalíptica por la preservación del evangelio para unos, y para los panfletos de August un hechicero impío que embrujó al duque y arrastró a sus súbditos a una guerra inútil.

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«August’s soldiers, meanwhile, made it clear that they would cease their assault as soon as the Gothaners gave up Grumbach, reportedly by shouting from the trenches up and over the city walls.»La oferta que los sitiadores gritaban desde las trincheras: cesarían el asalto en cuanto los de Gotha entregaran a Grumbach.

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«By early April, as the winter siege entered its fourth month, conditions inside the city walls had grown miserable. As supplies dwindled, thousands of people died of hunger and disease.»Y el costo del cuarto mes de sitio: miles de muertos de hambre y enfermedad al agotarse los suministros.

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«Finally, on April 4, the Gotha militia mutinied, taking the duke, Grumbach, and several other advisers prisoner. The mutineers then negotiated a surrender with the imperial and electoral forces, handing the duke and his entourage over to the custody of Emperor Maximillan II.»El desenlace: el 4 de abril la milicia se amotina, prende al duque y a Grumbach y negocia la rendición entregándolos al emperador.

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«After a brief trial, Grumbach, Hänschen, and several other ducal advisers were sentenced to death.»Tras un juicio breve, Grumbach, Hänschen y varios consejeros son condenados a muerte.

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«On April 18, 1567, Grumbach and three others were executed; Grumbach was carried to the gallows on a stool because he suffered from gout and made his confession before the crowd before being hanged. The executioner then cut out his heart and hurled it at Grumbach’s mouth, proclaiming, “Behold, Grumbach, your false heart!” Grumbach was then dismembered, his body parts dispersed and hung on the edges of town.»Nummedal describe la ejecución del 18 de abril de 1567 en su detalle: llevado al patíbulo en un taburete por la gota, ahorcado, el corazón arrancado y arrojado a su boca con la exclamación del verdugo, y el cuerpo descuartizado y colgado en los bordes de la ciudad.

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«Hänschen, by then seventeen years old, followed the rebels to the gallows the next week (Figure 3).»Y consigna la edad del niño vidente al morir: diecisiete años, ahorcado la semana siguiente.

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«Duke Johann Friedrich II, meanwhile, was spared the sword, but he spent the rest of his life in prison. Even the Grimmenstein fortress was razed, obliterating any trace of the rebellion.»Al duque le perdonaron la espada y pasó el resto de su vida preso; la fortaleza fue arrasada para borrar todo rastro de la rebelión.

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«As Elector August himself put it on April 23, “If the rebellious murderers’ nest is not razed to the ground and is thus endowed with the qualities of eternal memorial, then the victorious, glorious execution [of Grumbach and the others] would not praise, but rather displease God, give the rebellious mobs cause for further mutiny, and embolden them.”»Y el razonamiento con que August lo justificó el 23 de abril: sin arrasar el nido de asesinos, la ejecución no complacería a Dios sino que envalentonaría a los amotinados.

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«This was an unequivocal defeat for Duke Johann Friedrich II’s vision of the world and his place in it.»El balance que saca: derrota inequívoca de la visión que el duque tenía del mundo y de su lugar en él.

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«The local repercussions were clear: the Gothaners had a new duke, Johann Friedrich II’s younger brother, Johann Wilhelm.»La consecuencia local inmediata: un duque nuevo, el hermano menor Johann Wilhelm.

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«With this new regime came a reorientation of both church and state, as allies of the former duke were called to account for their roles in the disaster and replaced with supporters of the new duke, Johann Wilhelm.»Y con él una reorientación de iglesia y Estado: los aliados del duque anterior tuvieron que rendir cuentas y fueron reemplazados.

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«More generally, the victors began to craft a narrative about what had happened, apportioning blame in the hopes of reestablishing stability in the Saxon lands.»Nummedal nombra el trabajo de los vencedores como fabricación de relato: contar lo ocurrido repartiendo culpas para restablecer la estabilidad en las tierras sajonas.

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«The lessons of Gotha offered themselves up for any number of different interpretations, all of which vied for dominance during and after the siege.»Y su premisa de método: las lecciones de Gotha admitían muchas interpretaciones distintas, que compitieron entre sí durante y después del sitio.

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«The crimes for which Grumbach and the others were legally convicted were straightforward, all having to do with Grumbach’s original assassination of the prince-bishop of Würzburg and Duke Johann Friedrich II’s refusal to comply with imperial decrees; on the surface, then, the Grumbach Feud and the Gotha Rebellion that it sparked were a dispute about imperial authority.»Distingue el plano legal del político: los delitos por los que se los condenó eran claros —el asesinato del obispo y la desobediencia a los decretos imperiales—, de modo que en la superficie el conflicto era sobre la autoridad imperial.

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«And yet, the entire episode raised far more complicated and troubling issues, which participants and observers struggled to resolve in its wake.»Y de inmediato acota: el episodio planteaba asuntos mucho más complicados que participantes y observadores no lograron resolver.

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«Johann Friedrich II’s assertion that he was the sole protector of the “true religion,” for example, had the potential to be explosive in an era in which the outlines of a stable, institutionalized “Lutheranism” were still almost as hotly contested as disputes between Catholics and Protestants.»El más explosivo de esos asuntos: reclamarse único protector de la religión verdadera cuando los contornos de un luteranismo estable e institucionalizado se disputaban casi tanto como el pleito con los católicos.

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«After all, Johann Friedrich II’s campaign sought to destroy not only Catholics, but also other Lutherans, who were, in his view, dangerously willing to compromise the gospel for the sake of political expediency.»Porque su campaña apuntaba también contra otros luteranos, a los que tenía por dispuestos a transigir con el evangelio por conveniencia política.

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«The fact that the Protestant August of Saxony had allied himself with the Catholic Emperor Maximillian II to defeat the Protestant Johann Friedrich II, of course, seemed only to prove the duke’s point.»Y la alianza del protestante August con el emperador católico parecía darle la razón.

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«Worse, the siege of Gotha in 1567 echoed the events of 1547, when August’s Protestant brother, Moritz, joined the Catholic emperor to defeat Johann Friedrich II’s father at the Battle of Mühlberg.»El eco que agravaba el problema: en 1547 el hermano protestante de August se había sumado al emperador católico para derrotar al padre del duque en Mühlberg.

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«Elector August, in other words, potentially had a public relations problem, even as he emerged victorious from the siege of Gotha.»De donde Nummedal deduce el problema de August: vencedor del sitio y a la vez con un problema de imagen pública.

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«He might have won the battle, in other words, but he was well aware that he still faced losing the war.»La fórmula con que lo cierra: había ganado la batalla y sabía que aún podía perder la guerra.

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«victorious from the siege of Gotha. If Johann Friedrich’s narrative»Abre aquí la hipótesis sobre lo que August se jugaba; el tramo se corta en el límite de chunk del troceo, dentro de la misma plana, y su continuación se ficha en la línea siguiente.

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«prevailed, and observers came to understand the Gotha Rebellion as a battle to defend the pure gospel in the face of both the emperor’s Catholicism and August’s corrupted Lutheranism, then August risked his credibility as a leader among Lutheran princes.»Continuación de esa hipótesis: si los observadores llegaban a entender la Rebelión de Gotha como batalla por el evangelio puro frente al catolicismo del emperador y al luteranismo corrompido de August, August perdía crédito entre los príncipes luteranos.

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«In the aftermath of the Gotha Rebellion, therefore, Elector August of Saxony not only purged ducal Saxony of Johann Friedrich II’s political supporters and razed the Grimmenstein fortress; he also turned to print to ensure that observers drew the proper lessons from the catastrophe.»Nummedal añade la tercera medida de August tras la rebelión, junto a la purga y el derribo de la fortaleza: recurrir a la imprenta para asegurar que se sacaran las lecciones debidas.

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«To facilitate this, August’s envoy to France, the Protestant exile Hubert Languet (1518–1581), wrote a history of the Gotha siege, published anonymously in Latin in 1568 and translated into German the following year.»Y quién la escribió: su enviado a Francia, el exiliado protestante Hubert Languet, en una historia del sitio publicada anónima en latín en 1568 y traducida al alemán al año siguiente.

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«The “Letter to the Reader” explained that the text hoped to correct the many “lies and false allegations” that were circulating, particularly the claim that “His Electoral Grace [August] allied himself with Papist princes and bishops and was willing to suppress or even to split up the true Christian religion,” and even that August had “those devious and heretical knaves, the Jesuits,” among his councillors.»Según Nummedal, la carta al lector declaraba querer corregir mentiras y falsas imputaciones que corrían: que August se hubiera aliado con príncipes y obispos papistas para suprimir o partir la religión cristiana verdadera, y que tuviera jesuitas entre sus consejeros.

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«While Languet could not deny the fact that the Protestant August had, indeed, sided with the Catholic emperor against his Protestant cousin, he argued that the elector had taken such extreme measures reluctantly and only as a last resort when Grumbach, the true “instigator of war,” repeatedly provoked August and the emperor.»Y cómo resolvía Languet el hecho que no podía negar —la alianza del protestante August con el emperador católico contra su primo protestante—: medidas extremas tomadas de mala gana y en último recurso ante las provocaciones de Grumbach, el verdadero instigador de la guerra.

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«Above all, Languet disputed the Grumbach party’s claim to be the “protectors and defenders of the true religion,” portraying them instead as proponents of disorder and war, assassins, and agents of “all kinds of immoral and evil deeds” from the safety of their “nest” at Johann Friedrich’s court.»Y el eje de su ataque: negar al bando de Grumbach la condición de protector y defensor de la religión verdadera, presentándolo como partidario del desorden y de la guerra y como nido de asesinos en la corte del duque.

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«In short, Languet’s pamphlet pinned the disastrous events of 1567 on Grumbach and those who supported his violent, manipulative campaign to upend political order and pit Luther’s followers against one another. The executions of these dangerous men, he maintained, were well deserved.»El balance del panfleto, según Nummedal: la culpa entera del desastre a Grumbach y a quienes apoyaron su campaña de enfrentar entre sí a los seguidores de Lutero, y las ejecuciones bien merecidas.

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«It was easy enough to demonize Grumbach, already executed, and blame him for all that had gone wrong at Gotha. Duke Johann Friedrich II’s support for the rebellion and his belief in Hänschen, however, demanded a more careful explanation, and his status as a prince of the empire made it more complicated to condemn him outright.»Y dónde estaba la dificultad: demonizar al ya ejecutado era fácil, pero el apoyo del duque a la rebelión y su fe en Hänschen exigían explicación más cuidadosa, y su rango de príncipe del imperio complicaba condenarlo de plano.

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«As Languet put it, Johann Friedrich II was “deceived by his own good will and understanding, or, even more, deceived and led astray by his futile hopes” that he could regain the electorship of Saxony.»La fórmula con que Languet lo resolvía: el duque, engañado por su propia buena voluntad y entendimiento, o más bien por sus esperanzas vanas de recobrar el electorado.

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«Seeking explanations for his cousin’s behavior, after the siege Elector August sent his agents to go through Johann Friedrich II’s papers, where they found the voluminous records of Hänschen’s “angelic pronouncements” while at the ducal court.»Según Nummedal, August mandó a sus agentes a revisar los papeles del duque tras el sitio, y allí aparecieron los voluminosos registros de los pronunciamientos angélicos de Hänschen.

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«These and other documents uncovered in Gotha confirmed August’s suspicion that Johann Friedrich had been the victim of an ingenious plot involving not just political persuasion, but also sorcery.»Y qué se leyó en ellos: la confirmación de la sospecha de August de que el duque había sido víctima de una trama ingeniosa que incluía, además de persuasión política, hechicería.

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«According to this scenario, which both August and Johann Friedrich II’s wife, Elisabeth, embraced, both Hänschen and the duke had been deceived. “Either Grumbach or someone in his circle” had discovered the youthful Hänschen and instructed him in “magic and heretical arts” so that he came to believe he could converse with angels and prophesy the future.»La versión que abrazaron August y la esposa del duque, Elisabeth: que Grumbach o alguien de su círculo halló al muchacho y lo instruyó en artes mágicas y heréticas hasta hacerle creer que hablaba con ángeles.

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«Meanwhile, Grumbach “bewitched” the duke with a potion of red wine and berries, which made Johann Friedrich II believe the boy’s prophecies and allowed Grumbach to manipulate the duke.»Y el segundo tramo de esa versión: que Grumbach embrujó al duque con una poción de vino tinto y bayas que lo hacía creer las profecías del niño.

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«August and Languet, in other words, promoted the view that a dangerous mixture of sorcery, prophecy, and political ambition had turned Johann Friedrich II into Grumbach’s dupe, motivating the duke, against his better judgment, to protect the knight while he and his allies plotted ever more outrageous rebellions.»Nummedal nombra la operación de los dos: promover la idea de que una mezcla peligrosa de hechicería, profecía y ambición política había hecho del duque un incauto de Grumbach.

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«By reframing the angelic conversations conducted at Johann Friedrich II’s court, and the duke’s actions, as the products of magical deception, rather than divine revelation, Languet located an explanation for Johann Friedrich’s behavior that, in a sense, let him off the hook.»Y qué conseguía ese reencuadre: convertir las conversaciones angélicas y los actos del duque en producto de engaño mágico y no de revelación divina lo dejaba, en cierto modo, a salvo.

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«This was, essentially, a “sorcery defense,” a claim that the duke literally was not in his right mind.»El nombre que Nummedal le da a esa figura: una defensa por hechicería, es decir la alegación de que el duque literalmente no estaba en su sano juicio.

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«In the long run, August’s propaganda campaign against what he contemptuously called the “spirit of Gotha” was successful, and his version of events prevailed, thanks, in part, to Languet’s pamphlet.»Y quién ganó el relato: a la larga se impuso la campaña de August contra lo que llamaba con desprecio el espíritu de Gotha.

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«The result was a powerful and enduring narrative that conflated everything at Johann Friedrich II’s court, even alchemy, with Grumbach’s politically motivated sorcery.»Con la consecuencia que interesa al libro: un relato duradero que confundía todo lo de aquella corte, la alquimia incluida, con la hechicería de motivación política de Grumbach.

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«Alchemy had very little to do with the events that eventually led to the siege of Gotha. Certainly, it was marginal to the prophecies that the angels revealed to Johann Friedrich and his advisers, and both Grumbach and the angels generally opposed the duke’s investments in alchemy, favoring mining projects and the search for buried treasure instead.»Nummedal separa los hechos del relato: la alquimia tuvo muy poco que ver con lo que llevó al sitio, fue marginal en las profecías, y tanto Grumbach como los ángeles se oponían por lo general a esas inversiones, prefiriendo la minería y la busca de tesoros.

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«Nevertheless, many observers of and participants in the events at Gotha during the winter of 1566–1567 drew connections between»Y aun así, muchos observadores y participantes trazaron conexiones; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con la lista de esas conexiones.

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«Johann Friedrich II’s alchemical projects and his political maneuverings, angelic prophecies, and fearless preparation for apocalyptic holy war, in the process associating alchemy generally with a set of extremely dangerous activities.»La consecuencia que el capítulo persigue: al ligar los proyectos alquímicos del duque con sus maniobras políticas, las profecías angélicas y la preparación de la guerra santa, la alquimia quedó asociada en general a un conjunto de actividades peligrosísimas.

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«Anna Zieglerin’s collaborator Philipp Sömmering insisted that the duke’s alchemical projects had nothing to do with Grumbach.»Según Nummedal, Sömmering insistió en que los proyectos alquímicos del duque nada tenían que ver con Grumbach.

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«Writing to the new Saxon duke, Johann Wilhelm, on the day of the mutiny that finally brought an end to the Gotha siege, Philipp and his fellow pastor-alchemist Abel Scherdinger described at length the “grisly, un-Christian, pagan, and Turkish manner” in which Elector August of Saxony’s troops had descended upon Thuringia several months earlier.»Y data la carta: el día mismo del motín que acabó con el sitio, Sömmering y Scherdinger escriben al duque nuevo describiendo la manera espantosa, anticristiana, pagana y turca en que las tropas de August cayeron sobre Turingia.

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«After detailing “all kinds of evils and harassment [that were] inflicted upon both the common man and a number of pastors at that time,” the two pastor-alchemists underscored their own heroic efforts to perform Easter services for their congregations in the face of bands of horsemen who literally were chasing them all over ducal Saxony, breaking down church doors, storming Scherdinger’s rectorate, and pursuing them from village to village.»Según Nummedal, la carta subrayaba el heroísmo propio de los dos pastores-alquimistas: oficiar la Pascua a sus congregaciones mientras jinetes los perseguían por la Sajonia ducal, derribando puertas de iglesia y asaltando el rectorado de Scherdinger. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«They attributed the fury of the electoral troops to the fact that “the Elector, or several of His Electoral Grace’s highest [ministers], held us to be suspect because [we were] humble clients of our Princely Grace and Lord, Duke Johann Friedrich, to whom we came recently and were remunerated [i.e., for alchemical work], and this identified us with the Grumbach Feud, which was not our office and about which we knew too little to take part.”»Y la explicación que daban de esa saña: que el elector los tenía por sospechosos por ser clientes humildes del duque y estar remunerados por él, lo que los identificaba con la Grumbach Feud, ajena a su oficio y de la que sabían demasiado poco para tomar parte.

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«To the contrary, the pastors reminded the new duke, Johann Wilhelm, that they had helped the nowdeposed Johann Friedrich assess which alchemists were legitimate and which were incompetent or, worse, frauds.»El mérito que alegaban en cambio: haber ayudado al duque depuesto a discernir qué alquimistas eran legítimos y cuáles incompetentes o, peor, fraudulentos. El troceo parte *now-deposed* al fin de renglón y `span()` la devuelve unida, *nowdeposed*.

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«More importantly (at least to one reader, likely the duke, who underlined this section of their letter), the pastors had signed a contract to pursue their own alchemical projects at ducal expense, although they lamented the fact that their work “had been cut off and hindered by the sudden siege.”»Nummedal lee el subrayado del propio manuscrito como indicio del lector: lo que más importaba era el contrato firmado para trabajos alquímicos a costa ducal, interrumpido y estorbado por el sitio repentino.

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«“This,” they concluded, “we take to be the single reason that we were pursued [by August’s troops] in such a way. Otherwise, we have had nothing to do with princely or related business.”»Y la conclusión de la carta: ésa era la única razón de la persecución, porque por lo demás nada habían tenido que ver con asuntos principescos.

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«Scherdinger and Sömmering’s attempt to draw a firm line between their alchemical work for Duke Johann Friedrich II and the treasonous Grumbach Feud was never entirely successful.»El juicio de Nummedal sobre esa maniobra: el intento de trazar una línea firme entre su trabajo alquímico y la traición nunca acabó de funcionar.

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«To make matters worse, their involvement in the ducal alchemical projects also became a reason to question their fitness as pastors.»Y el efecto de rebote: la participación en los proyectos alquímicos ducales se volvió motivo para poner en duda su idoneidad como pastores.

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«Immediately after the siege, the two pastors faced sanction for their flight from August’s electoral troops during the battle. After all, they had left their congregations without a pastor for the most important time in the liturgical calendar, Easter, which fell at the end of March that year.»El cargo concreto: haber huido de las tropas electorales dejando a sus congregaciones sin pastor en Pascua, que ese año cayó a fines de marzo.

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«By February, Scherdinger’s and Sömmering’s congregations requested replacements because, as one witness put it, they “were associated with Grumbach’s alchemists” and had been missing for a month.»Y el motivo que los propios feligreses dieron en febrero al pedir sustitutos: que estaban asociados con los alquimistas de Grumbach y llevaban un mes ausentes.

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«The pastors later defended their actions, claiming that they had tried valiantly to reach their congregations for the important Easter services, even though the war was still under way, and that they arranged for pastors in neighboring parishes to administer communion and lead services in their absence.»La defensa posterior de los pastores: que intentaron con denuedo llegar a sus congregaciones para la Pascua y que dejaron arreglado con parroquias vecinas quién administrara la comunión.

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«For Gotha City-Superintendent Melchior Weidemann,78 the pastors’ absence during Easter was unforgivable, but this was only the latest in a string of condemnable acts, including their practice of alchemy.»Según Nummedal, para el superintendente de Gotha, Melchior Weidemann —la cifra 78 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota, que el troceo pega al nombre—, la ausencia en Pascua era imperdonable y solo la última de una serie de actos condenables, entre ellos la práctica de la alquimia.

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«Even before the siege, Weidemann wrote, the “runaway pastor” Scherdinger had “led a life that was scandalous and entirely unbridled for a man of his vocation and estate; he was accompanied by the runaway pastor of Schonaw [i.e., Sömmering], as his consort.”»La acusación de Weidemann en su letra: una vida escandalosa y del todo desenfrenada para un hombre de esa vocación, con el pastor huido de Schönau por consorte. Los corchetes aclaratorios son de la edición.

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«Weidemann left vague the exact nature of Scherdinger and Sömmering’s “scandalous” lifestyle, but clearly he viewed alchemy as part of it.»Nummedal señala la vaguedad calculada del cargo —Weidemann no precisa en qué consistía lo escandaloso— y que aun así tenía la alquimia por parte de ello.

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«“With punishable neglect of their office, to the great disgrace of the holy ministry,” he continued, “they fled to the futile, fraudulent, and false art called alchemy and goldmaking, whereby they first racked up a great debt, yet repaid no one, and then they lived luxuriously in and around Gotha with one Heinz Schumbach [Heinrich Schombach], who was close to the pastor of Hohenkirchen [i.e., Scherdinger].”»Y el cargo en su letra: con abandono punible del oficio y gran deshonra del ministerio santo, huyeron al arte vano, fraudulento y falso llamado alquimia y hacer oro, contrajeron deudas grandes que no pagaron y vivieron con lujo en Gotha y sus contornos con Heinrich Schombach.

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«Weidemann underscored the fact that he had long disapproved of the pastors’ alchemical activities and their “disorderly and un-Christian lifestyles.” Two years before, he maintained, he had even tried to have the men removed from their positions as pastors, but Grumbach and Schombach had intervened to prevent him from holding a hearing.»Según Nummedal, Weidemann subrayaba que llevaba tiempo desaprobando esas actividades y que dos años antes había intentado destituirlos, sin lograrlo porque Grumbach y Schombach impidieron la audiencia.

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«Clearly Weidemann had been biding his time until he could oust Scherdinger and Sömmering, and Johann Friedrich II and Grumbach’s downfall in April of 1567 offered him his chance.»La lectura que Nummedal hace de esa cronología: Weidemann esperaba su ocasión, y la caída de abril de 1567 se la dio.

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«The pastors were replaced immediately, their property confiscated in order to repay the salary they had collected in absentia, and they would spend the rest of their lives in exile.»El desenlace administrativo: sustituidos de inmediato, con los bienes confiscados para devolver el salario cobrado en ausencia, y el destierro de por vida.

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«Philipp Sömmering and Abel Scherdinger attributed Weidemann’s animus to the Lutheran doctrinal battles that had consumed ducal Saxony in the 1550s and early 1560s, before Grumbach arrived.»La explicación que los propios pastores daban del encono de Weidemann: las batallas doctrinales luteranas que habían consumido la Sajonia ducal en los años cincuenta y a principios de los sesenta.

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«The pastor-alchemists may or may not have been correct about Weidemann’s real motivations; regardless, the fact that Superintendent Weidemann chose to frame his denunciation of the pastors in terms of alchemy,»Y la abstención de Nummedal, expresa: puede que tuvieran razón o puede que no sobre los motivos reales de Weidemann, y lo revelador es lo otro, que la denuncia se formulara en términos de alquimia; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con *rather than theology, is revealing*.

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«rather than theology, is revealing. By the summer of 1567, Grumbach was dead, and his and Johann Friedrich II’s cause was discredited, while Duke Johann Wilhelm sought to rebuild what was left of his shattered lands.»La situación en el verano de 1567: Grumbach muerto, su causa y la del duque desacreditadas, y el duque nuevo tratando de rehacer lo que quedaba de sus tierras.

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«The best way to condemn one’s enemies in this climate was to link them to the disgraced court, thus tainting them with a whiff of sorcery and political danger.»La regla del clima que Nummedal formula: para condenar a un enemigo bastaba ligarlo a la corte caída, y con ello contagiarle un tufo de hechicería y de peligro político.

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«Weidemann and his allies took advantage of this strategy to condemn Scherdinger and Sömmering as Grumbach’s alchemists, rather than to attack their doctrinal positions, as they might have done five years earlier.»Y por qué esa vía y no otra: condenarlos como alquimistas de Grumbach en vez de atacar sus posiciones doctrinales, como se habría hecho cinco años antes.

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«Sömmering, however, never managed to settle with the new ducal administration after the siege. He steadfastly denied any involvement with Grumbach, maintaining for years that he had been condemned without a proper hearing and was a victim of injustice; he even signed a letter to Johann Wilhelm’s councillors, “Philippus Summering . . . expelled [verjagter] pastor of Schonau,” directly countering Weidemann and others’ claim that he had “run away.”»Sömmering, en cambio, nunca arregló con la administración nueva: negó toda implicación, sostuvo durante años que se lo había condenado sin audiencia debida y firmó una carta como pastor *expulsado* de Schönau, contra la acusación de haber huido.

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«More concretely, he lost not only his position as a pastor, but his property in his Thuringian homeland, all of which was confiscated in order to pay the salary Weidemann claimed he collected without performing his duties.»Y qué perdió en concreto: el puesto y la propiedad en su Turingia natal, confiscada para pagar el salario que según Weidemann cobró sin cumplir.

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«Not even Sömmering’s wife, Catharina, was able to win Johann Wilhelm’s sympathy with her last-ditch effort to plead Philipp’s case, for the sake of their children, in 1569.»Ni la gestión de Catharina Sömmering en 1569, alegando por los hijos, ablandó al duque nuevo.

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«In the aftermath of Gotha, figures such as Weidemann, seeking simultaneously to demonstrate loyalty to a new sovereign and to marginalize old enemies, conflated the disgraced Duke Johann Friedrich II’s military, political, religious, and alchemical projects into one nefarious tangle.»La tesis del capítulo, ya formulada: figuras como Weidemann, que a la vez mostraban lealtad al soberano nuevo y marginaban a enemigos viejos, amalgamaron los proyectos militares, políticos, religiosos y alquímicos del duque caído en una sola maraña nefanda.

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«Those who had worked for the duke in any capacity, however distant from Grumbach’s machinations, fell under suspicion, the collateral damage of the Grumbach Feud and the Gotha Rebellion.»Con el resultado que da título a la sección: quien hubiera trabajado para el duque en cualquier función cayó bajo sospecha, daño colateral de la disputa y de la rebelión.

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«Philipp Sömmering firmly rejected any connection between alchemy and the duke’s catastrophic angelic holy war, but the association, once forged, became difficult to dissolve.»Y la asimetría que Nummedal subraya: Sömmering rechazó con firmeza toda conexión entre alquimia y guerra santa angélica, pero la asociación, una vez forjada, se volvió difícil de disolver.

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«No matter how many times Philipp tried to put the events of 1566–1567 behind him, much to his frustration, they kept cropping up, even several years later in Wolfenbüttel.»Y el remate que enlaza con el capítulo siguiente: por más veces que Philipp intentó dejar atrás lo de 1566-1567, aquello volvía a salirle al paso años después en Wolfenbüttel.

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«Scherdinger never returned to his position in Hohenkirchen, although he managed to secure a position at the court of Count Georg Ernst of nearby Henneberg, who defended Scherdinger to Duke Johann Wilhelm and helped the pastor work out a plan to repay his debts and clear his record.»El efecto medido en cada uno: Scherdinger no volvió a Hohenkirchen pero halló acomodo en la corte del conde Georg Ernst de Henneberg, que lo defendió ante el duque nuevo y le ayudó a trazar un plan para saldar deudas y limpiar su expediente. La frase que abre el párrafo —*Weidemann’s tactic was effective*— queda del otro lado del límite de chunk.

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«Philipp and Heinrich lost their posts at court, while Philipp also lost his post as a pastor in Schönau, as well as his property.»El precio inmediato del desastre para los dos: Philipp y Heinrich pierden sus puestos en la corte, y Philipp además la parroquia de Schönau y sus bienes.

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«He immediately went into exile, joined by his wife, Catharina, and their children, as well as Anna Zieglerin and Heinrich Schombach, whom he had befriended at the ducal court in Gotha before the siege.»El grupo que sale al destierro con él: su mujer Catharina, los hijos, y Anna Zieglerin y Heinrich Schombach, a quienes había trabado amistad en la corte de Gotha antes del sitio.

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«They all made their way through the Thuringian Forest and over the ducal Saxon border to the city of Schmalkalden, where Philipp had lived for three years as a youth, just after he finished school.»La ruta y el destino: por el bosque de Turingia y la frontera sajona hasta Schmalkalden, donde Philipp había vivido tres años de joven.

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«The Sömmerings, and possibly also Anna and Heinrich, lived off of the money that Duke Johann Friedrich II had advanced Philipp for his alchemical work.»Y de qué vivieron, con la cautela de Nummedal sobre quiénes: del dinero que el duque había adelantado a Philipp por su trabajo alquímico.

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«Over the next few years, to no avail, Philipp and Catharina Sömmering issued multiple pleas to the new Saxon duke, Johann Wilhelm, for the restoration of Philipp’s property and parish post in Schönau.»Los ruegos repetidos y sin fruto de Philipp y Catharina al duque nuevo para recobrar bienes y parroquia.

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«Meanwhile, Elector August’s campaign to eliminate the “spirit of Gotha” moved beyond the realm of print; he launched a legal campaign against Grumbach’s remaining collaborators, as well as others associated with the ducal court whom he suspected of criminal activity.»Y la segunda vía de la campaña de August contra el espíritu de Gotha, más allá de la imprenta: una ofensiva legal contra los colaboradores que quedaban de Grumbach y contra otros vinculados a aquella corte.

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«In May of 1568, roughly a year after the siege, August targeted Anna’s husband, Heinrich Schombach, and sought his arrest for his affiliation with Johann Friedrich II and Grumbach.»Data en mayo de 1568 el momento en que esa ofensiva alcanza a Heinrich Schombach, por su vinculación con el duque y con Grumbach.

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«Heinrich was captured in Schmalkalden, but was able to avoid extradition to electoral Saxony thanks to the protection of Landgrave Wilhelm IV of Hessen, who held joint sovereignty over Schmalkalden and refused to hand over Heinrich.»Y cómo se libró: preso en Schmalkalden, evitó la extradición gracias al landgrave Wilhelm IV de Hesse, que tenía soberanía compartida sobre la ciudad y se negó a entregarlo.

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«Anna and her husband managed to escape this legal wrangle. Nevertheless, the hint of legal trouble continued to hang over them for years to come.»El matrimonio esquivó el enredo legal y aun así, señala Nummedal, el olor a problema judicial siguió pesando sobre ellos años después.

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«Anna, Heinrich, and the Sömmerings endured exile in Schmalkalden for a couple of years. Eventually, Philipp met Johannes Rhenanus, a Lutheran pastor and salt expert (Salinist) who oversaw the Hessian saltworks in Allendorf an der Werra.»El destierro dura un par de años, hasta que Philipp conoce a Johannes Rhenanus, pastor luterano y experto en sal que dirigía las salinas hesianas de Allendorf an der Werra.

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«Philipp claimed that it was his reputation as a skilled man that brought him to Rhenanus’s attention, but it seems more likely that Philipp sought out Rhenanus instead.»Nummedal contrapone la versión de Philipp a su propia conjetura, marcada como tal: él decía que su fama de hombre hábil lo llevó ante Rhenanus, y a ella le parece más probable que fuera él quien lo buscó.

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«Desperate for employment and exiled from his homeland, Philipp hoped that Rhenanus might be able to find him a position in the Hessian saltworks, but Rhenanus suggested that the pastor-alchemist seek employment in the Duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg instead, where the new duke, Julius, was investing in the industry.»Y el consejo que recibió: no las salinas hesianas sino el ducado de Braunschweig-Lüneburg, donde el duque nuevo, Julius, invertía en el ramo.

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«Soon enough, Philipp landed a job in Juliushall, Julius’s new saltworks in Bad Harzburg, where he met Julius’s former court physician, the Hamburg doctor Jodokus Pellitius.»Así entra en Juliushall, la salina nueva de Julius en Bad Harzburg, donde conoce al antiguo médico de corte del duque, el hamburgués Jodokus Pellitius.

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«This new acquaintance served as a broker for Philipp to obtain an audience with Duke Julius to pitch some ideas about increasing fuel efficiency in the Juliushall saltworks.»Nummedal nombra la función de ese contacto: hacer de corredor para conseguirle audiencia con el duque y proponerle mejoras de eficiencia en el combustible de la salina.

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«As a new duke with an ambitious agenda for economic and religious reform, Julius saw much of value in the combination of talents that Philipp possessed; he promised Philipp a new position as a court alchemist, and Heinrich could be his laboratory assistant.»El interés del duque, según Nummedal: la combinación de talentos le venía bien a su agenda de reforma económica y religiosa, y le prometió puesto de alquimista de corte con Heinrich de asistente de laboratorio.

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«The duke provided Philipp with some “English cloth” (perhaps his clothes were a bit worse for the wear after several years on the road?), money, and the use of a horse (Klopfer)91 to collect Anna Zieglerin and Heinrich Schombach, who had in the meantime moved to the Hessian town of Eschwege, near the saltworks that Rhenanus oversaw in Allendorf.»El detalle material del encargo, con la conjetura de Nummedal entre paréntesis en el propio texto: paño inglés —quizá porque la ropa venía maltrecha de años de camino—, dinero y un caballo para ir a recoger a Anna y a Heinrich, que se habían mudado a Eschwege.

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«As Anna, Heinrich, and Philipp prepared to begin their lives in Wolfenbüttel, they finally seemed to be putting the 1567 siege of Gotha behind them.»El punto de llegada del capítulo: al empezar su vida en Wolfenbüttel parecían por fin dejar atrás el sitio de Gotha.

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«More broadly, too, the finely graded political and religious distinctions that had galvanized factions in ducal Saxony under Johann Friedrich II were gradually losing meaning, especially for outsiders who had never been particularly immersed in the intricacies of Saxon politics.»Y por qué podía parecerlo: las distinciones políticas y religiosas finísimas que habían dividido la Sajonia ducal iban perdiendo sentido, sobre todo para quien no estuviera metido en esos enredos.

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«What lingered, however, were terrifying stories about sorcery and betrayal, alchemy and apocalypse, politics and magical potions, all culminating in the tragedy of the Gotha siege and a duke’s downfall.»Lo que en cambio no se disipó: relatos aterradores de hechicería y traición, alquimia y apocalipsis, política y pociones mágicas.

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«As the councillors and courtiers who had been affiliated with Duke Johann Friedrich II’s court in the 1560s, including Anna, Heinrich, and Philipp, scattered into neighboring territories and tried to begin new lives, they struggled to shake these associations and allegations that they may have been somehow involved in Grumbach’s plot, simply by virtue of their affiliation with Duke Johann Friedrich II’s court.»Y el cierre del capítulo: los cortesanos dispersos por los territorios vecinos no lograban sacudirse la sospecha de haber estado en la trama de Grumbach, por el solo hecho de haber pertenecido a aquella corte.

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«After gaining the duke’s attention with this new method in salt production, in 1571 Philipp parlayed it into an opportunity to place his many other skills,»Y en qué se convirtió esa audiencia en 1571: la ocasión de poner al servicio de Julius sus otras muchas habilidades; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con *both alchemical and theological, at Julius’s service*.

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«Anna, Heinrich, and Philipp’s journey to their new positions in Wolfenbüttel in the summer of 1571 should have been the start of something new and peaceful.»Abre el capítulo con el contraste que va a explotar: el viaje del verano de 1571 debía ser el comienzo de algo nuevo y en paz.

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«The nearly one-hundred-mile trip was overshadowed, however, by a set of frightening omens that surely raised new worries.»Y lo que lo ensombreció: casi cien millas bajo una serie de presagios espantosos.

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«Along the way, they saw “dreadful signs in the heavens and apparitions, and they had ghoulish dreams, which they themselves interpreted as meaning that they were in for great misfortune and that they would all be killed.”»Según Nummedal, así lo declararon: señales pavorosas en el cielo, apariciones y sueños macabros que ellos mismos interpretaron como anuncio de gran desgracia y de que todos morirían.

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«Anna even thought that one of the specters they encountered, a woman on a bridge, was the devil.»Y la lectura que Anna dio a uno de esos espectros, una mujer en un puente: que era el diablo.

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«Indeed, when they asked in the local inn about this particular apparition, they were told that the female figure appeared there often to kill people.»Lo que en la posada les respondieron sobre esa figura: que aparecía allí a menudo para matar gente.

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«Despite these ominous portents, however, the group pressed on toward their new lives at the court in Wolfenbüttel (Figure 4).»Pese a los presagios, el grupo siguió camino a su vida nueva en la corte de Wolfenbüttel.

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«When Anna, Heinrich, and Philipp arrived at Wolfenbüttel Palace, they brought with them all of the baggage of their pasts, even as they hoped to move on to something new.»La fórmula con que Nummedal enlaza los dos capítulos: llegaron con todo el equipaje de su pasado mientras esperaban empezar algo nuevo.

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«Their patrons, Duke Julius and Duchess Hedwig, were also at the beginning of a new chapter of their lives, for they had only recently ascended the ducal throne.»Y la simetría que le interesa: sus patrones, Julius y Hedwig, también empezaban capítulo, porque acababan de subir al trono ducal.

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«Obviously, the sovereigns and their courtiers were separated by a tremendous gap in status, and yet, in a sense, they all faced the uncertainty of beginnings.»Nummedal acota la simetría sin borrar la desigualdad: entre soberanos y cortesanos mediaba un abismo de rango, y aun así todos compartían la incertidumbre de un comienzo.

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«They envisioned successful lives and careers in Wolfenbüttel, but were also keenly aware of how fragile those futures were.»Y lo que ambos lados sabían: cuán frágiles eran los futuros que imaginaban.

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«This tension between ambition and uncertainty had a profound effect on the dynamic among this group of patrons and alchemists, men and women, ruler and ruled, as their lives became increasingly entangled over the next several»La tensión entre ambición e incertidumbre es, según Nummedal, lo que rige la dinámica entre patrones y alquimistas, hombres y mujeres, gobernantes y gobernados; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con *years in Wolfenbüttel*.

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«Perhaps Anna Zieglerin never expected to be so far from home.»La conjetura con que abre el retrato de Anna, marcada como tal: quizá nunca esperó estar tan lejos de casa.

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«Although Wolfenbüttel was only about two hundred miles from her birthplace near Dresden, it was across the border in the Duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, which is to say that it was ruled by another duke and was located beyond the reach of her family and their immediate networks of political influence.»Y por qué doscientas millas eran lejos: al otro lado de la frontera, bajo otro duque y fuera del alcance de su familia y de sus redes de influencia.

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«Caspar Ziegler (d. 1547) came from a venerable family that first made its fortune in silver mining in the fourteenth century and by the sixteenth century possessed numerous properties around Meissen and Dresden.»Nummedal documenta lo que sí se sabe de esa familia: fortuna hecha en la minería de plata en el siglo XIV y propiedades en torno a Meissen y Dresde en el XVI.

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«Anna’s mother, Clara, hailed from another influential family, the Schönbergs, who had long been in the service of the church, court, and mining administration in Saxony.»Y de la materna: los Schönberg, largo tiempo al servicio de la iglesia, la corte y la administración minera sajona.

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«Anna reported that she was born at Pillnitz, an estate that had been in her father’s family since the mid-fifteenth century, and that, as befit her noble station, she was baptized in Dresden at the electoral palace and had “princes and others as godparents.”»Según Nummedal, Anna declaró haber nacido en Pillnitz y haber sido bautizada en el palacio electoral de Dresde con príncipes y otros por padrinos, como correspondía a su rango.

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«Caspar and Clara had at least two sons, Christoph and Hans Ziegler, neither of whom went on to distinguish themselves particularly.»De los dos hermanos que consigna, ninguno destacó.

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«The younger of the two, Hans Ziegler, was among a group of nobles and others who were accused of committing a highway robbery in electoral Saxony in 1566, resulting in both the Holy Roman Emperor and Elector August of Saxony issuing warrants for his arrest.»Del menor, Hans, consigna la acusación de asalto en camino real en la Sajonia electoral en 1566 y las órdenes de arresto del emperador y del elector.

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«The elder brother, Christoph Ziegler, meanwhile, did not produce an heir and was eventually reduced to debt, which was so great that he was forced to sell the family estate in Pillnitz in 1569.»Y del mayor, Christoph, la ruina que lo obligó a vender la finca familiar de Pillnitz en 1569.

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«At least this is what Anna claimed was her lineage. In fact, nothing is known about Anna’s family or early years beyond what she and her husband Heinrich later told Duke Julius’s court, raising the possibility that this part of her life is at least in part a fabrication.»Aquí marca el límite de su evidencia sin arbitrar: nada se sabe de la familia ni de los primeros años de Anna fuera de lo que ella y Heinrich contaron después en la corte, lo que abre la posibilidad de que esa parte sea al menos en parte fabricación.

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«Perhaps she was not of noble lineage after all, but developed this aspirational autobiography in Wolfenbüttel in order to elevate her social status by associating herself with the court of Elector August of Saxony and his wife Anna, a Danish princess.»La hipótesis que propone, marcada como tal: que no fuera de linaje noble y armara esa autobiografía aspiracional en Wolfenbüttel para elevarse asociándose a la corte del elector August y de su mujer Anna.

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«Such a narrative would have situated Anna at the cultural and political center of an electoral Saxony on the rise, rather than on the margins of Johann Friedrich II’s court, a ducal Saxony on the wane and destroyed in the wake of Gotha.»Y qué ganaba con ese relato: quedar en el centro cultural y político de una Sajonia electoral en ascenso en vez de en los márgenes de la ducal en declive.

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«In the 1550s, Elector August was busy consolidating and expanding his lands, but the heart and symbol of electoral Saxony was Dresden, which numerous building projects transformed during these years from an average city of middling size into a glorious and permanent seat for the ascendant electoral court.»Documenta ese ascenso en piedra: en los años cincuenta Dresde pasa de ciudad mediana a sede gloriosa y permanente de la corte electoral.

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«The old palace was expanded and renovated during August and Anna’s reign into a palace suitably elegant for princely festivities, and Renaissance architectural forms began to replace older medieval buildings in the city.»El palacio viejo se amplía y renueva para las fiestas principescas, y las formas renacentistas empiezan a sustituir los edificios medievales.

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«A number of new buildings—including a mint and “Goldhouse,” where August’s alchemists and assayers tested and prepared metals (1556), chambers for August’s councillors (1565– 1567), and a court apothecary (1581)—sprang up around the palace to house and represent the expanding electoral bureaucracy of the Saxon state.»Y la lista de obras nuevas, que incluye lo que aquí importa: una casa de moneda y una Goldhouse donde los alquimistas y ensayadores de August probaban y preparaban metales, fechada en 1556.

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«Born sometime around 1545,2 Anna claimed to be the child of Caspar von Ziegler and Clara von»Según Nummedal, Anna se decía hija de Caspar von Ziegler y Clara von Schönberg; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con *Schönberg, thus descended from two respected noble families in electoral Saxony*. La cifra 2 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«If Anna Zieglerin did indeed grow up around Dresden, she likely would have been there only for the first decade or so of August and Anna’s reign; moreover, her claims to close familiarity with the Dresden court may well have been an exaggeration.»Nummedal acota la propia hipótesis de la crianza dresdense: aun si fue así, Anna solo habría estado allí la primera década del reinado, y su alegada familiaridad con la corte pudo ser exageración.

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«Nevertheless, even if she observed the electoral couple only from afar, she could have learned a great deal from August and Anna about the value of nature at Renaissance courts.»Y lo que conserva de la hipótesis aunque falle en el detalle: incluso viéndolos de lejos, pudo aprender de August y Anna cuánto valía la naturaleza en las cortes renacentistas.

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«Over Elector August’s long rule, he devoted particular attention to expanding the borders of his territory (at the expense of his cousins in ducal Saxony, as we have seen, as well as local bishoprics) and developing the Saxon economy.»Los dos empeños del largo reinado de August: ensanchar las fronteras a costa de sus primos y de los obispados vecinos, y desarrollar la economía sajona.

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«In addition to repaying the massive debts his brother and predecessor Moritz had accrued, August took a special interest in two key industries in Saxony: mining and agriculture.»Y las dos industrias en que puso interés especial: minería y agricultura.

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«He established the Dresden Goldhouse in 1556, for example, as a site of experimentation with alchemical and other techniques for processing and multiplying Saxony’s rich mineral resources.»Data la Goldhouse de Dresde en 1556 y declara su función: sitio de experimentación con técnicas alquímicas y otras para procesar y multiplicar los recursos minerales de Sajonia.

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«He also set up model farms, where he could undertake his own experiments with new methods for the cultivation of new trees and grains, and livestock, and even authored a treatise on grafting and the propagation of fruit trees.»El mismo príncipe montó granjas modelo para sus propios ensayos con árboles, granos y ganado, y escribió un tratado sobre injertos y propagación de frutales.

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«If the paternalistic rhetoric of the time figured August as the “father” of his lands, then the Danish princess Anna became the “mother,” with her own responsibilities for the economic, medical, and spiritual well-being of her subjects.»Nummedal nombra el reparto retórico de la época: si August era el padre de sus tierras, la princesa danesa Anna era la madre, con responsabilidades propias sobre el bienestar económico, médico y espiritual de los súbditos.

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«She shared August’s interest in developing Saxon agriculture, taking a particular interest in fruit cultivation and dairy works, which earned her the nicknames “Danish Cheese Woman” and “The Apple and Pear Woman.”»Y los apodos que le ganó su interés por la fruticultura y las lecherías: la Quesera Danesa y la Mujer de las Manzanas y las Peras.

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«Like Elector August, Electress Anna was a powerful patron in her own right, with a welldeveloped network of clients.»Consigna que la electora era patrona por derecho propio, con red de clientes bien desarrollada. El troceo parte *well-developed* al fin de renglón y `span()` la devuelve unida, *welldeveloped*.

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«Above all, however, she was known for her medical expertise. Sharing August’s interest in experimenting with ways to improve nature, Anna spent a lifetime creating and maintaining recipe collections, gardens, distilling houses, and stores of medicaments.»Y sobre todo por su pericia médica: toda una vida creando y manteniendo colecciones de recetas, jardines, casas de destilar y depósitos de medicamentos.

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«She not only took responsibility for the health of her courtly household and local poor, as was commonly expected of noblewomen in this period, but also offered medical advice and expertise to a vast network of other European nobles, physicians, and even Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II and Empress Maria.»El alcance de esa práctica: además del cuidado esperado de su casa y de los pobres locales, consejo y pericia médica a una red vasta de nobles y médicos europeos y aun al emperador Maximiliano II y a la emperatriz María.

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«To someone like Anna Zieglerin, Electress Anna offered a powerful example of how German noblewomen could make skill and knowledge in medicine a centerpiece of their place at court.»Y qué modelo suponía eso para alguien como Zieglerin: que una noble alemana podía hacer de la pericia médica el centro de su lugar en la corte.

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«Moreover, Zieglerin would have been an orphan, for her purported father, Caspar von Ziegler, died shortly after she was born, and, as Anna later claimed, her mother died in childbirth.»Nummedal marca con *purported* la incertidumbre del dato y consigna la orfandad que Anna declaraba: el padre muerto poco después de su nacimiento y la madre en el parto.

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«It is not clear whom she lived with as a child, but as Anna came of age, she might have looked forward to marriage.»Y declara el hueco documental: no se sabe con quién vivió de niña.

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«When Anna was not yet fourteen years old, she later recalled, a nobleman named Nikolaus von Handorf raped her somewhere near Meissen in the Saxon countryside.»Según Nummedal, Anna recordó después que antes de cumplir catorce años un noble llamado Nikolaus von Handorf la violó en el campo sajón cerca de Meissen.

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«Whatever Anna’s social status, this horrific event would have damaged her reputation, as well as her hopes of securing a favorable marriage.»Y qué costaba eso en aquel mundo, fuera cual fuera su rango: la reputación y las posibilidades de un matrimonio favorable.

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«Nevertheless, she claimed, a Silesian nobleman named Rottenburg agreed to marry her anyway, and the couple celebrated the wedding in Königswartha, about forty miles from Dresden. Unfortunately, only nine weeks later, Rottenburg was thrown from a horse and died, leaving the ill-fated Anna a teenage widow.»Según Nummedal, Anna sostuvo que un noble silesio de apellido Rottenburg se casó con ella pese a todo en Königswartha, y que nueve semanas después él cayó de un caballo y murió.

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«What are we to make of Anna’s story of sexual assault and early widowhood? Perhaps the sexual encounter she described was consensual, if conducted out of wedlock.»Nummedal plantea la pregunta en vez de resolverla, y ofrece una primera lectura: que el encuentro fuera consentido aunque fuera de matrimonio.

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«On the other hand, if it was an assault, as she maintained, then it would make some sense to invent a subsequent marriage (and a quick death for the husband to explain his absence). This would have restored Anna’s honor in some sense; it was better to be a widow than the victim of a rape or a fornicator.»Y la otra, igual de hipotética: que siendo agresión, como ella sostenía, conviniera inventar un matrimonio posterior con muerte rápida del marido, porque era mejor ser viuda que víctima de violación o fornicadora.

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«Indeed, widowhood was a common fate for women in sixteenth-century Europe.15 This was true for noblewomen, artisans, and peasants alike, in part because grooms tended to be older than brides, which meant that wives frequently outlived their husbands.»El dato demográfico con que sostiene la plausibilidad: la viudez era destino común porque los novios solían ser mayores que las novias.

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«Although many older widows did not remarry, either because they could not find a new spouse or because they chose to remain independent, young widows, particularly those who had not yet had children, typically sought (or were pressured to seek) new husbands.»Y la norma social para las jóvenes sin hijos: buscar —o ser presionadas a buscar— marido nuevo.

