A History of Magic and Experimental Science, Volume VIII
A History of Magic and Experimental Science, Volumes VII and VIII: The Seventeenth Century
Octavo y último volumen de la serie, continuación de `thorndike-magic-experimental-1`, `thorndike-magic-experimental-2`, `thorndike-magic-experimental-3`, `thorndike-magic-experimental-4`, `thorndike-magic-experimental-5`, `thorndike-magic-experimental-6` y `thorndike-magic-experimental-7`. La portadilla lo anuncia como el segundo de un par sobre el siglo XVII «Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science VIII (1958) · p. 1».
La portada declara la autoría de Lynn Thorndike, profesor emérito de historia en Columbia University, y el pie de imprenta de Columbia University Press en Morningside Heights, Nueva York, con año 1958 «Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science VIII (1958) · p. 3». La página de derechos añade la ayuda del fondo legado a Columbia por el profesor William A. Dunning, la publicación en Gran Bretaña, Canadá, India y Pakistán por Oxford University Press y la impresión en los Países Bajos por Mouton «Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science VIII (1958) · p. 4».
El troceo trae SOLO el volumen VIII, cotejado contra la tabla de contenidos «Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science VIII (1958) · p. 5»: sus diecisiete capítulos van del XXIV al XL y cubren la segunda mitad del siglo XVII, de la historia natural de los animales «Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science VIII (1958) · p. 11» al capítulo sobre la última década del siglo «Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science VIII (1958) · p. 613». El volumen VII, con los capítulos anteriores, no está en este troceo.
Entre medias corren los capítulos sobre botánica, farmacia, cursos y manuales de química, Robert Boyle, los demás cultivadores de la experimentación, las academias y sociedades científicas, la ciencia miscelánea y popular, la astrología después de 1650, la alquimia y la química después de 1650, la medicina y la fisiología, la fisiognomía, la adivinación, la enfermedad mental y la magia, la magia ilícita y Sir Isaac Newton «Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science VIII (1958) · p. 5».
Cierran el volumen un Índice general común a los dos volúmenes del par —sus remisiones llevan «VII» o «VIII» delante del folio— «Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science VIII (1958) · p. 647» y un Índice de manuscritos con la misma hechura «Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science VIII (1958) · p. 815».
2553 afirmaciones · 1 fuente · 1 atribución
Atribución
se consigna, jamás se afirma«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science VIII (1958) · p. 3»
Cadena de la obra
el testimonio procesado, en esmeraldaAfirmaciones
2553 entradas — la voz de la obra, con su pasaje«in heaven and earth, allow him but hit atoms and motion.» — el epígrafe del capítulo, que el volumen atribuye a Huygens, concede al seguidor de Demócrito o de Descartes una explicación tolerable del cielo y la tierra con solo átomos y movimiento, y le niega el mismo rendimiento ante plantas y animales; el tramo se corta antes de las comillas que el OCR rinde como guillemets.
«These themes will now be continued under a somewhat different arrangement of three successive chapters on Natural History, Especially of Animals, Botany, and Pharmacy.» — Thorndike anuncia el reparto de los tres primeros capítulos del tomo.
«The division is somewhat artificial, for the same men commonly pursued both zoological and botanical researches, and the connection between pharmacy and botany was also very dose.» — y acota su propia división: la tiene por algo artificial, porque los mismos hombres cultivaban zoología y botánica y la farmacia iba muy pegada a la botánica; el OCR lee *dose* por *close*.
«They discouraged others from attempting general works of synthesis in natural history, and for some time it is mainly works on particular topics or animals that we have to record as specimens in that field.» — señala el efecto de las grandes enciclopedias del siglo anterior: desalentaron las síntesis y dejaron el campo a monografías sobre un tema o un animal.
«Jeremias Wilde, in a treatise on the ant in fifteen chapters, attributed seven properties to ants, of which the seventh was knowledge of the future, and held that they had a religion and observed certain feasts or days.» — según Thorndike, Jeremias Wilde adjudica siete propiedades a las hormigas, entre ellas el conocimiento del futuro, y les atribuye religión y días de fiesta.
«In the same year, 1615, Eric Krabbe published a discourse at Marburg on the shrewdness of animals (Oratio de solertia animalium), a favorite topic in the past.» — y registra el discurso de Eric Krabbe sobre la sagacidad de los animales, que inscribe en un tema ya viejo.
«That Pliny was still highly esteemed as an authority in natural history is shown by the essay of Paul Cigalinus on the faith and authority of Pliny in the Frankfurt, 1608, edition of Pliny’s Historia naturalis, and by Boxhom’s Panegyric on Pliny, published at Leyden in 1632.» — mide por dos publicaciones la vigencia de Plinio como autoridad en historia natural a comienzos del siglo XVII.
«The catalogue of the Museo Calceolario at Verona, which took its name from its past founder and present owner, was begun for him by Benedictas Ceretas and completed by Andrea Chiocco in 1622.» — data el catálogo del Museo Calceolario de Verona y reparte su hechura entre Benedetto Ceruti, que lo empezó, y Andrea Chiocco, que lo terminó en 1622; el troceo imprime *Benedictas Ceretas*.
«The text except for the second section was illustrated with pictures of the specimens and also often gave their moral significance.» — y describe la hechura del catálogo: láminas de los ejemplares y, a menudo, su significado moral.
«Scaliger is cited as to barnacle geese, and a picture is shown of a young one in a shell, "delineated to the life" but not very convincingly.» — según Thorndike, el catálogo cita a Escalígero sobre los gansos de percebe y estampa un polluelo dentro de la concha dibujado del natural, con un resultado que él no halla convincente.
«However, the professor of medicinal simples at Pisa and prefect of the botanical garden there had recently told Chiocco that in the museum of the Grand Duke, "among other miracles of nature," were branches tom from a tree in northern regions from whose bark hung shell-like protuberances about the size of almonds, from which he said the birds were hatched when they fell into the sea.» — el testimonio que Chiocco recoge del profesor de simples de Pisa sobre las ramas de cuya corteza colgaban las conchas de donde nacían las aves al caer al mar; el OCR lee *tom* por *torn*.
«The torpedo fish is also not omitted, and, "lest it seem superstitious and ridiculous,” one should read Adlan, Pliny and Albertus Magnus.» — y consigna la remisión del catálogo a Eliano, Plinio y Alberto Magno para que el tratamiento del torpedo no parezca supersticioso ni ridículo; el troceo imprime *Adlan*.
«Chiocco Is amazed that a recent Italian writer has dedared it false that the toad-stone grows in the toad's head and has held that specimens of it were found in rocks and were very similar to small fungi.» — según Thorndike, Chiocco se asombra de que un escritor italiano reciente niegue que la piedra del sapo crezca en la cabeza del sapo y la dé por hallada en las rocas; el OCR lee *Is* y *dedared*.
«But there is so much disagreement among authorities as to the lynx-stone that he does not dare to form an opinion about it» — y consigna la abstención de Chiocco ante la piedra del lince, por el desacuerdo entre las autoridades.
«It is evident that the unicorn of the Bible is not the rhinoceros, nor are rhinoceros and monoceros the same.» — según Thorndike, Caspar Bartholinus separa al unicornio bíblico del rinoceronte y niega la identidad de rinoceronte y monoceronte.
«for be asserts that the bora of the monoceros has almost no force against poison, and that better substitutes are not lacking which are shown by experiments to be far more reliable, such as ivory, hartshorn, and especially fossil horn which is commonly mistaken for that of tire monoceros.» — y le niega al cuerno del monoceronte fuerza contra el veneno, con sustitutos que los experimentos muestran más fiables: marfil, cuerno de ciervo y sobre todo cuerno fósil; el OCR lee *be* por *he*, *bora* por *horn* y *tire* por *the*.
«The father, Wilhelm (1547—1612), was professor of mathematics and medicine there, and wrote minor treatises in both fields.» — sitúa al padre de los Lauremberg como profesor de matemáticas y medicina y autor de tratados menores en ambos campos.
«The sons, Wilhelm and Peter, were more strictly naturalists, but still in the old-fashioned sense.» — y adjudica a los hijos, Wilhelm y Peter, una historia natural más estricta pero todavía a la antigua.
«We have said that Wilhelm the Younger devoted an entire treatise to the aetites.» — remite a lo dicho antes sobre el tratado entero que Wilhelm el Joven dedicó a la etites, la piedra del águila.
«First he has to mention the marvelous medicinal properties of the brain of the eagle and of its tongue suspended from the patient’s neck by a linen doth, for which details he cites Pliny, Kiranides, Aldrovandi and Galen, Euporista III, 37.» — según Thorndike, Lauremberg abre por las propiedades medicinales del cerebro del águila y de su lengua colgada del cuello con un paño de lino, y da por autoridades a Plinio, los *Kiranides*, Aldrovandi y Galeno.
«Do not think that the eagle does not know what it is about in transporting this stone to its nest» — y recoge su advertencia de que el águila sabe lo que hace al llevar la piedra al nido.
«Those are in error who hold that the stone is not found in the eagle s nest but grows in its body.» — Lauremberg niega que la etites crezca en el cuerpo del águila en vez de hallarse en su nido; el OCR pierde el apóstrofo de *eagle's*.
«Wilhelm agrees with Rueus and de Boodt that celestial fire was the cause of this.» — y adjudica la causa de la piedra, con Rueus y de Boodt, al fuego celeste.
«Wilhelm, however, asserts that the female stone bears in the male's absence, albeit small stones which grow in size with the moon and also change color as the moon waxes and wanes.» — Lauremberg sostiene además que la piedra hembra pare en ausencia del macho piedras pequeñas que crecen y cambian de color con las fases de la luna.
«CHAPTER XXIV NATURAL HISTORY, ESPECIALLY OF ANIMALS» — el volumen abre por el capítulo XXIV, dedicado a la historia natural y sobre todo a los animales.
«In the present volumes a chapter on Mineralogy has already roughly paralleled that on The Lore of Geuns in our volumes on the sixteenth century, where pharmacy was treated in connection with die work of Brasavola, and zoology and botany were considered together under the c» — Thorndike sitúa el capítulo dentro del plan de la serie y lo empareja con el tratamiento que dio a las mismas materias en los volúmenes sobre el siglo XVI; el OCR lee *Geuns* por *Gems* y *die* por *the*.
«Gesner has questioned whether it alleviates the pains of childbirth, denying any sympathetic relationship between it and the foetus or pregnant woman.» — según Thorndike, Gesner pone en duda que la piedra del águila alivie los dolores del parto y niega relación simpática entre ella y el feto o la preñada.
«But Wilhelm protests against denying to the eagle-stone alone virtues which are freely conceded to other stones and which are based upon experience.» — y consigna la objeción de Wilhelm Lauremberg: que no se le nieguen a la etites sola virtudes que a otras piedras se conceden de buen grado y que se fundan en la experiencia.
«Oppian asserts that it prevents water from boiling, but Wilhelm has tested this with ten different varieties of aetiies, and none produced this effect» — un caso en que la prueba se enfrenta a la autoridad: Opiano afirma que la piedra impide hervir el agua y Lauremberg lo ensaya con diez variedades sin resultado; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada de nota, que el troceo imprime con asterisco.
«Wilhelm, however, regards as superstitious all amulets containing words, verses, characters or figures, or which are engraved when the sun is in this or that sign of the zodiac.» — Lauremberg tiene por supersticioso todo amuleto con palabras, versos, caracteres o figuras, y todo el que se grabe bajo tal o cual signo del zodiaco.
«These have no virtues from nature or the stars, but work only with the cooperation of an evil spirit» — y les niega virtud de la naturaleza o de los astros: obran solo con el concurso de un espíritu malo.
«But the wearing of gems against diseases is licit, benign and natural.» — en cambio declara lícito, benigno y natural llevar gemas contra las enfermedades, con lo que traza la línea entre amuleto y virtud de la piedra.
«Peter regards the moly of Homer as a poetic figment, but he quotes Plutarch that, when the bear first emerges from the cave where it has spent the winter, it eats the herb, Beard of Aaron, in order to move its bowels.» — según Thorndike, Peter Lauremberg tiene el moly de Homero por invención poética y a la vez repite de Plutarco la hierba con que el oso se purga al salir de la cueva.
«The flowers of the narcissus, macerated in olive oil, are used for recent wounds and in cases of colic, while a water distilled from the flowers is good for epilepsy.» — y recoge los usos que da a las flores del narciso, maceradas en aceite o destiladas en agua.
«Peter also ventured into the domain of chemical medicine, at first criticizing anonymously the chymiatric Aphorisms of Angelo Sala, and becoming engaged in consequence in a controversy from 1622 to 1625 with Anton Günther Billich, Sala’s nephew, in which Arnold Schröder also participated.» — sitúa a Peter Lauremberg en la polémica de la medicina química, abierta con una crítica anónima a los aforismos de Angelo Sala.
«We there heard him accept his father's rejection of the stone supposed to grow in toads, and in another Discono he held that the so-called barnacle geese were really hatched from eggs.» — y consigna dos negativas suyas: la piedra del sapo y el nacimiento prodigioso de los gansos de percebe, que da por salidos de huevos; el OCR lee *Discono* por *Discorso*.
«But he remained credulous as to the bird which was said to pick the crocodile's teeth for it, and in yet a fourth Discorso on the animal or lizard called Stellio quoted Pliny that there was no better cure for epilepsy—which is perhaps true in the sense that there is no cure at alL» — Thorndike mide el límite de ese escepticismo y añade de su cosecha la ironía sobre la cura de la epilepsia; el OCR deja *alL* por *all*.
«But such effects must be attributed to the devil, and he can work them with a counterfeit root as well as with a genuine one, although the latter may be obtained without his aid.» — según Thorndike, Catelan adjudica al diablo los efectos de la mandrágora y sostiene que los obra lo mismo con raíz falsa que con la verdadera.
«Catelan subscribes to the doctrine of signatures in plants, and then turns to the ordinary variety of mandrake.» — y lo inscribe en la doctrina de las firmas de las plantas.
«As it, taken in a decoction or powder, was good for impotency of the male, so they, with figures resembling womb and breasts, are especially for women,» — el reparto por sexos que Catelan deriva de las figuras de la raíz: la que semeja útero y pechos, para las mujeres.
«Years later Jakob Thomasius in a disputation on the mandrake endeavored to distinguish between the true or natural and false or artificial variety.» — según Thorndike, Jakob Thomasius intenta más tarde separar la mandrágora verdadera o natural de la falsa o artificial.
«It will be noted that there are considerable variations between his statement of the superstition and Catalan's.» — y señala que la versión de la superstición que da Thomasius difiere bastante de la de Catelan, a quien el troceo llama *Catalan*.
«that Federicus Caerius (ar, Cesi), founder of the earliest modern scientific society, the Academy of the Lynxes (Lfncei)» — según Thorndike, Leo Allatius anuncia en 1633 las obras por venir de Federico Cesi, fundador de la Academia de los Linces, que él llama la primera sociedad científica moderna; el OCR deforma el nombre y el paréntesis.
«Cesfs early death in 1630 probably prevented the appearance of any of these works, but the list serves» — la muerte temprana de Cesi en 1630 impidió, a juicio de Thorndike, que ninguna de esas obras apareciera; el tramo se corta en el marcador de plana que el troceo reemite.
«to illustrate the interests of a naturalist of that period and their confusion of the monstrous and marvelous with the normal, natural and scientific.» — y la continuación de la misma frase enuncia para qué le sirve la lista: para mostrar los intereses de un naturalista de entonces y su confusión de lo monstruoso y maravilloso con lo normal, natural y científico.
«After discussing fragrant excrements of animals, he states that the civet cat is not the same animal as the pard of antiquity nor as the hyena.» — según Thorndike, Castelli separa la civeta del pardo de los antiguos y de la hiena.
«The treatise of Pietro Castelli, on the odoriferous hyena which produces zibeth and is commonly called civet, first appeared in 1638 at Messina» — data el tratado de Pietro Castelli sobre la hiena odorífera que produce el zibeto; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada de nota.
«Castelli uses such dubious authorities as Aelian, Pliny, Ovid, and Solinus as well as Aristotle and recent writers.» — y califica de dudosas parte de las autoridades que Castelli maneja, al lado de Aristóteles y de los modernos.
«The hyena, dvet cat, and skunk are of come three different genera.» — Thorndike separa por su cuenta los tres animales que el tratado confunde; el OCR lee *dvet* y *come*.
«Busbequius36 seems to have seen two true hyenas at Constantinople, but it is difficult for Castelli to understand why his description of them does not tally better with those of the ancients.» — el desajuste entre lo visto y lo leído: Busbecq habría visto dos hienas verdaderas en Constantinopla y Castelli no acierta a cuadrar su descripción con la de los antiguos; la llamada de nota viene pegada al nombre.
«Of the American odorate hyena he knows little, and the description of it which he takes from I. Faber does not fit the skunk at all well.» — y consigna el límite del saber de Castelli sobre el animal americano, tomado de I. Faber.
«The odorate African hyena, “which is our civetta," is more like a wolf than a cat.» — según Thorndike, Castelli acerca la hiena odorífera africana al lobo antes que al gato.
«Authorities disagree, but he interprets it as excrement or a liquid squirted by the animal.» — y ante el desacuerdo de las autoridades sobre el zibeto, Castelli lo tiene por excremento o líquido que el animal lanza.
«Michael Ruprecht Bester was ordinary physician to the Republic of Nürnberg and senior inspector of apothecary shops.» — sitúa a Michael Ruprecht Besler como médico ordinario de la República de Núremberg e inspector mayor de boticas; el troceo imprime *Bester*.
«Among animals the mononceros is said to take the palm.» — y consigna que entre los animales del gabinete se lleva la palma el monoceronte; el OCR dobla la n.
«No picture is given of it, however, but only of four horns, one of which is labelled, “Genuine hare horn,” but none genuine monoceros horn.» — Thorndike hace notar que el libro estampa cuatro cuernos y ninguno auténtico de monoceronte.
«His book is chiefly geographical, although chapters 16 to 18 are on mines there, and the 24th and last, on disease.» — describe el libro de Gerard Boate sobre Irlanda como sobre todo geográfico, con capítulos sobre las minas y uno final sobre la enfermedad; las cifras son del impreso.
«which are produced by ferments in their proper places without seed of parents differ in no respect from those propagated by seed.» — según Thorndike, Rattray admite la generación espontánea y no distingue en nada los animales nacidos de fermentos de los nacidos de semilla; el tramo se corta antes de la comilla que el OCR rinde como guillemet.
«Rattray also still holds that marvelous effects come from specific forms,» — y le adjudica la doctrina, ya vieja, de que los efectos maravillosos vienen de las formas específicas; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada de nota.
«We are therefore not surprised to find him accepting the old belief that earth from the Nile moistens at the time of the inundation, or that spirit of blood of a living person, hermetically sealed in glass, will show his state of health or disease, though he be far absent, by its change in color and in turbidity.» — de ahí, dice Thorndike, que no extrañe verlo aceptar que la tierra del Nilo se humedece en la crecida y que el espíritu de sangre sellado en vidrio delate a distancia la salud de su dueño por el color y la turbidez.
«Rattray denies that corpuscles or material effluvia are emitted, but believes that ferments by their spiritual rays cover a certain sphere of action.» — Rattray niega la emisión de corpúsculos o efluvios materiales y pone en su lugar rayos espirituales del fermento con su esfera de acción.
«Rattray rejects this explanation and has no use for atomism, but he fails to disprove it.» — y Thorndike consigna a la vez su rechazo del atomismo y que no llega a refutarlo.
«Kircher, on the other hand, held that it was only weapon ointment which cored at a distance, otherwise none would be safe from the venom of the basilisk of Libya, the dipsas snake of Egypt, the dragon of Africa, or the effluvia of Alpine aconite.» — según Thorndike, Kircher acota la acción a distancia al ungüento de las armas, porque de otro modo nadie estaría a salvo de venenos y efluvios; el OCR lee *cored* por *cured*.
«Rattray also mentions "seminaries of hereditary disease," probably showing the influence of Fracastoro.» — y le atribuye, en condicional, la huella de Fracastoro en los seminarios de enfermedad hereditaria.
«Concerning the hone, Albertus Magnus is given as authority that the teeth of a gelded horse, placed under the head or pillow, prevent snorting in sleep.» — según Thorndike, la *Panzootologicomineralogia* de Lovell da por autoridad a Alberto Magno para el remedio contra el ronquido; el OCR lee *hone* por *horse*.
«The cure is by drinking a decoction of frogs and applying the flesh of the salamander.» — el remedio que Lovell da contra la mordedura de la salamandra.
«While alive it emits a humor which quenches» — y le atribuye al animal vivo un humor que apaga; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada de nota.
«Serpents are generated of the putrefaction of the earth, of the blood of certain birds, and of the marrow of man's back.» — Lovell adjudica a las serpientes tres orígenes por putrefacción, uno de ellos la médula de la espalda del hombre.
«They generate by conjunction so that they seem bat one serpent having two heads, they lay eggs and hatch them, hanging together like a bracelet; but some of them bring forth» — y describe su generación y su puesta; el OCR lee *bat* por *but* y el tramo se corta antes de la palabra que el OCR rinde con guillemet.
«Insects also are produced partly by sexual intercourse, partly by spontaneous generation.» — reparte el origen de los insectos entre la cópula y la generación espontánea.
«Lovell divides both animals and insects among the seven planets» — y los distribuye a todos entre los siete planetas, que es el reparto astrológico del reino animal.
«The sardonyx keeps its bearer chaste, removes mental depression and cheers one up,» — entre las propiedades maravillosas que adjudica a las gemas, las de la sardónice.
«It hindreth the effects of the onyx-stone, causing sadnesse, fears, hatred, wans, contentions, and terrible dreams, all which proceed» — y la opone al ónice, al que atribuye tristeza, miedos, odio, contiendas y sueños terribles; la grafía es la del impreso inglés.
«But the folk-lore associated with them began to be dissipated when Franciscus Caballus of Brescia in 1499 denied the prevalent belief that the viper conceived by biting off the bead of the male and that tbe young then avenged their sire by gnawing their way out through tbe vitals of their mother.» — Thorndike data en 1499 la negativa de Francesco Cavallo a la creencia sobre la generación de la víbora; el OCR lee *bead* y *tbe*.
«Now, in the seventeenth century, Francesco Redi,” who was soon to disprove the spontaneous generation of insects, after examining a large number of vipers which had been collected to make theriac for the Grand Duke of Tuscany,Tl came to the conclusion that the poison was in a yellowish liquor contained in a hag about the teeth, as is further tbe case with snakes generally.» — sitúa a Francesco Redi y su conclusión de que el veneno está en un licor amarillento junto a los dientes; las llamadas de nota vienen pegadas dentro del cuerpo.
«The old notion, however, was repeated by writers through the sixteenth century.» — y acota la novedad: la vieja noción siguió repitiéndose todo el siglo XVI.
«Opinions differ, however, as to how the viper poisons, some saying by its gall, others by its tail, and others by its teeth.» — consigna el desacuerdo sobre el órgano por el que la víbora envenena.
«But Giovan Battista Odieraa, in a letter to Marco Aurelio Severino, said that be had given bread soaked in it to a cat without injurious effect upon the animal.» — según Thorndike, Giovan Battista Hodierna escribe a Severino que dio a un gato pan empapado en la hiel sin daño; el troceo imprime *Odieraa*.
«Albertus Magnus, Mercurialis, Capo di Vacca and Zacuto all say that the wine in which a viper has drowned is poisonous; Aetiuf and Dioscorides affirm» — la nómina de autoridades sobre el vino en que se ahogó una víbora, con Aecio y Dioscórides del otro lado; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada de nota.
«But Redi cites Galen concerning the viper found in the jug of wine,» — y Redi opone a esa nómina el pasaje de Galeno.
«and asserts that he has proved by more than a hundred experimerts on various animals that no part of the viper, not even the yellow liquor, taken internally is poisonous, and that one can eat animals which have been killed by vipers without injury.» — Redi declara más de cien experimentos para sostener que ninguna parte de la víbora envenena tomada por dentro; el OCR lee *experimerts*.
«Galen wisely recommends a ligature to keep the venom from the rest of the blood, in case one is bitten by a viper, but the material used is a matter of indifference.» — Redi aprueba la ligadura de Galeno y declara indiferente el material.
«Gilbert of England is superstitious in saying that a thong of deerskin should be employed.» — y llama supersticiosa la correa de piel de ciervo que prescribe Gilberto de Inglaterra.
«The story of Athenaeus that two malefactors condemned to be bitten by asps were saved by eating a citron is a fable; Redi tried it on two cocks in vain.» — la fábula de Ateneo sometida a prueba en dos gallos.
«He also tested and found false the notion of Groll that capers would cure the viper's bite, because the thorns of the caper bush resembled the viper’s teeth.» — y contra Croll, la alcaparra cuyas espinas semejan los dientes de la víbora; el troceo imprime *Groll*.
«Indeed, Redi pronounces fabulous the whole doctrine of signatures in plants with its astral and magical virtue.» — de ahí que Redi declare fabulosa la doctrina entera de las firmas de las plantas, con su virtud astral y mágica.
«Redi also rejected Avenzcar's assertion that wearing a viper's head hung round one's neck by a silken thread would cure quinsy.» — y rechaza el amuleto de cabeza de víbora que adjudica a Avenzoar.
«Redi doubts if there are any subtle conduits between the gall bladder and the teeth of the viper, or that they derive their venom from eating poisonous herbs, scorpions and the like.» — duda de los conductos sutiles entre la vejiga de la hiel y los dientes, y del veneno tomado de hierbas y escorpiones.
«Their tail is not poisonous, and their brain is not black, as Baldo Angelo Abati” said.» — y niega las dos afirmaciones de Baldo Angelo Abati.
«As to the number of their teeth there has been a wide divergence of opinion among past authors.» — Thorndike abre el censo del desacuerdo sobre el número de dientes de la víbora.
«Nicander, followed by die author of the book on theriac to Piso, by Rasis, Avicenna, Actuarius and Giovanni Goneo, gave the male two and the female more.» — la primera postura: dos al macho y más a la hembra; el OCR lee *die* por *the*.
«With him agree Isaac, Caballo of Brescia, Zacuto, Mercurialis, Amato Lusitano, Francesco Sanchez, Caspar Hofmann, and yet others.» — y la nómina que la sostiene.
«Paul of Aegina and Haly Abbas say that there are only two in both sexes.» — la segunda postura, de Pablo de Egina y Haly Abbas.
«Vincent of Beauvais said three Abati and Vesting, four.» — la tercera y la cuarta, sin armonizarlas.
«Albertus Magnus allowed the male two in the upper and two in the lower jaw.» — y la de Alberto Magno, que reparte cuatro en el macho.
«Thus not only was experimental method divided against itself, as was frequently the case in other fields in the seventeenth century, but the old notions of spirits and of like-cures-like received affirmation, to say nothing of emotion being ascribed to an animal of a low order and even being made the basis of physical action.» — una de las tesis del volumen: el método experimental dividido contra sí mismo, y las viejas nociones de espíritus y de lo semejante cura lo semejante confirmadas por esa misma vía.
«That all this was still congenial to many minds, however, is seen in the statement of Philosophical Transactions that the book of Charas was likely to be translated into English immediately.» — mide la acogida de Charas por el anuncio de su traducción en las *Philosophical Transactions*.
«Redi replied that he had repeated his former experiments again and again and was more convinced than ever “that the venom of the Italian vipers doth not consist in an imaginary Idea of revengeful] Choler, but in that yellow liquor above mentioned.“» — la respuesta de Redi contra la idea imaginaria de cólera vengativa; el corchete y las comillas desparejas son del impreso.
«be found to conform to those they have printed, and indeed contrary to his, that then it might be agreed upon, that there was a truth discover’d hitherto unknown, viz. That the venom of French vipers consists in a choleridc and vindicative idea of the Fancy.» — la condición que Redi pone para conceder la tesis francesa; el tramo arranca a media frase por venir cortado de la llamada de nota.
«He had stored in a glass vessel the venom from no less than 250 vipers for use in experiments.» — el acopio de veneno de doscientas cincuenta víboras para sus pruebas.
«He so pulverized it and found that the powder, injected into wounds which he made in pullets and pigeons resulted shortly in their death.» — y el resultado del polvo inyectado en pollos y palomas.
«He declared that the liquor in question was not yellow in French vipers, that in hot countries like Italy it might poison per se, but in France and colder parts “needs to be made keen by the bilious breath of the angered viper.» — la réplica de Charas, que hace depender el veneno del clima y del aliento bilioso de la víbora airada.
«Sometime he was going to try the experiment of putting some of the foam of a mad dog into the wound of a sound one, to see if it will make him mad and show "whether it be not the breath” rather than the bite of the mad dog, "which by its agitated spirits causeth that commotion of madness.”» — y el experimento que Charas se proponía hacer con la espuma del perro rabioso para probar que obra el aliento y no la mordedura.
«Vipers abound in spirits and are a means of prolonging human life, and the heart or liver of a viper "is one of the greatest Alixitery’s in the world.”» — Charas adjudica a la víbora abundancia de espíritus y virtud de alargar la vida; el impreso escribe *Alixitery's* por *alexitery*.
«He further affirms that he himself has seen in the Crotta dei Serpi near Bracdano "stubborn maladies” cured "by big snakes winding themselves about the bodies of the sick exposed there.» — y declara haber visto él mismo la cura por serpientes en la Grotta dei Serpi; el troceo imprime *Crotta* y *Bracdano*.
«Thus Redi seems to have cut off one of the hydra heads of superstition only to have a half a dozen others spring up in its place.» — el saldo que Thorndike saca del episodio, con la imagen de la hidra.
«He still held to his original thesis, which he asserted had been confirmed by experiments made in the presence of two and» — Charas se mantiene en su tesis y la da por confirmada por experimentos con testigos; el tramo arranca y termina a media frase por las llamadas de nota.
«He also was impervious to Redi s sarcasm which he took seriously, affirming that his contention was true of vipers from all parts of France, regardless of climate and latitude.» — y no acusa el sarcasmo de Redi, que toma en serio.
«Charas now spoke of the poison of the viper as being invisible and spiritual, which led the reviewer of his work in Philosophical Transactions to insist that these spirits were corpuscular and that duras must be using the word "spiritual" only in contrast to the quite material yellow fluid of Redi.» — la objeción del reseñista de las *Philosophical Transactions* al veneno invisible y espiritual; el OCR lee *duras* por *Charas*.
«Nor can he mean that these spirits have neither place nor extension; far bow could they part from the viper without having been in her body; and bow could they enter into the body of the animal bitten without being there?» — el argumento del reseñista contra unos espíritus sin lugar ni extensión; el OCR lee *far bow* por *for how*.
«similarly objected to Charas’s holding that the poison was immaterial and a pure effect of the imagination of the viper when it formed the idea af vengeance, and attributed it rather to subtle but material spirits in the blood which mounted to the head of the viper as it became irritated.» — otra objeción en el mismo sentido, que pone espíritus sutiles pero materiales en lugar de la imaginación de la víbora.
«Charas for his part went on "to Illustrate his notion of the Idea of the Viper for Revenge," by alleging "the imagination of terror by a toad impressed tn a ferret”» — Charas ilustra su idea de la venganza con el terror que un sapo imprime en un hurón.
«The ferret ran tn circles about the toad, crying as if far succour, until finally, completely fascinated, it entered the toad’s gaping mouth, as Charas himself saw and saved the fenet by killing the toad.» — el relato de la fascinación del hurón, que Charas da por visto por él mismo.
«A discussion of the matter having arisen among several gentlemen, it was decided to put it to an experimental test, and Platts host procured a supply of vipers’ beads» — la prueba que Thomas Platt organiza en Florencia; el tramo se corta antes de la nota al pie que el troceo intercala en el cuerpo.
«Pigeons which were pricked with the thorn of a rose bush about the size of the viper’s fangs or even by a larger pin-point suffered no serious ill effects, whereas those who were wounded with the teeth of the cut-off heads of vipers soon died, showing that Redi was right and that enraged spirits and an idea of revenge had nothing to do with it.» — el resultado de la prueba de Platt, que da la razón a Redi.
«Another notion, that swallowing a viper s head was a sure preservative and remedy against its bite was also disproved experimentally.» — y la segunda creencia sometida a prueba.
«He found that the torpedo fish exerted no numbing effect unless actually touched, and dissected one to try to find out where the numbing force resided.» — Redi ensaya con el torpedo y lo disecciona para buscar dónde reside la fuerza entorpecedora.
«But Redi disproved this by many experiments.» — la fórmula con que Thorndike cierra varias de estas series.
«Similarly invalidated was the assertion of Ximenes that certain stones from Brazil, Cuba and Mexico, if pulverized, cured nephritical pains and even broke the stone;» — y la virtud que Ximénez adjudicaba a ciertas piedras de Brasil, Cuba y México.
«He showed that this would happen without the application of any herb or stone not only in the case of swallows but other birds such as pigeons, chickens, geese, ducks and turkeys, whose corneae he punctured and found that the aqueous humor was replenished within twenty-four hours.» — según Thorndike, Redi prueba en varias aves que el humor acuoso se repone solo, sin hierba ni piedra.
«He found groundless the reports that the blood of the rhinoceros cured colic and haemorrhages, that its skin benefitted the stomach, and that its horns were an antidote for poison.» — y niega fundamento a las virtudes medicinales del rinoceronte.
«Oil of tobacco did not kill all animals nor in the same time; the effects of tobacco from different regions such as Brazil and Saint Christopher s were different On the other hand,» — el resultado desigual del aceite de tabaco según la procedencia.
«Redi’s experiments led him into the field of chemistry as well as natural history.» — Thorndike sitúa los experimentos de Redi a caballo entre la historia natural y la química.
«He distilled pellitory in glass and changed the receiving vessel fourteen times and mingled all fourteen waters in turn with rosewater distilled in lead.» — el procedimiento con que Redi contradice lo que se decía de las aguas destiladas en vidrio y en plomo; *rosewater* sale unida por el guion de fin de renglón.
«They all became turbid, although he repeated the experiment in several months.» — y el resultado, repetido a lo largo de varios meses.
«But when he distilled in a bath what was left after these fourteen shiftings, and this time in a silver vessel with a glass head, after changing the receiver eight times he found that the water in the eighth receiver remained dear, although mixed with several distillations of water distilled in a lead vessel.» — la variante en vaso de plata, con resultado contrario; el OCR lee *dear* por *clear*.
«He did, however, point out that the yellowish fluid did not serve the purpose of mere saliva as Charas had held, and even ventured to say: For I am not yet so fully convinc’d (tho I have a Just deference for Monsieur Charas and a due regard for his laborious renareha and inquiries) of his sentiment of the innocence of this liquor.» — la reserva de Tyson ante la inocencia del licor amarillo que Charas sostenía; el troceo imprime *renareha*.
«On the other hand, Tyson felt that Redi was too sceptical as to the virtues of the snake-stone (Pierre de Cobras de Cabelo) and cited instances of its successful application even in other cases than snakebite and including his own medical practice.» — y su reserva del otro lado: halla a Redi demasiado escéptico sobre la piedra de la serpiente.
«But in another article in the same volume on Lumbricus teres, the round multiparous worm bred in human bodies, Tyson agreed with Henry ab Heer in warning against giving the powder of these worms to expel others, since thereby “we... may sow the seed for propagating more.”» — Tyson advierte con Henri ab Heers contra el polvo de lombrices para expulsar lombrices.
«Less praiseworthy was a collection of instances of the growth of hair in inner parts of the body, which Tyson was led to communicate to Philosophical Transactions by reports of a corpse found covered with hair forty-three years after death and of a thief who was hanged and whose body was covered with hair all over within a few hours after his death.» — Thorndike califica de menos loable la colección de casos de crecimiento de pelo que Tyson comunica a las *Philosophical Transactions*.
«In 1676, as apothecary of die king in his Jardin Royal des Plantes, he issued the Pharmacopce royale, Galenique et Chymiqve, which was almost immediately translated into» — data la *Pharmacopée royale* de Charas y su cargo de boticario del rey; el OCR lee *die* por *the*.
«Michael Ettmuller (1644—83) in the collected works published in the year of his death still attributed the fatal effect of the vipers bite to its anger and the “idea of fury of the Arcbcus“ (using Helmontian phraseology) imprinted on its teeth and saliva.» — Ettmüller sigue adjudicando el efecto mortal de la víbora a su ira y a la idea de furia del arqueo, en vocabulario helmontiano.
«In 1694 appeared a second edition of Nouvelles experiences sur la vipere, in which Charas added accounts of his having been bitten twice by vipers when exhibiting them before l’Acad^mie Royale des Sciences on August 20, 1692 and September 2 of the same year.» — Charas añade en 1694 el relato de sus dos mordeduras ante la Academia Real de Ciencias.
«In the first case, where a finger of his left hand had been bitten, be sucked out the yellow juice and some pus, but found the taste so unpleasant, that he squeezed the wound with the fingers of his right hand, bringing out more pus “and some of the irritated spirits.“» — el relato de la primera mordedura, con los espíritus irritados salidos con el pus.
«But fearing that he had not stayed the course of the irritated spirits, he applied a ligature to the finger, and took some volatile salt of vipers which produced a profuse sweat, and after five hours removed the ligature, as it hurt his finger.» — y el remedio que aplicó: ligadura y sal volátil de víbora.
«In the second case, after sucking and squeezing out the blood from the bitten finger, he kept the ligature on for only an hour and took no volatile salt of vipers, "and was perfectly cured."» — el segundo caso, curado sin sal volátil.
«In view of the speed with which animal spirits were supposed to dart about within the human body, it is amazing that he should have thought that he could bind up the finger or even suck the wound before the irritated spirits had been impelled all over his body through the blood stream and nervous system, whereas the removal of the yellow juice should have convinced him that it contained the poison.» — Thorndike objeta a Charas que su propio remedio no se compadece con la velocidad que atribuía a los espíritus animales.
«But he remained set in his previous opinions despite these personal experiences.» — y consigna que Charas no movió su opinión ni con lo vivido.
«Giuseppe Zambeccari (1655—1728), who worked under Redi at the Ospedale di Santa Maria Nuo%a in Florence before he began to teach at Pisa in 1681, addressed to Redi in 1680 an account of experiments of splenectomy and the excision of other organs» — sitúa a Zambeccari y sus experimentos de extirpación de órganos dirigidos a Redi; el OCR deforma *Nuova*.
«In 1664 Johann Daniel Major (1634—1693), who was then practicing medicine in Wittenberg but in 1665 became professor of medicine at Kiel, published a dissertation on petrified crabs and snakes in the form of an epistle, dated from Wittenberg on July 12, 1663, to which Philipp Jacob Sachs von Lowenheimb, or a or de Lewenheimb (1627—1672), replied in the same year with another on the marvelous nature of stones.» — el intercambio epistolar entre Johann Daniel Major y Sachs von Löwenheimb sobre cangrejos y serpientes petrificados.