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«Whether Anna was in fact a widow or had never married at all, she was still young and childless in the 1560s. Moreover, her putative parents were no longer alive, and although her brother Christoph was still in Saxony, he was moving toward financial ruin and was perhaps unable to support young Anna. A new marriage may have seemed her best chance for a stable future.»Nummedal deja la disyuntiva sin resolver y saca lo que vale igual en los dos casos: joven, sin hijos, sin padres y con un hermano en ruina, un matrimonio nuevo podía parecerle su mejor oportunidad.

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«While Anna was staying to the northeast of Dresden in the Silesian city of Bautzen (with her brother-in-law, she said),18 she met Heinrich Schombach, also known as “Cross-Eyed Heinz” (Schielheinz).»Según Nummedal, en Bautzen —en casa de su cuñado, decía ella— conoció a Heinrich Schombach, alias Heinz el Bizco.

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«Heinrich may have been disagreeable in other ways as well. Duke Johann Friedrich II’s councillor Grumbach, for one, found him to be rather sycophantic, always keeping an ear out for bits of information that might be useful in some way later (although this characterization could describe many an early modern courtier).»Y el retrato que Grumbach hacía de él, con la reserva de Nummedal entre paréntesis en el propio texto: adulador y siempre al acecho de informaciones útiles, aunque eso describiría a muchos cortesanos de la época.

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«Like many of the details of Anna’s early life, the circumstances of her marriage to Heinrich are a bit murky. The only extant descriptions came several years later, from Anna and Heinrich, and each party told a very different tale of how they came to be wed.»Nummedal declara aquí la naturaleza de su fuente: las únicas descripciones existentes son de años después, de Anna y de Heinrich, y cada uno contó una historia muy distinta.

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«Heinrich simply explained that “he took her [in marriage] faithfully, as she did him. He went to a pastor in a church and prayed for her to be given to him, and she took a solemn oath to give herself to him in marriage.”»La versión de Heinrich según Nummedal: la tomó fielmente como ella a él, fue a un pastor en una iglesia a rogar que se la dieran y ella juró solemnemente entregarse en matrimonio. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«Anna’s version of the story, however, was much less sanguine. As she recalled, when she met him she “had no thought of having [i.e., marrying] Heinrich, but was joking around with him.”»La de Anna, muy distinta: no tenía intención de tomarlo y solo bromeaba con él.

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«Heinrich, however, claimed that her teasing was serious, and “said that she had consented [to marry him] and wrote this to Duke Hans Friedrich [i.e., his patron Duke Johann Friedrich II of Saxony].”»Y cómo se cerró el paso, según ella: Heinrich tomó la broma por consentimiento y se lo escribió así al duque.

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«Although Anna was insistent that she “did not want to have him,” all apparently claimed that she had already agreed to the marriage.»Nummedal consigna la insistencia de Anna en que no lo quería frente a la afirmación general de que ya había consentido, sin arbitrar entre las dos.

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«Duke Johann Friedrich II, meanwhile, supposedly used his power to pressure Anna to marry Heinrich. According to Anna, the duke declared his support for the union, decreed that the wedding go forward, enlisting “two Lords” to ensure that it did, and made Heinrich promise to look after and support Anna.»Según Anna, el duque declaró su apoyo a la unión, decretó que la boda siguiera adelante, encargó a dos señores que se cumpliera e hizo prometer a Heinrich que la cuidaría y mantendría.

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«Despite her objections, the wedding occurred in Bautzen in 1563 “as the entire city knows,” Anna later said. “A marriage contract was not drawn up,” she explained, but “there were a number of people there, including Joachim Haubnitz and other Silesian Junckers.”»Y los detalles con que Anna acreditaba el hecho: la boda en Bautzen en 1563 como toda la ciudad sabe, sin contrato matrimonial y con testigos entre los que nombra a Joachim Haubnitz y a otros junkers silesios.

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«From our perspective, neither Anna’s nor Heinrich’s story seems quite right. Heinrich’s is far too harmonious, given how much Anna seemed to dislike him, yet Anna’s claim that a duke was so invested in her welfare that he would personally become involved in matchmaking rings a bit untrue as well.»El juicio de Nummedal sobre las dos versiones, que no armoniza: la de Heinrich demasiado armoniosa dado el rechazo de Anna, y la de Anna poco creíble en que un duque se ocupara personalmente de casarla.

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«Perhaps the truth lay somewhere in the middle: either Anna was desperate, or her brothers coerced her into a marriage with Heinrich, hoping that he would take responsibility for her welfare.»Y la conjetura intermedia que propone, marcada como tal: o Anna estaba desesperada, o sus hermanos la forzaron esperando que Heinrich se hiciera cargo de ella.

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«Friedrich II of Saxony19 but not noble himself, Heinrich was unquestionably a step down from the elite social status Anna imagined for herself and attributed to her first husband, Rottenburg.»El juicio de Nummedal sobre el partido: al servicio del duque pero sin nobleza, Heinrich era un escalón por debajo del rango que Anna se atribuía y atribuía a su primer marido. El tramo abre en la plana anterior con *Heinrich was not a particularly appealing marriage prospect, to be sure. Employed in the service of Duke Johann*, y la cifra 19 pegada al nombre del duque es la llamada a nota.

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«When Anna met Heinrich, in any case, he apparently did not impress, and she certainly did not want to marry»Y la conclusión que Nummedal saca de que aun así aceptara: el tramo se corta en el límite de chunk del troceo y sigue con *him. It is probably a sign of how limited Anna’s options were*, por su rango o por su reputación dañada.

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«This move took her from Dresden, a city on the rise in economic, cultural, and political terms, to Gotha, the seat of a rival court on the wane, in political disarray after a series of military defeats, and heading toward the disaster of the Grumbach Feud and the siege of Gotha.»El movimiento social que Nummedal traza con el matrimonio: de Dresde, ciudad en ascenso, a Gotha, sede de una corte rival en declive y camino del desastre.

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«Surely Anna would have seen it as something of an exile or a failure to live up to her aspirations, mirroring, perhaps even confirming, the drop in status represented by her marriage to Heinrich.»Y cómo supone que Anna lo vivió, marcándolo como conjetura: como destierro o fracaso de sus aspiraciones, en espejo de la caída de rango que suponía el matrimonio.

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«On the other hand, Anna’s time in ducal Saxony would expose her to many new things as well. Indeed, her move opened a second chapter of her life, one that included a new court, marriage to Heinrich, and a fateful introduction to a local pastor-alchemist named Philipp Sömmering.»Y el reverso que le concede: el traslado abrió un segundo capítulo con corte nueva, matrimonio y la presentación fatídica a Philipp Sömmering.

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«The son of a pastor named Johann Sömmering, Philipp was born in the Thuringian Forest, in Tambach, about fourteen miles south of Gotha and forty miles west of Weimar, probably in the 1530s.»Los datos de origen de Sömmering: hijo de un pastor, nacido en Tambach, en el bosque de Turingia, probablemente en los años treinta del siglo XVI.

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«After an itinerant youth as a student, schoolmaster, and then chaplain in the region around Saxony and Thuringia, in 1555 Philipp took up a position as a pastor in the Thuringian town of Schönau, where he remained until 1567.»Y su carrera hasta 1567: juventud itinerante de estudiante, maestro de escuela y capellán, y luego pastor en Schönau desde 1555.

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«He was, in other words, a small-town pastor who followed in his father’s footsteps and stayed close to home, hardly a denizen of princely courts.»El retrato que Nummedal saca de ahí: un pastor de pueblo que siguió los pasos del padre y se quedó cerca de casa, nada de habitante de cortes principescas.

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«The pastor’s life in 1560s Germany was not quite as humdrum as it sounds, however, for these were raucous years in Saxon Lutheran circles.»Y de inmediato acota esa quietud aparente: los años sesenta fueron ruidosos en los círculos luteranos sajones.

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«Theologians, pastors, and princes struggled to control Luther’s legacy and define the evangelical movement’s relationship to political power after the reformer’s death in 1546.»Qué se disputaba: el legado de Lutero y la relación del movimiento evangélico con el poder político tras la muerte del reformador en 1546.

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«Until 1580, when a majority of Lutheran leaders finally endorsed the Book of Concord as a hard-won statement of doctrinal unity, intense debates, both in person and in print, polarized Luther’s followers.»Y hasta cuándo: hasta que en 1580 la mayoría de los líderes luteranos suscribió el Libro de la Concordia como declaración de unidad doctrinal ganada a pulso.

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«Particularly fierce were the disputes between the orthodox “Gnesio” (or “Real”) Lutherans,25 on the one hand, who advocated a strict adherence to Luther’s teachings, and the more flexible “Philippists,” on the other, who accepted the authority and theology of Luther’s disciple Philipp Melanchthon as well and were more inclined to adapt Luther’s teachings to changing political realities.»Nummedal define los dos bandos: los gnesioluteranos ortodoxos, partidarios de la adhesión estricta a Lutero, y los filipistas, que aceptaban también la autoridad y la teología de Melanchthon y adaptaban las enseñanzas a la realidad política.

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«Doctrinal differences between these two groups were heightened by their political disagreements about earthly affairs, especially about the degree to which Luther’s followers should compromise with the Catholic emperor.»Y qué agudizaba la diferencia doctrinal: el desacuerdo político sobre cuánto debían transigir los seguidores de Lutero con el emperador católico.

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«These debates often had real-world consequences. Theologians lost appointments at courts and universities, sometimes even landing in prison, as a result of their doctrinal positions.»Y su costo material: teólogos que perdían puestos en cortes y universidades y a veces daban con sus huesos en la cárcel por sus posiciones doctrinales.

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«Sömmering specifically cited one of these conflicts, along with the encouragement of two friends from his “patria,” as the reasons that he began to consider another line of work.»Según Nummedal, el propio Sömmering citó uno de esos conflictos, con el aliento de dos amigos de su patria, como la razón de plantearse otro oficio.

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«Given the importance of mining in Saxony and Thuringia, it is not entirely surprising that metals would come to interest the native son Sömmering.»Y por qué el oficio nuevo fue ése: con el peso de la minería en Sajonia y Turingia, no sorprende que los metales interesaran al hijo del país.

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«Nor is it surprising that what Philipp called the “business of mining” (Berghandel) included alchemy, for the intellectual and practical overlaps»Nummedal apunta que lo que Philipp llamaba negocio de la minería, *Berghandel*, incluía la alquimia; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue diciendo que los solapamientos entre las dos tradiciones metalúrgicas eran numerosos en el siglo XVI.

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«It is also fitting that Philipp—who, as a student, schoolmaster, and then pastor, had long been immersed in the world of texts—would first encounter alchemy through a book given to him by friends.»Y cómo llegó a ella: por un libro que le dieron unos amigos, cosa acorde con un hombre inmerso desde siempre en el mundo de los textos.

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«When a pastor in the nearby Harz mining region gave Philipp another book, this time containing information about the Lunaria plant, reading about alchemy quickly turned to practicing it.»El paso de leer a practicar lo data en el segundo libro, sobre la planta Lunaria, que le dio un pastor de la región minera del Harz.

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«As Philipp would later explain, this abundant plant had a yellow stem and flowers, and it released sap when one picked it.»Según Nummedal, así describía Philipp la planta: abundante, de tallo y flores amarillos, y soltaba savia al cortarla.

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«He and another pastor-alchemist “obtained the sap from it, and with that they began to do alchemy according to the process [in the book].”»Y qué hicieron con ella: obtuvieron la savia y con eso empezaron a hacer alquimia según el proceso del libro.

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«Philipp was likely referring to one of the many “moonworts” (Mondraute), plants with crescent-shaped leaves or seedpods that evoked the moon, fascinating naturalists and alchemists alike in the sixteenth century.»La identificación que Nummedal propone, marcada como probable: una de las muchas *Mondraute*, plantas de hojas o vainas en creciente que evocaban la luna.

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«The prominent Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner, for instance, devoted an entire treatise to moonworts, and they also appeared in the Neapolitan polymath Giambattista della Porta’s Phytognomonica, which developed the notion that the medical uses of plants could be detected from their forms.»Y el aval del interés naturalista: Conrad Gessner les dedicó un tratado entero, y aparecen en la *Phytognomonica* de Giambattista della Porta.

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«In a 1551 herbal, German naturalist Hieronymus Bock reported that the herb should be plucked by moonlight and, playing on the astrological connection between the moon and silver, mentioned that alchemists were known to use it.»Del herbario de Hieronymus Bock de 1551 recoge las dos indicaciones: recogerla a la luz de la luna, y que los alquimistas la usaban, sobre la conexión astrológica entre luna y plata.

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«A 1599 collection of alchemical texts, Aureum Vellus, also discussed this plant, noting that the ancient alchemist Salenius “says of the herb Lunatica or Bera: ‘Its root is a metallic earth; it has a red stem, overlaid or rather stained with black, and fades easily. It also acquires or grows short-lived blossoms. If one puts it for three days into mercury, it changes into perfect silver; and if one boils it further, it turns into gold. This same gold turns 100 parts [of mercury] into the very finest gold.’”»Y del *Aureum Vellus* de 1599 recoge lo que allí se atribuye al antiguo alquimista Salenius sobre la Lunatica o Bera: raíz de tierra metálica, tallo rojo velado de negro, y que puesta tres días en mercurio lo cambia en plata perfecta y hervida más, en oro.

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«Sömmering, unfortunately, was unsuccessful with the Lunaria, even after learning about distillation and sublimation from a woodcutter, consulting a philosopher about mercury, and»Y el resultado, que Nummedal no adorna: fracasó con la Lunaria aun después de aprender destilación y sublimación de un leñador y de consultar a un filósofo sobre el mercurio; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«By the 1560s and early 1570s, additional theological controversies arose over justification, good works, free will, Christology,»Enumera las controversias que se suman en los años sesenta y setenta —justificación, buenas obras, libre albedrío, cristología—; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con *and the Lord’s Supper, among other things, creating what Irene Dingel has called a “culture of conflict”*.

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«Undeterred, however, Philipp continued to seek out alchemical knowledge from a network of people that included a merchant and his wife, as well as other pastors.»Y no se detuvo: siguió buscando saber alquímico en una red que incluía a un mercader y su mujer y a otros pastores.

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«Convinced that a book called the Hexameron of Bernard or the Book of Creation would give him some insight into alchemy, Sömmering traveled to Erfurt to purchase it; at 1,000 thaler, the beautiful book was too expensive, but when he fell on his knees and begged to purchase the book for only 400 thaler, he later recounted, the seller gave him the reduced price, and Philipp got the book.»Según Nummedal, así contó Sömmering la compra del *Hexameron* de Bernardo o Libro de la Creación en Erfurt: mil táleros le parecieron demasiado, se hincó de rodillas a rogar por cuatrocientos y el vendedor se los aceptó.

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«Although it is difficult to determine precisely what book Philipp purchased, the title makes it clear that it was some kind of commentary on the first six days of creation in Genesis.»Nummedal declara el límite de la identificación: no se puede precisar qué libro compró, y el título solo indica que era un comentario a los seis días de la creación.

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«They believed that they had the correct process for producing gold, yet they still could not get it to work properly.»La situación que describe con esa compra: creían tener el proceso correcto para hacer oro y no lograban que funcionara.

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«In 1565 a man who claimed to be an alchemist and to have successfully calcined tartar visited Scherdinger and Sömmering. He, in turn, claimed to have discovered the secret of alchemy from yet another pastor in nearby Altenstein, Nicolaus Solea.»Data en 1565 la visita del hombre que decía ser alquimista y haber calcinado el tártaro con éxito, y que a su vez decía haber sacado el secreto del pastor Nicolaus Solea, de Altenstein.

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«Sömmering rode to Altenstein, where Solea showed him a quintessence of arsenic42 but would not reveal how it was made.»Y qué pasó allí: Solea le enseñó una quintaesencia de arsénico y no quiso decirle cómo se hacía. La cifra 42 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«Eventually, however, Solea changed his mind, and told Sömmering that he would reveal the secret.»Hasta que cambió de parecer y le dijo que le revelaría el secreto.

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«This was no small decision on Sömmering’s part.»Nummedal subraya el peso de la decisión de Sömmering de entrar en ese camino.

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«but it also carried risks, as Sömmering would learn, in that it linked his fate to the vagaries of court politics.»Y el riesgo que traía consigo: atar su suerte a los vaivenes de la política cortesana.

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«As Sömmering undoubtedly knew, Johann Friedrich II was increasingly occupied with alchemical projects in the 1560s, as were many of his fellow German princes, who in the second half of the sixteenth century built alchemical laboratories, collected books and recipes about the art, and hired practitioners to try out techniques and develop new ones.»El contexto que hacía atractivo el riesgo: en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI muchos príncipes alemanes construían laboratorios alquímicos, coleccionaban libros y recetas y contrataban practicantes.

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«Princely patrons were not naïve, however, and they recognized that alchemy attracted practitioners with a range of motives and abilities.»Nummedal objeta la imagen del príncipe crédulo: los patronos no eran ingenuos y sabían que la alquimia atraía practicantes de motivos y capacidades muy diversos.

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«Some alchemists were scholars; others were artisans. Some pursued alchemy as a leisure activity; others sought to make a living practicing the art for profit.»Y da la tipología: eruditos y artesanos, quienes la tenían por pasatiempo y quienes vivían de ella.

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«Finally, some engaged with alchemy out of genuine curiosity about nature’s workings, while a few opportunists (although far fewer than contemporary satires and critiques assumed) merely pretended to be alchemists in order to swindle wealthy investors out of their money.»Con el último tipo y su acotación entre paréntesis, que es donde está su tesis: unos por curiosidad genuina y unos pocos oportunistas —bastantes menos de los que suponían las sátiras y críticas de la época— que solo fingían serlo para estafar a inversores ricos.

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«All of these techniques, not to mention the discernment of angels, came into play when Sömmering and Scherdinger first approached Duke Johann Friedrich II in 1566.»Todo ese repertorio de discernimiento, y el de los ángeles, entró en juego cuando los dos pastores se acercaron al duque en 1566.

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«The way the two pastors made their case offers useful insight into not only Philipp’s early alchemical career, but also alchemists’ strategies for securing patronage in general.»Y por qué le sirve el episodio: da luz no solo sobre la carrera temprana de Philipp sino sobre las estrategias de los alquimistas para conseguir patrocinio.

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«Not only had he consulted many books, he explained, but he had also sought out people who could teach him the practical skills necessary to actually work with metals and other alchemical materials.»Según Nummedal, Sömmering alegó las dos vías: libros consultados y gente buscada que le enseñara la habilidad práctica de trabajar los metales.

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«This man Solea, Sömmering continued, had written several lovely little books about chymia.»Según Nummedal, Sömmering presentó a Solea al duque como autor de varios librillos hermosos sobre *chymia*.

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«Although they had not yet appeared in print, Sömmering included the manuscripts as a gift with his letter to the duke.»Y como esos manuscritos no estaban impresos, los mandó de regalo con la carta.

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«Sömmering had begged Solea not to take his skills to Johann Friedrich II’s archrivals: Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II; the emperor’s brother, Archduke of Austria Ferdinand II; and Elector August of Saxony.»El argumento de urgencia que empleó: había rogado a Solea que no llevara su destreza a los archirrivales del duque, el emperador Maximiliano II, el archiduque Fernando II y el elector August.

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«Solea required no money or expenses in exchange for his alchemical secrets, moreover—only a place to work.»Y el argumento de precio: Solea no pedía dinero ni gastos por sus secretos, solo un lugar donde trabajar.

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«Duke Johann Friedrich II replied favorably to the proposal from Sömmering, who prepared to bring Solea to court.»El duque respondió con favor y Sömmering se dispuso a llevar a Solea a la corte.

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«Eventually, for reasons that are unclear, Nicolaus Solea backed out of this arrangement, but Sömmering and Scherdinger went on to sign a contract of their own with the duke on November 6, 1566.»Nummedal declara el hueco —no se sabe por qué Solea se echó atrás— y data el contrato que Sömmering y Scherdinger firmaron por su cuenta el 6 de noviembre de 1566.

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«No longer were Scherdinger and Sömmering alchemical brokers, bringing other, more experienced practitioners to the attention of the court. They were now officially court alchemists in their own right.»Y qué cambió con esa firma: de corredores que llevaban practicantes más experimentados a la corte pasaron a ser ellos mismos alquimistas de corte.

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«The contract stipulated that the duke pay the alchemists 750 thaler so that they could work on the production of the philosophers’ stone.»Los términos: 750 táleros del duque para que trabajaran en la producción de la piedra filosofal.

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«Not everyone at court was enthusiastic about this deal, as we have seen.»Con la reserva ya apuntada: no todos en la corte recibieron el trato con entusiasmo.

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«Sömmering later claimed to have admitted to Johann Friedrich II that he was not entirely sure about the art but suggested that if the duke would pay any expenses, then Sömmering would do his best and hand over the greater part of the profits should they succeed.»Según Nummedal, Sömmering sostuvo después haberle confesado al duque que no estaba del todo seguro del arte, y haberle propuesto poner su mejor empeño a cambio de los gastos, con la mayor parte de las ganancias para el duque si salía bien.

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«Whether Philipp and Heinrich already knew each other or whether Heinrich simply saw some advantage in bringing alchemists to Johann Friedrich II’s court is unclear.»Otra abstención expresa: no está claro si Philipp y Heinrich ya se conocían o si Heinrich solo vio ventaja en llevar alquimistas a la corte.

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«It is difficult to know precisely how much contact she had with the duke’s alchemists during this period, but as Heinrich’s connection with the pastor-alchemist Sömmering grew, so, too, must have Anna’s awareness of the promise, pitfalls, and profits of court alchemy.»Y una tercera, con lo que sí sostiene dentro: no se puede precisar cuánto trató Anna a los alquimistas del duque en ese periodo, pero al estrecharse el vínculo de Heinrich con Sömmering hubo de crecer también lo que ella supiera de la promesa, las trampas y las ganancias de la alquimia de corte.

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«This was not yet the moment for Anna Zieglerin to observe Sömmering’s alchemical operations firsthand, however, for far more urgent matters intervened before Scherdinger and Sömmering could begin their work.»Y el corte del relato: aún no era el momento de que Anna viera de cerca las operaciones de Sömmering, porque se atravesaron asuntos más urgentes.

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«Although this settlement suffered significant damage as a result of the Catholic duke Heinrich’s battles with the Protestant Schmalkaldic League in the 1540s, it was rebuilt again in the 1560s with the addition of a new parish church, the Marienkapelle (1561), which replaced the destroyed St. Stephan’s, and the establishment of two Bürgermeister and a town council (1567).»La reconstrucción de Heinrichsstadt en los años sesenta tras los daños de las guerras del duque católico Heinrich contra la Liga de Esmalcalda: iglesia parroquial nueva en 1561 y dos burgomaestres con consejo en 1567.

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«He began with the palace itself, which not only served as the residence for the duke and his family, but also housed the ducal collections of art and wonders, laboratories, an apothecary, and, until 1588, when a new chancellery building (Kanzlei) adjacent to the palace was completed, the ducal administrative offices.»Nummedal enumera lo que el palacio albergaba además de la familia ducal: las colecciones de arte y maravillas, laboratorios, una botica y, hasta 1588, las oficinas administrativas.

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«He hoped “to extend, build up, and fortify Heinrichsstadt somewhat, in order to place streets and houses so that more people might take up residence there, as time and opportunity allows. . . .” He continued, “indeed, we decree that all the dilapidated houses and nasty little firetraps that can be moved must be reorganized . . . so that Heinrichsstadt can be built with straight, spacious streets and uniform houses of the same width and height, so that such streets may all lead to our Wolfenbüttel Palace and basically»El plan urbano en la letra del propio decreto de Julius: ensanchar, edificar y fortificar Heinrichsstadt, y reorganizar las casas ruinosas y las ratoneras inflamables para que la ciudad tuviera calles rectas y anchas y casas uniformes que desembocaran en el palacio; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«Not surprisingly, perhaps, Julius would never completely realize all of these grand plans for Wolfenbüttel and the duchy.»Y el resultado, que Nummedal no dramatiza: Julius nunca llegó a realizar del todo esos planes grandiosos.

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«One historian has estimated that the population of the city quadrupled in the twenty years before Julius took the throne, and that in 1571 Heinrichsstadt alone (i.e., excluding the palace and its inhabitants) had about one hundred houses filled with artisans and peasants.»La cifra que toma de un historiador: la población de la ciudad se cuadruplicó en los veinte años previos al reinado, y en 1571 Heinrichsstadt tenía un centenar de casas de artesanos y campesinos.

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«Anna and her companions, in other words, would have found a modest but thriving town, and also likely would have seen numerous ongoing building projects in the city, suggesting that the future there was bright.»Lo que Anna y los suyos habrían encontrado: una ciudad modesta pero pujante, con obras en marcha que anunciaban un futuro luminoso.

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«Even as Wolfenbüttel was coming into its own as a city, though, the palace still dominated the cityscape, a reminder that Duke Julius was the heart, soul, and economic engine of its expansion and transformation.»Con el palacio dominando el paisaje urbano como recordatorio de que el duque era el corazón, el alma y el motor económico de esa expansión.

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«Julius’s legs had been disabled since childhood, and he had difficulty riding a horse, making him ill-suited for a military career.»El dato del cuerpo que decide la biografía de Julius: piernas impedidas desde niño y dificultad para montar, lo que lo hacía inepto para la carrera militar.

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«Heinrich, therefore, secured a position for the young Julius as canon (Domherr) of the Cologne Cathedral, hoping that his youngest son would find a career in the Catholic Church instead.»Y la salida que su padre le buscó: canónigo de la catedral de Colonia, para encaminarlo a la Iglesia católica.

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«The Protestant Schmalkaldic League, a military alliance ostensibly formed to defend Protestantism in the Holy Roman Empire, intervened when two prosperous cities in the duchy, Goslar and Braunschweig, declared their intent to implement the Reformation formally, thus directly defying the Catholic Heinrich’s political and religious authority.»El conflicto que atraviesa esa infancia: la Liga de Esmalcalda interviene cuando Goslar y Braunschweig declaran su intención de implantar formalmente la Reforma, desafiando la autoridad del duque católico.

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«Only when the Schmalkaldic League was defeated at the Battle of Mühlberg in 1547 did Heinrich return to the throne and Julius rejoin his family in Wolfenbüttel.»Y hasta cuándo duró: hasta la derrota de la Liga en Mühlberg en 1547.

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«Perhaps damning Julius’s years of study with faint praise, Julius’s sixteenth-century biographer, Franz Algermann (1548–1613), noted that the future duke “learned so much [in Louvain], that he could understand some Latin.”»Nummedal marca la ironía del elogio de su biógrafo Franz Algermann sobre los años de estudio en Lovaina: aprendió tanto que llegaba a entender algo de latín.

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«Although a prominent doctor named N. Haerdael appears to have developed and arranged the treatment, he»El tratamiento de las piernas de Julius en Lovaina lo diseñó al parecer un médico llamado N. Haerdael, pero lo ejecutó otro; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue diciendo que lo llevaron a cabo un verdugo, *Meister*, y sus hijos.

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«To be sure, Algermann may have exaggerated the details in order to turn this into a heroic story of bravery.»Nummedal marca la sospecha sobre su propia fuente: Algermann pudo exagerar los detalles para hacer de aquello un relato heroico.

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«Although His Grace endured great anguish and pain,” Algermann commented, “nevertheless he was so resolute and courageous that he suffered six turns [i.e., suffered the press to be tightened six times] that day; and thus the feet were restored to their previous state [i.e., before the childhood accident to which Algermann attributed the disability], and His Princely Grace could walk better and more skillfully than before.”»Y aun así recoge el relato de Algermann entero, con los corchetes aclaratorios de la edición: seis vueltas de prensa en un día, los pies restituidos a su estado anterior y una marcha mejor y más diestra que antes.

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«It is worth noting that this procedure would have been not only extremely painful, but also socially transgressive, for it violated the strict social rules that governed contact with executioners in sixteenth-century German culture.»Y añade lo que a su juicio importa tanto como el dolor: el procedimiento era socialmente transgresor, porque violaba las reglas estrictas que regían el contacto con los verdugos.

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«Generally speaking, the executioner was such a dishonorable social figure that even to be touched by him in a social or legal context was to risk becoming a social outcast oneself.»El verdugo era figura tan deshonrosa que dejarse tocar por él podía volver a uno mismo un proscrito social.

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«Fortunately, the socially and physically risky procedure paid off.»Y el resultado del riesgo, según Nummedal: valió la pena.

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«although he pretended to be a good rider, continued to find it difficult to ride a horse and preferred to be carried in a litter.»Con la acotación que impide idealizarlo: aunque presumía de buen jinete, siguió costándole montar y prefería que lo llevaran en litera.

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«Heinrich was aware, however, that the future of Catholicism in his lands hinged on the succession.»El cálculo del padre católico: el futuro del catolicismo en sus tierras dependía de la sucesión.

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«He had already seen two powerful Catholic territories in the north “fall” to Protestantism, in fact, when evangelical sons—Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg (1505–1571) and Heinrich II “the Pious” of Ernestine Saxony (d. 1541)—succeeded their Catholic fathers and promptly introduced the Reformation.»Y los dos precedentes que tenía a la vista: Brandeburgo y la Sajonia ernestina pasadas al protestantismo en cuanto hijos evangélicos sucedieron a padres católicos.

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«When this marriage failed to produce an heir, Heinrich resolved to petition the pope to legitimate Heinrich’s son with his longtime mistress, Eva von Trott, but the son himself objected.»Su remedio, frustrado por el propio interesado: pedir al papa que legitimara al hijo habido con su amante de años, Eva von Trott.

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«Those who objected were welcome to leave the duchy, the mandate stated, but Protestants who stayed would have to face the consequences.»El mandato que dictó, en la formulación de Nummedal: quien objetara podía irse del ducado, y el protestante que se quedara atenerse a las consecuencias.

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«Eventually, however, Heinrich relented and gave the couple his blessing.»El padre acabó cediendo y bendijo el matrimonio de Julius con Hedwig.

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«Heinrich Julius’s arrival, in particular, helped to ease tensions between father and son a bit, and even his name, a union of his grandfather’s and father’s, suggested some kind of rapprochement.»Y Nummedal lee el nombre del nieto —unión del del abuelo y el del padre— como signo de acercamiento.

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«Julius continued to be treated as a pariah at court, rather than as the heir apparent.»Sin que el acercamiento cambiara lo esencial: en la corte lo siguieron tratando de paria y no de heredero.

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«The new Duke Julius wasted no time in launching the Reformation, even burying his fiercely Catholic father with a mixed Catholic and evangelical ceremony.»El primer acto del duque nuevo: lanzar la Reforma, y enterrar a su padre acérrimamente católico con una ceremonia mixta, católica y evangélica.

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«Julius recognized the importance and difficulty of this task, so he sought help from two prominent Protestant theologians:»Y a quién pidió ayuda para una tarea que sabía difícil: el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con los nombres de los dos teólogos protestantes.

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«The precise form of that confession, however, had yet to be determined when Anna arrived at court in 1571, and this was simultaneously the most important and most potentially contentious decision Julius had yet faced as duke.»La decisión pendiente cuando Anna llegó a la corte en 1571: la forma precisa de la confesión, a la vez la más importante y la más peligrosa que Julius había encarado.

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«Chemnitz consulted on the theological and liturgical aspects of the Kirchenordnung, while Andreae helped work out the administrative and organizational details, following the Lüneburg and Württemberg models of church governance.»El reparto de tareas en la ordenanza eclesiástica de 1569: Chemnitz en lo teológico y litúrgico, Andreae en lo administrativo, siguiendo los modelos de Lüneburgo y Wurtemberg.

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«In 1570, Julius appointed another theologian from Saxony, Nikolaus Selnecker (1530–1592), as general-superintendent (the Lutheran equivalent of a bishop, the highest official in the territorial church hierarchy, second only to Duke Julius himself), political councillor on church affairs (Kirchenrat), and court chaplain (Hofprediger) in Wolfenbüttel.»Y el nombramiento de 1570: Nikolaus Selnecker como superintendente general —el equivalente luterano de un obispo, segundo solo después del duque—, consejero de asuntos eclesiásticos y predicador de corte.

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«Finally, in 1571, Julius founded a seminary in Gandersheim in order to train a new Lutheran clergy; this institution would evolve a few years later into the University of Helmstedt.»Y en 1571 el seminario de Gandersheim para formar clero luterano, que años después se volvería la universidad de Helmstedt.

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«When Anna, Heinrich, and Philipp arrived in Wolfenbüttel in 1571, therefore, Julius had just completed a set of major reforms that fundamentally altered the institutions and practice of Christianity in Braunschweig-Lüneburg.»El estado del ducado a su llegada: Julius acababa de completar reformas que alteraban de raíz las instituciones y la práctica del cristianismo.

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«The duchy was now formally Lutheran, which finally brought ducal policy in line with long-standing popular support for the Reformation in this region.»Con la asimetría que Nummedal apunta: la política ducal por fin alcanzaba al apoyo popular a la Reforma, que en esa región venía de antes.

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«Guided by his advisers at court, as well as the more formal Synod and General Consistory, Julius stood at the apex of the ecclesiastical power structure in his lands, responsible for administering his territorial church and articulating the Lutheran confession to which his subjects were now to adhere.»Y dónde quedaba el duque en la estructura nueva: en la cúspide del poder eclesiástico de sus tierras, responsable de administrar la iglesia territorial y de articular la confesión luterana a la que sus súbditos debían adherirse.

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«Julius had models to choose from. He could adopt Luther’s disciple Philipp Melanchthon’s Corpus doctrinae Philippicum, for instance, as had Elector August of Saxony, or he could opt for the Corpus doctrinae Thuringiam, the Gnesio Lutheran–influenced body of doctrine that Johann Wilhelm adopted for ducal Saxony in 1570 upon ascension to the throne following his brother Johann Friedrich II’s defeat at Gotha and imprisonment.»Los dos modelos disponibles: el *Corpus doctrinae Philippicum* de Melanchthon, que había adoptado el elector August, o el *Corpus doctrinae Thuringiam* de corte gnesioluterano que Johann Wilhelm adoptó para la Sajonia ducal en 1570.

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«Ultimately, Julius would find his way through the thicket of Lutheran factionalism by crafting his own body of doctrine, the Corpus doctrinae Julium, but he would not settle on this until 1574, after several years of debate at court.»La salida que halló, y su fecha: un cuerpo de doctrina propio, el *Corpus doctrinae Julium*, que no fijó hasta 1574 tras años de debate en la corte.

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«Articulating a body of doctrine for Wolfenbüttel was no straightforward task, and this difficult set of decisions was at the top of Julius and his advisers’ agenda for nearly the entire time Anna Zieglerin and her companions were at his court.»Nummedal hace coincidir los dos calendarios: esa decisión encabezó la agenda del duque y sus consejeros casi todo el tiempo que Anna y los suyos estuvieron en la corte.

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«Just like the urban and territorial infrastructure of the duchy, in other words, Lutheranism, too, was very much under construction in Braunschweig-Lüneburg in these exhilarating but precarious early years of Julius’s reign.»Con la imagen que resume el capítulo: como la infraestructura urbana y territorial, también el luteranismo estaba en obra en aquellos años exaltados y precarios.

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«He envisioned a prosperous and Protestant land, although much work remained to be done to secure that future.»La visión del duque y su reserva: una tierra próspera y protestante, con mucho por hacer todavía para asegurar ese futuro.

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«Anna, Heinrich, and Philipp clearly saw this as a moment of opportunity for themselves as well, but they knew enough about court life to know that they should proceed carefully.»Y cómo lo leyeron los recién llegados: como una oportunidad, pero sabiendo lo bastante de la vida cortesana para avanzar con cuidado.

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«Sensing that their future in the duchy hinged on Philipp’s success with the duke, Anna and Heinrich initially stayed in an inn just outside Wolfenbüttel in the prosperous city of Braunschweig.»El cálculo que hicieron: como todo dependía del éxito de Philipp con el duque, Anna y Heinrich se quedaron primero en una posada a las afueras, en Braunschweig.

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«He presented letters of credit from Jodokus Pellitius and from his erstwhile patron Duke Johann Friedrich II.»Las credenciales con que Philipp negoció: cartas de crédito de Pellitius y de su antiguo patrón, el duque caído.

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«He and Duke Julius then formalized their new alchemical partnership with a contract, just as Philipp had previously done in Gotha. In exchange for an advance of 2,000 thaler, Philipp promised to produce one loth (about fourteen and a half grams) of alchemical tincture within a year; if he failed, he promised to return the money.»Los términos del contrato nuevo: 2 000 táleros de adelanto contra un *loth* —unos catorce gramos y medio— de tintura alquímica en un año, con devolución del dinero si fallaba.

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«Once again, Philipp Sömmering was employed as a court alchemist, working with Heinrich as his assistant. With an entire year to make progress on his tincture, the future at last seemed to offer security and stability.»Y el punto en que el capítulo cierra: Philipp otra vez alquimista de corte con Heinrich de asistente, y un año por delante en que el futuro por fin parecía seguro.

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«Because Lutheranism had no centralized authority in the Holy Roman Empire—something akin to a»Nummedal explica por qué la decisión recaía en cada príncipe: el luteranismo no tenía autoridad centralizada en el Sacro Imperio; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y su continuación se ficha en la línea siguiente.

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«All of these choices had implications, however, as each involved allying Julius with one of the various parties, including the Philippists and Gnesio Lutherans, that continued to vie for influence»Y por qué ningún modelo era neutral: elegir uno era aliarse con uno de los partidos —filipistas, gnesioluteranos— que seguían disputándose la influencia; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«pope, for instance—each ruler was responsible for issuing a set of documents known as a “body of doctrine” or corpus doctrinae, which would serve as the normative statement of confession in his lands.»Continuación: cada gobernante quedaba obligado a emitir un conjunto de documentos llamado cuerpo de doctrina, que servía de declaración normativa de fe en sus tierras.

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«In September 1571, Anna Zieglerin, still in Braunschweig, wrote to Philipp Sömmering, now settled at court in Wolfenbüttel. “Today my dear husband came to me in Braunschweig,” she began, “and reported how extensively involved you are with the Most Gracious Highborn Prince and Lord, Duke Julius of Braunschweig.”»Abre el capítulo con la carta de Anna a Sömmering de septiembre de 1571, donde le dice, según Nummedal, que su marido le ha contado cuán metido está con el duque.

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«Philipp’s good fortunes benefited Anna and Heinrich as well. By December of 1571, the couple moved from Braunschweig to a house in the newly developed Heinrichsstadt to the east of Wolfenbüttel Palace, supported by a one-time stipend of 500 thaler from Duke Julius (presumably for Heinrich’s work as Philipp’s assistant).»Esa fortuna alcanzó a la pareja: en diciembre de 1571 se mudan de Braunschweig a una casa en Heinrichsstadt con un estipendio único de 500 táleros del duque, presumiblemente por el trabajo de Heinrich.

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«Anna’s optimism was tempered, however, by her knowledge that the shadow of Gotha still had not disappeared.»Con el límite que Nummedal pone al optimismo: Anna sabía que la sombra de Gotha no se había disipado.

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«“You know that my poor husband and I, his poor wife, went to [Duke Julius’s] court as loyal servants,” Anna wrote, “and were repaid with such stunning heartache, insult, shame, and peril to our bodies and lives.”»Según Nummedal, así lo escribió Anna: fueron a la corte como servidores leales y les pagaron con pasmoso dolor, insulto, vergüenza y peligro para sus cuerpos y sus vidas.

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«Anna attributed her woes to the songs of one particular “mockingbird” (spot-fogel): Duke Julius’s vice-chancellor, a legal scholar named Lukas Thangel (also Daniel or Tangelius, d. 1590).»Y a quién adjudicaba Anna esos males: a los cantos de un *spot-fogel*, el vicecanciller del duque, el jurista Lukas Thangel.

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«Indeed, Thangel knew Philipp and Heinrich, and perhaps Anna as well, from ducal Saxony, where Thangel had served Duke Johann Friedrich II as his envoy to France on religious matters.»Nummedal documenta el trato previo con la cautela sobre Anna: Thangel conocía a Philipp y a Heinrich, y quizá también a ella, de la Sajonia ducal, donde había sido enviado del duque a Francia.

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«Thangel also appears to have tried his hand at alchemy during those years, but, as in Sömmering’s case, the angels disapproved of his proposal to the duke.»Y añade el dato que los emparenta: Thangel probó también con la alquimia por esos años, y los ángeles desaprobaron su propuesta al duque como habían desaprobado la de Sömmering.

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«Fortunately, Duke Julius did not act on Thangel’s warnings, perhaps dismissing his vice-chancellor’s animosity as the result of old Saxon rivalries that had no bearing on the Wolfenbüttel court.»El duque no obró según esas advertencias, y Nummedal conjetura por qué: quizá tomó el encono de su vicecanciller por resto de viejas rivalidades sajonas ajenas a Wolfenbüttel.

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«The expectations that accompanied Anna’s move to Wolfenbüttel, however, were murkier. She arrived not on her own, but as the wife of Heinrich Schombach, assistant to the Wolfenbüttel court alchemist Philipp Sömmering.»Y la asimetría de partida: la posición de Anna era más turbia porque llegó no por derecho propio sino como esposa del asistente del alquimista de corte.

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«The figure of the courtier in early modern Europe, seeking out position, influence, and support, is well known.»Nummedal introduce la categoría con la que va a trabajar: la figura del cortesano moderno temprano que busca puesto, influencia y apoyo.

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«As early modern courts emerged as centers not only of political and military might, but also of patronage, social advancement, and employment in growing bureaucracies, all kinds of people looked for ways to make connections to the ruling families of Europe.»Y por qué se multiplicó: al volverse las cortes centros de patrocinio, ascenso social y empleo burocrático además de poder político y militar.

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«This could be a problem when old rivalries resurfaced, thwarting a courtier’s attempt to refashion himself in a new context.»El reverso de esa movilidad: cuando las rivalidades viejas resurgían, frustraban el intento del cortesano de rehacerse en un contexto nuevo.

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«On the other hand, the interconnected world of early modern courts also created access and opportunities.»Y el anverso, que Nummedal pone junto al reverso sin decidir entre ellos: ese mismo mundo de cortes interconectadas creaba acceso y oportunidades.

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«Whereas Heinrich served as a broker for Philipp in the 1560s, persuading Duke Johann Friedrich II to extend support for Philipp’s alchemical projects, Philipp now returned the favor for Heinrich, among others, in Wolfenbüttel.»El ejemplo con que lo muestra: Heinrich hizo de corredor de Philipp en los años sesenta y Philipp le devolvió el favor en Wolfenbüttel.

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«Anna Zieglerin, too, sought a place at the Wolfenbüttel court, but she could not act as a courtier in quite the same ways as Philipp and Heinrich.»Anna buscaba también su lugar en esa corte, y no podía hacerlo por las mismas vías que ellos.

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«Most obviously, gender limited her opportunities, for there were fewer positions open to women at early modern courts.»La razón más obvia: había menos puestos abiertos a mujeres en las cortes.

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«Not everyone could be a duchess or margravess, however. Otherwise, noblewomen served as Hofdamen or Kammerfräulein (ladiesin-waiting), positions they held either as a stage in life on the way to marriage or by virtue of their husband’s position at court, while commoners worked alongside husbands employed as surgeons, for example, or perhaps as physicians or apothecaries.»Y el repertorio de los que había: damas de honor —etapa de vida antes del matrimonio o consecuencia del puesto del marido— y, para las plebeyas, trabajo junto a maridos cirujanos, o como médicas o boticarias. El troceo parte *ladies-in* al fin de renglón y `span()` la devuelve unida, *ladiesin*.

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«Consorts, of course, had a great deal of power. Like their male partners, these ruling women played absolutely central roles at court as patrons, political brokers, and custodians of the physical and moral health of their lands.»Con la excepción de arriba: las consortes tenían mucho poder y hacían de patronas, corredoras políticas y custodias de la salud física y moral de sus tierras.

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«Although Anna Zieglerin’s connection to Philipp Sömmering certainly gave her an entrée at court, her husband Heinrich’s rather lowly position as a laboratory assistant, or Laborant, did not promise much influence.»Y la posición real de Anna dentro de ese mapa: el vínculo con Sömmering le daba entrada, pero el puesto bajo de su marido como *Laborant* no prometía influencia.

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«Moreover, Anna clearly aspired to being more than Heinrich’s wife.»Con lo que Nummedal da por claro: que Anna aspiraba a ser más que la esposa de Heinrich.

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«Although the figure of the courtier is typically imagined to be male, Anna Zieglerin’s actions at Hedwig and Julius’s court suggest that it is productive to view her, too, as a courtier, just like her male companions.»La propuesta de categoría que hace, marcada como productiva y no como hecho: aunque el cortesano se imagina varón, conviene ver también a Anna como cortesana.

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«In Anna’s first years in Wolfenbüttel, however, her attempts to secure a place at court were more conventional and modest.»Y acota que sus primeros intentos fueron más convencionales y modestos.

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«While Anna’s male companions could establish their place at court by demonstrating their expertise and patronage networks in any number of ways, the terrain on which she could earn credibility and influence was far more limited.»La asimetría medida: sus compañeros varones podían acreditarse por muchas vías, y el terreno en que ella podía ganar crédito e influencia era mucho más estrecho.

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«Zieglerin, however, does not appear to have done this. Perhaps her claims to noble social status were exaggerated or outright false, or perhaps whatever social capital she had grown up with in Saxony had been destroyed in Gotha, or in her difficult youth in Dresden.»Nummedal registra que Anna no movilizó los recursos que cabía esperar, y ofrece tres hipótesis sin elegir entre ellas: que su nobleza fuera exagerada o falsa, que el capital social se hubiera perdido en Gotha, o que se hubiera perdido en su juventud difícil en Dresde.

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«Not much is known about Duchess Hedwig, unfortunately, but the little that is known suggests that she and Anna may have had some shared interests.»Y declara el hueco documental sobre Hedwig, con lo poco que de ahí puede sostener: que ella y Anna pudieron tener intereses comunes.

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«Hedwig and Julius had been married for eleven years when Anna, Heinrich, and Philipp arrived in the duchy, and the fruitful marriage had already produced four daughters and two sons; another»Los once años de matrimonio y los seis hijos que ya había dado cuando llegaron los alquimistas; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«Hedwig and Anna never had these kinds of conversations, however. To the contrary, Hedwig was deeply suspicious of Anna, Heinrich, and Philipp from the outset, and almost immediately her suspicion would turn into a fierce campaign to expel the alchemists from court altogether.»Y el desmentido inmediato de esa afinidad posible: Hedwig recelaba de los tres desde el principio, y el recelo se volvió campaña feroz para expulsar a los alquimistas de la corte.

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«Philipp’s first year or so at Julius’s court was indeed remarkably successful, and his influence with the duke soon expanded to include not only alchemical matters, but also, thanks to his training as a pastor, religious policy.»Y consigna el dato: el primer año de Philipp en la corte fue notablemente exitoso, y su influencia con el duque se extendió de la alquimia a la política religiosa gracias a su formación de pastor.

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«Whatever the reason, Anna clearly did not seek to marshal the resources that might have eased her path to Duchess»El resultado, fuera cual fuera la razón: Anna no movilizó los recursos que le habrían allanado el camino hacia la duquesa; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con *Hedwig’s favor, and Anna never did manage to win her over*.

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«Most likely because of his combined financial and metallurgical expertise, Lippold was also involved in managing the finances of Elector Joachim II’s alchemical projects, and, although it is impossible to say from the surviving sources, could potentially have engaged in those alchemical projects as a practitioner as well.»Nummedal separa lo que sabe de lo que conjetura sobre Lippold: administraba las finanzas de los proyectos alquímicos del elector Joachim II y, aunque las fuentes no permiten afirmarlo, pudo haber participado también como practicante.

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«At the time, however, Joachim II’s family, including Hedwig and her brother Johann Georg, who inherited Joachim’s electoral title, were convinced that Lippold was involved not only in financial improprieties, but also in their father’s death.»Frente a ese juicio, lo que en su momento creía la familia —Hedwig y su hermano incluidos—: que Lippold estaba metido no solo en irregularidades financieras sino en la muerte del padre.

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«The suspicion was that Lippold had poisoned the elector, since he had given Joachim II a glass of wine before bed, mere hours before he died.»Y en qué se apoyaba la sospecha: le había dado al elector una copa de vino antes de acostarse, horas antes de morir.

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«Lippold’s final confession, and thus the full accounting for Elector Joachim II’s death, would not come until 1573, almost two years after Anna arrived in Wolfenbüttel, but even in 1571 Lippold had fallen under suspicion, and this suggested to Hedwig a troubling pattern.»Nummedal ordena el calendario y saca de ahí el motivo de Hedwig: la confesión final no llegó hasta 1573, pero ya en 1571 pesaba la sospecha, y eso le dibujaba a la duquesa un patrón inquietante.

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«Hedwig was not merely unfriendly; apparently, she actively tried to block the alchemists’ arrival at court, turning first to Duke Julius, and then to other family members, mostly likely through personal conversations that are lost to us today.»La actuación de Hedwig, con la reserva sobre la fuente: no solo fue hostil, sino que trató de bloquear la llegada de los alquimistas, primero ante el duque y después ante otros parientes, probablemente en conversaciones que hoy se han perdido.

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«And it is troubling,” Anna continued, “that, since Her Grace was unable to move Your Grace to drop us from Your favor, she has now dispatched other people of rank to Your Grace”—namely, Hedwig’s brother Elector Johann Georg of Brandenburg.»Según Nummedal, así lo denunció Anna: viendo que no podía apartar al duque de su favor, la duquesa despachó a otras personas de rango, es decir a su hermano el elector de Brandeburgo.

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«Anna would not find a place in Wolfenbüttel as part of Hedwig’s retinue, this much was clear.»Lo que quedaba claro de esa hostilidad: Anna no tendría un lugar en el séquito de Hedwig.

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«Evidently Anna, too, like Tabitha and Hedwig, could sew, and when Julius asked her to make a pair of shirts and some other small things for him, she complied.»La vía que sí le quedó, y que Nummedal pone en paralelo con la Tabita del libro fúnebre: Anna también sabía coser, y cuando Julius le pidió unas camisas y otras cosillas, obedeció.