«Bartholinus, it is true, In a letter of April 10, 1683, warns that Nicremberg seldom speaks from his own experience.» — la advertencia de Bartholinus sobre Nieremberg, que rara vez habla de experiencia propia.
«But David Spilenbergerus of Hungary, in a letter of May 25, 1663, tells of a calf which was pregnant at birth and prays God that it be not an omen of invasion by Turks and Tartars.» — el ternero preñado al nacer leído como presagio de invasión turca y tártara.
«Sachs repeats the old notion that stags extract snakes from their holes by the breath of their nostrils, then kill them with their hooves and eat them.» — Sachs repite la vieja creencia sobre los ciervos y las serpientes.
«He suspends judgment as to fossil crabs and fish, and passes on to mineral waters and petrifying waters.» — y suspende el juicio sobre los fósiles.
«Yet Major three years later published a book on Infusory Surgery,114 and Werner Holfinck, in the dedicatory preface to his botanical work of 1670,tu hailed Major as the inventor of infusory surgery.» — la cirugía infusoria de Major y el saludo de Rolfinck en su prefacio; las llamadas de nota vienen pegadas dentro del cuerpo.
«When he entered the vegetable kingdom, be showed that everything was full of miracles of nature.» — y su declaración de que todo el reino vegetal está lleno de milagros de la naturaleza.
«Gui Patin, acknowledging receipt of books by Rolfinck, wrote on November, 8,1658: "If this man knows no more of medical practice than what appears in his writings, he will do well not to come to Paris.» — el juicio de Gui Patin sobre Rolfinck, acusado de recibo.
«As for Major, we shall find him grown more sceptical in his book on Errant Genius of 1678,1L" while Rolfinck had already in 1661 listed non-entia chimica.» — Thorndike anuncia el Major más escéptico de 1678 y remite a los *non entia chimica* de Rolfinck.
«The work of Agostino Scilla, a Sicilian painter, on marine fossils was somewhat obscured by a vague opening title, Vain Speculation Disproved by the» — la obra de Agostino Scilla sobre fósiles marinos, con su título de apertura vago.
«On the basis of his own observations which are illustrated by plates of such fossils in the islands of Isola and Malta, and the mountains about Messina, Scilla was farced to the conclusion that they all came from the sea and had been real» — la conclusión a que Scilla llega desde sus propias observaciones; el OCR lee *farced* por *forced*.
«But it appears not to have been translated into Latin until the middle of the next century, when there were three editions.» — y la tardanza de su traducción latina.
«On the other hand, the Essay of Sdlla’s contemporary, Shirley, which contended that "stones and all other sublunary bodies are made of water, condensed by the power of seeds," and which consisted chiefly of quotations, was translated from English into Latin within three yean.» — Thorndike contrapone la fortuna editorial de Shirley, que hacía de agua condensada por virtud de simientes todos los cuerpos sublunares.
«The poison was believed not to take effect for a whole year and for the next two years to produce only certain diseases varying with the constitution of the patient and of the particular spider which bit him, such as loss of appetite, fever, general ill health, laughing or crying, sleeping or insomnia, delighting in certain colors such as yellow or red or green, and imagining oneself to be king or slave.» — la creencia sobre el tarantismo que el volumen recoge, con sus síntomas variables según paciente y araña.
«But all those afflicted bad the common characteristic of liking music and dancing to it, although the particular tune varied with different tarantulas and different patients.» — y el rasgo común de todos los afectados: el gusto por la música y el baile.
«Senguerd's natural explanation was that the tarantula bit with a moist mouth in the hottest season, and that its poison, diffused through the human body, especially affected the spirits in the arteries and nerves, "as also the brain and fibres.» — la explicación natural de Senguerd por los espíritus de arterias y nervios.
«Stirring up the spirits in muscles and nerves increased the heat in the heart, thereby corrupting the bile and perhaps obstructing the pores, causing fever, distemper and the inclination to dance.» — y la cadena que hace derivar de ahí la fiebre y el impulso de bailar.
«Not all are cured, for in some cases the poison injected was so pertinacious and unrarefiable, that patients have danced for thirty or forty years, and all in vain.» — el límite que la propia explicación se pone: los que bailaron treinta o cuarenta años sin curarse.
«The only respect tn which this "natural explanation" is superior to that of occult qualities would seem to be that it is longer and more complicated.» — el juicio de Thorndike sobre esa explicación natural, que solo aventaja a la de las cualidades ocultas en longitud y complicación.
«In any case, he offered a different explanation from Senguerd, a ferment and volatile salt in the tarantula which was supposed to explain all the symptoms resulting from its bite, although these were very varied: some patients laughing, others weeping; some falling asleep, others unable to; some nauseated and vomiting, others incurring cold sweats, vertigo and delirium; some running about, others remaining inert131» — la explicación rival, por fermento y sal volátil, con el catálogo de síntomas contrarios; la llamada de nota queda pegada a la última palabra.
«It was, however, necessary further to postulate an affinity of music with our spirits on the one hand and its consensus with the tarantula on the other.» — y el postulado que hacía falta añadir: una afinidad de la música con los espíritus y un consenso suyo con la tarántula.
«Travelers’ tales continued, and the need of a book such as Redi's was shown in an installment of Thivenot's Mlations de diners voyages curieux published the next year (1372), in which a Biscayan or Basque, named Acarete, recounting an overland trip from Buenos Ayres to Peru, in describing the wild variety of llamas known as Guanacos, said that they had a bezoar stone in their insides.» — el relato de viaje que adjudica bezoar a los guanacos; el OCR deforma el título de Thévenot y la fecha.
«Of the ostriches in South America he related that when the eggs were about to hatch, the hen would place four at the four corners of the hatching place and break the shells, so that they would putrefy, producing an abundance of worms for the newly hatched birds to feed on.» — y el relato sobre los ñandúes y los huevos podridos por alimento.
«His special contribution was in the field of botany, where he was the first to note or at least clearly to distinguish a number of species.» — la aportación que Thorndike adjudica a Boccone, con su reserva.
«They open with a letter to a physician of Avignon arguing that coral is not a plant but a stone.» — las observaciones de Boccone abren negando que el coral sea planta.
«In his reply, the physician complains that Gassendi has little on the subject of vegetation, Descartes nothing at all, but that he himself, if he only had the leisure, could expound it all clearly adhering to the principles of true physics and by the geometrical method.» — la respuesta del médico de Aviñón, que echa en falta la vegetación en Gassendi y en Descartes.
«Presently Boccone expresses his astonishment that a leech which is well known to the fishermen and savants of Messina» — el asombro de Boccone ante la sanguijuela conocida de los pescadores de Mesina; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada de nota.
«He notes that islands have formed between Holland and England, while elsewhere along the coasts of France, England and Italy whole regions have been submerged.» — y su observación sobre islas formadas y regiones sumergidas.
«Many held that anther was the tear or gum of pine and fir trees in Sweden, Pomerania and Prussia which was carried by the wind and buried in the sands along the shores of the Baltic, but Boccone raises various objections to this correct view and holds that amber Is found in parts of Italy, as are petroleum and naphtha.» — Boccone objeta a la explicación del ámbar por la resina de los pinos bálticos; el OCR lee *anther* por *amber*.
«Boccone therefore thinks that petroleum is a species of liquid amber and that this opinion of his "is still sustained by the most learned modem» — y hace del petróleo una especie de ámbar líquido.
«Boccone now essays a Cartesian explanation of the formation of coral. He holds that the little vortices and tourbillons of the sea, the rains of heaven, and the rivers which continually flow into salt waters, contribute to the movement, separation and precipitation of particles.» — la explicación cartesiana del coral por torbellinos y precipitación de partículas.
«While admitting that some mountains are higher than some clouds, Boccone argues from the fact that the highest mountains are covered with snow, that the snow-clouds must rise to a greater height» — el argumento de Boccone sobre la altura de las nubes de nieve.
«This sailor said that ambergris was a bitumen.» — el testimonio del marinero sobre el ámbar gris.
«He could not procure the last-named in Italy, Venice or Vienna, but a doctor in Silesia had the dried root and used it in fevers.» — la búsqueda de la raíz que no halló en Italia ni en Viena.
«Pechlin believed that swallows spent the winter under the ice along the shores of the Baltic and revived again in spring, and would do so in winter if brought close to a hot stove.» — Pechlin sostiene que las golondrinas invernan bajo el hielo del Báltico y reviven en primavera.
«But the notion that bears waxed fat in winter by merely sucking their paws he repudiated, holding that they slept at intervals and lived on provisions which they had stored up, and that licking their greasy paws was merely in order to soften up the stomach and bowels.» — y niega en cambio que el oso engorde chupándose las patas.
«Stefano Lorenzini published Observations on the torpedo (electric ray) in which, like Redi, he declared that it numbed another living body only if touched by it directly and not at a distance or indirectly» — Lorenzini coincide con Redi en negar la acción a distancia del torpedo.
«The Catalogue of the Museum of the Royal Society by Nehemiah Crew identified the hippopotamus with the Behemoth of Scripture, and the crocodile with Leviathan.» — el catálogo del museo de la Royal Society identifica al hipopótamo con Behemot y al cocodrilo con Leviatán.
«The explanation, here ascribed to Aristotle,164 that it did so by wiggling the steering apparatus did not appeal to Buonanni.» — Buonanni rechaza la explicación que el texto adjudica a Aristóteles; la llamada de nota viene pegada al nombre.
«In a later work he argued at greater length in favor of spontaneous generation.» — y defiende más largamente la generación espontánea en obra posterior.
«This is already manifested in the preface and continues to be shown in frequent citations throughout the text.» — Thorndike mide la deuda de esa obra por las citas que la recorren desde el prefacio.
«But it is recognized that this is a very rough classification.» — según Thorndike, König reconoce lo tosco de su clasificación del reino animal.
«But whales are further termed viviparous aquatilia, cetaceous, “or better, marine monsters.» — y consigna cómo llama a las ballenas, mejor monstruos marinos.
«The view of Willis, Glisson, Cole and other English writers that in the fibres of the nerves there was, besides the animal spirits, a viscous fluid, had to Königs satisfaction been exploded by Scaphus a Helvetii.» — la doctrina inglesa del fluido viscoso en los nervios, que König da por deshecha.
«König not only displays a wide acquaintance with longer works but has ransacked the Proceedings, Papers and Communications» — Thorndike mide la lectura de König, que espiga también las actas y comunicaciones de las academias.
«König was much impressed by the harmony which to his mind existed between different parts of the bodies of animals.» — la armonía entre las partes del cuerpo animal como argumento de König.
«But be finally suggests that God may work in them, and that the knowledge by which they seem to act depends not on themselves but His wisdom.» — y el remate teológico: el saber con que los animales parecen obrar no es suyo sino de la sabiduría divina; el OCR lee *be* por *he*.
«Of astrology or a belief in the Influence of the stars I have found only one or two faint traces in Kenig’s work.» — Thorndike declara en primera persona el resultado de su propio rastreo de astrología en König.
«If they are true, they may, in König's opinion, be attributed to the exhalation of effluvia as well as to the force of imagination.» — König reparte la explicación de esos casos entre efluvios y fuerza de la imaginación.
«On the other hand, it was also his opinion, and he spoke from experience, that drinking one's own urine or that of a boy drinking wine could never be praised enough as a remedy in cases of heartburn, hypochondria, gout, toothache, colic, jaundice and intermittent fevers.» — y el remedio que recomienda por experiencia propia.
«The heart of a green salamander worn about the neck was said to extinguish quotidian fever completely; no less than Pliny said another lizard would in cases of quartan fever.» — el amuleto de corazón de salamandra contra la fiebre, con Plinio de autoridad.
«The cuttle-fish has white bones in its back which by their alkali and drying power are outstanding remedies for ulcer of the prostate in cases of gonorrhoea,» — el remedio de hueso de jibia, explicado por álcali y virtud desecante.
«In its Praefamm Wurffbain alludes to the fables of the monks and credulity of antiquity, and asserts that the Talmud is full of nonsense.» — Wurffbain abre su prefacio contra las fábulas de los monjes y la credulidad antigua; el OCR deforma *Praefatio*.
«Elsewhere be notes the superstition of the common crowd and asserts that credulity is the mother of all errors.» — y declara la credulidad madre de todos los errores.
«He not only denies that the salamander lives in fire but pronounces its use as an amulet superstitious.» — niega que la salamandra viva en el fuego y llama supersticioso su uso como amuleto.
«He also rejects as false the notions that its breath can injure, and that it attacks men.» — y rechaza que su aliento dañe o que ataque a los hombres.
«He further declares that generation from putridity is doubtful, and that the pest cannot be caused by ocnefMa (sorcery or poisons).» — declara dudosa la generación por putrefacción y niega que la peste venga de *veneficia*, que el OCR deja ilegible.
«The distribution of material is not as systematic as one might expect.» — el juicio de Thorndike sobre el orden del libro.
«It would seem that the book would appeal to dog-lovers more than to zoologists.» — y sobre su público, más de amantes de los perros que de zoólogos.
«Paullini followed it up the very next year by a treatise on the toad which was also according to the method and laws of the Academy and which he dedicated to Wurffbain.» — el tratado de Paullini sobre el sapo, escrito según el método de la Academia.
«In medical practice the toad is taken internally for dropsy.» — y el uso interno del sapo contra la hidropesía.
«Judging from the three of these that I have examined, all follow a similar plan of presentation and profess to be according to the norm of the Academy.» — Thorndike declara en primera persona el alcance de su propio examen: tres de esos tratados.
«He noted a fish there that had not been observed by naturalists and a few plants that were not in Ray’s Catalogue of English Plants.» — el hallazgo de Plot frente al catálogo de Ray.
«The circles in the grass called Faery Walks, however, he ascribed not to conventicles of demons and witches, nor to subterranean courses of moles and ants, but to percussion by lightning.» — Plot adjudica los corros de hadas al rayo y no a conventículos de demonios y brujas.
«The legend of barnacle geese was fully confirmed in almost every detail by Sir Robert Moray, "lately one of his Majesties Council for the Kingdom of Scotland," in a Relation published in Philosophical Transactions in 1678.» — el testimonio de Sir Robert Moray a favor de los gansos de percebe en las *Philosophical Transactions*.
«He said that in the island of East1“ he saw on the shore a fir log about two and a half feet in diameter by nine or ten feet long which had been so long out of the water that it was very dry and only on the parts next to the ground still hung "multitudes of little shells having within them little birds perfectly shap’d, supposed to be barnacles.» — la descripción del tronco con las conchas y las aves perfectamente formadas; la llamada de nota queda pegada al topónimo.
«He then described what be called "a neck longer than the shell" which seems to have been the fleshy foot-stalk by which barnacles cling to a ship’s bottom.» — Thorndike identifica el cuello del relato con el pedúnculo del percebe.
«Although he carried about twenty or twenty-four away, he sent a figure only of the neck and shell, not of the bird inside.» — y hace notar que Moray no estampó figura del ave.
«He denied that the birds called macreuses came from the fruit of trees in Great Britain which fell into the water, or that they grew out of driftwood or from shells.» — la negativa paralela sobre las *macreuses*.
«But since it had been the custom for five hundred yean to eat them on fish-days, he thought that this usage might be continued.» — y la concesión al uso de comerlas en días de vigilia; el OCR lee *yean* por *years*.
«Sibbald listed other marvels of Scotland, however, such as two springs only three feet apart of which one was fresh, the other salt.» — las maravillas de Escocia que Sibbald sigue listando.
«Robert Sibbald in his Scotia illustrate (Edinborough, 1684) again confuted the fable of Scotch geese and described Concha Analifera as a perfect animal which laid eggs like other fowl, but not in Scotland, where they appeared only» — Sibbald objeta a la fábula y hace del percebe un animal perfecto que pone huevos.
«All whales, he said, have great love for their young.» — y su observación sobre el amor de las ballenas a sus crías.
«Jean B. Panthot, an M.D. of Montpellier who became dean of the College of Physicians at Lyon, maintained that all reported dragons had been either mythical or supernatural, and that the use of the gem carbuncle in place of their eyes, when blind from old age, was even more fabulous.» — Panthot declara míticos o sobrenaturales todos los dragones referidos.
«A naturalist like John Ray, who spent years in searching for rare plants in England and on the continent, found no basis in nature for such stories and superstitions, and became increasingly sceptical concerning them, as he discovered the mistakes which past authorities had made in other respects, while he found sufficient excitement and zest in his own observations.» — Thorndike explica el escepticismo de John Ray por su propio trabajo de campo y por los errores hallados en las autoridades.
«Similarly Steno’s dissections of the brain were all at variance with what Descartes taught in his De homine, while his Observations of geological conditions of Tuscany convinced him that fossils were the remains of past animals» — las disecciones de Steno contra el *De homine* de Descartes, y sus fósiles como restos de animales pasados.
«His scientific activity terminated at the early age of thirty-five, and the rest of his life was spent in religious work, but those first years were too crowded with varied scientific study and observation and shrewd conjecture and inference, and what, for him at least, were new discoveries,“1 to leave much room for the occult, although he was already fascinated by religious discussion.» — y su vuelta a la obra religiosa a los treinta y cinco años; la llamada de nota queda pegada dentro del cuerpo.
«Ray has been called “with Linnaeus the chief founder of the science of 'systematic biology',“ and his book of 1693 on quadrupeds and serpents is said to give “the first truly systematic arrangement of animals,” based primarily upon their toes and teeth.» — el juicio ajeno sobre Ray que Thorndike recoge, sin hacerlo suyo.
«He spurned the reports of barnacle geese as “false and frivolous,” and was even inclined to question whether there was any such animal as a hippopotamus, but accepted the identification of swordfish and unicorn.» — y mide el límite de ese escepticismo: Ray dudaba del hipopótamo y admitía el pez espada por unicornio.
«Readers might enjoy the old legends and marvels, but scientific research was becoming intent on new discoveries.» — la fórmula con que Thorndike separa el gusto del lector de la marcha de la investigación.
«and ideas—as when he announced that the heart was a muscle and not the seat of vital spirits—were enough.» — la continuación de la frase sobre Steno, con el corazón vuelto músculo y no asiento de los espíritus vitales.
«If God had not set definite bounds to its growth, there would have been nothing to prevent the ant attaining the size of an elephant.» — el argumento de Swammerdam sobre los límites que Dios pone al crecimiento.
«Moffett for having held, against both reason and experience, that the head of the silkworm became the tail of the moth and the tail,» — la objeción a Moffett sobre la metamorfosis del gusano de seda.
«disappear or change notably, although Goedart tried to prove against all reason that they did so.» — y la objeción paralela a Goedart; el tramo arranca a media frase por venir cortado de la nota.
«In his own case, however, experimental method went little further than careful observation through the microscope based upon minute dissection end reproduction of the results in copper plate engravings.» — Thorndike acota el método experimental de Swammerdam a la observación microscópica y el grabado; el OCR lee *end* por *and*.
«But be held that in the past innumerable philosophers, without consulting experience and following the phantasms of their brains, had prostituted themselves to disgraceful errors.» — Swammerdam acusa a los filósofos pasados de seguir los fantasmas de su cerebro sin consultar la experiencia.
«Indeed, Swammerdam regarded his own age as far superior in natural science to what had gone before.» — y tiene a su propio siglo por muy superior en ciencia natural.
«It is true that in one or two passages he says that the vulgar marvel at the change of the caterpillar into the butterfly, because of their ignorance of the true nature of the nymph or chrysalis or aurelia, but that it is in reality no more wonderful than the budding and flowering of plants.» — y explica la maravilla del vulgo ante la metamorfosis por ignorancia de la crisálida.
«One must recognize the hand of God, when one sees all conspiring in so great harmony, though based on such slight foundations,» — el argumento de la mano de Dios en la armonía de lo mínimo.
«In his grouping of insects in four orders or species, although there were some which he could not so place,» — su reparto de los insectos en cuatro órdenes, con el residuo que no encaja.
«But he would have been as pained to find his fond dream of an all-directing divine intelligence replaced by Darwinian survival of the fittest as he was at the Epicurean explanation of natural phenomena by the chance concourse of atoms.» — Thorndike sitúa a Swammerdam entre dos explicaciones que le habrían dolido igual: el azar epicúreo y la selección darwiniana.
«But this man who had banished magic from botany soon turned from science to religious mysticism, and, in the latter years of his brief life, became the follower of an hysterical female fanatic.» — y cierra el capítulo con el paso de Swammerdam de la ciencia al misticismo religioso.
«It ii certain that, from the first origins of magic, herbs were forced to sene in incantations —Thomasius» — el primero de los dos epígrafes del capítulo de botánica, atribuido a Thomasius: desde los orígenes de la magia las hierbas sirvieron en los conjuros; el OCR lee *ii* y *sene*.
«For about two thousand years little or no light has been shed on botany —Acta erudttorum» — y el segundo, tomado de las *Acta eruditorum*.
«It is less necessary to stress the fact that the seventeenth century made little advance in that field over its immediate predecessor until its second half, when the works of Malpighi and of Crew and Ray were of outstanding excellence and set new standards of methods of procedure.» — la tesis de Thorndike sobre la botánica del siglo: poco avance hasta Malpighi, Grew y Ray.
«But these were not at once lived up to and followed by most other writers in that field.» — y su acotación: esos nuevos patrones no se siguieron de inmediato.
«But first we have to note some specimens of works on plants in the earlier years of the century.» — el plan del capítulo, que empieza por los libros de la primera mitad.
«Despite such annual publication,1 of which this is a single case, Federigo Cesi, founder of the Aceademia dei Lincei, deplored the lack of real study of botany in his Tabulae» — Cesi deplora la falta de estudio real de la botánica pese a la abundancia de publicaciones; la llamada de nota queda pegada dentro del cuerpo.
«He notes that the name of a plant not infrequently indicates some peculiar property that it possesses.» — y hace del nombre de la planta indicio de su propiedad.
«He also still listed spontaneous generation as well as that from the seed of the plant and believed in a close relation between the celestial bodies and plants.» — Thorndike consigna que Cesi mantiene a la vez la generación espontánea y la relación estrecha entre astros y plantas.
«If any reader thinks that thia late publication of the Botanologia Is a sign that the reading public of the seventeenth century was more interested in alchemy, signatures, occult relationship and astrology than it was in botany, he may be right.» — Thorndike se dirige al lector y le concede la inferencia sobre los intereses del público del siglo.
«It should be said, however, that Franckenius does not describe the particular plants” but merely gives their medical effects.» — y acota la hechura del libro de Franckenius, que da efectos médicos y no descripciones.
«If, on the other hand, the reader assumes that the Botanolûgia is free from the superstitious attitude characteristic of the other three treatises, he is very much mistaken.» — y le quita al lector la inferencia contraria.
«The nineteenth-century editor of Franckenius, it is true, says that "he called in doubt or would not affirm for certain various obscure and superstitious therapeutic opinions.» — el juicio del editor decimonónico de Franckenius, que Thorndike recoge sin hacerlo suyo.
«It is true that I did not see much evidence of belief in signatures of herbs, although It is stated that plants differ "according to natal friendship or enmity.» — Thorndike declara en primera persona lo que halló y lo que no en ese libro.
«Tragus writes that he has often seen cataracts and spots in the eye removed from both men and horses by merely wearing the root of Alcea about the neck.» — el amuleto de raíz de altea contra las cataratas, según Tragus.
«Lonicerus asserts, and a professor at Rostock proved experimentally, that the herb AnagflUis held in the hand checks flow of blood.» — la hierba que detiene la sangre tenida en la mano, dada por probada experimentalmente.
«It is more cautiously stated that some believe that Burro paxtoris has a similar» — la formulación más cauta para la bolsa de pastor; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada de nota, que el troceo imprime con asteriscos.
«Durante says that the root of Corona solit, suspended from the neck, wards off apoplexy.» — el amuleto de raíz colgada del cuello contra la apoplejía, según Durante.
«Aconite, which warms and dries in the fourth degree, is so poisonous that if its root is held in the hand until it warms, it will kill the holder.» — el acónito graduado en cuarto grado y su veneno por el contacto de la mano.
«Other curious information is to the effect that dogs die, if they drink the water in which roots of asparagus have been cooked.» — y otra noticia curiosa sobre el agua de cocer espárragos.
«Its seed taken with wine provokes the menstrua, is a violent diuretic, and removes the stone.» — los usos de la simiente tomada con vino.
«Those persons who are to be burned or cut up feel no pain, if they drink mandrake juice made by boiling the root in wine down to a third and then purifying» — el jugo de mandrágora como anestésico para quien va a ser quemado o cortado.
«But we may note that the Ilira£ of the latter, published in the next to last year of his life, omitted the medical virtues of herbs and abandoned alphabetical arrangement for one in twelve main rlainies and numerous subordinate groups.» — el cambio de plan que Thorndike señala: fuera las virtudes médicas y fuera el orden alfabético; el OCR deforma el título y *classes*.
«The doctrine of signatures of herbs was attacked by Jean Forget of Lorraine in a work printed at Nancy in 1633.» — la objeción de Jean Forget a la doctrina de las firmas, datada en 1633.
«The Tfieairum Botanicum of John Parkinson, London apothecary and royal botanist, printed in Londou in 1640, is a huge folio volume of 1755 double-columned pages.» — la descripción material del *Theatrum Botanicum* de Parkinson.
«Although written in English and abundantly illustrated with pictures of the herbs, the text is largely a compilation, especially from classical authors such as Pliny, Dtoscorides and Galen, and sixteenth century botanists like Tragus, Lobel, Dodoens, Clushis and Pena.» — y su hechura de compilación a partir de los clásicos y los botánicos del siglo XVI.
«or the remark that in the Near East horse-chestnuts are given to horses for coughing, shortness of wind, and the like.» — una de las noticias que el volumen espiga de Parkinson.
«Ruellius is quoted as saying that a viper or adder cannot move away after it has been touched with a beech rod, and it is stated that it is easy to kill a mad dog with a hazel stick.» — las virtudes de la vara de haya y del palo de avellano que Parkinson recoge.
«Parkinson fears that predicting from the insects found in oak galls is a pagan practice, and he regards as superstitious not allowing the mistletoe to touch the ground when one plucks it, and its use as an amulet against witchcraft, epilepsy and apoplexy.» — y las prácticas que él mismo califica de paganas o supersticiosas, el muérdago entre ellas.
«The Italians say that eating it with a little salt on a fasting stomach preserves one from the bite of any venomous beast» — el uso italiano contra la mordedura de bestia venenosa.
«John Ray (1627—1705) said that Parldnson, like Gerard earlier (1545-1612), only increased the reader's perplexities by his attempted classification.» — el juicio de Ray sobre las clasificaciones de Parkinson y de Gerard.
«Parkinson's volume, however, is a useful, if not always dependable, work of reference, especially for the English names of plants then.» — y el de Thorndike, que lo tiene por útil aunque no siempre fiable.
«The doctrine of signatures in plants is tacitly accepted when Porta is quoted as to the dose resemblance between the pod of the geranium and rhinoceros horn.» — la doctrina de las firmas admitida en silencio al citar a Porta sobre el geranio y el cuerno de rinoceronte; el OCR lee *dose* por *close*.
«The latter has been shown by recent experiment to detect and overcome poison, and therefore a bit of it is often held in one's mouth in order to resist pestilential vapors.» — y la virtud contra el veneno que se le adjudica por experimento reciente.
«In the chapter on the herb of St Robert, Clusius is cited as to a sixth species of geranium curing headache, for Slavonic women prepare a decoction of it in running water, wash the aching part of the head in the decoction, and then apply die herb to ft But their then throwing the herb back into the running water is censured as superstitious.» — la línea entre remedio y superstición trazada dentro del mismo procedimiento: la cura vale, devolver la hierba al agua corriente no.
«Pitorio notes that all ancient authors, with the exception of Pausanias, knew only Syrian or Egyptian opobalsamum, but today we have only what is supplied as tribute to the Sultan at Constantinople from Arabia Felix.» — la noticia sobre el opobálsamo y su procedencia.
«Pitnno accepts Dioscorides' six distinguishing qualities for the genuine drag and comes to the conclusion that what was brought from Venice was not genuine.» — y la conclusión de que el traído de Venecia no era genuino; el OCR deforma el nombre y lee *drag* por *drug*.
«Ciacinto Ambrosini, brother of Bartolomeo, held the same positions of prefect of the botanical garden and professor of medicinal simples at Bologna.» — los cargos de Giacinto Ambrosini en Bolonia.
«He says that in thirty-six years of medical practice be has hardly used an ounce of bezoar stone.» — la declaración de experiencia con que uno de estos médicos rebaja el bezoar.
«He is sceptical as to the efficacy of the peony as an amulet against» — y su escepticismo sobre la peonía como amuleto; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada de nota.
«He condemns the planting of sprouting herbs on St John's Eve as superstitious, or to believe that an herb will rout a demon.» — condena como supersticioso el plantar en la víspera de San Juan y el creer que una hierba ahuyenta a un demonio.
«He found by personal investigation that there was no stone in a spider, aad doubted if there were any in a toad.» — y declara por investigación propia que no hay piedra en la araña.
«Of forty-seven virtues which were enumerated for betony, the 28th was “against horrors.» — de las cuarenta y siete virtudes de la betónica, la vigesimoctava contra los horrores.
«took in 1639, and again in 1640,w was little more than a compilation from previous writers without the personal expressions of dissent and criticism which are added in the 1667 edition, as has been indicated in some of the foregoing footnotes.» — Thorndike compara las ediciones y señala dónde entran el disenso y la crítica personales; la llamada de nota queda pegada a la cifra.
«Johann Friedrich Helvetius, physician to the Prince of Orange, not only listed herbs for each month from January to September, and according as they had one or more leaves, thick ar.d very damp leaves, umbels, spines, and so on» — el reparto de hierbas por meses y por hojas de Helvetius, médico del príncipe de Orange.
«Merret dedicated his little book to Baldwin Hamey, fellow, treasurer and benefactor of the Medical College.» — la dedicatoria del librito de Merret.
«Werner Rolfinck in 1670™ still believed in stupendous effects produced by plants in the bodies of animals.» — Rolfinck sigue en 1670 creyendo en efectos estupendos de las plantas sobre los cuerpos animales; la llamada de nota viene pegada a la fecha.
«Rolfinck twice repeats Mattioli's story of a criminal condemned to be hanged at Venice who possessed an herb which opened doors for his thefts, but the second time says that this is impossible by the natural virtues of plants.» — la contradicción interna que Thorndike consigna sin armonizar: Rolfinck cuenta dos veces la hierba que abre puertas y la segunda la declara imposible por virtud natural.
«Without knowing the virtues of herbs no one can tell whether to believe witches who claim to work their marvels naturally without pact express or tacit with demons.» — el argumento que hace del saber de las hierbas la clave para juzgar a las brujas que alegan obrar naturalmente.
«There are talking and oracular trees, nor are instances of occult sympathy wanting in vegetables which agree and disagree with one another in marvelous ways.» — los árboles parlantes y oraculares y la simpatía oculta entre vegetales, en la nómina de Rolfinck.
«Plants alter the human body by both manifest and occult qualities, but the doctrine of signatures has its limitations, although it is not to be wholly rejected.» — su postura sobre las firmas, con el límite dentro: ni entera ni rechazada del todo.
«But as a consequence of this self-satisfied attitude, little further progress was made with respect to plant anatomy during the remainder of the century, or indeed until die nineteenth century, the botanists of the eighteenth century being largely occupied with the problem of classification.» — Thorndike traza el efecto de esa complacencia sobre la anatomía vegetal hasta el siglo XIX.
«Rolfinck attempts to classify plants and to differentiate between them by their parts, size, qualities and final cause or use.» — los criterios con que Rolfinck intenta clasificar.
«He distinguished lunar plants which twine with the moon from solar plants which twine with the» — la distinción entre plantas lunares y solares por el sentido en que se enroscan; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada de nota.
«Grew realized the importance of air vessels in plants, and the effect of the air upon the colors of flowers.» — lo que Thorndike adjudica a Grew sobre los vasos de aire y el color de las flores.
«John Ray (1627—1705) to detect many errors of previous writers, and to attempt to arrive at a better notion of what constitutes a species and at an improved method of classification, based upon flowers and seeds, and distinguishing monocotyledons and dicotyledons.» — y lo que adjudica a Ray: mejor noción de especie y clasificación por flores y semillas.
«He did not believe that the plucking of herbs should be regulated by the moon or by the planets.» — y su negativa a regular la recolección de hierbas por la luna o los planetas.
«He often cited Boyle, Sydenham, Hulse86 and Ettmuller, but it was surprising that a non-medical author should select the virtues of herbs so well and reject many superstitions.» — Thorndike mide las autoridades de ese autor y se sorprende de su criterio; la llamada de nota queda pegada al apellido.
«Out of seven Observations as to Things Chinese which Andreas Muller published in 1674, the fourth dealt with the herb Gniseng, which was supposed to restore decayed bodies and for which the Chinese would give three times its weight in silver, while the fifth was about a notable conjunction of the planets in the time of Noah’s flood.» — las observaciones de Andreas Müller sobre cosas de China, con el ginseng y la conjunción planetaria del diluvio en la misma serie.
«He has had ten years of experience at Leipzig, but at the same time acknowledges the help he has received from the books of Bauhin, Montalbani, Joncquet,» — la experiencia propia declarada junto a la deuda con los libros ajenos.
«But since all plants were subject to the same nourishment, he held that even poisonous herbs differed from others only in structure, pores and filtration,—in the combination of the corpuscles which were common to all.» — según Thorndike, Mariotte explica el veneno vegetal por estructura, poros y filtración de corpúsculos comunes.
«Useful and injurious plants could not be distinguished by color, odor, taste, observation of their structure, or chemical analysis, but only as a result of observation» — y niega que color, olor, sabor, estructura o análisis químico basten para separar la planta útil de la dañina.
«Some chemists believed in a very subtle universal spirit, but Mariotte preferred to suppose a fixed basic salt, to which different spirits gave specific individual characteristics.» — el desacuerdo consignado sin armonizar: espíritu universal sutil frente a sal básica fija.
«The interest in the monstrous not only applied to human and other animal births but was extended to the vegetable kingdom,» — Thorndike sigue el interés por lo monstruoso hasta el reino vegetal.
«intended “not only to please the curious with those Monsters al vegetables,... but to help mankind by their excellent virtues.» — el propósito declarado de una de esas obras, entre la curiosidad y el provecho; el OCR lee *al* por *of*.
«Baker in 1700, after speaking of transplantation of disease and blood transfusion, continued: The retrieving the ancient Britannica has made no less noise, Muntinghu has writ a book upon it, and we were made to hope for a specific against the scurvy.» — Thomas Baker pone en la misma serie la trasplantación de enfermedades, la transfusión de sangre y el específico contra el escorbuto.
«by a book on the white lily by Matthias Tilingius, M.D., professor at the University of Hesse-Schaumburg at Rinteln, archiater in Hesse, and whose sobriquet in the Academy was Zephyr.» — el libro sobre el lirio blanco y el apodo académico de su autor.
«But his chief concern was with its marvelous nature and essence, ineffable virtues, and many arcana both spiritual and natural, which were set forth “according to the laws and method of the Academy of the Curious as to Nature.”» — y su asunto principal: la naturaleza maravillosa, las virtudes inefables y los arcanos espirituales y naturales del lirio.
«not merely for having corrected Caspar Bauhin in his Harina Blcsensis'^ and Historia Oxonimsis,1" but for having devised a new and genuine method of classifying plants, not by signatures or seasons of the year or natural place or leaves, or qualities such as taste and odor, or roots, but from flowers and fructification.» — el elogio de Morison por clasificar desde las flores y la fructificación y no por firmas, estaciones ni lugar; el OCR deforma los títulos y arrastra las llamadas de nota.
«When Giorgio dalla Torre, professor and prefect of the public garden at Padua, issued his Historia plantarum in 1685, he was criticized in Acta mtditorum111 for relying too much on Theophrastus and Dioscarides and not having read Morison.» — la censura de las *Acta eruditorum* a dalla Torre por apoyarse demasiado en los antiguos.
«Giovanni Battista Trionfetti, professor in the papal university at Rome and head of the botanical garden, denied that everything came from an egg and regarded such vegetation as messes and fungi as spontaneously generated.» — Trionfetti niega que todo venga de un huevo y deja musgos y hongos a la generación espontánea; el OCR lee *messes* por *mosses*.
«He also believed in the metamorphosis of plants. But he described a number of plants for tire first time.» — y Thorndike pone su creencia en la metamorfosis de las plantas junto a lo que aporta de nuevo.
«It denied that plants were nourished by water alone and held that saline and nitrous ingredients were also required.» — la tesis sobre la nutrición vegetal por sales y nitro además de agua.
«It further treated, however, of the magnetism or sympathy and antipathy of plants, of the transplantation of diseases from human beings to trees and herbs, and of remedies against witchcraft and incantations.» — y lo que el mismo libro trae al lado: magnetismo vegetal, trasplante de enfermedades y remedios contra la brujería.
«This method was rejected by Tournefort on the ground that not all flowers consisted of petals» — la objeción de Tournefort a clasificar por los pétalos.
«The Phytographic Tables of Leonard Plukenet, printed in 1691,120 were praised by Philosophical Transactions as a work which, without flattery, may deserve the name of a performance to the improvement of so great a part of the universal history of nature» — el elogio de las *Philosophical Transactions* a las tablas de Plukenet; la llamada de nota queda pegada a la fecha.
«But not one of the following herbs from the thirteenth century Herbal of Rufinos ™ was included: aucha, aucheta, auricula leporis» — Thorndike mide el alcance de esas tablas por las hierbas del herbario de Rufino que no recogen.
«Although Father Plumier had informed Pierre Pomct that cochineal was an insect, the latter in his Histoire générale des drogues preferred the statement of a merchant» — Pomet prefiere el dicho de un mercader al aviso del padre Plumier sobre la cochinilla.
«Hartsoeker, after rot amination with a microscope, declared that cochineal was an insect and often contained red eggs.» — y Hartsoeker lo declara insecto tras mirarlo al microscopio; el OCR deshace *examination*.
«Tournefort was accused of merely translating and abridging the History of Plants of John Ray» — la acusación contra Tournefort de traducir y abreviar a Ray.
«Thomas Baker, writing at the close of the century, admitted that botanical information bad been “mightily enlarged’ by the discovery of the East and West» — el balance de Baker al cerrar el siglo sobre lo que las Indias ampliaron.
«But he complained that their virtues were not yet known.» — y su queja: de esas plantas nuevas no se conocían aún las virtudes.
«The Pharmacopoeias of the seventeenth century, especially those which combined Paracelsan with Calenic drugs and procedure, were still tinged with the occult and magical.» — la tesis con que Thorndike abre el capítulo de farmacia: las farmacopeas que mezclan lo paracélsico con lo galénico siguen teñidas de lo oculto y lo mágico.
«We shall illustrate this in most detail from the 1672 edition of the work of Schröder» — y declara de dónde tomará el ejemplo principal.
«Hoefer ascribed to Johann Daniel Mylius of Wetterau in Hesse a Pharmacopoea nooa de mystcriis medico-chimicis at Frankfurt in 1618» — la atribución que Hoefer hace a Mylius de una farmacopea de misterios médico-químicos.
«is said to have been expelled from the medical faculty of Paris in 1809 for making use of antimony.» — la expulsión por usar antimonio; la cifra del año sale corrompida en el troceo.
«Pierre Potter was somewhat given to astrological medicine as well as to iatrochemistry and spagyric pharmacy.» — Thorndike sitúa a Poterius entre la medicina astrológica, la iatroquímica y la farmacia espagírica.
«Let it be illumined by the splendor of the Sun, by whose influence not only will its darkness be removed, but also, by benefit of its beat, the compacted matter is attenuated and truly fomented.» — una prescripción que hace obrar al sol por influjo y por calor a la vez; el OCR lee *beat* por *heat*.
«In his medical Centuries he states that workers are less liable than other men to catarrh and fluxions, and are less sensitive to weather changes and vicissitudes of the moon and other stars.» — la observación sobre los obreros, menos sensibles a los cambios del tiempo y a las vicisitudes de la luna.
«It purported to reveal to the “sons of doctrine and wisdom“ a most secret way of compounding drugs based on his own experience and practice.» — el tono iniciático de la obra de Mynsicht, dirigida a los hijos de la doctrina y la sabiduría.
«In 1682 the work was translated into both German and English, the latter by the astrologer Partridge.» — y su traducción inglesa a cargo del astrólogo Partridge.
«In this preface Mynsicht says that, when he first published the work some years ago, he gave the reasons why he thought that he ought not to hide the Arcana which by God’s grace, ingenious sagacity, art, labor and continual practice he had succeeded in discovering.» — Mynsicht declara por qué no oculta sus arcanos, atribuidos a la gracia de Dios y al trabajo continuo.
«Now he adds a richer harvest of new compositions, not, it is true, utterly unknown to Hippocrates, Galen and Paracelsus, but adapted to our own times, regions—especially lower Saxony and the Baltic basin, men, and new diseases unknown to the ancients but required in this declining age of the world.» — y acomoda sus recetas a los tiempos, las regiones y las enfermedades nuevas de una edad del mundo que da por declinante.
«He maintains the same tone in the text, introducing the first chemical medicament, Mineral Unicorn, as “This glorious and arcane medicine," which, because of the unworthy and ungrateful sons of the world was hidden and involved in darkness, lest Spagyric gems seem cast before swine.» — el secreto espagírico justificado por la indignidad del mundo, con la imagen de las perlas ante los puercos.
«Each prescription that he gives is good for a great number of ailments.» — Thorndike mide la hechura de esas recetas: cada una sirve para muchos males.
«Emetic of tartar is efficacious primarily against melancholy, mania, insanity, delirium..., epilepsy, apoplexy, fascinations, philters, poisoned draughts, and all ills induced by incantations.» — la lista en que la fascinación, los filtros y los males por encantamiento van junto a la epilepsia y la apoplejía.
«So is tincture of hypericon, while fetid plaster is an experiment stupendous and as it were dropped from heaven for every type of sorcery.» — y el emplasto fétido como experimento estupendo contra toda hechicería.
«Opium was not a poison, and wholesome remedies could be made from it, if properly prepared, for almost all bodily ills.» — la tesis sobre el opio bien preparado.
«He even went so far as to "communicate candidly outstanding and not-to-be-revealed» — y el ofrecimiento de comunicar lo que no debía revelarse; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada de nota.
«Half a century later Olaus Bonichius held that, while opium was hot per se by reason of its oily parts, it was very cold in its effects.» — Bonichius sostiene medio siglo después que el opio es caliente en sí y frío en sus efectos.
«He would therefore, in administering it for medical purposes, not mix it with such drugs as bezoar stone or diaphoretic antimony, but with the hottest remedies in order to tone down its dulling properties.» — y de ahí deriva con qué mezclarlo.
«Patin, however, was rather opposed to polypharmacy.» — la postura de Gui Patin contra la polifarmacia.
«Marcus Antonius Alaymus of Sicily affirmed that "new and wonderful arcana of nature” were included in his work on medicaments which might be substituted for others.» — Alaymus anuncia arcanos nuevos y maravillosos en su libro de sustituciones de medicamentos.
«The author, discussing Parte della Speciaria, tells us that, after spending eleven yean in various parts of France, Lombardy and Italy, he came to the pharmacy of the Hospital of San Spirito.» — el itinerario declarado del autor hasta la botica del hospital de Santo Spirito; el OCR lee *yean* por *years*.
«Its apothecary, the Reverend Fra Hippolito Mancini, besides being most learned In medicine, surgery and pharmacy, was an oracle of the chemical art and an outstanding botanist.» — y el elogio del boticario, llamado oráculo del arte químico.
«The ninth chapter of the first book is on the influence of the stars which throw off "effluvia endowed with peculiar faculties.”» — el capítulo de la farmacopea dedicado al influjo de los astros por efluvios dotados de facultades peculiares.
«At the close of the chapter the author is somewhat apologetic, admitting that such matters are not fully known.» — y la reserva con que su autor lo cierra.
«But he concludes that, inasmuch as there can be no doubt of the existence of friendship and enmity between celestial and sublunar bodies, it is permissible to repeat the series collected by previous writers.» — la razón que da para repetir las series de correspondencias: la amistad y enemistad entre lo celeste y lo sublunar no admite duda.
«Unless a nerve or artery has been severed, this concoction is guaranteed to cure any wound, provided the weapon which inflicted the wound is anointed with it» — la receta del ungüento de las armas, que se aplica al arma y no a la herida.
«Caution should further be taken that no dust gets on it and that it is not in a cold wind, or the patient will be sore afflicted.» — y las cautelas sobre el arma untada, que repercuten en el enfermo ausente.
«If the wound has been made with the point of a sword, the sword should be anointed downward to the tip.» — el detalle del sentido en que se unta la espada.
«A similar influence is felt when a brother catches the plague from his brother who has it, although he may be far away.» — el argumento por analogía con el contagio a distancia entre hermanos.
«In a later chapter Croll is cited for magnetic cure of toothache by rubbing the aching tooth with the dried herb Prunella and then sealing up the latter in a hollow willow branch.» — la cura magnética del dolor de muelas que se adjudica a Croll.
«They say that experiment sometimes shows that it breaks, if worn during sexual intercourse.» — la prueba que se alega para la piedra que se quiebra si se lleva en el acto sexual.
«That the lynx stone is produced from the urine of the lynx is dismissed as a fable.» — y la fábula de la piedra del lince, desechada.
«Some believe that ashwood cut on John the Baptist’s day heals wounds and contusions by mere rubbing.» — la madera de fresno cortada el día de san Juan Bautista.
«Alexander of Tralles makes the root of hyosciamus an amulet against gout, if dug when the moon is in Aquarius or Pisces with the bone of some dead animal without touching the root and murmuring an adjuration which Schröder will not repeat as being superstitious.» — el amuleto de beleño con sus condiciones lunares y su conjuro, que Schröder se niega a repetir por supersticioso.
«Paracelsus put Hypericon among herbs which ward off sorcery (veneficia) and specters and advised collecting it under the influence of Mars, Saturn and Venus, but by no means the moon, at dawn, wearing it as an amulet in ones hat ar under one’s pillow, often smelling of it, scattering it through the house, and hanging it from the walls.» — la prescripción astral que se adjudica a Paracelso para el hipérico contra hechizos y espectros.
«Schröder thinks, however, that the toad-stone is too big to have been generated in the animal s head.» — la objeción de Schröder a la piedra del sapo, por tamaño.
«The gall of a black pup cures epilepsy marvelously, if drunk or taken in a powder with the sign of the cross.» — y el remedio con signo de la cruz incorporado a la receta.
«He began with the etymology of the word, in the eighth chapter finally decided that camphor was of hot rather than cold quality, and in chapter eleven began to list prescriptions.» — la hechura de un tratado entero sobre el alcanfor.
«Thus Tragus called lily of the valley heating, yet said that a water distilled from it was chilling.» — la primera de las contradicciones internas que el volumen espiga entre las autoridades.
«He said that myrtle was a food rather than a medicament, yet admitted that it was astringent.» — la segunda.
«Dioscorides said it made the eyes misty; then, forgetting himself, asserted that its juice clarified the sight.» — y la de Dioscórides sobre la vista, consignada sin armonizar.
«The Africans made it malignant, so that if anyone was stung by a scorpion on the day he had eaten it, the sting would be incurable.» — la creencia africana sobre la albahaca y la picadura de escorpión.
«Matthaeus thinks that two herbs have been confused: ocymum from the Greek Sxw;, which is somewhat malignant and almost odorless, and basilicum or ocimum from 6C<o which is redolent and harmless, indeed we find it good for heart and brain.“» — la salida de Matthaeus por la confusión de dos hierbas; el griego sale ilegible en la capa de texto.
«Yet in administering gems, they reduce them to a powder in which they lose all their splendor.» — la objeción a quienes adjudican virtud al esplendor de la gema y luego la pulverizan.
«advised taking three leaves of the herb sanguisorba thrice for tertian fever.» — la receta de tres hojas tres veces contra la terciana.
«But Capovaccius rightly asserts that they merely move the urine.» — y la objeción de Capivaccio, que reduce el efecto a mover la orina.
«Repeated experiment has proved that an emulsion of the seed of cannabis causes epilepsy.» — lo que se alega probado por experimento repetido sobre la simiente de cáñamo.
«But it is ridiculous for Mattioli to say that this seed males men impotent, yet causes hens to lay more eggs in winter than summer.» — y la objeción a Mattioli por sostener a la vez dos efectos contrarios.
«undertook m 1652 to reform the Augsburg Pharmacopoeia,40 which he says was generally received in Germany by physicians and apothecaries.» — la reforma de la farmacopea de Augsburgo, que se decía recibida en toda Alemania; la llamada de nota queda pegada al título.
«The difficulties and limitations of pharmacy in the seventeenth century are indicated by the counsel, given more than once in medical works, to physicians that they prepare and ccmpound their prescriptions themselves.» — Thorndike lee en el consejo de preparar uno mismo las recetas el índice de los límites de la farmacia del siglo.
«This was especially true ki the case of chemical remedies, as may be illustrated from Zwelfers Royal Pharmacopoeia of 1688.» — y declara de dónde toma el ejemplo.
«He had used with great success against the plague a preparation of Diaphoretic Antimony (Brcchweinstcin, emetic tartar, or tartarized antimony) which he made himself, but had almost perished from taking the same drug as prepared by “a pseudo-ebymist.» — el caso que Zwelfer cuenta de sí mismo: el mismo remedio hecho por otro casi lo mata.
«He further disagreed with Tachenius as to the proper way of fixing the volatile salt of vipers, and complained that Tachenius in» — el desacuerdo con Tachenius sobre la sal volátil de víboras; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada de nota.
«François Vemey, on the other hand, had criticized Zwelfers preparation of the Compounded Acid Syrup of Mesuc and the Confection of Alkermes.» — y la crítica que Verney le devuelve.
«Zwelfer further complained that most so-called oriental bezoars were spurious, since the genuine article was very rare, being derived from a single species of wild goat which was to be found in only one comer of the East Indies.» — la queja de Zwelfer sobre los bezoares orientales falsos.
«Friedrich Müller, who in 1661 had produced a Lexicon medicogrfeno-chymico^pharmaceuticum, in 1673 attacked Zwelfer in A Medical Exorcism of the Manes, Ghosts and Bewitched Spirits of Zwelfer,“ but Mynsicht and Zwelfer were more often favorably cited by subsequent pharmacists and iatro-chemists.» — el ataque de Friedrich Müller y el saldo de fortuna que Thorndike saca; el OCR fusiona el título del léxico.
«he attacked polypharmacy and the over-elaboration of materia medica, and asserted that be limited his account to those drugs which were available and well known, “not by conjecture but certain experience in each case.» — el ataque a la polifarmacia con apelación a la experiencia cierta.
«Thomas Bartholinus (1616—1680), professor of anatomy at Copenhagen, in a letter prefixed to the work of Hermann Grube on the way to know the properties of medicinal simples,“ commended the use of domestic plants in place of foreign: dock for rhubarb, elder for sena, iris for jalap, gumphry for machoachan, angelica root for cost, fir sap instead of opobalsamum, scordium or pennyroyal in place of dictamen of Crete, and walnuts for nutmegs.» — la tabla de sustituciones caseras que Bartholinus recomienda frente a las drogas exóticas.
«Bartholinus thought the doctrine of signatures in plants of some use, noting that those with salts of like figure seemed to have similar virtues.» — y su postura sobre las firmas, que fundamenta en la figura de las sales.
«Grube not only wrote on medicinal simples, but in his De Arcanla, four years later, criticized the polypharmacy of hit age.» — la crítica de Grube a la polifarmacia de su tiempo.
«As a consequence, the formulae of many medicines were nothing but a catalogue of specifics.» — el efecto que le adjudica: fórmulas vueltas catálogo de específicos.
«So many things of like efficacy were mixed together in equal quantities without rhyme or reason, that it was no wonder that the patient grew worse from the use of such medicaments.» — y la consecuencia sobre el enfermo.
«A good illustration of this was the numerous compound medicines of the Augsburg pharmacopoeia, more pompous than helpful, which Zwelfer bad corrected and thereby earned the gratitude of the learned world.» — el ejemplo de la farmacopea de Augsburgo, más pomposa que útil.
«If one wished a compound to be really an arcanum, the ingredients should be selected in each case to suit the individual patient.» — la condición que Grube pone para que un compuesto sea de veras arcano.
«He reaches the conclusion that there is nothing worse for medical practice than preposterous credulity and notes that Redi has exploded many myths.» — la conclusión contra la credulidad, con Redi de referencia.
«He is very sceptical as to the medicinal virtues of gems and precious stones, and quite curt as to those of antimony.» — su escepticismo sobre las gemas y sobre el antimonio.
«He knows that cochineal is an insect, not a grain or fruit.» — y su noticia correcta sobre la cochinilla.
«He rejects the fable of the beaver biting off its testicles, and doubts if the lizard devours its slough because it knows that it is beneficial for epilepsy.» — las dos fábulas animales que rechaza o pone en duda.
«He is opposed to the use of mumia, if not of usnea.» — y su postura sobre la momia, con la salvedad de la usnea.
«He exclaims against the superstition of women who employ the rose of Jericho—although it is neither a rose nor from Jericho—on Christmas eve to determine the time of delivery and attribute more to it, especially if it has been consecrated by the pope, than they do to divine aid.» — la rosa de Jericó en la noche de Navidad, y la objeción de que se le atribuya más que al auxilio divino.
«He believed that, although in time past the world had been involved in dark and dismal ignorance, it was now so enlightened that all occult arts had vanished, and nothing hut superstition, a deluge of gross superstition, cun revive them again.» — la declaración de que las artes ocultas se han desvanecido y solo un diluvio de superstición podría revivirlas.
«He was opposed to transmutation and projection, even if possible.» — y su postura contra la transmutación y la proyección, aun concedida su posibilidad.
«by five doctors selected by tbe local Faculty of Medicine, they omitted many useless and superfluous remedies found in other Pharmacopoeias, but made much use of the Pharmacopée royale of Charas,™ and added "singular and extraordinary» — la hechura de una farmacopea hecha por cinco doctores, que poda y a la vez añade lo singular y extraordinario.
«He further doubted tbe efficacy of sarsaparilla and opposed tbe use of mummy.» — las dudas sobre la zarzaparrilla y la momia; el OCR lee *tbe* por *the*.
«He was against trochees and powders of vipers or tbe use of the skull of a dead man for epilepsy.» — y la oposición al cráneo de difunto contra la epilepsia.
«In listing "Preparations Galenical and Chymical now in use," he stated that the chemical medicines are the remains of a prodigious number... which have been, aftc they bad deluded and destroyed the greatest numbers of the afflicted.. reserv'd as the most innocent or the most usefuL"» — el juicio inglés sobre los remedios químicos supervivientes; los puntos suspensivos y las deformaciones son del troceo.
«Yet he regarded amulets as useful for diseases marked by great anxiety and fear, and he still believed in the existence of material spirits within the human body.» — y el límite de ese escepticismo: amuletos útiles y espíritus materiales dentro del cuerpo.
«He ascribed this decline to the rise of royal absolutism and of individualism.» — la causa que se adjudica a ese declive.
«In the middle ages alchemy had been a secret and sometimes forbidden art.» — Thorndike abre el capítulo de cursos y manuales de química situando la alquimia medieval como arte secreto y a veces prohibido.
«During the period of incunabula, or second half of the fifteenth century, works of alchemy still lurked in the manuscripts.» — y la sigue en los incunables, donde aún permanecía manuscrita.
«With the seventeenth century chemistry commenced to be popularized.» — la tesis del capítulo: con el siglo XVII la química empieza a popularizarse.
«Elementary handbooks of the subject found many readers and were produced in or translated into French and other vernaculars, and popular courses, accompanied by laboratory experiments, were offered to the public.» — y la forma que toma esa popularización: manuales en lengua vulgar y cursos con experimentos de laboratorio.
«Fifteen years later, in 1665, the "Cours théorique” of Nicolas de Locqces explained “precepts and principles of chemistry which have until now been hid by the ancient philosophers,” while his "Cours pratique" treated of operations hitherto known to only a few.» — el reclamo de Nicolas de Locques, que ofrece lo que los filósofos antiguos tenían oculto.
«Such salesmanship still savored of the methods of magic, nor does the scent usually prove misleading when we turn to the body of the work.» — el juicio de Thorndike sobre ese reclamo, que huele todavía a los métodos de la magia.
«Nor were the first popular courses and manuals purely or even primarily chemical.» — y la acotación sobre la materia de esos cursos.
«They were indeed apt to be primarily medical or pharmaceutical, consisting chiefly of chemical remedies, of preparations concocted in the chemical laboratory but intended for medicinal use.» — que eran más médicos y farmacéuticos que químicos.
«The text was in German but with Latin quotations, titles and marginal headings.» — la hechura bilingüe de uno de esos manuales.
«He then proceeds to consider sulphur (not the common variety but that of the philosophers), antimony, mercury,» — el azufre de los filósofos, distinguido del común, en el plan del manual.
«Tanckius triumphantly concludes, “So by God’s help I’ve stated the right road to the philosophers’ stonel”» — el remate de Tanckius sobre el camino a la piedra filosofal; el OCR deja *stonel* por *stone*.
«In it he states that he has met with such ingratitude from some persons, notably a gowned surgeon of Paris, who had been his pupil gratuitously, that he conceals some preparations, lest he cast his pearls before swine.» — el secreto justificado por la ingratitud de los discípulos, con la misma imagen de las perlas.
«The edition of 1610 opened with a definition of alchemy which was omitted or altered in later editions but which merits attention.» — Thorndike rescata la definición de alquimia que Béguin suprimió después.
«It is an art which teaches to separate the pure from the impure.» — la definición misma: arte que enseña a separar lo puro de lo impuro.
«It purifia, segregates and perfects metals; dissolves the hardest gold, vexes metals by the weakness of vegetation; disjoins tinctures from subjects; finite nature to infinite; conflates stones; elicits water, vegetates fire and in fire vegetated and quari-perennisl produces a specimen of its art and efficacy in prolonging human life.» — el desarrollo de esa definición, que termina en la prolongación de la vida humana; el troceo la imprime muy corrompida.
«Its theory is on a par with physics, of which it forms no ignoble or medicine, to which it is subservient and ancillary.» — y el lugar que le adjudica entre la física y la medicina.
«Far removed from it are those rascally fume-vendors, ash-blowers and statuaries, who do not blush to pass for philosophers but ought to be considered sooty mechanics and impostors.» — la línea que Béguin traza entre el arte y los sopladores de cenizas que se hacen pasar por filósofos.
«He then considers the three principles, distillation of liquors and herbs, and various waters.» — el plan del manual, que arranca por los tres principios.
«After masteries of tartar, of coral and pearls, and balsams of sulphur and of lead, we come to extracts and tinctures, the quintessence, the nature of stones, laudanum, and ways of luting vessels.» — y su continuación hasta la quintaesencia y el lutado de los vasos.
«Alcolismus is reduction to most minute parts or pulverization so as to produce a powder which is almost impalpable, but it is added that chemists misuse the name to indicate liquors which have undergone repeated distillation, as when spirits of wine are called alcohoL”» — la definición de *alcoholismus* y la queja por el uso que los químicos le dan.
«The three principles are said to be each reducible to three others, as mercury into aqua arttens or aqua vitae, the element water, and acid water;» — el desdoblamiento de cada uno de los tres principios en otros tres.
«In the edition of 1612 Béguin says that patients prefer simple chemical remedies to the nauseous compounds of the misochymists and engages in a long vindication of chemical remedies» — la defensa de los remedios químicos contra los misoquímicos.
«He expected his method of extracting sal ammoniac from all simple purgative» — el método de extraer sal amoníaco de todo purgante simple; el tramo se corta antes del encabezado corrido de la plana siguiente.
«Barth asserts that the Tyrocinium had been printed four times in Germany and was used in its universities.» — la fortuna del *Tyrocinium chymicum* de Béguin según Barth.
«He further states in his dedication to Bomsdorf, dated at Guben on September 16,1618, that he had made additions of his own to the text» — y sus añadidos declarados en la dedicatoria.
«His dedication is dated April 1, 1618, and he more than doubled the length of the TyrocMum by his notes and added medical formulae.» — la medida del crecimiento del manual por obra de su comentarista.
«combined the additions which GlOckradt and Barth had made, and his text appears to have remained essentially unchanged in the editions of Venice, 1643” and of Wittenberg, 1640 and 1650» — la historia editorial del manual, con las capas de Glückradt y Barth fundidas.
«Barth, however, did not get to make and publish the Latin translation until 1618.» — la data de la traducción latina.
«Meanwhile another edition had appeared in Germany at Königsberg, edited by Johann Hartmana (1568—1631)—who in 1609 became the first university professor of chemistry at Marburg—under the pseudonym, Christoph Gltickradt, which enabled him to cite himself without any false modesty.» — el seudónimo con que Hartmann se citaba a sí mismo, y su cátedra de química, la primera en una universidad.
«In disproof of the old notion that coral is soft so long as it remains under water and turns hard only when exposed to the air, Beguin notes that coral-fishers in July, 1584, found it as hard under water as it was afterwards.» — Béguin opone a la vieja noción del coral el testimonio de los pescadores.
«He then adds that this has been confirmed to him by le Sieur de la Piotier, a gentleman of Lyons, who returned two years ago from coral-fishing off the coasts of Barbary.» — y añade la confirmación de un testigo nombrado.
«Beguin had revisited Hungary in 1611, between the 1610 and 1612 editions of the Tyrocinium, and tells of descending into a silver mine which was a half mile from Schemnitz, about 1500 cubits deep, and so hot that the miners worked stark-naked.» — la bajada a la mina de plata de Schemnitz contada en primera persona.
«Frequently mineral vapors would rise “from the center of the earth” and extinguish the lamps of the miners, “and themselves too,” unless they withdrew immediately.» — y los vapores minerales que apagaban las lámparas y a los mineros.
«Afterwards these exhalations would sometimes be found clinging to the walls of the mine like oil.» — la observación sobre el residuo aceitoso en las paredes.
«An allusion to the year 1613 must have been first inserted by Beguin in the French edition of 1615, which I have not seen.» — Thorndike declara en primera persona lo que no ha visto.
«He has seconded Beguin in his design of treating medicinal chemistry.» — el propósito que Lucas declara compartir con Béguin.
«But, since Beguin was brief in places and consequently obscure, and kept to himself many details essential to the preparation of chemical remedies—which Lucas thinks he would have supplied “in this second French edition,” had he not been prevented by death from doing so—Lucas has taken it upon himself to add not only what is lacking in the rudiments, such as the structure of furnaces, shapes and uses of vessels,9 degree of heat of the fire, doses and administration of medicaments, but also many secrets from his own experience.» — la razón que da Lucas para completar el manual: lo que Béguin calló y lo que su muerte dejó sin decir.
«He has the division into three books of six, twenty and four chapters respectively which is characteristic of most later editions, but introduces a good deal as to solution in the first book, states that teste morte and phlegm are not principles» — la estructura de la obra y la negativa a hacer principios de la *caput mortuum* y la flema; el troceo imprime *teste morte*.
«In the original handbook of 1610 Beguin engaged little in citation of authorities.» — Thorndike mide el aparato del manual original.
«Many citations were introduced by Gliickradt and Barth.» — y de dónde vinieron después las citas.
«Victor Algorethus of Verona is said to have given his name to pulvis angelicus or Aigorcthi, an emetic powder by which Barth and his friend Vautier, who took his M.D. at Montpellier in 1612 and later was physician to Marie» — el polvo angélico y el nombre de quien se dice que lo bautizó.
«In the first edition of 1610, p. 5, Beguin had excused himself for not discussing furnaces, vessels, other chemical apparatus, and the regimen of different fires on the ground that they were matters of usage rather than precepts and required eyes and hand, not words.» — la excusa de Béguin: hornos y vasos son cosa de ojos y manos, no de palabras.
«He stated that the three chemical principles were spiritual rather than corporeal because of the influx of celestial seeds with which they were impregnated.» — los tres principios vueltos espirituales por el influjo de simientes celestes.
«He also still attached significance to numbers, speaking of “the sacred Ternary’'» — y el valor que sigue dando al número, con el ternario sagrado.
«Billich noted that Quercetanus had held that vitriol contained all three principles and that the presence of sulphur was indicated in a red sweet ochre which was easily separated from it» — la tesis de Quercetano sobre el vitriolo que Billich recoge.
«But Beguin pointed out: 1) that this ochre was not of an oily consistency but dry and powdery; 2) that it did not burn in fire like sulphur; 3) that it was nothing else than the metallic part of vitriol (i.e., iron or copper).» — y las tres objeciones numeradas de Béguin.
«This had also been sufficiently demonstrated by Angelus Sala, Billich's honored preceptor, who had further shown that sal vitrioli was not properly a salt.» — la autoridad de Angelo Sala invocada en el mismo punto.
«Veneris diaphoreticus is an insigne Bezoarticum against venereal disease, if it is taken soon after infection.» — el remedio contra el mal venéreo, con su condición de tiempo.
«Ten yean later Billich criticized the arrangement of chapters two to five in the first book of the Tyrocinium, and argued that Beguin's solution was not a single operation but a heap of operations.» — la objeción de Billich al orden del manual y a su noción de solución.
«Béguin (II, 17) set forth the process connected with stiliilego saparum accurately enough, but did not understand the thing itself, rolling a salt essential which was not even sincere.» — y su objeción de fondo: el procedimiento bien descrito y la cosa mal entendida.
«Ardent spirit of lead is a silly figment of the chemists, but Béguin (11,4) said that it filled the whole laboratory with a fragrance far surpassing those of all odorous vegetation.» — el espíritu ardiente del plomo declarado ficción, contra la fragancia que Béguin le adjudicaba.
«The blade residue or tête morte left by salt of lead is of no importance, if we believe Béguin, but if we consult experience, is revocable into the form of true lead.» — la apelación a la experiencia contra la autoridad del manual.
«In yet a third work, whose dedication is dated in 1639, but which I have used in the edition of 1643, Billich continued to» — Thorndike declara qué edición maneja.
«Billich keeps trying to pick passages out of Glückradt’s notes to the Tyrocinium which may be interpreted unfavorably to chemical remedies.» — y describe la táctica de Billich con las notas de Glückradt.
«Beguin promised to tell how too sharp chemicals could be softened, but failed to do so.» — una de las promesas incumplidas que Billich le enrostra.
«Billich confutes Begum’s statements as to salts from plants, taken partly from Quercetanus and partly his own, and affirms that "the genius of absinth" is utterly lost in salt of absinth, which bears the same relation to absinth as a corpse does to a living body.» — la imagen con que Billich niega que la sal conserve el genio de la planta.
«In his inaugural Hartmann maintained that medicine was coupled with action, not with contemplation, and that to dispute subtly, declaim or quarrel concerning natural phenomena was not to be a physician.» — la lección inaugural de Hartmann, que pone la medicina del lado de la acción.
«He next discussed poisons, then held that the number of diseases was finite, and that new diseases were not generated today.» — y su tesis de que el número de enfermedades es finito.
«His next thesis was that like was more often cured by like than contrary by contrary, a doctrine more favorable to Spagyric than to Calenic medicine.» — la tesis de lo semejante cura lo semejante, que Thorndike alinea del lado espagírico.
«He regarded it as certain that the veins and arteries in the entire human body worked together, the veins bringing blood to the arteries, and the arteries spirit to the veins.» — el intercambio de sangre y espíritu entre venas y arterias.
«He considered it not absurd that a vein might accompany every artery, but not an artery accompany every vein.» — y la asimetría que admite entre unas y otras.
«He dedared that the ontistasis, which in great haemorrhages of wounds was made by venesection from the part opposite the wound, was unnatural and» — su objeción a la sangría por la parte opuesta a la herida.
«It is evident that his inaugural was more medical than chemical.» — el juicio de Thorndike sobre esa lección.
«Of the seven following disputations, however, five are chemical or concerned with the relations between medicine and chemistry.» — y el reparto de las disputas que siguen.
«The issuing of Hartmann’s collected works nearly sixty years after his death indicates that they were still acceptable to the reading public and that, as I state elsewhere, the alchemy and iatrochemistry and medicine of the late seventeenth century differed little from that of the early seventeenth century, especially in Germany.» — una de las tesis que Thorndike dice sostener también en otros lugares: la alquimia y la iatroquímica de fin de siglo difieren poco de las de principios.
«Cardiludus also claimed to have corrected numerous misprints.» — la enmienda que el editor se adjudica.
«We are told that the chemical and philosophical and medical month has forty» — el mes químico, filosófico y médico contado aparte del mes común; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada de nota.
«Brendel opens with praise of chemistry, then defines and divides it.» — la hechura del curso de Brendel.
«Fire forms the backbone of the organization of his text, beginning with degrees of fire, four in number, following the traditional medical doctrine of degrees.» — el fuego como eje de su organización, con los cuatro grados de la doctrina médica.
«Under the third degree he considers sublimation of sulphur and flowers of sulphur; under the fourth degree, the spirit of vitriol and its distillation.» — el reparto de las operaciones por grados de fuego.
«A long fourth chapter78 includes the bath of Mary, distillation of vinegar, spirit of wine, laudanum opiatum, the way to extract essences or purify extracts, laudanum opiatum again, refutations of Oswald Croll, notabilia as to henbane from Hartmann’s commentary on the Tyrocinium Chymicum, and another digression concerning scammony and its preparation.» — el contenido revuelto de ese capítulo, con el baño de María y las objeciones a Croll en la misma serie; la llamada de nota queda pegada a la cifra.
«The work is thus somewhat alchemical as well as chemical, but otherwise contains little or nothing that can be called magical.» — el deslinde que Thorndike hace en esa obra entre lo alquímico y lo mágico.
«Jean Collesson, who first published his L’Idée parfaicte de la philosophie hermétique at Paris in 1630, is said by Hoefer» — la *Idée parfaicte de la philosophie hermétique* de Collesson, datada en 1630.
«It was dedicated to no less a personage than Gaston de Bourbon, brother of Louis XIII.» — y su dedicatoria al hermano de Luis XIII.
«Estienne de Clave, M.D., was involved In the condemnation by the Sorbonne of alchemical theses in 1624 and retired for a time to Brittany.» — la condena de la Sorbona de 1624 y el retiro de Estienne de Clave.
«His book, however, found sufficient readers to be reprinted with additions the next» — la reimpresión que mide sus lectores.
«Its publisher explains that the esteem in which are held the works of de Clave thus far printed has incited him to search for those still in manuscript in order to give them to the public, and, among others, this which contains his last course in chemistry.» — la razón que el editor declara para sacar el curso póstumo.
«In Nouvelle lumière philosophique de Clave had held that chemistry was almost unknown until Paracelsus, and that Paracelsus had regarded earth and water not as elements but as mere excrements of his three principles—sulphur, salt and mercury.» — de Clave data en Paracelso el comienzo de la química y le adjudica haber hecho de tierra y agua excrementos de los tres principios.
«Clave, on the contrary and unlike Béguin, held that all five were elements, a view also adopted by him in Le cours de chimie and in most subsequent manuals of the century.» — y su postura propia: los cinco son elementos, que sería la de la mayoría de los manuales del siglo.
«These brief dicta had been preceded in Nouvelle lumière philosophique by detailed discussion of such questions as whether taste, sound and touch are specific qualities of the elements (p. 242—); the congealability of water, fermentability of mercury, inflammability of oil (sulphur), fusibility of salt, and friability and discontinuabüity of earth (p. 462); and that Aristotle erred in holding that the pure elements had no color, savor or odor (p. 463).» — las cuestiones que preceden a esos dichos, con la objeción a Aristóteles sobre el color de los elementos puros.
«A Scot, William Davidson or Davison or Davisson by name, in 1647 became Intendant of Le Jardin du Roi, and on July 23, 1648 opened there a course in chemistry.» — la data del curso de química de Davidson en el Jardin du Roi, con las tres grafías de su apellido.
«Its full title describes it as adorned with observations by no means commonplace, illustrated by the first elements of theoretical and practical physics, and containing new speculation as to nature, confirmed by the authority of all philosophers, recent and ancient, yet offering what hitherto has been wanting in, and wanted by, all chemists of this age.» — el reclamo del título, que promete lo que a todos los químicos del siglo les faltaba.
«We are given a bit of Boethius every now and then, while verses of Fracastoro are repeated for nearly two solid pages.» — la manera en que ese libro cita, medida por Thorndike.
«Yet a contemporary tells us that Davidson won much glory by his books stuffed with widely-read erudition.» — el juicio contemporáneo sobre la erudición de Davidson.
«On the other hand, Beguin's Tyrocinium was probably utilized by Davidson without» — y la deuda con Béguin que Thorndike le supone sin reconocer.
«Davidson does not make dear what these semina are nor where they come from, but he asserts that their virtues are not from the elements, and that they rather constitute bodies and inform the elements, and that in them are infinite faculties which were never in the elements, such as multiplication, science and eternity.» — la doctrina de las simientes que informan los elementos, con facultades infinitas: multiplicación, ciencia y eternidad.
«Davidsons volume came out in French in 1651 with another long title which described it as The elements of the philosophy of fire or chemistry, containing the finest observations concerning the solution, preparation and administration of vegetables, animals and minerals, remedies against ills of the human body, and» — la versión francesa y su título, la filosofía del fuego.
«On July 26 of the same year Davidson left Paris to become physician tn the lring of Poland with a salary of 10,000 livres.» — su marcha a Polonia como médico del rey; el OCR deforma *to the king*.
«Three years later, in 1660 at The Hague, was published a Prodromus by Davidson to commentaries on the Idea of Philosophic Medicine of Peter Severinus, explaining the Platonic fotxidation on which Hippocrates, Paracelsus and Severinus had built, together with some select chemical remedies from Davidson's own experience of forty» — el *Prodromus* sobre Severino y el fundamento platónico que le adjudica a Hipócrates y a Paracelso.
«Cui Patin, noting the appearance of the first edition in a letter of August 25, 1660, called it "un Commentaire d’un certain malheureux chimiste nommé William Davisson in ideam philosophicam Medicinae Petri Severini Dani.» — el juicio de Gui Patin, en francés, sobre ese comentario.
«had suggested that the red author of J. Chartiers work on antimony was Davisson.... a wretched Scotch chemist and cuckold, who left Paris far fear of starving to death and went to Poland, thinking to make a fortune, but died there a beggar.» — la continuación del dicterio de Patin; los puntos suspensivos y las deformaciones son del troceo.
«This indicates that Davidson died before 1658, but, according to Hamy, he revisited Aberdeen in 1867 and Paris in I860.» — el desacuerdo de datos sobre la muerte de Davidson, con las cifras tal como las imprime el troceo.
«In connection with two surprising experiments communicated by Daniel Coxe to Philosophical Transactions in 1074, in which vegetable salts perfectly resembled the shape of the plants from which they had been obtained, ferns in the one case and firs or pines in the other, it is noted that Davidson mentioned the same result insofar as figures of firs and pines were concerned in his book of Chemical» — las sales vegetales que reproducen la figura de la planta, con el precedente de Davidson.
«It may seem strange that the same man should edit Riolan and write on chemical remedies. But he was probably a medical eclectic; or hack writer and editor, since in 1641 he reprinted the Universe Medici™ of Bartholamaeus Ferdulds (Ferdoux).» — la explicación que Thorndike propone para una trayectoria editorial contradictoria.
«The Traicte chymique opens with an “Advertissement au lecteur," in which chemistry and chemical remedies are defended. It is granted that existing prejudice against chemistry is partly due to its practitioners’ ignorance of medicine. But to say that it was not practiced by the ancients is not a good argument against it.» — la defensa de la química que concede la parte de culpa de sus practicantes y niega valor al argumento de la novedad.
«It is best to give mercury in pills so that it won't excite the saliva.» — una de las prescripciones del tratado sobre el mercurio.
«One should take bouillon not more than two hours afterwards and eat a half hour after the bouillon, so that the mercury will not stay too long in the stomach.» — y el régimen de horas que la acompaña.
«In incorporating the mercury into pills, it is well to add a drop or two of oil of sulphur in order to moderate its malignity and render its spirits volatile.» — el aceite de azufre para moderar la malignidad del mercurio.
«The learned public lectures in chemistry at the Jardin Royal of the Faubourg Saint-Victor at Paris will give those who have the leisure and desire a fuller knowledge of all that we are going to set forth summarily.» — la remisión del manual a las lecciones públicas del Jardin Royal.
«It is unusual in giving no recipes or medicines.» — lo que Thorndike halla insólito en ese libro.
«We thus explain ourselves to our auditors, while awaiting tbe entire book,”» — la fórmula con que el curso remite a su libro por venir.
«The next decade of the century saw the publication of another course in chemistry by Annibal Barlet with a longer title couched in more mystical language.» — el curso de Annibal Barlet, con su título más místico.