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«She also procured clothing and “Spanish boots” for the two young princes at court, as well as shirts and, with Philipp’s help, a hat for Julius in Goslar.»Y la segunda función del mismo tipo: procurar ropa y botas españolas para los dos príncipes jóvenes, y camisas y un sombrero para el duque en Goslar.

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«By comparison, Philipp Sömmering launched himself at court quite successfully from the outset, drawing on a broad range of experience and expertise to meet a very different set of expectations.»El contraste que organiza el capítulo: Philipp se lanzó en la corte con éxito desde el principio, con un repertorio amplio y frente a expectativas muy distintas.

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«While Philipp arrived under a contractual obligation to perform alchemical work in Wolfenbüttel, Julius quickly found his alchemist to be a versatile and useful adviser in other areas as well.»Llegó obligado por contrato a trabajo alquímico y el duque le halló pronto utilidad como consejero versátil en otras materias.

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«Just as the duke depended on Braunschweig City-Superintendent Martin Chemnitz for advice in church matters, and on the Flemish artist Hans Vredemann de Vries to direct various architecture and garden projects in the duchy,20 Julius soon began to rely on the pastor-alchemist Sömmering on alchemical matters more generally as well as on ongoing efforts to establish the Reformation in Braunschweig-Lüneburg.»Nummedal lo sitúa en una serie de asesores especializados —Chemnitz en lo eclesiástico, Vredemann de Vries en arquitectura y jardines— y añade a Sömmering para lo alquímico y para el establecimiento de la Reforma. La cifra 20 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«In these intertwined roles, Philipp not only carried out his own alchemical projects, but also drew on his own networks to serve as a broker or “expert mediator”21 to help Julius staff both his alchemical laboratories and his church administration by bringing in alchemists and theologians.»Y nombra la función doble: además de sus propios proyectos, hizo de corredor o mediador experto, reclutando alquimistas y teólogos para los laboratorios y para la administración eclesiástica. La cifra 21 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«First and foremost, however, Philipp was in Wolfenbüttel as an alchemist, and so as soon as he arrived, he set to work, assisted by Heinrich Schombach, in his lodgings and an ad hoc laboratory in the Old Apothecary (Alte Apotheke), a building adjacent to the palace to the east.»Y dónde trabajaba: sus aposentos y un laboratorio improvisado en la Vieja Botica, contigua al palacio por el este, con Heinrich de ayudante.

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«their own,22 Julius improvised, possibly in part by repurposing some of the old distillation equipment and furnaces once used to make medicines, perhaps even by Duchess Hedwig, to make alchemical tinctures instead (or as well).»Nummedal conjetura, marcándolo, cómo se equipó ese laboratorio: reutilizando alambiques y hornos viejos de hacer medicinas, quizá los de la propia duquesa Hedwig, para hacer tinturas alquímicas. La cifra 22 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«Julius would continue his interest in entrepreneurial forms of alchemy (primarily alchemical techniques for improving the numerous mines in the Duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg) even after Philipp Sömmering was gone, but the duke’s projects with Philipp seem to have been his first substantial foray into the art.»Sitúa el episodio en la trayectoria del duque: siguió interesado en formas empresariales de alquimia —sobre todo técnicas para mejorar las minas del ducado— aun después de Sömmering, pero estos proyectos parecen haber sido su primera incursión seria en el arte.

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«To some extent, then, Philipp and Julius launched a ducal alchemical enterprise together, and Julius certainly depended on Philipp’s alchemical experience and knowledge to organize it.»Y el reparto de papeles: montaron juntos una empresa alquímica ducal, y el duque dependía de la experiencia y el saber de Philipp para organizarla.

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«Because alchemical processes often took months, if not years, and required careful attention to furnaces, instruments, and materials along the way to the final tincture or philosophers’ stone, Philipp needed laboratory assistants, or Laboranten.»El dato de oficio que explica el personal: los procesos duraban meses o años y exigían atención constante a hornos, instrumentos y materiales.

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«He drew on his own networks to identify trustworthy and skilled assistants, functioning as an alchemical adviser to Julius, just as he had in Duke Johann Friedrich II’s laboratory a number of years before.»Y de dónde salió el personal: de sus propias redes, como ya había hecho en el laboratorio del duque de Gotha.

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«Because there was no obvious credential that potential alchemists or assistants could present as proof of their skill, Philipp’s judgment was all the more crucial, and Julius relied on him to bring the skilled and knowledgeable practitioners to court while avoiding the incompetent or fraudulent.»Nummedal nombra el problema estructural del oficio: no había credencial que acreditara la destreza de un alquimista, y por eso el juicio de Philipp era decisivo.

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«While it was Philipp’s job to devise and oversee the operations, he needed others to tend fires, carry out operations, and generally keep the laboratory supplied and functioning.»El reparto del trabajo dentro del laboratorio: Philipp ideaba y supervisaba las operaciones, y otros atizaban fuegos, ejecutaban y mantenían el sitio abastecido.

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«Matz Rotermund, for example, did not offer much alchemical experience, but he was trustworthy.»El primer caso que examina: Matz Rotermund no aportaba experiencia alquímica, y era de fiar.

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«Philipp first met Matz while they were both in Schmalkalden several years before coming to Julius’s court, and Philipp seems to have employed him off and on as a servant in the intervening years.»De dónde venía ese trato: se conocieron en Schmalkalden años antes y Philipp lo había empleado de criado a intervalos.

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«Matz could certainly assist with the most basic tasks in an alchemical laboratory (delivering wood, for example), but his greatest asset appeared to be discretion.»Y cuál era su mérito principal, según Nummedal: la discreción, más que la habilidad para tareas básicas como acarrear leña.

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«When Philipp offered him employment in Wolfenbüttel, he required Matz to take a special oath of secrecy—namely, “that he would serve him [Philipp] and Illustrissimus [Julius] truly and carry out the things [i.e., do his work] and not let slip what he hears and says.”»El juramento especial de secreto que le exigió, en su letra: servir con verdad a Philipp y al duque, hacer el trabajo y no dejar escapar lo que oye y dice. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«Some of Philipp’s assistants did have prior alchemical or related experience, of course.»Y la otra clase de ayudantes: los que sí traían experiencia alquímica o afín.

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«Sylvester’s shady past made him a risky collaborator, to be sure, but Philipp must have thought that Sylvester’s experience as a Goldscheider outweighed his past misdeeds, for the alchemist offered the former soldier work as a Laborant at Julius’s court.»El cálculo que Nummedal atribuye a Philipp en el caso de Sylvester: pasado turbio y colaborador arriesgado, pero su experiencia de *Goldscheider* pesaba más que sus fechorías.

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«The line between working with metals as an artist and working with them as an alchemist was indeed a fine one, so Brun’s forays into alchemical practice are, on the face, unsurprising.»Nummedal formula la vecindad de oficios que hace posible el caso de Franz Brun: la línea entre trabajar los metales como artista y como alquimista era muy fina.

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«It seems that Duke Julius also encouraged Brun and Philipp to work together on alchemical projects.»Y añade, con la cautela de la conjetura, que el duque alentó a Brun y a Philipp a trabajar juntos.

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«The precise nature of this collaboration, however, is a bit unclear.»Con el límite declarado: la naturaleza precisa de esa colaboración no está clara.

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«Yet Philipp also distanced himself from Brun’s alchemical work, reporting that he learned nothing from Franz Brun; he [i.e., Brun] had a completely different process.»Según Nummedal, Philipp se desmarcó del trabajo de Brun: no aprendió nada de él, que tenía un proceso completamente distinto. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«He didn’t want to apply himself to the work [i.e., Philipp’s work], but rather to his own art.»Y añadió que Brun no quiso aplicarse al trabajo de él sino a su propio arte.

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«Philipp complained, for instance, that “Illustrissimus himself got in his way and loaded him down with other hands.”»La queja de Philipp sobre la intromisión del propio duque, a quien llama *Illustrissimus*: se le puso en medio y lo cargó de otras manos.

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«Julius’s involvement with alchemy seems to have deepened after Philipp’s arrival at court.»Nummedal fecha el ahondamiento del duque en la alquimia después de la llegada de Philipp, marcándolo como apariencia y no como certeza.

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«Philipp lamented, “for supposedly encouraging Your Grace to pursue chymical works, trials, and arts.”»Y el reproche del que Philipp se dolía: que se le tuviera por quien animó al duque a seguir obras, ensayos y artes químicas.

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«Indeed, Philipp noted, he had “seen, heard, and experienced that Your Grace has tried quite a number of things yourself, and that you have allowed your valets to calcine, roast, and conduct trials on your behalf.”»Su descargo, según Nummedal, invertía la responsabilidad: había visto, oído y experimentado que el duque probaba muchas cosas por su cuenta y hacía calcinar, tostar y ensayar a sus ayudas de cámara.

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«For the record, he stated, “I neither told, encouraged, nor swayed Your Grace to [do] such things.”»Y lo dejaba por escrito: ni le dijo, ni lo animó, ni lo indujo a tales cosas.

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«Philipp wanted to make it clear, however, that the duke had done this on his own volition.»Nummedal resume el propósito de ese descargo: dejar claro que el duque obró por voluntad propia.

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«Your Grace should avoid [working with arsenic] not only on account of Your life and limb, on which the entire Christian church [in Braunschweig-Lüneburg] rests, but also think of Your young little lords»La advertencia de Philipp al duque sobre el arsénico, con el argumento de Estado por delante: evitarlo no solo por su vida y sus miembros, en que descansa toda la iglesia cristiana del ducado, sino pensando además en sus hijos pequeños; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«Philipp made himself equally useful to Julius on religious matters, making a virtue of his extensive experience in the fierce polemics in ducal Saxony in the late 1550s and 1560s that had pitted the more “Philippist” Lutherans (followers of Luther’s collaborator Philipp Melanchthon) against the dissenting “Gnesio” or “Flaccian” Lutherans (followers of Matthias Flaccius Illyricus).»Y de qué hizo virtud en lo religioso: de su experiencia en las polémicas feroces de la Sajonia ducal que habían enfrentado a filipistas y a gnesio o flaccianos.

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«Eventually, the matter in ducal Saxony was settled when Johann Friedrich II’s brother, Johann Wilhelm, took power in 1567 and issued a new statement of doctrine, the 1570 Corpus doctrinae Thuringiam,37 firmly throwing in his lot with the Gnesio or Flaccian wing of the Lutheran movement.»Cómo se zanjó allá: Johann Wilhelm tomó el poder en 1567 y emitió en 1570 el *Corpus doctrinae Thuringiam*, alineándose con el ala gnesio. La cifra 37 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«These controversies are now mostly of interest only to the most dedicated historians of early Lutheranism.»Nummedal reconoce que hoy esas controversias solo interesan a los historiadores más dedicados del luteranismo temprano.

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«In the 1560s, however, they were monumental, confronting ordinary pastors like Philipp Sömmering with extremely difficult choices, splintering the community of faith in ducal Saxony, and creating long-lasting enmities.»Y lo que valían entonces: decisiones dificilísimas para pastores comunes como Sömmering, la comunidad de fe astillada y enemistades duraderas.

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«Moreover, in an era when princes served as the heads of their territorial churches, doctrinal issues were always political as well.»Con el principio que hace política toda doctrina: en una época en que los príncipes encabezaban sus iglesias territoriales.

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«The struggles between these factions in ducal Saxony led to dramatic arrests, imprisonment, high-stakes debates, excommunication, and exile for the pastors and theologians who vied for Duke Johann Friedrich II’s support for their position.»Y el costo material de esas luchas: arrestos, prisión, debates de alto riesgo, excomunión y destierro.

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«Bowing to political pressure, Philipp signed the document, although then he later joined many of his fellow pastors and withdrew his signature.»La conducta de Philipp ante la Declaración de Striegel: firmó cediendo a la presión política y después retiró la firma con otros pastores.

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«For Philipp, the storm around signing Striegel’s 1562 Declaration became a personal turning point.»Nummedal fecha ahí el punto de inflexión personal de Philipp.

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«The experience soured him on his career in the church, prompting him to consider leaving his work as a pastor altogether (interestingly, for what he perceived to be the safer option of alchemy).»Y qué le siguió, con la ironía que Nummedal marca entre paréntesis: dejar la iglesia por lo que le parecía la opción más segura, la alquimia.

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«Philipp’s brief support for Striegel’s Declaration also pitted him against Gotha City-Superintendent Melchior Weidemann, whose lingering enmity over this issue may have led him to oust Sömmering from his position as the pastor of Schönau in 1567.»Y el enemigo que le ganó, en hipótesis marcada: el encono persistente de Weidemann por ese asunto pudo llevarlo a destituirlo de Schönau en 1567.

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«At issue for Duke Julius during these years was forging a corpus doctrinae, or official body of doctrine, to serve as a normative statement of confession in the newly Protestant duchy.»Lo que estaba en juego para Julius en esos años: forjar un cuerpo de doctrina que sirviera de declaración normativa de fe en el ducado recién protestante.

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«The result of these disputations was that Julius moved toward a form of Lutheranism that was firmly orthodox but nonetheless pragmatic, somewhere between the two poles of Philippism and the orthodox position Johann Wilhelm had taken in ducal Saxony.»El resultado de las disputas de corte: un luteranismo firmemente ortodoxo y a la vez pragmático, entre el filipismo y la posición ortodoxa de la Sajonia ducal.

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«This middle position that Julius forged at home helped pave the way for his later leadership role in the successful efforts to find common ground among Lutherans and forge the unified statement of Lutheran faith, the 1580 Book of Concord.»Y su consecuencia de largo plazo, según Nummedal: esa posición intermedia preparó el papel dirigente del duque en el Libro de la Concordia de 1580.

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«Philipp Sömmering’s influence with Duke Julius reached its height in the midst of these debates in 1571 and 1572, and he no doubt drew on his own expertise to help guide Julius’s decision process.»Nummedal fecha en 1571 y 1572, en medio de esos debates, el punto más alto de la influencia de Sömmering.

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«Philipp’s hard-won experience in ducal Saxony led him to advocate the pragmatic yet orthodox form of Lutheranism still most closely associated with Duke Johann Friedrich II’s reign in ducal Saxony, and this meshed well with Julius’s own inclinations.»Y qué defendió con ella: la forma pragmática y ortodoxa de luteranismo asociada al reinado de Johann Friedrich II, que encajaba con las inclinaciones del propio Julius.

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«When in 1572 Julius dismissed his vice-chancellor, Lukas Thangel (the “mockingbird” Anna had complained about), for example, Philipp brokered a position for Josias Markus (1527–1599), a professor of theology trained at the University of Jena in Saxony, as Thangel’s replacement.»El primer nombramiento que corredeó: al caer en 1572 el vicecanciller Thangel —el *spot-fogel* del que Anna se quejaba—, Philipp colocó en su lugar al teólogo Josias Markus.

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«Similarly, when Nikolaus Selnecker left Wolfenbüttel that same year, after apparently failing to convince Julius in the debates, Sömmering suggested that Julius replace Selnecker with Philipp’s countryman and distant cousin, the orthodox Lutheran theologian Timotheus Kirchner (1533–1587).»El segundo: al irse Selnecker ese mismo año tras no convencer al duque en los debates, propuso a su paisano y primo lejano, el teólogo ortodoxo Timotheus Kirchner.

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«Philipp also persuaded his acquaintance Georg Kommer (or Kummerer), a Rostock professor and Mecklenburg ducal chancellor, to come to Wolfenbüttel in 1573 in order to serve on the Wolfenbüttel Consistory, which advised Julius on matters concerning his territorial church.»Y el tercero: convenció a Georg Kommer, profesor de Rostock y canciller ducal de Mecklemburgo, de venir en 1573 al Consistorio de Wolfenbüttel.

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«Julius deployed Philipp’s spiritual expertise, in other words, as deftly as he did his alchemical expertise, tapping into networks that extended beyond the Duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg to help attract knowledgeable advisers of all sorts.»Nummedal nombra la simetría que le interesa: el duque usó la pericia espiritual de Philipp con la misma destreza que la alquímica, para pinchar redes que iban más allá del ducado.

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«In a sense, then, Philipp Sömmering and Anna Zieglerin’s early experiences as they tried to make their way at the Wolfenbüttel court appear to be quite different.»Y cierra el paralelo con la diferencia: las experiencias iniciales de Philipp y de Anna en la corte parecen bien distintas.

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«Duchess Hedwig, however, saw things quite differently. Whether because of Thangel’s warning, her suspicions that sorcery and alchemy may have led to her father’s death, or perhaps something else lost to us, Hedwig did not simply ignore Anna.»Con la salvedad que abre lo que sigue, y con las tres explicaciones posibles sin elegir entre ellas —la advertencia de Thangel, la sospecha sobre la muerte de su padre, o algo que se ha perdido—: Hedwig no se limitó a ignorar a Anna.

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«To the contrary, Hedwig understood that Anna could exert just as much influence at court as Philipp did as alchemist or Kirchenrat, and she made her objections known.»Y por qué no la ignoró, según Nummedal: la duquesa entendía que Anna podía ejercer tanta influencia en la corte como Philipp de alquimista o de consejero eclesiástico.

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«Duchess Hedwig had opinions of her own about Julius’s decision, however, and evidently, she did not hold back on sharing them»Nummedal subraya que la duquesa tenía opiniones propias sobre las decisiones de Julius y no se guardaba de expresarlas; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«“God pity me for saying the truth,” she began, “but in the past five years my troubles have not gone away.”»Según Nummedal, así abrió Anna su queja al duque: Dios se apiade de ella por decir la verdad, pero en cinco años sus males no se habían ido.

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«Needless to say, Anna proclaimed her innocence, swearing to Julius “before the dear true countenance of God and before the entire world” that Hedwig’s accusations of sorcery were false.»Y cómo se defendió: jurando ante el rostro verdadero de Dios y ante el mundo entero que las acusaciones de hechicería de Hedwig eran falsas.

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«It is not clear whether Anna and Julius intended these to be magic shirts designed to bring good luck, as Anna would later confess,45 or whether they were entirely ordinary shirts.»Nummedal deja el punto sin resolver, y en la misma frase pone la confesión posterior de Anna: no se sabe si las camisas se pensaron como camisas mágicas de buena suerte, como ella confesaría después, o si eran camisas del todo comunes. La cifra 45 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«“It is a mystery to me,” Anna lamented, “why Her Grace has hated, vilified and groundlessly disparaged me, a poor woman, to Your Grace for an entire year without once letting up.”»Y la formulación con que Anna cerraba: le resulta un misterio por qué la duquesa la ha odiado, vilipendiado y difamado sin fundamento ante el duque durante un año entero sin cejar.

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«Magic was not the only charge Hedwig leveled against Anna, however. Anna also reported a second rumor that she attributed to Hedwig:»Nummedal añade el segundo cargo, que Anna también atribuía a Hedwig; el tramo se corta antes de la cita del rumor.

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«Accordingly, Duchess Hedwig, who was responsible for ensuring that the court served as moral exemplar for the duchy, saw this as reason to exclude Anna from the Lutheran community»Y el fundamento institucional del cargo: como responsable de que la corte fuera ejemplo moral del ducado, Hedwig veía ahí razón para excluir a Anna de la comunidad luterana; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«Julius, of course, confirmed Katharina’s information but assured her that Philipp bore letters of reference from his previous patron, Duke Johann Friedrich II of Saxony.»La respuesta de Julius a su hermana Katharina: confirmó lo que ella sabía y le aseguró que Philipp traía cartas de referencia de su patrón anterior.

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«Nevertheless, Katharina expressed concern about her brother’s judgment and reputation.»Sin que eso la aplacara: siguió inquieta por el juicio y la reputación de su hermano.

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«Katharina said that she had heard that Philipp was a “runaway pastor” who had left his post and his wife in order to take up with “that slut Zieglerin.”»Lo que Katharina decía haber oído, en su propia letra según Nummedal: que Philipp era un pastor huido que dejó puesto y mujer para juntarse con esa fulana Zieglerin.

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«He had so “ensnared and blinded” Julius, she claimed, that he persuaded the duke to distance himself from all of his old advisers, ensuring that, “eventually, no honest Junkers remained” at Julius’s court.»Y el segundo cargo: que había enredado y cegado al duque hasta apartarlo de todos sus consejeros viejos, de modo que al final no quedara ningún junker honrado en la corte.

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«“It is known to all of the electors and princes in the Empire,” Katharina claimed, “that she can do magic and all kinds of evil things, and that once she slept with a common soldier and became pregnant, and she murdered the child.”»El tercero, que Katharina daba por sabido de todos los electores y príncipes del imperio: que Anna hacía magia y toda clase de maldades, que se acostó con un soldado raso, quedó encinta y mató a la criatura.

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«Katharina, in short, chastised her younger brother for being “always poorly informed about these things,” and she urged him to look into the matter again.»Nummedal resume el tono de la carta: una reprimenda al hermano menor por estar siempre mal informado, con la exigencia de que volviera a mirar el asunto.

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«Most of all, however, she warned him that “he should expel these loose people from his court, lest they bring harm to all electors and princes”»Y la advertencia principal: que expulsara de su corte a esa gente suelta, no fueran a causar daño a todos los electores y príncipes.

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«Katharina was stunned, she said, that Julius and Hedwig surrounded themselves and their children with such evil people: “I want to say in all honesty, that I am extremely saddened and distressed, [and] I almost don’t know what to do about my heartache.»Según Nummedal, Katharina decía estar pasmada de que Julius y Hedwig rodearan a sus hijos de gente tan mala, y con tanto pesar que casi no sabía qué hacer.

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«“Princes and lords and other good people” all knew that Julius was hosting such horrible people in Wolfenbüttel, and “that they now go about in velvet and silk. . . . Ignominious gossip will soon follow.”»El argumento de reputación: príncipes, señores y otra gente de bien sabían a quién hospedaba el duque y que ahora andaban en terciopelo y seda, y el chisme ignominioso vendría pronto.

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«May Dear God’s Grace grant that the vile Devil not manage to use these people as a tool for his work,”»Y el remate devoto de la misma carta: que la gracia de Dios no permita que el diablo use a esa gente de instrumento.

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«powers of seduction at her disposal. Rather than political persuasion, the sisters feared that Anna used magic and sexuality to destroy men’s powers of reason; she embodied, in short, what Ulinka Rublack has called the “desirous woman,” able to lure men into adulterous affairs and destroy the patriarchal house that was the bedrock of early modern society.»Nummedal nombra la figura que las hermanas temían, tomando el término de Ulinka Rublack: la *mujer deseosa*, capaz de arrastrar a los hombres al adulterio y de destruir la casa patriarcal que era el cimiento de aquella sociedad; el tramo abre en la plana anterior.

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«According to Julius’s sister Katharina, Anna had already destroyed Philipp’s marriage, not to mention her own marriage to Heinrich, when Philipp “abandoned his wife and post to take up with that slut Zieglerin.”»Y qué se le imputaba ya como hecho: haber destruido el matrimonio de Philipp y el suyo propio con Heinrich.

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«Equally frighteningly, Anna’s purported powers of sex and magic revealed the fragility of princely rule, which could easily be derailed by the temptations of illicit sex, magic, and even, possibly, alchemy.»Nummedal traduce ese miedo a términos políticos: los poderes que se atribuían a Anna revelaban la fragilidad del gobierno principesco, descarrilable por el sexo ilícito, la magia y quizá también la alquimia.

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«If Wilhelm von Grumbach, as they saw it, had been able to manipulate his patron Johann Friedrich II with magic alone, Katharina and Hedwig could only imagine the destruction Anna could wreak by using her body as well.»Y el razonamiento por analogía que les atribuye: si Grumbach había podido manipular a su patrón solo con magia, cuánto más una mujer que además usaba su cuerpo.

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«The women’s status at court and relationship with Duke Julius lent their claims credibility, ensuring that Anna and the others would have to contend with them in some way.»El peso institucional de esas acusaciones: el rango de las dos mujeres y su relación con el duque les daba crédito, y obligaba a los acusados a responder de algún modo.

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«These were powerful women indeed, and they made for formidable enemies.»Con la fórmula que Nummedal usa para cerrar: eran mujeres poderosas y enemigas formidables.

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«As powerful as Hedwig and Katharina were, however, their condemnations were still not the final word on the alchemists at the Wolfenbüttel court.»Y el límite de ese poder: sus condenas no eran la última palabra sobre los alquimistas.

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«Duke Julius’s views were equally, if not more, important.»Porque el parecer del duque pesaba igual o más.

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«Philipp had a much more public role at court, which was both an advantage and a disadvantage; he drew a great deal more comment and scrutiny, but he also had multiple avenues by which to establish his value to the duke, as we have seen.»Nummedal mide la asimetría de género en términos de visibilidad: el papel público de Philipp era ventaja y desventaja a la vez, porque atraía escrutinio y a la vez le daba muchas vías para acreditar su valor ante el duque.

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«Anna, on the other hand, attracted little attention beyond the duchess and the margravess.»Y del otro lado, Anna apenas atraía atención fuera de la duquesa y de la margravina.

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«Nevertheless, Hedwig and Katharina’s denunciations were relentless and focused, and they defined the terms on which Anna would have to appeal to Julius for support.»Aun así, las denuncias de las dos fijaron los términos en que Anna tendría que pedir apoyo al duque.

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«Anna, too, knew how important this was, and she astutely made her piety and purity a centerpiece of her strategy.»Y qué puso Anna en el centro de su estrategia: su piedad y su pureza.

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«Eventually Anna would start to shift the terms away from what she probably rightly saw as a losing battle, reframing her purity around her alchemical expertise instead.»Nummedal anticipa el giro que organiza el resto del libro: Anna acabaría desplazando los términos de una batalla que probablemente veía perdida, y reencuadraría su pureza en torno a su pericia alquímica.

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«If Hedwig attempted to marginalize Anna at court through discourse and action, Anna did the same, turning directly to Julius to stop Hedwig’s campaign.»La simetría de las tácticas: si Hedwig la marginaba con discurso y acción, Anna hizo lo mismo, acudiendo directamente al duque para frenar la campaña.

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«Anna also articulated a counter discourse that underscored her qualities as a pious and morally upright woman.»Y el contradiscurso que articuló: sus cualidades de mujer piadosa y moralmente recta.

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«First of all, Anna insisted, she herself never practiced magic.»La primera negativa: nunca practicó magia.

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«To the contrary, she stressed her belief that “magicians and sorcerers belong in the fire, both in the here and now and in all eternity,” indicating her knowledge that sorcery blurred the categories of crime and sin.»Y la fórmula con que lo remachaba, que Nummedal lee como prueba de que Anna sabía que la hechicería confundía las categorías de delito y de pecado: magos y hechiceros pertenecen al fuego, aquí y en toda la eternidad.

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«Anna also used the conflict with Hedwig as a way to emphasize her own Lutheran piety, particularly around the issue of communion.»El segundo recurso: usar el conflicto con Hedwig para subrayar su propia piedad luterana, sobre todo en torno a la comunión.

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«She reminded the duke of her unsuccessful efforts to use communion to make peace with Hedwig.»Recordándole al duque sus intentos fallidos de hacer las paces con la duquesa por esa vía.

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«Hedwig and Katharina’s charges against Anna were more difficult to refute, however, not least because they stemmed from two women with a great deal of credibility: Julius’s wife and sister.»Nummedal explica por qué esos cargos eran más difíciles de rebatir: venían de dos mujeres con mucho crédito, la esposa y la hermana del duque.

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«She performed some small services, gaining trust and access, but she also turned to Julius for protection, not only in the wake of the Gotha Rebellion, but even from the campaign of Julius’s own wife.»El repertorio entero de Anna, en una frase: pequeños servicios que le daban confianza y acceso, y la protección del duque, incluso frente a la campaña de su propia esposa.

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«In Anna’s first years in Wolfenbüttel, this was primarily a discursive battle, although Hedwig’s move to exclude Anna from the court chapel suggests at least one way in which it was social as well.»Nummedal califica el conflicto de esos primeros años como sobre todo discursivo, con la salvedad de la exclusión de la capilla de la corte, que era ya social.

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«Although little of this was related to Anna Zieglerin directly, her fate was inextricably bound to her male companions’, making their histories hers as well.»Y la regla que la ata a los otros dos: poco de aquello la tocaba directamente, pero su suerte estaba atada a la de sus compañeros varones, de modo que las historias de ellos eran también la suya.

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«Duchess Hedwig read Anna’s halting attempts to play the courtier by offering her domestic skills to Duke Julius as sinister attempts to seduce and manipulate him.»La lectura que Hedwig hacía de los tanteos de Anna por hacer de cortesana ofreciendo sus habilidades domésticas: intentos siniestros de seducir y manipular al duque.

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«As Anna Zieglerin would learn, she was on more steady ground in offering concrete expertise as an alchemist.»Y la conclusión que abre el capítulo siguiente: el terreno más firme era ofrecer pericia concreta como alquimista.

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«On April 1, 1573, in Wolfenbüttel Palace, Duke Julius’s personal valet handed him a manuscript. A few weeks later, presumably having read the booklet and decided that its contents were worth preserving, Julius made a copy in his own hand.»El documento con que abre el capítulo, fechado: el 1 de abril de 1573 el ayuda de cámara entrega al duque un manuscrito, y semanas después el propio Julius lo copia de su mano.

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«“In the name of God the father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, Amen,” it began, promising to reveal “that which I, Anna Maria Zieglerin, currently Heinrich Schombach’s wife, observed with my own eyes of the noble, well-born Lord, Lord Carl, Count and Lord of Ottyng, and also carried out myself with my own hand, concerning the noble and precious art of alchemy.”»Según Nummedal, así se presenta el manuscrito en su primera línea: en nombre del Padre, del Hijo y del Espíritu Santo, y prometiendo revelar lo que Anna Maria Zieglerin vio con sus propios ojos del conde Carl de Ottyng y ejecutó ella misma con su propia mano en el arte noble y precioso de la alquimia.

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«What followed was a twenty-page collection of recipes detailing how to make and use a golden oil called the lion’s blood, which had extraordinary medical, alchemical, and even agricultural powers (Figure 7).»Y qué sigue a esa apertura: veinte páginas de recetas sobre cómo hacer y usar un aceite dorado llamado sangre de león, con poderes médicos, alquímicos y aun agrícolas.

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«By giving Duke Julius these recipes, Anna boldly took her fate at the ducal court into her own hands.»Nummedal lee el regalo como acto político: con esas recetas Anna tomó su suerte en la corte en sus propias manos.

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«She gave up the hopeless task of trying to appease Duchess Hedwig or merely hoping that Philipp’s or Heinrich’s success at court would translate into her own security. Instead, Anna approached Duke Julius directly and made her own claim to alchemical expertise.»Y qué abandonó al hacerlo: la tarea imposible de aplacar a Hedwig y la espera de que el éxito de Philipp o de Heinrich se le tradujera en seguridad.

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«In fact, she had already laid the groundwork at court for this disclosure.»Con la precisión de que el terreno estaba preparado de antes.

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«In the December 1571 letter to Duke Julius in which she expressed her consternation about Hedwig, Anna appended an alchemical symbol below her signature. Although it seems out of context in this letter and she did not elaborate on its precise meaning, the symbol suggested, at a minimum, that she was familiar with the basic pictograms alchemists often used to represent metals, processes, and other common alchemical concepts.»El indicio que Nummedal registra y acota: un símbolo alquímico bajo la firma de la carta de diciembre de 1571, fuera de contexto y sin explicación, que como mínimo indica familiaridad con los pictogramas usuales de metales, procesos y conceptos.

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«Anna also had dropped some hints about the tantalizing figure of Count Carl of Oettingen, a Bavarian nobleman who also possessed a surprisingly illustrious alchemical and medical lineage.»Y el segundo indicio: las alusiones al conde Carl de Oettingen, noble bávaro al que se atribuía un linaje alquímico y médico ilustre.

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«Unfortunately, the count did not immediately reply, forcing Anna to explain to Julius that she was having difficulty locating him and providing new fodder for the mockingbirds at court who were skeptical about Anna’s claims.»El conde no respondió, y Anna hubo de explicar al duque que no lograba localizarlo, con lo que dio nuevo alimento a los escépticos de la corte.

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«In the meantime, Anna came up with something else: her book of recipes, many of which, she said, she had learned from Count Carl.»Y con qué llenó ese hueco: su libro de recetas, muchas de las cuales decía haber aprendido del conde Carl.

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«Perhaps the recipes were meant to satisfy Julius while he awaited Carl’s appearance at court. If so, this strategy worked.»Nummedal ofrece la conjetura marcada como tal —que las recetas fueran para contentar al duque mientras esperaba al conde— y añade que, de ser así, funcionó.

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«By the fall of 1573, Anna had established a laboratory of her own near Wolfenbüttel Palace, with at least one Laborant to assist her operations, and she had successfully produced some preliminary materials.»La medida del éxito: para el otoño de 1573 Anna tenía laboratorio propio cerca del palacio, con al menos un *Laborant*, y había producido ya algunos materiales preliminares.

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«Duke Julius’s subsequent correspondence with Anna no longer focused on Hedwig’s ire, but on Anna’s alchemy.»Y el cambio de asunto en la correspondencia del duque con ella: ya no el enojo de Hedwig sino la alquimia de Anna.

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«In other words, Anna had managed to transform herself from the wife of an alchemical assistant into a courtly alchemist in her own right, even over Duchess Hedwig’s fierce opposition.»La transformación que Nummedal enuncia: de esposa de un asistente alquímico a alquimista de corte por derecho propio, y contra la oposición feroz de la duquesa.

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«It is easy to understand why Duke Julius responded so favorably to Anna Zieglerin’s gift.»Y por qué el duque respondió con tanto favor.

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«Far from vague alchemical promises, her recipes were detailed and concrete, specifying precisely her materials, laboratory operations, and outcomes.»La razón que da: lejos de promesas alquímicas vagas, las recetas eran detalladas y concretas, con materiales, operaciones de laboratorio y resultados precisados.

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«Moreover, Anna offered Julius not only her own alchemical knowledge and expertise, but also access to others who were even more experienced.»Y la segunda razón: ofrecía además acceso a otros aún más experimentados.

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«Although it is difficult to reconstruct exactly what Anna»Nummedal declara el límite de la reconstrucción: no se sabe qué contó Anna de esa figura sombría; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con *told Duke Julius about this shadowy figure*, y con el interés del duque, que en marzo de 1573 le escribió al conde invitándolo a Wolfenbüttel.

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«While Philipp brought figures such as Timotheus Kirchner, Sylvester Schulvermann, and Heinrich Schombach to the Wolfenbüttel court, however, Anna now offered the duke access to the extraordinary figure of Count Carl.»El paralelo exacto con Sömmering: donde él llevaba a la corte a Kirchner, a Schulvermann y a Schombach, Anna ofrecía ahora acceso al conde Carl.

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«Evidently Anna had observed Philipp’s climb at Julius’s court carefully, and she would not merely emulate him, but even surpass him in Wolfenbüttel.»Y la lectura que Nummedal hace del gesto: Anna había observado con atención el ascenso de Philipp y no pensaba imitarlo sino superarlo.

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«was more than just a clever ploy to shift the balance of power in Wolfenbüttel, however, even if it did have that effect in the short term.»Con la acotación que impide reducirlo a táctica: la alquimia de Anna fue más que una argucia para mover el equilibrio de poder, aunque a corto plazo tuviera ese efecto.

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«Anna’s move from the margins to the center of the ducal court brings her into focus more clearly, making visible her creative and original engagement with the alchemical traditions in which she had long been immersed.»Y qué gana el libro con ese desplazamiento: al pasar Anna del margen al centro se vuelve visible su trato creativo y original con las tradiciones alquímicas en que llevaba tiempo inmersa.

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«At the Dresden court of Anna and August of electoral Saxony, at Duke Johann Friedrich II’s ill-fated court in ducal Saxony, and even in her own household, Anna was surrounded by alchemical texts, techniques, and controversies.»Los tres medios donde estuvo rodeada de textos, técnicas y controversias alquímicas: la corte de Dresde, la de Gotha y su propia casa.

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«In this milieu, it should not surprise us that Anna Zieglerin took an interest in alchemy and sought to learn more about it.»De donde saca que su interés por la alquimia no tiene nada de sorprendente.

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«It is unclear how exactly she came to know as much as she did, but the recipes that Anna gave to Duke Julius in April of 1573 demonstrate that she took much more than a casual interest in the art.»Nummedal separa lo que ignora de lo que las recetas muestran: no está claro cómo llegó a saber tanto, y lo que entregó al duque en abril de 1573 señala un interés que no era casual.

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«She engaged the rich and varied alchemical tradition knowledgeably and imaginatively, linking the alchemist’s work in the laboratory to some of the most profound spiritual and corporeal questions of her world.»Y qué hizo con esa tradición: tratarla con conocimiento e imaginación, ligando el trabajo de laboratorio a las preguntas espirituales y corporales más hondas de su mundo.

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«Alchemical ideas and practices in general appealed on many different levels in early modern Europe, offering practitioners intellectual insights into the workings of nature as well as entrepreneurial opportunities.»El atractivo general de la alquimia en la Europa moderna temprana, según Nummedal: comprensión intelectual del funcionamiento de la naturaleza y oportunidades empresariales.

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«The key to Anna Zieglerin’s attraction to alchemy, however, lies in the name of the oil at the heart of her recipes: the lion’s blood.»Y dónde localiza la clave del atractivo propio de Anna: en el nombre mismo del aceite, la sangre de león.

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«Blood had multiple resonances in sixteenth-century Europe.7 It was nourishing, essential to the generation of life, but also cleansing, and potentially poisonous. It had scholarly meanings in medical and alchemical literature, but also deep resonances in Christianity, as well as associations with magic in German folk culture.»Despliega las resonancias de la sangre en aquel siglo: nutricia y esencial a la generación de la vida, pero también purificadora y potencialmente venenosa, con sentidos médicos y alquímicos, hondura cristiana y vínculo mágico en la cultura popular alemana. La cifra 7 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«By calling her golden oil the lion’s blood, Anna Zieglerin evoked all of these associations at once.»Y qué consigue el nombre: evocarlas todas a la vez.

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«Read carefully, Zieglerin’s book of recipes not only offers some clues into her own claims to alchemical authority; it also makes visible a rich system of meaning that linked alchemy to the generation and redemption of matter, the knot at the heart of early modern Christianity.»La tesis de lectura del capítulo: el cuadernillo da indicios de su pretensión de autoridad alquímica y, además, deja ver un sistema de sentido que ligaba la alquimia a la generación y la redención de la materia, el nudo del cristianismo moderno temprano.

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«Anna described the process for producing the lion’s blood as follows. One began with alchemically prepared “tinged gold,” itself produced by “projecting,” as alchemists put it, a brown powder onto lead. Once the resulting gold had cooled, the alchemist filed it into small pieces, then heated it again for over nine hours in a small cucurbit with a distillation head (or alembic) affixed to the top.»Según Nummedal, así describía Anna el procedimiento: partir de oro teñido alquímicamente, obtenido proyectando un polvo pardo sobre plomo, limarlo en trocitos y calentarlo más de nueve horas en una cucúrbita con alambique.

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«Eventually, a “flesh-colored mist” would appear in the alembic; this would continue to deepen its color until it was “brownish-red.”»Y la señal que aparecía en el alambique: una niebla color carne que iba oscureciendo hasta el rojo pardo.

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«This vapor, Zieglerin explained, was called the golden lion, and it would eventually “exude luminous, lovely blood.” Zieglerin continued: “Collect this in the receiver vessel. One calls this extracting from the red lion his lovely, glorious, abundant blood. When the glass becomes white again, allow the fire to go out. The lion has emitted from itself as much blood as it could without injury and losing its red color.”»El vapor, según Anna, se llamaba el león dorado y acababa exudando sangre luminosa: recogerla en el recipiente es lo que se llama extraer del león rojo su sangre hermosa, gloriosa y abundante, y cuando el vidrio vuelve a blanquear hay que dejar apagarse el fuego porque el león ha dado toda la que podía sin lastimarse ni perder su rojo.

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«In other words, with a slow, gentle heat, alchemical gold and lead would evaporate and then condense again into the precious oil that Anna called the lion’s blood.»Nummedal traduce el procedimiento a términos llanos: con calor lento y suave, el oro y el plomo alquímicos se evaporan y vuelven a condensar en el aceite precioso.

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«The lion’s blood was, first and foremost, an alchemical substance meant to be productive.»Y define su carácter: ante todo una sustancia alquímica destinada a ser productiva.

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«Not surprisingly, Anna dedicated a substantial portion of her booklet to the production of the lapis philosophorum, or philosophers’ stone, which, in turn, could generate gold (among other things).»De ahí que buena parte del cuadernillo vaya a la producción del *lapis philosophorum*, que a su vez podía generar oro entre otras cosas.

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«She included two different recipes for making the lapis, the first of which involved repeating the process two more times, combining fresh lead with eighteen drops of “the lovely [lion’s] blood” and heating it again until it produced an oil, then pouring it all into a mold until it cooled. Then, once again, the gold was cut into small pieces and heated again to “extract the blood again out of the lion.”»La primera de sus dos recetas de la piedra: repetir el proceso dos veces más, combinar plomo fresco con dieciocho gotas de la sangre, calentar hasta obtener aceite, verterlo en molde y volver a cortar y calentar el oro para extraerle otra vez la sangre al león.

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«To finish the stone using this method, Anna wrote, one must then take a small bird and put it in a little basket for six weeks, with nothing to eat but a few drops of the lion’s blood each day in his water. After six weeks, the alchemist should roast this little bird until “it becomes like brown glass,” then shatter it and pulverize it with a mortar and pestle. “Then you have the proper lapis for sure,” Anna concluded, adding, “you can tinge greatly and copiously with this [powder].”»Y el remate de esa receta, que Nummedal transcribe sin suavizarlo: un pajarillo encerrado seis semanas sin más alimento que unas gotas de la sangre en el agua, asado hasta quedar como vidrio pardo, roto y pulverizado en mortero. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«Although some alchemical authors distinguished between tinctures, which simply colored metals superficially, and the philosophers’ stone, which transmuted base metals into silver or gold on a more fundamental level, Anna here used the terms lapis and “tinge” in the same passage, suggesting that she did not make a distinction between superficial “tingeing” and a more basic “transmutation.”»Nummedal marca dónde Anna se aparta del vocabulario técnico: otros autores distinguían la tintura, que colorea la superficie, de la piedra, que transmuta de raíz, y ella usa *lapis* y *tinge* en el mismo pasaje, lo que sugiere que no hacía esa distinción.

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«Anna’s second recipe for the philosophers’ stone was far more elaborate, but also more conventional.»Y califica la segunda receta de mucho más elaborada y a la vez más convencional.

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«This recipe involved five steps.»La segunda receta de la piedra se despliega en cinco pasos.

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«First, one created a small clear stone by taking mercury that had been cleansed with vinegar and salt, and “let the dew fall on the mercury on a beautiful night in May in a beautiful lovely meadow full of beautiful flowers.”»El primero, con su prescripción de escena: mercurio limpiado con vinagre y sal, dejando caer el rocío sobre él en una noche hermosa de mayo, en un prado hermoso y lleno de flores hermosas. La cifra 12 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«Then one made a small brown stone using Hungarian gold that had been treated with antimony and quintessence. Equal portions of these two stones were then dissolved together in yet more quintessence and heated in a “philosophical fire” and decomposing dung for approximately six months.»El segundo y el tercero: una piedrecilla parda de oro húngaro tratado con antimonio y quintaesencia, y las dos disueltas en más quintaesencia y calentadas en fuego filosófico y estiércol en descomposición unos seis meses.

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«Gradually, Anna instructed, a “fruit” would begin to appear, lightening progressively from yellow to “flesh color,” and eventually glowing, “shining through the glass like a carbuncle so that you think the glass is full of rubies.”»La señal de progreso, en el vocabulario vegetal de Anna: un *fruto* que va aclarando del amarillo al color carne y acaba brillando por el vidrio como un carbunclo, hasta hacer creer que el vidrio está lleno de rubíes.

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«The glass should be broken, exposing the stone to the air, which would soften it; then, it should sit in embers for another three days, whereupon “the stone is proper and complete.”»Los dos pasos que faltaban: romper el vidrio para que el aire ablande la piedra y dejarla tres días más en las brasas, y entonces está debida y completa.

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«Creating the philosophers’ stone was still not the end of the “great work,” however; two final steps remained.»Y aun así, señala Nummedal, hacer la piedra no era el final de la gran obra.

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«First, Anna explained, one should break the stone in two pieces, using one half to make more lion’s blood and multiplying the other half, presumably for future use, by sealing it up in a flask with prepared mercury for several months.»El primero de esos dos pasos finales: partir la piedra en dos, una mitad para hacer más sangre de león y la otra para multiplicarla sellada en un matraz con mercurio preparado.

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«In order to actually use the stone to transmute metals, one had to soak it in the blood of a suckling lamb for nine weeks until it was “as soft as wax.”»Y el segundo: remojarla nueve semanas en sangre de cordero lechal hasta dejarla blanda como cera.

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«Anna concluded with a curious final step: “Cast it into the shape of a lion, lindworm [a creature similar to a dragon but without wings], dragon’s head or whatever similar thing pleases you.”»El paso final, que Nummedal llama curioso: fundirla en forma de león, de *lindworm* —criatura semejante al dragón pero sin alas, según la aclaración de la edición— o de cabeza de dragón, o de lo que a uno le plazca.

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«These fanciful little molded capsules of the philosophers’ stone, presumably, then finally could be “projected” onto base metals, transmuting them into alchemical gold, although Anna does not say this explicitly.»Y la inferencia que Nummedal declara como tal: presumiblemente esas cápsulas moldeadas se proyectaban sobre metales viles para transmutarlos en oro alquímico, aunque Anna no lo dice expresamente.

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«Although the philosophers’ stone occupied center stage in Anna’s booklet, the power of the lion’s blood was by no means limited to metals.»Con la salvedad que abre el resto del cuadernillo: el poder de la sangre de león no se limitaba a los metales.

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«Anna also included recipes for using it to stimulate cherry trees, grapevines, and “whatever other fruit you want” to flower and produce fruit in winter rather than summer.»Los otros usos: cerezos, vides y cualquier otro frutal que se quisiera, forzados a florecer y dar fruto en invierno y no en verano.

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«If placed in a mixture of lion’s blood and fresh water, then heated gently in manure, Anna explained, “the tree or branch will bloom and bear good, proper, natural, and, indeed, delicious tasting fruit.”»El procedimiento y su promesa: puesto en mezcla de sangre de león y agua fresca y calentado suave en estiércol, el árbol o la rama florece y da fruto bueno, propio, natural y de sabor delicioso.

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«She added, “I have often tried this myself.”»Y la garantía que Anna añade en primera persona: lo ha probado ella misma muchas veces.

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«Similarly, she explained how to produce sapphires, diamonds, emeralds, and rubies by combining various plants and minerals with the lion’s blood and a “quintessence.”»El mismo aceite servía, con plantas y minerales y una quintaesencia, para producir zafiros, diamantes, esmeraldas y rubíes.

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«“When you want to conceive a healthy child,” she wrote, “then take nine drops of the above-mentioned oil [i.e., the lion’s blood] three days in a row, evenings and mornings; give the same to your wife»La receta de concepción en su letra: nueve gotas del aceite tres días seguidos, mañana y noche, y otro tanto a la mujer. Los corchetes son de la edición; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«You can raise a child without any other food or drink for twelve entire years,” she claimed; “also these children will be carried in the womb for less time than others because, by virtue of the great warmth [produced by the lion’s blood], the fruits will properly form in the womb all the more quickly.”»La promesa que Anna hace del aceite sobre el cuerpo del niño: criarlo doce años enteros sin más comida ni bebida, y gestaciones más cortas porque el gran calor de la sangre de león hace que los frutos se formen antes en el vientre. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«Anna noted that she herself participated in this transmutation by projecting “two peas’ worth” of the powder into the crucible, whereupon the lead began to coagulate, although not without a struggle.»Según Nummedal, Anna consignó su propia mano en una transmutación: proyectó *dos guisantes* de polvo en el crisol y el plomo empezó a coagular, aunque no sin esfuerzo.

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«Anna did not present all of her recipes as historical record, however.»Con la distinción que Nummedal saca del propio cuadernillo: no todas las recetas se presentan como registro de lo ocurrido.

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«She also drew on a more conventional recipe genre, either describing what “one” should do in general or addressing her reader directly, as if giving instructions.»El segundo género que emplea: el recetario convencional, que dice lo que *uno* debe hacer o se dirige al lector como quien da instrucciones.

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«By describing the process as a set of steps that “one” should carry out, Anna detached the process from any particular operator, emphasizing instead the automatic efficacy of the recipe and implying that anyone could carry it out.»Y qué produce ese giro impersonal, según Nummedal: desliga el proceso de todo operador particular y sugiere que la receta obra por sí sola y que cualquiera podría ejecutarla.

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«In one instance she even explicitly noted that she had never tried the recipe she was about to relate, suggesting that she did not always see personal experience with a recipe as necessary to authenticate it.»El caso que lo ilustra: en una receta declara no haberla probado nunca, lo que indica que no siempre tenía la experiencia propia por requisito de autenticidad.

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«The processes Anna related in recipe format, on the other hand, she may have derived from books or even discussions with other alchemists, but had never seen or participated in herself.»Y de dónde conjetura Nummedal que salían esas otras: de libros o de conversaciones con otros alquimistas, sin haberlas visto ni hecho.

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«Zieglerin divulged a great deal in her booklet, but she wisely did not give away all of her secrets.»Y lo que Nummedal llama prudencia: reveló mucho y no entregó todos sus secretos.

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«Moreover, some things apparently could not be conveyed in writing, but required demonstration in person.»Con la razón de oficio que ella misma alegaba: había cosas que no se podían poner por escrito y pedían demostración en persona.

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«Zieglerin’s booklet never revealed the contents of this powder, however, ensuring that Julius could not make the lion’s blood (or, for that matter, carry out most of the tantalizing alchemical processes in Zieglerin’s booklet) without her further instruction.»La omisión decisiva: nunca dijo de qué se componía el polvo pardo, con lo que el duque no podía hacer la sangre de león ni casi ninguno de los procesos sin más instrucción de ella.