«But at page 125 he turns to instruments and vessels, at page 140 to furnaces.» — el punto en que ese curso pasa a los instrumentos y los hornos.
«He was invited to England in 1664 by Charles 11» — la invitación de Carlos II a Le Fèvre; el OCR lee *11* por el ordinal.
«there and on some title pages of his book is styled "professeur royal de Chemie et membre de la Société Royale de Londres.» — y el título con que se presenta en las portadas.
«Le Fèvre has been credited with distinguishing chemistry from iatrochemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry.» — el mérito que se le adjudica, recogido sin hacerlo propio.
«Moreover, he held that chemistry was not concerned merely with natural body, but with a universal spirit, brought into the air by the influence of the heavens.» — la química de Le Fèvre extendida a un espíritu universal traído al aire por influjo de los cielos.
«Chemists deny that air participates in the composition of mixed bodies, and regard it as a matrix to the universal spirit which there takes on some bodily Idea, before it becomes specificated by means of particular ferments and enters into bodies produced from water and earth, which chemists accept as elements along with mercury, sulphur and salt.» — el aire vuelto matriz del espíritu universal, que toma allí idea corporal antes de especificarse por fermentos.
«It seemeth even that the Universal Spirit lavas the earth above any other of the elements, since it descends hum the highest part of Heaven ... to take a bodily shape here on earth.» — el descenso del espíritu universal desde lo más alto del cielo para tomar cuerpo en la tierra; el OCR deforma *loves* y *from*.
«For Le FAvre chemistry was still a collection of secrets, mysteries and marvels.» — el juicio de Thorndike sobre lo que la química era todavía para Le Fèvre.
«He further associated the seed of tobacco with Aquarius and Mars, and held that, if antimony was exposed to the open air after being distilled, it would attract from the influence of the stars and the spirit of the air "enough to supply again a new distillation at the end of six weeks or two months.» — la simiente del tabaco puesta bajo Acuario y Marte, y el antimonio que se recarga del influjo de los astros.
«But this wonder shall cease as soon as we begin to apprehend ... that light is that miraculous fire which constitutes the principle of antimony.» — la explicación por la luz como fuego milagroso, principio del antimonio.
«That vital light was possessed by animals was shown by the luminosity of flesh and meat.» — y la prueba que se alega de la luz vital en los animales.
«If antimony was calcined in common fire, it lost weight; but if calcined with a burning glass, it would gain weight from the "rare effects of magical and celestial fire, drawn from the rays of the sun.”» — la ganancia de peso adjudicada al fuego mágico y celeste del espejo ustorio.
«He also was opposed to dissolving pearls in acids, and told how to make a tincture of gold?» — su objeción a disolver perlas en ácidos, junto a la tintura de oro.
«The Journal des Spaoanr in 1666 noted a Discoun which M. le Fivre had pronounced at London on the great cordial of Sir Walter Raleigh.» — el discurso sobre el gran cordial de Raleigh, reseñado en el *Journal des Sçavans*.
«The other instance was an experimental proof of renovation of youth by that great arcanum, quintessence of balm.» — y la prueba experimental que se alegaba de renovación de la juventud por la quintaesencia de bálsamo.
«Rolfinck attacks the Paracelsan doctrine that tha whole world is in man and the macro-microcosm idea, which be says is no help in medicine, but presently we find him giving a “microcosmic vital cordial water.» — la contradicción que Thorndike consigna sin armonizar: Rolfinck objeta al par macrocosmo-microcosmo y receta un agua cordial microcósmica.
«He also defends the tenet that contraries are cured by contraries against the Paracelsan theory that like cures like.» — y defiende el principio galénico de los contrarios frente al paracélsico.
«But he still repeats Beguln’s definition of a mastery as a mixed body so prepared without extraction that all its parts are kept homogeneous, but a nobler degree of substance or quality is attained by removing exterior impurities.» — la definición de *magisterio* que hereda de Béguin.
«It is not probable that they obtain force from the influence of the stars, and they have no divine sanction.» — y su negativa a que esos remedios saquen fuerza del influjo de los astros.
«Similarly, after quoting authorities pro and con as to the sympathetic unguent, be concludes that its users select wounds to cure which would heal» — el ungüento simpático explicado por la selección de heridas que sanarían solas.
«Thus Rolfinck seems to be making considerable strides away from alchemy and towards chemistry, and from magic to science.» — el saldo que Thorndike saca de Rolfinck, en forma condicional.
«But one hesitates to subscribe to the statement of Stolle that he was the first really to reduce chemistry to unified form in 1661» — y su reserva ante el juicio de Stolle sobre esa primacía.
«Glaser assures his readers that he will say nothing that he does not know, write nothing that he has not performed, and give no preparation which he has not tested experimentally.» — la declaración de método de Glaser.
«He will not employ hieroglyphic characters nor enigmatic expressions, but call everything by its common name.» — y su renuncia declarada a los caracteres jeroglíficos y a lo enigmático.
«But in connection with diaphoretic powder of gold, Glaser affirms that he will not conceal from the public what some persons in Paris have kept as a great secret» — la promesa de no ocultar lo que otros guardaban en secreto.
«In treating of vegetables, to which he devotes twenty-four chapters as against twenty on minerals, but much more briefly, Glaser begins at the roots» — el reparto de su libro entre vegetales y minerales.
«In the chapter on tartar he explains that he is treating only of the tartar of wine and not of microcosmic tartar, which is a viscous substance which» — la distinción entre el tártaro del vino y el tártaro microcósmico.
«But this certainly does not apply in the case of the distillation of urine, which we are told should be that of children between eight and twelve yean of age ar that of young men.» — la especificación de la orina que se destila, por edad del donante.
«When the Marquise de Brinvilliers was tried on the charge of numerous poisonings, Glaser was said to have sold her the poisons, and was put in the Bastille in 1676.» — el proceso de la marquesa de Brinvilliers y la prisión de Glaser en la Bastilla.
«Dumas regarded him as a mere manipulator and inferior to Le Fivre as a chemist.» — el juicio de Dumas sobre Glaser, recogido sin hacerlo propio.
«He says that it is a secret which died with Paracelsus and Raymond Lull and which he has revived from their writings by his experiments.» — de Locques adjudica su secreto a Paracelso y a Raimundo Lulio, revivido de sus escritos por experimento propio.
«De Locques promises to show the king how all sorts of bodies can be dissolved by a single liquor and make an admirable panacea.» — la promesa hecha al rey del licor único y la panacea.
«But de Locques warns the reader not to get the idea that this operation is as easy as his brief directions may seem to suggest.» — y la advertencia de que la operación no es tan fácil como suenan sus recetas.
«Great and long putrefactions are necessary, although they can be much abbreviated by a marvelous separator of phlegm from spirit, which he will not reveal because of human ingratitude.» — el separador maravilloso que se reserva por ingratitud humana.
«He would seem to have confused it with quintessence, which he defines as an extraction of the most radical and formal substance from mixed bodies.» — la definición de quintaesencia que Thorndike le señala confundida con otra cosa.
«In consequence it has much of the fluidity and chill of water, and of the motion, action and heat of fire.» — la naturaleza mixta del nitro según de Locques.
«It is cold to the touch but so hot that it dissolves all metals.» — la paradoja del nitro frío al tacto y caliente en su obra.
«It is the first salt of nature and the first principle of putrefaction.» — el nitro como primera sal de la naturaleza.
«It is an air with a little fire congealed by water, for air cannot enter a mixture except in its own form.» — su composición declarada de aire y fuego congelados por agua.
«When nitre has lost its volatility, it melts like borax and becomes a tartarous salt.» — y lo que le ocurre al perder la volatilidad.
«It is called air because it receives the first action of fire and makes the first movement of life.» — la razón de su nombre, ligada al primer movimiento de la vida.
«It also is called the vicar of the sun, the principle of animality in the brain, of vegetability in the liver and nutritive parts, of vitality in the heart.» — el nitro llamado vicario del sol y repartido por los órganos según sus principios.
«God has put reservoirs of it in water, earth, fire and air, in the heavens and the stars themselves.» — y sus depósitos puestos por Dios en los elementos y en los astros.
«But de Locques is not speaking of vulgar saltpeter, which can produce nothing, because it is full of common salt and mixed with arsenical and corrosive spirits.» — el deslinde entre su nitro y el salitre vulgar.
«The nitre of which he speaks is volatile and the only salt in nature which shares that spirituality of essence by which insects, snakes and eagles shed their skins and renew their youth, and by which life is transmitted in seeds to all things for the propagation of their species.» — la espiritualidad de esencia que adjudica al nitro, la misma de la muda y de la semilla.
«It causes troubled seas and the inundation of the Nile.» — y los efectos que le adjudica sobre el mar y la crecida del Nilo.
«As man draws his life from occult nourishment hidden in the air, so fish are nourished by the sweet sulphur of the briny deep, and so this sweet nitre which is a congealed air is found everywhere.» — la analogía entre el alimento oculto del hombre en el aire y el del pez en el mar.
«After this laudation of nitre, de Locques calls wine the great agent of alchemy, then presently speaks of vitriol as the universal spirit and world soul and quintessence of all things.» — Thorndike consigna cómo de Locques traslada el mismo elogio del nitro al vino y al vitriolo, llamado alma del mundo.
«In the treatise on the magnetic virtue of blood, de Locques states that it is double: spirit and body, sympathy and antipathy, curative and morbific.» — la virtud magnética de la sangre, declarada doble en tres pares.
«But in the present work he will not detail its celestial, astral and magic virtues, of which Paracelsus has spoken amply, nor its secret preparation in quintessence, but only the secret usage which one can make of it in baths.» — y lo que se reserva de esa doctrina, remitiendo a Paracelso.
«Oil of tartar is not properly an oil, but a salt dissolved.» — una de las enmiendas de nomenclatura que el capítulo recoge.
«Neither was in James Young's library, catalogued by Ferguson, but both worn recently listed in a sales catalogue.» — Thorndike declara por qué vía localizó los dos impresos.
«There is not much in print by Carolus Ludovicus de Maets, professor of chemistry at Leyden, but manuscripts in the British Museum of the seventeenth century preserve his "Secret chemical college" held at Leyden “privately" in» — el colegio químico secreto de de Maets, conservado en manuscritos del British Museum.
«such as vipers, and its 67th and last chapter is on the toad.» — el reparto de los capítulos de esa obra, que acaba en el sapo.
«Later, in 1684, de Maets published Prodromut chemiae rationalis... accedunt animadcenionca in Collectanea chymica Leidensia, of which we shall have more to say presently.» — el *Prodromus* de de Maets con sus advertencias contra los *Collectanea*.
«of experiments conducted in the laboratory by a trained hand and described in a simple and realistic manner which was "entirely new in chemistry.”» — la novedad que se adjudica al curso de Lémery: experimentos descritos con sencillez.
«He added to the chemical remedies dissertations or notes which were largely practical in character.» — y las notas prácticas que añadió a cada remedio.
«A brief address to the reader by the printer of the Latin translation of 1681 asked why Lemery should be issued in Latin, when there were already so many chemical manuals in Latin by authors like Rolfinck, Ludovicus, Wedel, Schroeder, Hofmann and Zwelfer,» — la pregunta que el impresor se hace en el prólogo latino, con la nómina de manuales ya existentes.
«Lemery’s book seems to have taken the place in general favor of Beguin's Tyrocinium, of which the last edition had come out in 1669.» — el relevo del *Tyrocinium* por el curso de Lémery.
«But it should not be inferred that he writes merely for tyros.» — la acotación sobre el público de Lémery.
«Although he omits the mercury of metals, Hebnonfs alkahest, and other such non-cntia, be should not be rejected by the masters of chemistry themselves.» — lo que Lémery deja fuera como *non entia*, el alcaesto de Helmont entre ello.
«Lemery believed, like Le Févre, ir> a universal spirit, imperceptible to sense, which formed compound bodies according to the variety of pores or moulds in which it was confined.» — el espíritu universal que Lémery conserva con Le Fèvre, moldeado por los poros.
«But he soon returned to France, became a Catholic, and recovered his confiscated property.» — la vuelta y la conversión que le devolvieron los bienes.
«Such explanations, however, which then seemed plausible, probably increased the popu» — Thorndike explica por la plausibilidad de esas explicaciones la fortuna del libro; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.
«In corollaries attached to a chemical dissertation by Wilh. H.Waldschmiedt (De auro, Marburg, 1685), the somniferous force of opium was ascribed to particles which cut and detached the little fibres (fibrillae) of the nerves.» — el sueño del opio explicado por partículas que cortan las fibrillas de los nervios.
«Baths were said to induce sleep insofar as sweet particles of the herbs and liquor insinuated themselves through the pores into the blood stream and impeded it so that it did not rush into the brain with such impetus, and animal spirits were generated in les quantity.» — y el sueño del baño explicado por el mismo tipo de mecanismo corpuscular.
«and tin,”® but held that lead would repress lust if applied to the perineum, and was good for many tumors.» — la virtud que se adjudica al plomo aplicado al perineo; el tramo arranca tras la llamada de nota.
«Despite his considerable scepticism and caution as to use of metallic remedies, Lemery still believed that vipers taken internally produced various sensible medicinal effects.“» — el límite del escepticismo de Lémery, medido en las víboras.
«He rejected the old febles as to their generation, but, despite Redi s discovery of a secretion about their teeth, repeated the divergent views of contemporaries as to whether the viper poisoned merely by irritated spirits, or acid salts, or its gall, or by venom scattered through its entire body.» — y su manera de consignar el desacuerdo aun después del hallazgo de Redi.
«But their flesh thus prepared lacks the volatile salts in which the medicinal virtue especially resides, and experience has taught us that no part of the dead viper is poisonous.» — la apelación a la experiencia sobre la víbora muerta.
«But he deplored the time which had been wasted in the attempt.» — la queja por el tiempo perdido en la busca de la transmutación.
«Lemery felt, however, that these contentions were unproved, and that it was better to explain the effects of remedies by proximate causes rather than the qualities of the stars.» — la regla de método de Lémery: causas próximas antes que cualidades de los astros.
«the astrologers affirmed that the sun was gold fused at the center of Hie world and purified by the fire of the stars surrounding it.» — la tesis astrológica sobre el sol como oro fundido en el centro del mundo.
«Also that gold taken in the mouth was considered a cardiac, because the astrologers said that it received the influence of the sun which was, as it were, the heart of the universe.» — y el oro vuelto cordial por la correspondencia del sol con el corazón del universo.
«He concluded, however, that while there was perhaps more influence of the sun on gold than on other metals, this influence did not make ft more apt to dissolve in the body or to produce the great effects attributed to it.» — la conclusión de Lémery, que concede el influjo y le niega el efecto.
«Many properties against diseases of the brain were assigned to silver, but in his opinion they had no other foundation than the imagination of many astrologers and chemists, so that ft was not necessary to spend time in refuting them.» — y su juicio sobre las virtudes de la plata, que remite a la imaginación de astrólogos y químicos.
«Yet in his own preface be had said, “If from consideration of the macrocosm we turn as is proper to man the microcosm.» — la contradicción que Thorndike le señala: el par macrocosmo-microcosmo en su propio prefacio.
«But when a larger mouse was put in and stung, it ate the scorpions and showed no ill effects.» — el experimento del ratón y los escorpiones.
«Lemery believed that a similar fermentation on a larger scale was responsible for volcanoes, tornadoes and thunderbolts.» — la fermentación extendida a volcanes, tornados y rayos.
«I have not investigated what relationship they bear to the Collectanea chymica Leydensia which were printed under his name in 1684, but these last are professedly taken from three professors of chemistry at Leyden, namely, de Maets, Margrav or Margravius, and Le» — Thorndike declara en primera persona el límite de su propia pesquisa.
«He charged that it was published without de Maets’ or Morley’s consent ar knowledge, as the printer admitted in the preface, from excerpts made for Morley’s private use which he had given to a friend who gave them to the printer.» — la denuncia de edición no consentida, con la cadena de manos que llevó al impresor.
«“Such thefts and crimes are not to be tolerated by men of learning.» — y la fórmula con que de Maets la califica.
«De Maets further complains that recipes of which he indicated the authors by name are ascribed to him alone, that he is incorrectly said to have taught at Nymwegen, is made to employ native salt of antimony—which be never saw, and is misrepresented in other ways.» — la lista de las falsas atribuciones que reclama.
«He never just dictates recipes to his students but gives an explanation of them.» — y lo que declara de su propia enseñanza.
«The preface to Ettmuller’s Medicus theoria et praxi general! instructua said that it hardly deserved to bear Ettmuller’s name.» — la disputa de autenticidad sobre las obras de Ettmüller, abierta en su propio prefacio.
«The Journal dea Sfaoans, reviewing the Leyden, 1685, edition of Ettmuller’s Opera, said that both the Chimia rationalis and Medicua theoria et praxi generali instructua had been disowned by Ettmuller’s widow and heirs as unauthentic and unworthy of him, saying that he had intended to publish only at an advanced age, and that bis record of daily experience must be revised before it was printed.» — el desconocimiento que la viuda y los herederos oponen a esas obras.
«that after Ettmuller’s death his Chymia was published by a certain gold-digger, a nefarious deed, since there is no doubt that, had be lived, he would have emended, altered or expunged many things which are now read publicly to his discredit.» — y el testimonio de Schelhammer sobre quién la publicó; el tramo arranca tras la llamada de nota.
«Despite all this outcry, it seems probable that the Chimia rattonalis of 1684, although it contains some egregious misspellings of proper names such as Olai Rudbec for Olai Borrichii, Betrholetus for Bartholetus, and Roches for» — Thorndike sopesa la disputa y se inclina por la autenticidad, con las erratas de nombres propios como dato.
«In a brief foreword Ettmuller says that, in treating chemistry in a compendium, he does not wish to bind himself to the common treatment of certain elements of chemistry in scholastic order, because it involves incongruities or superfluities in certain matters.» — el rechazo declarado del orden escolástico en el compendio.
«He has presented only what suffice for the medical basis of chemistry, “by which as an Ariadne’s thread we are led to perfect and intimate knowledge of natural bodies.» — la química como hilo de Ariadna hacia el conocimiento de los cuerpos naturales.
«But this objection did not apply to the present work, which is, moreover, useful to apothecaries.» — y el descargo del libro frente a esa objeción.
«Sea salt far surpasses all the others both in chemical and alchemical operations, and its spirit excels those of common salt and fossil salt.» — la primacía que Ettmüller adjudica a la sal marina en las operaciones químicas y alquímicas.
«Hartmann calls this vitriolated tartar a universal digestive, which is true.» — la aprobación al nombre que Hartmann da al tártaro vitriolado.
«Far more convenient is the method which Glauber recommends.» — y la preferencia por el método de Glauber.
«See Angelo Sala in the Anatomy of Vitriol, from which Kircher copied most faithfully almost all that he has about vitriol, suppressing the name of the true author.» — la acusación de plagio contra Kircher por lo tomado de la *Anatomía del vitriolo* de Sala.
«Ettmuller divided plants into five classes: watery and generally insipid, watery but acid, of bitter taste without odor, sharp and penetrating with a very sharp volatile salt, odoriferous and aromatic.» — la clasificación de las plantas en cinco clases por sabor y sal.
«Ettmuller is critical in his bibliography and states his preference for certain processes or remedies over others.» — el juicio de Thorndike sobre su aparato bibliográfico.
«He displays wide acquaintance with the literature of the subject and in the 158 pages of the 1684 edition dtes no fewer than seventy authors.» — y la cuenta de autores citados en ciento cincuenta y ocho páginas.
«In the attempt to tone down antimony some take absinth instead of tartar or nitre, as Mynsicbt does, but in vain.» — la objeción al ajenjo de Mynsicht para templar el antimonio.
«“But it is an imposture, for they lean cm a false foundation.”» — la fórmula con que se descalifica un procedimiento ajeno.
«In one passage Zwelfer is praised for notable and very true statements beyond all other authors, but in another place is laughed at”3» — la contradicción interna sobre Zwelfer, consignada sin armonizar; la llamada de nota queda pegada al final.
«Masteries are ordinarily useless, because the tissues of the simples are destroyed by their too sharp action, although Zwelfer has introduced soluble masteries which are somewhat less» — la objeción de Ettmüller a los magisterios, con la salvedad de los solubles de Zwelfer.
«Even supposing that one was fortunate enough to find a true tincture of gold, bow would it act? Merely as a restorative by its anodyne virtue, not by any inadiative faculty, as Hebnont claims.» — y su respuesta a la tintura de oro: obraría por virtud anodina y no por la facultad irradiativa que Helmont le adjudicaba.
«However, Ettmuller not merely quotes Meier as saying that the American Indians so soften gold in an insipid menstruum that it can be treated with the fingers like wax, and Lautenberg as affirming that he had seen such an insipid water in which gold melted like a lump of ice in hot water, but adds that he himself knew the chemist of a certain archbishop who had an insipid whitening water in which in the space of six hours be dissolved gold into a very red liquor which would not congeal in fire.» — la cadena de testimonios sobre el menstruo insípido que ablanda el oro, que Ettmüller cierra con uno propio.
«The philosophers' stone is to be sought not from gold but rather from the root of the metals.» — la regla que da para buscar la piedra filosofal: no en el oro sino en la raíz de los metales.
«But Ettmuller believed in chemical remedies, ard they form a leading feature of his manual.» — el saldo de Thorndike sobre la parte química del manual.
«Sulphur anodyue of vitriol, strongly recommended by Paracelsus and Helmont, is nothing else than fixed sulphur of copper but is not prepared directly from copper but from vitriol of copper (copper sulphate).» — la enmienda de nomenclatura sobre el azufre anodino del vitriolo.
«Starkey (or Stirk, from Bermuda) boiled salt of tartar with la tâte morte of vitriol and claimed to have produced a wonderful remedy, but the process is very difficult.» — el remedio que Starkey se adjudica, con la dificultad del procedimiento como reserva.
«Balm of sulphur cures internal abscesses and dangerous ulcers of the breast288» — uno de los remedios del manual; la llamada de nota queda pegada al final.
«Mercury kills worms; Zwelfer will teach you how to distill it.» — y la remisión a Zwelfer para destilarlo.
«Mitigated Dragon, or Panchymagogue Mineral, is a very mild remedy and excellent purgative, prepared by adding mercury to mercury sublimate.» — el Dragón mitigado y su preparación.
«The tooth of a boar is employed in cases of pleurisy to purify the blood stream of unnatural acidity.» — el diente de jabalí contra la pleuresía.
«Volatile salt of human blood is a sovereign cure for epilepsy, as is that of the urine for the stone.» — las sales volátiles de sangre y de orina en la farmacopea de partes humanas.
«The human cranium is considered an antidote for dysentery.» — el cráneo humano como antídoto.
«Its moss or scrapings check all haemorrhages and are the basis of the magnetic unguent.» — y el musgo del cráneo como base del ungüento magnético.
«The brain, if putrefied, yields a marvelous spirit against epilepsy.» — el espíritu del cerebro putrefacto contra la epilepsia.
«The afterbirth, if putrefied, furnishes a salutary spirit to eject the foetus, dead or alive, the dose being 30 to 40 drops taken in beer.» — la placenta putrefacta, con dosis y vehículo.
«Linen dipped in the menstrual blood of a virgin cures erysipelas, gout and tertian fever.» — el lienzo con sangre menstrual de virgen.
«A deer’s private is a specific for dysentery, and a whale’s for pleurisy.» — y los específicos tomados de las partes del ciervo y de la ballena.
«Such passages show Ettmuller treading close to the border which separates medicine and science from magic.» — la lectura que Thorndike hace de esa serie: Ettmüller pisando el borde entre medicina y magia.
«He is hesitant with regard to tinctures of gems and holds that crude gems taken internally have no medicinal effect, except crystal which is soft and absorbs acidity.» — su reserva sobre las gemas tomadas por dentro, con la excepción del cristal.
«But he still grants gems medicinal virtue when applied externally as amulets.» — y la virtud que les mantiene como amuletos.
«It is known from experience that suspending a jasper about the neck stops nosebleed.» — el jaspe al cuello contra la hemorragia nasal, dado por sabido de experiencia.
«If one draws a circle around a pestilential carbuncle with a sapphire, the carbuncle will soon turn black and fall off.» — el círculo trazado con zafiro alrededor del carbunco.
«It is customary to draw a similar ring about the eye in order to preserve the sight in cases of measles and smallpox.» — y el mismo círculo alrededor del ojo en sarampión y viruela.
«He accounts for the force of such amulets by radiation, probably of metallic sulphur.» — la explicación que da de esa fuerza, por radiación de azufre metálico.
«The currency of Ettmuller’s writings is evidenced by the fact that in the Compendium of Universal Medicine of 1738 he is one of five authors, dead or living, mentioned by name in the full title from among those from whose works selections have been taken, the other four being Waldschmid, Sennert, Wedel and Boerhaave.» — Thorndike mide la vigencia de Ettmüller por el título de un compendio de 1738.
«Ettmuller’s only chemical compositions printed during his lifetime were a dissertation on coral at Leipzig in 1665,297 and a disputation on the chemical medicine of Hippocrates held at Leipzig in October, 1670, and printed at Leyden in 1671.» — y acota lo que de él se imprimió en vida.
«aroused the jealousy of the professors and doctors of medicine who fined him alone for practicing medicine when he was a mere pharmacist without a degree, although others, he complains, were doing the same with impunity.» — la multa a Le Mort por ejercer sin grado, y su queja por la desigualdad.
«On December 28, 1694, however, he was allowed to teach chemistry and in 1702 was made a professor.» — y el desenlace de ese pleito.
«In his preface of 1688 Le Mort says that he has retained the order of arrangement of the Compendium published some years before.» — la continuidad de plan que Le Mort declara.
«He accordingly took his M.D. at Utrecht at the age of twenty-seven and then returned to Leyden and a rich practice, but the other physicians sent him to Coventry and would hold no consultations with him.» — el aislamiento profesional que siguió a su grado.
«In speaking of the distillation of urine Le Mort ridiculed the notion that the urine of a wino drinker was best.» — su burla de la orina selecta para destilar; el OCR lee *wino* por *wine*.
«In the preface Le Mort states that he avoids such terms as acid and alkali, since he believes that they reduce beginners to damnable ignorance, as do such terms as fermentation and ether.» — los términos que Le Mort se niega a usar por entender que ciegan al principiante.
«The add abounding in them is fixed by the ethereal spirit into od and attenuated into ardent spirit; when destitute of add, they lose their ether, so that they are resolved into putridity, and, if any oil remains, it becomes alkali.» — el mecanismo que propone para el ácido y el espíritu etéreo; el OCR lee *add* por *acid* y *od* por *oil*.
«The stress laid by Tachenius upon add and alkali is disputed.» — y la disputa sobre el peso que Tachenius daba al ácido y al álcali.
«concludes with praise of the author for his rich erudition, accurate judgement, and long laboratory experience.» — el elogio con que se cierra una de esas reseñas.
«Unlike Lemery’s book, however, Wilson’s text is preceded by eight tables or plates containing chemical characters, furnaces, and vessels.» — las ocho láminas de caracteres químicos, hornos y vasos que abren el libro de Wilson.
«As Wilson himself says, be lacked "the great blessings of academical education,"’11 so that his book is a practical collection of recipes and experiments without "Mons. Lemery s pompous way of philosophizing upon the processes," but his general plan and arrangement are very similar to Lemery's and be sometimes cites him.’1’» — Wilson declara su falta de estudios y opone su libro práctico al filosofar pomposo de Lémery; las llamadas de nota vienen pegadas dentro del cuerpo.
«One of Wilsons metallic remedies is called “the sympathetic powder";317 another, “the arsenical magnet”;318 although neither seems to have operated sympathetically or magnetically.» — los nombres mágicos que sobreviven a la cosa, según Thorndike.
«He affirms that ants store “their hives” with provisions in the full of the moon and rest in the new.» — la creencia lunar sobre las hormigas que Wilson afirma.
«Most shocking, however, to modern sensibilities and professional standards is the self-advertising and pursuit of medicine for profit by Wilson and his fellow-countrymen.» — el juicio de Thorndike sobre la publicidad y el lucro médicos de esos autores.
«He was over-credulous as to gossip, stating concerning red precipitate of mercury: "Some chirurgeons have in the army used it internally with success: and I have heard gentlemen of probity assert that they knew an old quacking nurse give a full dram to very robust fellows in venereal cases, and they have escaped."» — el ejemplo de esa credulidad, con la cadena de oídas como prueba.
«He continued, however: "I know indeed that this doctrine meets with very little acceptance amongst the learned of this age; neither shall I pretend to be an advocate for it, though the expensive and tedious experiments I have made abundantly convince me that metals may be very much meliorated, if not entirely transmuted."» — Wilson consigna el descrédito de la transmutación entre los doctos y a la vez su propia convicción por experimento.
«Wilson adds: "This I had from the ingenious Dr. Starkey's own mouth, in the year 1685, a little before his death; who then told me, he gave Matthews the former (pill) for a little money; but this is that which he successfully made use of himself."» — el testimonio que dice recogido de boca de Starkey poco antes de morir.
«A few pages Inter Wilson remarks concerning Starkeys and Matthews' pill, "Those gentlemen who have not the conveniency to prepare it, may for twenty shillings the pound have it of» — el anuncio comercial dentro del manual.
«Wilson concludes: "These and many more experiments I have made and always fell short of, or was entirely baffled in my expectations."» — y el saldo que Wilson mismo declara de sus experimentos.
«Two centuries ago Robert Boyle (1627—1691) was called “that greet restorer of the mechanical philosophy.» — el capítulo sobre Boyle abre por los juicios ajenos; el OCR lee *greet* por *great*.
«Furthermore, that for Boyle air was composed of three different kinds of molecules: exhalations from waters, minerals, vegetation and animals on the earth's surface; more subtle magnetic effluvia emitted by the earth and producing the sensation of light by their shock with innumerable atoms from the stars; and third, “la portion vraiment ¿lastique de I'air.» — la composición triple del aire que se adjudica a Boyle, con la cita en francés del comentarista.
«More recently Sir Clifford Allbutt spoke of Boyle's boundless curiosity, declared his name immortal» — el elogio de Allbutt, recogido sin hacerlo propio.
«On the other hand, Boyle's recent biographer seemed to feel that his greatest service was in popularizing experimental science and the corpuscular theory as against the natural philosophy of Aristotle and scholasticism.» — y el de su biógrafo reciente, que pone el mérito en la popularización.
«P. P. Wiener had similarly held that Boyles “main contribution” was “the active institution of the experimental philosophy, of which Francis Bacon had merely talked in Utopian fashion.» — el de Wiener, que opone la institución efectiva de Boyle a lo que Bacon solo habló.
«But Wiener felt that Boyle "had no true appreciation of scholasticism," because he had not read the Latin writings of the Schoolmen and “identified their views with those held by the shallow self-styled Aristotelians around him."» — y la reserva del mismo Wiener sobre lo que Boyle sabía de la escolástica.
«More stated that, when Hooke in 1662 moved to Landon as curator of the Royal Society, Boyle "abandoned any further work of a quantitative and mathematical nature."» — el dato de More sobre el abandono del trabajo cuantitativo.
«It is extraordinary that he devotes only two pages to Ths Usefulness of Experimental Philosophy of 1683, and sinks these in the midst of the chapter on "Boyle and Anglican Theeology.”» — la objeción de Thorndike al reparto de ese biógrafo.
«For George Sarton Boyle was one of the best prototypes of the modem man of science, anxious to find the truth and to investigate it critically without selfdeception, more deeply concerned with the quality than with the quantity of his knowledge.» — el juicio de George Sarton sobre Boyle.
«Boyle is notorious as having one of the most tiresome and verbose literary styles on record.» — el juicio de Thorndike sobre la prosa de Boyle.
«His recent biographer, it is true, assures us that "the popularity of his early works was extraordinary," and speaks of "their ease and simplicity of style."» — y el juicio contrario del biógrafo, puesto al lado sin armonizar.
«But “easy writing"—or, in Boyle's case, dictation to amanuenses—makes, as.Charles Lamb remarked, "damned hard reading."» — la réplica de Thorndike con la fórmula de Charles Lamb.
«Boyle's correspondent, Beale, thought of modem science as in its early stages and still scanty in volume of writing.» — la percepción de Beale sobre lo poco que la ciencia moderna había escrito.
«You have only Des Cartes, lord Bacon's good wishes, some few honest chemists, and modern discoveries in astronomy, anatomy, etc. What are all these, if compared with one St. Austin for bulk?» — la comparación de Beale entre el volumen entero de la ciencia nueva y el de san Agustín solo.
«Another deterrent to perusal of Boyle's writings is their overelaborate and confusing subdivision into books, parts, essays, discourses, sections, titles, chapters, observations, experiments, and what-not,10 to say nothing of profuse preliminary prefaces by publisher and author.» — la segunda objeción de Thorndike a la lectura de Boyle, ahora por su arquitectura; la llamada de nota queda pegada.
«Heat consists chiefly, if not solely, in vehement and tumultuous agitation of the small parts of Bodies.. Sound... consists in an undulating motion of the air... Suction... seems to depaid clearly upon the weight of the atmosphere.» — las tesis físicas de Boyle sobre calor, sonido y succión, con los puntos suspensivos del troceo.
«The third element is a mass of information and misinformation acquired as a result of converse or correspondence with, and questioning of, many different persons: navigators to the Far North ar south of the equator, other travelers and “credible persons," men of every occupation from an engineer to a preserver of fruits, men of rank like a Scottish noble or the duke of York, men from every land such as a former English consul tn Tripoli, and then governor of the Castle of the English African Company in Guinea, or the chief physician of the Czar of Russia.» — Thorndike describe la tercera fuente de Boyle: el interrogatorio a informantes de toda condición.
«While Huygens and Newton were grinding lenses and- solving mathematical problems, apart by themselves, Boyle was seeking data from human sources of all sorts in contemporary society.» — y el contraste que traza entre Boyle y los matemáticos solitarios.
«ROBERT BOYLE whose title some render De Mirandis Auditionibus, scrupled not to comprise without method divers reports, uncertain or fabulous, nor to insert several, that were not so cautiously admitted as those recited in the following collection.”» — la comparación con el tratado de audiciones maravillosas, que Boyle usa para acotar su propio método; el encabezado corrido de la plana queda dentro del tramo.
«Ever since the treatise of Fracastoro on contagion and contagious diseases appeared in 1546, with its explanation of infection as produced by the exhalation of seeds of disease in the form of minute insensible particles, there had been an increasing and spreading tendency to resort to such effluvia as a physical and natural, even mechanical, solution of what had before seemed magical and occult» — una de las tesis mayores del volumen: los efluvios como salida física a lo que antes parecía mágico y oculto, datada desde Fracastoro.
«This trend was greatly encouraged in the seventeenth century by observation through the microscope, which showed hair on the legs of cheese-mites, and led Boyle to believe that the tiny motes seen in sunlight might “exceed many thousands” of such corpuscles and effluvia in bulk.» — y el papel del microscopio en esa tendencia.
«At any rate, he holds that even solid bodies give off effluvia which penetrate the pores of the closest bodies.» — la tesis de Boyle sobre los efluvios de los cuerpos sólidos.
«Moreover, he believed that wounded wild animals, rapidly traversing fields, could so impregnate the air with their invisible effluvia, that the dogs pursuing them would be poisoned by it, and such effluvia even remain in the air for a year or two.» — y hasta dónde la lleva: efluvios que envenenan a los perros y duran en el aire uno o dos años.
«It was thus that Boyle, like Sir Kenelm Digby, explained the action of amulets which were wom externally upon the person.» — los amuletos explicados por efluvios, por Boyle y por Digby.
«But since I have not yet bad occasion to make trial of them, I shall not conclude, that the remedy will always succeed, but only (which is enough for my present purpose) that it is at least possible, that such an external remedy may be very effectual» — la cautela con que Boyle declara lo que no ha probado y solo tiene por posible.
«Boyle further states that the virtue of amulets depends upon those who wear them, as well as upon the effluvia from them.» — y el papel que asigna a quien lleva el amuleto.
«Stubbe held that Cod had bestowed upon Mr. Greetraks a peculiar temperament, or composed his body of some particular ferments, the effluvia whereof being introduced sometimes by a light, sometimes by a violent friction, should restore the temperament of the debilitated parts, reinvigorate the blood, and dissipate all tbe heterogeneous ferments out of the bodies of the diseased, by the eyes, nose, mouth, hands, and» — la explicación de Stubbe para las curas de Greatrakes, por temperamento y fermentos propios; el troceo imprime *Cod* por *God*.
«Boyle himself, in opening the treatise to which Beale refers, alludes to “such a degree of probability as is wont to be thought sufficient to physical (i.e., natural or medical) discourses, or at least is usually to be met with in them.”» — el grado de probabilidad que Boyle declara bastante para un discurso físico.
«Moreover, he felt that in consideration of the vast universe and world of nature, conjectures and even “hunches” had their place.» — y el lugar que concede a la conjetura ante la vastedad de la naturaleza.
«Athanasius Kircher, writes one of Boyle’s correspondents on March 30, 1661, from Rome, is reputed very credulous, apt to put in print any strange, if plausible, story that is brought unto him.» — el juicio sobre Kircher que un corresponsal de Boyle manda desde Roma.
«He states that the poison of a mad dog may not take effect until after many yean, the explanation being, a little foam conveyed into the blood by a slight hurt (perhaps quickly healed up) is, notwithstanding the constant heat and perspirable frame of the human body, and the dfaripable texture of die foam, so preserved, and that sometimes for many yean, that, nt the end of that long time, it breaks out and displays its fatal efficacy with as much vigour and fury, as if it had but newly been received into the body.» — la explicación de Boyle para la rabia latente durante años.
«He determined by experiment that hot water would not freeze faster than cold, as Aristotle had asserted,”» — el experimento con que objeta a Aristóteles sobre el agua caliente.
«He doubts if the divining rod discovers hidden veins of metal. It didn't work for him, even while walking over known mines.» — su duda sobre la varita de zahorí, fundada en que no le funcionó sobre minas conocidas.
«Boyle also took the pains to run down what authors had stated as their own experiment but which turned out to be mere assertion based on reading or hearsay.» — el trabajo de Boyle por distinguir el experimento propio de la afirmación de oídas.
«Thus Orthelius, commenting in 1624 on the Novum lumon of Sendivogius, had asserted that the liquor distilled from bismuth would expand while the moon was full and shrink as the moon waned.» — el caso: el licor de bismuto que crecía y menguaba con la luna, según Ortelio sobre Sendivogio.
«But when friends of Boyle consulted Casatus, they found that "he never made or saw the experiment himself, but relates it upon the authority of a certain Dutchman, whose name be adds not, and who therefore may probably be the same Orthelius.» — y el resultado del rastreo: la cadena de testimonios se cerraba sobre sí misma.
«The explanation of this seeming inconsistency is not, however, difficult or far to seek.» — la fórmula con que Thorndike anuncia sus propias explicaciones.
«to include, if not magic tricks, at least the "Plays of Boys.» — lo que el repertorio de experimentos llega a incluir, entre el juego y el truco.
«The Author's Preface opens with the words, "Though physic be not my profession,"» — el arranque del prefacio de Boyle, que declara no ser médico.
«Sir Clifford AUbutt has already noticed another characteristic of Boyle’s experimental method which is closely related to magic, although Sir Clifford did not say so,» — Thorndike toma un rasgo señalado por Allbutt y lo empareja con la magia, señalando que Allbutt no lo hizo.
«while John F. Fulton affirms that, "in a remarkable chapter... which deserves some time to be reprinted in full," Boyle "showed that birds and mice die within 30 seconds to a minute of the time that air is removed from a receiver by means of an air» — el elogio de Fulton al capítulo de la bomba de aire.
«And its scientific value was not at all that it showed that animals die when deprived of air—everybody knew that—but that their sudden demise demonstrated, in a picturesque and convincing manner, that there wasn’t any air in the vessel.» — la corrección de Thorndike sobre qué probaba de veras ese experimento.
«and connecting respiration with combustion not theoretically but empirically and practically.» — y lo que sí concede a esa serie de experimentos.
«Nor should the members of the Royal Society have been greatly amazed when, in the experiment» — la reserva sobre el asombro de la Royal Society.
«But this interesting problem, for all his experiments, was for him insoluble.» — y el límite que Thorndike marca a los experimentos de Boyle en ese punto.
«Boyle himself admits that sometimes his experiments were in the nature of an amusing show and entertainment.» — Boyle reconoce el carácter de espectáculo de algunos de sus experimentos.
«And if (as sometimes hath been done for merriment) only a bladder be tied to it, it is pleasant to see how men will marvel, that so light a body, filled at most but with air, should so forcibly draw down their hand, as if it were filled with some very ponderous thing.» — el ejemplo de la vejiga, hecho por diversión y por maravilla del público.
«In The Christian Virtuoso Boyle drew the distinction that the Peripatetic and scholastic schools of thought accounted for the works of nature by means of substantial forms and occult qualities, while modern experimental philosophy made a deeper research into the structure of things than these two uninstructive terms.» — el deslinde que Boyle traza entre las formas sustanciales y las cualidades ocultas, por un lado, y la filosofía experimental por otro.
«But no doubt some of them would prefer even the longer experiment, at least in its first flush of novelty, to the tedium of trying to read a book, especially one in Latin.» — la observación de Thorndike sobre el público de esos experimentos.
«But they give such descriptions cf them as belong to spiritual beings; as if all the abstruser effects of nature, if they be not performed by visible bodies, must be so by immaterial substances.» — la objeción de Boyle a quienes describen como espirituales los efectos más abstrusos de la naturaleza.
«In stating that different poisons act on different parts of the body, he even implies that the brain can be injured without affecting the animal spirits, and vice versa, since he says that scammony especially affects the brain, and opium the animal spirits and nervous» — la consecuencia que Thorndike le extrae sobre cerebro y espíritus animales.
«Although the corpuscular philosophy was Boyle’s intellectual pet, he still could debate, in sufficiently scholastic and Aristotelian style, bow far the souls of creatures are the tree forms of their» — la convivencia en Boyle de la filosofía corpuscular con la disputa escolástica sobre las formas.
«Boyle was further inclined to admit occult or specific qualities, at least in the field of medicine.» — Thorndike consigna que Boyle admite las cualidades ocultas o específicas al menos en medicina.
«Moreover, Boyle was persuaded that there were certain occult agents or agencies with some power of moving the internal portions of the earth.» — y agentes ocultos con poder sobre las partes internas de la tierra.
«He was also of the opinion that the operations of nature are more irregular and less subject to fixed laws than we think.» — la opinión de Boyle sobre la irregularidad de las operaciones de la naturaleza.
«Boyle's attitude towards astrology and the influence of the stars was rather variable.» — y el juicio de Thorndike sobre su postura variable ante la astrología.
«But he accepted celestial influences in the air, that the air was regulated by the influence of the planets,n and, in another work, that hidden qualities of the air might be derived from the sun and planets.”» — lo que sí acepta: el aire regulado por el influjo de los planetas; las llamadas de nota vienen pegadas dentro del cuerpo.
«He also noted, as has been said, that some said that the divining rod would work only at favorable astrological hours.» — y la condición horaria que algunos ponían a la varita de zahorí.
«His position as to astrological medicine was also somewhat fluctuating.» — la fluctuación paralela en medicina astrológica.
«But in Cosmical Suspicions he was more ready to accept this idea, saying that he did not know whether subterranean changes or some unobserved connection between the earth and other mundane spheres was the cause of new diseases which invade whole regions and last for many years or ages, till finally they expire.» — la conexión no observada entre la tierra y otras esferas como causa posible de las enfermedades nuevas.
«Yet in another passage he was disinclined to ascribe plagues to malevolent aspects of the planets: in the first place, because this was hard to prove; secondly, because they were too remote a cause for such particular phenomena as often accompanied plagues.» — y las dos razones con que en otro pasaje se aparta de los aspectos planetarios.
«When the Galen-honored suspension of a peony failed to work against epilepsy, Boyle suspected that the herb had been unseasonably gathered, so that its effluvia lacked the requisite virtue.» — cómo Boyle salva la creencia cuando el remedio falla: la hierba se cogió fuera de sazón.
«But, concludes Boyle, before much weight be laid upon such improbable notions os most of those of judiciary astrologers, the influence of the constellations upon simples etc., ought by severe and competent experiments to be better made out than hitherto it has been.» — y la condición experimental que exige antes de dar peso a las nociones de los astrólogos judiciarios.
«He further believed in divining dreams, and suggested that the astrology of the ancient orient “was not fimbriated with the trifles genethliacal,” but based to a large extent on dreams expounded by regular colleges of interpreters.» — la creencia de Boyle en los sueños adivinatorios y su hipótesis sobre la astrología oriental antigua.
«The long-lived patriarchs of the Old Testament had wonderful opportunities for comparing observations of many comets, and “our primitive Christians assure us that our Saviour's star was a comet.» — los patriarcas longevos como observadores de cometas, y la estrella del Salvador tenida por cometa.
«to the Royal Society, he was much less proficient in natural history than in chemistry and experimental physics.» — el límite que Thorndike marca al saber de Boyle en historia natural.
«although he recognized that there were great differences between a parrot and a bat, or between a whale, a lobster, a star-fish and an oyster.» — y la concesión con que lo acota.
«He was somewhat in doubt whether plagues were supernatural afflictions to punish mankind or natural events.» — la duda de Boyle entre el castigo sobrenatural y el suceso natural.
«But elsewhere he suggests the possibility of "a kind of physiognomy of many, if not most, other natural bodies, as well as of human faces, whereby an attentive and experienced considerer may himself discern in them many instructive things, that he cannot so declare to another man, as to make him discern them too.”» — la fisiognomía extendida por Boyle a los cuerpos naturales, con un saber que no se puede transmitir.
«But “physicians have for so many ages thought fit to receive the fragments of precious stones into some of their most celebrated cordial compositions,» — el argumento de autoridad y antigüedad a favor de las gemas en los cordiales; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.
«The objection was raised that the mineral substances with which gems are impregnated are too tightly locked up within them to exert any medical effect upon the human body.» — la objeción de que lo mineral queda encerrado en la gema.
«But Boyle contends that they emit steams and expirations, and exert electrical attraction.» — y la respuesta de Boyle por vapores y atracción eléctrica.
«I have myself seen a stone whose efficacy in stopping haemorrhages invited my wonder, and another that performed extraordinary things in more than one distemper, though I could not perceive that either of them did these things by any manifest quality.» — el testimonio en primera persona de Boyle sobre dos piedras que obraban sin cualidad manifiesta.
«Bontius said that, as for the hyperbolical and portentous virtues attributed to them, he had not found such in a thousand trials.» — la negativa de Bontius, con mil pruebas alegadas.
«Boyle believed that gold as well as gems possessed medical efficacy.» — la eficacia médica que Boyle concede al oro.
«He was long prejudiced against potable gold“ and other such preparations, but the extraordinary and surprising effects of a tincture of gold made in the same way in two different countries by physicians of his acquaintance "upon persons of great» — el cambio de opinión sobre el oro potable, movido por testimonios de médicos conocidos.
«In The Sceptical Chymist'00 Boyle warned readers not to believe all the professed experiments found in books of alchemy.» — la advertencia del *Sceptical Chymist* sobre los experimentos que los libros de alquimia declaran.
«He not only rejected the doctrine that everything in the universe was composed of salt, sulphur and mercury, along with "the learned Sennertus and all the more wary chymists," who either admitted that these three principles were composed of the four elements, or added earth and water to them as elements.”» — el rechazo de los tres principios como constituyentes de todo, con Sennert del mismo lado.
«He also demonstrated that the substances which were obtained from mixed bodies by distillation were not in a sufficiently pure and simple state to be called elements or principles.» — y su argumento sobre lo que la destilación entrega.
«One asserts that not all mixed bodies can be resolved into mercury, sulphur and salt, and that no mineral can be.» — la tesis de que ningún mineral se resuelve en los tres principios.
«Moreover, the chief characteristic of mercury is by no means its volatility, nor that of sulphur, its inflammability, nor that of salt, incineration nor yet coagulation.» — y la impugnación de los rasgos con que se definían.
«Neither is every liquor add, nor is there any sweet chemical» — la continuación de esa serie de negativas; el OCR lee *add* por *acid*.
«Boyle did not vehemently assert that the transmutation of metals had been experimentally demonstrated, as Sennert did, although he may have dropped hints of having the secret or have suggested that others had succeeded in transmuting.» — Thorndike mide con cuidado la postura de Boyle ante la transmutación, en contraste con Sennert.
«It is generally known that Robert Boyle was an alchemist; that he accepted, theoretically and practically, the doctrine of the transmutation of the elements; and that he was convinced he had solved the problem.» — el juicio ajeno más tajante sobre Boyle alquimista, recogido sin hacerlo propio.
«It may be doubted if they were of any more value than his medical recipes which were published posthumously.» — la reserva de Thorndike sobre esos escritos alquímicos.
«Boyle's attitude toward Paracelsus and chemical remedies resembled that of Sennert.» — el emparejamiento de Boyle con Sennert ante Paracelso.
«He represented Paracelsus as having led a disordered life, as little versed in logic, and as having neglected many other disciplines useful to a physician.» — el retrato de Paracelso que Boyle traza.
«His writings contain wheat mixed with chaff, excellent experiments but “phantastic and unintelligible discourses.”» — y el saldo: trigo mezclado con paja.
«Pulverized pearls are a far more potent remedy than the chemical solution of them, and crude hartshorn is a better remedy than the chemical preparation.» — dos casos en que Boyle prefiere lo crudo a lo químicamente preparado.
«Boyle’s criticism in The Sceptical Chymist of the obscure and mystical tone of many alchemical authors did not meet with general» — la acogida desigual de esa crítica al tono místico de los alquimistas.
«Webster ten years later approved of mystical chemical writers who expressed themselves in cryptic language or allegory and whom he distinguished as one of three groups, the other two being speculative and experimental observers.» — la respuesta de Webster, que reparte a los químicos en tres grupos y aprueba a los místicos.
«He commended among the mystical authors Arnold of Villanova, Raymond I .nil, Albertus Magnus, Bernard of Treves, and such past Englishmen as Roger Bacon, Thomas Norton and George Ripley, or, more recently, Sendivogius, Michael Maier and Basil Valentine, or “that much wronged though most experienced person, Theophrastus» — la nómina de autores místicos que Webster alaba, de Arnaldo a Paracelso; el OCR deshace el nombre de Lulio.
«Webster's very title page included "the discussion of the most difficult questions belonging to mystical Chymistry."» — y su portada, que anuncia la química mística.
«Tbe idea of a universal medicine or panacea, Boyle in one place was not ready either to accept or to refect, merely pointing out that some diseases which seemed of contrary nature yielded to die same treatment.» — la abstención de Boyle ante la panacea, consignada como posición.
«Elsewhere, however, he cited Monardes concerning an Indian who "cured all sorts of diseases by the juice of one plant alone.“» — y el testimonio de Monardes que recoge en otro lugar.
«On tbe other hand, Boyle advocated and defended specific remedies which acted on some particular disease or part of the body and which operated by occult rather than manifest qualities.» — los remedios específicos que sí defiende, y que obran por cualidades ocultas.
«Boyle did not much favor elaborate compound medicines such as were then employed.» — su postura contra los compuestos elaborados.
«He wished that physicians would make use of simpler medicines, for when a multitude of ingredients is combined, it is hard to trace tbe effect or property of any one of them.» — y la razón metódica que da: con muchos ingredientes no se rastrea el efecto de ninguno.
«Experienced chemists may be able to foresee what quality tbe mixed body will have, but he wishes that they too were more» — la concesión a los químicos experimentados, con su reserva.
«More marvelous and extraordinary than the action of amulets, to Boyle’s mind, were the operations of sympathetic and magnetic remedies such as the unguentum armarium and sympathetic powder.» — el ungüento de las armas y el polvo simpático, que a Boyle le parecen más extraordinarios que los amuletos.
«Boyle could not deny that he had experienced their efficacy more than once.» — y su testimonio de haber comprobado su eficacia más de una vez.
«He admitted the vanity and superstition of many who wrote about them.» — junto a la vanidad y superstición que adjudica a muchos de sus escritores.
«Boyle praises Harvey for having repeatedly tried Helmont’s experiment of curing turnon and excrescenses by applying for some little time, so that the» — el experimento de Helmont repetido por Harvey y alabado por Boyle; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.
«Sometimes this treatment failed to work, but more often it was successful, as Harvey himself had told Boyle.» — el resultado que Harvey le comunicó en persona.
«the sympathetic powder did not always work, was, in Boyle’s opinion, no sufficient indictment of them, since ordinary remedies takeu internally or applied directly did not always work either.» — el argumento con que Boyle desarma la objeción del fallo ocasional.
«occult action of such remedies are such beliefs of Boyle as that stains on cloth made by grape juice can easily be removed at the time of year when the grapes mature; at any other time, with difficulty; and that the Acajou fruit of the Antilles leaves a red stain on linen until the tree blossoms again.» — las manchas que solo se quitan en la estación del fruto, entre las creencias de acción oculta que Boyle sostiene.
«ancient favorite of magic and familiar of witches, still figures in the medicine and experimental philosophy of Boyle and his learned correspondents.» — el sapo, viejo familiar de la magia, todavía en la medicina de Boyle y sus corresponsales.
«Incontinence of urine is cured in several cases by wearing in a little bag around the neck the powder made of a toad burned alive in a new pot—a remedy gleaned in the first instance from a gypsy.» — el amuleto de sapo quemado vivo, con su procedencia declarada.
«He treats more than once of cures effected by the application of a dead man’s hand.» — las curas por la mano de un muerto, tratadas más de una vez.
«Boyle cured nosebleed with moss of a dead man’s skull held only in the band.» — y el musgo de cráneo humano tenido en la mano.
«I shall now only add, that I knew an ancient gentlewoman, who being almost hopeless to recover of divers chronical distempers ... was at length advised, instead of more costly physick, to make her morning draughts of her own water; by the use of which she strangely recovered, and is, for aught I know, still well.» — el testimonio de Boyle sobre la anciana curada con su propia orina; los puntos suspensivos son del troceo.
«The medical virtues of man’s urine, both inwardly given, and outwardly applied, would require rather a whole book, than a part of an essay, to enumerate and insist on...» — y la medida que le da a esa materia.
«Boyle accepted "what we call sympathies and antipathies" as a fact.» — las simpatías y antipatías admitidas por Boyle como hecho.
«But a man’s being cured of an ague by a rat’s jumping on him, Boyle attributes not to sympathy or antipathy, but to fright» — y el caso que él mismo explica por susto y no por simpatía.
«He not merely believed in but had proved die healing virtues of human excrement and of horse manure.» — las virtudes curativas del excremento, que Boyle dice haber probado.
«One elderly lady, who had lost the sight of one eye from cataract, after professional oculists had failed to aid her—this is a sure sign that empiricism and magic are approaching—staved off cataract in the other eye by taking on an empty stomach and crushed in white wine first five millepedes,» — el caso de la catarata tratada con cochinillas, con la acotación de Thorndike sobre lo que anuncia el fracaso del oculista.
«Another dame in Holland was freed from confirmed cataract by taking an initial dose of three millepedes, adding one a day until she reached nine, then gradually reducing the number to three and increasing it to nine again.» — y la serie numérica del segundo caso.
«Boyle himself told further of a man who had wasted away to a mere skeleton but recovered by hard-boiling an egg in his own urine, punching the egg-shell full of holes, and burying it in an anthill.» — la cura por trasplante del mal al huevo enterrado en un hormiguero, contada por Boyle.
«And though I am not forward, to impute oil those diseases to witchcraft, which even learned men father upon it; yet it is considerable in our present case, that whatsoever were the cause of the disease, the distemper was very great and almost hopeless, and the cure suddenly performed by an outward application, and that of a mineral; in which compacted sort of bodies, the finer ports are thought to be more locked up.» — la cautela de Boyle ante la brujería como causa de enfermedad, que no niega ni afirma; el OCR lee *oil* por *all*.
«Boyle implies that to deny the existence of "intelligent beings that are not ordinarily visible" is equivalent to atheism.» — Thorndike le atribuye la equivalencia entre negar los seres invisibles y el ateísmo.
«Thus Boyle expresses hope for a convincing proof of the existence of witchcraft and diabolical magic, but at the same time indicates that there is growing scepticism concerning them.» — el doble dato que Thorndike saca del mismo pasaje: la esperanza de prueba y el escepticismo creciente.
«Boyle repeatedly made the paint that there was no incompatibility between the experimental or corpuscular philosophy and religion.» — la tesis de Boyle sobre la compatibilidad de la filosofía corpuscular con la religión.
«On the other hand, Boyle’s science and medicine, as the preceding pages have shown, display many traces of a rich residue of magical method and content.» — el saldo con que Thorndike cierra el capítulo sobre Boyle.
«But at least there were no iron shoes of creeds and devils forged to the flying feet of experimental science!» — la imagen con que declara libre de credos y demonios el pie de la ciencia experimental.
«But the dark cloud has a silver lining.» — la fórmula con que introduce el reverso de ese cuadro.
«Magic and religion must stand or fall together.» — una de las tesis que el volumen enuncia sobre la relación entre magia y religión.
«The colt, ’tis true, has inherited many characteristics from its sire and its dam.» — y la imagen de la filiación con que Thorndike describe lo que la ciencia nueva hereda de sus padres.
«The New Philosophy of Fountains of Jacobus Joannes Wenceslaus Dobrzensky, extraordinary professor of medicine at the University of Prague, published at Ferrara in 1657 and reprinted there in 1659,1 combines experimentation with marvels in the way characteristic of natural magic.» — el libro de las fuentes de Dobrzensky, donde experimento y maravilla se combinan al modo de la magia natural.
«To the Jesuit, Théodore Moretus, professor emeritus of mathematics at Prague, is ascribed a perpetual fountain which synchronizes with the sun’s movements, and barometric instruments to Kircher, to another Jesuit named Valentinus Stansel, and to a third, Marius Bettinus, nor does yet another Jesuit author, Nicolô Cabeo, go unmentioned.» — la nómina de jesuitas a quienes el libro adjudica fuentes perpetuas e instrumentos barométricos.
«But he admitted a general influence of the stars, also that of the moon on humidity and the humors, and the possibility of judgment as to a person’s natural temperament and aptitude.» — el influjo general de los astros que se admite junto con la crítica a la astrología particular.
«Menander, however, rejects this suggestion of Theophilus and says that he will never give the true cause of tides until he recognizes that the earth moves, which Galileo has expounded more beautifully than anyone else.» — el personaje Menandro condiciona la causa de las mareas al movimiento de la tierra, con Galileo por autoridad.
«Galileo fails to explain these and other points, but Descartes does, with earth and moon in the same vortex.”» — y prefiere el torbellino de Descartes para lo que Galileo deja sin explicar.
«He therefore holds that the ocean swells because it contains a nitrous spirit which is excited by the lunar body (how, he does not make clear), so that the middle of the sea swells sooner than its extremes.» — el espíritu nitroso excitado por la luna como causa de la marea, con la reserva de Thorndike sobre el cómo.
«Menander holds that the atoms of Descartes are superior to those of Epicurus.» — la preferencia por los átomos de Descartes sobre los de Epicuro.
«But he can hardly persuade himself that a stone by mere contact stays die flow of blood and cures the gravest diseases.» — y su dificultad para creer en la piedra que corta la sangre por contacto.
«But be will not admit that the beryl makes us immune from the plots of enemies.» — la virtud del berilo contra las asechanzas, que no admite.
«Theophilus attacks the employment of chemical remedies, especially the use of mercury, antimony and potable gold, but Simplicius defends them, provided they are administered by expert doctors of» — el diálogo reparte entre dos personajes el ataque y la defensa de los remedios químicos.
«In these two works of I960, then, we see Du Hamel influenced by modern astronomical discovery and chemical theory, by Cartesianism and the atomic or corpuscular theory, but with little emphasis upon experimental method, and with the presentation of both old» — el balance de Thorndike sobre Du Hamel; la cifra del año sale corrompida en el troceo.
«He now turns against disputations and the schools and is all for experiment Despite the title of his book, be opposes specific and occult qualities and asks why he should be shut off by these magic words from the troth and more secret arcana of nature.s<» — el giro de Du Hamel contra las cualidades ocultas, llamadas palabras mágicas que cierran el paso a los arcanos; la llamada de nota queda pegada al final.
«This impressive review of recent experimental accomplishment is not wholly free, however, from something of a magical accompaniment.» — la acotación de Thorndike a ese repaso de logros experimentales.
«Nor is the initial denial of specific and occult qualities consistently maintained "We call poisons what in some occult way are wont to attack us or suddenly take away our life.”» — y la inconsecuencia que le señala, con la definición oculta del veneno.
«Willis thinks that not only the blood is infected by poisons but also the nervous juice which fosters the animal spirits and which is also the channel for the spread of hypochondriac pains.» — la doctrina de Willis sobre el jugo nervioso infectado por los venenos.
«And there Is no doubt that an alteration in the connection of parts takes place when iron is imbued with magnetic force.» — la alteración de las partes que se da por cierta al imantar el hierro.
«There is no doubt that many poisons are neutralized by antidotes cognate to themselves or amulets or» — los amuletos puestos en la misma serie que los antídotos.
«But cauterization is the surest remedy, if applied soon enough.» — y la cauterización como remedio más seguro.
«But he still reaffirmed his view of 1660 that the spontaneous generation of imperfect animals was from the spirit of the universe, although he recognized that Femel, “first of physicians since Galen,” held that all forms, whether of perfect or imperfect animals, were from the heavens.» — la generación espontánea desde el espíritu del universo, frente a la doctrina celeste de Fernel.
«Du Hamel leaves it to others to unravel the causes of the marvelous effects of the magnet31» — la abstención declarada ante las causas del imán; la llamada de nota queda pegada.
«He also omitted some things which seemed too difficult or less true to him.» — y el criterio con que poda su propio libro.
«The first book dealt with Platonism; the second, with the Peripatetics, Epicureans and Cartesians; the third, with the elements; and the fourth, with chemical principles.» — el reparto en cuatro libros de la filosofía vieja y la nueva.
«In 1678 the Old and New Philosophy was revised for school use, ran through many editions, and was used by missionaries.» — la fortuna escolar y misional de esa obra.
«It was the only work by him to be printed, although there are various things in manuscript by him in the Sloane collection,43 including A» — lo que de ese autor quedó manuscrito en la colección Sloane.
«The work of Martin Kergcr, M.D. and physician at Liegnitz, on fermentation, printed in 1663, is further described in the title as “all based on perpetual experiments.”» — el reclamo del título de Kerger sobre la fermentación.
«Discussion of the inseparability of material forms and of the final cause of fermentation“ also smacks more of scholastic than experimental method.» — y el juicio de Thorndike sobre lo escolástico que queda dentro.
«An inclination towards the magical is indicated in discussion of the resuscitation of vegetables, of» — la resurrección de los vegetales como indicio de inclinación a lo mágico.
«But the wholesome case is recorded of a patient who in 1648 recovered from tertian fever after having tried such preternatural ferments, and who ascribed his recovery to having desisted from their use.» — el caso del enfermo que adjudicó su mejoría a dejar los fermentos preternaturales.
«Thus his first experiment is that of Torricelli, but his conclusions are that there is no absolute vacuity in the upper part oí the tube after the mercury has fallen, and that it is not effluvia from the mercury that fill the apparently empty space, nor is it torius hath proved to exceed the bulk and weight of all our sensible evacuations whatsoever.» — el experimento de Torricelli en manos de Power, con sus conclusiones sobre el vacío; el tramo arrastra el arranque de una nota.
«Although Power entitled his book Experimental Philosophy, it contains sweeping generalizations which could not be experimentally proved, such as that "there can be no rest in nature more than a vacuity in matter,”41 or that spirits "are universally diffused through all bodies,” but in the animal kingdom are more abundant and purely refined and "work nobler effects,”» — la objeción de Thorndike a Power: generalizaciones que su propio título no respalda.
«while "all the fixed lights of heaven are generally concluded to be pure fire.”» — y la tercera de esas generalizaciones, sobre las luces fijas del cielo.
«Power was greatly stimulated by the modern discovery of the telescope and microscope.» — el estímulo que Power halla en el telescopio y el microscopio.
«Antiquity gives us not the least hint thereof... the want of which incomparable artifice made them not only erre in their fond coelestial hypothesis... but also... those sons of sense were not able to see how curiously the minutest things of the world are wrought...» — el argumento de Power sobre lo que a la Antigüedad le faltó; los puntos suspensivos son del troceo.
«Were Aristotle now alive, he might write a new History of Animals.» — y el remate: Aristóteles vivo escribiría otra historia de los animales.
«And thus was that famous cheat performed, and indeed acted with such a port and flowing grace by that Italian bravado, that he did not only strike an admiration into vulgar heads ... but even into the... more knowing.» — el desengaño de un truco que engañaba también a los entendidos, en la filosofía experimental de Power; los puntos suspensivos son del troceo.
«More than that, Power still associates magic tricks with his experimental philosophy by giving an account of Floram Marchand, the great water-drinker, who vomited all kinds of liquors from his mouth.» — Thorndike señala la vecindad entre los trucos de magia y la filosofía experimental de Power.
«If done into a glass rinsed in vinegar, the resultant acidity would produce the color of English beer; but if into a clean glass, a paler» — el mecanismo del truco, explicado por el vaso enjuagado en vinagre.
«Nor does Power's profession of experimental philosophy deter him from following Descartes in many respects.» — la deuda de Power con Descartes pese a su profesión experimental.
«He adopts the Cartesian explanation of light“ and theory of colors, although he promises to support the latter "by several experiments in the» — la explicación cartesiana de la luz y los colores, que promete apoyar con experimentos.
«Power's account of Marchand's performance was based indirectly upon this earlier pamphlet, of which Dr. Reuben Robinson sent him a partial transcription or paraphrase in long-hand on December, 12, 1662.» — la vía por la que le llegó el relato, que Thorndike rastrea.
«Power’s third book of magnetical experiments was accompanied by a refutation of the Jesuit, Jacques Grandami, who in 1645 had published a treatise arguing that the earth, as a magnetic body, could not rotate and so was immobile.» — el argumento magnético contra el movimiento de la tierra, y la respuesta de Power.
«He approached the notion of human descent from the ape, when, in declaiming against the irrational rabble, he declared that "pugs and baboons may claim a traduction from Adam as well as these, and have as great a share of reason to justify their parentage.» — la frase de Power que, según Thorndike, roza la descendencia del hombre desde el mono.
«Highmore asserted that effluvia of the magnet had been seen through the microscope, but Power had been unable to so detect» — el desacuerdo sobre los efluvios del imán vistos al microscopio.
«And in condemning the vulgar crowd's lack of understanding and reason, he says that they are at best but Descartes’ automata.» — y el vulgo reducido a autómatas cartesianos.
«Nor did the recent advance of science lead Power to abandon the doctrine of signatures.» — Thorndike consigna que el avance de la ciencia no aparta a Power de las firmas.
«Rather he hoped that more of them would be revealed by the microscope.» — sino que espera que el microscopio revele más.
«And for him vertigo was a proof that the animal spirits were the immediate instrument of the soul in all its operations of sense and motion, for the brain itself cannot turn around.» — el vértigo como prueba de que los espíritus animales son instrumento inmediato del alma.
«By the same token one is tempted to say that it was magic, as much as science, that made the wheels of Henry Powers experimental philosophy go round.» — el saldo de Thorndike sobre Power, en forma de tentación declarada.
«Philosophical Transactions remarked concerning two letters which Travagino had sent to England announcing and summarizing this book, “Whether this philosophy be new is easie to judge.”» — la ironía de las *Philosophical Transactions* sobre la novedad de Travagino.
«More strictly scientific experimentation was recorded in the account of the experiments performed by the Italian Accademia del Cimento which appeared in Italian in 1667, and was translated into English in 1684 by Richard Waller, a fellow of the Royal Society.» — los experimentos de la Accademia del Cimento y su traducción inglesa.
«These experiments were concerned with air pressure, and freezing; or aimed to prove that water was incapable of compression and that there was no such thing as lightness or positive levity.» — las materias de esos experimentos.
«Some were magnetic and others electric, the latter being chiefly performed with amber.» — y los magnéticos y eléctricos, hechos con ámbar.
«Other subjects investigated were the change of colors in fluids, the motion of sound, and projectiles.» — el resto de las materias investigadas.
«The remaining experiments are lumped together under the designation, miscellaneous.» — y el cajón de sastre con que se cierra la lista.
«Similar experimentation was conducted by the members of the Académie des Sciences and of the Royal Society.» — el paralelo con la Academia de Ciencias y la Royal Society.
«He first sets forth all the phenomena of the baroscope in order to establish forever the elasticity, pressure and weight of the» — el plan del libro de Sinclair sobre el baroscopio.
«There follow “various new experiments" with regard to the weight of sea water.» — los experimentos sobre el peso del agua de mar.
«Two or three new experiments are then adduced against the weight of the elements, air and water, but the difficulties raised by them are fully satisfied, and the author proceeds to show that it is possible to obtain a vacuum.» — y la marcha del argumento hasta la posibilidad del vacío.
«Water cannot be pumped up more than thirty-four feet, and this is due to the weight and pressure of the air.» — el límite de los treinta y cuatro pies explicado por el peso del aire.
«The reviewer of Sinclair's book in Philosophical Transactions was careful to point out that his experiments were not new and unheard-of, as he seemed to think, and that be had visited Boyle.» — la objeción del reseñista a la pretensión de novedad de Sinclair.
«He claimed that he had submitted his work to the Royal Society and waited in vain almost two years for an answer, but the Society had no record of this.» — el desacuerdo de versiones sobre esa gestión, consignado sin armonizar.
«"because they seem'd to him to contains nothing new or extraordinary."» — la razón que se dio para no atender esos papeles.
«That nature abhorred a vacuum or, more properly speaking, sought for universal continuity, was a truism which remained as valid after Otto von Guericke (1602—1686) had perfected the air pump as it had seemed to be before.» — Thorndike consigna la supervivencia del horror al vacío después de la bomba de aire.
«The first copper globe that was tried, when emptied, collapsed with a loud bang under the external air pressure.» — el primer globo de cobre hundido por la presión externa.
«He went on to say that these virtues were both corporeal and incorporeal.» — las virtudes mundanas declaradas corpóreas e incorpóreas a la vez.
«The former could not pass through metal or glass.» — con el límite que se pone a las corpóreas.
«Leibniz not unjustly criticized the expression "mundane virtue" as no dearer than substantial form, sympathy and antipathy, magnetic force, and immaterial species.”» — la objeción de Leibniz, que iguala la virtud mundana a las formas sustanciales y las especies inmateriales.
«The Copernican system, with immense space surrounding the fixed stars, was adopted by von Guericke, and he thought of even the space between the planets of the solar system as vacant» — el espacio vacío entre los planetas en el sistema de von Guericke.
«but unlike Huygens, he denied that anything on earth would be found on any of the other planets.» — y su desacuerdo con Huygens sobre lo que hay en los otros planetas.
«In 1674 Erasmus Bartholinus, professor of mathematics and mediefne at Copenhagen, published a collection of Academic Questions on the Marvels of Nature.» — las *Cuestiones académicas sobre las maravillas de la naturaleza* de Erasmus Bartholinus.
«He now adds that although natural philosophy requires long experience collected through many ages, and although the ancients investigated many splendid experiments, yet it is the glory of modems by greater zeal and happier outcome to have made many inventions by which humanity is informed in all respects.» — el reparto de gloria entre antiguos y modernos que hace Bartholinus.
«We are as often deluded by our reason and judgment as we are by our senses, and a prudent physician will surely attend to tnie experience rather than to ambiguous reason.» — y su preferencia por la experiencia sobre la razón ambigua.
«The secret force by which the magnetic needle turns north escapes observation, “yet by this experiment we cross the seas.”» — la fuerza secreta del imán que escapa a la observación y aun así lleva a cruzar los mares.
«Bartholinus regards the inventions of printing and gunpowder as experiments, and says that, if all the experiments of the mechanical arts which are called illiberal were collected, there would be a great advance in science.» — la imprenta y la pólvora contadas como experimentos, y las artes mecánicas como cantera de ciencia.
«But while all men experience something, few do so wisely and rightly.» — la acotación sobre quién experimenta bien.
«Such are medical men who have opened cadavers.» — el primer ejemplo, los médicos que abrieron cadáveres.
«Such is chemistry, whence daily rise and mature wonderful discoveries.» — y el segundo, la química.
«Bartholinus warns against deception of the senses.» — junto a la advertencia sobre el engaño de los sentidos.
«Malebranche, in La recherche de la vérité of 1674, complained that the opinions of those who spent their time m experimentation were accepted too readily and without sufficient examination.» — la queja de Malebranche sobre el crédito fácil que se daba a los experimentadores.
«He did not object to students of natural philosophy employing the experimental method, “provided their greatest application be made to the more necessary sciences.» — y la condición que pone.
«We find no fault with experimental philosophy, nor the improvers of it; hut only with their defects.» — el deslinde con que Malebranche separa el método de sus practicantes.
«The first is that chance rather than reason guides them in the method of their experiments.» — el primero de los defectos que enumera.
«they prefer curious and extraordinary experiments to the most common.» — el segundo.
«they do not observe all the particular circumstances and details, such as the time, place and character of the Ingredients, accurately, "though the least of these circumstances is capable of frustrating the desired effect"» — y el tercero, sobre las circunstancias menudas que frustran el efecto.
«To conclude, they commonly want courage and constancy, and are tired and discouraged with the toil and expense.» — el último, sobre la constancia y el gasto.
«Bourdelot calls them kings for a few days, and deems it more advisable to beware of a man with a single secret than of a man of one book.» — la fórmula de Bourdelot sobre el hombre de un solo secreto.
«He further complains that, to acquire a medical reputation at Rome, it is better to pay court to cardinals than to cultivate science.» — y su queja sobre cómo se hacía la reputación médica en Roma.
«Somewhat similarly, in his dedication to Bourdelot, Bayle had complained that physics had become a heap or a chaos of metaphysical speculations.» — la queja paralela de Bayle sobre la física vuelta caos de especulación metafísica.
«On the other hand, medicine was overrun with mere empirics.» — y el reverso, la medicina invadida de empíricos.
«Nevertheless Kestler notes that Meibomius attacked Kircher's musical work and that others have criticized his treatment of hieroglyphs and of alchemy.» — las objeciones a Kircher que su propio compendiador consigna.
«The experiment won't work, if fresh water is used.» — la condición de que el agua sea salada.
«Hence ft is too that those who suffer from salt humors and nitrous and tartarous defluxions, such as the gouty, arthritic, lunatic and hypochondriac, feel the force of the moon much more than other persons do.» — la explicación de la sensibilidad lunar por los humores salados y nitrosos.
«But if tbe boiling water were fresh, it would also adhere to the salt and weigh the stick down, while it may be doubted if there would be salt in tbe steam from salt water.» — la objeción experimental a ese montaje.
«Many earthworms dried to a powder are to be buried in a receptacle full of rich soil and watered with rain water. Within three or four days all that earth will be full of earthworms, at first only the size of tbe worms in cheese but gradually from tbe nourishment of that rich soil growing to full sized earthworms.» — la receta de generación de lombrices a partir de su propio polvo.
«noted his belief that he had proved experimentally that the dung of insects contained the seed which reproduced them.» — y la tesis opuesta, que pone la semilla en el excremento del insecto.
«of a scorpion found in an Italian’s brain and born there as a result of excessive handling and smelling of clover, and Ambrose Paré depicted it exactly.» — el escorpión nacido en el cerebro de un italiano, con la lámina de Ambroise Paré por testimonio.
«An experiment of perpetual fire employs an unceasing flow of bitumen.» — el fuego perpetuo alimentado por betún.
«But in between we find that by compression of water In a glass tube various spectacles of playful Nature are shown together with a great mass of experiments.» — los espectáculos de la naturaleza juguetona mezclados con los experimentos.
«is measured by the refractian of a coin in them.» — la medida por la refracción de una moneda.
«denied that air was mixed with the blood, but his experiment must have been made with a dead lung.» — la objeción de Thorndike a un experimento hecho con pulmón muerto.
«own expei iment and still better Truston’s proved the contrary.» — y el experimento contrario; el OCR parte la palabra *experiment*.
«experiments and citation of an equal number of authorities, we cannot accept the assertion of Barberius» — la negativa a aceptar la afirmación de Barberio pese al número de experimentos y autoridades.
«When be uncorked the retort, an almost unsupportable stench made him tremble all over, although he had plugged up his can and nostrils and had in his mouth a sponge soaked in vinegar and theriacal waters.» — el experimento con materia pestilencial y las precauciones de quien lo hizo.
«The dean of the medical faculty of Heidelberg and Charas, who was then in England, were, however, inclined to question the advisability of such experiments in time of pest, also whether it revealed the nature of the poison, whether chemical fire was not too disproportionate to that of the human body to warrant his conclusion, whether he should have had the patient and himself taste the salt, and whether its acrimony could account for the plague symptoms.» — las cinco objeciones que se le opusieron, de la prudencia al método.