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«By withholding details such as how to make the philosophical fire, quintessence, or tincture, Zieglerin asserted her own expertise at court, guaranteeing that Julius would still need her if he chose to carry out the alchemical processes she described.»Nummedal lee esas reservas —el fuego filosófico, la quintaesencia, la tintura— como afirmación de pericia: garantizaban que el duque seguiría necesitándola.

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«The notion that distillation could be used to extract nature’s powers and refine substances into a tincture, elixir, or quintessence stemmed originally from the Persian author Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (known to Europeans as Geber, ca. 721–815) but was developed further by fourteenth-century Latin Franciscan authors such as Roger Bacon (1214–1292),»Rastrea la idea de destilar los poderes de la naturaleza hasta el persa Jābir ibn Ḥayyān, el Geber de los europeos, desarrollada después por los franciscanos latinos del siglo XIV; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«The quintessence of wine (alcohol) was particularly powerful, but distillations of herbs, animals, human blood, and, of course, the entire world of minerals and metals offered benefits as well, and authors all weighed in on both the materials one should begin with and the proper process for creating these elixirs and quintessences.»El mapa de materias de esa tradición: la quintaesencia del vino era la más potente, y también rendían hierbas, animales, sangre humana y el mundo entero de minerales y metales.

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«In their general outlines, Anna’s recipes certainly call to mind this late medieval alchemical tradition.»El juicio de filiación: en sus trazos generales las recetas de Anna remiten a esa tradición alquímica bajomedieval.

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«As had alchemists for centuries, for example, she associated colors with the various stages necessary to produce the lion’s blood and the lapis, and her small clear and brown stones evoke the white and red stones, thought to produce silver and gold, respectively.»El primer indicio: la asociación de colores con las etapas, y sus piedrecillas clara y parda que evocan la piedra blanca y la roja, tenidas por productoras de plata y de oro.

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«Anna also included the final steps of multiplying and softening the stone (often known as multiplicatio, or “multiplication,” and inceratio, or “ceration”26) before it could be used in transmutation or projection.»El segundo: los pasos finales de multiplicar y ablandar la piedra, conocidos como *multiplicatio* e *inceratio*. La cifra 26 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«More precisely, Anna’s inclusion of gemstones and plant fertilizer among the products of the lion’s blood suggests that the pseudo-Lullian corpus might have been especially relevant for her, since the extension of alchemy to gemstones and plants was particularly characteristic of Lullian alchemy.»Y la filiación más precisa que propone, marcada como sugerencia: que las gemas y el fertilizante vegetal entre los productos apunten al corpus pseudoluliano, donde extender la alquimia a piedras y plantas era característico.

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«Since there is no sign that Anna could read or write Latin, most likely she was familiar with this late medieval tradition in a secondary way, which is to say, through conversations with other alchemists or through the growing corpus of vernacular German distillation and alchemical texts circulating by the mid-sixteenth century, rather than through the Latin originals.»El argumento por el que descarta el trato directo con las fuentes: no hay señal de que Anna leyera ni escribiera latín, así que conocería esa tradición de segunda mano, por conversaciones o por el corpus alemán vernáculo de destilación y alquimia.

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«In many ways, then, Anna’s alchemy was fairly conventional, deeply steeped in the rich world of late medieval alchemy and its elixirs, quintessences, and stones.»El balance: en muchos aspectos su alquimia era bastante convencional y estaba empapada del mundo bajomedieval de elixires, quintaesencias y piedras.

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«Yet she shrewdly recognized that this centuries-old tradition could be relevant in new ways to early modern princes such as Julius, who might well be interested in its applications to statecraft.»Con la salvedad que la vuelve interesante: reconoció con astucia que esa tradición secular podía interesar de maneras nuevas a un príncipe atento a sus aplicaciones al arte de gobernar.

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«Like many of his fellow princes, Julius was experimenting with a variety of new methods to exploit the natural resources in his territories.»Porque el duque ensayaba, como tantos príncipes, métodos nuevos de explotar los recursos naturales de sus territorios.

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«In this sense, Anna’s proposal for the alchemical production of fruit or precious metals was perfectly consistent with these other activities, including the importation and cultivation of new kinds of fruit trees or the expansion of mining operations.»De modo que producir fruta o metales preciosos por vía alquímica encajaba con importar frutales nuevos o ampliar la minería.

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«It is notable that Anna never mentioned any of the most well-known medieval alchemical authors—Pseudo-Arnald of Villanova or Pseudo-Lull, for instance—in connection with her recipes, but rather associated the lion’s blood with a much more modern figure: the controversial medical practitioner, author, and lay theologian Theophrastus Bombastus of Hohenheim, known as Paracelsus (1493/94–1541).»Y la ausencia que Nummedal subraya: Anna no nombra a ninguno de los autores alquímicos medievales célebres y liga en cambio la sangre de león a una figura mucho más moderna, Paracelso.

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«Anna linked herself to Paracelsus through Count Carl, whom she described not only as her alchemical tutor in the book of recipes, but also, in conversations with her fellow alchemists and with Duke Julius, as Paracelsus’s son.»Según Nummedal, el enlace corría por el conde Carl, a quien presentaba a la vez como su maestro alquímico y, en conversaciones con otros alquimistas y con el duque, como hijo de Paracelso.

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«Paracelsus himself had died decades earlier, in 1541, and, although he was a prolific writer on medical, philosophical, and theological subjects, only a few of his texts made it into print during his lifetime.»El dato que hace posible esa operación: Paracelso llevaba muerto desde 1541 y, pese a su fecundidad, solo unos pocos de sus textos se imprimieron en vida.

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«Count Carl’s remarkable lineage, therefore, gave him (and thus Anna) privileged access to Paracelsus’s secrets precisely at the moment that central Europeans were keenly interested in recovering them.»Y qué le daba a Anna ese linaje: acceso privilegiado a los secretos de Paracelso justo cuando en Europa central había avidez por recuperarlos.

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«Finally, Anna extended the powers of the lion’s blood to human life. Not only could it cure leprosy»Y el último dominio, que es el que el libro va a perseguir: la vida humana, empezando por la cura de la lepra; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con la fertilidad de las mujeres y la nutrición de los recién nacidos.

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«Starting in the 1560s, however, both authentic and spurious Paracelsian texts began to circulate more widely in manuscript and in print, culminating in Johannes Huser’s printed»Y cuándo cambió eso: desde los años sesenta circularon más ampliamente, en manuscrito y en imprenta, textos paracelsianos auténticos y espurios; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con la edición impresa de Huser de las obras médicas y filosóficas, de 1589-1591.

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«Paraclesus’s modern editor Karl Sudhoff identified these texts as spurious, but Anna Zieglerin and her contemporaries believed that they were authentic, and drew on them to construct a new mythology around the middle of the sixteenth century of Paracelsus as a “German Hermes Trismegistus,”»Nummedal consigna las dos lecturas sin arbitrar: el editor moderno Karl Sudhoff tuvo esos textos por espurios, y Anna y sus contemporáneos los creyeron auténticos y armaron con ellos la mitología de Paracelso como Hermes Trismegisto alemán. El apellido va *sic* en el troceo.

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«The pseudo-Paracelsian De tinctura physicorum, in particular, may have been one of the sources Anna drew on in conceptualizing her lion’s blood.»La hipótesis de fuente, marcada como posibilidad: el pseudoparacelsiano *De tinctura physicorum* pudo estar entre lo que Anna manejó al concebir su sangre de león.

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«Despite the Latin title, the text was originally in German, and an extant manuscript copy dated from 1568 (that is, from before it appeared in print) establishes that it circulated in manuscript even earlier.»Y el dato que la hace verosímil: pese al título latino el texto era alemán, y una copia manuscrita de 1568 atestigua que circulaba antes de imprimirse.

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«Anna Zieglerin may well have seen a copy of De tinctura physicorum just before she came to Wolfenbüttel, in other words, or at least heard about it secondhand.»De donde Nummedal conjetura, sin afirmarlo, que Anna pudo ver una copia poco antes de llegar a Wolfenbüttel, o al menos oír de ella de segunda mano.

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«The short text describes a new (and superior) method of making a “tincture of the physicians,” which, like Anna’s lion’s blood, had the power both to transmute metals and to restore health.»Y qué prometía ese texto: una tintura de los físicos con el mismo poder doble que la sangre de león, transmutar metales y restaurar la salud.

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«The author of De tinctura physicorum did not specify exactly what these substances were, of course, which left the text open to interpretation and speculation about the details.»Con la reserva que hace de esa fuente algo abierto: el autor no precisaba qué sustancias eran, lo que dejaba el texto a la interpretación y a la especulación.

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«The point is not that De tinctura physicorum was the direct source for Anna’s lion’s blood (the recipes are not similar enough in content to make this claim), but rather that the idea of an alchemical substance called the “lion’s blood,” which could be used for both health and transmutation, was circulating in connection with Paracelsus in the mid-sixteenth century.»Nummedal acota expresamente su propio argumento y descarta la filiación directa —las recetas no se parecen lo bastante—: lo que sostiene es que a mediados del siglo XVI circulaba, ligada a Paracelso, la idea de una sustancia alquímica llamada sangre de león que servía para la salud y para la transmutación.

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«Anna’s recipes, therefore, bore a complicated relationship to a broader alchemical tradition in sixteenth-century central Europe.»De ahí la relación complicada que traza entre las recetas de Anna y la tradición alquímica de la Europa central del siglo XVI.

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«More scholarly alchemists might have used the opportunity of a recipe book to demonstrate their textual virtuosity and familiarity with the alchemical corpus, citing and commenting on competing theories about the philosophers’ stone or methods for making it.»Lo que un alquimista más erudito habría hecho con un recetario: exhibir virtuosismo textual, citar y comentar teorías rivales sobre la piedra.

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«Anna did not do this, in part because she probably had not read as methodically as some alchemical readers, but also because her primary goal seems to have been more immediate: to establish her credibility with the ever-pragmatic Duke Julius as an alchemical practitioner.»Y por qué Anna no lo hizo, con dos razones que Nummedal pone juntas: probablemente no había leído tan metódicamente, y su meta era más inmediata, acreditarse como practicante ante un duque siempre pragmático.

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«She grounded her alchemy in bits of knowledge she had gleaned from other texts and practitioners, but, like any good alchemist, she digested that knowledge, added insights of her own, and shaped the whole into something that was distinctive.»El juicio que Nummedal formula sobre su procedimiento: fundó su alquimia en retazos tomados de otros textos y practicantes, y como cualquier buen alquimista los digirió, les añadió cosa propia y armó con el conjunto algo distintivo.

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«Even as Anna signaled that her recipes emerged out of a broader alchemical tradition, however, she still insisted on her own alchemical expertise.»Con la insistencia que sostenía a la vez: la pericia era suya.

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«Not only did she herself possess experience with alchemical transmutation and the lion’s blood, she claimed, but she (and only she) also could offer Duke Julius access to Count Carl and all of his secrets.»Y el argumento de exclusividad: además de su experiencia con la transmutación y la sangre de león, solo ella podía dar al duque acceso al conde Carl y a todos sus secretos.

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«The red thread that ran through all of these recipes, however, was the lion’s blood, and it is here that we can most clearly hear Anna Zieglerin’s own alchemical voice.»Nummedal nombra el hilo rojo de todas las recetas y dónde localiza la voz alquímica propia de Anna: la sangre de león.

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«More importantly, she made it the centerpiece of her recipes, and this was no accident.»Y que la pusiera en el centro no fue casual.

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«It is nearly impossible to pin down all of the meanings of blood in early modern Europe.»Nummedal declara la imposibilidad de fijar todos los sentidos de la sangre en aquella Europa.

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«First and foremost, however, blood symbolized life and fertility.»Y el primero de todos: vida y fertilidad.

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«According to the Bible, “The life of the flesh is in the blood” (Leviticus 17:11), and in classical medical theory, blood (along with black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm) was one of the four humors in the human body as well as part of the mixture of humors that actually coursed through one’s veins.»Los dos apoyos de ese sentido: el Levítico, para el que la vida de la carne está en la sangre, y la teoría médica clásica, donde es uno de los cuatro humores.

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«Uterine blood was widely thought to contribute the matter for the human fetus; thus a mother’s blood literally turned into the fetus, granting it life and existence.»Y el tercero, decisivo para el libro: se tenía por general que la sangre uterina aportaba la materia del feto, de modo que la sangre de la madre literalmente se volvía el feto.

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«Alchemists incorporated the prolific power of blood into their own work, too.»Los alquimistas incorporaron ese poder prolífico a su propio trabajo.

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«Several medieval authors, including Roger Bacon and Pseudo-Arnald of Villanova, for instance, proposed that the philosophers’ stone or a healing elixir could be distilled from human blood, since blood contains both the four humors and the four qualities (hot, dry, cold, wet) of all matter.»El precedente que Nummedal aduce: Roger Bacon y el pseudo-Arnaldo de Vilanova propusieron destilar de sangre humana la piedra o un elixir curativo, porque la sangre contiene los cuatro humores y las cuatro cualidades de toda materia.

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«John of Rupescissa extended this notion, describing a quintessence of blood that could be generative, restoring the human body and preserving youth by actually recreating healthy flesh.»Y su prolongación en Juan de Rupescissa: una quintaesencia de sangre generativa, que restaura el cuerpo y conserva la juventud recreando carne sana.

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«Not only did host miracles grant prosperity and fertility of various sorts, but the language surrounding these blood cults was also suffused with generative imagery; they “throb with vegetal images of engendering, flowering, and sprouting.”»Del lado devoto, el rasgo que le interesa: el lenguaje de los cultos de la sangre late con imágenes vegetales de engendrar, florecer y brotar.

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«In fact, since the thirteenth century the city of Braunschweig had possessed a blood relic that Henry the Lion (from whom Duke Julius was descended) had allegedly acquired on crusade to the Holy Land in the twelfth century.»Y el dato local que lo ancla: Braunschweig poseía desde el siglo XIII una reliquia de sangre que se decía traída de cruzada por Enrique el León, antepasado del duque Julius.

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«Although Luther and other reformers challenged the status of relics, including blood relics, as objects of veneration, they retained surprising cultural power in this region even after the Reformation and into Anna’s own day.»Con la persistencia que Nummedal subraya: Lutero y otros reformadores impugnaron las reliquias, y aun así conservaron en esa región un poder cultural sorprendente hasta los días de Anna.

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«Her lion’s blood could work across the natural world, generating animal, vegetable, and mineral life.»El alcance del aceite en los tres reinos: vida animal, vegetal y mineral.

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«Fed to the infant once born, the lion’s blood alone, without any additional food or drink, could nourish the child for an astounding twelve years.»Y la promesa más extrema, que Nummedal no suaviza: dada al recién nacido, la sangre de león sola bastaba para alimentarlo doce años.

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«Dropped into water, the lion’s blood could also work as a plant fertilizer, spurring a branch of a fruit tree to bloom and produce even in winter.»En agua servía de fertilizante y forzaba a una rama frutal a florecer y dar aun en invierno.

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«Because Anna’s small booklet was a collection of recipes, rather than a theoretical treatise on the generation of metals or production of the philosophers’ stone, she did not articulate the logic behind the generative potential of the lion’s blood.»Nummedal declara lo que el propio género impedía: por ser recetario y no tratado teórico, el cuadernillo no articula la lógica del poder generativo de la sangre de león.

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«In order to understand how Anna might have understood the mechanism of the lion’s blood, therefore, it is helpful to explore more fully some of the alchemical texts that were circulating widely in her day.»Y de ahí su método para el resto del capítulo: explorar los textos alquímicos que circulaban ampliamente en su tiempo.

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«Zieglerin’s use of the term “fruit” engaged a broad cluster of metaphors that went beyond just blood to link human reproduction, the generation of plants and metals, and the prolific powers of the philosophers’ stone.»El término que Nummedal toma por bisagra del sistema de Anna: *fruto*, que enlaza reproducción humana, generación de plantas y de metales y poder prolífico de la piedra.

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«The Aristotelian notion that everything naturally strove toward perfection, for example, suggested that metals naturally “ripened” into silver or gold in the warmth of the earth.»Y de dónde venía esa unidad: de la noción aristotélica de que todo tiende a la perfección, que hacía madurar los metales en plata o en oro con el calor de la tierra.

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«These processes unfolded on their own under normal conditions; but alchemy, Zieglerin claimed, could stimulate generation where nature resisted, as in the case of an infertile couple or cherry tree in winter.»Según Nummedal, la pretensión de Anna era intervenir donde la naturaleza se resiste: estimular la generación en una pareja estéril o en un cerezo en invierno.

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«This shared imagery also had its limits, however.»Con el límite que ella misma pone a la analogía.

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«The problem, of course, was how to acquire these seeds, a question to which alchemical authors offered numerous answers.»El problema técnico que la tradición se planteaba: cómo obtener las semillas, con muchas respuestas distintas.

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«Because the alchemical tradition had long figured substances as male, female, and sometimes hermaphroditic, cultural ideologies about interactions between the sexes found their way into alchemical texts as well, further underscoring links between alchemical and human reproduction.»Nummedal explica cómo entra el género en los textos: la tradición figuraba las sustancias como masculinas, femeninas y a veces hermafroditas, y por ahí se colaban las ideologías culturales sobre el trato entre sexos.

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«Following ancient Aristotelian and Hippocratic theory, for example, Sulfur represented the “hot” and “dry” principles in matter and was therefore male, whereas Mercury represented the cold and wet principles and was therefore female.»El reparto que resulta: el azufre por caliente y seco es masculino, y el mercurio por frío y húmedo, femenino.

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«Silver was typically female because of its association with the moon and the goddess Diana, while gold was male because of its connection with the god Apollo.»Y el reparto por astros: la plata femenina por la luna y Diana, el oro masculino por Apolo.

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«Passages such as this demonstrate how human sexuality offered a particularly rich set of images for depicting and explaining alchemical processes in the sixteenth century.»El uso que Nummedal hace de esos pasajes: muestran cuán rico era el repertorio de imágenes sexuales para figurar y explicar procesos alquímicos.

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«Although alchemy justly has a reputation for obscure language, recourse to this kind of analogy shows that alchemists sometimes sought to make their texts accessible, too.»Y la corrección que introduce sobre la fama del género: la alquimia tiene con razón fama de lenguaje oscuro, y el recurso a esa analogía indica que a veces los alquimistas buscaban hacerse accesibles.

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«The printer of the 1550 edition created a new enormously successful hybrid text by combining the German Sol-Luna illustrated poem with the Latin florilegium, publishing it under the title of the latter, Rosarium philosophorum.»El dato de imprenta que explica la difusión: el impresor de 1550 fabricó un híbrido nuevo juntando el poema ilustrado alemán Sol-Luna con el florilegio latino y publicándolo bajo el título de éste, *Rosarium philosophorum*.

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«Those who could read both the Latin and the German would have been rewarded with the compiler’s interpretation and attempt to harmonize centuries of literature on alchemical transmutation.»Lo que ganaba el lector bilingüe: la interpretación del compilador y su intento de armonizar siglos de literatura sobre la transmutación.

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«Even for those who did not know Latin, however, the book was still partially accessible through the images and vernacular verse of the Sol and Luna series, and certainly some readers —including, perhaps, Anna Zieglerin—would have read only this part.»Y lo que quedaba al que no sabía latín, con Anna nombrada como posible caso: las imágenes y el verso vernáculo de la serie de Sol y Luna.

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«The series began, therefore, with the wedding between Sol (Sulfur) and Luna (Mercury), representing the union of these opposites, a crucial first step in the production of the philosophers’ stone.»El primer paso de esa serie: la boda de Sol —azufre— y Luna —mercurio—, unión de los opuestos.

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«However, in order for there to be generation and conception, the man must unite with the woman, and in addition, the seed is necessary, and so before fermentation there must be conception and impregnation, and when the material multiplies itself, one says that the infant is growing in the uterus of the mother.”»El texto que Nummedal cita para la lógica del proceso: para que haya generación y concepción el varón ha de unirse a la mujer y hace falta además la semilla, y cuando la materia se multiplica se dice que el niño crece en el útero de la madre.

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«After they marry, therefore, Sol and Luna are united by dissolution in a mineral bath before they consummate their marriage in a physical union (Figure 8) meant to bring together these two principles in perfect balance.»La secuencia de las imágenes: disueltos en un baño mineral antes de consumar la unión física que ha de juntar los dos principios en equilibrio perfecto.

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«Despite the rather explicit imagery, human sexual reproduction is not the only metaphor at work in this series.»Con la advertencia de que la reproducción sexual no es la única metáfora en juego pese a lo explícito de las imágenes.

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«Alchemical authors frequently cited the Gospel of John as support for this notion: “Very truly, I tell you, unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it remains just a single grain; but if it dies, it bears much fruit.”»La otra metáfora, y su aval escriturario: el grano de trigo del evangelio de Juan, que si no cae en tierra y muere queda solo, y muriendo da mucho fruto.

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«As the author of the possibly pseudonymous Paracelsian text Nine Books on the Nature of Things (1572), put it, “In general . . . one may say that in nature all things are born of the earth with the help of putrefaction.”»Y la formulación que toma de los *Nueve libros sobre la naturaleza de las cosas* de 1572, cuya atribución paracelsiana marca como posiblemente seudónima: en la naturaleza todas las cosas nacen de la tierra con ayuda de la putrefacción.

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«Furthermore, the author explained, putrefaction was essential to generation: “Putrefaction, then, gives birth to great things, and we have a lovely example of this in the Holy Gospels, where Christ says: unless the kernel of wheat is thrown on the field to decay, it will not bear fruit a hundredfold.»Con el mismo ejemplo evangélico del grano: la putrefacción da a luz cosas grandes.

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«After coitus, therefore, Sol and Luna proceed to the next step, “conception or putrefaction,” in a tomb, signifying the death and decay that they must undergo in order to multiply themselves.»Y el paso siguiente de la serie: concepción o putrefacción en un sepulcro, que significa la muerte y la descomposición por las que han de pasar para multiplicarse.

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«“Here is born a noble and rich Empress, whom the masters liken to their daughter. She proliferates and bears innumerable children, who are immortal, pure and without blemish.»El verso del Rosarium que Nummedal recoge para el resultado de la obra: nace una emperatriz noble y rica a la que los maestros llaman hija suya, y que prolifera y pare hijos innumerables, inmortales, puros y sin mácula.

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«As Philipp explained, at the Creation God imbued everything with a reproductive power.»Según Nummedal, Sömmering explicaba el fundamento así: en la Creación Dios dotó a todo de un poder reproductivo.

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«The ancients had identified this as the “generative spirit” of metals.»Y qué nombre le daban los antiguos en el caso de los metales: espíritu generativo.

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«Furthermore, they reasoned that this “generative and reproductive power” must be “nobler” in metals than in other substances because metals remain unchanged by the fire and are not easily destroyed.»Con el argumento que lo jerarquizaba: ese poder había de ser más noble en los metales porque el fuego no los altera y no se destruyen fácilmente.

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«Anna Zieglerin’s recipes suggest that she drew on this same “metaphorical reservoir” of agricultural and sexual imagery and that it offered a framework for the efficacy of her lion’s blood.»Nummedal sitúa a Anna en ese mismo depósito metafórico agrícola y sexual, que le daba marco para la eficacia de su sangre de león.

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«Its power, after all, lay in its ability to stimulate metals, plants, and people to proliferate and produce “fruits,” even when nature protested, as in the case of an infertile couple.»Porque el poder del aceite estaba en hacer proliferar y dar frutos a metales, plantas y personas aun cuando la naturaleza protestara.

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«Unlike Philipp, however, who located his discussion of this spiritus generativus solely within an alchemical discourse, Anna chose a much more powerfully resonant term, blood, to communicate the potential of her alchemy.»Y la diferencia que Nummedal marca entre los dos: Philipp encerraba su *spiritus generativus* en discurso alquímico, y Anna eligió un término mucho más resonante, sangre.

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«For as much as blood signified life, fertility, fecundity, and nourishment in early modern European culture, it paradoxically connoted redemption and corruption as well.»La paradoja que Nummedal subraya: la misma sangre que significaba vida, fertilidad, fecundidad y alimento connotaba también redención y corrupción.

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«Although the crucifixion itself was not a bloody death, by the late Middles Ages devotional writers increasingly emphasized the role of Christ’s blood in this central act of Christian soteriology.»Con un dato que ella misma señala como contraintuitivo: la crucifixión no fue una muerte sangrienta, y aun así la devoción bajomedieval subrayó cada vez más la sangre de Cristo en ese acto central de la soteriología.

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«The notion that Christ’s life could be mapped onto the stages of the philosophers’ stone, in particular, rendered blood extremely potent.»Y qué volvía potentísima a la sangre: la idea de que la vida de Cristo se dejara cartografiar sobre las etapas de la piedra.

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«Just as Christ had to be crucified in order to redeem humanity, the logic went, so, too, must the alchemist’s materials undergo similar torments, even death and resurrection, before they could in turn “redeem” base metals as the philosophers’ stone.»La lógica de esa analogía, tal como la formula: los materiales del alquimista debían pasar por tormentos semejantes, aun muerte y resurrección, antes de poder redimir a su vez los metales viles.

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«what ascends from there is pure and spiritual, and converted into powdery air and exalted in the cross of the head of the alembic just like Christ, as master Arnald says.”»El texto que cita para el detalle del aparato: lo que asciende es puro y espiritual, convertido en aire pulverulento y exaltado en la cruz de la cabeza del alambique igual que Cristo.

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«As Leah DeVun describes this logic, “The creation of the stone through alchemy reenacts the narrative of the passion; hence, the stone may reenact the curative and salvific powers of Christ.”»Y la formulación de Leah DeVun que adopta: crear la piedra reactúa el relato de la pasión, de modo que la piedra reactúa los poderes curativos y salvíficos de Cristo.

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«Just as Christ could cleanse the soul, therefore, so, too, could the philosophers’ stone cleanse metals, absolving them of their impurities and transforming them into the noble metals, silver and gold.»La consecuencia operativa: como Cristo limpia el alma, la piedra limpia los metales, los absuelve de sus impurezas y los vuelve nobles.

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«And just as Jesus Christ from the tribe of David assumed human nature in order to redeem and free humanity, imprisoned in sin because of Adam’s disobedience, so, too, in our art will that which is tainted by wrong be absolved, washed, and released of every blemish by something that is opposed to it.”»El *Codicillus* pseudoluliano en su letra: como Cristo tomó naturaleza humana para redimir a la humanidad presa en el pecado por la desobediencia de Adán, así en el arte lo manchado por el mal será absuelto, lavado y librado de toda mácula por algo que se le opone.

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«Anna’s lion’s blood, too, had salvific power, which drew its meaning from this multivalent analogy between Christ and the stone.»Y dónde encaja Anna en esa serie: su sangre de león tenía también poder salvífico, tomado de esa analogía multívoca entre Cristo y la piedra.

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«The redemptive power of blood came through even more clearly in Anna’s discussion of the little bird that ingested the lion’s blood before giving its life to become the philosophers’ stone.»Donde con más claridad se ve, según Nummedal: en el pajarillo que ingiere la sangre de león y da la vida para volverse piedra filosofal.

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«On the timber of the holy cross the son of God tinged all of us poor sinners with his most holy rose-colored blood and took part [in earthly affairs], just as this small bird will take part in the earthly tincture.”»La analogía en la letra de la propia Anna: en el madero de la santa cruz el hijo de Dios tiñó a todos los pobres pecadores con su sangre santísima color de rosa y tomó parte, como este pajarillo tomará parte en la tintura terrena. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«By being placed in a basket, the bird was grounded to earth, just as Christ was divinity incarnate and thus, in a sense, spirit grounded as well.»La lectura que Nummedal propone del cesto: el pájaro quedaba aferrado a la tierra como Cristo era divinidad encarnada, espíritu aterrizado.

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«And it was the bird’s ordeal in the fire, like Christ’s crucifixion, that bestowed its redemptive power as the philosophers’ stone.»Y qué papel hace el fuego en esa lectura: como la crucifixión, es la prueba que le confiere el poder redentor de la piedra.

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«Anna’s “little forest bird” is not an exotic specimen but a humble bird of the forest.»Nummedal acota la identidad del ave: no un espécimen exótico sino un pájaro humilde del bosque.

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«In this reading, the gradual addition of water and lion’s blood in an alchemical vessel (basket) over a period of six weeks would stabilize the spirit into a solid.»La traducción operatoria de esa lectura, marcada como lectura: añadir poco a poco agua y sangre de león en el vaso —el cesto— durante seis semanas estabilizaría el espíritu en sólido.

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«This process, in other words, would incarnate the spirit into an earthly body, just like Christ’s incarnation, so that it could be roasted and ground up into a powder (the crucifixion) and thereby acquire its power to redeem metals.»Y el paralelo completo: encarnar el espíritu en cuerpo terreno como la encarnación de Cristo, para poder asarlo y molerlo —la crucifixión— y adquirir así el poder de redimir metales.

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«Anna’s “heavenly analogy,” therefore, allowed her to emphasize the power of the lion’s blood to cleanse impurities and thereby redeem, just as Christ’s blood redeemed humanity from sin.»El nombre que la propia Anna daba a la operación, y su rendimiento: la analogía celeste le permitía subrayar el poder de la sangre de león para limpiar impurezas y redimir, como la de Cristo redimió del pecado a la humanidad.

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«If we take her blood imagery seriously, we will see that it allowed Anna to claim much more»Y qué le permitía ese término, si se lo toma en serio: reclamar mucho más; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con *for her alchemical lion’s blood*.

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«Birds were common Decknamen, sometimes referring to the stages of the philosophers’ stone because of their colors (thus, for example, the black or nigredo stage could be depicted with a raven) and other times appearing as vapors or»El uso técnico del ave en el género: los pájaros eran *Decknamen* corrientes, ya por el color de las etapas de la piedra —el cuervo para el negro o *nigredo*—, ya como vapores; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con *like birds taking flight*.

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«[and] the soul is separated with great misery.” Eventually, the couple is reborn as a new substance altogether, depicted as a new winged, twoheaded hermaphrodite. The prolific, vegetative power of this new material is indicated both by the plant next to it, heavily laden with a brood of infant “fruits,”»El desenlace de la serie del Rosarium según Nummedal: la pareja renace como sustancia nueva, un hermafrodita alado de dos cabezas, y su poder vegetativo se señala con la planta cargada de una nidada de frutos infantiles. Los corchetes son de la edición. El troceo parte *two-headed* al fin de renglón y `span()` la devuelve unida, *twoheaded*.

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«The material then undergoes a further round of alchemical death and resurrection, finally resulting in the red tincture that can transmute metals.»Y el último paso: otra ronda de muerte y resurrección alquímicas hasta la tintura roja que transmuta metales.

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«extracted from the tinged gold [i.e., the lion’s blood]; on the ninth day, tap one of his veins, and the leprosy will run out of him, or rather out of the incision, like grains of sand.”»La receta de la lepra en la letra de Anna: al noveno día se abre una vena y la lepra sale como granos de arena. Los corchetes son de la edición y la cifra 79 es la llamada a nota.

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«Alchemical authors sometimes referred to impure base metals as “lepers” that needed to be purified, invoking the biblical story of Naaman the leper (2 Kings 5), who dips seven times in the river Jordan and is thereby healed, just as alchemists argued that the “leprous” metals could be cleansed by mercurial waters.»Nummedal recuerda el uso figurado del término en el género: los metales viles llamados leprosos que había que purificar, con el Naamán bíblico de fondo. La cifra 80 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«Anna may well have intended her lion’s blood to cure actual human lepers, however, by releasing the disease from their bodies—an alchemical reinterpretation of the long-standing belief that blood could cure not only epilepsy, but also leprosy.»Y su hipótesis, marcada como tal: que Anna pensara en leprosos de carne y hueso, en reinterpretación alquímica de la creencia antigua de que la sangre curaba la epilepsia y la lepra. La cifra 81 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«Finally, of course, Anna’s cures for leprosy would have gestured at the alchemist’s holiness, just as Christ’s holiness was proven by his ability to cure lepers in the Gospels.»Y el tercer sentido: la cura de leprosos apuntaba a la santidad del alquimista, como la de Cristo quedaba probada por curarlos en los evangelios. La cifra 82 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«We need not choose from among these interpretations; alchemical texts shimmer, moving back and forth among many meanings at once, an attribute that made them especially compelling to both authors and readers.»La abstención de método que Nummedal declara aquí: no hay que elegir entre esas lecturas, porque los textos alquímicos tornasolan entre muchos sentidos a la vez, y eso los hacía atractivos a autores y lectores. La cifra 83 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«Philipp Sömmering’s letter to Duke Julius articulated a theoretical justification that may well have explained the cleansing powers of the lion’s blood.»La fuente de la que saca la justificación teórica que faltaba: una carta de Sömmering al duque.

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«the ancient sages had identified the “reproductive power” in metals, Philipp explained, they determined that “in metals the reproductive power is hidden and firmly locked up in their hard, fused bodies,” making it difficult to access.»Según Nummedal, Sömmering sostenía que el poder reproductivo está oculto y encerrado en los cuerpos duros y fundidos de los metales, y por eso es difícil de alcanzar.

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«The ancients, therefore, “decided that the metallic reproductive spirit could not achieve growth or reproduction unless the corpses are dissolved.”»Y la consecuencia que los antiguos sacaban: el espíritu reproductivo metálico no logra crecer ni reproducirse si no se disuelven los cadáveres.

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«Unlike plants, he explained, which store their reproductive power in readily accessible seeds or roots, the reproductive power in metals could be extracted only by destroying them.»El contraste con las plantas, que guardan ese poder en semillas y raíces accesibles: en los metales solo se extrae destruyéndolos.

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«The metallic body must be dissolved gently, however, so its spirit can be separated from the body and then the body can be purified “internally and externally” before returning the spirit and thus creating the body of a more refined metal.»Y la técnica que de ahí se sigue: disolver con suavidad para separar espíritu y cuerpo, purificar el cuerpo por dentro y por fuera y devolverle el espíritu, con lo que resulta un metal más refinado.

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«“That,” Philipp concluded, “is the entire secret of the natural noble art of alchemy.”»Con la fórmula que Sömmering usa para cerrar: ése es todo el secreto del arte noble y natural de la alquimia. La cifra 84 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«With this passage, Anna’s fellow alchemist Philipp articulated an ancient and important thread in alchemical theory: the idea that metals have a spirit (and sometimes also a soul) as well as a body, and that the alchemist’s task is fundamentally the separation and recombination of matter and spirit.»Nummedal nombra el hilo antiguo que ese pasaje articula: que los metales tienen espíritu —y a veces alma— además de cuerpo, y que la tarea del alquimista es separar y recombinar materia y espíritu.

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«we have seen, the first few stages of the chemical wedding drew on vegetative and sexual imagery to depict Sol and Luna’s preparation for conception up to the point of putrefaction, at which point the soul was separated from the hermaphrodite, who lay “dead” in a coffin.»El punto de la serie a que corresponde ese proceso: hasta la putrefacción, donde el alma se separa del hermafrodita que yace muerto en un féretro.

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«The following three images in the series depicted essentially the same process that Philipp described in his letter to Duke Julius.»Y las tres imágenes siguientes muestran, según Nummedal, el mismo proceso que describía la carta de Sömmering.

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«While the soul is absent, the body is cleansed, indicating, as the caption explains, “Ablution, or Mundificatio: Here the dew falls down from heaven, and washes off the black body in the grave” (Figure 12).»Con el cuerpo lavado en ausencia del alma, según reza el epígrafe de la ablución.

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«body cleansed, the soul then returns to reanimate the corpse: “Here the soul sweeps down, and quickens [erquickt] the purified corpse again” (Figure 13).»Y el alma que vuelve a reanimar el cadáver purificado. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«ravens at the foot of the tomb represent the nigredo phase of the process, signifying that the philosophers’ stone has reached a new stage.»El detalle iconográfico que Nummedal lee: los cuervos al pie de la tumba señalan la fase del *nigredo* y que la piedra ha llegado a una etapa nueva.

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«works as a kind of catalyst on the dead body, stimulating it to rise again but in a more perfected and more prolific form.»Y qué hace el alma en esa lectura: obra de catalizador sobre el cuerpo muerto y lo estimula a levantarse en forma más perfecta y más prolífica.

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«After the (unseen) alchemist carries out the entire process again, the stone, finally perfected, emerges from the alchemical vessel.»Repetido el proceso entero por el alquimista, que la serie no muestra, la piedra emerge por fin perfecta del vaso.

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«This kind of language stating the need to redeem matter in order to unlock its generative powers closely paralleled medical texts on human reproduction from the same period, suggesting once again that the process of alchemical perfection or resurrection was intimately tied to reproduction.»El paralelo que Nummedal traza con los textos médicos coetáneos sobre reproducción humana: redimir la materia para desbloquear sus poderes generativos.

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«Ryff explains that “around the fortyfifth day the soul is poured into it, then it is no longer called a fruit, but a child.”»El texto médico que cita, de Ryff: hacia el día cuarenta y cinco se infunde el alma, y entonces ya no se llama fruto sino niño. El troceo imprime la cifra sin guion.

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«Anna’s recipes did not merely propose generation, or even a more prolific kind of generation.»Y el paso que Nummedal da con eso: las recetas de Anna no proponían solo generación, ni siquiera una generación más prolífica.

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«These [gem]stones,” Anna boasted, “exceed all other stones, [even] all other rarified stones, both in their power and virtue, as well as in [their uses for] medicine.”»El alarde de Anna sobre sus gemas: superan a todas las demás piedras, aun a las rarificadas, en poder y virtud y en sus usos medicinales. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«The lion’s blood was a powerful substance.»La frase con que abre la sección de los menstruos venenosos.

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«The lion’s blood also accumulated meaning, however, from what it was not.»Y el giro del argumento: la sangre de león acumulaba sentido también por lo que no era.

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«Blood was not always a desirable substance in sixteenth-century Germany, of course, particularly when it left the body.»Porque la sangre no siempre era deseable en la Alemania del siglo XVI, sobre todo al salir del cuerpo.

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«Paracelsus granted women an important role in generation, attributing to their wombs not only female seed, but also the crucial role of pulling in the male seed and arranging it properly to create a “fruit” (although ultimately he downplayed the role of the body in human reproduction, emphasizing God’s intervention above all).»Nummedal consigna la posición de Paracelso con su límite dentro: concedía a las mujeres un papel importante en la generación —semilla femenina y la función de atraer y disponer la masculina para hacer un fruto— y a la vez restaba peso al cuerpo, subrayando ante todo la intervención de Dios.

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«The lion’s blood was not this kind of blood.»Y la negativa que organiza la sección: la sangre de león no era de esa clase de sangre.

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«Menstrual blood itself, however, was more problematic in the Paracelsian tradition.»El punto donde la tradición paracelsiana se complica: la sangre menstrual.

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«“It kills bushes not only by its touch but also by its breath, scorches up grass and bursts rocks,” he explained.»El basilisco según el texto que Nummedal cita: mata los arbustos con el tacto y con el aliento, agosta la hierba y revienta las rocas.

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«“Its effect on other animals is disastrous: it is believed that once one was killed with a spear by a man on horseback and the infection rising through the spear killed not only the rider but also the horse.”»Y el caso que se contaba: uno muerto a lanza por un jinete, y la infección que subió por el asta y mató al jinete y al caballo.

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«Nine Books on the Nature of Things linked the basilisk to menses, explaining that this creature carried an extremely noxious poison in its eyes, “not entirely unlike a woman in her time of month, who also has a hidden power in her eyes.”»El enlace que hacen los *Nueve libros sobre la naturaleza de las cosas*: el basilisco lleva un veneno nocivísimo en los ojos, no del todo distinto de la mujer en su tiempo del mes, que también tiene un poder oculto en la mirada.

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«With a mere glance, in fact, a menstrual woman could cloud mirrors, render wounds untreatable, “and with her breath and exhalation she can also poison, corrupt, and render powerless many things.”»Los efectos que se le atribuían a esa mirada y a ese aliento: empañar espejos, volver incurables las heridas, envenenar, corromper y dejar sin fuerza muchas cosas.

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«Her mere proximity could ruin wine, drain brandy of its strength and gold and coral of their color, and even dull precious stones.»Y a su sola cercanía: estropear el vino, quitar fuerza al aguardiente y color al oro y al coral, y apagar las piedras preciosas.

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«Not only did the basilisk’s powers resemble those of menstruating women; “the basilisk grows and is born from the greatest impurity of women, out of their menstrua and out of the sperm of the blood.”»El paso siguiente del mismo texto: el basilisco no solo se parece a la mujer menstruante, sino que crece y nace de la mayor impureza de las mujeres, de sus menstruos y del esperma de la sangre.

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«These substances came to be known as blood as a way of conceptualizing not only their physical properties (red, liquid, viscous, oily, ruby-like, etc.), but also their corrosive powers.»Por qué el género llamó sangre a ciertas sustancias: por sus propiedades físicas —rojo, líquido, viscoso, oleoso, semejante al rubí— y a la vez por sus poderes corrosivos.

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«Often (although not always) referred to as “oil of vitriol” as well, the blood of the green lion is usually a type of mineral acid and frequently a key ingredient in the production of the philosophers’ stone.»Y el caso mayor: la sangre del león verde, llamada a menudo aunque no siempre aceite de vitriolo, un ácido mineral que solía ser ingrediente clave de la piedra.

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«One must be careful about assuming that such terms stay constant across alchemical texts, for they often change meaning in the»La advertencia filológica de Nummedal: no hay que suponer que esos términos se mantengan constantes de un texto alquímico a otro; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«When Philipp Sömmering was asked about menses, for example, he offered a story to illustrate their destructive power.»En el interrogatorio, según Nummedal, Sömmering respondió sobre los menstruos con un ejemplo.

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«According to the transcript of his trial, “He gave an example of a rose. When a man and a menstrual woman each pluck a rose, and each puts it in front of or near a window, the man’s rose will wither slowly, and the woman’s will be putrid on the third day” because of the corrosive power of her menses.»El ejemplo de la rosa, tomado de la transcripción del proceso: cortada por un hombre se marchita despacio, y cortada por una mujer menstruante está podrida al tercer día.

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«Philipp reported that Anna “said to him that he should not go to his wife because of the menstrua.”»Y lo que según él le había dicho Anna: que no fuera con su mujer por causa de los menstruos.

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«During one of her own interrogation sessions, Anna confirmed this, stating that she “told Philipp that he must abstain from women, otherwise he will not be able to accomplish anything in alchemy.”»Nummedal contrasta las dos declaraciones y las halla concordes: Anna confirmó en su propio interrogatorio haberle dicho a Philipp que debía abstenerse de mujeres o no lograría nada en alquimia.

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«Apparently Anna not only believed that menstruation could interfere with alchemy, but also understood the lion’s blood as the inverse of menstrual blood; if the lion’s blood was prolific and purifying, menstrual blood caused decay, illness, and corruption, including even the potential to spoil the alchemical reproduction promised by her own lion’s blood.»La simetría que Nummedal deduce: la sangre de león como inverso de la menstrual, prolífica y purificadora frente a la que causa descomposición, enfermedad y corrupción, capaz incluso de echar a perder la reproducción alquímica que ella prometía.

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«This alchemical aversion to menses was not unique to the Wolfenbüttel court.»Y acota que esa aversión no era propia de aquella corte.

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«The author of Nine Books on the Nature of Things addresses the homunculus following a discussion of how to create an artificial bird through putrefaction.»Y dónde coloca el homúnculo el autor de los Nueve libros: después de explicar cómo hacer un pájaro artificial por putrefacción.

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«“It is also known,” he continues, “that people can be born without natural fathers and mothers.»Con la afirmación que sigue: se sabe también que pueden nacer personas sin padres ni madres naturales.

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«It embodied not only the ultimate generative and perfective potential of alchemy, but also a way that human reproduction could triumph over the poisonous potential of menstrual blood.»Qué encarnaba el homúnculo, según Nummedal: el potencial generativo y perfectivo último de la alquimia y, a la vez, un modo de que la reproducción humana venciera al potencial venenoso de la sangre menstrual.

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«And yet, the alchemists can reach this potential only by eliminating the female principle that is otherwise present in alchemical processes (most obviously, of course, in the chemical wedding).»Con la condición que lo hace posible: eliminar el principio femenino que los procesos alquímicos traen consigo, sobre todo en la boda química.

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«Yet she may also have shared the concerns that Paracelsus articulated in On the Homunculus, where, as William Newman has pointed out, the homunculus became “a potent image of sin.”»Nummedal deja abierta la posibilidad de que Anna compartiera el reparo que Paracelso expone en *On the Homunculus*, donde según Newman el homúnculo se vuelve imagen potente del pecado.

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«This approach had many advantages, not least of which that it ensured»Nummedal enumera las ventajas del camino que Anna eligió; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con la garantía de que los infantes alquímicos tendrían alma.

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«But locating the reproductive work of the lion’s blood in the female body also came with one serious risk, and it was clearly something that bothered Anna: the presence of menstrual blood could pollute the womb, possibly preventing the growth of alchemical “fruits” or, worse, producing a basilisk instead.»Y el riesgo grave que traía consigo situar en el cuerpo femenino el trabajo reproductivo de la sangre de león, que según Nummedal preocupaba a Anna: la sangre menstrual podía contaminar el útero e impedir el crecimiento de los frutos alquímicos o, peor, producir un basilisco.

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«Fortunately, Anna Zieglerin’s own womb was in no danger of such monstrous production.»Con la salida que el capítulo siguiente desarrolla: el útero de Anna no corría ese peligro.

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«Wolfenbüttel court knew, her body was unusually pure because she did not menstruate.»El cierre del capítulo, que es la premisa del siguiente: su cuerpo era inusualmente puro porque no menstruaba; el tramo abre en la plana anterior.

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«The recipes Anna Zieglerin gave to Duke Julius articulated a series of connections between alchemical reproduction and redemption. These links were suggestive indeed, making laboratory operations an act of piety.»Abre el capítulo quinto con lo que las recetas ya habían articulado: una serie de conexiones entre reproducción alquímica y redención que volvían acto de piedad las operaciones de laboratorio.

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«The full import of the lion’s blood, however, only became clear from an additional set of stories that Anna and others circulated at court.»Y qué faltaba para ver su alcance entero: un conjunto de relatos que Anna y otros hicieron circular en la corte.

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«Unlike the recipes, these stories were not presented formally, nor were they written down.»Nummedal marca la diferencia de estatuto documental: a diferencia de las recetas, esos relatos no se presentaron formalmente ni se pusieron por escrito.

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«Through conversations and comments, however, Anna circulated an account of her own origins that highlighted the extraordinary qualities of her body and positioned her as uniquely able to realize the full potential of the lion’s blood.»Y qué contenían: un relato de sus propios orígenes que subrayaba las cualidades extraordinarias de su cuerpo y la ponía como la única capaz de realizar todo el potencial de la sangre de león.

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«According to her husband, Heinrich, Anna said that while her mother, Clara, was pregnant, Clara’s brother was stabbed to death. Overtaken with grief, Clara ran out of the house and fell through ice into some water. She did not survive, but fortunately Anna did.»Según Nummedal, así lo contaba Heinrich de boca de Anna: estando encinta su madre Clara, mataron a puñaladas a su hermano; ella salió de la casa desolada, cayó por el hielo al agua y no sobrevivió.

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«As Heinrich reported, “One Doctor Peter cut open her mother and took her out of the womb and anointed and greased her [body] with a hand cream.”»Y cómo nació: un doctor Peter abrió a la madre, la sacó del vientre y le ungió el cuerpo con una crema de manos. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«Emerging prematurely from her dead mother’s body, Anna’s entry into the world was dramatic enough, but a couple of additional details made her birth even more astonishing.»Nummedal marca la gradación del relato: nacer prematura del cuerpo muerto de la madre ya era dramático, y dos detalles más lo volvían asombroso.

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«According to Heinrich, this “Doctor Peter” immediately wrapped Anna up in a lubricated skin, intending that “when it was smeared with ointment, she would become plumper.”»El primero: el doctor la envolvió enseguida en una piel lubricada, para que untada con ungüento engordara.

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«Heinrich said that this skin “was supposedly taken from a woman’s body; someone named Maria also supposedly lay in the skin for six weeks. The skin was supposed to have come from Poland. And it was a Turkish liquor or tincture that Dr. Peter had; supposedly it was a tincture.”»Y el segundo, que Heinrich refiere con reservas repetidas: la piel se habría tomado del cuerpo de una mujer, una tal María habría yacido en ella seis semanas, la piel vendría de Polonia y el doctor tendría un licor o tintura turco.

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«Philipp Sömmering reported slightly different details about Anna’s birth: “The Elector [Heinrich “the Pious” of Saxony] had a specially balsamed skin, in which she lay and grew for twelve weeks. Duke Georg, the old Elector’s father, had left this skin and an eagle»Nummedal consigna la versión discrepante de Sömmering sin armonizarla: una piel especialmente embalsamada del elector, en la que Anna yació y creció doce semanas; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«she was nourished entirely with a tincture and was specially purified thereby. . . . She had imperfect legs, very frail. She was nourished as if she had grown in her mother’s womb, therefore, and was supposedly specially purified thereby. She was very weak in her legs.»Según Nummedal, así lo declaró Heinrich: nutrida enteramente con una tintura y purificada por ella, con piernas imperfectas y muy frágiles.

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«If this was true, then Anna shared this quality with her patron, Duke Julius (although his legs were injured in a childhood accident, while Anna claimed that hers were weak from birth)»Y el paralelo que Nummedal traza, con la diferencia dentro del paréntesis: de ser cierto, Anna compartía con su patrón el defecto de las piernas, salvo que las de él se dañaron en un accidente de infancia y las de ella eran débiles de nacimiento.

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«According to Philipp, Anna said that her alchemical mentor, Count Carl, had found her interesting enough to draw up her physiognomy, but one can only wonder what personality traits he (or others) interpreted from her physical appearance.»Nummedal consigna el dato y su límite: según Philipp, el conde Carl le levantó a Anna la fisonomía, y no se sabe qué rasgos leyó él o leyeron otros en su apariencia.

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«More importantly, however, Anna, Heinrich, and Philipp all noted that her early nourishment with a tincture, rather than breast milk, had “specially purified” her body.»El punto en que los tres testimonios coinciden: que aquella crianza con tintura y no con leche materna la purificó especialmente.