«Senguerd held that the corpuscles of elastic bodies must be rigid, oblong and branching.» — la figura que Senguerd adjudica a los corpúsculos elásticos.
«Experimental Philosophy, which was printed at Nürnberg in 1682, proposed to examine and test by fire and to reveal the nature of all things in a state of nude virginity.» — el reclamo de una *Filosofía experimental* que promete la naturaleza desnuda.
«The word, experiment, was still used to designate a medical prescription or secret recipe by Daniel Meno Matthiae in 1683.» — Thorndike mide el sentido que la palabra experimento conservaba todavía en 1683.
«A siphon invented by a citizen of Wurtemberg about 1684, which seemed to work without suction, owed its efficacy to a hidden reservoir and tube.» — el sifón maravilloso explicado por un depósito escondido.
«But Denis Papin held it possible, although he estimated that it would require the descent of about one hundred times as much water as ascended.» — la posibilidad que Papin concede, con su costo medido.
«Number 17 was "a singular experiment in which two quite limpid liquora, when mixed together, coalesced into a body" of the consistency of butter, or more so, very white and quite dry.» — el experimento de los dos líquidos límpidos que cuajan en cuerpo blanco.
«Dr. Hieronymus Alegri of Verona had hit upon it by chance and wished to keep it secret, but the Philo-Exotics set out to try to discover the two liquids, and Rev. Frandscus Tertius de Lanis, a Jesuit father, succeeded.» — el secreto guardado y descubierto por otros, que Thorndike consigna como episodio de método.
«For he believes that, while water cannot be compressed by machines, as air can, it is very easily compressed by cold.» — la primera razón que se da sobre el agua comprimida por el frío.
«The second reason Is the heaviness of salt, because of which it spontaneously seeks the bottom.» — y la segunda, por el peso de la sal.
«He adds that sea water is not so easily frozen as fresh water.» — con la observación sobre el agua de mar.
«It is hardly necessary to comment upon the contents of the foregoing chapter further than to say that evidently experimental method is still far from having attained perfection and still smacks of its magical origin.» — el saldo con que Thorndike cierra el capítulo: el método experimental lejos de la perfección y con el sabor de su origen mágico.
«If any age, surely this present century, as it has bam as far, wdZ continue to be most fertile in experiments, a century in which there are so many celebrated literary societies and colleges af the erudite, who under the patronage and auspices of ths greatest kings and princes in England, France, Florence, Rome, Venice and in our own Germany usefully spend their time fa investigation and accurate recording of curious things.» — el epígrafe del capítulo sobre academias y sociedades científicas; el troceo lo imprime muy corrompido.
«The Miscellanea or Ephemerides of the German Academia Naturae Curiosorum, an enlargement and reorganization of the Collegium Naturae Curiosorum which had been founded io 1852, began to be published in 1870,» — la data de la Academia Naturae Curiosorum y de sus *Ephemerides*; el troceo corrompe las dos cifras.
«Thomas Bartholinus of Copenhagen made a number of contributions to tjte first annual volume of the German Academy, but he then began to edit in connection with the medical faculty of Copenhagen a series of Acta medico et» — el paso de Bartholinus de la academia alemana a las actas de Copenhague.
«I shall cite it as Acta Hafn. with Roman numerals far the volume and Arabic for the Observation.» — Thorndike declara la abreviatura y el sistema de cita que usará.
«Karl Rayger wrote at one time of a monster with two heads, at another time of a monstrous head without brain or cranium.» — la serie de monstruos que las actas recogen, empezando por Rayger.
«honorary professor at Thorn, at various times reported a calf with two heads, a two-headed lamb, eggs with a double yolk, and a bearded lady.T» — y su continuación; la llamada de nota queda pegada al final.
«G. W. Wedel, ducal physician of Saxe-Gotha, and Thomas Bartbolinus, perpetual dean of medicine at Copenhagen, report cases of men with a single testicle; others note those with three.» — los casos anatómicos contados como maravillas.
«Georg Hannaeus tells of a woman with three breasts.» — uno más de la serie.
«Oldenburg wrote to Boyle on December 24, 1667: The (Royal) Society shall not meet till January 2, st which time, I believe, they will receive a good account of a pretty hermaphrodite, now in London, which was lately visited by Dr. Allen and myself.lT» — la carta de Oldenburg a Boyle sobre el hermafrodita que la Royal Society iba a examinar.
«Wedel tells of a monstrous tumor of the thigh and a monstrous branch of a pine,30 later of a monstrous fish with feet31» — el tumor, la rama y el pez con pies bajo la misma categoría de lo monstruoso.
«This last point was an idée fixe in the seventeenth century.» — el juicio de Thorndike sobre la fijeza de ese tema en el siglo.
«Its continuance well into the eighteenth century is indicated by the fact that an English work on the subject which appeared in London in 1729,“ was re-issued in French translation at Leyden in» — y su prolongación bien entrado el siglo XVIII.
«A striking example may be added from outside the pages of the Miscellanea curiosorwn in the Philosophical Transactions of (he English Royal Society for July-August, 1687, in the form of a communication from Edward Smith, secretary of the Philo» — el ejemplo que Thorndike trae de las *Philosophical Transactions*.
«Borrichius treated of the force of imagination in the Danish Acta, where he also warned against frightening children by horrible sights or threats of punishment.» — la fuerza de la imaginación tratada por Borrichius, con su consejo sobre los niños.
«T. Bartholin us wrote on fever brought on by imagination,» — la fiebre por imaginación en Bartholinus.
«He also attributed to imagination a blade spot the size of his fist which Valentinus Reich found oo his breast after dreaming that a giant had hit him with a stone.» — y la mancha aparecida tras un sueño, adjudicada a la imaginación.
«Ceorg Sebastian Jung passed on from “a trustworthy person” the story of a girl who could not endure the sight either of a head of cabbage cooked whole or that of a cooked calf’s head, but lapsed into a swoon or syncope, if compelled to look at them, “for she did the cooking.» — el caso de antipatía transmitido por persona digna de crédito.
«Caspar T. Bierling or Vierling, a practitioner at Magdeburg, discussed "various» — otro de los autores de la serie de antipatías.
«Hannaeus recorded the case of a man who had a singular abhorrence of his own name.“» — la antipatía al propio nombre.
«Johannes Paterson Hain of Upper Hungary told of an antipathy to mercury;’1» — la antipatía al mercurio.
«Franciscos Matthaeus Hertod, provincial physician to the Estates of Moravia, of an antipathy to bread;» — y la antipatía al pan.
«Joel Langelottus, physician to the duke of Holstein, noted a transfer of epilepsy from a maid servant to a dog similar to that recounted by Robert Fludd in a case of» — el traspaso de la epilepsia de una criada a un perro, emparejado con un caso de Robert Fludd.
«Daniel Winckler wrote of death as well os epilepsy being caused by a» — la muerte y la epilepsia atribuidas a la misma causa.
«Georg Seger recorded a deadly dream in a haunted house.» — el sueño mortal en una casa encantada.
«Wedel called attention to lunar periodization of» — la periodización lunar señalada por Wedel.
«although he was to discuss the use of human bones against dysentery.» — y el uso de huesos humanos contra la disentería.
«Simon Scboltz adduced an amulet for» — uno de los amuletos que las actas registran.
«Bonichius noted the use of the heart of a mole in cases of» — y el corazón de topo entre los remedios.
«Similarly Isaac Newton, writing at the age of twenty-seven a letter of suggestions to a friend who was about to travel on the Continent, advised him to note "any transmutations out of one species into another, as out of iron into copper," and whether, at Schcmnitz in Hungary, "they change iron into copper by dissolving it in a vitriolate water, which they find in cavities of rods in the mines, and then melting the slimy solution in a strong fire, which, in the cooling, proves (to be) copper.“» — la carta de Newton a los veintisiete años, que encarga observar transmutaciones de hierro en cobre.
«Borrichius noted the passage of fire through the pores of a glass vessel without injuring it, water that didn't bail in the midst of boiling water, and blindness brought on by unskilled employment of mercurial water.» — la serie de curiosidades de Borrichius, entre el prodigio y el accidente.
«He further inquired whether volatile salt might be had from birds and fish, whether volatile salt of the human cranium should be given to the sick, and made a chemical examination of the sperm of frogs.» — y las preguntas químicas que se plantea, con el cráneo humano dentro.
«Johann Georg Volckamer (1616—1093) recounted the marvelous distillation of a skull fresh from the place of execution.» — la destilación de un cráneo recién traído del patíbulo; el troceo corrompe la fecha.
«It was his son, J. C. Volckamer (1662—1744), a botanist, who published Flora Norimbergensis in 1700.» — la distinción entre padre e hijo del mismo apellido.
«Dobrzensky regretted that a Jew at Prague, who in 1671 knew how to bring unripe pearls to perfection, had died before he could learn his secret» — el secreto de las perlas perdido con la muerte de su dueño.
«Seger described death from neglect of a slight wound in the cranium;» — la muerte por descuido de una herida leve.
«Salomon Reisel, archiater of the county of Hanover, told of a flame bursting forth from the eye which was bright enough to read by.» — la llama salida de un ojo, con luz bastante para leer.
«Wedel announced a new cause of lipothymy, syncope and palpitation of the heart.» — la causa nueva que Wedel anuncia.
«the second of which he asserted that he had restored the sight to both» — y el caso de vista restituida; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.
«Borrichius, however, would restore the humors not by any extraneous infusion but by drawing off liquor from the brain.» — la alternativa de Borrichius a la infusión extraña.
«Hannaeus told of a boy who was cured of jaundice by swallowing seven or nine lice.» — la cura de la ictericia por siete o nueve piojos tragados.
«One is amazed to hear Wedel say that the medical properties of die viper, “once ignored, are employed extensively in our tune,» — el asombro de Thorndike ante la vigencia que Wedel adjudica a las virtudes de la víbora.
«Yet what Wedel has particularly to discuss, passing over other viperine preparations as now better known, is the fat of the viper as a remedy for ophthalmia.» — y el asunto propio de Wedel, la grasa de víbora contra la oftalmía.
«He opened his communication with the proverb, Ubi virus, ibi virtus, and the assertion that Nature is a beneficent mother and, where she seems to do most harm to humanity, there really offers a supreme remedy,» — el proverbio y la doctrina de la naturaleza madre que pone el remedio junto al daño.
«Paul Ammann, extraordinary professor at Leipzig, goes Wedel one better in the same volume by narrating a cure of malignant fever by eating live vipers.'» — la cura por víboras vivas, que Thorndike pone un grado más allá.
«He again, in the treatise on materia medica printed with his SupeUex botanica in 1075, told of the case at Saumur in France in 1670, when the patient afflicted with malignant fever swallowed three live vipers and subsequently excreted them in a swollen condition, and regained his health.» — el caso de Saumur con su detalle; el troceo corrompe la fecha de la edición.
«Seger gives details from the dissection of a two-headed lamb, and from that of a thief aged fifty.» — las disecciones que Seger comunica.
«Illmer notes the successful extraction of a dead foetus in a difficult case of delivery;» — el caso obstétrico de Illmer.
«Polisius discusses worms found in the ventricles of the heart;» — los gusanos hallados en los ventrículos del corazón.
«G. A. Mercklin Jr. recounted a case of precocious teething by a newborn child,» — la dentición precoz de un recién nacido.
«Wedel holds that scorpions are not generated from clover.» — la negativa de Wedel a la generación de escorpiones a partir del trébol.
«Paul hazards the conjecture that seminal virtues exuding with the water in the membranes of the neck were the cause of this strange generation.» — y la conjetura de Paul sobre virtudes seminales como causa.
«Eating cooked scorpion and salamander without injury is vouched for by Vierling or Bier ling,» — el testimonio de comer escorpión y salamandra cocidos sin daño; el troceo parte el apellido.
«But others say that coins and pieces of metal devoured by ostriches ore either excreted whole or remain entire in the crop, and Velschius himself was never able to test by experiment whether the ostrich was capable of digesting iron or copper.» — el desacuerdo sobre el avestruz que digiere hierro, con la abstención declarada de Velschius.
«Hannaeus reports the existence of crab's eyes signed with the name of Christian V, king of Denmark.» — los ojos de cangrejo marcados con el nombre del rey de Dinamarca.
«Ulmer writes on drinking chocolate sweetened with powdered dormice in place of sugar.» — el chocolate endulzado con polvo de lirones.
«The theme of J. D. Major, professor of anatomy and botany at Kiel, is tearing out the heart while the animal is still living.» — el tema de Major sobre el corazón arrancado en vivo.
«We are informed that there are insects and worms of diverse species and figures corresponding to the diversity of herbs and plants.» — la correspondencia entre la diversidad de las hierbas y la de sus gusanos.
«Although we have already heard of vegetable gold, of monstrous plants as well as animals, and of use of herbs os well as parts of animals as remedies, there appears on the whole to be more notice taken of animal than of plant marvels in the Ephemerides and Aeta.» — el reparto que Thorndike mide entre maravillas animales y vegetales en esas actas.
«The effect of the latter, however, was to soften rather than break the bones of animals which ate it.» — la hierba que ablanda los huesos en vez de quebrarlos.
«In the Scholion is the statement from a letter of Georg Reichvoein to Simon Pauli, that the animal can be cured by offering it the bones of another animal which had died from eating the herb.» — y el remedio por los huesos del animal muerto de lo mismo.
«Velschrus writes of a cardioid lignum aloes, of sassafras wood from a different root, of Japanese tobacco, and of "some American fruits not yet described.» — las novedades vegetales que Velschius comunica.
«Velschius remarks the existence of an aphrodixian» — y el afrodisíaco que registra; el tramo se corta antes de la llamada de nota.
«Dolaeus lists the virtues of the bloodstone or Haematites;» — las virtudes de la hematites listadas por Dolaeus.
«Borrichius writes of the odor of gems, and of the generation of stones in macrocosm and microcosm.» — el olor de las gemas y la generación de piedras en macrocosmo y microcosmo.
«Salomon Reisel reports finding a petrified serpent in the stomach of a stag.» — la serpiente petrificada en el estómago de un ciervo.
«Schenck and Dobrzensky pass on the news from Padua of the petrified brain of an ox.» — y el cerebro petrificado de un buey, noticia venida de Padua.
«He also discusses the much debated problem of the generation of» — el problema disputado de la generación.
«Philip Jacobus Hartmann, Ph.D. and M.D., of tbe Academy of the Curious as to Nature, in an Exercise as to the generation in the air of minerals, vegetables and» — el ejercicio de Hartmann sobre la generación en el aire.
«He further affirmed that there was no instance extant of harm coming from a min of vegetables.» — su afirmación sobre las lluvias de vegetales; el OCR lee *min* por *rain*.
«Nature cannot produce plants or animals except from seed, nor are the daims of the chemists to work such miracles valid.» — la regla de que nada nace sin semilla, y la negativa a los milagros que los químicos se adjudican.
«A rain of pearls has been attributed to witchcraft, but Hartmann reserves the question of the generation of minerals in the air to another treatise.» — la lluvia de perlas adjudicada a la brujería, y la cuestión reservada para otro tratado.
«Such interests, however, were not peculiar to the German Academia Naturae Curiosorum.» — Thorndike extiende ese gusto por lo curioso más allá de la academia alemana.
«But more worthy of observation than all the rest is a clock whose movements are derived from the vicinity of a lodestone, and it is so adjusted as to discover the distance of countries at sea by the longitude.» — el reloj movido por la vecindad de una piedra imán, entre las piezas de un gabinete.
«Very similar were the contents of the Danish royal msueum at Copenhagen nearly thirty years later when the catalogue of 1696 listed inter alia Egyptian mummies, a foetus turned to stone which a Frenchwoman had carried for the space of twenty-eight yean,» — el inventario del museo real danés, con momias y un feto petrificado.
«Back in 1639 Edward May had published A most certaine and true relation of a strange monster or serpent found in the left ventricle of the heart of John Pennant Gentleman of the age of 21» — la relación de la serpiente hallada en el corazón de un caballero.
«More adds: “The ahibits are ennmerated in order to show that science wm ■till in the period of orednlous acceptance of the marvelous.’'» — el juicio de More sobre lo que esos gabinetes enseñan; el troceo lo imprime muy corrompido.
«In Italy in 1633, Leo Allatius, in his volume on illustrious men at Rome during the three years preceding, had listed among more than a dozen works by Alsario della Croce, a disputation of some 47 pages on a wonderful worm which came out of one nostril as well as a treatise on the envy and witchcraft of the ancients.» — el gusano de la nariz y la brujería antigua en la misma bibliografía.
«And no less a personage than Leibniz contributed to the issue of July 5, 1677, an account of a roebuck with a coiffure as well as horns.» — la contribución de Leibniz al género de las maravillas.
«In the year after that, the Journal noted a monstrous cat and a monster in a friar.» — la serie de monstruos del *Journal*.
«In 1681, however, the account of a prodigious egg laid by a hen at Rome was prefaced by a statement that the Journal was careful not to print the first reports it received of such phenomena, and that last year the news of a pretended monster had been proved false, as the editor of the Journal had suspected that it would be.» — la cautela editorial que el *Journal* declara ante los prodigios.
«Duchesse and the papal nuncio had confirmed the report of the egg, the Journal published it, with a picture showing that the shell was marked with several stars rather than the figure of a comet as was popularly believed.» — y el desenlace del huevo prodigioso, con estrellas en vez de cometa.
«On April 12, 1688, it reviewed a Historia medica de acephalis by Marcus Mappus, a physician of Strasburg, in which the belief in headless men was dismissed as a fable.» — la reseña del tratado que declara fábula a los hombres sin cabeza.
«It was from reading in the Transactions of the Royal Society that an English cook had cured his warts by rubbing them with the hand of his dead master, that Samuel Ledelius was moved to add» — la cadena de lecturas que lleva de una cura por mano de muerto a otra.
«Doctor John Beale “made an outstanding experiment of removing extreme and perilous scrofula by application of the hand of a dead man.”» — el experimento de Beale con la mano del muerto contra la escrófula.
«Ledelius goes on to suggest a connection between this cure and the touching for scrofula by the kings of France, England and Spain, and the Hapsburgs.» — y la conexión que Ledelius traza con el toque real contra la escrófula.
«It has also been said that the Proceedings of the Royal Society in Boyle’s time abounded in “papers on the medicinal power of gems and the astrological influences of the planets as physical problems worthy of the new experimental methods of inquiry.”» — el juicio ajeno sobre lo que abundaba en las actas de la Royal Society.
«Similarly it has been recognized that many of the members of the Royal Society in the seventeenth century “were merely dilettantes seeking amusement,” and that the early records of the Society are "a weird agglomeration of trivialities and discoveries which the attrition of subsequent investigation has shown to be of basic importance.”» — y el que mezcla en sus registros trivialidades y descubrimientos de primer orden.
«In the first volume of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1665, are communications from Boyle concerning a “very odd monstrous calf” and the monstrous head of a colt31’» — las primeras comunicaciones de Boyle en las *Philosophical Transactions*, sobre monstruos.
«Also some "observations and Experiments upon May-Dew,” which would putrefy in the shade but not in the sun, and the killing of a rattlesnake in Virginia in July, 1657, in less than half an hour by holding bruised pennyroyal or dittany to its nose, and the additional observation that no rattlesnakes are seen where this herb grows.» — el rocío de mayo y la serpiente de cascabel muerta por el olor del poleo.
«Secrets are mentioned every now and then, such as an admirable secret, not yet revealed, to keep ships from being warm-eaten.» — los secretos sin revelar que asoman en esas actas.
«A letter from Steno reports that a knight named Corvini assured him of the iolowing experiment with a salamander which he had imported from the Indies.» — el experimento de la salamandra traída de las Indias, comunicado por Steno.
«When Corvini threw it into the fire, it soon swelled up and vomited a quantity of thick slimy matter which quenched the neighboring coals.» — la salamandra que apaga las brasas con su propia baba.
«It lived for nine months afterwards, although for eleven months it had no other sustenance than what it got by licking the earth on which it was brought from the Indies, and which it moistened with its urine, as the earth dried up.» — su alimentación por la tierra de las Indias.
«When Corvini substituted Italian soil, the salamander expired in three days time.» — y el desenlace al cambiarle la tierra.
«Passing over two monstrous sheep, we note a headless child which lived for four days, thus refuting the theory of Descartes that the pineal gland is the connection between mkid and body.» — el caso que se opone a la glándula pineal de Descartes.
«Or we hear of hailstones eight, nine and twelve inches in circumference and of 96 stones in a boy.» — el granizo y los cálculos contados como prodigios.
«Somewhat fantastic experiments also continue, such as Hookes preserving animals alive by blowing air with a bellows through their lungs, or Dr. Richard Lower's making a dog draw its breath "exactly like a wind-broken hone.» — los experimentos de Hooke y de Lower sobre la respiración forzada.
«How British scientists reacted to the publication of the German physicians may be further illustrated by a review that appeared in Philosophical» — el cotejo entre las publicaciones alemanas y la reseña británica.
«The reviewer states that it contains 210 observations, "among which not a few seem considerable and uncommon.» — el juicio del reseñista sobre las doscientas diez observaciones.
«a case of scurvy cured by a dog's licking the parts affected, and then the cure of the dog, which had become “altogether scabby," by use of Mercurtus dulcis;» — el escorbuto pasado del hombre al perro y curado en el perro.
«Before such science, magic might well hang its head and take a back seat» — la ironía con que Thorndike cierra esa serie.
«its contemporary historian, Sprat, lists along with such practical or would-be practical matters os growing potatoes, planting verjuice grapes in England, brewing beer with ginger instead of hops, and making wine from sugar canes, and along with scientific subjects such as the manner of the circulation of the blood in fish, strata seen in a well at Amsterdam and in diverse cliffs, a report of two new stars observed in 1606, one in Andromeda, the other in Cygnus, and both in the same place where they appeared sixty years before and had not been seen since, the following more curious and marvelous topics.» — la lista de Sprat, donde lo práctico, lo científico y lo maravilloso van juntos.
«For, as Sprat remarks later, "there are many qualities and figures and powers of things that break the common laws and transgress the standing rules of nature.» — la máxima de Sprat sobre lo que quiebra las leyes comunes.
«Even in the early eighteenth century Woodward was expelled from the Council of the Royal Society for refusing to apologize for remarks he had made reflecting upon Dr. Hans Sloane who had stated that gallstones caused colic, which Woodward denied.» — el episodio de la expulsión de Woodward del consejo de la Royal Society.
«On May 27 of the same year he acknowledges the receipt from Molyneux of the same Irish society of the figure of the Horny Girle, which is certainly a most extraordinary curiosity, and which I bclive very much puzles the Physicians to account for; wee are made to belfve we shall see her here at Bartholomew faire.» — la carta sobre la muchacha con cuernos, entre la curiosidad médica y la feria.
«On July 9 he writes to yet another correspondent: I have this day seen a great curiosity viz a Calicoe shirt brought from India, which is wove without a seam all of one piece, which I should have thought impossible had I not seen it It explains the Scripture relation of our Saviours coat which was without seam.» — la camisa sin costura de la India, leída como aclaración de la Escritura.
«Ou November 13 he writes to the noted mathematician Wallis: The child you mention to have seen with 6 fingers on a hand flr as many toes on each foot, is a great curiosity, especially if they be so contrived that the hand be not therby made las fit to do fta office.» — la carta a Wallis sobre el niño de seis dedos.
«Nor is the quantity of Water found in the Dropsicall maid less prodigious, it being hardly concnvable bow the Muscles of the Abdomen should be distended to so great a Capacity.» — y la hidrópica contada como prodigio.
«In 1696 Halley writes to Hans Sloane concerning a monstrous birth from a greyhound of which Wallis had informed the Society.» — Halley comunicando un parto monstruoso a Sloane.
«Some further idea of the stubborn survival of such notions and traditions, and of the half credulous, half sceptical attitude which was maintained towards them may be had from the questionnaires sent out to different parts of the world by the Royal Society.» — Thorndike propone los cuestionarios de la Royal Society como medida de esa actitud mitad crédula, mitad escéptica.
«The Inquiries for Egypt, by Thomas Henshaw Esq., published in Philosophical Transactions,'01 are largely concerned with what truth there is in a number of old statements and beliefs.» — el cuestionario para Egipto, dirigido a viejas creencias.
«Hevelius replied that amber was a kind of fossil pitch or bitumen; that fishermen affirmed that swallows hibernated under ice, but that he had never seen it himself; and that Scheffer asserted the existence of such passages, but on hearsay evidence.» — la respuesta de Hevelio, que distingue lo visto de lo oído.
«Dr. Stubbes confirmed the observation of Oviedo that lice “leave the Spaniards as they go to the Indies... and meet them again in the same latitude in their return.» — la observación de Oviedo sobre los piojos y la latitud, confirmada por Stubbes.
«The explanation was given that they began to sweat excessively as they approached the tropics and thus drowned the old lice, while the perspiration did not lodge in the pores long enough to produce any new vermin by spontaneous generation.» — y la explicación por el sudor y la generación espontánea.
«A French Natural History of the Antilles affirmed that Fherbe aux flesches, “being stamped,” would cure wounds made with poisoned arrows.» — la hierba de las flechas de las Antillas.
«The skin of the animal called Tatou (armadillo) was bulletproof and cured deafness and earache.» — y la piel de armadillo, a prueba de bala y buena para la sordera.
«By royal command, Sir Robert Gourdon contributed to the Royal Society "A Receipt to cure mad dogs or men or beasts bitten by mad dogs.”» — la receta contra la rabia enviada por orden real.
«These were to be beaten and bruised together, boiled in a gallon of milk until the half of it evaporated, put unstrained in a bottle, and administered three or four spoonfuls at a time for three mornings before new and full moon.» — su preparación, con la administración regulada por las fases de la luna.
«The animal was to be bled a little the day before the medicine was given.» — y la sangría previa.
«For human use the decoction was to be infused in two quarts of strong white wine for at least twelve hours, strained, and taken a gill at a time evening and morning for three days preceding the new and the full moon.» — la variante para uso humano, con la misma regla lunar.
«The first two are catcbed by the breath of dogs being together, as is the plague among men; the latter are likewise contagious but curable.» — el contagio entre perros equiparado al de la peste entre hombres.
«This remedy I have given many times by Sir Theodore Mayan’s direction, and I have never found it to fail.» — la garantía personal con que se cierra la receta.
«He grew delirious and soon “the malignity had made so virulent an impression upon the animal spirits,“ that he made signs as if to bite, his voice became like the bark of a dog, he foamed at the mouth, and» — el caso de rabia descrito por la impresión en los espíritus animales.
«Martin Lister (1638?— 1712) came to two conclusions: first, that some organic parts of the patient's body were "transformed into or affected after the nature of a dog;" second, that his spittle was envenomed, probably by that of the dog.» — las dos conclusiones de Lister sobre ese caso.
«Leeuwenhoek, in a letter of April 5, 1697, to the Royal Society, wrote very sceptically concerning a German at Amsterdam who claimed to work great cures by applying a sympathetic powder to the patient's urine, but could give no satisfactory physiological or anatomical explanation how it could operate at a distance.» — el escepticismo de Leeuwenhoek ante el polvo simpático aplicado a la orina.
«The academies were extremely helpful in the development of these, chiefly the first two.» — el papel que se adjudica a las academias en ese desarrollo.
«We may agree that the academies helped to foster the experimental method, but the specific cases which we have noted show that their spirit was curious and credulous rather than sceptical and critical.» — la tesis del capítulo: las academias fomentaron el método y su espíritu fue curioso y crédulo antes que crítico.
«Marvels and monstrosities were relished as much, if not more.» — y el gusto por las maravillas y las monstruosidades que las acompañaba.
«The revolution completed by the middle of the seventeenth century Implied at least three things: the experimental method, the sceptical or critical spirit, ration» — las tres cosas que, según se dice, implicaba la revolución consumada a mediados del siglo XVII.
«Midway between such ebullitions of the popular press and the observations of academicians and publications of learned societies, lay a miscellaneous and popular science, to which we turn in the next chapter.» — el paso al capítulo sobre la ciencia miscelánea y popular.
«Although the satirically-worded title might seem to have given the natural history of the century a wholesome sceptical send-off, the later reprintings of the work show that the public enjoyed reading such old animal legends, and that these survived whether they were still believed or not» — la distinción que Thorndike hace entre lo que se cree y lo que se sigue leyendo.
«He further accuses Jacobus Sommerfeld of having plagiarized from his father in his De studiis recte instituendi) of 1600.» — la acusación de plagio dentro de esa literatura.
«The Bible implies that there is, and Scaligersays that a friend of his had seen one.» — la Biblia y Escalígero alegados por el unicornio; el troceo funde el apellido con el verbo.
«Scaliger denies that it licks its cubs into shape, noting that a pregnant bear in the Alps, which was dissected, had a foetus which was fully formed in all members. But others say that the cubs are enclosed in a very thick membrane which the dam has to lick off.» — el desacuerdo sobre la osa que lame a sus crías, consignado con el argumento de cada parte.
«Although Frantzfus had questioned whether bean lick their cubs into shape, he accepts the old notion that they grow fat while hibernating, and that they suck their front paws upon awakening from their winter's sleep.» — y la parte de la creencia que el mismo autor conserva.
«The domestic cat is lively as a kitten but sleepy and slothful as it grows old.» — una de las noticias de historia natural doméstica del libro.
«Cats love domot (homes), whereas dogs love dominos (masters).» — el juego de palabras latino sobre gatos y perros.
«perament, and some say that it can even digest iron, but others deny this.» — el desacuerdo sobre el animal que digiere hierro.
«The Five Books of Hieroglyphs of Pierre Dinet, printed at Paris in 1614 in French, really has nothing about hieroglyphs, a word used no doubt to attract readers by a pretense of mysticism and magic, and is better described by the rest of its title, ‘wherein are contained the rarest secrets of nature and properties of all things," although this too suggests the occult.» — Thorndike lee el título de Dinet como reclamo de misticismo y magia sin materia que lo sostenga.
«offers an example of a miscellany in which, under the pretense of offering wonderful arcana and the fruits of the author» — la hechura de esas misceláneas, con arcanos prometidos por delante.
«Transformations of men into beasts are not real.» — la negativa a la metamorfosis de hombres en bestias.
«It has been found that animals can be bom and live in fire, but soon we are told that it is most false that the salamander can live in fire.» — la contradicción interna de la miscelánea, consignada sin armonizar.
«Headache, Peter Forest says, is relieved by mere suspension of vervain.» — la verbena colgada contra el dolor de cabeza.
«Baricellus has a remedy for constipation so tested that one winter about a thousand men in an epidemic were cured by it» — el remedio que Baricellus da por probado en mil hombres.
«Leonard Vairus, De fascino, says many crimes are perpetrated by witches.» — la autoridad de Vairo sobre los crímenes de las brujas.
«That the emperor Nero cured facial contusions received in his nocturnal escapades before the next day by a mixture of thapsia, frankincense and wax is credited by Baricelhis to the Herbal of Durans, but actually goes back to Pliny.» — la atribución que Thorndike enmienda remontando a Plinio la anécdota de Nerón.
«It is most false that the viper kills the male in conceiving and is killed by its brood in delivery.» — la negativa a la vieja fábula de la generación de la víbora.
«Why are there many sheep and few wolves, although the wolf has many cubs and the ewe only one lamb, and men eat sheep and not wolves?» — una de las preguntas del género, con forma de problema natural.
«According to Holler, an Italian who smelled too often of the herb basilica died of headaches produced by a scorpion generated in his brain.» — el escorpión del cerebro atribuido al olor de la albahaca.
«Yet smelling of basilica is a marvelous cure for syncope and mental disease.» — y la virtud contraria de la misma hierba, sin armonizar.
«The homunculus of Paracelsus is not merely ridiculous but abominable.» — el juicio de la miscelánea sobre el homúnculo de Paracelso.
«But Baricellus believes that, where natural reasons are sufficient, one should not resort to the occult and astrological.» — la regla de método de Baricellus: lo oculto solo donde no basta lo natural.
«The ring finger has the greatest sympathy with the heart, Lemnius says.» — la simpatía del anular con el corazón, según Lemnio.
«We are also instructed how to excite flame in water.» — y las recetas de maravillas que acompañan.
«It promises singular secrets of medicine, prolongation of life and rejuvenation.» — el reclamo de secretos, prolongación de la vida y rejuvenecimiento.
«It offers “the substance of celestial virtue” to sane and sick in the preparation of medicine.» — y la sustancia de virtud celeste ofrecida en la preparación de los remedios.
«Binet prefers to believe that the latter is bitumen from fountains beneath the sea rather than that it is the excrement of whales.» — la preferencia de Binet sobre el origen del ámbar gris.
«Although be says that astrologers ordinarily lie, and that the stars cannot force free will he still believes that there is no star without its particular virtue, though this may be unknown.» — la postura mixta de Binet: los astrólogos mienten, el libre albedrío no se fuerza, y cada estrella tiene su virtud.
«He still devotes considerable space to the virtues of gems.» — y el espacio que sigue dando a las virtudes de las gemas.
«Powdered pearl is good for all diseases; the opal, for bead and sight» — la perla en polvo para todo mal y el ópalo para la vista.
«But Paris of the seventeenth century ridicules Pliny's statement that the diamond is broken only by the fresh, warm blood of a goat» — la burla del París del siglo XVII a la sangre de cabrón de Plinio.
«What I wish to point out here is that the attentiou given to occult themes did not show any diminution in Beyerlinck's revision» — Thorndike declara en primera persona lo que quiere mostrar con esa revisión.
«He claims that no one hitherto has so gathered the sayings of the sages in a natural order of doctrine.» — el reclamo de novedad de uno de esos compiladores.
«The Armamentarium scientificum (Scientific Armory) of Henry MarceUius (1593—1664), a Jesuit from Brabant who taught philosophy and mathematics at Mainz and then moral theology at Reims, Molsheim and Bamberg, Is a very misleading title, since its two volumes of 623 and of nearly a thousand ¡rages respectively, published at Paris in 1635, contain almost no scientific detail, being limited to generalities and glimpses of the obvious.» — el juicio de Thorndike sobre un título que promete ciencia y entrega generalidades.
«He begins with Principia, not however in the Aristotelian sense of form, matter and privation, but in the sense of postulates, definitions and hypotheses.» — el sentido nuevo que ese libro da a la palabra principios.
«By the fourteenth titulus he has gotten to chance and fortune; the fifteenth concerns nature; the sixteenth, art; but the first volume closes with the four cardinal virtues of prudence, justice, temperance and fortitude» — y el orden de sus materias, que acaba en las virtudes cardinales.
«When we pass to particular sciences, however, logic receives little better treatment,» — el juicio de Thorndike sobre el tratamiento que esa enciclopedia da a las ciencias particulares.
«that a boy can be a mathematician but not a sage or naturalist;» — una de las máximas que el libro recoge.
«that no one is a good astronomer who is not a physicist“—which lost, it may surprise some to learn—Is taken from Albertus Magnus on Sleep and Waking, III,i,ll.» — y otra, cuya procedencia Thorndike remonta a Alberto Magno.
«Even when we pass to more specific topics such as the sense of smell, the information imparted is sparse.» — la escasez de información que le señala.
«but no works on the subject are mentioned, and the discussion is largely concerned with social relations.» — y la ausencia de bibliografía en el tratamiento.
«The sympathy between soul and body is touched upon,“ but not sympathy and antipathy between different animals, plants and minerals.» — el reparto que esa obra hace de la simpatía, limitada al alma y el cuerpo.
«But considering the scanty treatment of nature and science, this omission is not so surprising.» — y la explicación que Thorndike da a la omisión.
«Physics (Physica) and Medicine are coupled together, although we are told that medicine begins where physics ends, and such non-scientific authors are quoted as Saint Jerome and Platina.» — el emparejamiento de física y medicina, con autoridades no científicas de por medio.
«When 1 stop to consider the ills which result from the bad principles of ordinary philosophy, I am amazed not only that great minds have conceived so many absurdities but also to see that they have been» — el arranque en primera persona de Rochas contra los malos principios de la filosofía ordinaria.
«It is an error to call fire hot and dry; air, hot and humid; earth, excessively dry and moderately cold, and to say that it is heavier than otlier elements;» — la impugnación de las cualidades tradicionales de los elementos.
«It is an error to teach that the elements corrupt and that they change into one another.» — y la de su transmutación recíproca.
«Air is nonetheless of great importance. It penetrates everything and cannot be bounded.» — el aire que todo lo penetra y no admite límite.
«It is the first principle of life whether animal, vegetable or mineral.» — y el aire como primer principio de la vida en los tres reinos.
«Rochas even denies that evaporation is caused by the attraction of the sun, and represents eau de vie as a substance or spirit so astral, that ft fears no putrefaction and effects marvelous cures by restoring Thumide radical.» — el aguardiente vuelto sustancia astral que restituye el húmedo radical.
«Sulphur produces quartan fever and all other melancholic maladies; salt causes gout; spirit of arsenic produces the pest.» — el reparto de las enfermedades entre los principios químicos.
«He still believes that rivers originate from the sea.» — la vieja doctrina del origen marino de los ríos, conservada.
«But he regards the discovery of America by Columbus as fatal from the moral and humane» — y su juicio sobre el descubrimiento de América.
«Rochas supposes three worlds: supercelestial, celestial and elementary or inferior, and complains that the critics of chemistry also attack astrology, “the loftiest and truest of all the sciences of the world.» — los tres mundos de Rochas y su defensa de la astrología como la más alta de las ciencias.
«He defends astrological medicine in particular, citing Hippocrates, Galen, Cardan, Ficino and Magini in its favor.» — la nómina de autoridades con que sostiene la medicina astrológica.
«The effects of the sympathetic unguent are not entirely due to sympathy, as many think, but by the influence of the stars "and a certain force so secret that it ought not to be divulged in print," although it might be communicated orally or cabalistically to fitting persons.» — el ungüento simpático explicado por el influjo de los astros y por una fuerza reservada a la transmisión oral o cabalística.
«A powder of sympathy which he made in 1602 in the presence of the duke of Savoy and in 1608 at Montpellier, and which is now in vogue, acts not by sympathy but by the virtue of vitriol, of which it is mainly composed.» — y el polvo de simpatía reducido a la virtud del vitriolo.
«The fact that the lion is intimidated by the crowing of the cock is due neither to antipathy nor to the force of the sun, but to the lions being abashed that a little rooster has a much stronger and louder voice than the king of beasts.» — la explicación del león y el gallo por vergüenza y no por antipatía ni por virtud solar.
«Mey’s main contention is that scriptural statements concerning physical matters are true.» — la tesis de Mey sobre la verdad física de la Escritura.
«Mey affirms that natural law is so immutable that it cannot be changed even by God.» — y la inmutabilidad que adjudica a la ley natural, aun frente a Dios.