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«Anna’s purification via tincture at birth explained what seems to have been a well-known fact about her adult body: she did not menstruate.»Y qué explicaba esa purificación: lo que parece haber sido notorio de su cuerpo adulto, que no menstruaba.

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«Heinrich, who, as Anna’s husband, presumably had at least some firsthand experience with her body, confirmed that she did not menstruate.»Heinrich lo confirmó, y Nummedal apunta por qué su testimonio pesa: como marido tendría alguna experiencia de primera mano.

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«Anna, however, interpreted her amenorrhea not as a failure to evacuate menstrual blood from her body, but rather as evidence that her body did not accumulate menstrual blood in the first place.»La lectura que Anna daba a su amenorrea, y que Nummedal distingue de la médica corriente: no un fallo en evacuar sangre menstrual, sino prueba de que su cuerpo no la acumulaba.

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«Because Anna and Philipp, at least, seem to have believed that menstruating women had the power to disrupt alchemical projects, Anna’s purity was crucial to her participation in the alchemical projects in Wolfenbüttel.»Y por qué eso importaba en la corte: si las mujeres menstruantes podían echar a perder los proyectos alquímicos, la pureza de Anna era condición de su participación.

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«According to Philipp, however, Anna’s purity extended beyond her own body: “If one were with her, then those who were infected by other menstrual women could be cleansed by her.”»Según Philipp, esa pureza se extendía fuera de su cuerpo: quien estuviera con ella podía quedar limpio de la infección de otras mujeres menstruantes.

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«Mere proximity to Anna might be enough, but one could also tap into the source of her purity more directly, for her cleansing powers seemed to originate in her blood and could be transferred to others if they were willing to ingest it.»Y la vía más directa: como el poder limpiador parecía estar en su sangre, podía pasar a otros que la ingirieran.

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«Heinrich claimed not to know that the elector of Saxony had drunk it, but he, too, reported that “he knew well that Frau Anna’s blood was supposed to be very good. The Count [i.e., her alchemical tutor, Count Carl] drank it when he could get it.”»Nummedal registra la reserva de Heinrich sobre lo que ignoraba y lo que sí afirmaba: que la sangre de Anna era muy buena y que el conde la bebía cuando podía conseguirla. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«It was as if Philipp and others believed that Anna Zieglerin had something akin to the lion’s blood—or even the cleansing blood of Christ—running through her veins.»La fórmula con que Nummedal resume lo que aquel círculo parecía creer: que a Anna le corría por las venas algo parecido a la sangre de león, o aun a la sangre limpiadora de Cristo.

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«Anna’s purity, therefore, was critical, not only for her own participation in the alchemical projects at the Wolfenbüttel court, but also for those of the male alchemists around her.»De modo que su pureza era crítica también para los alquimistas varones de su entorno.

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«The implications of Anna’s uncorrupted body for alchemy, however, paled in comparison to the larger claims it allowed her to make about her own role as a mediator between heaven and earth.»Y lo que Nummedal considera mayor que todo eso: lo que ese cuerpo incorrupto le permitía reclamar sobre su papel de mediadora entre el cielo y la tierra.

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«In fact, Heinrich learned from both Philipp and Anna “that she did not have the flux and [that she had] many other virtues, and that she was like the angels.”»Lo que Heinrich decía haber aprendido de los dos: que no tenía el flujo, que tenía otras muchas virtudes y que era como los ángeles. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«He said that he “praised Frau Anna a great deal concerning her purity, and compared her to the Mother of God, just as she herself did.»Y la comparación que Philipp declaraba hacer, y que atribuía además a la propia Anna: alabarla por su pureza y equipararla a la Madre de Dios.

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«Although there was no clear consensus about the specific characteristics of angels in the sixteenth century, they were generally thought to be incorporeal beings without bodies at all.»Nummedal acota el término angélico: no había consenso claro en el siglo XVI sobre las características de los ángeles, y en general se los tenía por incorpóreos.

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«The Virgin Mary, meanwhile, did have a normal human body, but one that was still somewhat different from the bodies of other women: she was human, but pure, even after she gave birth to Christ.»Y el término mariano: María sí tenía cuerpo humano, pero distinto del de otras mujeres, humano y puro aun después de dar a luz.

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«While a Scholastic consensus in the Middle Ages had established that Mary was pure and untainted by original sin, the precise nature of Mary’s purity remained a subject of debate.»Con la disputa que Nummedal deja abierta: la escolástica medieval fijó que María era pura y libre del pecado original, y la naturaleza precisa de esa pureza siguió discutiéndose.

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«Adherents of popular Marian devotional practices reasoned that her spiritual purity required her to be exempt from menstruation as well.»El razonamiento de la devoción mariana popular: si era espiritualmente pura, había de estar exenta también de menstruación.

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«This popular view that Mary was “without spot” in both a spiritual and a physical sense, however, was difficult to reconcile with medical understandings of generation, which (whether Aristotelian or Galenic) required menstrual blood.»Y el choque que eso producía: esa pureza sin mancha en sentido espiritual y físico era difícil de conciliar con la generación tal como la entendía la medicina, aristotélica o galénica, que exigía sangre menstrual.

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«Even more troubling were the “unthinkable consequences” of a nonmenstruating Mary in terms of Christology.»Nummedal nombra las consecuencias impensables de una María que no menstruara, en términos cristológicos.

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«Quite simply put, the logic of Christology required that Mary, the Mother of God, be human in order to transmit her humanity to Christ.»Y por qué: la lógica cristológica exigía que la Madre de Dios fuera humana para transmitir su humanidad a Cristo.

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«The paradox of Mary’s virginity and motherhood, therefore, made the issue of her menstrual blood both deeply problematic and absolutely crucial.»La paradoja que de ahí resulta: la sangre menstrual de María era a la vez problemática y absolutamente crucial.

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«Such Christological concerns were less likely to trouble most medieval lay Christians, however, who were more willing than the church doctors to extend Mary’s exemption from sin to a broader exemption from other bodily markers of that sin, such as menstruation.»Con la asimetría que le interesa: esas inquietudes cristológicas apenas alcanzaban a los laicos medievales, más dispuestos que los doctores a extender la exención del pecado a la exención de sus marcas corporales.

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«When Anna and her peers compared her to the Virgin Mary, they invoked this long tradition of late medieval popular Marian piety.»Y ahí sitúa la comparación de Anna con la Virgen: en la tradición larga de la piedad mariana popular bajomedieval.

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«The Blessed Virgin offered a powerful example of a young, nonmenstruating woman exempt from the ordinary bodily functions that mired other women in sin, carnal fertility, and menstruation.»Qué modelo ofrecía esa figura: una joven que no menstruaba, exenta de las funciones corporales que hundían a las demás mujeres en el pecado, la fertilidad carnal y la menstruación.

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«Moreover, the comparison to Mary allowed Anna to refigure her amenorrhea as spiritual purity, and at the same time, to extend alchemy’s redemptive powers from matter to spirit.»Y qué ganaba Anna con la comparación, en la formulación de Nummedal: refigurar su amenorrea como pureza espiritual y, a la vez, extender los poderes redentores de la alquimia de la materia al espíritu.

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«Luther, for example, defended the notion that Mary remained a virgin even after she gave birth to Christ, as well as the notion that she was without sin, and at times even seemed to support the possibility of her own immaculate conception.»Nummedal consigna lo que Lutero conservó de la mariología: la virginidad después del parto, la ausencia de pecado y aun, a ratos, la posibilidad de la concepción inmaculada.

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«Luther, therefore, demoted Mary from her medieval role as an intercessor with privileged access to God to a Fürbitterin (one who prays for us) whose prayers could do no more than those of any other Christian.»Y lo que le quitó: de intercesora con acceso privilegiado a Dios a *Fürbitterin*, cuyas oraciones no valen más que las de cualquier otro cristiano.

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«Moreover, the reformers also rejected Marian festivals that were not based on events in the biblical canon—namely, feasts commemorating Mary’s conception, birth, and assumption—and they deemphasized Mary’s virginity, transforming her into a model of the obedient Protestant wife and mother who demonstrated faith, humility, and piety before God.»Y qué más suprimieron los reformadores: las fiestas marianas sin base en el canon bíblico, con la virginidad atenuada y María vuelta modelo de esposa y madre protestante obediente.

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«These general continuities are noteworthy, and may have been particularly strong in Wolfenbüttel, where the Reformation was accepted officially only a few years before Anna Zieglerin arrived.»Y la razón local por la que esas continuidades pudieron ser fuertes en Wolfenbüttel: la Reforma se aceptó allí oficialmente pocos años antes de que Anna llegara.

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«The early reformers (as well as their audience of potential converts), of course, grew up in the climate of deep Marian devotion characteristic of the years around 1500, and this might have influenced their willingness to retain some aspects of traditional Mariology.»Con la explicación de por qué conservaban tanto: los primeros reformadores y su público se habían criado en el clima de devoción mariana honda de los años en torno a 1500.

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«Paracelsus was as much a lay theologian as he was a natural philosopher, physician, or (in his pseudonymous guise) alchemist.»Nummedal recuerda la doble condición de Paracelso, con la reserva sobre lo alquímico entre paréntesis: tan teólogo laico como filósofo natural, médico o —bajo seudónimo— alquimista.

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«Paracelsus’s religious ideas were idiosyncratic, fitting easily into neither Catholic nor reformed theologies.»Y su posición doctrinal: ideas religiosas idiosincrásicas, que no encajaban ni en la teología católica ni en la reformada.

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«Paracelsus departed from Catholic and reformed theologians alike, however, when he emphasized Mary’s divinity, elevating her into what might be thought of as a “quadernity.”»Dónde se apartaba de unos y otros: al subrayar la divinidad de María y elevarla a lo que cabría llamar una cuaternidad.

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«Paracelsus maintained Mary’s preexistence; as he put it in On the Invocation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (ca. 1527), “She was the first creature, before heaven and earth was constituted.”»Y hasta dónde llegaba: sostenía la preexistencia de María, que en *On the Invocation of the Blessed Virgin Mary* llama la primera criatura, anterior a la constitución del cielo y la tierra.

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«In other words, Mary existed in heaven long before and long after her brief stint on earth, where she became flesh in ways almost analogous to Christ’s incarnation.»Nummedal lo traduce así: María existía en el cielo mucho antes y mucho después de su breve paso por la tierra, donde se hizo carne de manera casi análoga a la encarnación de Cristo.

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«Her conception was indeed immaculate, in the sense that her parents, Anne and Joachim, had nothing to do with it; rather, her conception was miraculous and a product of her own will to launch the incarnation.»Con la consecuencia extrema de esa posición: su concepción fue inmaculada en el sentido de que sus padres no tuvieron parte, y fue milagrosa y producto de su propia voluntad de poner en marcha la encarnación.

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«Anna did not accept uncritically the reformers’ vision of the Lutheran Mary, but used alchemy to articulate her own vision of the Mother of God.»La tesis del capítulo sobre Anna: no aceptó sin crítica la María luterana de los reformadores y usó la alquimia para articular una visión propia de la Madre de Dios.

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«If Anna rejected Mary’s demotion to humble housewife, however, she did identify with and find power in Mary’s motherhood»Rechazó la rebaja a ama de casa humilde y a la vez halló poder en la maternidad de María; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«She interpreted her own lack of menstruation not only as the result of her alchemical purification at birth but also as a sign that she had a special destiny.»Y qué leía en su propia amenorrea, además de la purificación alquímica de la cuna: la señal de un destino especial.

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«And like Mary, whose husband Joseph did not father her child, Anna would not conceive a child with her own husband, Heinrich.»El paralelo se completa en el matrimonio: como José no engendró al hijo de María, Anna no concebiría con su marido Heinrich.

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«Carl never appeared, the marriage arrangements remained hypothetical, but Anna seems to have put quite a bit of thought into the nature of the extraordinary children that she and Carl would produce when and if they got the chance.»Nummedal marca que todo aquello quedó en hipótesis porque el conde nunca apareció, y aun así Anna pensó mucho en cómo serían esos hijos.

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«According to Heinrich, Anna “professed that the Count could create a child with her every month, and if a child lay in the womb for six weeks or less, it was supposed to be finished [vorkommlich] and would be raised further by the Count with the tincture.”»Según Heinrich, Anna sostenía que el conde podía hacerle un hijo cada mes, con gestación de seis semanas o menos y crianza posterior con la tintura. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«Anna maintained, for example, that “the children would never become ill, would outlive their normal lifespan, and would die when God so desires.”»Y las cualidades que les atribuía: los hijos no enfermarían nunca, vivirían más de lo normal y morirían cuando Dios quisiera.

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«Heinrich, meanwhile, confirmed that “the children shall grow up faster than others, [and] the females shall not be burdened with the flux . . . and if Adam’s fall had not happened, they could well have lived forever, but now they will become as old as Methuselah and other patriarchs.”»Heinrich lo confirmaba con precisiones propias: crecerían más aprisa, las hembras no tendrían el flujo, y de no haber caído Adán habrían podido vivir para siempre, pero ahora llegarían a la edad de Matusalén y de los otros patriarcas. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«First of all, the lion’s blood could restore the fertility that had been diminishing ever since the Fall.»El primer efecto que Nummedal desglosa de esa promesa: la sangre de león restauraría la fertilidad que venía menguando desde la Caída.

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«Carl’s fecund alchemical tincture, however, could restore the unbridled fertility of the Garden of Eden and thus truly fulfill God’s command to Adam and Eve to “be fruitful and multiply.”»Y el alcance que se le atribuía: restaurar la fertilidad desatada del Edén y cumplir de veras el mandato de crecer y multiplicarse.

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«Moreover, this alchemical conception promised to produce not only more bodies, but also different kinds of bodies, just as it had altered Anna’s own body and thus prepared it to host this spectacular reproduction.»La segunda promesa, que no es de cantidad: no solo más cuerpos sino cuerpos de otra clase, como el de la propia Anna alterado para alojar esa reproducción.

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«The tincture not only stimulated fertility and promoted longevity, therefore —twin claims that alchemists had made for centuries about the elixir and the philosophers’ stone—but also purified bodies at birth and exempted them from the worldly suffering brought about by original sin.»Nummedal separa lo antiguo de lo nuevo en esa promesa: fertilidad y longevidad las venían prometiendo los alquimistas desde hacía siglos para el elixir y la piedra, y lo nuevo es purificar los cuerpos al nacer y eximirlos del sufrimiento del pecado original.

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«Anna, in short, envisioned her alchemy as a means to bring about what had happened only once before through a miracle, when the Virgin Mary was released from sin through God’s grace and purified so that she might bear the Savior.»La tesis del capítulo en una frase: Anna concebía su alquimia como el medio de producir lo que solo una vez había ocurrido por milagro, cuando María fue librada del pecado y purificada para llevar al Salvador.

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«The curse of Eve doesn’t apply to her, which says that “in pain shall you bring forth children,” but otherwise it happened to her exactly as it does with any other woman giving birth.»El texto de Lutero que Nummedal cita para el contraste: la maldición de Eva no alcanza a María, y por lo demás le sucedió exactamente lo que a cualquier otra parturienta.

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«For grace did not promise anything, and did not hinder nature or the works of nature, but improved and helped them.»Con la doctrina de la gracia que ese pasaje enuncia: la gracia no estorba la naturaleza ni sus obras, las mejora y las ayuda.

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«In Luther’s view, Mary’s bodily experience of reproduction was the same as any other woman’s, to the extent that she conceived, delivered, and breastfed the infant Christ.»Nummedal resume la posición de Lutero: la experiencia corporal de la reproducción fue en María la de cualquier mujer, en cuanto concibió, dio a luz y amamantó.

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«God’s grace rendered Mary’s reproduction spotless, removing the pain, shame, and corruption that had attended motherhood for all women since the Fall; alchemy did essentially the same thing for Anna.»Y la equivalencia que Anna proponía, en la formulación de Nummedal: lo que en María hizo la gracia de Dios —quitar el dolor, la vergüenza y la corrupción de la maternidad desde la Caída— lo hacía la alquimia en ella.

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«Anna framed this spectacular, alchemical reproduction in eschatological terms, linking it to the end of earthly time.»El marco en que Anna encuadraba esa reproducción: escatológico, atado al fin del tiempo terreno.

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«“The Count said he would take a wife, so that he could bring about a new world thereby,” Anna proclaimed, adding that “this would take place with the tincture, this he said often.”»Según Nummedal, así lo declaraba Anna: el conde tomaría esposa para traer con ello un mundo nuevo, y eso ocurriría con la tintura.

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«Heinrich simply pronounced, “From such children would arise a new world.”»Y Heinrich lo decía más seco: de tales hijos surgiría un mundo nuevo.

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«Paracelsus had recorded this prophecy in a book, they said, which Count Carl had received from his mother and then passed on to Anna.»La cadena de transmisión que ellos alegaban: la profecía en un libro de Paracelso, recibido por el conde Carl de su madre y pasado a Anna.

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«Just as the Virgin Mary’s body had once served as the vessel for the incarnation of Christ, with the help of the lion’s blood this new Virgin Mary, Anna Zieglerin, would turn her body into an alchemical vessel to produce innumerable spotless children who would restore the world and bring about the Last Days.»La analogía completa, tal como Nummedal la formula: como el cuerpo de María fue vaso de la encarnación, el de esta nueva Virgen María sería vaso alquímico para producir hijos sin mancha que restauraran el mundo y trajeran los Últimos Días.

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«A convergence of disruptive and noteworthy events in the sixteenth century—the fracturing of Christendom and religious warfare, famine, social unrest, new diseases such as syphilis, war with the Ottoman Empire, astral events, and so on —all contributed to a pervasive sense of living at the end of time, as well as to a proliferation of texts connecting current events to prophecies about the Last Days.»La lista de sucesos que alimentaban la sensación de vivir en el fin: la cristiandad partida y la guerra de religión, hambre, agitación social, enfermedades nuevas como la sífilis, la guerra con el Imperio otomano y los fenómenos astrales.

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«Luther himself expected the Day of Judgment to arrive any day, and he developed a detailed biblical exegesis interpreting the travails of his own age as fulfillment of biblical prophecies.»Y el propio Lutero esperaba el día del Juicio de un momento a otro, con una exégesis detallada que leía los males de su tiempo como cumplimiento de las profecías.

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«Luther himself was relatively conservative about the sources of prophecy, focusing largely on scripture and rejecting direct prophetic revelation, but after his death in 1546, this caution dissipated.»Nummedal marca la diferencia entre el maestro y sus seguidores: Lutero era conservador en materia de fuentes proféticas y rechazaba la revelación directa, y esa cautela se disipó tras su muerte en 1546.

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«Prophecies proliferated, as Luther’s followers began to find evidence of God’s plan everywhere.»Con la consecuencia: las profecías se multiplicaron y sus seguidores empezaron a hallar en todas partes indicios del plan de Dios.

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«Natural wonders, disasters, strange celestial events, spiritual corruption, social upheaval, and famine all pointed to the fact that the tribulations of the end times had already begun.»Y qué se leía como prueba de que las tribulaciones ya habían empezado: prodigios naturales, desastres, fenómenos celestes extraños, corrupción espiritual, revuelta social y hambre.

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«While all agreed that epic battles with Antichrist would precede Christ’s return to earth before the Day of Judgment, there was a variety of opinions about how to interpret the passage in Revelation 20:1–6 about a thousand-year kingdom of Christ.»Nummedal separa lo acordado de lo disputado: todos daban por hecho que a la vuelta de Cristo la precederían batallas épicas con el Anticristo, y sobre el reino de mil años de Apocalipsis 20 había opiniones diversas.

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«Some, following Saint Augustine of Hippo, rejected the idea that this “millennium” referred to an earthly kingdom to come, interpreting it instead as a reference to the “life of the Church in the present.”»Una de esas opiniones: con Agustín, negar que el milenio fuera un reino terreno por venir y leerlo como la vida presente de la Iglesia.

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«Luther, trained as an Augustinian monk, shared Augustine’s pessimism about the state of the world, seeing evidence everywhere of spiritual, natural, and social corruption.»Y la de Lutero, formado agustino: el mismo pesimismo sobre el estado del mundo, con indicios de corrupción espiritual, natural y social por todas partes.

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«The most important medieval figure in reigniting discussions about an earthly millennium was the twelfth-century abbot Joachim of Fiore, who predicted that after Antichrist’s annihilation would arise an era of the Holy Spirit, a period of increased spiritual understanding and peace on earth before the end of time.»La otra línea, y su cabeza medieval: Joaquín de Fiore, que anunciaba tras la aniquilación del Anticristo una era del Espíritu Santo, de entendimiento espiritual acrecido y de paz en la tierra.

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«Significantly, Joachim’s ideas influenced Arnald of Villanova (ca. 1235–1311) and John of Rupescissa (ca. 1310– ca. 1365), both of whom not only authored (or were falsely associated with) alchemical texts, but also contributed to eschatological speculation about the nature of the end times.»Y el enlace que a Nummedal le importa: Joaquín influyó en Arnaldo de Vilanova y en Juan de Rupescissa, autores —o falsamente asociados a— textos alquímicos y a la vez a la especulación escatológica.

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«In the early years of the Reformation, however, chiliasm gained renewed currency among radical reformers and more establishment figures alike, who shared the belief that the new age had already dawned and would be accompanied by social justice as well as increased gifts of prophecy and biblical interpretation among both learned and lay.»El renacer del quiliasmo en los primeros años de la Reforma, entre reformadores radicales y figuras de orden por igual, con la creencia de que la era nueva ya había amanecido.

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«Paracelsus argued that it would include a renewal of knowledge (particularly in medicine and the arts) in a final burst of reform before the return of the Messiah.»Y qué añadía Paracelso a ese milenio: una renovación del conocimiento, sobre todo en medicina y en las artes, como último estallido de reforma antes del retorno del Mesías.

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«Paracelsus’s “Elias artista” would restore knowledge of nature and the arts, including the secret of alchemical transmutation.»La figura que lo traería, el *Elias artista*, restaurador del conocimiento de la naturaleza y de las artes, y con ellas del secreto de la transmutación.

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«Thus, by integrating the arts, even alchemical transmutation, into the knowledge Elias would reveal, Paracelsus framed the very appearance of someone with knowledge of the philosophers’ stone, among other arts, as the fulfillment of the biblical prophecy linking revelation of nature’s secrets to the Last Days.»Nummedal saca de ahí la consecuencia que explica a Anna: al meter la transmutación entre los saberes que Elías revelaría, Paracelso convertía la aparición misma de alguien que supiera hacer la piedra en cumplimiento de la profecía.

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«For Anna Zieglerin and her contemporaries, therefore, Luther’s pessimism about the fate of the world in its last moments was somewhat tempered by the optimism of Paracelsus, among others, about a final burst of intellectual and practical reform before the (imminent) last day.»Y el balance de esas dos disposiciones: el pesimismo de Lutero sobre la suerte del mundo quedaba atemperado por el optimismo de Paracelso sobre un estallido final de reforma intelectual y práctica.

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«His prognostications were some of the very few of his writings that appeared in print in his own lifetime, cementing his reputation as not only a physician and alchemist, but also a prophet.»Y por qué Paracelso llegó a tenerse por profeta: sus pronósticos fueron de lo poco suyo que se imprimió en vida.

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«The Elizabethan mathematician John Dee (1527–1608/9), meanwhile, turned to angels to help him decipher the natural world and participate in its restitution, while the French diplomat, scholar, and prophet Guillaume Postel (1510–1581) claimed both prophetic gifts and a mission to promote religious concord, bolstered in part by the tutelage of a Venetian holy woman, the “Virgin of Venice.”»Nummedal pone al lado dos casos coetáneos: John Dee recurriendo a los ángeles para descifrar la naturaleza y participar en su restitución, y Guillaume Postel reclamando dones proféticos y misión de concordia religiosa con el aval de la Virgen de Venecia.

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«Postel, for instance, believed that his project for spiritual and intellectual reform heralded a new era of “restitution,” and, accordingly, he thought of himself as a “new Elias.”»Postel tenía su proyecto de reforma por anuncio de una era de restitución y se pensaba a sí mismo como un nuevo Elías.

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«Likewise, Dee’s ongoing conversations with angels led him to believe that he, too, was heir to the biblical prophets Elias, Esdras, and Enoch.»Y Dee, por sus conversaciones con ángeles, se creyó heredero de los profetas Elías, Esdras y Enoc.

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«Some even identified Luther as Elias, although he did not encourage the comparison.»Con la reserva del propio interesado: hubo quien identificó a Lutero con Elías, y él no alentó la comparación.

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«Scripture, of course, was filled with examples of angels acting in the world, and although theologians differed about matters such as whether individuals had guardian angels, for example, or whether it was acceptable to represent angels visually, there was general agreement in the early modern period that angels could serve as guides and messengers.»Nummedal separa lo disputado de lo acordado sobre los ángeles: los teólogos discrepaban sobre el ángel de la guarda o sobre representarlos, y había acuerdo general en que servían de guías y mensajeros.

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«undermine the established church, although angelic revelations did give common people a way to speak out about the sinful ways of their contemporaries.»Y qué daban las revelaciones angélicas a la gente común: una manera de decir en voz alta lo que les parecía pecaminoso en sus contemporáneos; el tramo abre en la plana anterior.

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«When Anna Zieglerin introduced Paracelsus’s prophecy to Duke Julius’s court in Wolfenbüttel and claimed for herself a central role in the events to come, therefore, she was participating in one of the widespread preoccupations of her day: speculations about the timing, nature, and progression of the end times.»Y ahí sitúa a Anna: al llevar la profecía paracelsiana a la corte y reclamarse papel central, participaba de una de las preocupaciones más extendidas de su tiempo.

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«If the philosophers’ stone could be likened to Christ (and vice versa), then, by implication, the entire alchemical opus —the process of making and using the philosophers’ stone—was, in some sense, soteriological; working with the bodies and souls of metals, perfecting nature and matter, the alchemist touches a fundamental truth of faith, its promise of salvation.»La consecuencia que Nummedal extrae de la analogía Cristo-piedra: la obra alquímica entera resulta en cierto sentido soteriológica, y al trabajar los cuerpos y las almas de los metales el alquimista toca una verdad fundamental de la fe.

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«Even Martin Luther appreciated the way in which alchemical work could, in a sense, ratify prophecies about the fate of the world, although he focused not on the analogy between Christ and the philosophers’ stone, but rather on parallels between the alchemical separation and purification of matter and the Day of Judgment.»Nummedal registra que hasta Lutero apreciaba ese uso, con el desplazamiento que él hacía: no la analogía entre Cristo y la piedra, sino la que corre entre la separación y purificación alquímicas de la materia y el día del Juicio.

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«“The science of alchymy I like well, and, indeed, ’tis the philosophy of the ancients,” he reportedly»La cita de Lutero en su letra, con la reserva sobre la fuente que Nummedal introduce con *reportedly*: la ciencia de la alquimia le gusta y es la filosofía de los antiguos; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana. El troceo imprime *alchymy*.

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«I like it also for the sake of the allegory and secret signification, which is exceedingly fine, touching the resurrection of the dead at the last day,” he observed.»Y la segunda razón que Lutero daba: por la alegoría y la significación secreta, finísima, que toca la resurrección de los muertos en el último día.

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«Rupescissa offers the most powerful point of continuity with Anna’s own apocalyptic alchemy.»Y de todos los precedentes, el que a Nummedal le parece de mayor continuidad con la alquimia apocalíptica de Anna: Rupescissa.

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«He argued that alchemical technologies would prove to be crucially useful tools in the epic battles against Antichrist as the world came to an end.»Lo que él sostenía: que las tecnologías alquímicas serían instrumentos decisivos en las batallas épicas contra el Anticristo.

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«On the one hand, transmutation could provide a supply of money to the true Christians once their tormenters had seized church goods.»Con dos usos concretos: la transmutación como fuente de dinero para los cristianos verdaderos cuando les hubieran incautado los bienes de la iglesia.

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«On the other, the healing properties of the elixir promised to fortify and heal a select group of “evangelical men” who would play a leading role in the final confrontation with Antichrist.»Y el elixir para fortalecer y sanar a un grupo selecto de varones evangélicos llamados a encabezar la confrontación final.

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«Although it is not clear whether Anna was actually in Gotha itself during the 1567 siege that Hänschen’s angels brought about, she must have been distressed by the degenerating social and political situation inside the city walls, and fears about her own fate (both earthly and eternal) certainly would have been foremost in her mind.»Nummedal declara el hueco y lo que aun así sostiene: no está claro si Anna estuvo en Gotha durante el sitio, y el deterioro de la situación y el miedo por su propia suerte, terrena y eterna, habrían estado en primer plano para ella.

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«Hänschen’s failure clearly did not shake her belief that the end of time was at hand.»Y lo que el fracaso de Hänschen no tocó: su convicción de que el fin del tiempo estaba cerca.

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«For Anna as well as nearly everyone else in the sixteenth century, prophetic error could easily be explained away, leaving the fundamental truths of Christian eschatology firmly intact.»Con la razón general que Nummedal da: el error profético se explicaba con facilidad y dejaba intactas las verdades de fondo de la escatología cristiana.

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«This may have emboldened Anna several years later when she shared the Paracelsian prophecy about her alchemical reproduction with Count Carl in Wolfenbüttel.»Y qué pudo sacar Anna del precedente, marcado como conjetura: el ánimo para compartir años después la profecía paracelsiana sobre su reproducción alquímica.

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«Anna also witnessed the radical move of taking action and participating in the end times, rather than merely “looking forward and waiting,” as the historian Robin Barnes put it, for them to come.»El otro aprendizaje que Nummedal le atribuye, con la formulación de Robin Barnes: obrar y participar en los últimos tiempos en vez de limitarse a mirar adelante y esperar.

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«Anna’s eschatology was far more cautious (and less violent) than Duke Johann Friedrich II’s campaign to promote the gospel and reform the world in anticipation of the coming end.»Y la diferencia que marca respecto de Gotha: la escatología de Anna era mucho más cauta y menos violenta que la campaña del duque Johann Friedrich II.

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«Duke Johann Friedrich II resorted to holy war, cataclysmic violence, and a military strategy that defied political logic.»Porque él recurrió a la guerra santa, a la violencia cataclísmica y a una estrategia militar que desafiaba la lógica política.

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«Anna did not promote the idea of a final, climactic battle; even Antichrist is strikingly absent from her vision of the end, at least as that vision was documented at Julius’s court.»La ausencia que Nummedal subraya en la visión de Anna, con la salvedad de que solo la conoce por lo documentado en aquella corte: no hay batalla final climática, y hasta el Anticristo falta.

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«Anna seems to have embraced the more optimistic eschatology articulated by figures from Joachim of Fiore and Rupescissa to Paracelsus, dedicating her energies to the restitution of the world in its final moments and the revelation of knowledge about the workings of nature.»Y en qué línea la inscribe: la escatología optimista que va de Joaquín de Fiore y Rupescissa a Paracelso, con las energías puestas en la restitución del mundo y en la revelación del funcionamiento de la naturaleza.

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«What is distinctive about Anna’s view, moreover, was her emphasis on the crucial role of generation in her apocalyptic alchemy.»Lo que Nummedal declara distintivo de esa posición: el peso que da a la generación dentro de su alquimia apocalíptica.

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«The lion’s blood was not just an opportunity for a general meditation on the truths of Christianity, or even a more practical medicine or source of wealth in the final battles with Antichrist, but rather a way to regenerate the world.»Y qué no era la sangre de león, para deslindarla: ni ocasión de meditación general sobre las verdades del cristianismo, ni solo medicina o fuente de riqueza en las batallas finales, sino un modo de regenerar el mundo.

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«Thus, while alchemists before her had envisioned the philosophers’ stone as Christ, achieving its redemptive power only through a creative process that resembled the passion, Anna saw the Virgin Mary, likening the alchemist’s exceptional generative powers—working at once within and beyond nature—to Mary’s own motherhood.»El desplazamiento que Nummedal considera propio de Anna: donde los alquimistas anteriores veían la piedra como Cristo y su poder redentor logrado por un proceso semejante a la pasión, ella veía a la Virgen María y equiparaba los poderes generativos del alquimista a la maternidad de María.

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«This connection allowed her to posit a new role for the alchemist in sacred time, as someone who could generate not only medicines, precious metals, and gemstones, but also life itself, restoring prelapsarian levels of fertility on the brink of the eschaton.»Y qué le permitía ese enlace: un papel nuevo del alquimista en el tiempo sagrado, capaz de generar no solo medicinas, metales y gemas sino vida misma, restaurando al borde del escatón la fertilidad anterior a la Caída.

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«The thread that ran through Anna’s entire story about herself and the lion’s blood was her claim that alchemy could break down the boundary between matter and spirit, between the»El hilo de todo su relato, según Nummedal: la pretensión de que la alquimia podía romper la frontera entre materia y espíritu; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«This was the radical claim of Anna’s holy alchemy, and the reminder to us that in early modern Europe, alchemy offered not only a way of engaging the reigning scholarly debates of the day, but also a means to work out questions at the heart of Christianity.»Y el cierre del capítulo, que es también la tesis general del libro: en la Europa moderna temprana la alquimia no solo daba entrada a los debates eruditos del día, sino un medio de trabajar preguntas que estaban en el corazón del cristianismo.

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«Anna offered him a way to use his position as a prince to uncompromisingly serve Luther’s cause —to restore the gospel and a fallen world in its last moments—without»Y qué le ofrecía eso al duque Julius: servir sin transigir la causa de Lutero y restaurar un mundo caído en sus últimos momentos; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con *the political destruction that had befallen Johann Friedrich II in Gotha*.

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«He supported the alchemists’ work alongside his many other ducal projects.»El estado de cosas con que abre el capítulo sexto: el duque sostenía el trabajo de los alquimistas junto a sus otros muchos proyectos.

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«Anna would later report that she experienced terrifying omens, apparitions, and dreams on the road to Wolfenbüttel nearly three years before.»Nummedal cierra el círculo de los presagios del capítulo segundo: Anna declararía después haber tenido en aquel camino augurios, apariciones y sueños aterradores.

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«She had interpreted the visions as signs that they would perish in Wolfenbüttel, so she may have felt some relief at leaving the ducal city alive after all.»Y cómo los había leído: como anuncio de que morirían en Wolfenbüttel.

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«For the most part, alchemy was taken seriously in the courts of early modern Europe because sovereigns prized and understood its potential to bolster their economic, intellectual, and political agendas.»La regla general que Nummedal sostiene sobre las cortes europeas: la alquimia se tomaba en serio porque los soberanos entendían y apreciaban su potencial para sus agendas económicas, intelectuales y políticas.

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«They recognized that some alchemists were not as skilled as they claimed to be, and that some might even be downright deceptive, merely posing as alchemists in order to take advantage of potential patrons.»Con la salvedad que los propios patronos hacían: sabían que algunos no eran tan hábiles como decían y que alguno podía ser francamente engañoso.

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«For a number of Duke Julius’s fellow sovereigns in the 1560s and 1570s, alchemical expertise came to be linked not only with the production of metals and medicines, or even, more negatively, with fraud, but also with the ability to make substances that could manipulate the affections and bodies of dukes and duchesses and thus destabilize princely rule in the Holy Roman Empire.»Y el desplazamiento que Nummedal data en los años sesenta y setenta: la pericia alquímica pasó a ligarse, además de a metales, medicinas y fraude, a la capacidad de fabricar sustancias que manipularan los afectos y los cuerpos de duques y duquesas.

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«These scandals caused Julius to see his alchemists in a new light, and he began to consider the possibility that they, too, might bring disorder, even death, to his court.»Y el efecto sobre Julius: empezó a considerar que también los suyos pudieran traer desorden y aun muerte a su corte.

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«Julius was not at all convinced that alchemy had anything to do with sorcery or poison, and as long as he supported his alchemists, they seemed to be able to withstand the full force of the rumors that swirled around them from their years in Gotha.»Nummedal marca el punto de partida contrario: el duque no estaba en absoluto convencido de que la alquimia tuviera que ver con hechicería ni con veneno, y mientras los sostuvo aguantaron los rumores de Gotha.

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«In November of 1573, one of Julius’s military and financial advisers, Jobst Kettwig, wrote to the duke to convey a simple and powerful message: Anna Zieglerin and Philipp Sömmering were frauds.»El golpe que cambia todo, fechado en noviembre de 1573: Jobst Kettwig, asesor militar y financiero, escribe al duque que Anna y Philipp son unos fraudes.

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«They had misrepresented their alchemical expertise and they had forged numerous instruments of identification, including titles, seals, and even names.»Los dos cargos: falsear su pericia alquímica y falsificar instrumentos de identificación, títulos, sellos y hasta nombres.

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«Kettwig assured the ducal court that his claim was more than a literary trope, however; he could back up these assertions with proof, for he had traveled around the Holy Roman Empire (at great personal cost and danger, he underscored) investigating the assertions that Anna and the others had made at the Wolfenbüttel court.»Y cómo pretendía acreditarlos: había recorrido el imperio, con costo y peligro personal según subrayaba, investigando lo que aquéllos afirmaban en la corte.

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«He explained that he felt compelled to reveal all of this to Julius “not out of hate or envy,” but rather to protect the duke because of his “committed obligation, the oaths and duties, that I have vowed and sworn to my Gracious Prince and Lord.”»El motivo que alegaba: no odio ni envidia, sino la obligación, los juramentos y los deberes que tenía jurados a su príncipe.

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«The particular circumstances under which Jobst Kettwig brought this information to his patron’s attention suggest a more complicated set of motives than he let on, for he wrote this letter to Julius from a Braunschweig jail.»Nummedal pone al lado la circunstancia que complica ese motivo declarado: la carta se escribió desde una cárcel de Braunschweig.

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«Julius evidently found Kettwig useful, for from the summer of 1572 to the spring of 1573, the duke sent the former soldier on several trade/financial missions around the Holy Roman Empire—for example, to help recruit skilled miners and prospectors to come to the duchy to help develop the mining industry.»Lo que Kettwig había sido para el duque hasta entonces: encargado de misiones comerciales y financieras por el imperio, entre ellas reclutar mineros y prospectores hábiles.

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«In November of 1573, however, a warrant issued by the Danish crown and seeking Kettwig’s arrest on charges of banditry and disturbing the peace appeared in Wolfenbüttel.»Y lo que cambió su posición: una orden de arresto de la corona danesa por bandidaje y perturbación de la paz.

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«Kettwig himself linked his denunciation of the alchemists to his own arrest, claiming that he had discovered the truth about “the pastor and the whore” and was on the verge of reporting it to Julius’s ducal officials, prompting Philipp Sömmering to denounce him preemptively.»Según Nummedal, el propio Kettwig ataba su denuncia a su arresto: habría descubierto la verdad sobre el pastor y la fulana y estaba por informarla cuando Sömmering lo denunció primero.

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«He simply wanted “his innocence and the godly truth” to come to light.»Y lo que decía querer: que salieran a la luz su inocencia y la verdad de Dios.

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«Anna and Philipp were “godless, diabolic, lying people,” who had committed “damnable, criminal, egregious, outrageous, [and] diabolic vice, harlotry, deceptive lies and fraud.”»El lenguaje de la denuncia: gente impía, diabólica y mentirosa, culpable de vicio condenable, criminal, atroz y diabólico, de fornicación, de mentiras engañosas y de fraude.

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«Kettwig explained, in his recent travels throughout the southern German, Swiss, and Austrian lands, he investigated Anna, Philipp, and Heinrich’s stories about their pasts, their alchemical expertise, and Count Carl.»Y qué decía haber investigado en sus viajes por tierras alemanas del sur, suizas y austriacas: los pasados de los tres, su pericia alquímica y el conde Carl.

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«What Kettwig had learned on this trip, he revealed, convinced him that Philipp Sömmering and Anna Zieglerin had committed a twofold fraud, and he offered details that must have given Duke Julius pause.»El resultado que anunciaba: un fraude doble, con detalles que a juicio de Nummedal debieron hacer dudar al duque.

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«They had falsified seals, titles, and names, even the existence of Count Carl himself, and they had claimed abilities in natura rerum that “from the origins of the world never were and never would be.”»El cargo en su forma más fuerte: falsificaron sellos, títulos y nombres, y aun la existencia del conde Carl, y se atribuyeron capacidades *in natura rerum* que desde el origen del mundo nunca hubo ni habrá.

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«Kettwig’s conclusion? It was imperative for Duke Julius to understand that “never before have lies and fraud more outrageous and deceitful been heard and fabricated than those that Anna Maria and the pastor Philip Schreiber [sic] have brought forward and recited against My Gracious Prince and Lord.”»Su conclusión: nunca se habían oído ni fabricado mentiras y fraudes más atroces que los de Anna Maria y el pastor. El *sic* del apellido es de la edición.

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«The only way they could produce alchemical gold, Kettwig asserted, was through sleight of hand: “If the pastor and the whore ever make gold with their alchemy, I shall find it under the stairs, indeed, under the soles of their shoes.”»Y su explicación del oro alquímico: puro juego de manos, y si el pastor y la fulana lo hacen alguna vez, lo hallará bajo las escaleras y bajo las suelas de sus zapatos.

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«If Kettwig was hoping that denouncing Anna and Philipp somehow would lead to his freedom, then he was mistaken.»Nummedal registra el resultado para el denunciante: si esperaba comprar su libertad, se equivocó.

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«Duke Julius was furious with the Braunschweig city councillors for allowing this to happen (and perhaps even for colluding in Kettwig’s escape, he suggested), and announced that if they did not deliver Kettwig within six weeks and three days, the period of time customary in Saxon law [the so-called sächsischer Frist], the city would forfeit all legal privileges.»La reacción del duque a su fuga: furia contra los concejales de Braunschweig y amenaza de que la ciudad perdiera todos sus privilegios legales si no lo entregaban en el plazo sajón acostumbrado. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«the duke set a manhunt in motion, circulating wanted posters and letters to princes and others seeking help in capturing Kettwig.»Y la cacería que puso en marcha, con carteles de busca y cartas a príncipes y otros.

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«In the end, therefore, Kettwig’s November 1573 letter to Duke Julius did him little good.»El balance para Kettwig: la carta le sirvió de poco.

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«In another sense, however, it did exactly what it was supposed to do: provide a powerful alternative to the narratives that Anna and the others told about themselves.»Y su efecto real, que es el que a Nummedal le importa: dio una alternativa poderosa a los relatos que Anna y los otros contaban de sí mismos.

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«Whereas Anna saw herself as an alchemist and a new Virgin Mary, Kettwig claimed that she was nothing but a “whore,” a liar, and a fraud who had invented not only her identity as an alchemist, but also Count Carl von Oettingen (not to mention the letters and seals to make him credible).»El choque de versiones, sin arbitrar: donde Anna se veía alquimista y nueva Virgen María, Kettwig la daba por fulana, mentirosa y fraude que había inventado tanto su identidad de alquimista como al conde Carl, con cartas y sellos para hacerlo creíble.

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«According to Kettwig, he had been associated with none other than Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who had spent so much money on Carl’s processes for making gold and gemstones that the emperor fell into debt and had to pay off creditors in land.»Y qué decía Kettwig del conde: asociado nada menos que a Carlos V, que habría gastado tanto en sus procesos de hacer oro y gemas que se endeudó y hubo de pagar a sus acreedores en tierras.

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«There is something decidedly formulaic about Kettwig’s claims.»El juicio de Nummedal sobre esas acusaciones: tienen algo decididamente formulario.

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«By the 1570s, the twinned social and intellectual fraud of the alchemist was emerging as a trope in central Europe, making it culturally available as an easy way to discredit anyone claiming alchemical expertise.»Y por qué: para los años setenta el fraude doble del alquimista, social e intelectual, ya era un tópico disponible en Europa central para desacreditar a cualquiera que se dijera alquimista.

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«Likewise, Kettwig’s repeated accusation that Anna was a “whore” was a generic-enough insult for early modern women to weaken its punch.»Y otro tanto con el insulto de fulana, tan genérico para las mujeres de la época que perdía fuerza.

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«Finally, one wonders if Kettwig really did take the journey to investigate Anna and Philipp’s story, as he offered no corroborating evidence (although he promised to provide witnesses).»La duda que Nummedal deja planteada sin resolver: si Kettwig hizo de veras aquel viaje, porque no aportó prueba corroborante, aunque prometió testigos.

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«Were there really any of Paracelsus’s “relatives” left to talk to in the Swiss lands, more than thirty years after his death?»Y la pregunta que la concreta: si quedaban de verdad parientes de Paracelso con quienes hablar en tierras suizas más de treinta años después de su muerte.

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«Nevertheless, the claims that Kettwig made in his November 1573 letter raised troubling questions.»Con todo, admite que aquella carta planteaba preguntas inquietantes.

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«I must confess that we handled things badly,” Anna wrote, “but if anything happened deliberately or intentionally [as Kettwig claimed], then my dear Lord Jesus Christ’s passion and death on behalf of myself and of all of us is for naught.»La respuesta de Anna, que concede el desorden y niega la intención: reconoce que manejaron mal las cosas, y sostiene que si algo se hizo a propósito, la pasión y la muerte de Cristo por ella y por todos serían en vano. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«If anyone was a perpetrator of fraud, she said, it was “Kettwig and his retinue,” not Anna and hers.»Y su contraataque: el fraude lo cometía Kettwig con su séquito.

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«She now asked the erstwhile duke to help retrieve their assets so that they no longer had to depend on Duke Julius’s generosity in Wolfenbüttel.»La gestión que intentó a la vez: pedir al duque depuesto que le ayudara a recobrar sus bienes para no depender de la generosidad de Julius.

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«She saw Julius’s decision to offer her, Heinrich, and Philipp refuge as an act of God and praised the duke for taking them in, offering his protection (Schutz und Schirm), and even helping them financially.»Nummedal registra cómo veía Anna lo que Julius había hecho por ellos: un acto de Dios, con protección y ayuda financiera.

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«If these two letters are an indication of Anna’s mind-set as things were unraveling at the Wolfenbüttel court, she was increasingly willing simply to throw herself on the mercy of God and her patrons.»Y la disposición que Nummedal lee en esas dos cartas, marcándola como lectura: entregarse cada vez más a la misericordia de Dios y de sus patronos.

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«Philipp addressed Kettwig’s claims by simultaneously stating his own innocence and attacking Kettwig’s credibility.»La estrategia de Philipp, doble: declararse inocente y atacar la credibilidad del denunciante.

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«Philipp quickly countered Kettwig with his own letter to Duke Julius in which he expressed his astonishment at “how shockingly, cruelly, and outrageously that rogue [Kettwig], who deserves to be broken on the wheel seven times over, assailed me.”»Su carta al duque en su propia letra: se asombra de cuán espantosa, cruel y atrozmente lo atacó aquel bellaco, que merecía ser desmembrado siete veces en la rueda. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«Philipp addressed head-on the persistent claim that his involvement with court alchemy somehow linked him to the practice of sorcery.»Y qué encaró de frente: la acusación persistente de que su trato con la alquimia de corte lo ligaba a la hechicería.

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«Philipp took credit for helping Julius navigate the “dangerous labyrinth” of Lutheran factionalism, protecting his churches and schools from the “poison” of both the radical Flaccians and the Sacramentarians.»Los méritos que Philipp se atribuía ante el duque: haberlo guiado por el laberinto peligroso del faccionalismo luterano y haber protegido sus iglesias y escuelas del veneno de flaccianos radicales y sacramentarios.

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«Philipp was proud of his contributions to Julius’s mining industry, to which the duke and his mining officials would attest.»Y el segundo mérito: sus aportes a la minería ducal, que el duque y sus oficiales podían atestiguar.

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«And yet, Philipp lamented, no matter what he did, he could not escape the old rumors that he was a magician and a sorcerer (zeuberer und schwartzkünstler).»Con el lamento que sigue: hiciera lo que hiciera, no lograba sacudirse los rumores viejos de mago y hechicero.

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«Philipp feared that his enemies would not rest until he was destroyed; he did not even dare to eat at court for fear of poison, he added.»Y el miedo que declaraba: que sus enemigos no pararían hasta destruirlo, y que no se atrevía siquiera a comer en la corte por temor al veneno.

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«First, he implored Julius to let him, together with Heinrich and Anna, put their troubles behind them once again and leave Wolfenbüttel, perhaps retreating to another nearby city (Braunschweig, Helmstedt, even Goslar).»Su primera petición: que el duque los dejara irse de Wolfenbüttel a otra ciudad cercana.

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«Philipp also begged Julius to put his own honor and credibility on the line, “to give witness before God and the world that you have never noticed us do anything unchristian or to do with sorcery,” echoing his earlier request that the duke issue a printed statement in support of Philipp.»Y la segunda, que compromete al patrón: que pusiera su honor y su crédito a dar testimonio ante Dios y el mundo de que nunca les vio hacer nada anticristiano ni de hechicería.

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«I am a Christian,” Philipp continued, “and since my youth, I have zealously pursued honor, virtue, piety, and the liberal arts.»Y el retrato que Philipp hacía de sí: cristiano, dedicado desde joven al honor, la virtud, la piedad y las artes liberales.

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«And because of this profession, I am now taken to be a magician or a sorcerer.»Con la paradoja que denunciaba: por esa misma profesión lo tenían por mago o hechicero.

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«This was entirely unfounded, he believed, and he made his point with a surprising comparison to one of his contemporaries, the physician and alchemist Leonhard Thurneisser zum Thurn (1531–1596), whose patron was Duchess Hedwig’s own brother, Johann Georg of Brandenburg.»El argumento comparativo con que lo rebatía: el médico y alquimista Leonhard Thurneisser, cuyo patrón era el hermano de la propia duquesa Hedwig.

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«The Elector of Brandenburg has one Lenhart Dorneisen [i.e., Leonhard Thurneisser],” Philipp explained, “who since his youth has not studied anything, but rather is supposed to have been a miner and a smelter and yet knows every language, writes books, [and knows how to] distill urine, by which art he knows how to distill quite a few of the most felicitous medicaments.”»Cómo lo describía Philipp, con la grafía que da al nombre: alguien que desde joven no estudió nada, minero y fundidor, y que sin embargo sabe todas las lenguas, escribe libros y destila orina para sacar de ahí medicamentos felicísimos. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«His numerous publications and practice of alchemical uroscopy—drawing on Paracelsian theories and techniques, he distilled patients’ urine to diagnose their illnesses—have assured his place as an important figure in the history of medicine, alchemy, and book production in early modern Europe.»Nummedal explica quién era ese hombre y por qué cuenta: sus publicaciones y su uroscopia alquímica de cuño paracelsiano le han dado lugar en la historia de la medicina, de la alquimia y de la producción de libros.