«Nor does he hesitate to interpret the waters above the firmament as clouds, asserting that waters above the starry heaven would be useless.» — la lectura de las aguas sobre el firmamento como nubes.
«recognizes that some of this time would be spent in preparing their gifts and in their conference with Herod, but explains that the dromedaries on which they rode can travel very fast.» — el cálculo del viaje de los Magos, con dromedarios por medio.
«We are not further interested, however, in Me/s attitude towards the Bible and the Magi, but in that towards magic and science.» — Thorndike declara qué de ese autor le interesa y qué no.
«Or he discusses mumia in connection with the embalming of Jacob (Genesis L, 2).M The tarantula is treated, although not mentioned in the Bible.» — la momia y la tarántula entradas por vía del comentario bíblico; la llamada de nota queda pegada.
«The stars are natural causes of much in nature, but not of future contingents, and there are other particular causes of human action, such as education and custom, which are unknown to astrologers and render their predictions uncertain.» — el límite que Mey pone al influjo de los astros, con la educación y la costumbre del otro lado.
«Although in one passage Mcy accepts the analogy of microcosm and macrocosm, in another he affirms that the stars possess no powers except those of illuminating and heating.» — la contradicción interna que Thorndike consigna sin armonizar.
«Moistening is an accidental effect of the moon, but is conspicuous in plants and animals, which the full moon fills with humors.» — el humedecer lunar declarado efecto accidental.
«Epileptics and phrenetics feel terrible pains at full moon because of exuberance of humors, but it is a good time to wean» — y sus consecuencias sobre los enfermos y sobre el destete.
«Even demons and angels cannot predict future contingents, although they have far more natural knowledge as to the future and the occult than men do.» — el límite que se pone al saber de demonios y ángeles sobre el futuro.
«Mey lists various divining arts, but later treats of dreams without reference to foretelling the future from them.» — el reparto de las artes adivinatorias y la omisión del sueño profético.
«The Biblical assertion that the serpent was astute, more so than any beast of the field which Jehovah made, is quoted and not denied, but the power of words and characters is denied anent the asp’s» — lo que se concede de la Escritura y lo que se niega del poder de palabras y caracteres.
«But Levinus Lemnius is again cited as to the property of the saliva of a fasting man to kill scorpions.» — la saliva del ayunas que mata escorpiones, por autoridad de Lemnio.
«He would not, however, deny reason entirely to the brutes.» — y la razón que no acaba de negar a los brutos.
«The crocodile plays dead and catches birds in its open mouth, but spares the trochilus which warns it of the approach of the ichneumon—which would dart down its throat and devour its vitals—and picks its teeth free from leeches, which the crocodile cannot do itself because it has no tongue.» — la alianza del cocodrilo y el troquilo, ejemplo clásico de simpatía animal.
«Another explanation offered is that these mountains were once under the sea, but Mcy prefers the third suggestion that such fossils are freaks of nature.» — las explicaciones del fósil en la montaña, con la preferencia de Mey por el juego de la naturaleza.
«Mey excuses himself for not going into the subject of gems on the ground that this pertains to physical doctrine, but warns that not all which is said of their virtues in the writings of physical scientists is to be believed.» — la excusa y la advertencia con que deja fuera las gemas.
«He did not, however, believe in an incombustible oil or that anything could hum without being consumed.» — su negativa al aceite incombustible.
«But in the third edition he denies antipathy between sheep and wolf, or drums of sheepskin and wolfskin, or that a man is rendered speechless by the sight of a wolf.» — las antipatías que la tercera edición ya niega.
«But be does not seem to have learned a great deal there.» — la acotación de Thorndike sobre lo que ese autor aprovechó de sus estudios.
«Mey is aware, however, that many reported cases of prolonged fasts are» — la cautela de Mey ante los ayunos prodigiosos.
«He also calls false the notion that maniacs can speak languages and acquire science previously unknown to them.» — y su negativa a que los maníacos hablen lenguas desconocidas.
«Epilepsy is produced by flatulent juices which fill the cranium, obstruct the pores of the nerves, and affect the spirits disastrously.» — la explicación fisiológica que da de la epilepsia.
«Human blood is not good for epileptics but makes them ferocious and cruel, as experience teaches.» — y la apelación a la experiencia contra el remedio de sangre humana.
«The third edition still said that all waters come from the sea and are dispersed all over the earth by subterranean channels as by the veins,» — la doctrina de los canales subterráneos, conservada hasta la tercera edición.
«Thus a slight improvement in the direction of scientific accuracy accompanied the slight decrease in superstition and misinformation which has been already indicated.» — el saldo que Thorndike saca al comparar las ediciones.
«Voigt denies that it can be performed chemically from the blood.» — una de las negativas de Voigt.
«Voigt refutes the arguments of those confirming it, especially Aldrovandi.» — y su objeción a los argumentos de Aldrovandi.
«Voigt denies that the spirits can leave their own body for another and later return to their own.» — la negativa al tránsito de los espíritus de un cuerpo a otro.
«Voigt insists that it would not exist between slayer and slain.» — y la negativa a la simpatía entre matador y muerto.
«Voigt's conclusion is that the corpse of a man violently slain may bleed naturally, whether its slayer be present or absent;» — la conclusión de Voigt sobre el cadáver que sangra, que separa el hecho de la presencia del homicida.
«Voigt noted that “a whole ship Fit to sail in the sea" had been found in 1594 near Maestricht» — la nave entera hallada bajo tierra en 1594.
«Truth is difficult to discover, and though our age is fertile in experiences and reasons, our posterity will have plenty of problems still to solve.» — el juicio de Bary sobre lo que su siglo deja por resolver.
«This is not merely because nature is veiled, but because human nature Is bizarre.» — y la doble causa que le adjudica, la naturaleza velada y la humana extravagante.
«Attention is centred on a few points, such as the weight of air, the rainbow, the tides, light, the magnet, while a hundred things of equal importance are neglected.» — su queja por la concentración de la atención en unos pocos temas.
«Descartes speaks of stones only in passing and says almost nothing of plants and animals.» — el vacío que señala en Descartes.
«The ability to make oneself understood on all sorts of topics is not the gift of all savants.» — y su observación sobre la claridad de los sabios.
«Nor should physics be presented superficially.» — la exigencia contra la exposición superficial de la física.
«The ancient naturalists contain almost as much nonsense as information, and to pile report on report 1$ only to heap up a mass of credulities and lies.» — el juicio sobre los naturalistas antiguos y sobre el método de acumular relatos.
«Bary has found surprising light in the new philosophy and intends to shed some of it by reflection upon his» — la luz que Bary dice hallar en la filosofía nueva.
«The order of presentation, however, is not very divergent from the good old Aristotelian cursus.» — y la acotación de Thorndike sobre el orden que conserva.
«Not all springs, if any, are from the sea, but marvelous fountains are not forgotten.» — la enmienda sobre el origen de las fuentes y la persistencia de las fuentes maravillosas.
«He still speaks of the substantial form of stones and uses Cardan concerning them, who says that they have roots.» — las formas sustanciales de las piedras y las raíces que Cardano les adjudica.
«Their final causes are for medicine and architecture, but men abuse them for luxury and adornment» — las causas finales de las piedras y su abuso.
«Gesner is cited as to the medical properties of the emerald, but we are warned that the amethyst does not dissipate fumes or prevent» — la esmeralda por Gesner y la amatista desmentida.
«It would appear that Bary, despite his professed attachment to the new philosophy, felt that the reading public would still take a pretty stiff dose of the sixteenth century and scholasticism, provided it was sufficiently sugar-coated by popular presentation.» — la lectura que Thorndike hace del público al que Bary escribe.
«Le Grand denied the influence of the moon, that the basilisk killed by its glance, that the corpse bleeds at the approach of the murderer, and that wearing laurel makes one immune from lightning.» — la serie de negativas de Le Grand.
«On the other hand, he affirmed that an entire forest sprang up after great rains, and that exceptionally delicate cucumbers could be grown by soaking the seeds» — y lo que del otro lado afirma.
«He also credited them with fear, which is not a characteristic of machines.» — el miedo adjudicado a los animales, que Thorndike opone a la doctrina de la máquina.
«All other brutes fear the lion, but it fears the cock, for which the explanation of Lucretius is quoted.» — el león y el gallo otra vez, ahora con Lucrecio por autoridad.
«Le Grand is ready to believe almost anything about animals, as that swallows spend the winter congealed in the swamps of Poland, and is equally ready with an explanation.» — el juicio de Thorndike sobre la credulidad y la facilidad explicativa de Le Grand.
«Le Grand later states that animals transmit the fear of man to their foetuses, so that young animals fear him without previous experience and memory, but for fowl to transmit fear of foxes through their eggs would seem even more far-fetched.» — el miedo heredado por los fetos, con la objeción de Thorndike al caso de las aves.
«Le Grand admits that this, if true, is difficult to explain, unless the fox had no other place to hide and joined the sides of beef, "which seemed to enjoy a quiet and lofty place"—which again would seem to imply thinking on the part of the fox.» — el caso del zorro escondido, que Thorndike vuelve contra la doctrina del animal máquina.
«Mare sensibly Le Grand remarks that parrots do not really speak, and» — la observación más sensata que le concede sobre los loros.
«But Le Grand really does not mean that brutes are machines, since he states that they have all the movements of the spirits and gland (pineal?) which excite passions in us.» — la contradicción que Thorndike le señala con la doctrina cartesiana.
«The arcana of nature, says Le Grand, always excite human admiration, because we are ignorant of their causes, and be speaks of Egyptian remedies for quartan fever as “secret experiments.» — la admiración explicada por la ignorancia de las causas, y los experimentos secretos.
«A certain amount of scepticism is expressed. Reported transformations of men into beasts are untrue.» — la parte escéptica del libro.
«Mattioli proved that salamanders cannot live in fire by throwing a number of them into the flames. None survived.» — la prueba de Mattioli sobre la salamandra.
«But Aristotle states that certain insects live in furnaces of Cyprus.» — y la autoridad de Aristóteles puesta al lado, sin armonizar.
«The statement of Paracelsus that a homunculus was generated in a glass phial is absurd, and the beaver does not castrate itself when hunted.» — el homúnculo y el castor entre lo que se declara absurdo.
«Le Grand is still favorable to the influence of the stars.» — y el influjo de los astros que conserva.
«Bodin assures us that lunatics are worst at the full of the moon.» — la autoridad de Bodin sobre los lunáticos.
«Sympathies and antipathies command Le Grand’s adherence as a rule, but, like Baricellus, he denies any antipathy between rue and cabbage.» — la adhesión general a simpatías y antipatías, con una excepción nombrada.
«However, he accepts, again like Baricellus, sympathy between the ring finger and the heart, of eels with the north wind, and the extreme antipathy between snakes aud the ash-tree.» — y las que sí acepta.
«Le Grand still accepts the generation of animals from putrid matter.» — la generación a partir de materia pútrida, conservada.
«They did not exist at ovation, but God put in matter the seminal causes from which they were generated, after corruption had set in.» — y la salida teológica: las causas seminales puestas por Dios en la materia.
«Aristotle's assertion that all animals except man die from the bite of a mad dog, indicates that it was not yet recognized as the cause of hydrophobia, which in the Symposium of Plutarch is spoken of as a new disease.» — Thorndike data la hidrofobia como enfermedad nueva por el testimonio de Plutarco.
«When many died at Benevento of an unknown cause, dissection revealed a short red worm in the brain.» — el gusano rojo hallado por disección en Benevento.
«After various vermicides had failed to kill it, slits of radish boiled in malmsey wine not only did so but cured all those affected and allayed the epidemic.» — y el remedio que se le adjudica.
«He also denies that there is any force in numbers to provoke crises, and that the heavenly bodies are incorruptible?» — la negativa a la virtud de los números en las crisis y a la incorruptibilidad de los cielos.
«He further states, in apparent ignorance of Kepler's laws, that astronomers have not yet succeeded in computing exactly the periods of the planets or progress of the stars, and that consequently astrologers often err in predicting conjunctions of the planets.» — el argumento contra los astrólogos por la inexactitud de las tablas, con la reserva de Thorndike sobre Kepler.
«Epidemics are not due to planets or comets or eclipses, and the treatise of astrological medicine ascribed to Hippocrates is spurious.» — la negativa a la causa astral de las epidemias y la atribución hipocrática tenida por espuria.
«Bayle also rejects as a fable the tradition that the tiny remora stops a ship.» — y la rémora declarada fábula.
«In the preface to the reader, Bayle stated that the smallest things, which, because of their slight bulk, are popularly thought to be of no account, are the principles of great and portentous effects.» — la tesis de Bayle sobre las cosas mínimas como principios de efectos portentosos.
«The work of G. B. de Saint-Romain in 1679 may hardly be regarded as a text-book or course of university lectures, since its title is Natural Science Freed from the Chicanes of the Schools.» — el título de Saint-Romain, que promete liberar la ciencia de las chicanas de las escuelas.
«For Saint-Romain first matter is neither Aristotle's nor the four elements nor the three principles of the chemists nor the three elements of Descartes, but atoms or corpuscles.» — su materia primera, que no es la de Aristóteles ni la de los químicos ni la de Descartes.
«He still asserts that a drum of sheepskin will not resound in the presence of one of wolfskin, and that the basilisk kills by its glance.» — y lo que conserva a la vez de creencia antigua.
«He would explain the action of Digby s sympathetic powder by "the continual commerce of» — el polvo de Digby explicado por un comercio continuo de partículas.
«If free and not eatangled, they keep moving, but he again neglects to say whether they have varying velocities.» — la objeción de Thorndike a lo que su explicación deja sin decir.
«Wearing genuine jade cures gravel absolutely.» — el jade llevado encima contra la arenilla.
«Quicksilver or a toad worn about the neck preserve from pest; carrying the tooth» — el azogue y el sapo al cuello contra la peste.
«They cure by the emission of atoms or spirits which penetrate the human body and fortify the animal spirits there or ward off external poisons.» — la explicación corpuscular que se da a los amuletos.
«The divining rod bends, because the mineral or aquatic effluvia or spirits fit the pores of the rod, and provided the effluvia from the hand of the dowser favor and do not prevent this.» — y la varita de zahorí explicada por el ajuste de efluvios a los poros.
«The soul is in the pineal gland, as Descartes thinks, or in the hollowed bodies of the brain, where it performs the functions of perception and common sense, and in the callous body, where it forms images of things and judges them, and in the ashy portion where it exercises the acts of memory, according to the opinion of Duncan.» — el reparto del alma por las partes del cerebro, entre Descartes y Duncan.
«I write nothing that I have not seen and done, since I do not write here on the good faith of others.» — la declaración de método de Saint-Romain.
«Saint-Romain states that everyone accepts the relation of the seven metals to the seven planets, "and a commerce invisible and particular between the heavens and the earth by secret influences.» — la correspondencia de los siete metales con los siete planetas, dada por admitida por todos.
«Indeed, although the majority now ascribe the tides to the moon, he prefers the movement of the earth as their cause.» — su preferencia por el movimiento de la tierra como causa de las mareas.
«All such opinions are, however, very uncertain.» — y la reserva que él mismo pone.
«His own is that the sun is like gold in a cupel and raises fumes and vapors of which the crassest, gross and inflammable, form comets whose movement is regulated by the solar tourbillon, although some comets, as Aristotle taught, may be terTestrial exhalations.» — su teoría del cometa, con el sol comparado al oro en la copela.
«The author s three principles were water, the spirit of the Lord which moved over the face of the waters, and light.» — los tres principios tomados del relato del Génesis.
«He preferred such alchemical authors as Augurellus and Helmont to Cartesians and corpuscular philosophers, and accepted the apparent resuscitation of plants in the laboratory as proof of their specific forms.» — la preferencia por los alquimistas sobre los cartesianos, y la palingenesia por prueba de las formas específicas.
«Since plants were created before the stars, their specific forms came from primitive light, while those of animals were from sun or moon.» — el orden de la creación usado para repartir el origen de las formas.
«Concerning fascination he states that the fascinator must be close to the fascinated, and that flattery is an aid in fascination by opening up the pores.» — las condiciones que pone a la fascinación, incluida la adulación que abre los poros.
«De Tertiis contends that von Guericke’s experiments show that air is an effluvium and not an element» — la lectura de de Tertiis sobre los experimentos de von Guericke.
«Experiments of academies at Rome and Florence proved that it is convertible into water.» — y los experimentos de las academias sobre la conversión del aire en agua.
«There is no treatment of magic or divination, not even of physiognomy or chiromancy, while the article on dream says nothing of divination therefrom.» — la ausencia de magia y adivinación en ese diccionario, que Thorndike consigna como dato.
«it is not going too far to assert that the hate of one body towards another can be explained mechanically.» — la explicación mecánica extendida al odio entre los cuerpos.
«They also doubt if fire is a distinct substance and suggest that it is merely a very swift motion of particles of sulphur.» — el fuego reducido a movimiento de partículas.
«He also still accepts the formation of animal spirits in the brain from the blood.» — y los espíritus animales que a la vez conserva.
«Some contend that they emanate from the flame of vital blood like rays of light; others identify them with nitro-aerial partides of air, brought into the blood by respiration, and transmitted by it to the brain; others assimilate them to the ether.» — las tres explicaciones rivales de los espíritus animales, consignadas sin arbitrar.
«But it seems certain that the highest mountains surpass this by many parasangs and reach the purest ether.» — la altura de las montañas llevada hasta el éter purísimo.
«Thus, despite his abandonment of an animistic and magical outlook for a mechanistic one—he devotes over three columns each to pneumatic and to bestial machines—he is still about as likely to be wrong as right.» — el saldo de Thorndike sobre el paso de lo animista a lo mecanicista en ese autor.
«He has no article on signatures and even omits the recent fads of transplantation and transfusion as well as transmutation, but he believes that the aqueous humor of the eye can be restored.» — lo que ese diccionario deja fuera y lo que conserva.
«Il ny a jamais eu rien de plus impertinent, rien de plus chymerique que rastrologie, rien de plus ignominieux à la nature humaine.» — el epígrafe francés con que se abre el capítulo sobre la astrología después de 1650, que la declara la cosa más quimérica e ignominiosa para la naturaleza humana; el troceo funde el artículo con el sustantivo.
«When, for example, the author says that life is moderated by the Prorogator alone, he does not mean to exdude the tine codetta philotophia» — la salvedad con que un astrólogo acota su propia doctrina del *prorogator*; el troceo corrompe la frase latina.
«the stars are only secondary causes, which incline but do not necesítate.» — la fórmula clásica que salva el libre albedrío: los astros inclinan y no fuerzan.
«Plácido held that the heavens acted upon the earth only by their light, thus abandoning any occult influence.» — Placido reduce la acción de los cielos a la luz y abandona el influjo oculto.
«If there were other stars in the sky than those we sec, they do not act on us.» — y la consecuencia que saca para las estrellas invisibles.
«Moreover, the distinction of signs of the zodiac and astrological houses in the sky is real, and though it may seem silly to predicate sex of the signs, they have it virtually.» — lo que sí conserva: la realidad de signos y casas y el sexo virtual de los signos.
«As for the tides, however, be holds that sun and noon do not draw the waters of the sea as a magnet attracts iron, but cause the tides by rarefaction and condensation.» — la marea explicada por rarefacción y condensación, no por atracción.
«Hardick Warren, who described himself as "a well-wisher to the most secret occult arts and learning,” issued a brief defense of magic and astrology» — Hardick Warren se declara amigo de las artes ocultas más secretas y defiende magia y astrología.
«All inferior things are under the Superiors, and astrology is an art "by which the influence and virtual operations of the superior bodies, with their effects and significations are brought to light”» — la definición de astrología que Warren da, con lo inferior bajo lo superior.
«Thus the conjunction of 1444 presaged the fall of Constantinople (in 1453), and the conjunction of 1642 will do London no good.» — la lectura política de las conjunciones.
«Astrology has no connection with the devil, is of great antiquity, and was practised by the best and holiest men.» — la defensa por antigüedad y santidad de sus practicantes.
«Because it was still based on the Ptolemaic system, "many times there is above a month’s difference between the apparent and true aspects.”» — la objeción técnica a una astrología todavía apoyada en el sistema tolemaico.
«He would abandon retrograde and stationary, and judge from apogee and perigee, north or south declination, and latitude.» — la reforma técnica que se propone en su lugar.
«He criticizes those astrologers who predicted the end of the world from the eclipse of March, 1652, and that to come in 1654.» — y la crítica a los astrólogos que anunciaron el fin del mundo por un eclipse.
«He then argued against them from the law of nature, the order of causes, and reason.» — las tres vías por las que Wagner argumenta contra esas artes.
«He charged both magic and astrology with absurd errors, heresy and other bad effects.» — y los cargos que les levanta.
«He held magic and astrology responsible for divination from dreams, physiognomy and metoposcopy, the Cabala and the use of amulets.» — la nómina de artes que hace derivar de la magia y la astrología, con la cábala dentro.
«Arguing that prophecy had now ceased and that miracles were rare, he attacked the miraculous character of magic, divination and astrological prediction, the ceremonies of magic and astrology, and the practice of astrological interrogations and elections in particular.» — el argumento por el cese de la profecía y la rareza del milagro.
«After a chapter of 24 unnumbered pages asserting that magicians and astrologers have themselves acknowledged the vanity and impiety of their arts, a long final chapter in 35 sections (pp. 241—376) is devoted to proofs from history against them.» — la hechura del libro, que cierra con pruebas históricas.
«Wagner states that under genethliacal astrology he includes the fortunes of cities and regions as well as the nativities of individuals, but not meteorological astrology.» — el deslinde de Wagner: qué entra en la astrología genetlíaca y qué queda fuera.
«He also notes that the author of the book on the Pre-Adamites affirms that there was extended astronomical observation before Adam.» — y la observación astronómica anterior a Adán que recoge del libro de los preadamitas.
«He is quoted about not throwing the baby out with the bath, and as to astrology being the stupid daughter of astronomy.» — las dos fórmulas con que se resume la postura ajena: no tirar al niño con el agua, y la astrología como hija necia de la astronomía.
«But the chief objection to genethlialogy is that it involves necessity, and that the astrologers’ insistence that the stars only incline is inconsistent.» — la objeción principal, que declara inconsecuente la fórmula de la inclinación.
«The eclipse in question actually occured on August 11, and Kinner a LOwenthum, in a letter to Huygens of September 16, 1654, regarded the failure of the astronomers to predict the time of the eclipse accurately as a great blow to the astrologers.» — el error de cálculo de un eclipse leído como golpe contra los astrólogos.
«Huygens replied on November 26 that he felt that it was a mistake to try to hind the movements of the stars to fixed laws and perpetual Tables, for he was not persuaded that they followed the same course without change.» — la respuesta de Huygens, que duda de las tablas perpetuas.
«Nor would he quarrel with Kinner s poor opinion of judicial astrology, which the latter reaffirmed in another letter of December 26, stating that he thought there was no place for it in a lover of truth.» — y su acuerdo con Kinner sobre la astrología judiciaria.
«Freedom of the will was not Huygens’ reason for rejecting astrology, since be stated elsewhere, "Human thoughts and actions all follow after one another of necessity as in machines. We do not have the liberty of thinking and of willing as we imagine.» — el dato que Thorndike destaca: Huygens rechaza la astrología sin apoyarse en el libre albedrío, que él mismo niega.
«uted to Fran cis cus Allaeus, "a Christian Arab."44 He calls his method new but thinks that it was employed by the ancients, who were without a great array of astronomical Tables and proceeded from the tenth house in mid-sky.» — la atribución a un árabe cristiano y el método que se dice antiguo; el OCR espacia el nombre.
«but at page 47 is the statement, “We stop at the year 1640, when this was written, and in this figure and those which follow we speak only of time past, for judgment as to the future is perilous ... Suffice it to have shown the way and method...”» — la cautela con que ese libro se detiene en el pasado y declara peligroso el juicio del futuro.
«There then follows, again with a new pagination, a commentary by the Capuchin, Ives de Paris,47 who is presumably the real author of what precedes, defending it and describing it as taken from a book composed by an Arab years ago but recently printed.» — la atribución disputada de esa obra, que Thorndike consigna con su conjetura marcada como tal.
«The book was reprinted in 1658.“ It is said to have been burned at u Fatum» — la reimpresión y la quema del libro; el tramo arrastra el arranque de una nota.
«A Harmony of the Macrocosm with the Microcosm by Tobias Schütz, court surgeon to the Elector of Brandenburg, to whom it is dedicated, appeared in German in 1654.» — la *Armonía del macrocosmo con el microcosmo* de Tobias Schütz.
«The continued currency of the idea that man is a microcosm is seen in Joannes van Home giving that title to a work on anatomy published at Leyden in 1660, 1682 and 1685,” and at Leipzig in 1675.» — Thorndike mide la vigencia del microcosmo por el título de un libro de anatomía.
«R. Dingley’s Vox coeli or philosophical, historical! and theological observations of» — la *Vox coeli* de Dingley, entre la filosofía, la historia y la teología.
«But it contends that the highest operations and most excellent works of God cannot be reached by the human understanding, and that thunder is chiefly caused by good and evil angels.» — el trueno adjudicado a los ángeles buenos y malos.
«It often fools astrologers who presume to foretell it in their almanacs, and such men should not be tolerated in a Christian state.» — y la conclusión política contra los almanaques.
«A different attitude was displayed in a work published in the same year by Thomas Wilsford and entitled Nature’s Secrets; or the admirable and wonderfull history of the generation of meteors ...» — la postura contraria en el libro de Wilsford sobre los meteoros.
«It included such astrological matters as the aspects of the planets, sympathy of the twelve signs and seven planets with the four elements, and weather prediction, asserting, “That the stars have their influences upon sublunary bodies... is not denied by any learned man.”» — la simpatía de los doce signos y los siete planetas con los cuatro elementos, dada por indisputada entre los doctos.
«The Astrognosia of Aegidius Strauch, professor at Wittenberg, may be described as an astronomical textbook with astrological trimmings.» — el juicio de Thorndike sobre la *Astrognosia* de Strauch.
«With the Arironomia phyrica of Du Hamel in 1660 were printed observations of recent eclipses by Piene Petit.» — las observaciones de eclipses impresas con la astronomía física de Du Hamel.
«He added observations of two solar eclipses of August 12, 1654 and January 26, 1656, and of lunar eclipses on August 27, 1654 and June 25, 1657.» — y las cuatro observaciones que añade.
«In the AmphUhcatrum physiognomiae medicum of Hekethis herbs were related to the seven planets, being listed alphabetically under each planet in Latin, with their German names in parallel» — el herbario repartido por los siete planetas, con la nomenclatura en dos lenguas.
«Abdias Trew or Treu (1597—1669) was born in Anspach and died at Altdorf, where he taught mathematics and “physics.» — la ficha biográfica de Abdias Trew.
«that weather prediction from the stars was too uncertain, that the zodiac no longer occupied its original position, that it was absurd to associate trigones with die four primary qualities, or to argue from the names of the signs as to their effects.» — las objeciones de Trew a la técnica astrológica corriente, con el desplazamiento del zodiaco entre ellas.
«He not merely retained planetary aspects from the old astrological technique, and in his Astrologia medico,1' after dismissing the absurdities of vulgar astrology, went on to treat of the true workings of the heavenly bodies on these inferiors, of the relation of natural bodies to the stars, of man and his ailments insofar as they are subject to the heavens, and of the application of astrology to medicine and its particular parts.» — y lo que conserva: los aspectos y una astrología médica separada de la vulgar.
«And we have seen Martin Kergcr write in the same year as Boyle, 1663, an the inseparability of material forms and on fennoitatiau.» — el paralelo cronológico que Thorndike traza con Boyle.
«He claims to have noticed from his observatory that Mercury, when near the sun, tempers its heat by stirring up breezes.» — la observación que Trew se adjudica sobre Mercurio y las brisas.
«He would qualify the sweeping statement that Man and Saturn are evil.» — su matización de la maldad de Marte y Saturno.
«He is opposed to the Stan operating by occult influence, but approves of the division of the zodiac into signs and various groupings of and distinctions between diese.» — la línea que traza: fuera el influjo oculto, dentro las divisiones del zodiaco.
«Many astrologers go too far in predicting from great conjunctions, but be docs not reject them entirely, citing his Observations concerning Great Conjunctions and Oppositions, published ten yean before.» — y su postura sobre las grandes conjunciones, con el límite dentro.
«He rejects, as Sudhoff has already noted, the division of the zodiac among die members of the human body, and has soinetimes violated the rules against bleeding under certain constellations without suffering any evil therefrom.» — el rechazo del hombre zodiacal, apoyado en su propia experiencia de sangrarse contra las reglas.
«He holds, on the contrary, that the effects of the planets are strongest, when those bodies are stationary or retrograde, because then they remain longer in the same position and so make a more lasting impression.» — la enmienda sobre el efecto de los planetas estacionarios y retrógrados.
«Trew asserts that the moon and Venus rule watery meteors, while Mercury is the chief author of winds.» — el reparto de los meteoros entre los planetas.
«He again pauses to smile at the ineptitudes of vulgar astrology, but affirms that the sidereal influences are so great that they penetrate even to minerals in the bowels of the earth, as even Pico della Mirandola admitted, although in another place he denied their efficacy when below the horizon.» — la burla de la astrología vulgar junto a la afirmación del influjo sideral hasta los minerales, con Pico de testigo.
«Trew grants that gold is under the sun, and silver ruled by the moon, but questions the supposed relationship between tin and Jupiter, or copper and Venus.» — la correspondencia de metales y planetas admitida en parte y puesta en duda en parte.
«Acute diseases are often governed by Mars. If it was in quadrate aspect or opposition before tbe crisis, it was a sign of recovery. But if it was eight or nine signs away, either death or some marked change for the worse will follow.» — la regla astrológica para el pronóstico de las enfermedades agudas.
«increases watery humors by its light As a rule one should not administer cold medicines under a hot star or vice versa.» — la regla de concordancia entre el remedio y el astro.
«There is no doubt that it is better to evacuate phlegm under a waning than a waxing moon, and b'ttle doubt in the case of cboler, but more in the case of melancholy.» — el reparto de las evacuaciones por las fases de la luna, con el grado de certeza declarado en cada humor.
«This is catain that under a waxing moon all purgations are made more easily and with less disturbance to the patient» — y la regla que se da por cierta.
«Purgatives have little or no effect under the conjunction of Jupiter which doubtless impedes the fermentation by its purity.» — el efecto de la conjunción de Júpiter sobre los purgantes.
«But this is not the case under other aspects of Jupiter.» — con su acotación.
«He rejected the attribution of sex, color, and the qualities of cold, dry and humid to the planets.» — lo que en cambio rechaza de la doctrina planetaria.
«Schoock will not listen to Albertus Magnus, Guy de Chauliac, Ficino and Quercetanus, who ascribe outbreaks of the plague to conjunctions of the planets.» — Schoock rechaza la causa astral de la peste contra cuatro autoridades nombradas.
«Free will is his chief reason for not accepting prediction of wars and political change from the stars.» — y funda en el libre albedrío su negativa a la predicción política.
«He is unwilling to accept all the effects that are commonly attributed to them.» — la reserva sobre los efectos que comúnmente se adjudican a los cometas.
«They should be considered unusual signs with extraordinary humility before God, the ruler of the universe.» — y la lectura religiosa que propone en su lugar.
«Nothing can ferment, unless it is moist, and bakers put less yeast in their dough at the time of the full moon.» — el argumento tomado del oficio de panadero para el influjo lunar.
«His tirade against the art mingles occasional popular anecdotes with frequent citation against astrologers of authorities such as Avicenna, Sisto da Hemminga, Ambrose, Philo, Gregory of Nyssa, Syneshis, and cardinal Gaetano.» — la hechura de esa diatriba, entre la anécdota y la autoridad.
«He repeats such familiar arguments against astrology as that Ludovico il Moro came to a bad end because he was guided by an astrologer,» — el argumento del mal fin de Ludovico el Moro.
«that today the stars occupy positions never considered by astrologers before, that it is impossible to measure the risings and settings of the stars accurately,» — y los argumentos técnicos del desplazamiento y la imprecisión.
«But be contended, against the Peripatetics, that Aristotle had iden» — la objeción a los peripatéticos sobre lo que Aristóteles identificó; el tramo se corta en el cambio de plana.
«He still accepted such foundations of astrology as the attribution of natural properties and virtues to the signs and other divisions of the zodiac, aspects of the planets, antiscii and astrological houses.» — los fundamentos de la astrología que ese autor conserva.
«He went ou to consider such matters os directions, significators and promissores, revolutions of the years, pan fortunae, and the prerogatives and virtues of the fixed stars.» — y la técnica que desarrolla, con las direcciones y la parte de fortuna.
«The other book of 1664, which was also dedicated to Christina, dealt more fully with the powers and excellence of the fixed stars according to their four chief positions, and with their significations as observed by astronomers of old and more recently.» — el segundo libro dedicado a Cristina de Suecia, sobre las estrellas fijas.
«He wrote on the great conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in 1663,10' and a tract of eighty-eight pages on the recent comets of 1664— 1665,100 In opening he said that everyone now followed Tycho Brahe against the Aristotelian doctrine of comets.» — el relevo de la doctrina aristotélica del cometa por la de Tycho Brahe, dado por general.
«When he came to an examination of the effects of comets, he remarked that it was strange that many who trust in nothing without satisfactory demonstration nonetheless believe in the predictions of astrologers from comets even without probable arguments.» — la paradoja que señala entre el rigor exigido y la credulidad ante los cometas.
«It was not yet clear whether comets and celestial bodies portended the future.» — y la abstención que declara sobre el presagio.
«He again asks why horoscopes are not drawn up for brutes.» — la objeción por vía del absurdo: por qué no se levantan horóscopos a los brutos.
«He denies that astrology is founded on long experience; argues that the telescope has revealed stars which astrologers have not taken into account; and asks how stars can exert any influence when below the horizon.» — los tres argumentos siguientes, con el telescopio como novedad.
«Most astrological predictions are false, and can do much harm both to the public and individual welfare.» — el argumento por el daño público.
«It is impious to say that stars created by God incline us to evil; free will is another obstacle; and God forbade astrology in Deuteronomy XVIII, 10, while Dirodon explains away Biblical passages which might seem to favor astrology.» — los argumentos teológicos, con el pasaje del Deuteronomio.
«But he warns the reader not to take his sixteen reasons as invalidating astrological medicine, to which he has no objection.» — y la excepción que él mismo salva: la medicina astrológica.
«He states that those who explain comets as a conflux of stars or of their rays have been solidly refuted by Jean Dullaert of Ghent104» — la remisión a Dullaert contra la explicación del cometa por confluencia de rayos.
«Father d’ArrouiS argued that comets were combinations of small wandering stars; Roberval, that they were terrestrial exhalations.» — dos de las explicaciones rivales del cometa en una misma conferencia.
«Phelippeauz, a Flemish physician, supported the Cartesian explanation of them, while Grnndamy repeated the view which he had expressed concerning the comet of 1618.» — y las otras dos, sin arbitrar entre ellas.
«Night broke off the conference before Father Gamier could develop his theory that comets were fires enclosed in air, as bubbles of air are enclosed in water.» — la conferencia interrumpida por la noche.
«But nothing seems to have been said as to prediction from comets.» — y el silencio que Thorndike consigna sobre la predicción.
«It must have been discouraging to those who still inclined to attribute significance to conjunctions of the planets to find that the conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter on October 16, 1663, was six days ahead of the Tables of Argolus, five ahead of those of Eichstädt, three in advance of those of Kepler and Riedoli, and a day behind the Tables of Lansberg.» — el desajuste de las tablas medido en días sobre una conjunción concreta.
«The disagreement of the Tables with one another was as significant as their failure to foresee the time of the conjunction.» — y lo que Thorndike lee en ese desacuerdo.
«But, instead of stressing the influence of the heavens on man. Placet affirms the effect of human sin upon the macrocosm.» — la inversión de Placet: el pecado del hombre obrando sobre el macrocosmo.
«He condemns, however, the vanity of some astrologers who count three thousand years before the end of the world.» — y su condena de los cómputos del fin del mundo.
«Sin also produced disease and monsters, and since the deluge there have been giants and pygmies.» — la enfermedad y el monstruo derivados del pecado.
«He goes on to speak of the changes produced by the flood, such as the separation of America from the rest of the world, and of the ruin of monarchs and monarchies, of which the stars are perhaps signs rather than causes.» — la fórmula que deja a los astros como signos y no como causas.
«In the dedication to Colbert, Denis expressed the hope of freeing men from fear of comets.» — el propósito declarado de liberar del miedo a los cometas.
«Friedrich Hoffmann die Elder of Halle, in his Opua de methodo medendl of 1688, “• answered the question whether the study of astrology was necessary for a physician in the affirmative, stating that as anatomy was the right eye of medicine, so astrology was the left.» — la imagen de Hoffmann: la anatomía ojo derecho y la astrología ojo izquierdo de la medicina.
«He cited J. D. Horst’s Manuductio ad medidnamlu as to the importance of noting the patient’s nativity, or, if that were lacking, at least the state of the heavens at the beginning of the disease.» — la regla sobre la natividad del enfermo o, en su falta, el cielo del inicio del mal.
«in his Ephemerides, in the second book on critical days,“0 had well outlined the influence of the moon and other planets on the crisis in acute diseases, and Moebius,ut who had once been Hoffmanns colleague, had stressed the importance of not merely looking at the moon but considering the forces from the other planets which the moon receives and passes on.» — la doctrina de los días críticos y el papel de la luna como transmisora de las fuerzas planetarias.
«Hoffmann also believed that a universal spirit or Azoth was elevated by the stars from the center of the earth.» — el espíritu universal o azoth elevado por los astros desde el centro de la tierra.
«He believed that elk horn and its hoof had noble virtues and that goafs blood excelled in diaphoretic virtue.» — las virtudes que adjudica al cuerno de alce y a la sangre de cabrón.
«So did certain stones such as the Judaic lynx stone, which, however, was not the coagulated urine of» — y las que adjudica a ciertas piedras, con una negativa dentro.
«Astrology is described as an experimental science formed a posteriori from long usage and observation of effects. It does not quite deserve the name of science, since it neither scrutinizes things by causes nor has the certitude which is the soul of science, but proceeds by conjectures and experiments.» — la definición que hace de la astrología una ciencia experimental a posteriori y le niega a la vez el nombre de ciencia.
«The church forbids predictions which Infringe upon freedom of the will, but not natural astrology and geucthlialogy.» — el deslinde eclesiástico entre lo prohibido y lo permitido.
«St Thomas recognized the malignity of this star in his 24th opuscule, article 4, saying that it was very funereal.» — la autoridad de santo Tomás invocada para la malignidad de una estrella.