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«Philipp Sömmering, who noted that the source of Thurneisser’s alchemical and medical practices never fell under suspicion the way Philipp’s did.»Y el punto que Philipp subrayaba: la fuente de las prácticas de Thurneisser nunca cayó bajo sospecha como la suya.

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«If the Elector offered protection to one like this [i.e., Thurneisser] and took him into his service,” Philipp asked Julius, “then does Your Grace not have the power to do the same?”»La pregunta con que remataba: si el elector protegió a uno así y lo tomó a su servicio, ¿no tiene el duque poder para hacer otro tanto? Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«He positioned Julius as a prince whose status could confer intellectual and spiritual credibility, a maker of alchemists and Lutherans alike, and who could clear Philipp Sömmering’s reputation once and for all.»Nummedal nombra la operación de esa pregunta: poner al duque como príncipe cuya posición confiere crédito intelectual y espiritual, hacedor de alquimistas y de luteranos por igual.

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«Thurneisser’s vast output of published books dealt primarily with his medical, alchemical, and astrological understandings of nature.»Y de qué trataba la obra publicada de Thurneisser: entendimientos médicos, alquímicos y astrológicos de la naturaleza.

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«Among these scholarly publications, however, was a single print that Philipp Sömmering probably had not yet seen, but that was more relevant than anything to his efforts to think through the relationship between alchemy and sorcery: a 1573 broadsheet commemorating the grisly execution of the Brandenburg court Jew and master of the mint Lippold ben (Judel) Chluchim (1530–1573)»Con la excepción que a Nummedal le interesa, y que Philipp probablemente no había visto: un pliego suelto de 1573 sobre la ejecución del judío de corte y maestro de la ceca de Brandeburgo, Lippold.

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«The investigation into Lippold’s “crimes,” which had begun in 1571 when Duchess Hedwig’s father, Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg, died unexpectedly, finally ended two years later.»La investigación de sus supuestos crímenes había empezado en 1571 con la muerte inesperada del elector Joachim II, padre de Hedwig, y acabó dos años después.

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«Under torture, Lippold confessed to sorcery, poisoning the elector, and possession of a book that contained these nefarious recipes.»Y qué confesó bajo tortura: hechicería, el envenenamiento del elector y la posesión de un libro con esas recetas nefandas.

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«On January 28, 1573, Lippold was executed with spectacular brutality, just as Grumbach had been nearly six years before.»La fecha de la ejecución y el paralelo que Nummedal traza: el 28 de enero de 1573, con brutalidad espectacular, como la de Grumbach seis años antes.

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«Lippold was broken on the wheel and, like Grumbach, was disemboweled and quartered, his body parts then dispersed and hung on the edges of town.»Y el detalle del suplicio, idéntico al de Grumbach: quebrado en la rueda, destripado y descuartizado, con los miembros colgados en los bordes de la ciudad.

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«The broadsheet framed his crimes primarily in anti-Semitic terms, as an assault against Christianity.»Nummedal nombra el marco del pliego sin suavizarlo: encuadraba los crímenes en términos antisemitas, como asalto contra la cristiandad.

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«The lesson of the “grisly and inhuman acts . . . which he committed against innocent Christian blood” was driven home on the text-heavy bottom half of the broadsheet by “a few stories of why no Christian should trust a Jew,” beginning in the year 575.»Y cómo se remachaba la lección en la mitad inferior del pliego: unas historias de por qué ningún cristiano debe fiarse de un judío, desde el año 575.

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«Leonhard Thurneisser most likely was not the author of the incendiary text of this broadsheet; in all likelihood, he printed it because he ran the only printing press in Brandenburg and thus would have been the logical person for his patron, Elector Johann Georg of Brandenburg, to ask to document the spectacular and highly politicized execution.»Nummedal deslinda la responsabilidad del impresor, marcando la probabilidad: Thurneisser no sería el autor del texto y lo imprimió por tener la única prensa de Brandeburgo.

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«Nevertheless, the broadsheet offered Thurneisser an important opportunity to distance himself from Lippold, whose metallurgical and alchemical expertise was implicated in his downfall and was also dangerously close to Thurneisser’s.»Y aun así, qué le ofrecía ese encargo: distanciarse de Lippold, cuya pericia metalúrgica y alquímica estaba implicada en su caída y era peligrosamente parecida a la suya.

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«alchemy. Moreover, the poison that he supposedly used on the old elector contained mercury sublimate, a distinctly alchemical substance that he was able to obtain, he confessed, “because he was a minter.”»El detalle de la confesión que hace peligrosa la vecindad: el veneno contenía sublimado de mercurio, sustancia alquímica que dijo haber podido conseguir por ser maestro de la ceca; el tramo abre en la plana anterior.

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«Thurneisser, who, as a Paracelsian, used minerals and alchemical techniques in his own practices, must have taken note of the way that Lippold’s confessions placed alchemy in the wrong sort of company, proximate to sorcery and poison, rather than medicine, mining, and precious metals.»Y lo que un paracelsiano habría notado ahí: que las confesiones de Lippold ponían la alquimia en mala compañía, cerca de la hechicería y del veneno en vez de la medicina, la minería y los metales preciosos.

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«By printing the anti-Semitic broadsheet that so graphically depicted Lippold’s execution, and thus participating in his condemnation, therefore, Thurneisser dissociated himself, and perhaps alchemy more broadly, from what Lippold had come to represent.»La lectura que Nummedal propone del gesto: al imprimir aquel pliego y participar así en la condena, Thurneisser se disociaba, y quizá disociaba a la alquimia entera, de lo que Lippold había pasado a representar.

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«In his letter to Duke Julius responding to Kettwig’s accusations, Philipp Sömmering attempted to make the same kind of distinction, firmly rejecting the connection that others had made between his alchemical work and sorcery, rather than merely appealing to the mercy of God and patrons, as Anna did.»Y el paralelo con Sömmering, que es el contraste con Anna: él rechazaba con firmeza la conexión entre su trabajo alquímico y la hechicería en vez de apelar sin más a la misericordia de Dios y de los patronos.

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«It is not clear how Julius responded to Philipp’s and Anna’s pleas, or more generally to the rancorous dispute among his courtiers.»Nummedal declara el hueco: no se sabe cómo respondió el duque a esas súplicas ni a la disputa entre sus cortesanos.

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«The duke must have taken note of the new (and detailed) accusations that Kettwig let loose before he escaped; on the other hand, Kettwig’s flight must have cast some suspicion on his motives.»Y pone las dos consideraciones juntas sin decidir: las acusaciones nuevas y detalladas de Kettwig por un lado, y por otro la sospecha que su fuga arrojaba sobre sus motivos.

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«The elector acknowledged that his advice may have been presumptuous, but noted that the danger was great enough that it warranted the intrusion into another prince’s affairs: “Although we know well that it is not our business with whom you should surround yourself, still we consider it»El elector de Brandeburgo concedía que su consejo podía ser presuntuoso y alegaba que el peligro justificaba entrometerse en los asuntos de otro príncipe; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«Johann Georg’s message was clear: Julius’s very unwillingness to listen to the warnings of his wife and sister could be proof that he was already under the spell, quite literally, of his wicked courtiers.»Y el mensaje que Nummedal lee en esa carta: que la negativa misma del duque a escuchar a su mujer y a su hermana podía ser prueba de que ya estaba, literalmente, bajo hechizo.

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«In short, Julius’s Brandenburg family argued that, just like Grumbach in Gotha and, more recently, Lippold in Berlin, Anna and Philipp, too, were using a potent mix of alchemy and sorcery to rob Julius of good judgment, if not his very life and soul.»El argumento entero de la familia de Brandeburgo: como Grumbach en Gotha y Lippold en Berlín, Anna y Philipp usaban una mezcla potente de alquimia y hechicería para robarle al duque el buen juicio, si no la vida y el alma.

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«He stated emphatically (and he reminded Julius that he had been saying this for years in response to Julius’s sister Katharina’s accusations) that he was not a sorcerer, nor was he ever in Grumbach’s retinue; these claims were nothing but rumors traced easily to his enemies in Gotha.»La respuesta de Philipp: no era hechicero ni estuvo nunca en el séquito de Grumbach, y esas afirmaciones eran rumores fáciles de rastrear hasta sus enemigos de Gotha.

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«Nearly two years earlier, he reminded Julius, he had begged his slanderers to substantiate their claims, to “show or prove that I have done something unchristian or sorcerous,” but no one had ever been able to prove any of this.»Y su argumento de carga de la prueba: llevaba dos años pidiendo a sus difamadores que mostraran o probaran algo anticristiano o hechiceril, y nadie lo había hecho.

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«The Brandenburg elector’s comparison to Lippold added a new context and urgency to these old rumors, however, and Philipp does not seem to have fully grasped the implications or dangers of this new development.»Con el juicio de Nummedal sobre el momento: la comparación con Lippold daba a los rumores viejos un contexto y una urgencia nuevos, y Philipp no parece haber captado del todo lo que eso implicaba.

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«With this last suggestion, Philipp pointed explicitly to patrons’ power»Nummedal lee en esa petición un señalamiento explícito del poder de los patronos; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con *to shape reputations and offer security*.

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«Your Princely Grace may remember this example, and not trust all strangers so quickly and so much wherever they came from.”»La moraleja con que el elector de Brandeburgo cerraba su carta: recordar el ejemplo y no fiarse tan pronto ni tanto de los extraños, vinieran de donde vinieran.

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«Johann Georg warned Julius about Philipp not because the Thuringian alchemist, like the Jew Lippold, was an outsider, but because both were trusted advisers with unparalleled access to their patrons and also were (confessed or potential) sorcerers and poisoners.»Nummedal precisa dónde estaba el paralelo, y dónde no: no en ser forastero como el judío Lippold, sino en ser consejero de confianza con acceso sin par al patrón y a la vez hechicero y envenenador confeso o en potencia.

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«We do not know what they discussed, but one can easily imagine that the elector followed up on his February letter to Julius with an inperson plea to take seriously the dangers of keeping Anna and Philipp at court.»Nummedal declara el hueco documental y lo que cabe imaginar: no se sabe qué hablaron, y es fácil suponer que el elector insistió en persona. El troceo parte *in-person* al fin de renglón y `span()` la devuelve unida, *inperson*.

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«It was clearly inspired by Kettwig’s escape, but it lampooned Duke Julius, the alchemists, and his councillors more generally as well.»El *Spottlied* que corrió por entonces: inspirado en la fuga de Kettwig, y burlándose además del duque, de los alquimistas y de sus consejeros.

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«We believed he was sent by God; he had good advisors and good»El verso que Nummedal cita del pliego satírico sobre la reputación perdida del duque: se le creía enviado por Dios y con buenos consejeros; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«According to the unknown author(s), the chief cause of Julius’s tarnished reputation was Philipp Sömmering, along with his companions Heinrich, Anna, and others.»Y a quién culpaba el autor anónimo del deterioro de esa fama: a Philipp Sömmering con sus compañeros.

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«Philipp appears to be dabbling in sorcery, too, however: “He toys with sorcery, and more than once the Devil has tried to snatch him out of bed with his hooked talons.”»El cargo que la copla añadía: que juguetea con la hechicería y que más de una vez el diablo intentó sacarlo de la cama con sus garras ganchudas.

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«Although this Spottlied focuses mostly on Philipp Sömmering, it also nicely encapsulates not only the publicity of the entire affair, but also the conflicting narratives that swirled around Anna Zieglerin.»Nummedal usa la copla para dos cosas: medir la publicidad del asunto y mostrar los relatos en pugna que rodeaban a Anna.

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«Both narratives seem to have had some traction, although the fact that the ballad attributed the latter narrative to Philipp, whom it discredited as a sorcerer, liar, and politically manipulative rogue, left little doubt about which version the author(s) preferred.»Y consigna las dos con su desigualdad: ambas tenían tracción, y atribuir la segunda a Philipp, al que la copla desacreditaba como hechicero, mentiroso y bellaco manipulador, deja pocas dudas de cuál prefería el autor.

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«Anna Zieglerin’s identity was still profoundly unsettled, not only at court, as Duke Julius mulled over what to do, but in the streets of Braunschweig as well.»El estado del asunto en ese punto: la identidad de Anna seguía sin fijarse, en la corte y en la calle.

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«This is an important reminder that, despite our modern, post-Enlightenment habit of tossing witchcraft, alchemy, and magic into a single “waste bin” category of “the occult,” “superstition,” or “pseudoscience,” early modern Europeans often drew careful distinctions among them.»Y la advertencia de método que Nummedal saca de ahí, contra el hábito moderno de meter brujería, alquimia y magia en un mismo cajón de lo oculto, la superstición o la pseudociencia: los europeos de entonces distinguían con cuidado entre ellas.

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«These carefully constructed and maintained distinctions were easily muddied, but in general, early modern Europeans understood alchemy to be intellectually and theologically distinct from both witchcraft and demonic magic.»Con la reserva de que esas distinciones se enturbiaban fácilmente: en general se entendía la alquimia como distinta, intelectual y teológicamente, de la brujería y de la magia demoníaca.

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«Certainly, alchemists had nothing to do with the devil (unless they were also necromancers), and few alchemists would have claimed that their transformations of nature required magic of any sort.»Y en qué se apoyaba la distinción: los alquimistas no trataban con el diablo, salvo que fueran además nigromantes, y pocos habrían dicho que sus transformaciones de la naturaleza exigieran magia alguna.

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«They relied instead on their understanding of the qualities and behaviors of natural»Sino en su entendimiento de las cualidades y los comportamientos de los materiales naturales; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«but before her arrest she was never accused of collaborating with demons, attending the witches’ sabbath, or signing a pact with the devil—that is, of being a witch.»Y la distinción que Nummedal subraya en el caso de Anna: antes de su arresto nunca se la acusó de tratar con demonios, de asistir al sabbat ni de firmar pacto con el diablo, es decir de ser bruja.

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«Moreover, while German princes and princesses clearly were willing to identify both sorcerers and poisoners in their midst, they were averse to accusing elite men and women of the proximate crime of witchcraft.»Y la asimetría de clase que documenta: príncipes y princesas señalaban de buena gana a hechiceros y envenenadores entre los suyos, y eran reacios a acusar de brujería a hombres y mujeres de élite.

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«Julius knew this well, for even as he was considering the accusations against Anna and Philipp, he was also closely involved in managing another scandalous case of sorcery and poison that did involve witchcraft.»El caso paralelo que el propio duque llevaba entre manos mientras sopesaba las acusaciones contra Anna y Philipp, y que sí implicaba brujería.

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«The trial, involving Julius’s cousin Duke Erich II of Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Calenburg (1528–1584) and his wife, Sidonie of Saxony (1518–1575), came to a head at exactly the same moment as the campaign against Anna Zieglerin and her companions.»Nummedal hace coincidir los dos calendarios: el proceso entre el duque Erich II y su mujer Sidonie de Sajonia llegó a su punto crítico en el mismo momento que la campaña contra Anna.

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«Erich fell ill in 1564 with a strange malady, his physician concluded that it was poison.»El origen del caso: Erich enfermó en 1564 de un mal extraño y su médico dictaminó veneno.

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«Erich essentially placed Sidonie under house arrest for a period, but she was not easily defeated.»Y qué hizo con su mujer: la puso poco menos que bajo arresto domiciliario, sin vencerla.

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«She marshaled the support not only of her brother, Elector August of Saxony, but also Duke Julius and even Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II, who in 1569 appointed Julius to serve as an imperial commissioner in the ongoing attempts to resolve the matter.»Los apoyos que ella movilizó: su hermano el elector August, el duque Julius y el propio emperador Maximiliano II, que en 1569 nombró a Julius comisario imperial.

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«some of the women confessed to not only poison and sorcery, but also to witchcraft, that is, to entering into a pact with the devil and attending the witches’ sabbath.»Y qué confesaron algunas de las mujeres: además de veneno y hechicería, brujería, es decir pacto con el diablo y asistencia al sabbat.

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«The final suspect, Gesche Role, was released because she refused to confess, even under torture.»Con la excepción que Nummedal registra: Gesche Role quedó libre por negarse a confesar aun bajo tortura.

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«yielded to torture, implicating an additional five people (Gesche Herbst, Annecke Rotschröder, Margarethe Ölfin, Annecke Lange, and her husband, Hans Lange) in a plot to poison Duke Erich.»Y el efecto de la tortura en las demás: cinco personas más implicadas en una trama para envenenar al duque; el tramo abre en la plana anterior.

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«At the end of March 1572, Herbst, Rotschröder, and Annecke Lange were sentenced to execution by fire (Hans Lange had died in prison).»Las condenas de marzo de 1572: tres mujeres a la hoguera, con uno de los implicados ya muerto en la cárcel.

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«Up until this point, as far as is known, all of the people who were caught up in this witch hunt were either villagers or of middling status at best.»El rasgo social de esa caza hasta ese punto: aldeanas o gente de posición media a lo sumo.

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«The 1572 interrogations, however, also implicated a cluster of noblewomen (Anna von Rheden, Katharina Dux, and Margaretha Knigge90), and it was not long before Duke Erich’s estranged wife, Sidonie, herself was accused of directing the poison plot against her husband, purportedly because of his relationship with his mistress, Katharina von Weldam.»Y el salto de 1572: implicadas varias nobles y, poco después, la propia Sidonie acusada de dirigir la trama, supuestamente por la relación de su marido con su amante. La cifra 90 dentro de la cita es la llamada a nota.

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«This escalation of the trial as it reached into the nobility proved to be too much, apparently, even for Duke Erich II, who halted the trial before the noblewomen were sentenced and sought counsel from jurists and other authorities all over the empire before proceeding.»Nummedal marca dónde se detuvo la escalada: al llegar a la nobleza, hasta al propio Erich le pareció demasiado y paró el proceso para consultar juristas y autoridades de todo el imperio.

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«Sidonie, meanwhile, sought refuge at the imperial court in Vienna, all the while lobbying Emperor Maximilian and Julius to intervene.»Y qué hizo Sidonie mientras tanto: refugiarse en la corte imperial de Viena y presionar al emperador y a Julius para que intervinieran.

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«In the summer of 1573, Julius, as a kind of neutral party, also housed the imprisoned noblewomen while Duke Erich and Emperor Maximilian»El papel intermedio que Julius desempeñó: en el verano de 1573 alojó como parte neutral a las nobles presas; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«On December 18, 1573, the proceedings began again in Halberstadt. The assembled luminaries give a sense of the visibility and importance of this trial, as well as how many parties had a stake in it.»La reanudación del proceso en Halberstadt el 18 de diciembre de 1573, con una concurrencia que mide, según Nummedal, la visibilidad del caso y cuántas partes tenían interés en él.

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«During the Halberstadt proceedings, it became clear that Duke Erich himself had been present at the previous year’s interrogations and had coerced the accusations against Sidonie.»Y lo que allí salió a la luz: que el propio Erich había estado presente en los interrogatorios del año anterior y había forzado las acusaciones contra Sidonie.

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«When the imprisoned women were questioned again by imperial commissioners, they all retracted their earlier statements and were released.»Interrogadas de nuevo por los comisarios imperiales, todas se retractaron y quedaron libres.

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«Sidonie, too, was cleared of all charges, and spent the final year of her life in Kloster Weißenfels, which her brother Elector August of Saxony had granted her as a refuge.»Y Sidonie quedó libre de todo cargo y pasó su último año en el monasterio de Weißenfels que su hermano le dio por refugio.

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«Erich’s scenario—that Sidonie collaborated with witches to procure and use poison against him—was troubling and plausible, given their acrimonious relationship.»Nummedal pone las dos posibilidades una junto a otra sin arbitrar: la versión de Erich era inquietante y plausible dada la acritud del matrimonio.

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«Nevertheless, equally troubling was the possibility of a miscarriage of justice.»Y la otra, igual de inquietante: un error judicial.

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«Julius was cautiously supportive of Sidonie, working continuously to contain the escalating charges of poison and sorcery emerging from Erich’s dispute with the duchess, particularly once they targeted elite women.»La posición del duque, con su cautela dentro: apoyó a Sidonie trabajando por contener la escalada de cargos de veneno y hechicería, sobre todo cuando alcanzaron a mujeres de élite.

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«Julius not only worked officially as an imperial commissioner to resolve the matter; he also corresponded regularly with Sidonie and provided her refuge in April 1572 when the ongoing interrogations turned against her, hosting her at Schleunigen Palace with his widowed stepmother, Sofia.»Y lo que hizo además del papel oficial: cartearse con ella y darle refugio en abril de 1572 en el palacio de Schleunigen, con su madrastra viuda.

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«The three duchesses wrote directly to Duke Erich to advocate for leniency, clearly skeptical of the charges against the noblewomen.»Las tres duquesas escribieron a Erich pidiendo clemencia, escépticas de los cargos contra las nobles.

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«These privileged networks, combined with a more general resistance to witch trials in the upper echeleons of German society, encouraged a sense of solidarity with Sidonie and her confidantes.»Nummedal nombra los dos factores de esa solidaridad: las redes privilegiadas y una resistencia más general a los procesos de brujería en las capas altas de la sociedad alemana.

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«In both cases, however, there seems to have been resistance to charges of witchcraft at court, even as accusations of poison and sorcery swirled around these women, and this may account for the fact that Anna never was accused of witchcraft.»Y la hipótesis que de ahí saca, marcada como tal: esa resistencia en la corte a los cargos de brujería puede explicar que a Anna nunca se la acusara de ello.

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«the balladeer did not have to wait for long.»Con el cierre del capítulo: el coplero no tuvo que esperar mucho.

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«Two months later, an additional six women were also executed by fire in Neustadt, although we know very little about their names or trial; in total, as»Y dos meses después otras seis mujeres quemadas en Neustadt, de las que apenas se sabe nombre ni proceso; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«Between 1569 and 1574, therefore, Erich and Sidonie’s everintensifying conflict and the witch hunt with which it was so»Nummedal fecha entre 1569 y 1574 esa preocupación mayor del duque; el troceo imprime *everintensifying* sin guion, y el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«Clearly, however, the mounting pressure Duke Julius faced, both privately from his family and publicly from sentiments like those in the Braunschweig ballad, played a role in eventually convincing him to investigate further.»Nummedal adjudica la decisión de investigar a la presión creciente sobre el duque, privada de su familia y pública en coplas como la de Braunschweig.

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«Reneging on a contract with a prince was a serious crime»Y el cargo que hacía posible el proceso: incumplir un contrato con un príncipe era delito grave; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«There is no evidence that Julius began the investigation with a particular outcome in mind»Con la reserva que Nummedal introduce sobre el duque: no hay prueba de que abriera la investigación con un desenlace ya decidido; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«Julius decided not to take anyone’s word—neither Philipp’s nor Hedwig’s nor his brother-in-law, Johann Georg’s—and instead to rely on a legal process»Y la decisión que sí documenta: no dar por buena la palabra de nadie —ni de Philipp, ni de Hedwig, ni de su cuñado— y atenerse a un proceso legal; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«Philipp Sömmering had begged Julius to use his power to declare Philipp’s innocence and clear his name.»Contra lo que Philipp había pedido: que el duque usara su poder para declararlo inocente y limpiar su nombre.

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«Inside the chambers where Anna and the others faced interrogation and torture, however, a more complicated battle of the wills took place.»Nummedal desplaza la mirada al interior de las cámaras de interrogatorio y tortura, donde se libraba una pugna de voluntades más complicada.

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«Despite obvious asymmetries in power, Anna still found ways to make her voice heard, even if, in the end, her interrogators used the legal process to produce new “facts” about her life, practices, and ideas.»Y lo que ahí sostiene, con la asimetría dentro: pese a la desigualdad de poder Anna halló modos de hacerse oír, y al final sus interrogadores usaron el proceso para producir hechos nuevos sobre su vida, sus prácticas y sus ideas.

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«The topics on these lists were not formal legal charges per se, but they do give a sense of the matters of interest, or perhaps suspicions or assumptions that Julius’s councillors brought to the interrogations.»Nummedal acota el estatuto de esas listas de temas: no eran cargos formales, y dan idea de los asuntos, sospechas o supuestos que los consejeros llevaban al interrogatorio.

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«Before the bulk of the interrogations could begin, however, the Hofgericht had to settle an important matter.»Con el trámite que había que resolver antes de empezar.

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«Duke Julius recognized this, and, like many other German princes in the sixteenth century, he was committed to replacing the old Saxon law with Roman law, but he still had work to do»El programa jurídico del duque, con su límite: como otros príncipes alemanes del siglo XVI quería sustituir el viejo derecho sajón por el romano, y le quedaba trabajo por hacer; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«On the other hand, as Julius’s own advisers reminded him, acting recklessly or with impunity risked the appearance of tyranny; he must proceed according to the law.»Y la advertencia de sus propios consejeros: obrar a la ligera o con impunidad daba apariencia de tiranía, y había que proceder conforme a derecho.

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«They urged the duke to proceed carefully and according to the 1532 imperial legal code, the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina (in German, Peinliche Gerichts- oder Peinliche Halsgerichtsordnung), which the duchy had adopted in 1568 under Julius’s father, and which Julius had affirmed in 1570.»El código al que lo remitían: la *Constitutio Criminalis Carolina* imperial de 1532, adoptada en el ducado en 1568 y ratificada por él en 1570.

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«Julius’s chancellor, Mutzeltin, in particular, expressed concern that the case for torture was weak, and that Julius risked the appearance of tyranny if he proceeded.»Y el reparo concreto del canciller Mutzeltin: el caso para torturar era débil y seguir adelante arriesgaba apariencia de tiranía.

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«He had not yet established a university in the duchy, for example (the University of Helmstedt would not be founded until 1576), and thus he lacked a local legal faculty to consult about questions such as torture.»Nummedal enumera lo que al duque le faltaba: no había universidad en el ducado —Helmstedt no se fundaría hasta 1576— y por tanto no tenía facultad jurídica local a la que consultar sobre la tortura.

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«More practically, Julius also does not appear to have had an executioner in his employ to conduct the interrogations, with or without torture.»Ni verdugo propio para conducir los interrogatorios.

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«The 1574 trial, therefore, was a test of Julius’s leadership and resources at a moment when his rule was still fragile.»De ahí que el proceso de 1574 fuera, en su lectura, una prueba del liderazgo y los recursos del duque en un momento de gobierno todavía frágil.

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«Julius was under pressure from his family to dispatch the alchemists swiftly, restoring the safety of the ducal house, putting rumors to rest, and allowing Julius to restore his reputation as a prince capable of selecting wise and honorable advisers.»Y qué le pedía su familia: despachar pronto a los alquimistas para restaurar la seguridad de la casa ducal, acallar rumores y devolverle fama de príncipe capaz de escoger consejeros.

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«Moreover, he continued, we “do not doubt that Your Dearest will find out about all kinds of great knavery that they [Philipp et al.] have carried out against lords and other people.»Lo que el elector daba por seguro que se descubriría: toda clase de bellaquerías cometidas contra señores y otra gente. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«It is good, however, that for once one of these will be punished, so that the others will have more fear of trying to undertake such arts with princes and lords and to defraud them.”»Y el argumento disuasorio con que lo justificaba: bueno es que se castigue a uno de éstos, para que los demás teman intentar tales artes con príncipes y señores y defraudarlos.

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«Julius was less concerned in the short term about the nuisance of»Nummedal ordena las prioridades del duque: a corto plazo le inquietaba menos el estorbo del fraude que la amenaza de sabotaje político; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«Julius requested that Johann Georg send him copies of the trial dossiers from the recent Lippold case in Brandenburg, making it clear that he was considering its possible relevance, as his family had long suggested.»Y qué pidió a Brandeburgo: copias de los expedientes del caso Lippold, con lo que dejaba ver que sopesaba su pertinencia, como su familia venía sugiriendo.

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«He collected documentation from other recent trials that might serve as a model (Lippold) or shed light on his alchemists’ past in Gotha (Grumbach).»Los dos precedentes que reunió: Lippold como modelo y Grumbach para el pasado de sus alquimistas en Gotha.

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«The Grumbach case did not uncover much that was useful, in fact.»Con el resultado del segundo: el expediente de Grumbach no dio gran cosa de provecho.

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«Julius and his advisers decided that additional interrogations would be necessary to determine the truth of the matter and that the imperial legal code allowed for torture in this situation.»Y la decisión que se tomó: más interrogatorios, y el código imperial permitía la tortura en ese supuesto.

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«During the summer and fall of 1574, the ducal Hofgericht proceeded to conduct multiple interrogations of Anna, Philipp, Heinrich, and several others about their activities over the previous years, and they carefully documented the statements of the accused, as well as the questions put to them.»El procedimiento entre el verano y el otoño de 1574: interrogatorios múltiples a Anna, Philipp, Heinrich y otros, con las declaraciones y las preguntas documentadas con cuidado.

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«The Brandenburg executioner assisted and was still in Wolfenbüttel at the end of July, despite Elector Johann Georg’s multiple entreaties that Julius return him to Berlin.»Y el detalle del verdugo prestado por Brandeburgo, que a fines de julio seguía en Wolfenbüttel pese a las peticiones repetidas de que lo devolvieran.

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«Given these circumstances, it is difficult to know what to make of the “truth” of her testimony.»La reserva que Nummedal deja sentada sobre todo lo que sigue: en esas circunstancias es difícil saber qué hacer con la verdad de aquel testimonio.

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«It was in this space that the executioner collaborated with Julius’s court to transform Anna’s knowledge of nature’s medical and material virtues, to which she freely admitted, into a sinister ability and intent to use nature to harm.»Y qué ocurrió en ese espacio, según ella: el verdugo y la corte convirtieron el saber de Anna sobre las virtudes médicas y materiales de la naturaleza, que ella admitía sin reparo, en capacidad e intención de dañar con ella.

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«The discussion of Xenexton that appeared there was brief, mentioning only “the Xenexton, which hangs around the neck,” as well as a sapphire amulet, as examples of the power of certain substances to attract pestilence from the surrounding air and thus prevent it from entering the wearer’s body.»Qué era el *Xenexton* en su fuente: un amuleto que se cuelga al cuello y atrae la peste del aire circundante para impedir que entre en el cuerpo.

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«Although later recipes for Xenexton almost always included toads, often as many as eighteen or more, Anna’s key ingredient was salamanders.»Nummedal marca dónde Anna se aparta de las recetas posteriores, que casi siempre llevaban sapos: su ingrediente central eran salamandras.

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«During her first interrogation, remarkably, she had enough presence of mind to offer the court her recipe, which was duly recorded.»Y lo que a Nummedal le parece notable: que en el primer interrogatorio tuviera presencia de ánimo para ofrecer su receta al tribunal, que la asentó.

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«The salamanders creep along the earth, and nourish themselves as do other animals.»La descripción de la propia Anna: las salamandras se arrastran por la tierra y se alimentan como los demás animales.

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«And yet Anna repeated her recipe in the context of an interrogation that she well knew could involve torture.»Y que la repitiera en un interrogatorio que sabía que podía incluir tortura.

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«Anna followed Paracelsus in arguing that “the dose makes the poison”—that is, anything could be poisonous if given in the wrong dosage—and that the proper preparation turned even poisonous substances into beneficial medicines.»El principio paracelsiano en que se apoyaba: la dosis hace el veneno, y la preparación debida vuelve medicina benéfica aun lo venenoso.

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«Still, poisonous animals, especially toads, as well as elementals associated with fire, were as closely associated with malicious acts as with Paracelsian medicaments in Anna’s day.»Con la ambivalencia que Nummedal no resuelve: en su tiempo los animales venenosos y los elementales del fuego se asociaban tanto a los actos maliciosos como a los medicamentos paracelsianos.

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«One could note, too, her likely familiarity with Paracelsian treatises, both the 1559 Two Books on the Plague and the 1570 On Worms, where Paracelsus discussed the many positive uses for animals otherwise considered to be poisonous, including salamanders, spiders, toads, and snakes.»Y las lecturas probables que le atribuye: los *Dos libros sobre la peste* de 1559 y el *De los gusanos* de 1570, donde Paracelso trata los usos positivos de animales tenidos por venenosos.

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«Anna’s recipe for Xenexton is clearly an engagement with this Paracelsian tradition, combining the alchemically significant salamander with Paracelsus’s broader interest in extracting medicines even from poisonous animals to combat the most devastating illnesses.»El juicio de filiación: su receta es trato manifiesto con esa tradición paracelsiana, con la salamandra alquímicamente significativa unida al interés por sacar medicinas de animales venenosos.

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«If Anna had known this, she might have put even more distance between herself and the salamanders.»Y la conjetura contrafáctica que Nummedal apunta: de haberlo sabido, quizá habría puesto aún más distancia entre ella y las salamandras.

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«She began with a chilling statement to Julius’s advisers: “She says that she wants to confess everything just as she would confess it before Christ’s Seat of Judgment.»La fórmula con que Anna abrió una de sus declaraciones: que quería confesarlo todo como lo confesaría ante el trono del juicio de Cristo.

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«She refused to admit any involvement with such a nefarious act, however, responding only that “she does not know how to make poison out of salamanders.”»Y qué negó: no saber hacer veneno de salamandras.

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«Between such pain and death [there is] little difference, [but] she could be spared, if she wants to help herself.”»La presión que se le puso encima, en la letra del proceso: entre tal dolor y la muerte hay poca diferencia, y podía librarse si quería ayudarse. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«She said that she got the recipe from “a book,” and that she»La procedencia que declaró para la receta: un libro; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«She and Philipp “poured water over the toads and then crushed them in the devil’s name; one does it in the devil’s name so that it will do damage,” she stated.»Lo que declaró después bajo tortura: que con Philipp echaban agua sobre los sapos y los machacaban en nombre del diablo, y que se hace así para que dañe.

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«She turned the conversation back to salamanders, saying that “she got the salamander powder from Philipp.»Y cómo devolvió la conversación a las salamandras, adjudicando a Philipp el polvo.

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«One must extract the virtues of the salamander powder with vinegar when one wants to hang it around the neck.»Con la indicación técnica que añadió: extraer con vinagre las virtudes del polvo cuando se lo quiere colgar al cuello.

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«If one leaves any poisonous animals to rot, and then makes a juice out of them, then one can do many evil things.»Y la regla general que enunció: dejando pudrir animales venenosos y haciendo un jugo con ellos se pueden hacer muchas maldades.

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«She never did anything with the salamanders other than extracting the Xenextum from them.»Con la negativa que mantenía: nunca hizo con las salamandras otra cosa que extraerles el *Xenextum*.

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«One additional detail in the case stands out, suggesting that Anna’s testimony may have been shaped not only by broad cultural forces linking alchemy, sorcery, and poison and by the use of judicial torture in her interrogations, but also by the particular executioner who carried them out.»Nummedal añade un tercer factor a los dos que ya venía manejando —las fuerzas culturales que ligaban alquimia, hechicería y veneno, y la tortura judicial—: el verdugo concreto que condujo los interrogatorios.

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«Might this executioner, whom Julius had “borrowed” from his brother-in-law, Johann Georg, to help conduct the interrogations in the summer of 1574, have been the very same executioner who oversaw Lippold’s interrogation in Berlin the year before, eliciting confessions to a damning list of crimes that led to the court Jew’s execution in January of 1573?»Y la pregunta que deja abierta, sin responderla: si el verdugo prestado por Brandeburgo sería el mismo que interrogó a Lippold en Berlín el año anterior.

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«Whether or not the executioner who had interrogated Lippold in Berlin was the same person who came from Brandenburg to interrogate Anna Zieglerin and the others, it is clear that the two trials were linked in the minds of Julius’s court, underscoring deep cultural connections at work that made it possible for a cluster of charges deployed against a court Jew in Berlin to also work against the alchemists in Wolfenbüttel.»Lo que sostiene sea cual sea la respuesta: los dos procesos estaban ligados en la cabeza de la corte de Julius, y por eso un racimo de cargos usado contra un judío de corte en Berlín podía servir contra los alquimistas de Wolfenbüttel.

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«Both cases shared broad similarities, involving controversial courtiers who were accused of trying to secure their sovereign’s favor in part through alchemical promises, and in part by recourse to magic and collaboration with demons.»Las semejanzas de fondo: cortesanos discutidos, acusados de asegurarse el favor del soberano en parte con promesas alquímicas y en parte por magia y trato con demonios.

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«For example, both Lippold and Zieglerin confessed to owning books that contained dangerous arts.»El primer paralelo concreto: los dos confesaron poseer libros con artes peligrosas.

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«Lippold said he possessed a book (“in the Hebrew language”) purchased in Prague from “two Jews, one named Smolle and the other named Jacob,” in which “were written all kinds of things both good and evil,”»El de Lippold, comprado en Praga a dos judíos, escrito en hebreo, con toda clase de cosas buenas y malas.

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«In her fourth and penultimate interrogation on July 16, Anna Zieglerin also confessed to possession of “a book, which contained all of her arts, which Philipp wanted to attain.”»Y el de Anna, confesado el 16 de julio: un libro con todas sus artes, que Philipp quería conseguir.

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«Both Anna and Lippold were said to have relied on duplicate keys to carry out their crimes as well.»El segundo paralelo: llaves duplicadas para cometer los crímenes.

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«Finally, and most troublingly, both confessed, ultimately, to poison.»Y el tercero, que Nummedal llama el más inquietante: los dos acabaron confesando veneno.

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«Poison, magical trespasses, and duplicate keys: the constellation of crimes from Lippold’s trial appeared again the following year in Wolfenbüttel.»La constelación entera reaparece al año siguiente en Wolfenbüttel: veneno, trasgresiones mágicas y llaves duplicadas.

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«The particular focus on bodies, thresholds, and keys is striking.»Y el foco que a Nummedal le llama la atención: cuerpos, umbrales y llaves.

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«Thresholds were a particular site of concern in early modern culture, and Europeans frequently relied on rituals, charms, mezuzahs, and apotropaic signs and objects to protect these vulnerable boundaries from trespass by malevolent spiritual forces (conversely, those with malicious intent were believed to exploit this vulnerability by burying harmful objects or inscriptions beneath them).»Por qué el umbral: era sitio de inquietud, protegido con ritos, ensalmos, mezuzot y signos apotropaicos, y explotado por quien quisiera dañar enterrando bajo él objetos o inscripciones.

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«Lippold confessed that he knew how to make someone waste away and die, either by sewing magical objects into their clothes and then burying them under their threshold, or by writing down “demonic characters” and the name of the person one wanted to harm, then running nine threads through the tongue of a black rooster, and burying both the paper and the rooster “in the devil’s name” under the person’s threshold.»El procedimiento que Lippold confesó: objetos mágicos cosidos en la ropa y enterrados bajo el umbral, o caracteres demoníacos con el nombre de la víctima, nueve hilos pasados por la lengua de un gallo negro, y ambas cosas enterradas bajo el umbral en nombre del diablo.

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«Some of the magical acts to which Anna confessed even traversed the boundary of the body, traveling into Julius’s and his advisers’ bellies via food in order to secure their affections.»Y los actos que Anna confesó, que cruzaban la frontera del cuerpo: llegar por la comida al vientre del duque y de sus consejeros para asegurarse su afecto.

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«It must have been terrifying to think that someone could copy keys and thereby enter the chambers of the duke, duchess, or elector at will, or even turn the very items that clothed and nourished the ruler’s body into a weapon against him or her.»Nummedal nombra el miedo que eso suponía: que alguien pudiera copiar llaves y entrar a voluntad en las cámaras del duque, de la duquesa o del elector, o volver arma contra ellos lo que los vestía y los alimentaba.

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«Lippold’s supposed expertise with poisons and access to the materials to make them rested on his knowledge of alchemy, in other words, and on his official role in minting coins.»En qué descansaba la supuesta pericia de Lippold con los venenos: en su conocimiento de la alquimia y en su cargo en la ceca.

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«It was his knowledge of metals and important role in the administration of Brandenburg that made him dangerous.»Y qué lo hacía peligroso: el saber de los metales y su papel en la administración de Brandeburgo.

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«Anna Zieglerin, on the other hand, was allowed little such authority by the Wolfenbüttel court.»Con la asimetría que Nummedal marca: a Anna la corte de Wolfenbüttel apenas le concedió autoridad de esa clase.

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«interrogators ignored her repeated assertions of familiarity with Paracelsian remedies and denied her alchemical and medical expertise, reducing her knowledge of nature to the common criminal’s malevolent proficiency with toad poisons.»Y qué hicieron los interrogadores: ignorar sus afirmaciones repetidas de familiaridad con los remedios paracelsianos, negarle pericia alquímica y médica y reducir su saber de la naturaleza a la destreza malévola del criminal común con venenos de sapo; el tramo abre en la plana anterior.

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«because Duke Julius did not have local legal expertise to guide him, on December 18, 1574, he did what many German princes did in this situation: he sent copies of the confessions to Schöffenstühle, or legal experts, in Magdeburg, Wittenberg, and Brandenburg, seeking their advice about the proper punishments for the crimes to which the eight courtiers had confessed.»El trámite que siguió, y su razón: a falta de pericia jurídica local, el 18 de diciembre de 1574 el duque mandó copias de las confesiones a los *Schöffenstühle* de Magdeburgo, Wittenberg y Brandeburgo pidiendo dictamen sobre las penas.

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«The ducal secretary Wulf Ebert’s internal summary of the Brandenburg Schöffensprüche on all eight of the convicted criminals contains a list of crimes, with the Schöffenstuhl’s recommended sentences, for each person, including Anna Zieglerin.»La fuente que Nummedal usa para las penas: el resumen interno del secretario ducal Wulf Ebert sobre los dictámenes de Brandeburgo para los ocho condenados.

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«She was condemned to flogging and exile for “deliberate alchemical fraud and [the fact that] she confessed that she was ignorant of Philipp’s process, and that she was just as certain that never in her godless life could she hope to receive God’s grace”;»La primera pena para Anna: azotes y destierro por fraude alquímico deliberado, con la fórmula del dictamen sobre su vida impía.

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«Finally, the Schöffenstuhl suggested death by fire for using toad poison on both Hedwig and Philipp’s wife, and salamander poison on the two men who allegedly helped Kettwig escape from his jail, Peter Dussel and Jacob Finning, in order to cover up Philipp’s role in the episode.»Y la última: muerte por fuego por el veneno de sapo contra Hedwig y contra la mujer de Philipp, y el de salamandra contra los dos hombres que habrían ayudado a Kettwig a fugarse.

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«Taking all of this into account, the Brandenburg Schöffenstuhl recommended that Anna’s punishment was to be “led around to the place of punishment, six pinches with tongs, and fire, before her final death.”»La recomendación final del *Schöffenstuhl* de Brandeburgo en su letra: llevada al lugar del castigo, seis pellizcos con tenazas y fuego antes de su muerte final.

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«There is not a clear answer to this question.»Nummedal declara que a la pregunta que se ha planteado no hay respuesta clara.

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«The extant archival record for the end of the trial is as sparse as the interrogation records are voluminous.»Y por qué: el archivo del final del proceso es tan escaso como voluminosos son los registros de los interrogatorios.

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«And yet, however imperfect, the extant sources are revealing.»Con lo que aun así puede sacar de esas fuentes imperfectas.

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«One can trace carefully any one of these charges through the archive to identify its origin, locating the first utterance, act, or shred of gossip and then following its transformation into a confession of crime, just as her knowledge of the plague amulet Xenexton evolved into several counts of poison using toads and salamanders.»El procedimiento que propone: rastrear cada cargo por el archivo hasta su primer enunciado, acto o retazo de chisme y seguir su transformación en confesión de delito, como el amuleto *Xenexton* volviéndose varios cargos de veneno.

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«What is not clear, however, is how deliberate or systematic this process was.»Con la abstención que acompaña: no está claro cuán deliberado ni sistemático fue ese proceso.

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«But there was also something more chaotic about the long list of crimes to which Anna Zieglerin confessed, as well as their range: fraud, murder, theft, poison, magic, slander, and adultery.»Y el rasgo que apunta en contra de un plan: lo caótico de la lista larga de delitos confesados y su amplitud.

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«Perhaps, in the end, not even the trial could resolve the tensions surrounding Anna Zieglerin’s and her companions’ knowledge, actions, and character.»La hipótesis que ofrece, marcada como tal: que ni el propio proceso pudiera resolver las tensiones en torno al saber, los actos y el carácter de Anna y los suyos.

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«Unable to settle on a clear, single narrative and confronted with Anna Zieglerin and the others’ many different activities, Julius’s Hofgericht may have simply brought the full force of the law down upon her.»Y qué habría hecho el tribunal ante eso: incapaz de fijar un relato único, dejar caer sobre ella todo el peso de la ley.

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«The transcript of the Rechtstag on February 4, 1575—the “Day of Justice” on which Anna, Philipp, Heinrich, and the others were sentenced—presents a completely different picture, one that is difficult to reconcile with the jumble of confessions that, according to Julius’s secretary, Ebert, the Schöfftenstühle were asked to evaluate.»El documento que ofrece otra imagen, y su discordancia: el acta del *Rechtstag* del 4 de febrero de 1575, difícil de conciliar con la maraña de confesiones que los *Schöffenstühle* debían evaluar.

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«The Rechtstag, as outlined in the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina, was in principle a formal and ritualized affair, where the sentence (which had previously been determined) was read out in the presence of the criminal, executioner, officials, and witnesses.»Qué era ese día según la *Carolina*: acto formal y ritualizado en que se leía la sentencia, ya decidida antes, ante el reo, el verdugo, los oficiales y los testigos.

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«Notably, Julius himself did not preside over the Rechtstag; his ten-year-old son and heir, Heinrich Julius, officiated instead.»Y quién presidió, dato que Nummedal subraya: no el duque sino su hijo y heredero de diez años.

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«The knights and cities asked that in cases where the Brandenburg and Magdeburg Schöffenstühle did not agree, Julius take the milder of the two options.»La petición de caballeros y ciudades ante los dictámenes discordes de Brandeburgo y Magdeburgo: que el duque tomara la opción más benigna.

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«All lamented the crimes, but understood the need for justice.»La postura de los presentes: lamentaban los delitos y entendían la necesidad de justicia.

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«nevertheless, they noted that they “held that such evil could not go unpunished.”»Y la de los abades: que tal maldad no podía quedar sin castigo.

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«Kettwig, for example, simply affirmed his confession, promised not to hold anything against the Braunschweig city council, and stated that he was prepared to die.»La conducta de Kettwig en el acto: ratificó su confesión, prometió no guardar rencor al concejo de Braunschweig y dijo estar listo para morir.

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«Philipp Sömmering, however, was not yet resigned to his fate, and used the opportunity to make his case to Duke Julius one last time.»La de Philipp, en cambio: no resignado, aprovechó para alegar ante el duque una última vez.

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«“Men as learned as Adam von Bodenstein and other Paracelsians will attest that he has some ability,” he declared, “and that he wants to make not just one, two, or three tons of gold, but many millions of gold, which should free this land of all financial concerns [Steuer und Schätzung].”»Y con qué alegó: que hombres tan doctos como Adam von Bodenstein y otros paracelsianos atestiguarían su capacidad, y que quería hacer no una ni dos ni tres toneladas de oro sino muchos millones, con que librar al país de todo apuro fiscal. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«He threw himself at the young prince’s feet, but Heinrich Julius clearly was not moved.»El gesto y su resultado: se echó a los pies del príncipe niño, que no se conmovió.

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«Philipp replied that he “was begging for mercy, not privilege,” but this final plea fell on deaf ears.»Y la distinción con que insistió, en vano: pedía misericordia, no privilegio.

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«Chancellor Mutzeltin spoke first: “So that it is made known to her why she was brought before Illustrissimus Heinrich [Julius], the Estates, and Councilors, her prior testimony about Jacob Vennig [Finning] and [Peter] Dussell was produced; therefore, she should not endanger her soul, but rather listen to her testimony, and state the truth and neither more nor less.”»La fórmula con que el canciller se dirigió a Anna: que no pusiera en peligro su alma, escuchara su testimonio y dijera la verdad, ni más ni menos. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«“We are of no other opinion,” he began, “than that from childhood on we should learn to think about justice, that is, to practice law and justice in all matters, to protect the pious and to defend against the wicked, so that fear of God, an honorable Christian life, and good doings and dealings may be planted, cultivated, and managed in this land, just as the Holy Scriptures asked of all Christian authorities.”»Y el discurso del príncipe niño: que desde la niñez hay que aprender a pensar en la justicia, practicar ley y justicia en todo, proteger a los piadosos y defenderse de los malvados, para que el temor de Dios y una vida cristiana honrada se planten y cultiven en aquella tierra.

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«He also, however, oversaw one of the most brutal witch hunts in early modern Germany, as well as the expulsion of Jews from Braunschweig-Lüneburg.»Nummedal pone al lado, sin armonizarlo, lo que ese mismo hombre hizo después: una de las cazas de brujas más brutales de la Alemania moderna temprana y la expulsión de los judíos del ducado.

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«We do not know which, if any, elements of Anna’s stories were true, and which were fantasies or strategic falsehoods, designed to curry favor with Duke Julius.»La abstención que Nummedal mantiene hasta el final: no se sabe qué elementos de los relatos de Anna eran verdaderos y cuáles fantasía o falsedad estratégica.

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«Julius’s court effaced those narratives, producing a new Anna Zieglerin and then substantiating it with new facts and confessions.»Y lo que sí sostiene sobre el proceso: la corte borró aquellos relatos, produjo una Anna Zieglerin nueva y la sustanció con hechos y confesiones nuevos.

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«Above all, this new Anna was a poisoner and sorceress who used her knowledge of nature to undermine the state that Duke Julius and Duchess Hedwig were so carefully trying to build.»Qué era esa Anna nueva: una envenenadora y hechicera que usaba su saber de la naturaleza para socavar el Estado que el duque y la duquesa levantaban con tanto cuidado.

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«It is all the more curious, therefore, that there appears to be no contemporary documentation of the executions of Anna Zieglerin, Heinrich Schombach, Philipp Sömmering, Jobst Kettwig, or Sylvester Schulvermann.»Y el silencio que Nummedal encuentra curioso, que enlaza con la silla del principio: no parece haber documentación coetánea de ninguna de las cinco ejecuciones.

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«Perhaps there was a printed broadsheet commemorating the triumph of justice or some other kind of contemporary comment, and these documents simply have been lost to time.»La hipótesis con que Nummedal explica el silencio, marcada como tal: que hubiera un pliego celebrando el triunfo de la justicia y se haya perdido.

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«The silences around Anna’s death, however, have proven to be productive.»La tesis de la conclusión: los silencios en torno a la muerte de Anna resultaron productivos.

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«If the 1574–1575 trial refashioned her self-professed expertise in alchemy and medicine into a dangerous proficiency in sorcery and poison, in the nineteenth century, historians and artists transformed her yet again, this time into a witch and a charlatan.»Las dos refundiciones sucesivas que Nummedal enumera: el proceso convirtió su pericia declarada en alquimia y medicina en destreza peligrosa con hechicería y veneno, y el siglo XIX la volvió bruja y charlatana.

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«As modern Germany aspired to new forms of rationality, justice, and political unity, Anna offered a foil from the distant past, while simultaneously satisfying a darker, more lurid, “gothic” sensibility.»Y qué función cumplía en ese siglo: contraste desde un pasado remoto para una Alemania que aspiraba a formas nuevas de racionalidad, justicia y unidad, y a la vez pasto de una sensibilidad gótica.

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«The myths about Anna Zieglerin and her companions should not be confused with rigorous scholarly accounts, for they do not rest on the same standards of evidence.»Con la distinción que Nummedal no quiere que se pierda: los mitos sobre Anna y los suyos no deben confundirse con las obras eruditas rigurosas, porque no descansan en los mismos criterios de prueba.

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«Before drawing our own final lessons about Anna Zieglerin’s life and death, therefore, we must consider how the modern Anna Zieglerin came into focus, and the powerful continuities, as well as the ruptures, between modern accounts and those that were constructed while Anna was alive.»Y el método que de ahí deriva para el capítulo: ver cómo se fue formando la Anna moderna, con sus continuidades y sus rupturas respecto de lo que se construyó en vida de ella.

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«These sources—documents and an artifact—gave the episode new life and offered observers the opportunity to draw fresh lessons.»Lo que rompió esa estabilidad: unos documentos y un objeto que dieron vida nueva al episodio.

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«The new sources about Anna Zieglerin that Beckmann and Strombeck added around 1800—a manuscript report, an artifact, and a nickname— worked their way into several different cultural spaces in the nineteenth century.»Las tres piezas nuevas de hacia 1800 —un informe manuscrito, un objeto y un apodo— se abrieron paso en varios espacios culturales del siglo XIX.

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«Anna seemed to be living an afterlife among the folk as Schlüterliese, who, as one local historian put it, “according to legend even now goes about haunting the Wolfenbüttel castle.”»Uno de esos espacios es el folclor: Anna vive como *Schlüterliese*, que según la leyenda anda todavía penando por el castillo de Wolfenbüttel.

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«The plot was foiled just in time, however, and the alchemists were delivered to swift justice on the gallows.»El molde del relato decimonónico: la trama frustrada a tiempo y los alquimistas entregados a la justicia expedita del patíbulo.

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«But perhaps one of the things that made this old story so riveting is the possibility that the past was not so remote after all.»Y la conjetura de Nummedal sobre por qué fascinaba: la posibilidad de que el pasado no estuviera tan lejos.

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«The answer was not, in fact, obvious at all, for criminals executed by fire in early modern Europe were not usually seated.»El problema técnico que la silla plantea: los reos quemados en la Europa moderna temprana no solían ir sentados.

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«Once again, there is no trace of the sixteenth-century Anna Zieglerin’s serious engagement with alchemy and prophecy; she is nothing but an impostor and a swindler, a minor actor in Philipp Sömmering’s avaricious scheme.»El juicio de Nummedal sobre esa figura: no queda rastro del trato serio de la Anna del siglo XVI con la alquimia y la profecía, y solo hay una impostora y estafadora, actriz menor en la trama de Sömmering.

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«In the end, of course, the modern and clear-eyed Erich von Reden sees through Philipp and Anna’s ruse, foils the plot, and the criminals are executed; modernity triumphs.»Y el desenlace que Nummedal nombra por lo que es: la modernidad triunfa.

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«Not everyone was willing to cede the historical past to Brandes’s or Hiltl’s flights of fancy, however, or to the popular regional histories that simply repeated the same version of the story again and again.»Frente a esas invenciones, hubo quien no quiso ceder el pasado histórico ni a la fantasía ni a las historias regionales que repetían siempre lo mismo.

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«Indeed, one wonders whether it ever existed at all.»Con la duda que Nummedal deja formulada como pregunta: si llegó a existir alguna vez.

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«The object was, and is, powerful, and it remains an ideal emblem for Anna Zieglerin.»Y qué concede al objeto: era y sigue siendo poderoso, y es emblema ideal de Anna Zieglerin.

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«conjure up whatever cruelty, murderous schemes, or irrational beliefs they want to attribute to their early modern forebears—authorizing precisely the “colorful mix of fact and fiction” that Rhamm conceded would continue to live on “among the folk,” as indeed it has.»Lo que la silla autoriza a conjurar sobre los antepasados de la Edad Moderna: la crueldad, las tramas homicidas o las creencias irracionales que se les quiera atribuir; el tramo abre en la plana anterior.

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«Anna Zieglerin will likely continue her afterlife in the “witch’s chair,” the protagonist of local histories and fiction. Myths have many uses, and there is no strong reason to dismantle this one, although it is also important to recognize that these modern myths tell us more about what nineteenth-century Germans found interesting about early modern people and events than they do about the early modern period itself.»La posición que Nummedal adopta ante ese mito, sin pedir su desmantelamiento: los mitos sirven para muchas cosas, y conviene reconocer que éstos dicen más de lo que interesaba a los alemanes del siglo XIX que del periodo que dicen retratar.

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«Anna Zieglerin and the Lion’s Blood has aimed to return to the moment before those modern myths coalesced.»Y el propósito que declara para su propio libro, nombrándolo: volver al momento anterior a que esos mitos cuajaran.

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«We can locate their origins in Zieglerin’s 1574–1575 trial, where Julius’s instruments of justice produced new “facts” about Anna, transforming her into a criminal condemned to the pyre, the false alchemist, sorceress, and poisoner who would feed modern fantasies about the early modern past.»Dónde localiza el origen de esos mitos: en el proceso de 1574-1575, donde los instrumentos de justicia del duque produjeron hechos nuevos y la volvieron falsa alquimista, hechicera y envenenadora.

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«Even before Julius’s Hofgericht constructed its own fantasy about Anna, she put forward myths, stories, and fantasies of her own.»Con la simetría que Nummedal no borra: antes de que el tribunal construyera su fantasía sobre Anna, ella había puesto en circulación mitos, relatos y fantasías propios.

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«Out of the shambles of a difficult, if not traumatic, youth, war, and perhaps also a body that could not produce life in the way typically expected of early modern women, Zieglerin constructed an orderly narrative that made sense of those facts.»De qué materiales, según ella: los restos de una juventud difícil o traumática, la guerra y quizá un cuerpo que no podía dar vida como se esperaba de las mujeres de su tiempo.

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«She rewrote the signs of her body as prophecy, as corporeal confirmation of the special role she was to play in the unfolding story of sacred time.»Y qué hizo con ellos: reescribir los signos de su cuerpo como profecía y confirmación corporal del papel que le tocaba en la historia sagrada.

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«Notably, she chose to articulate this vision through alchemy, drawing on the art’s promise of the salvation and generation of matter, to imagine how her body could produce superior kinds of life at the end of time.»Con la decisión que a Nummedal le importa: articular esa visión por la alquimia, apoyándose en su promesa de salvación y generación de la materia.

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«Whether Anna’s stories about her past and future were true or false is beside the point.»Su abstención final sobre la verdad de aquellos relatos: la pregunta es ajena al punto.

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«These were powerful and effective narratives that forced Julius, Hedwig, their families and subjects, to grapple with alchemy’s most ambitious claims in a fallen world, and the possibility that a woman with a troubled past and an unusual body might be the one to realize them.»Y qué sostiene en su lugar: eran relatos poderosos y eficaces que obligaron al duque, a la duquesa, a sus familias y a sus súbditos a vérselas con las pretensiones más ambiciosas de la alquimia en un mundo caído.

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«Anna Zieglerin’s engagement with alchemy was sophisticated, if not particularly scholarly.»El balance sobre su alquimia: sofisticada, aunque no particularmente erudita.

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«As far as we can tell, she was self-taught, learning through limited reading in German and most likely conversations with and observations of other alchemists.»Y cómo aprendió, hasta donde se alcanza a ver: por sí sola, con lectura limitada en alemán y probablemente conversando con otros alquimistas y observándolos.

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«Unlike other holy men or women, she did not seek followers, and unlike other scholars, she did not seek to engage a broader intellectual community, whether through print, correspondence, or travel.»Las dos cosas que no hizo, y que la separan de santos y de eruditos: no buscó seguidores ni quiso tratar con una comunidad intelectual más amplia por imprenta, correspondencia o viaje.

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«Her interest in alchemy was largely personal and local, a vehicle for self-invention, and perhaps even self»Su interés era en gran parte personal y local, vehículo de invención de sí; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con *preservation*.

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«Nevertheless, it was surprisingly well informed. She knew about and engaged some of the most cutting-edge debates in a Paracelsian thread of alchemy, considering the alchemical generation of life, for example, or the plague remedy Xenexton.»Con la salvedad que impide despacharla: estaba sorprendentemente bien informada y trataba debates de punta del hilo paracelsiano, como la generación alquímica de vida o el remedio *Xenexton*.

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«Moreover, she incorporated laboratory practice into her work, through her recipes, which recorded techniques for making and using the lion’s blood, and through the work she began at Duke Julius and Duchess Hedwig’s court, and ended in a small chamber in Goslar.»Y el otro rasgo: incorporó la práctica de laboratorio, por sus recetas y por el trabajo que empezó en la corte y acabó en una cámara pequeña de Goslar.

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«In all of this, she placed her own body at the center of her work, anchoring even her loftiest aims in the material world and ensuring that only she could take advantage of all that the lion’s blood promised.»Con lo que hace singular su posición: puso su propio cuerpo en el centro, anclando sus fines más altos en el mundo material y asegurando que solo ella pudiera aprovechar lo que la sangre de león prometía.

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«Anna Zieglerin’s alchemical work, however, was interrupted by the mounting accusations against her and Philipp, underscoring the fact that her vision of alchemy, the body, and faith, however well rooted in the religious and intellectual culture of her world, was always also in tension with another, darker view of the court alchemist as a threat to the body and rule of the sovereign.»Y la tensión que el libro deja planteada: su visión de la alquimia, el cuerpo y la fe, bien arraigada en la cultura de su mundo, convivía siempre con la visión contraria del alquimista de corte como amenaza al cuerpo y al gobierno del soberano.

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«In Anna Zieglerin’s immediate orbit, Duchess Hedwig, her brother Elector Johann Georg of Brandenburg, and Duke Julius’s sister Margravess Katharina of Brandenburg-Küstrin propagated this view most forcefully, with an eye to the murder, as they saw it, of Hedwig and Johann Georg’s father, Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg.»Quiénes propagaron esa otra visión en su entorno inmediato, y con qué motivo: la duquesa, su hermano el elector y la hermana del duque, con la muerte del padre de los dos primeros a la vista.

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«These terrifying associations with alchemy had deeper roots, however, in the Grumbach Feud in ducal Saxony, events in which Anna, Heinrich, and Philipp had played no direct role, but which continued to haunt them until their deaths several years later in Wolfenbüttel.»Y de dónde venían de más atrás: de la Grumbach Feud, donde los tres no tuvieron parte directa y que los persiguió hasta su muerte.

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«her colleagues’ expertise with nature promised not salvation (or, in Philipp Sömmering’s case, profit), but danger, instability, dishonor, and even death.»Desde esa perspectiva, su pericia con la naturaleza no prometía salvación ni ganancia sino peligro, inestabilidad, deshonra y aun muerte.

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«From the moment that Anna, Heinrich, and Philipp arrived in Wolfenbüttel, this sinister vision of who they were and what they could do was intertwined with Anna’s understanding of herself. Whatever her own knowledge and intentions, those around her could read her actions quite differently.»Nummedal insiste en la simultaneidad: esa visión siniestra estuvo entrelazada desde el primer día con la que Anna tenía de sí misma, y quienes la rodeaban podían leer sus actos de otra manera.

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«Duke Julius was optimistic, but he was outnumbered by his many family members who took the dimmer view.»Con el reparto de fuerzas: el duque era optimista y estaba en minoría frente a sus parientes.

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«At a moment in which Germany’s own political unity, formalized only in 1871, seemed precarious, Zieglerin seemed to shed light on another anxious and uncertain moment, when the princes of the Holy Roman Empire tried to rebuild their world anew after the ruptures of the Reformations.»Nummedal fecha el interés de esa generación en la precariedad de la unidad política alemana, formalizada apenas en 1871, que hallaba en el siglo XVI otro momento ansioso e incierto.

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«If Anna Zieglerin can be likened to a spider, therefore, it is not, as Rhamm suggested, because she lay in wait, hoping to catch unwitting prey, but rather because from her position at the center of a vast web, she could pluck strands that stretched out beyond alchemy to the most consequential matters in sixteenth-century Europe: the fragility of political power, the difficulty of rebuilding Christianity anew in the wake of the Reformation, and the fate of the world as it hurtled toward its final moments.»El cierre del libro, que invierte la imagen de Rhamm: si cabe compararla con una araña no es porque acechara presas incautas, sino porque desde el centro de una tela vasta podía tirar de hebras que llegaban más allá de la alquimia, a la fragilidad del poder político, a la dificultad de rehacer el cristianismo tras la Reforma y a la suerte del mundo camino de sus momentos finales.

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«Today, Anna Zieglerin offers a different kind of opportunity, allowing us to»Y la ocasión que ofrece hoy; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana y sigue con *explore questions about how the history of alchemy intersects with Christianity, the body, gender, and politics*.

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«Hiltl’s reimagined tale of Anna’s and Philipp’s demise smugly proposed that even the most honest and learned early modern men and women made themselves vulnerable to swindlers by placing their faith in philosophers’ stones, rejuvenating elixirs, and ghosts.»La moraleja que Nummedal atribuye a la novela de Hiltl: que hasta los hombres y mujeres más honrados y doctos de la Edad Moderna se hacían vulnerables a los estafadores por poner su fe en piedras filosofales, elixires rejuvenecedores y fantasmas.

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«also explored Paracelsus’s complicated relationship to the alchemical tradition. On the one hand, he drew heavily on alchemical metaphors in his writings and understood the chemical separation or analysis of matter (ars spagyrica) to be a fundamental part of medicine.»Nummedal describe la relación complicada de Paracelso con la tradición alquímica: se apoyaba en sus metáforas y tenía la separación o análisis químico de la materia, el *ars spagyrica*, por parte fundamental de la medicina.

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About the work

254 entries — what the apparatus and scholarship say about it

«Anna Maria Zieglerin (ca. 1545–1575), a.k.a. Anna Maria Ziegler or Schombachin, Schlüterliese, or Schlüter Ilsche (see “A Note on Names”). Saxon alchemist, prophet, and courtier. Married to Heinrich Schombach. Executed in 1575 in Wolfenbüttel.»El Cast of Characters con que abre el volumen fija de entrada los alias, el oficio y el desenlace de la protagonista: alquimista, profeta y cortesana sajona, casada con Heinrich Schombach.

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«Anna, Electress of Saxony (1532–1585). Born a Danish princess, later Electress of Saxony. Renowned for her medical and botanical skill. Married to August of Saxony.»La misma nómina presenta a la electora Anna de Sajonia por su fama médica y botánica, no por su rango solo.

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«Hänschen, a.k.a. Hans, Hänsen, or Hänsel Müller, Henkel, or Tausendschön (ca. 1550–1567). Peasant boy from Sundhausen, a village near Gotha. “Angel seer” for Duke Johann Friedrich II of Saxony. Executed in 1567 in Gotha.»La entrada del niño campesino de Sundhausen lo rotula vidente de ángeles del duque Johann Friedrich II y consigna su ejecución en Gotha.

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«Hedwig, Duchess of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1540–1602). Anna’s nemesis in Wolfenbüttel, also known for her medical and botanical skill. Married to Julius of Braunschweig-Lüneburg.»La nómina define a la duquesa Hedwig por su posición frente a Anna —su *nemesis* en Wolfenbüttel— y por la misma pericia médica y botánica que atribuye a la electora.

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«Heinrich Julius, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1564–1613). Julius and Hedwig’s eldest son, known for his interest in the law and baroque theater, as well as witch-hunting and the expulsion of the Jews from the duchy. Presided over Anna, Philipp, and Heinrich’s sentencing in 1575 at age ten.»Y consigna que quien presidió la sentencia de 1575 tenía diez años, además de su interés posterior por la caza de brujas y la expulsión de los judíos del ducado.

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«Heinrich Schombach (d. 1575), a.k.a. Schielheinz (Cross-Eyed Heinz). Valet and court jester at the court of Duke Johann Friedrich II of Saxony until 1567, then alchemical assistant and courtier in Wolfenbüttel.»El marido de Anna aparece como ayuda de cámara y bufón de corte en Gotha y después como asistente alquímico en Wolfenbüttel.

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«Jobst Kettwig (d. 1575). Mercenary captain from Holstein, then courtier to Duke Julius of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Executed in 1575 in Wolfenbüttel.»Kettwig entra como capitán mercenario de Holstein vuelto cortesano de Julius.

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«Johann Georg, Elector of Brandenburg (1525–1598). Carried out a pogrom and expelled Berlin’s Jews after executing Lippold in 1573. Hedwig’s brother, Julius’s mentor.»La entrada del elector de Brandeburgo enlaza en una línea el pogromo y la expulsión de los judíos de Berlín con su parentesco: hermano de Hedwig y mentor de Julius.

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«Julius, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg and Prince of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1528–1589). Anna’s patron in Wolfenbüttel, married to Hedwig of Braunschweig-Lüneburg.»El patrón de Anna en Wolfenbüttel queda definido por esa sola relación en la nómina.

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«Katharina, Margravess of Brandenburg-Küstrin (1518–1574). Anna Zieglerin’s foe. Julius’s sister, married to Hedwig’s uncle, Margrave Johann of Küstrin.»Katharina de Brandenburgo-Küstrin se presenta directamente como enemiga de Anna, hermana de Julius y casada con el tío de Hedwig.

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«Lippold, or Lipman ben (Judel) Chluchim (before 1530–1573). Treasurer (Schatullenverwalter) for Elector Joachim Hector II of Brandenburg, administrator (Oberältester) of the Jewish community, and master of the mint in Brandenburg. Executed in 1573 in Berlin.»La nómina incluye a Lippold con sus tres cargos en Brandeburgo y su ejecución en 1573, que el libro usará después para explicar el recelo de Hedwig.

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«Philipp Sömmering (d. 1575). Lutheran pastor in Thuringia until 1567, then alchemist, mining, and church adviser in Wolfenbüttel. Married to Catharina Sömmering. Executed in 1575 in Wolfenbüttel.»El itinerario de Sömmering cabe en una línea de la nómina: pastor luterano en Turingia hasta 1567 y después asesor alquímico, minero y eclesiástico en Wolfenbüttel.

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«Silvester Schulverman (d. 1575). Mercenary soldier from Lübeck, then alchemical assistant and courtier to Duke Julius of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Executed in 1575 in Wolfenbüttel.»Schulverman repite el patrón de Kettwig: soldado mercenario vuelto asistente alquímico y cortesano, ejecutado en 1575.

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«Wilhelm von Grumbach (1503–1567). Frankish imperial knight, adviser to Duke Johann Friedrich II of Saxony. Executed in 1567 in Gotha.»Y Grumbach, caballero imperial franco y consejero de Johann Friedrich II, cierra la nómina con la ejecución de 1567 que da nombre a la Grumbach Feud.

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«August, Elector of Saxony (1526–1586). Adversary of his cousin Duke Johann Friedrich II of Saxony during the “Grumbach Feud” and its aftermath. Interested in mining, alchemy, and agriculture. Married to Anna of Saxony.»La entrada del elector August lo sitúa como adversario de su primo en la Grumbach Feud y le atribuye interés por la minería, la alquimia y la agricultura.

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«Johann Friedrich II, Duke of Saxony (1529–1595). Lutheran polemicist,»La entrada de Johann Friedrich II arranca rotulándolo polemista luterano; el resto de su ficha pasa a la plana siguiente.

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«possible “Last World Emperor,” and Heinrich Schombach and Philipp Sömmering’s patron in the 1560s. Imprisoned in Austria after the “Grumbach Feud” and his defeat during the siege of Gotha in 1567.»Continuación de esa entrada en la plana siguiente: posible Último Emperador del Mundo, patrón de Schombach y Sömmering en los años sesenta, y preso en Austria tras la Grumbach Feud y la derrota en el sitio de Gotha.

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«FIGURE 1. “Schlüterliese’s witch’s chair.” Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, ZG 3905. Photo credit: Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, I. Simon.»El pie de la figura 1 acredita la silla al Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum con su número de inventario y el crédito fotográfico; es aparato del volumen, no voz de la obra.

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«Modern Braunschweigers’ interest in Zieglerin is rooted in the nineteenth century, when a handful of articles and one major book on the case, the jurist and historian Albert Rhamm’s 1883 The Fraudulent Goldmakers at the Court of Julius of Braunschweig, According to the Trial Records, appeared alongside a painting of Anna Zieglerin’s execution, and, of course, the identification of “her” chair at the Wolfenbüttel castle.»Nummedal data el interés moderno por el caso en el siglo XIX y lo ata a tres piezas: unos artículos, el libro de 1883 del jurista e historiador Albert Rhamm sobre los falsos hacedores de oro de la corte de Julius, y un cuadro de la ejecución junto con la identificación de la que se dio por *su* silla en el castillo de Wolfenbüttel.

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«The story had evidently circulated locally for centuries, but in the nineteenth century historians were drawn to the episode anew for a variety of reasons, ranging from the compelling triad of alchemy, witchcraft, and torture and the titillation of a good scandal to, in Rhamm’s case, the opportunity to demonstrate rigorous, modern, professional historical research.»Y explica por qué volvieron a ella: desde la tríada de alquimia, brujería y tortura y el morbo del escándalo hasta, en el caso de Rhamm, la ocasión de exhibir investigación histórica rigurosa, moderna y profesional.

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«The modern scholars who first wrote about Zieglerin and her fellow alchemists were, in part, interested in what their story had to say about their patron, Duke Julius, who was a crucial figure in Braunschweig’s history.»Adjudica a esos primeros estudiosos un interés lateral: lo que el caso dijera sobre el patrón de los alquimistas, el duque Julius, figura decisiva en la historia de Braunschweig.

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«Not only did Duke Julius stabilize the territory after decades of confessional warfare, but he also declared the state officially Protestant, founded the University of Helmstedt, and launched numerous projects to develop and modernize the infrastructure, commercial economy, and mining industry in the region.»Enumera lo que se le acredita a Julius —estabilizar el territorio, declararlo oficialmente protestante, fundar la universidad de Helmstedt y modernizar infraestructura, economía y minería—, que es lo que volvía incómoda su alquimia.

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«In grappling with this issue, some authors resorted to age-old polemics, caricaturing alchemy as doubly tainted by folly and fraud.»Ante ese problema, dice, algunos autores recurrieron a la polémica de siempre y caricaturizaron la alquimia como doblemente contaminada de necedad y fraude.

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«As one scholar wrote in 1857, for example, in the sixteenth century, the study of “chemistry and physics . . . was the shoals on which common sense foundered very easily. Even Julius did not know how to avoid these shoals. He became an adept.”»Cita a un estudioso de 1857 para quien la química y la física del siglo XVI eran los bajíos donde el sentido común encallaba, y ni Julius supo esquivarlos.

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«Others offered a more nuanced view, recognizing that alchemy was a respected pursuit among scholars, princes, and artisans alike in the sixteenth century.»Consigna también la posición contraria dentro de la misma historiografía: quienes reconocían que la alquimia era ocupación respetada entre eruditos, príncipes y artesanos.

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«These historians also differed in their views of Julius’s support for Zieglerin’s fellow alchemist Philipp Sömmering, who also became an influential adviser on church matters at Julius’s court.»Señala que esos mismos historiadores discrepaban sobre el apoyo de Julius a Philipp Sömmering, que llegó a ser además asesor influyente en asuntos eclesiásticos.

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«Some saw Sömmering as the consummate duplicitous adviser, who used fraudulent promises of alchemical success to captivate and take advantage of Duke Julius.»Una de las dos lecturas de Sömmering que consigna: el consejero doble por excelencia, que cautivó y aprovechó al duque con promesas alquímicas fraudulentas.

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«Others presented Sömmering as initially well intentioned, but eventually forced to resort to desperate measures as his alchemical projects inevitably failed.»La otra, sin armonizarla con la anterior: un hombre de buena fe al principio, empujado a medidas desesperadas cuando sus proyectos fracasaron.

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«Despite differences of interpretation regarding Duke Julius’s support for alchemy or Philipp Sömmering’s motivations, one thing that all of the nineteenth-century historians who wrote about this case agreed on was Anna Zieglerin.»Y el punto en que, según Nummedal, todos coincidían pese a sus diferencias: Anna Zieglerin.

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«Even Albert Rhamm, generally the most evenhanded and historically sensitive of this generation of historians to write about the episode, compared Zieglerin to a spider:»Ni siquiera Rhamm, a quien tiene por el más ecuánime de esa generación, escapa del molde: compara a Zieglerin con una araña.

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«The nineteenth-century historians who wrote about Zieglerin, in other words, could only describe her as a dangerous blend of sexuality, intelligence, charisma, and ambition.»Resume el retrato compartido: solo supieron describirla como mezcla peligrosa de sexualidad, inteligencia, carisma y ambición.

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«In doing so, they drew on both age-old classical and Christian stereotypes that had long associated the acquisition of knowledge by women with unbridled sexuality, and the image of Zieglerin produced during her own trial, as we shall see.»Y de dónde sale ese retrato, según ella: de estereotipos clásicos y cristianos que ligaban el saber de las mujeres con la sexualidad desatada, y de la imagen fabricada en el propio proceso.

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«have been a wonder if a prince drawn to the study of mineralogy in that period did not possess his alchemists. No court, not even the imperial court, was without them at that time.”»Continuación en la plana siguiente de la cita que Nummedal toma del jurista Johannes Merkel (1896) —el tramo abre en la anterior con *As the legal scholar Johannes Merkel put it in 1896, “It would*—: habría sido asombroso que un príncipe atraído por la mineralogía no tuviera sus alquimistas, porque ninguna corte, ni la imperial, carecía de ellos entonces.

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«She was “a crafty, shrewd, and seductive woman”; “radiant and robust, wanton and cunning,” an “uneducated courtesan” able to seduce Julius and thereby deafen him to the warnings of his “lovable, pious, and prudent wife” and skeptical advisers; “a wily schemer with a disarming manner.”»Los epítetos que Nummedal recoge de esa historiografía decimonónica sobre Zieglerin, encadenados uno tras otro, incluida la contraposición con la esposa amable, piadosa y prudente del duque.

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«To the nineteenth-century historians who wrote about her at all, Zieglerin was terrifying, sexually voracious, and powerful—a perfect confirmation of the witch stereotype; beyond this, however, she was uninteresting.»Y el balance de esa lectura: aterradora, sexualmente voraz y poderosa —confirmación perfecta del estereotipo de bruja— y, fuera de eso, sin interés.

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«She lured poor Philipp [Sömmering] deeper and deeper into her web, no less with her promises than with her personal charm, until he saw that he was caught in her threads and recognized, too late, that he was a»La comparación de Rhamm con la araña, en su propia letra y con el corchete de la edición: habría arrastrado a Sömmering a su red tanto con promesas como con encanto personal; el tramo se corta en el límite de chunk del troceo, dentro de la misma plana, y sigue con *cheat who had been cheated*. El volumen reimprime la misma cita en las notas, con la referencia a Rhamm, Die betrüglichen Goldmacher, 13.

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«past two decades, the “new historiography of alchemy” has explored the contributions of alchemy to science and medicine, firmly and importantly establishing its central, if complicated, role in the development of new ways of understanding nature in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.»Nummedal recoge lo que la nueva historiografía de la alquimia asentó en dos décadas: su papel central, aunque complicado, en las maneras nuevas de entender la naturaleza en los siglos XVI y XVII.

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«Pamela H. Smith, for example, has drawn attention to the ways that the “body of the artisan” was central to the ability to know nature in the early modern period; it was an instrument for knowing, manipulating, and transforming matter.»Se apoya en Pamela H. Smith para el primero de los dos sentidos: el cuerpo del artesano como instrumento de conocer, manipular y transformar la materia.

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«At the same time, the body was also a site of piety. As Caroline Walker Bynum’s work has demonstrated, it was a highly charged “locus of the sacred,” particularly for medieval holy women, who often demonstrated their piety through bodies that “displayed unusual changes, closures, openings, and exudings,” or who attributed “religious significance” to pain and illness.»Y en Caroline Walker Bynum para el segundo: el cuerpo como locus de lo sagrado, sobre todo en las santas medievales, cuyos cuerpos mostraban cambios, cierres, aperturas y exudaciones, o que daban significado religioso al dolor y a la enfermedad.

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«Studies of these women have expanded, deepened, and also complicated older narratives about what was at stake in understanding and manipulating nature in early modern Europe, as well as where and how knowledge of nature was produced and consumed. They have drawn attention to the household as a site of knowledge production, to the gendered dimensions of publicity and credit, and forced us to redraw the social boundaries of science and medicine in the early modern period.»Lo que esos estudios han hecho, según ella: complicar los relatos viejos, atender a la casa como sitio de producción de saber y a la dimensión de género de la publicidad y el crédito, y obligar a redibujar las fronteras sociales de la ciencia y la medicina.

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«MAP 1. Map of Electoral Saxony, Ducal Saxony, and the Duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, late sixteenth century. The boundaries displayed are approximate, as the exact boundaries of these territories (particularly in Ducal Saxony) were in flux during the 1560s and 1570s. Bruce Boucek, Brown University Library. Map drawn with the Euratlas Georeferenced Historical Vector Data © Copyright 2008, Christos Nüssli, Euratlas.»El pie del mapa 1 declara que las fronteras dibujadas son aproximadas, porque las de esos territorios estaban en flujo en los años sesenta y setenta, y acredita el trazado a Bruce Boucek y a los datos de Euratlas.

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«As one modern scholar has put it, “The two men, prince and knight, soon became one in a desperate desire to recover their heritages and take vengeance on those who had deprived them of what was rightfully theirs.”»Cita a un estudioso moderno sin nombrarlo en el cuerpo: príncipe y caballero se hicieron uno en el deseo desesperado de recobrar sus herencias y vengarse de quienes se las habían quitado.

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«The inheritor of this legacy, the duke held the deep conviction that he had been, as one historian has put it, “called upon by God to preserve the True Word and Luther’s legacy, hold fast to the Augsburg Confession, and defend the righteous from the grips of the Antichrist ‘until the grave or the end of the earth.’ ”»Cita a un historiador para formular la convicción del duque: llamado por Dios a preservar la Palabra verdadera y el legado de Lutero, sostener la Confesión de Augsburgo y defender a los justos del Anticristo hasta la tumba o el fin de la tierra.

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«FIGURE 2. The siege of Gotha, 1566–1567, depicting the Grimmenstein fortress on the right, containing the chancellery, as well as the duke and duchess’s chambers. GOTHA/ belagert den 30. Dec. Anno 1566 und eingenommen den 13. April Anno 1567 (undated). © Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin, Inventar-Nr. Gr 64/2147.»El pie de la figura 2 identifica la vista del sitio de Gotha y acredita la pieza al Deutsches Historisches Museum de Berlín con su número de inventario.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 33»

«FIGURE 3. The execution of Wilhelm von Grumbach in the center of Gotha, 1567, as imagined in 1717, a century and a half later.»El pie de la figura 3 declara que el grabado de la ejecución no es coetáneo: lo imagina 1717, siglo y medio después.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 35»

«and his coconspirator Chancellor Brück’s severed limbs are depicted hanging at each of the four gates to the city. Friderich Rudolphi, Gotha Diplomatica, Oder Ausführliche Historische Beschreibung des Fürstentums Sachsen-Gotha (Frankfurt am Main; Leipzig, 1717), vol. 2, image between pages 144 and 145. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, 2 Germ.sp. 133–1/2, Abschnitt 144.»Cierre del pie de la figura 3, con la referencia bibliográfica del grabado de 1717 y la signatura de la Bayerische Staatsbibliothek.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 36»

«FIGURE 4. Seventeenth-century map of Wolfenbüttel and Braunschweig. Martin Zeiller and Matthäus Merian the Elder, Topographia und Eigentliche Beschreibung der Vornembsten Stäte, Schlösser auch anderer Plätze und Örter in denen Hertzogthümer[n] Braunschweig und Lüneburg, und denen dazu gehörende[n] Grafschafften Herrschafften und Landen (Franckfurt: Merian, 1654), copperplate engraving before page 15.»El pie de la figura 4 fecha el mapa en el siglo XVII y lo remite a la Topographia de Zeiller y Merian el Viejo, impresa en Fráncfort en 1654.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 44»

«As one funeral book put it, “Thus her royal Highness (even in her final weakness), like all her daughters and her ladies of the chamber, never sat idle but always had work in her hands, in particular, like Tabitha, sewing garments for the poor.”»Del libro fúnebre de la duquesa recoge la imagen de laboriosidad y caridad: ni en su última debilidad estuvo ociosa, y como Tabita cosía ropa para los pobres.

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«FIGURE 6. Duke Julius und Duchess Hedwig von Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Elias Holwein, Warhafftige Contrafactur Weyland [. . .] Herrn Julii [. . .] Frawen Hedewig [. . .]; Von Gottes Gnad [. . .] Frewd und Wohn. B.S.D. (Wolfenbüttel, 1620). Woodcut. Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, EHolwein WB 3.4.»El pie de la figura 6 fecha en 1620 el grabado de Elias Holwein que retrata a la pareja ducal y lo acredita al Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 67»

«Historians have since acknowledged that the events that followed Elector Joachim II’s sudden passing were nothing but blatant scapegoating, most likely in order to eliminate the enormous debts that the profligate elector left upon his death.»Y consigna el juicio de la historiografía posterior sobre lo que siguió a la muerte del elector: chivo expiatorio manifiesto, con toda probabilidad para borrar las deudas enormes que dejó.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 69»

«FIGURE 7. Anna Zieglerin’s book of recipes for the lion’s blood, copied in Duke Julius’s own hand. Anna Maria Zieglerin, “die Edele und Tewere Kunst Alchamia belangende,” 1. April, 1573, NLA WO, 1 Alt 9, Nr. 306, fol. 52r.»El pie de la figura 7 da la signatura archivística del cuadernillo de recetas en la copia de mano del propio duque.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 87»

«FIGURE 8. “Conjunction, or coitus.” The German caption reads: “O Luna, through my embrace and my sweetness, you will become beautiful, strong, and as powerful as I am.” “O Sol, you are to be recognized above all other lights, thus you need me as the rooster needs the hen.”»El pie de la figura 8 traduce el epígrafe alemán del Rosarium: Luna se volverá hermosa, fuerte y poderosa por el abrazo de Sol, y Sol necesita a Luna como el gallo a la gallina.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 105»

«FIGURE 9. “Conception, or putrefaction.” The German caption reads: “Here the king and queen lie dead, the soul is separated with great misery.”»El de la figura 9 traduce el epígrafe de la putrefacción: rey y reina yacen muertos y el alma se separa con gran miseria.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 106»

«FIGURE 11. “Extraction of the soul, or impraegnatio.” The German caption reads: “Here the four elements separate themselves, the soul quickly departs the body.”»El de la figura 11: los cuatro elementos se separan y el alma abandona pronto el cuerpo.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 115»

«FIGURE 12. “Ablution, or Mundificatio.” The German caption reads: “Here the dew falls down from heaven, and washes off the black body in the grave.”»El de la figura 12: el rocío cae del cielo y lava el cuerpo negro en la tumba.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 116»

«FIGURE 13. “Jubilation of the soul, or Rising or Sublimatio.” The German caption reads: “Here the soul sweeps down, and quickens the purified corpse again.”»El de la figura 13: el alma desciende y reanima el cadáver purificado.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 117»

«FIGURE 14. The philosophers’ stone as Christ rising from the sepulcher. The German caption reads: “After my numerous afflictions and great martyrdom, I have risen, luminous and flawless.”»Y el de la figura 14, que es la imagen misma de la analogía: la piedra filosofal como Cristo saliendo del sepulcro, con el epígrafe en que declara haber resucitado luminosa y sin mácula tras numerosas aflicciones y gran martirio.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 118»

«She has argued that “both religious and medical writers linked procreation to the narrative of the creation, fall, and redemption of mankind.”»Y la tesis de Crowther-Heyck que adopta: escritores religiosos y médicos ligaban por igual la procreación al relato de la creación, la caída y la redención de la humanidad.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 114»

«In his commentary on this passage, William Newman has suggested that “for the author of the Nine Books on the Nature of Things, the basilisk is the epitome of the female itself,” grotesquely embodying all of the destructive power of (female) menstrual blood.»Nummedal recoge la lectura de William Newman sobre ese pasaje: para el autor de los Nueve libros el basilisco es el epítome de lo femenino mismo.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 120»

«As William Newman has shown, “Tinkering with natural human generation was a widespread topic of discussion in the Middle Ages and the early modern period.”»Toma de William Newman la constatación de que trastear con la generación humana natural fue asunto discutido a lo ancho de la Edad Media y del periodo moderno temprano.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 122»

«In fact, as Newman points out, the author of Nine Books on the Nature of Things presents the homunculus as a sort of “masculine twin” to the basilisk, deriving its purity from an absence of menses, just as the basilisk owed its venomous qualities to its origins in menstrual blood.»Y la simetría que Newman señala: el homúnculo como gemelo masculino del basilisco, con la pureza derivada de la ausencia de menstruos donde el otro debe su veneno a proceder de ellos.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 123»

«As Charles Wood has put it, “Logic might tell them that a Virgin with an Immaculate Conception ought not to menstruate, but Christology, observation, and common sense told them she must have.»Y la formulación de Charles Wood que Nummedal adopta: la lógica decía que una virgen de concepción inmaculada no debía menstruar, y la cristología, la observación y el sentido común decían que tenía que haberlo hecho.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 129»

«In a nutshell, as one scholar has put it, Lutherans transformed Mary “from a divine intercessor into a humble Hausmutter.”»La fórmula que Nummedal toma de un estudioso, sin nombrarlo en el cuerpo: los luteranos convirtieron a María de intercesora divina en humilde *Hausmutter*.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 130»

«Indeed, according to Jürgen Beyer, who has studied these Lutheran prophets most closely, most people would have heard about contemporary angelic revelations in early modern Lutheran lands.»Nummedal se apoya en Jürgen Beyer para la difusión del fenómeno: casi todo el mundo habría oído hablar de revelaciones angélicas contemporáneas en tierras luteranas.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 140»

«As Chiara Crisciani has argued, moreover, “Alchemy could be defined as a concrete and operative prophecy.»Y la fórmula de Chiara Crisciani que adopta: la alquimia podría definirse como una profecía concreta y operativa.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 140»

«As Leah DeVun has argued, Rupescissa made alchemy central to his innovative claim for human agency in the end times; by studying nature, specifically alchemy, these evangelical men could take fate into their own hands, using alchemical technologies to defeat Antichrist and hasten the millennium.»Nummedal toma de Leah DeVun lo que hace innovadora esa posición: la agencia humana en el fin de los tiempos, con hombres que estudiando la naturaleza toman su suerte en sus manos para derrotar al Anticristo y apresurar el milenio.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 141»

«Bünting reduced the alchemists’ complex role in Wolfenbüttel to the grisly moment of their executions.»La operación que Nummedal atribuye a la primera crónica, la de Bünting: reducir el papel complejo de los alquimistas en Wolfenbüttel al momento espantoso de sus ejecuciones.

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«He also simplified the nature of their offenses.»Y simplificar la naturaleza de sus delitos.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 186»

«Bünting’s 1584 account of Anna Zieglerin, Philipp Sömmering, and Heinrich Schombach’s demise in Wolfenbüttel created a fairly stable narrative that persisted for the next two hundred years.»El relato de 1584 de Bünting quedó estable doscientos años.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 188»

«In 1722, when the Braunschweig historian and pastor Philipp Julius Rehtmeyer (1678– 1742) assembled a new chronicle of Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Göttingen, he incorporated Bünting’s account explicitly, ensuring that it would reach a new eighteenth-century audience.»Y su primer relevo: en 1722 el historiador y pastor Philipp Julius Rehtmeyer lo incorporó expresamente a su crónica nueva.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 188»

«Rehtmeyer did introduce an error that would remain a point of confusion, referring to Anna Zieglerin as “Anna Maria Hedewig Schulvermann,” thus giving Anna Sylvester Schulvermann’s name, rather than Heinrich Schombach’s, and, curiously, merging Anna and Hedwig.»Con el error que introdujo y que quedó como punto de confusión: llamarla Anna Maria Hedewig Schulvermann, dándole el apellido de Schulvermann y fundiendo a Anna con Hedwig.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 188»

«These accounts were fairly matter of fact; they were not overly dramatic, nor did they dwell on the personal motivations or personalities of the alchemists and their accomplices.»El tono de esos relatos, según Nummedal: bastante llanos, sin dramatismo ni interés por los motivos ni las personalidades.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 188»

«Like Bünting’s, Rehtmeyer’s version of events sidestepped the issue of Julius’s serious support for alchemical projects and reduced Anna, Philipp, and the others to criminals whose evil deeds struck at the heart of the duchy.»Y lo que ambos esquivaban: el apoyo serio de Julius a los proyectos alquímicos, con los acusados reducidos a criminales cuyas maldades atacaban el corazón del ducado.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 188»

«Zieglerin first reappeared in her modern guise in a surprising location: the German economist and technologist Johann Beckmann’s History of Inventions (1780–1805), a sprawling account of everything from butter, carp, and ribbon looms to cochineal and water clocks.»Y el lugar inesperado donde Anna reaparece en figura moderna: la *Historia de los inventos* del economista y tecnólogo Johann Beckmann.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 188»

«Beckmann’s footnote is also the first account of Anna’s execution in an iron chair, a previously unreported detail of her death more than two centuries earlier.»Nummedal fecha ahí, en una nota al pie de Beckmann, la primera aparición de la silla de hierro, detalle nunca antes referido en más de dos siglos.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 189»

«The tantalizing “handwritten report” supposedly came to Beckmann from the Braunschweig jurist Philipp Christian Ribbentrop (1737–1797), who published several books of his own in the 1770s on the history of Braunschweig and thus, presumably, lent credibility to this “report.”»Y de dónde decía venir el informe manuscrito: del jurista de Braunschweig Philipp Christian Ribbentrop, lo que presumiblemente le prestaba crédito.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 189»

«Unfortunately, Strombeck had access only to later copies, which were “more or less defective or incomplete.”»El límite documental del otro editor, Strombeck: solo copias tardías, más o menos defectuosas o incompletas.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 189»

«Moreover, the oldest copy at Strombeck’s disposal was “hardly 120 years old,” which would date it from only about 1700, long after Anna Zieglerin’s execution.»Y la más vieja apenas de hacia 1700, mucho después de la ejecución.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 189»

«Algermann’s account was written in 1598, nine years after Julius’s death, and was then revised in 1608, but it was not printed in his lifetime.»El texto de Algermann se escribió en 1598, nueve años después de la muerte del duque, se revisó en 1608 y no se imprimió en vida del autor.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 189»

«Algermann says that it was “Anna Maria Hedwig Schilffermann,” not Anna Zieglerin, who was burned to death in an iron chair.»Y la discrepancia de nombre que Nummedal consigna sin resolver: Algermann dice que quien murió quemada en una silla de hierro fue Anna Maria Hedwig Schilffermann, no Anna Zieglerin.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 190»

«Brandes offered an answer, supplementing the silent object with additional information: the chair was transformed into a swing, he proposed, the loops under the arms used to suspend her over the flames.»Y cómo lo resolvió Brandes, añadiendo información al objeto mudo: la silla vuelta columpio, con las argollas de los brazos para suspenderla sobre las llamas.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 192»

«they convinced Duke Julius, could restore his youth and give strength to his increasingly painful legs (they also promised the philosophers’ stone, but this was incidental).»En la novela de Hiltl el elixir promete devolverle al duque la juventud y dar fuerza a sus piernas doloridas, y la piedra filosofal queda de accesorio.

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«Anna a more important role in the ruse, however, as Philipp presented her, disguised as a mysterious “white woman,” as proof of the efficacy of the elixir.»Y el papel que ahí se le da a Anna: disfrazada de misteriosa mujer blanca, como prueba de la eficacia del elixir.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 192»

«She had a “long, spectral form” and presented herself to Julius as “a woman dressed in white and completely veiled” until she invited him to gaze upon her: “As courageous as Duke Julius was, both because of his learning and his innate strength,” Hiltl writes, “he nevertheless trembled involuntarily, as he beheld this pale, indeed beautiful, but eerie face.»La descripción novelesca: forma larga y espectral, vestida de blanco y velada, ante cuyo rostro pálido y hermoso el duque tiembla sin querer.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 192»

«This is but a disguise, of course, which Anna casts off later in the novella, “throwing off her veil and removing the color that had lent her a ghostly pallor from her face with a sponge dipped in water.”»Con el desenmascaramiento que la propia novela trae: Anna se arranca el velo y se quita del rostro con una esponja el color que le daba palidez fantasmal.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 192»

«The real hero of the story is the character of the Juncker Erich von Reden, who assures Hedwig of “the truth”—namely, that “in Paris and London, where I was, there are a large number of enlightened gentlemen, who have revealed all such phantoms to be nonsense.”»El héroe de la novela y su tesis: un caballero que asegura a la duquesa que en París y Londres hay muchos señores ilustrados que han mostrado ser disparate todo fantasma.

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«The younger Beckmann set out to tell the story properly, he wrote, not as a “scandal,” as his predecessors had done; rather, his aim was “to retouch, as appropriate, the places in the historical picture of this interesting prince [Julius] where the truth has worn away a bit— and a few more shadows in the picture should emerge.”»El propósito declarado del Beckmann joven: contar la historia como debe, no como escándalo, retocando donde la verdad se había gastado y haciendo salir algunas sombras más del cuadro.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 194»

«Beckmann promised not simply to repeat what was in the usual printed sources, but rather to make use of “mainly old manuscripts that find themselves in the possession of the author and that contain many new things.”»Y su promesa de fuente: manuscritos viejos en poder del autor, con muchas cosas nuevas.

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«Despite the fact that A. Beckmann’s article was called “Therocyclus in Wolfenbüttel,” the heart of the article was a new manuscript: a “report about Anna Zieglerin” by an “indignant unknown contemporary and subject of the Duke.”»Nummedal señala el desajuste entre el título del artículo y su contenido: el corazón era un manuscrito nuevo, un informe sobre Anna Zieglerin de un contemporáneo anónimo e indignado.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 194»

«The younger Beckmann did not offer further information about his anonymous and unidentified manuscript, so his readers would not have been able to consider its authenticity, origins, or point of view.»Y lo que ese autor no dio: información que permitiera a sus lectores juzgar la autenticidad, el origen o el punto de vista del manuscrito.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 195»

«Even his (by then de rigueur) mention of the iron chair and the fact that it “is at this moment still available in Wolfenbüttel” depended on the rhetorical strategy of privileged access.»La mención de la silla, ya de rigor, descansaba en la misma estrategia retórica de acceso privilegiado.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 195»

«As it happens, the mysterious “report” seems to have disappeared with A. Beckmann, for it is no longer extant, and was neither cited nor discussed by subsequent authors.»Y qué fue de ese informe: desapareció con su editor, no se conserva y nadie lo citó ni lo discutió después.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 195»

«His title, The Fraudulent Goldmakers at the Court of Duke Julius von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, According to the Trial Records, signaled that his study, too, was based on new (or in any event previously unused) documents.»El título del libro de Rhamm anunciaba, según Nummedal, la misma promesa de documentos nuevos o al menos no usados antes.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 195»

«From these new sources, he argued, “it follows that even Algermann is not to be seen as an entirely reliable informant; in some places his account exaggerates, and in others it fails to convey exhaustively the real facts.”»Y qué sacaba Rhamm de ellos: que ni Algermann era informante del todo fiable, porque en unos sitios exagera y en otros no transmite del todo los hechos.

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«But this fact is incorrect,” Rhamm declared; “Frau Anne never found employment at the palace nor did she reside there.”»Con una corrección concreta suya: que Anna nunca tuvo empleo en el palacio ni residió allí.

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«Only those Schöffensprüchen related to Philipp Sömmering (recently arrived in the archive—Fasc. VIII—from private hands) have been kept,” he noted in footnote.»Y la anotación de Rhamm sobre lo conservado: solo los dictámenes relativos a Sömmering, llegados hacía poco al archivo desde manos privadas.

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«In the end, Rhamm had to confess the limits of the available archive.»Hasta acabar confesando los límites del archivo disponible.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 196»

«Perhaps it was a desire to protect Julius’s reputation, he suggested, that led to the disappearance of some of the documents related to the case.»Y la explicación que él sugería de las desapariciones: el deseo de proteger la reputación del duque.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 196»

«Nevertheless, he was aware that the numerous fantasies about the alchemists were made possible, at least in part, by the fragmentary nature of the archival record.»Con la conciencia que Nummedal le reconoce: que las muchas fantasías sobre los alquimistas fueron posibles, al menos en parte, por lo fragmentario del registro.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 196»

«Rhamm lamented that “this story, along with a string of other inaccuracies, is repeated in all subsequent reports,” even most recently Hiltl’s novella, which “adds to [the story of] Sömmering and his crew a pair of lovers, the original source of which, however, one could search for in the piles of yellowed documents in vain.”»El lamento de Rhamm sobre la cadena de repeticiones, incluida la novela de Hiltl, que añade una pareja de amantes cuya fuente se buscaría en vano entre los legajos amarillentos.

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«In the places where these events took place their memory has not entirely faded,” he remarked.»Y su observación sobre la memoria local, que no se había borrado del todo.

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«And under the name ‘Schlüter-Lise,’ ” he concluded, “Frau Anne lives on among the folk as a witch and poisoner, even though her personality [Gestalt], her crimes, [and] her companions have been woven together out of a colorful mix of truth and fiction.”»Con la fórmula con que él mismo cerraba: bajo ese nombre Frau Anne vive entre el pueblo como bruja y envenenadora, aunque su figura, sus crímenes y sus compañeros estén tejidos de una mezcla vistosa de verdad y ficción.

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«Albert Rhamm ended his book, therefore, where we began, with the iron chair on which “Frau Anne,” witch and poisoner, supposedly was execu»Nummedal hace notar que el libro de Rhamm termina donde el suyo empieza, en la silla de hierro; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«Albert Rhamm likened Anna Zieglerin to a spider who, sitting at the center of her web, used her charms to capture Philipp Sömmering, Duke Julius, and others.»Y la imagen de Rhamm que Nummedal recoge para darle la vuelta: la araña que desde el centro de su tela usa sus encantos para atrapar.

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«CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS 1541 Paracelsus dies. ca. 1545 Anna Zieglerin is born. 1546 Luther dies.»La cronología del volumen abre con tres fechas que fijan el marco del libro: la muerte de Paracelso en 1541, el nacimiento de Anna hacia 1545 y la muerte de Lutero en 1546.

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«1566 Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II signs imperial ban against Duke Johann Friedrich II of Saxony in May, entrusting Elector August of Saxony to enforce it. Philipp Sömmering and Abel Scherdinger sign a contract for alchemical work with Duke Johann Friedrich II on November 6.»La entrada de 1566 junta las dos series del libro en un mismo año: el ban imperial contra el duque de Sajonia y el contrato alquímico de Sömmering y Scherdinger del 6 de noviembre.

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«1567 In January, Elector August of Saxony’s troops besiege Gotha, where Duke Johann Friedrich II and his family take refuge. In April, the Gothaners surrender. Wilhelm von Grumbach, Hänschen, and others are quickly executed in Gotha; Johann Friedrich II is imprisoned in Austria, where he remains until he dies in 1595.»La de 1567 resume el sitio de Gotha, las ejecuciones de Grumbach y de Hänschen y la prisión del duque hasta su muerte en 1595.

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«1568 First round of witch trials associated with Duke Erich II and Duchess Sidonie of Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Calenburg take place in April, resulting in three executions.»La de 1568 abre la serie paralela de los procesos de brujería ligados a Erich II y a Sidonie, con tres ejecuciones en abril.

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«Julius and Hedwig take the throne in Braunschweig-Lüneburg and introduce the Reformation when Julius’s father, Duke Heinrich the Younger, dies in June.»Y la misma entrada data en junio de 1568 la subida al trono de Julius y Hedwig y la introducción de la Reforma.

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«1571 Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg dies suddenly in January. Philipp Sömmering signs an alchemical contract with Duke Julius and moves to Wolfenbüttel, joined by Heinrich Schombach, Anna Zieglerin, and Sylvester Schulvermann.»La de 1571 pone en la misma línea la muerte súbita del elector Joachim II y la llegada del grupo a Wolfenbüttel con el contrato alquímico de Sömmering.

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«1572 In March, three more women are executed for witchcraft in connection with Duke Erich II and Duchess Sidonie of Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Calenburg. When the trials begin to target noblewomen, Duke Erich II pauses the proceedings.»La de 1572 registra tres ejecuciones más por brujería y la pausa del proceso cuando alcanza a mujeres nobles.

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«Jobst Kettwig arrives at Duke Julius’s court in Wolfenbüttel, and Julius’s sisters, Margravess Katharina of Brandenburg-Küstrin and Duchess Margarete of Münsterberg, visit Wolfenbüttel in November.»Y la llegada de Kettwig a la corte junto con la visita de las dos hermanas del duque en noviembre.

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«January 1573 Lippold ben (Judel) Chluchim is executed in Berlin. April 1, 1573 Anna Zieglerin presents her book of recipes to Duke Julius.»El año 1573 se abre con la ejecución de Lippold en enero y el cuadernillo de recetas de Anna el 1 de abril.

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«November 1573 Jobst Kettwig is imprisoned in Braunschweig after a warrant for his arrest is issued by Heinrich von Rantzau in the name of the Danish crown. Kettwig denounces Anna Zieglerin and Philipp Sömmering.»Y en noviembre, la prisión de Kettwig por la orden danesa y su denuncia contra Anna y Philipp.

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«December 1573 Kettwig escapes his Braunschweig prison. January 1574 Duchess Sidonie of Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Calenburg and several other noblewomen are acquitted in Halberstadt after witnesses recant previous accusations of witchcraft and poisoning.»Diciembre de 1573 trae la fuga de Kettwig, y enero de 1574 la absolución de Sidonie y de otras nobles en Halberstadt tras retractarse los testigos.

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«February 1574 Elector Johann Georg of Brandenburg warns Duke Julius about Philipp Sömmering. May 1574 Margravess Katharina of Brandenburg-Küstrin dies.»Febrero de 1574 trae la advertencia del elector de Brandeburgo sobre Sömmering, y mayo la muerte de la margravina Katharina.

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«Late May–June 1574 Anna Zieglerin, Philipp Sömmering, and Heinrich Schombach are arrested in Goslar and returned to Wolfenbüttel for questioning. July–November 1574 Duke Julius’s councillors, with the help of an executioner from Berlin, conduct interrogations of Anna Zieglerin, Heinrich Schombach, Philipp Sömmering, and many others at Wolfenbüttel Palace.»Entre mayo y noviembre de 1574 caben el arresto en Goslar, el traslado a Wolfenbüttel y los interrogatorios con el verdugo venido de Berlín.

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«December 1574 Duke Julius sends copies of the resulting confessions to Schöffenstühle, or legal experts, in Magdeburg, Wittenberg, and Brandenburg. February 1575 After Duke Julius’s ten-year-old son, Heinrich Julius, presides over the Day of Justice, Anna Zieglerin, Heinrich Schombach, Philipp Sömmering, Sylvester Schulvermann, Jobst Kettwig, and Dr. Kommer are executed in Wolfenbüttel.»Y el desenlace: las confesiones enviadas a los juristas en diciembre de 1574 y las seis ejecuciones de febrero de 1575 tras el Día de la Justicia presidido por el hijo de diez años del duque.

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«October 1576 Official opening of the University of Helmstedt on the twelfth birthday of Duke Julius’s son Heinrich Julius, who becomes the university’s first rector. 1577 Formula of Concord establishes a unified Lutheran confession. 1589 Duke Julius dies. 1602 Duchess Hedwig dies.»La cronología cierra con cuatro fechas posteriores: la universidad de Helmstedt en 1576, la Fórmula de la Concordia en 1577 y las muertes de Julius en 1589 y de Hedwig en 1602.

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«The core documents related to Zieglerin and her fellow courtieralchemists’ stay at the Wolfenbüttel court can be found in the NLA WO, 1 Alt 9, Nrs. 306–36.»Las notas declaran la signatura del núcleo documental del libro en el archivo de Baja Sajonia en Wolfenbüttel. El troceo parte *courtier-alchemists* al fin de renglón y `span()` la devuelve unida, *courtieralchemists*.

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«All three texts note that Zieglerin was burned to death ( verbrannt), but none mentions a chair.»Y la comprobación que sostiene el argumento del primer capítulo: los tres textos dicen que Anna murió quemada y ninguno menciona silla alguna.

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«This theory originated with the masterful archival historian and art historian Friedrich Thöne, who cited as evidence the ornamentation, the swivel seat, and loops, as well as the fact that Julius gave a similar chair to his stepmother, Sofie of Poland, who was also disabled, shortly before Zieglerin’s execution.»Nummedal atribuye a Friedrich Thöne la hipótesis de que la silla fuera del duque, con sus indicios: la ornamentación, el asiento giratorio, las argollas y una silla parecida que Julius dio a su madrastra, también discapacitada.

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«While criminals were sometimes beheaded while seated in a chair, I have been able to find only a single reference to someone being executed by fire while strapped to a chair:»Y la búsqueda negativa que corrió en las fuentes: se decapitaba a veces a los reos sentados, y ella solo halló una referencia a alguien quemado atado a una silla.

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«On estimates of the number of people executed during the European witch hunts, see Goodare, European Witch-Hunt, 27–29.»Y la fuente a la que remite para las cifras de ejecutados en las cazas de brujas europeas.

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«Alchemy’s religious resonances in early modern Europe have received relatively little scholarly attention.»La laguna historiográfica que declara y que su libro viene a ocupar: las resonancias religiosas de la alquimia han recibido relativamente poca atención.

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«In the decades following Zieglerin’s death, heterodox Lutheran figures such as Jacob Boehme would articulate these relationships in new ways, forging what we might consider a tradition of “spiritual alchemy.”»Con la continuación posterior que sitúa fuera de su periodo: figuras luteranas heterodoxas como Jacob Boehme, ya muerta Anna, forjarían lo que cabría llamar una tradición de alquimia espiritual.

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«Alchemists knew this well, and their written works commented on how physically taxing alchemical work could be. Only the fit would succeed, and, conversely, alchemical work could disable the bodies of the unfit and unskilled, making them weak, blind, and physically disordered, as stock images of the fraudulent or incompetent alchemist showed.»Y una nota sobre el cuerpo del alquimista: las obras del género comentan lo penoso del trabajo, que solo el apto lograba y que podía dejar al inepto débil, ciego y descompuesto, como muestran las estampas del alquimista fraudulento.

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«This book is the beneficiary of many years of scholarship on microhistory.»Nummedal declara en nota su deuda con años de estudios de microhistoria.

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«Peter Starenko places Zieglerin and Schombach at the ducal court before Hänschen Henkel’s arrival, although, given that Zieglerin claimed that she and Schombach were married in 1563, they may have arrived at the ducal court shortly after Hänschen instead.»Y consigna un desacuerdo de cronología sin resolverlo: Peter Starenko sitúa a Anna y a Heinrich en la corte antes de la llegada de Hänschen, y por la fecha de boda que ella declaraba podrían haber llegado poco después.

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«Stößel and Selnecker “condemned the boy, Grumbach, and the angels as agents of Satan, and denounced the duke»La nota que documenta la condena de los dos teólogos: tenían al niño, a Grumbach y a los ángeles por agentes de Satán; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«QUOD SATAN NUNQUAM UERITA DICIT. Aber dieser Geist hab nun mer als hundert mal die warheit gesagt. ERGO NON EST MALUS SPIRITUS.»El argumento del duque en la letra del documento, mitad latín mitad alemán, que la nota transcribe: que Satán nunca dice la verdad, que ese espíritu la ha dicho más de cien veces, y que por tanto no es espíritu maligno.

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«The Elizabethan natural philosopher John Dee was equally sanguine about the possibility of communicating with angels and famously devoted significant energy and resources to developing the tools, methods, and personnel to communicate with them.»Y el paralelo inglés que la nota trae: John Dee, igual de confiado en la posibilidad de hablar con ángeles, dedicó energía y recursos a desarrollar los instrumentos, los métodos y el personal para lograrlo.

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«A catalog of Duke Johann Friedrich II’s library does not suggest a serious scholarly engagement with alchemy. It contained only two books on the subject, both popular compendia of alchemical texts»La nota que sostiene el juicio sobre la biblioteca del duque: su catálogo no indica trato erudito serio con la alquimia, y solo tenía dos compendios populares; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«Ortloff estimates that seven thousand people died as a result of the invasion, more from hunger and disease than from the battle itself.»La cifra que la nota toma de Ortloff para el costo del sitio: siete mil muertos, más de hambre y enfermedad que de batalla.

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«Interestingly, Lukas Thangel was a member of this commission.»Y el dato que la nota subraya: Lukas Thangel formaba parte de aquella comisión.

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«I have consulted the German edition of this text, Languet, Historische beschreibung.»Nummedal declara en nota qué edición del texto de Languet manejó.

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«Zechariah 1:8–10 suggests that four horses are sent by God to patrol the earth and execute judgments; Zechariah 6:1–5 describes four different horses that patrol the north and south.»Y la nota que identifica el fondo bíblico de la visión de los caballos: los pasajes de Zacarías.

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«Although they would spend the next several years issuing numerous appeals to the new duke, Johann Wilhelm, the pastors never succeeded in winning back their posts and property in ducal Saxony.»El desenlace que la nota consigna para los dos pastores: años de apelaciones al duque nuevo sin recobrar puestos ni bienes.

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«The two parties’ animosity toward one another had its origins in the 1562 controversy over Striegel’s Declaration, Duke Johann Friedrich II’s attempt to impose doctrinal unity in his lands.»Y el origen que da a la enemistad entre los dos bandos: la controversia de 1562 sobre la Declaración de Striegel.

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«The Dresden Hofkirche did not keep a Taufregister (baptism registry) until 1660.»La búsqueda negativa que las notas documentan sobre el bautizo de Anna: la Hofkirche de Dresde no llevó registro de bautismos hasta 1660.

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«The only church in Dresden that did keep a Taufregister during Anna Zieglerin’s lifetime was the Dreikönigskirche in Dresden Neustadt, which started a Taufregister in 1560 (although the record has a gap from 1572 to 1577), a Totenregister (death registry) in 1570, and a Trauregister (marriage registry) in 1582.»Y la única iglesia de Dresde que sí llevaba registros, con sus fechas de inicio.

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«Hans Ziegler, who eluded arrest in 1566, later asked Anna to convince Duke Julius to intervene with Elector August of Saxony on behalf of Ziegler and his coconspirators Hans Heinrich and Antonius Pflug.»El dato que la nota añade sobre el hermano de Anna: eludió el arresto y le pidió que intercediera ante el duque Julius por él y por sus cómplices.

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«would later marry, Heinrich Schombach, recounted a more elaborate version of these events, claiming that Anna’s mother had betrothed her to Handorf, but that Anna had put him off because she had no interest in him.»La versión discrepante que Schombach daba del asunto Handorf, según la nota: la madre de Anna la habría prometido con él y ella no lo quería; el tramo abre en la plana anterior.

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«One day, however, Handorf “snuck up on her and attacked her” (presumably sexually), “but that time he was unsuccessful because she was too young.»Y qué habría ocurrido según esa versión: Handorf la asaltó y no consumó porque ella era demasiado joven.

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«Finally, Handorf “gave her something in an apple, so that she would do his will and become pregnant.»Con el detalle que la nota conserva: le dio algo en una manzana para doblegar su voluntad y dejarla encinta.

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«When Anna did in fact become pregnant following this incident, according to Schombach, she informed Handorf of her pregnancy, and then, when she gave birth to the child, had a maid wrap it in a linen cloth and drown it.»Y el desenlace que esa versión atribuye al embarazo, que es el cargo de infanticidio: envolver a la criatura en un lienzo y ahogarla.

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«Der fal mit Niclas von Hondorf hatt sie also zugetragen, dß Ihre Mutter seine frawen Ihme gelobt, Sie hett aber keine lust zu Ihme gehabt, und Ihn fast ein Jahr aufgehalten, daruber [derselb] sie ein mal geschlich und sich uber sie hergemacht, das mal es Ihne aber nicht angang, aus ursach, daß sie [??] zu jung gewesen.»La nota transcribe el pasaje alemán del proceso sobre el caso Handorf, con los signos de interrogación de la edición donde el manuscrito no se lee.

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«I have not been able to locate any contemporary evidence of this rape or its fallout, but the incident clearly followed Anna to Wolfenbüttel.»Nummedal declara la negativa de archivo y lo que sí consta: no halló prueba coetánea de aquel episodio, y el asunto siguió a Anna hasta Wolfenbüttel.

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«Anna said that “Mit dem [Rottenburg] habe sie auch keine Ehestifftung aufgericht,”»Y la propia Anna negando, en la letra del proceso, que con Rottenburg se hubiera levantado contrato matrimonial. Los corchetes son de la edición.

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«Königswartha did not keep a Trauregister until the seventeenth century in any case.»Otra negativa de registro: Königswartha no llevó libro de matrimonios hasta el siglo XVII.

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«Indeed, Karl-Heinz Spieß has estimated that 75 percent of the princes in the Holy Roman Empire between 1200 and 1600 left behind widows.»La estadística que Nummedal toma de Karl-Heinz Spieß sobre los príncipes del imperio que dejaron viuda entre 1200 y 1600.

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«According to Rhamm, Schombach was a “Kammerdiener und Hofnarr.”»Y la definición que Rhamm daba del oficio de Schombach: ayuda de cámara y bufón de corte.

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«I have been unable to identify which book this might have been, although Rhamm suggests it was something attributed to the fourteenth-century Bernardus Trevisanus»Una identificación que Nummedal declara fallida: no ha podido determinar qué libro atribuido a Bernardus Trevisanus era el que compró Sömmering; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«Sömmering said that he acquired “Librum Isaaci, . . . darin viel gutes Dinges.”»Y lo que él decía haber adquirido, en su propia letra: el *Librum Isaaci*, con muchas cosas buenas dentro.

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«Interestingly, Die Fruchtbare Boriza was printed in Silesia, not far from where Sömmering lived, suggesting that alchemical lore surrounding Lunaria had a long life in this mining region.»El indicio de continuidad que la nota apunta: la larga vida de la tradición alquímica de la lunaria en aquella región minera.

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«Sömmering’s interest in arsenic evidently continued while he was in Wolfenbüttel.»Y que su interés por el arsénico siguió en Wolfenbüttel.

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«I am deeply grateful to Peter Starenko for generously sharing these documents with me many years ago.»Nummedal agradece en nota a Peter Starenko haberle compartido documentos años atrás.

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«Until the eighteenth century, “Wolfenbüttel” referred to the castle, not the town, parts of which were known variously as “Zu unswer lieben Frawn,” “Newstadt,” “Heinrichstadt,” “Sophienstadt,” “Juliusfriedenstadt,” etc.»Y una precisión de toponimia: hasta el siglo XVIII Wolfenbüttel designaba el castillo y no la ciudad, que tenía otros nombres.

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«According to Julius’s sixteenth-century biographer Franz Algermann, Julius’s nursemaid let him fall off a table, and his feet never healed properly from the injury.»La nota da la versión de Algermann sobre el origen de la cojera del duque: una nodriza que lo dejó caer, con pies que nunca sanaron.

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«Note that although Deutsche Biographie lists Thangel’s date of death as 1566, the Deutsche National Bibliothek lists his date of death as 1590, which is correct.»Y una corrección de dato que Nummedal hace en nota sobre la fecha de muerte de Thangel.

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«This contract is now lost, unfortunately, but Philipp Sömmering described it in his 1574 testimony.»Con el hueco documental que declara: el contrato alquímico se ha perdido y solo se conoce por el testimonio de Sömmering de 1574.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 221»

«Thangel reportedly denounced Philipp, Heinrich, and Sylvester Schulvermann as “drey Landtbetrieger.” He described Philipp as “der gewesene Pfarher zu Schonaw, der Alchimist.” See also “Schreiben des Doktors»Y la nota que documenta la denuncia de Thangel contra los tres; el tramo se corta antes de la referencia.

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«Before the investigation was even concluded, the new elector, Johann Georg, took revenge on the Jewish community of Brandenburg, authorizing the destruction of the synagogue in Klosterstraße, as well as plundering and violence.»La nota consigna lo que siguió a la muerte de Lippold sin esperar al fin de la investigación: represalias del elector nuevo contra la comunidad judía, con saqueo y violencia.

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«In September of 1573, Anna sent Duke Julius “this small nugget, the greatest little stone, which I have placed in wine so that the air does not dissolve it,” that is, turn it back into a liquid.»La nota data en septiembre de 1573 el envío de una piedrecilla al duque, con la advertencia de Anna de meterla en vino para que el aire no la volviera líquida.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 229»

«Anna then reported that she was about to begin a work with mercury.»Y que en esa misma carta anunciaba estar por empezar una obra con mercurio.

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«Philipp Sömmering mentioned “Frau Anna’s laboratory” several times in his testimony.»La prueba de que el laboratorio existía viene del propio Sömmering, que lo nombró varias veces en su testimonio.

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«It is worth noting that Zieglerin never would have addressed Julius in writing with the simple pronoun “you,” but rather with the honorific “Your Grace.” Her use of “you” in the booklet, therefore, should not be taken as something directed at Duke Julius, but rather as the common formulation one finds in early modern recipes.»Nummedal apunta en nota una precisión de lectura: el *tú* de las recetas de Anna no se dirige al duque, sino que es el genérico de los recetarios de la época.

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«To continue, I will divulge as much as has been reported to me about how to come to this powder, but I have not done this work myself.»Y la salvedad que la propia Anna hacía en una de sus recetas: divulga lo que sabe y no ha hecho esa obra ella misma.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 231»

«Roger Bacon, Raymond Lull, Arnald of Villanova, and John of Rupescissa have each generated a significant literature of their own.»La nota recuerda que en torno a esos nombres medievales se formó cada uno su propia literatura.

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«The process of ceration was necessary to soften the lapis enough that it could penetrate the metals it was supposed to transmute.»Y explica para qué servía la *ceratio*: ablandar la piedra hasta poder unirla a los metales que había de transmutar.

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«The literature on Paracelsus is vast and growing.»Con la constatación de que la bibliografía paracelsiana es vasta y sigue creciendo.

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«John of Rupescissa, to offer only one example of the ubiquitous red and white stones, described them in his Liber lucis.»La nota remite al *Liber lucis* de Rupescissa para las piedras roja y blanca.

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«Again, however, the recipes are not close enough to make a direct link»Con la misma cautela que en el cuerpo: las recetas no se parecen lo bastante para trazar un vínculo directo.

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«Another recipe for a lion’s blood appeared in print in 1598 in the alchemical compendium Aureum Vellus, where it was associated with Salomon Trismosin, a legendary figure who was purportedly Paracelsus’s teacher.»Otra receta impresa en 1598 se atribuía a Salomon Trismosin, que se decía maestro de Paracelso.

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«Martin Ruland’s Lexicon alchemiae, published in 1612, long after Anna Zieglerin was dead, claims that the lion’s blood refers to red sulfur that has been joined with mercury: “Leo rubeus, der rote Löw/ist roter Schwefel/welcher in mercurium resoluirt wirdt/genennet sanguis leonis, wirdt auch Gold gemacht.”»Y el *Lexicon alchemiae* de Martin Ruland, de 1612, define la sangre de león como el azufre rojo unido al mercurio, del que también se hace oro.

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«There are numerous theories about the dating and authorship of both the original Rosarium and the Sol and Luna series as well as the relationship between the two.»La nota declara que sobre la datación y la autoría del Rosarium y de la serie de Sol y Luna hay muchas teorías.

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«Christ’s blood as an emblem of sacrifice more generally continued to be a powerful force in Protestant soteriology as well.»Y sostiene que la sangre de Cristo siguió siendo emblema poderoso también en la soteriología protestante.

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«The resemblance between leprosy and grains of sand was common. The fourteenth-century surgeon Henri Mondeville, for instance, wrote that the practitioner could diagnose a patient by handling his or her blood: “If, when you rub this blood between your fingers and the palm of your hand, you find grains like grains of millet, sand or gravel, this is a sure sign of incipent leprosy.”»La nota documenta el parecido entre la lepra y los granos de arena de la receta de Anna, con el diagnóstico que da Mondeville. El troceo imprime *incipent*.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 235»

«The discussion of gemstones runs from fol. 66r to fol. 68v.»La nota localiza por folios la parte de gemas del manuscrito de Anna.

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«On alchemy as a way not just to imitate, but to improve nature, see Newman, Promethean Ambitions.»Y remite a *Promethean Ambitions* de Newman para la alquimia como modo de mejorar la naturaleza y no solo de imitarla.

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«On the distinction between sanguis (blood) and cruor (gore, or bloodshed), see Bynum, Wonderful Blood, 17–18.»Y a Bynum para la distinción entre *sanguis* y *cruor*.

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«As the Mother of God, of course, the Virgin Mary was always seen as an exceptional woman.»La nota recuerda que a María, como Madre de Dios, siempre se la tuvo por mujer excepcional.

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«This text was attributed to the theologian and natural philosopher Albertus Magnus, but was probably written by a “German follower.”»Y consigna una atribución dudosa: el texto que corría bajo el nombre de Alberto Magno lo escribiría probablemente un seguidor alemán.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 237»

«Pliny’s Natural History also articulated an influential and detailed negative view of “the mysterious and awful power of the menstruous discharge itself.”»Con el precedente antiguo de la doctrina del poder menstrual: la Historia natural de Plinio.

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«For instance, the English alchemical author George Ripley reinterpreted the famous “green lyon”»Y el caso de reinterpretación que trae: el autor inglés George Ripley y el famoso león verde; el tramo se corta antes de la referencia.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 237»

«Kettwig’s purported attempt to track down Paracelsus’s acquaintances— more than three decades after the physician’s death—is particularly intriguing.»El punto que Nummedal declara particularmente intrigante del testimonio de Kettwig: su supuesto intento de dar con los allegados de Paracelso décadas después de su muerte.

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«According to Rhamm, Peter Dussel stabbed the Frohndiener, then fled with Kettwig.»La nota recoge de Rhamm el detalle de la fuga: Peter Dussel apuñaló al alguacil y huyó con Kettwig.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 246»

«Kettwig was captured in Halberstadt at the end of September, and eventually condemned alongside Anna»Y el desenlace de esa fuga: preso en Halberstadt y condenado al fin junto con Anna; el tramo se corta antes de la referencia.

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«According to the Brandenburger Schöffen (legal experts) Jobst Kettwig was to be “geschleift,” broken on the wheel, quartered, with pieces hanged for five crimes,»La pena que los juristas de Brandeburgo recomendaron para él: rueda y descuartizamiento por cinco delitos; el tramo se corta antes de la referencia.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 246»

«Kettwig’s letter claims that the would-be Carol Graf von Oettingen was in fact “ein Freÿherr von Etzigen Carolus genant,»Y la corrección de identidad que su carta proponía sobre el conde Carl, transcrita en alemán en la nota.

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«According to Philipp, Julius had contacted both the former duke Johann Friedrich II and his successor, Johann Wilhelm of Saxony, to investigate these charges, and was satisfied that the stories about Philipp Sömmering were rooted in old theological battles from the 1560s that were no longer relevant to his utility at the Wolfenbüttel court in the 1570s.»Según la nota, Philipp sostenía que el duque había consultado a ambas partes y concluido que los cargos venían de antiguo.

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«Philipp reminded Julius of how several of his old enemies from the 1560s (including Elector August of Saxony and Weidemann, as well as more minor figures with whom Philipp had sparred over theological issues at Julius’s court, such as Nikolaus Selnecker and Lukas Thangel) had relentlessly tried to destroy Philipp’s reputation»Y que recordaba al duque los intentos de sus enemigos viejos por arruinarle la fama; el tramo se corta antes de la referencia.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 248»

«In 1574, however, Easter would have fallen in mid-April.»Una precisión de calendario que la nota introduce: la Pascua de 1574 cayó a mediados de abril.

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«Rhamm suggests that Julius went to Berlin for carnival, but gives conflicting dates for the 1574 Easter cycle;»Y una discrepancia que Nummedal consigna sin resolver: Rhamm da fechas contradictorias para ese ciclo pascual.

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«Rhamm notes that Sylvester Schulvermann encountered one such satirical ballad in Leipzig in the fall of 1573 while he was en route to electoral Saxony.»La nota atribuye a Rhamm el dato de que Schulvermann se topó con la copla satírica camino de la Sajonia electoral.

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«Rhamm claimed that it was incorrect to link Zieglerin’s and her colleagues’ case to witchcraft because it involved neither a pact nor sexual intercourse with the devil, both of which became increasingly central to witch hunts in the sixteenth century.»Y recoge de él una objeción que el cuerpo del libro retoma: que era incorrecto ligar el caso a la brujería.

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«Some Catholics critical of alchemy, however, worried that when alchemists inevitably became frustrated at their failures, they might turn to demons for help, intentionally or even accidentally.»El reparo católico que la nota consigna: que los alquimistas acudieran a los demonios, a propósito o por accidente.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 252»

«Alchemical theory, however, did not depend on demons for assistance in manipulating nature.»Con la distinción que Nummedal mantiene: la teoría alquímica no dependía de esa ayuda para manipular la naturaleza.

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«Zieglerin was accused of being a sorceress (Zauberin), not a witch (Hexe),»Y la distinción terminológica que sostiene el argumento del capítulo sexto: a Anna se la acusó de hechicera, no de bruja; el tramo se corta antes de la referencia.

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«and although she did confess that the devil led her astray, she never admitted to entering into an alliance with him.»Con el límite de esa confesión: nunca admitió haber pactado con el diablo.

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«This is, of course, a long-standing issue for historians who use trial records as evidence.»La nota declara que el problema de usar actas de proceso como evidencia es viejo entre los historiadores.

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«For example, Julius consulted Elector Johann Georg about ordinances on forests/wood, mills, and the church between 1571 and 1575.»Y da un ejemplo de la consulta ordinaria entre príncipes: el duque pidió al elector sus ordenanzas forestales.

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«Paracelsus also associated fire elementals, “vulcans,” with witches, the devil, and danger.»Con el dato que agrava el caso de las salamandras: Paracelso asociaba los elementales del fuego a las brujas, al diablo y al peligro.

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«On toad poison, see Bächtold-Stäubli et al., Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens, s.v. “Kröte.” Toads also had a role in the alchemical tradition (most notably in the spectacular Ripley Scrolls), but it does not appear that Julius’s Hofgericht was aware of this connection.»La nota deja constancia de una asociación entre sapo y alquimia y del límite de lo que puede afirmarse sobre si la corte del duque la conocía.

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«Rhamm also writes that he contacted archives in Magdeburg and Brandenburg about these documents, who said that the legal decisions (Rechtssprüche) regarding Sömmering and his companions were no longer extant.»Y documenta la busca fallida de Rhamm: los archivos le respondieron que los dictámenes ya no existían.

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«The original Schöffensprüche regarding Zieglerin are missing, for example; only Ebert’s summary of the Brandenburg recommendations is extant.»El hueco documental decisivo del último capítulo: faltan los dictámenes originales sobre Anna y solo queda el resumen de las recomendaciones de Brandeburgo.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 258»

«Rhamm notes that “the Urtheile selbst fehlen” (Rhamm, Die betrüglichen Goldmacher, 100n118).»Nummedal cita a Rhamm en su propia lengua para el mismo hueco: faltan las sentencias mismas.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 257»

«Heinrich Schombach confessed that the alchemists convinced Julius to pay 3,000 gulden for a copy of this valuable book, Testamentum Hermetis, which Philipp had recommended that the duke acquire.»La nota recoge de Schombach que los alquimistas convencieron al duque de comprar el libro que Philipp le recomendaba.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 258»

«The recommended punishment was “Staupen [flogging] und Landesverweisung [exile].”»Y la pena recomendada en su formulación alemana, con los corchetes de la edición: azotes y destierro.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 258»

«The records are even sometimes a bit contradictory.»Con la advertencia que Nummedal repite sobre esas fuentes: a veces se contradicen.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 258»

«Julius’s court sent to the Schöffenstühle a list of confessions to eleven crimes, but on the Day of Justice, Anna confirmed her confessions to only one.»Y el desajuste que documenta: la corte mandó a los juristas una lista de confesiones de la que Anna solo ratificó una.

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«Anna confessed that Philipp gave her salamander powder, which she put into Dussel’s eggs:»La nota consigna la confesión de Anna sobre el polvo de salamandra que dice haber recibido de Philipp y puesto en los huevos de Dussel.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 259»

«In his summary report on this point, Ebert wrote Sömmering, not Finning, but the fact that Zieglerin was never accused of poisoning Philipp, as well as the frequent pairing of Dussel and Finning in other sources, suggests that this was a mistake.»Y una corrección del propio secretario ducal en su resumen.

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«Rhamm added colorful details that do not appear in the transcript of the Rechtstag, including, for example, the description of the condemned being seated “auf den mit rothem Tuch überzogenen Blutstuhl, löst ihnen die Bande und halt ihnen die Klagepunkte nochmals summarisch vor” or that “Sömmering und die Zieglerin, von den Nachwehen der Folter und dem langwierigen Gefängniß entkräftet, auf einer Bahre herausgetragen [wurden].»Nummedal marca dónde Rhamm añadió color que no está en el acta del Día de la Justicia.

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«Rhamm made the most of this episode; indeed, he embellished it.»Con el verbo que ella usa para eso: lo adornó.

Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019)«Nummedal — Anna Zieglerin and the Lion's Blood (2019) · p. 259»

«Possibly, Rhamm suggested, because Julius could not serve as both plaintiff and judge at once.»Y la explicación que él proponía de que el duque no presidiera: no podía ser a la vez demandante y juez.

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«Unfortunately, the transcript states only that the recommendations were read out, and does not quote the lost documents themselves.»El límite del acta: menciona las recomendaciones y no cita los documentos perdidos.

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«This heart-wrenching detail is documented in a petition from Kloster Marienthal to Duke Julius, asking that Philipp’s children (all but one of whom appear to have been living in the cloister that fall, most likely in the wake of their mother’s death that summer) not be held financially responsible for their father’s crimes.»Y el detalle que Nummedal llama desgarrador: una petición para que los hijos de Philipp no cargaran económicamente con los delitos del padre.

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«Note that this account does not mention the execution of Bernd Hübener, who allegedly was planning to help them escape, or the Braunschweig bailiff Hans Hoyer, both of whom were also condemned in the “Auszug der»La nota advierte de una omisión en uno de los relatos, la del ejecutado Bernd Hübener; el tramo se corta antes de la referencia.

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«Note that Julius has dropped out as a target, leaving only Hedwig in danger “life and limb.”»Y un desplazamiento en otro: el duque desaparece como blanco y solo queda Hedwig en peligro de vida y miembros.

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«Citing Johannes Beckmann, for example, Johann Friedrich Gmelin noted in his own 1797 History of Chemistry that Duke Julius executed the “Betrügerin Anna Maria Zieglerin, known as Schlüter Ilsche, in an iron chair”: “doch wurde auch er [Herzog Julius] so ergrimmt, daß er 1575 eine solche Betrügerin Anna Maria Zieglerin, genannt Schlüter Ilsche, in einem eisernen Stuhle verbrennen lies”;»La cadena de repetición que la nota documenta: citando a Beckmann, otro autor da por hecho que el duque la hizo quemar en una silla de hierro.

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«Kopp claimed that one could see it “until a few decades ago” hanging in the vault of Wolfenbüttel Palace.»Y la afirmación de Kopp de que la silla se veía en la bóveda del palacio.

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«He dismissed Schlüter-Ilsche, however, as folk legend: “Under the name Schlüter-Liese oder Schlüter-Ilsche (the meaning of neither of these names has been explained with any certainty) the alchemist who ended this way lived on in the mouths of the folk as a witch and poisoner.”»Con su descarte del apodo popular como leyenda de bruja y envenenadora.

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«The identity of “Fr. Brandes” is unclear, and it seems likely that he was related to the Braunschweig landscape painter Heinrich Georg Brandes (1803– 1868).»Nummedal declara no poder identificar con certeza a uno de los autores decimonónicos y propone un parentesco posible.

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«There was one prominent exception to this pattern: the Hungarian rebel and “peasant king” György Dózsa, who was executed in 1514 while seated in a red-hot iron chair with a metal crown on his head.»La excepción prominente al patrón de las ejecuciones sentadas, con la corona de metal en la cabeza del reo.

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«Dózsa’s execution was commemorated in the early sixteenth century in two printed images: Die auffrur so geschehen ist im Vngerlandt, 4; and Taurinus, Stauromachia.»Y las dos estampas coetáneas que la conmemoran, que es lo que falta en el caso de Anna.

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«Dózsa had an interesting afterlife, too, as, among other things, the subject of an eponymous 1867 opera by Ferenc Erkel.»Con una posteridad que Nummedal apunta de pasada: una ópera de Ferenc Erkel.

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«Although Rhamm identified himself as “A. Rhamm, Amtsrichter” on the title page of his books, his full name was Friedrich Franz Karl Albert von Rhamm.»Y una precisión onomástica sobre el nombre completo del jurista que firmaba A. Rhamm.

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«“Für die Schulvermann ward eine besonders raffinirte und schreckliche Strafe von den grausamen Richtern ersonnen, deren Spruch der Herzog nicht ändern durfte.»La nota transcribe en alemán el pasaje de Rhamm sobre la pena refinada y cruel impuesta a la Schulvermann, atada a una silla de hierro, que el duque no podía alterar.

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«BIBLIOGRAPHY MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS HStA Dresden. Hauptstaatsarchiv Dresden, Geheimer Rat (Gehemes Archiv), Loc. 7262/11. (Urgicht etlicher Personen, so Herzog Julius zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg älterer Linie, Wolfenbüttel, erstlich für Seine Fürstliche Gnaden getreue Diener und Räte gehalten, hernach aber aus Befindung ihrer bösen taten ernstlich strafen und hinrichten lassen, deren Namen auf folgendem Blatt verzeichnet zu befinden, von Seiner Fürstlichen Gnaden selbst überschickt.)»La bibliografía abre con las colecciones manuscritas, y la primera entrada declara en alemán el contenido del legajo de Dresde: las confesiones de varias personas que el duque tuvo primero por servidores y consejeros fieles y a las que después mandó castigar y ejecutar, con la nómina remitida por él mismo.

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«LATh-HStA Weimar. Landesarchiv Thüringen–Hauptstaatsarchiv Weimar, Ernestinisches Gesamtarchiv, Reg. P (Grumbachsche Händel und die daraus entstandenen Gothaischen Händel). NLA HA. Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv Hannover, Cal. Br. 15, Nr. 1028. NLA WO. Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv Wolfenbüttel, 1 Alt 9 (Acta publica des Herzogs Julius), Nr. 306–36.»Las tres colecciones siguientes localizan la Grumbach Feud en Weimar y el núcleo del caso en el archivo de Wolfenbüttel.

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«StAC. Staatsarchiv Coburg, Altbestände: Die älteren Behörden des Fürstentums und Herzogtums Sachsen-Coburg, Lokat A (Akten über persönliche Verhältnisse der herzoglichen Familie, Korrespondenzen, Hofbauwesen, Hofhandwerk und Hofpersonal aus der Zeit von 1373 bis 1955).»Y la quinta colección, en Coburgo, cubre asuntos personales, correspondencia y personal de corte de la casa ducal a lo largo de casi seis siglos.

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«Algermann, Franz. “Leben, Wandel und tödtlicher Abgang des Herrn Juliussen, Herzogen zu Braunschweig.” In Feier des gedächtnisses der vormahligen hochschule Julia Carolina zu Helmstedt, veranstaltet zu monate Mai des jahres 1822; hinzugefügt ist die lebensbeschr»Las fuentes primarias impresas abren con la vida del duque Julius de Algermann, en la edición de 1822 que el capítulo final discute; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.

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«INDEX The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below»El índice del volumen viene con una advertencia del propio ebook: el índice de la edición impresa se retiró y solo se listan los términos, sin remisión de página.

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«Note: Elites are listed by their first names.»Y con una convención de ordenación que la edición declara: las élites van alfabetizadas por su nombre de pila.

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«When I first encountered Anna Zieglerin, I thought she might be an interesting subject for an article, perhaps about gender and alchemy.»Los agradecimientos declaran el origen del proyecto: Anna Zieglerin parecía dar para un artículo sobre género y alquimia.

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«Like many big projects that start small, however, my research in Anna Zieglerin gradually grew and took on a life of its own.»Y cómo creció: como tantos proyectos grandes que empiezan pequeños, la investigación cobró vida propia.

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«I published my early thoughts about Zieglerin’s significance in the history of alchemy in Ambix in 2001 and was fortunate to spend 2001–2002 developing a book project around Zieglerin, as the Sidney M. Edelstein International Fellow in the History of the Chemical Sciences and Technologies at the Chemical Heritage Foundation (now the Science History Institute) in Philadelphia.»La cronología del proyecto que Nummedal declara: un artículo en *Ambix* en 2001 y una beca de 2001-2002 en la Chemical Heritage Foundation para armar el libro.

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«Over the years since, I have juggled other projects, as well as personal and professional responsibilities, but have returned to this project intermittently.»Y el ritmo con que lo trabajó: a intervalos, entre otros proyectos y responsabilidades personales y profesionales.

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«In 2008, I was delighted to share my work on Zieglerin at a conference on the topic “Secrets and Knowledge” organized by Alisha Rankin and Elaine Leong at Trinity College, Cambridge. Rankin and Leong, along with the other participants in the conference, helped me begin to see the significance of Ziegerlin’s life and work in the history of science and medicine more broadly»Y qué le dio el congreso de 2008 sobre secretos y conocimiento: empezar a ver el alcance de la vida y la obra de Zieglerin para la historia de la ciencia y de la medicina.

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«eine Legende sich bilden konnte und wie beispielsweise schon Algermann, der ja bereits 1575 nach Wolfenbüttel in höfischen Dienst, kam, den Giftguß Bartol Taubes zu einem nächtlichen Überfall umgestalten mochte, bei welchem die Verschworenen mit Mordwaffen ins Gemach der Herzogin zu dringen suchen, die Fürstin zu erdolchen und die Schatzkammern zu plundern. Diese Erzählung ist neben einer Reihe anderer Ungenauigkeiten von allen späteren Ncahrichten wiederholt, bis in der neuesten Zeit auch die dichterische Erfindung des dankbaren Stoffes sich bemächtigte und in Georg Hiltl’s Novelle ‘Der Teufelsdoktor von Wolfenbüttel’ . . . zu Sömmering und seiner Rotten noch ein romantisches Liebespärchen hinzugesellte, nach dessen Urbilde in den vergelbten Aktenstößen allerdings vergeblich gesucht wird.” Rhamm, Die betrüglichen Goldmacher, 67.»La última nota del volumen transcribe en alemán el pasaje de Rhamm sobre cómo pudo formarse la leyenda: ya Algermann, llegado a Wolfenbüttel en 1575, convirtió el envenenamiento de Bartol Taube en un asalto nocturno con armas homicidas contra la cámara de la duquesa, y esa narración se repitió en todas las noticias posteriores hasta que la invención poética se apoderó del asunto en la novela de Hiltl.

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«Meike Buck astonished me by alerting me to the existence of this chair in the first place, and kindly welcomed me at the Landesmuseum in Braunschweig in 2012 to view it in situ as part of the museum’s exhibit.»Los agradecimientos declaran cómo llegó al objeto con que abre el libro: Meike Buck le avisó de la existencia de la silla y la recibió en el Landesmuseum de Braunschweig en 2012 para verla in situ.

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«periodic lunches with my colleague Adam Teller helped me articulate the relationship between the figures of the “court Jew” and the “court alchemist.”»Y de dónde salió una de sus categorías centrales: unas comidas con Adam Teller le ayudaron a articular la relación entre las figuras del judío de corte y el alquimista de corte.

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«Conversations at strategic moments with Deborah Cohen and Moshe Sluhovsky helped me understand what was at stake with this book and how to write it,»También acredita a Deborah Cohen y a Moshe Sluhovsky el haberle ayudado a entender qué se jugaba en el libro y cómo escribirlo.

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«FIGURE 16. Fr. Brandes, “The Execution of Anna Zieglerin,” date uncertain (nineteenth century?). Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, R 1848. Photo credit: Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, I. Simon.»El pie de la figura 16 fecha con interrogante en el siglo XIX el cuadro de la ejecución y lo acredita al Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum.

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«In this document, Sömmering also claims that he continued to practice alchemy in Schmalkalden, successfully completing a solutionem solis, although this may have been a later attempt to justify financing his sojourn there with Johann Friedrich II’s money.»Y una cautela de lectura en nota: Sömmering afirma haber seguido practicando alquimia en Schmalkalden, lo que pudo ser un intento posterior de justificar de qué vivía allí.

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«Rhamm also cites this same passage, but slightly modernizes the phrasing: “habe dünne Ohren, könne viel erfahren; was er gehört, trage er hin und wider.” Rhamm, Die betrüglichen Goldmacher, 13.»Nummedal marca en nota que Rhamm moderniza levemente la grafía del mismo pasaje que ella cita del original.

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«On the “expert mediator,” a middling figure who drew on knowledge and networks to help provide expertise to expanding states in early modern Europe, see Ash, Power, Knowledge, and Expertise. On brokers, see Biagioli, Galileo Courtier.»La nota define el término que el capítulo tercero emplea: el mediador experto, figura intermedia que ponía saber y redes al servicio de los Estados en expansión.

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«this scene, and explained its alchemical parallel with the following motto: “The Philosophers brass is hydropical, and desires to be seven times washed in a river, as Naaman the leper in Jordan.”»El mote del emblema de Maier que la nota reproduce: el latón de los filósofos es hidrópico y quiere lavarse siete veces en el río, como Naamán el leproso en el Jordán.

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«Conversations with each of these colleagues shaped this project in important ways.»Los agradecimientos declaran la deuda con las conversaciones de una lista larga de colegas, Bruce Moran entre ellos.

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«Further study of Hedwig’s correspondence networks, of course, may well reveal additional participants in this discussion about Anna Zieglerin during these years.»La deuda de investigación que Nummedal declara en nota: estudiar más las redes epistolares de Hedwig podría revelar más participantes en la discusión sobre Anna.

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«Although, as Kreitzer has noted, later reformers began to exhibit a more critical stance toward the Virgin. Kreitzer, Reforming Mary, 134–35.»Y una matización que toma de Kreitzer: los reformadores posteriores fueron adoptando una postura más crítica ante la Virgen.

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«This “apocalyptic consciousness” would begin to fracture in the early seventeenth century as Lutheran leaders sought to rein in what Barnes calls an increasingly “speculative adventurousness,” but it was in full flower when Anna related her Paracelsian prophecy in Wolfenbüttel.»Y la periodización que toma de Robin Barnes: esa conciencia apocalíptica empezó a resquebrajarse en el siglo XVII cuando los líderes luteranos quisieron frenar el atrevimiento especulativo, y estaba en plena flor cuando Anna contó su profecía paracelsiana.

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«Elector Johann Georg von Brandenburg, Elector Friedrich Pfalzgraf of the Rhein, Duke Wilhelm of Jülich-Cleve-Berg, and Landgrave Wilhelm of Hessen. For the attempted intercessions between 1571 and 1574, see NLA WO, 1 Alt 9, Nrs. 220–22.»La nota nombra a los príncipes que intercedieron entre 1571 y 1574 y da la signatura del legajo.

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Concepts treated

Piedra filosofal (lapis philosophorum)Anna da dos recetas del *lapis*: la del pajarillo criado con sangre de león, asado y pulverizado, y la de las dos piedrecillas —la clara de mercurio con rocío de mayo y la parda de oro húngaro— disueltas en quintaesencia y calentadas en fuego filosófico y estiércol.

nummedal-anna-zieglerin · pp. 89, 90

Quintaesencia (quinta essentia)La tradición de destilar los poderes de la naturaleza en tintura, elixir o quintaesencia se remonta a Jābir ibn Ḥayyān y se desarrolla con los franciscanos latinos del siglo XIV; Anna la usa como disolvente en su segunda receta de la piedra.

nummedal-anna-zieglerin · pp. 90, 93

Putrefacción (putrefactio)El paso de concepción o putrefacción en el sepulcro significa la muerte y la descomposición por las que Sol y Luna han de pasar para multiplicarse, con el grano de trigo del evangelio de Juan por aval.

nummedal-anna-zieglerin · p. 103

Homúnculo (el hombre artificial)Encarna el potencial generativo último de la alquimia y un modo de que la reproducción humana venza al veneno menstrual, y solo se alcanza eliminando el principio femenino; Newman lo lee como gemelo masculino del basilisco.

nummedal-anna-zieglerin · pp. 122, 123

Decknamen (nombres cubiertos)Los pájaros eran nombres encubiertos corrientes, ya por el color de las etapas de la piedra —el cuervo para el negro—, ya como vapores que alzan el vuelo.

nummedal-anna-zieglerin · p. 111

Nigredo (la obra al negro)Los cuervos al pie de la tumba en la serie del Rosarium señalan esa fase del proceso.

nummedal-anna-zieglerin · p. 113

Azufre (principio sulfúreo)Por caliente y seco es el principio masculino de la materia, y en la serie del Rosarium es Sol.

nummedal-anna-zieglerin · pp. 101, 102

Mercurio de los filósofos (Mercurius)Por frío y húmedo es el principio femenino, y en la serie del Rosarium es Luna; Anna parte de mercurio limpiado con vinagre y sal para la piedra clara.

nummedal-anna-zieglerin · pp. 101, 102, 90

León verde (leo viridis)La sangre del león verde, llamada a menudo aceite de vitriolo, suele ser un ácido mineral e ingrediente clave de la piedra; George Ripley reinterpretó la figura de la tradición luliana.

nummedal-anna-zieglerin · pp. 120, 237

Secreto (lo que se jura no fijar por escrito)Anna calla de qué se compone el polvo pardo y cómo se hacen el fuego filosófico, la quintaesencia y la tintura, con lo que el duque no puede prescindir de ella; Philipp exige a su ayudante juramento especial de no dejar escapar lo que oye.

nummedal-anna-zieglerin · pp. 93, 71

Cadena de transmisión (quién tomó de quién)El libro de Paracelso con la profecía habría pasado de la madre del conde Carl a él y de él a Anna, que así reclama acceso privilegiado a los secretos paracelsianos.

nummedal-anna-zieglerin · pp. 135, 95

Crítica de fuentes (criterios de inclusión y descarte)Nummedal mide el silencio del archivo sobre la silla, declara los huecos —los dictámenes originales perdidos, el informe manuscrito de Beckmann nunca hallado— y rastrea cada cargo hasta su primer enunciado.

nummedal-anna-zieglerin · pp. 13, 195, 258, 180

Works cited

Conversation

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