«The head of Medusa, a most pernicious star, once was vertical over Greece and now over the kingdom of Naples.» — el desplazamiento de una estrella perniciosa de Grecia a Nápoles.
«The marvelous virtues of mixed bodies come not from their elemeutary qualities but from Hie celestial bodies.» — la doctrina que pone las virtudes maravillosas en lo celeste y no en lo elemental.
«In 1670 J. L. Hannemann argued for resumption of belief in a universal spirit or world-soul.» — Hannemann pide en 1670 volver a la creencia en un alma del mundo.
«He further held that it was mentioned in the Bible.» — y la funda en la Escritura.
«The careen of such English astrologers as John Booker, William Lilly, George Wharton, John Heydon, and John Gadbury1” show that public predictions might also be political pamphlets, wliile private practice and instruction might prove quite remunerative, although many of tlic intelligentsia scoffed at them as charlatans, and despite their engaging in controversies with and vilification of one another.» — el oficio de los astrólogos ingleses, entre el panfleto político y la práctica lucrativa.
«He had gained fame by predicting from a solar eclipse the deaths of the Elector Palatine and Gustavus Adolphus.» — la predicción que dio fama a uno de ellos.
«In the course of the English Civil War "both sides used astrologers and acted on their prognostications.» — el uso de astrólogos por los dos bandos de la guerra civil inglesa.
«Sir Thomas Browne (1605—1682) not only gave evidence which helped to convict two women of witchcraft, but was “a firm believer in horoscopes.» — el doble dato sobre Thomas Browne, el testimonio en un proceso de brujería y la creencia en los horóscopos.
«While, however, he did not deny the influence of the stars, he said that he often suspected “the due application thereof.» — y la reserva que ponía a su aplicación.
«Thomas Hobbes (1588—1679) on the contrary held in his English works that whatsoever we know by right ratiocination, can neither be false nor doubtful; and therefore astrology, as it is now held forth, and all such divinations rather than sciences are excluded.» — la exclusión que Hobbes hace de la astrología del saber por recta razón.
«In Latin he stated that for astrology to venture to judge concerning fortuitous events by contemplating the stars was not science but a human device for mulcting the stupid populace.» — y su fórmula latina, que la declara artificio para esquilmar al vulgo.
«We shall confine ourselves here to the Astrological Practice of Physick which he dedicated to Elias Ashmole in 1671.» — el libro de medicina astrológica dedicado a Elias Ashmole.
«He first considers the relation of herbs to the planets and then gives rules for gathering them at the right planetary hours.» — la relación de las hierbas con los planetas y las horas planetarias de recolección.
«Numbers are allotted to the planets and we are told how to identify the disease by astrology, if and when the patient will live or die, and the cure.» — y el reparto de los números entre los planetas para el diagnóstico y el pronóstico.
«John Cadbury, despite this prospect, lived on to 1704.» — la ironía con que Thorndike cierra una predicción astrológica sobre la vida de Gadbury.
«The Physiolvgia medica of Georg Wolfgang Wedel first appeared in 1680, but even in the second edition of 1704, the author was unwilling to give up astrological medicine, holding that the stars alter and dispose the temperament.» — la persistencia de la medicina astrológica en Wedel hasta 1704.
«Astral influence was obvious in some diseases; attacks of epilepsy, for example, could be predicted with certainty from unfavorable aspects of the planets.» — la epilepsia dada por predecible desde los aspectos planetarios.
«The humors were surely affected by the moon.» — y los humores afectados por la luna.
«Moreover, celestial influence was apparent not only in disease but in character and ability.» — el influjo celeste extendido al carácter y a la aptitud.
«As the foetus issued from the womb, it was exposed to the rays of the heavenly bodies and received that disposition which they then exhibited.» — el momento del nacimiento como impresión de los rayos celestes.
«to serve medicine, agriculture and navigation as well as for horoscopes, without however derogating from free will» — los usos de la astrología declarados junto con la salvedad del libre albedrío.
«But Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625—1712), who discovered four satellites of Saturn and was the first of four Cassini's—great grandfather, grandfather, fatlier and son—who were one after another director of the Paris observatory in lineal succession, suggested that the comet of 1677 was the same as that which had appeared in 1477 and 1577.» — la hipótesis de Cassini sobre el retorno periódico de un cometa.
«In dedicating his Ephemerides for 1668 to cardinal Jacobus Rospigliosus, Cassini had reminded that prelate of the favorable position of the stars when be assumed office.» — y la dedicatoria en que el mismo Cassini apela a la posición favorable de los astros.
«Johann Tilemann, professor of medicine at Marburg, still accepted climacteric years in his Htppocratica praxis of 1681.» — los años climatéricos conservados en 1681.
«That microcosm, too, was still a word to conjure with, although it might be used without fully realizing all of its astrological implications» — la vigencia de la palabra microcosmo, con la acotación sobre lo que ya no se pensaba al usarla.
«Flamsteed mentioned “our astrologers' fearful predictions of direful events" to follow these conjunctions.» — Flamsteed consigna las predicciones temibles de los astrólogos sobre las conjunciones.
«He noted that in all the best esteemed astronomical tables available the mean motions of Saturn were too swift and those of Jupiter too slow.» — y el error sistemático que halla en las tablas.
«Hence they made the direct conjunctions some days later, the retrograde earlier than they were found by observation.» — con su efecto sobre la fecha de las conjunciones.
«Flamsteed not only thus still employed the language of Ptolemaic epicycles, but further explained that “these are commonly termed the lesser of the great conjunctions which continue in signs of the same triplicity for ten revolutions” or 198 years, and greatest when after forty-three revolutions, completed in 853 years and 235 days, they return to the point of the ecliptic whence they started.» — la escala de las grandes conjunciones, con sus ciclos contados en años.
«He said, however, that if he had his way, he would call those greatest which occurred in the signs» — y la enmienda de nomenclatura que propondría.
«The Journal des Sfavans in 1681 refuted the belief that comets were presages of ill and later in the same year devoted an entire issue to the recent comet without saying anything as to its influence.» — el silencio deliberado del *Journal* sobre el influjo del cometa.
«It listed, however, a treatise by Michael Fraim inquiring whether comets were not ruled by evil genii,» — y el tratado que se pregunta si los cometas no estarán regidos por genios malos.
«Bayle declares that there has never been anything mare impertinent, more chimerical, more ignominious to human nature than astrology.» — la sentencia de Bayle contra la astrología, que da título al epígrafe del capítulo.
«Bayle, however, is cheered by the thought that, whereas the French court was once filled with astrologers, the nation has gradually been cured of that disease,» — y su consuelo por la corte francesa ya sin astrólogos.
«Bayle admits the influence of the moon upon the tides, but not upon the weather,» — el límite exacto de lo que Bayle concede a la luna.
«He finally concludes that there is no reason for exhalations from comets to descend to earth, and no positive reason for assigning influence to comets.» — y su conclusión sobre los efluvios de los cometas.
«He goes on to deny that there are more evil events in comet years or those immediately following than in other years, and also to deny influence to eclipses.» — el argumento estadístico contra los años de cometa.
«The real cause of the most important wars is sometimes a mere caprice—the same cause that built up the elaborate system of astrology—a grudge, a love affair, a nothing, instead of all nature working several years to set it in motion.» — la causa de las guerras reducida por Bayle a un capricho.
«But Bayle’s conclusion is that to consider comets as the efficient cause of wars, new religions, conspiracies, and other such pests of society, which are really dependent on human free will and the combination of a thousand fortuitous happenings, is not merely heresy but the greatest of all absurdities.» — y su conclusión, que llama herejía y absurdo máximo a la causalidad cometaria.
«Claude Mallement de Messange,188 or Mallemans de Messanges,18T whom Bayle cites, had published in 1678 a New System of the World in which he had the sun, with Mercury as its moon, revolve in a circle in a Cartesian vortex with the other planets, including the earth, also describing circular orbits about the same imaginary fixed point.» — el sistema del mundo de Mallement, con el sol girando en un torbellino cartesiano.
«The section on true astrology is almost all astronomical but concedes that very probably the heavens, besides producing light and beat, have some occult virtue which is the cause of some effects in inferior bodies.» — la concesión de una virtud oculta de los cielos dentro de una sección casi toda astronómica.
«The tides are due to the occult influence of the moon; Hippocrates and skilled physicians say that very grave changes in maladies occur at the equinoxes and solstices; and the formation of metals in the earth is attributed to this occult influence of the stars.» — los tres casos en que se conserva el influjo oculto: mareas, crisis y generación de metales.
«But for him the two most efficacious arguments against astrologers are their disagreement as to the rules of their art, and their inability to predict their own misfortunes and deaths.» — los dos argumentos que tiene por más eficaces contra los astrólogos.
«Grassetti approves of natural chiromancy but not of the astrological chiromancy of Codes and the Lutheran, John of Indagine.» — el deslinde entre quiromancia natural y astrológica.
«Although Aristotle says nothing of occult influence, Montanari concedes it to the astrologers for the sake of argument, but denies that it follows their rules.» — la concesión metódica de Montanari, que separa el influjo de las reglas.
«He admits that Ficino, whom he regards as "beyond doubt the first among the Platonic philosophers of the past century," seems to believe in astrological images in his De vita coelttus comparanda, although he tried later to excuse himself.» — el caso de Ficino y las imágenes astrológicas, con su retractación posterior.
«A very delicate and sensitive thermometer showed a rise in temperature when the rays of the moon were turned on it by a big burning-glass, but there was no sensible effect using a small mirror and ordinary thermometer.» — el experimento del termómetro y los rayos de la luna, con sus dos resultados.
«He affirms that most medical men do not observe astrological rules, and that mineralogists do not find any virtue of the planets in metals and deny the existence of spirits in mines.» — el argumento por la práctica de médicos y mineralogistas.
«It is impossible to learn anything experimentally as to the influence of the primum mobile.» — y el límite experimental que declara para el primer móvil.
«He believes that an eel's liver facilitates delivery in child-birth.» — lo que al mismo tiempo conserva de creencia.
«He thought that the undoubted influence of the sun and moon had been extended unwanantedly to the other planets.» — la tesis de que el influjo cierto del sol y la luna se extendió sin fundamento a los demás planetas.
«He says in the preface that be found many past authors had wandered far from physical truth, while others were belied by experience, and that at one time he almost gave up the art of astrology.» — Montanari cuenta en su prefacio que estuvo a punto de dejar el arte.
«In short, Montanari rejects almost the entire technique of the ait, in addition to declaring it against the Christian Faith and freedom of the will.» — el saldo de Thorndike sobre lo que Montanari deja en pie.
«He marvels also that astrologers have composed so many fables and invented so many absurdities» — y el asombro de Montanari ante las fábulas de los astrólogos.
«which appeared at Paris in 1688, the author attributed power over inferior bodies to sun, moon and stars.» — el poder sobre los cuerpos inferiores adjudicado al sol, la luna y las estrellas.
«Even in the Institutes of Rational Medicine according tn recent theory and practice of Waldschmid, although there be no astrological medicine, chylification was accounted for by the ether or most subtle matter in the world, which disposed saliva, lymph, gastric juice and foods to» — el éter puesto en lugar de la astrología dentro de una medicina que se declara racional.
«Josephus de Tertiis, of whose Physical Curiosities we have spoken,“0 was also the author of a treatise on astrological necromancy addressed to Madame Colonna and found in a Barberini manuscript at the Vatican.» — el tratado de nigromancia astrológica conservado en un manuscrito Barberini.
«It is probable, however, that the astrological necromancy is later than 1671, far in 1690, under the title, De gradu horotcopanie, Joseph de Tertiis published at Paris nine Tables to save astrologers labor in determining the ascendent, drawing up a figura coeli,» — la datación que Thorndike propone y las tablas para levantar la figura del cielo.
«The Journal det Sfavans,313 after three pages of such information, concluded that there was nothing more commonly received than these opinions but also nothing less founded in reason.» — la fórmula del *Journal*: nada más recibido y nada menos fundado.
«Or, as Leibniz remarked, if the essence of bodies or matter is extension, extension alone should suffice to account for all the properties of bodies ar of matter.» — la objeción de Leibniz a la extensión como esencia de los cuerpos.
«Jahn Goad (1618—1689), head master of the Merchant Taylors’ School from 1661 to 1681, when he was dismissed as a Roman Catholic, published in 1686 in» — la ficha de John Goad, destituido de su escuela por católico.
«Goad recognized the need of collecting local weather data, because the state of the air was "marvelously difform" and varied not only in different regions but in different places of the same region.» — la exigencia de datos locales del tiempo.
«Coad believed that it had been demonstrated by long experience that weather changes depended not only on the motion of the sun but on that of the planets, and were further affected by the fixed stars and signs of the zodiac.”» — y la doctrina astrometeorológica que sostiene por larga experiencia.
«He not only cited recent astrologers such as Offuslus and Morin, and Kepler repeatedly, but the Tetrabiblot of Ptolemy was still an authority for him, and he said that it was hard to tear himself from the received opinions of the ancients.» — las autoridades de Goad, con el *Tetrabiblos* todavía vigente y su propia dificultad para desprenderse de los antiguos.
«He still held that the slowness, stationary position, and retrograde movement of the planets increased heat and had “marvelous force.» — la fuerza maravillosa que adjudica a lo estacionario y retrógrado.
«Whether planets were really stationary and retrograde, fust as whether the sun moved or the earth, did not bother him, "since it is most certain that real effects occur" when they seem to be so.”» — la indiferencia de Goad ante la cuestión astronómica, apoyada en la certeza de los efectos.
«It was also most certain that comets could be predicted from the concourse of the three superior planets, but they might appear either in the same sign or that opposite or that midway between the planets to which they owed their origin.» — la predicción de los cometas desde el concurso de los planetas superiores.
«Eberhard Welper, who had attained the baccalaureate at Strasburg in 1609, and had published astronomical observations and astrological predictions there on the comet of 1618, was still turning out astrological books in the sixties, while his Tractatus gmethUalogictu was issued posthumously there in 1700.» — la carrera de Welper, que mide la duración del género astrológico.
«Grandducal manuscripts preserved at Karlsruhe of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries illustrate the confusion and intermingling of science and occult science which still prevailed.» — los manuscritos de Karlsruhe como testimonio de la mezcla de ciencia y ciencia oculta.
«In Fiance, however, the sceptical attitude of Gassendi and Bayie towards astrology was becoming widespread.» — la difusión del escepticismo de Gassendi y Bayle en Francia.
«Edmond Pourcbot said that astrologers could give no reason for the division of the sky into twelve houses, the head and tail of the dragon, pars fortunes, hyleg and alcochoden, and other features of astrological technique.» — la objeción de Pourchot a la técnica astrológica por falta de razón.
«The entry of the sun into the sign Aries could forecast nothing more than imminent beat and lengthening days.» — y la reducción del ingreso solar en Aries a calor y días largos.
«But on the whole the attitude of Kepler and Francis Bacon, that astrology should be expurgated and reformed rather than utterly rejected, which had marked the early century, is giving way to the position of extreme condemnation, adopted by Bayle in 1682, and by Pourchot in 1695, and to be continued by Voltaire and fEncyclop^dte in the next century.» — la tesis del capítulo: de la reforma de la astrología que pedían Kepler y Bacon se pasa a la condena extrema.
«Cartesianism for a time offered new support, astrological medicine still survived to some extent, experimental method was enlisted on both sides.» — y el matiz que la acompaña: el método experimental sirviendo a los dos bandos.
«From this congeries of varied attitudes for and against astrology and celestial influence, a general trend or two may be deduced.» — la cautela con que Thorndike saca sus tendencias generales.
«There is little justification for the use of the word, magic, in the title, Pseudographia Anihropomagiat: or a magical description of the soul, which Agricola Carpenter published at London In 1652.» — el juicio de Thorndike sobre un título que usa la palabra magia sin materia que la sostenga.
«Since it contains some chemistry and employs a jargon which includes such Helmontian expressions as archeus, I mention it here.» — y la razón que declara para mencionarlo de todos modos.
«Figulus states that “this medicine’ is an oil from seven qualities or from the first being of die seven metals, so purged and mortified that nothing remains save spirit, soul and fifth essence, with an agreeable odor unmatched in tbe whole world.» — la medicina universal descrita como aceite del primer ser de los siete metales, reducido a espíritu, alma y quinta esencia.
«He criticizes a medical work of 1606, notes the danger of different measures being used by apothecaries and physicians» — la advertencia sobre las medidas dispares de médicos y boticarios.
«For example, on November 20,1626, John de la Ponte before a notary declared that three of his children wore cured by Judocus van der Hoyden» — la cura atestiguada ante notario como forma de prueba.
«S. A. Fabridus, on the contrary, wrote on the universal medicine to oppose itu Same said that it acted by marvelously strengthening nature to resist disease; some said that it resolved, consumed and dissipated all diseases and causes of diseases; some, like Dienheim (back in 1610), represented it as a quintessence which so disposed depraved humors that a cure could be effected by ordinary medicines.» — las tres maneras en que se explicaba la medicina universal, consignadas sin arbitrar.
«No single medicine can at the same time strengthen the spirit, nourish the body, and consume vicious humors.» — el argumento de Fabricius contra la panacea.
«A universal medicine would be a revival of the tree of life.» — y la objeción teológica: sería resucitar el árbol de la vida.
«words of Galen, “It b impossible to find a drug which b the best for many ailments.» — la autoridad de Galeno contra el remedio universal; el OCR lee *b* por *is*.
«Nor does it follow that, since there are medicines for each part of the body, there should be one for the entire body.» — y el argumento lógico que lo acompaña.
«Fabricius also wrote a brief Discourse on the term of human life which is medical and free from astrology, and a treatise against tiie notion that images or shapes like puppy dogs appeared in the urine of those afflicted with hydrophobia.» — el discurso sobre el término de la vida, sin astrología, y la negativa a los perrillos en la orina.
«But Gaspar i Reies had held that there was such force in poison to alter the body, that it could transmute it to its own likeness and form its humors into canine figures.» — la doctrina contraria, que hace del veneno un agente que transmuta el cuerpo a su semejanza.
«The work of Johann de Montemyder on the universal medicine b alchemical rather than medical and b written in German.» — la obra de Montesnyder sobre la medicina universal, más alquímica que médica.
«Schoock held that the cause of fermentation was spirit, which led to a long discussion as to what spirit was.» — la causa de la fermentación puesta en el espíritu, y la discusión que arrastra.
«He believed that there was fermentation in the generation of animals, especially those said to be spontaneously generated, although he recognized that they were not generated without seed or something like ft» — la fermentación en la generación animal, con su salvedad sobre la semilla.
«But he was inclined to think that in chylification there was merely cooking and not fermentation.» — y el límite que pone a la fermentación en la digestión.
«The theory that the blood is subject to fermentation in the spleen, put forward by Helmont and developed further by Willis, he represents as a novelty which owed its origin to the chemists.» — la fermentación de la sangre en el bazo adjudicada a Helmont y a Willis como novedad de los químicos.
«Another theory requiring further proof is that scurvy comes from a lack of ferment.» — la teoría del escorbuto por falta de fermento, dada por necesitada de prueba.
«In one passage Schoock excludes occult qualities, but adds, "not that I think they are never to be recognized.» — la exclusión de las cualidades ocultas, con la puerta abierta en la misma frase.
«When spices are turned to vapor, they penetrate deeply and break up crass and sluggish humors.» — el mecanismo que propone para las especias.
«Or Highmore, De hysterica paasione, cap. 6, p. 36, is quoted that odors may bring on hysteria.» — la autoridad de Highmore sobre los olores y la histeria.
«In a Post-loquium he says that he is not yet satisfied as to many positions which he has put forth and could wish to be instructed on many points by further and more certain experiments.» — la insatisfacción que Schoock declara sobre sus propias posiciones.
«In the same year, 1662, Timaeus von Gueldenklee warned that the teeth were liable to fall out as a result of untimely use of spirit of vitriol, which Croll and Horst had recommended for the teeth.» — la advertencia contra el espíritu de vitriolo en los dientes, contra Croll y Horst.
«He also advanced the thesis that all sublunars are compounds of two things, add and alkali14» — la tesis de Tachenius sobre el ácido y el álcali como componentes de todo lo sublunar.
«He also told how occult add is made manifest.» — y su procedimiento para hacer manifiesto el ácido oculto.
«The book was reprinted several times before the close of the century and appeared in English translation in 1677 and 1690.» — la fortuna editorial de esa obra.
«Nothing penetrates so much as alkali It is an error to use spirit of vitriol to whiten the teeth, as is commonly done, since it rather discolors them yellow, which recalls the earlier statement by Timaeus von Gueldenklee.» — la coincidencia entre dos autores sobre el daño del vitriolo en los dientes.
«Rotten wood contains no alkali, all having been exhaled in the process of rotting.» — la observación sobre el álcali exhalado en la podredumbre.
«apparent turning half of an iron nail into gold at Florence was accomplished by soldering the gold on and giving it a surface color of iron.» — el desengaño del clavo medio transmutado en oro, explicado por soldadura.
«Then, when it was dipped into the oil that was supposed to transmute it into gold, the oil simply removed the iron wash.» — y el papel del aceite en el truco.
«There is scarcely an opinion which in so short a time has made more rapid progress than that of add and alkali.» — la rapidez con que se extendió la doctrina del ácido y el álcali.
«Men are not content tn give those names to other salts on the pretest of similar effects.» — y su extensión abusiva a otras sales.
«Tachenius b the first... who has given them that scope and, to make his view more authentic, he has claimed to rest it on the authority of Hippocrates, maintaining that the water and fire, of which he would have all animals, even men, composed, are nothing else than add and alkali.» — la autoridad de Hipócrates invocada por Tachenius para su propio par.
«Tackenius, as his name is here spelled, omitted Hclmonts Blas, Gas and other obscurities and reduced all to add and alkali.» — la poda que Tachenius hace de las oscuridades de Helmont.
«Singular fire was present in every mixed body in a way that escaped the eye, and was the same as what Hippocrates called spirit, breath, wind or air.» — el fuego singular identificado con el espíritu hipocrático.
«Moreover, each disease had a soul, although most of them had this in common, that they resulted from fermentation or the conjunction of acid and alkali.» — el alma de cada enfermedad y su causa común en la fermentación.
«These dogmas of Tachenius, Barchusen concludes, were for the most part professed by Bontekoe, Overcamp and others, but they added the visdd to acid and alkali.» — la descendencia de esos dogmas, con un tercer término añadido.
«It is doubtful if the heterogeneous parts pre-existed in the compound in the state in which they are seen when separated by the aid of fire.» — la duda sobre si el fuego separa lo que ya había o lo produce.
«It purports to accomplish such feats as separating sulphur from the magnet, so that a dram will attract as much iron as a pound would previously.» — la promesa de separar el azufre del imán para multiplicar su fuerza.
«Respour rays twice that be may have left something for the intelligent to solve, and that he has not divulged all.» — la reserva declarada de Respour, que no lo divulga todo.
«The third book is in dialogue form and opens with a conference of two philosophers.» — la forma de diálogo del tercer libro.
«In the preface Birrius further says that in the course of time alchemy became so involved in obscurities that it fell into contempt, but that there is an arcanum which not merely works wonders in curing diseases but purges sick metals and brings them to the perfect form of gold and silver.» — el descrédito de la alquimia explicado por su oscuridad, y el arcano que se reivindica.
«Similarly the first of the three tracts contends that it is idle to argue against the possibility of transmutation, which the writer has seen achieved again and again.» — la transmutación defendida por testimonio propio.
«It is not an easy process, has been kept hidden by the philosophers, and ‘j by nature most occult.» — y el secreto declarado de los filósofos.
«Sagacity, ingenuity and practical know-how are essential to obtain the substance which is midway between mineral and metal, occult and noble, all volatile, gold In the supreme degree, a thousand times more perfect than ordinary gold.» — la sustancia intermedia entre mineral y metal, mil veces más perfecta que el oro común.
«The same individual can assume successively the forms of all the metals.» — la doctrina de la materia única que recorre las formas metálicas.
«Or again, gold does not easily lay aside its form but fights till it succumbs and dies, when a new pure body must be raised from the corpse.» — la muerte del oro y el cuerpo nuevo levantado del cadáver.
«Or, in purifying mercury there is left a crude metallic matter undigested and frigid, but "this is the true matter to which the form of philosophic mercury is lacking.“”» — la materia verdadera a la que solo falta la forma del mercurio filosófico.
«Mercury is the material of all metals from which gold and silver come.“» — el mercurio como materia de todos los metales.
«This metallic seed is very different from vegetable and animal seed.» — y el deslinde entre la semilla metálica y las otras.
«Mercury is the first philosophic agent or matrix into which our seed is to be put and matured.» — el mercurio como matriz donde madura la simiente.
«We are told that metallic bodies must be reduced to a homogeneous water which does not wet the hands, that from this water there may result a new species of metal far nobler than any metal.» — el agua que no moja las manos, término clásico del arte.
«He was very credulous as to its great antiquity, namingTubalCain or Vulcan as its inventor and accepting» — la antigüedad de la alquimia remontada a Tubalcaín o Vulcano; el troceo funde las palabras.
«He believed that if drugs revealed by angels or in dreams were proscribed, a great number of salutary remedies would be lost’1» — la defensa de los remedios revelados por ángeles o en sueños.
«He argued that chemistry was of use in medicine and surgery, of service in the arts and warfare, in distilling sweet water from salt for navigators to the Indies, and in making life agreeable to Poles, Lithuanians, Russians, Swedes, Lapps and Icelanders by distillation of wine and brewing of beer.» — la defensa de la química por sus usos, del agua dulce en alta mar a la cerveza del norte.
«No profane science came doser than it to contemplating divinity in nature; none scrutinized more profoundly the works of God's hands; none was in doser accord with sacred Scripture, as he illustrated by quoting the second epistle of Peter, Deuteronomy, Isaiah, Job, Psalms, Revelations, and the four Gospels.’5» — la defensa teológica de la química, con la Escritura por testigo.
«There were limits to his credulity, however, as he was sceptical as to inextinguishable lamps.”» — el límite de su credulidad, medido en las lámparas inextinguibles.
«But he believed that telescopes were known to Roger Bacon, who was a favorite of bis, and that he was the author of other great inventions.» — y la atribución del telescopio a Roger Bacon.
«He accepted as genuine the alchemical writings ascribed to Albertus Magnus, Arnald of Villanova, Raymond Lull, and Nicolas Flamel.» — las atribuciones alquímicas que da por auténticas, cuatro pseudoepígrafes clásicos.
«Conring had said that Paracelsus was the first to introduce the doctrine of signatures in plants, but Borrichius points out instances of ft in Dioscorides and Pliny, and defends the» — la disputa sobre el origen de la doctrina de las firmas, que Borrichius remonta a Dioscórides y Plinio.
«In 1674 Borrichius answered the book of Conring™ and defended chemical remedies, Paracdsan pharmacy, and potable gold.» — la respuesta de Borrichius a Conring en defensa de la farmacia paracélsica.
«Then he begins to depart from the beaten track and affirms that true medicine requires knowledge of God, nature, art, astrology, physics and chemistry.» — las seis cosas que se declaran necesarias a la medicina verdadera, con la astrología entre ellas.
«Antimony is declared the most perfect of all mixed bodies.» — el antimonio puesto por encima de todos los cuerpos mixtos.
«O admirable creature of God! Not content with producing so many marvels, you furthermore have poww to bind, unite and render homogeneous corporally and spiritually those seven inferior stars to make that great elixir which learned Psracdsns has named Tincture of Lily,» — la apóstrofe al antimonio, que une las siete estrellas inferiores en la Tintura del Lirio de Paracelso.
«When borax or saltpeter is added to Glass of Antimony, it is no longer Glass of Antimony.» — la advertencia sobre la pureza de la preparación.
«Moreover, the Crocus should never be given, when the moon is in signs which are terrestrial, cold and dry, as are Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn, which keep the pores dosed.» — la regla astrológica que gobierna la administración del remedio.
«The bezoar and ambergris have virtues cardiac and admirable and which are closely related to the principle of life.» — las virtudes cardiacas del bezoar y el ámbar gris.
«When the fire has ceased and it is quite cold, they pound it more and infuse a little in wine.» — un paso de la operación descrita.
«Gold is a fine medicine and does all in the microcosm that the sun does in the macrocosm, dispelling vapors and the like.» — la correspondencia del oro con el sol aplicada a la medicina.
«Langelott addressed to the German Academy of the Curious as to Nature a letter concerning matters passed over in chemistry, including secrets of no slight moment hitherto regarded as nonentities.» — la carta de Langelott sobre secretos químicos tenidos por inexistentes.
«Joel Langelott not only himself reaffirmed chemical secrets of great moment, which had come to be regarded as» — y la reafirmación de esos secretos.
«It can be reduced to a powder so subtle that it is digestible.» — el oro reducido a polvo digerible.
«He complained that there were no competent definitions of» — la queja por la falta de definiciones competentes.
«It was further dubious if all effervescence was of acid and alkali.» — y la duda sobre si toda efervescencia es de ácido y álcali.
«In the dosing years of the previous century there had been quite a stir concerning a boy in Silesia who at the age of seven was reported to have cut a tooth of gold.» — el caso del niño silesio del diente de oro, que el capítulo sigue.
«We have already noted in a previous chapter that Heinrich Krevet, in Aphorism! de metaUia, published at Hamburg in 1615, in “Coronides" at its dore, referred to the Silesian boy with the gold tooth.» — la remisión de Thorndike a lo ya fichado del mismo caso.
«Stollc in 1731 represented Ruland as believing the tooth to be natural in 1595, but as having been shown that it was artificial in 1597.» — el cambio de postura de Ruland entre 1595 y 1597, según Stolle.
«Ruland does state in the dedication to the later work that the genuineness of the tooth has been called in doubt, but that recent letters received by him have» — y lo que el propio Ruland declara en su dedicatoria.
«Although Tylkowski's publications were issued separately and not in the Ephemerides of the Academy of the Curious, they often bore that word in their titles» — la palabra *curiosidades* usada como reclamo en los títulos.
«When the report spread that as a result of an attack of fever the gold tooth had turned white, Tylkowski examined it himself and found that it was really a tooth of bone» — el desenlace del diente de oro, examinado en persona.
«It states that few solid salts are known, and that there may be many which have no relation to common salt, nitre, alum and vitriol, which are the four familiar varieties.» — el reconocimiento del límite del saber sobre las sales.
«No alum or vitriol was found in any of the Frcuch mineral waters.» — el resultado del análisis de las aguas minerales francesas.
«It was harder to distinguish the kinds of earth found in these waters than it had been to tell the salts.» — y la dificultad mayor con las tierras.
«They found no hot waters that were sour, and no cold and insipid waters which were nitrous.» — las correlaciones negativas que el análisis arroja.
«Du Clos thought that the chief effect of the great quantities of mineral water which doctors made their patients drink in the effort to cure maladies which did not yield to ordinary remedies, was to wash out the bowels.» — la explicación de Du Clos para el efecto de las aguas minerales.
«But this effect was considerable, because most chronic diseases came from obstruction of the bowels.» — con la razón por la que no lo tiene por poca cosa.
«Also the two kinds of salts might sub-divide into many species which had their specific properties.» — la subdivisión de las sales en especies con propiedades propias.
«Experience shows that air is essential to combustion, so that hot springs cannot be attributed to subterranean fires, and are more likely due to hot exhalations.» — el argumento contra los fuegos subterráneos, apoyado en que el aire es necesario a la combustión.
«But Du dos does not explain whence their heat comes.» — y el hueco que Thorndike le señala.
«Hot springs probably come from deep in the earth.» — la hipótesis sobre el origen profundo de las aguas termales.
«It is not easy to learn the qualities of the vapors or exhalations that are mingled with mineral waters.» — y el límite declarado del análisis.
«Most chemists knew how to vegetate gold and silver, but few knew the secret of vegetating iron and copper, until a Greek chemist showed how to do it at Paris in 1676 with pebble water.» — el árbol metálico y el secreto de vegetar hierro y cobre.
«If taken out of the liquid, the tree kept its figure for some time, but if left in too long, the liquid would thicken and become opaque.» — el comportamiento del árbol metálico dentro y fuera del licor.
«he decided that the best menstruum was mercury purged of earth and phlegm.» — la elección del mejor menstruo.
«True chemical science did not require all the recent frills and spirits, nor all the elaborate and clumsy apparatus.» — la objeción al aparato de laboratorio recargado.
«This is well illustrated in the case of the isolation of phosphorus, which is widely distributed in nature but never found free.» — el caso del fósforo como ejemplo de Thorndike.
«Actually Krafft is said to have bought the secret from Brand of Hamburg, who had isolated phosphorus in 1669.» — la compra del secreto del fósforo a su descubridor.
«In the same year at Wittenberg Georg Caspar Kirchmainr published a brief announcement of the discovery of phosphorus under the name Noctiluca» — el anuncio del hallazgo bajo el nombre de *Noctiluca*.
«He asserted that the Elector August of Saxony in about the year 1690 (August died in 1586) had turned mercury into gold with a tincture, but as it took 1604 parts of mercury to make one of gold, the operation would not seem to have been very profitable.» — la transmutación atribuida al elector de Sajonia, con el error de fecha y la cuenta que la vuelve ruinosa.
«ln EB, article on Phosphorus, on the other hand, states that in 1678 Kunckel succeeded in obtaining phosphorus, as Brand had done, by evaporating urine and distilling the residue wfth sand, and that Boyle did the same in 1680.» — la versión de la *Encyclopaedia Britannica* sobre el hallazgo del fósforo.
«He prefaced this by a chapter on the divine nature and origin of light and fires, and a second chapter on perennial lamps, compiled from previous writers.» — el fósforo presentado tras dos capítulos sobre la luz divina y las lámparas perennes.
«Krafft went on to exhibit his find in liquid and dry form at Hanover, of which Leibniz sent an account to the Journal» — la exhibición del fósforo en Hannover, comunicada por Leibniz.
«stone was a real specific substance and gam precise instructions for making gold which began by alternating layers of powdered sal» — la piedra dada por sustancia real, con receta precisa.
«Thus the discovery of phosphorus would seem to have encouraged rather than detracted from the pursuit of the» — la tesis de Thorndike: el hallazgo del fósforo alentó la busca de la piedra en vez de estorbarla.
«Kirchmaier repeats Potier’s,,T instructions as to the preparation of the Bologna stone, but adds that he left out one essential.» — la receta de la piedra de Bolonia, con el paso esencial omitido.
«He asserts that the phosphorus hermeticus of Balduin can be duplicated with nitre, sugar or Cretan earth.» — y la afirmación de que el fósforo hermético de Balduin se imita con materias comunes.
«Balduin also had published Phosphorus hermeticus in 1675, but it dealt with a phosphorescent substance and not phosphorus, and Hermes curiosus» — la distinción que Thorndike hace entre la sustancia fosforescente y el fósforo.
«It is accepted, however, that the heavens influence only by their» — el influjo celeste reducido a un solo medio.
«He himself held that ft was not a miracle.» — la negativa a tener el fenómeno por milagro.
«Balduin asserted that this potable gold had marked virtues.» — las virtudes que Balduin adjudica a su oro potable.
«Fixed nitre furnishes the material for phosphorus, as Balduin reveals in tbese words:» — y el nitro fijo dado por materia del fósforo.
«He argued that a single medicine could cure all diseases.» — la defensa de la medicina única.
«Major made the good point that in order to progress in any science one should know its past history.» — la regla de Major sobre la historia de una ciencia como condición de su avance, que Thorndike aprueba.
«the “famous marhinA of the universe which Drebbel presented to King James of England,”» — la máquina del universo que Drebbel presentó al rey de Inglaterra; el troceo corrompe la palabra.
«He passed on to Amsterdam, where too he won a reputation for cures.» — el itinerario de un curandero célebre.
«A Danish knight filled his brain with chimerical creatures which he supposed existed in every element: sylphs, gnomes, undine and salamanders.» — las cuatro criaturas elementales, silfos, gnomos, ondinas y salamandras, atribuidas a esa enseñanza.
«the papal nuncio recognized his name and laid claim to his person, which the emperor granted.» — la reclamación del nuncio sobre la persona de ese adepto.
«prodigious cures in Rome, and was frequently visited by Queen Christina.» — las curas prodigiosas en Roma y las visitas de la reina Cristina.
«In the other Boni said that breathing was caused by the fermentation of various liquon in the heart which sent vapors to the lungs which attracted the air thither.» — la respiración explicada por fermentación en el corazón.
«A very subtle liquor in the brain was the seat of the rational soul, and mental ability depended upon the temperament of this liquor and not on the conformation of the brain.» — el asiento del alma racional puesto en un licor sutil del cerebro.
«The Mute Bode of Altus had no text but depicted the mysteries of transmutation in a series of fifteen plates.» — el *Mutus liber*, que expone la transmutación en quince láminas sin texto.
«Corte says on August 20, at the age of seventy; MagnocavaDo, in November, and dates his birth “towards 1625”; Hoefer, 11, 380-31. seems mistaken in putting his birth tn 1616.» — el desacuerdo de las fuentes sobre unas fechas, consignado sin armonizar.
«The food of life lies hidden in it and many capita mortua chyinica regain their pristine quality by exposure to it.» — el alimento de la vida escondido en el aire, que restituye a las cabezas muertas su cualidad.
«Despite this up-to-date attitude, Clauder still believes that the influence of the stars contributes a great deal to the transmutation of metals, and he is still given to the antitheses of celestial and sublunar, superiors and inferiors, and the harmony of macrocosm and microcosm.» — la convivencia en Clauder de lo moderno con el influjo astral y la armonía macrocosmo-microcosmo.
«In short, the great transmutation of metals cannot be effected without the influence and concourse of the stars» — su tesis en corto: sin concurso de los astros no hay gran transmutación; el tramo se corta en el marcador de plana que el troceo reemite.
«But salts per se are not sufficient to perform the transmutation of metals.» — y el límite que pone a las sales.
«There is incomparable balsamic force hidden in gold, but vulgar gold and silver can be used only to a limited extent in maturing the preparation of the universal tincture.» — la fuerza balsámica del oro y el límite del oro vulgar.
«And May dew is only the remote material of it.» — el rocío de mayo declarado materia remota.
«The spirit of the universe is supremely volatile, invisible, penetrable. Volatile salt of air and fixed salt of earth cannot be perfectly united except by fermentation.» — el espíritu del universo y la unión de las dos sales por fermentación.
«Calling it the work of women and children somewhat sticks in his crop, however.» — la fórmula clásica de la obra fácil, que a este autor le cuesta tragar.
«Thus he explains that the reason why the southern terra incognita has not been found "to this day by the most industrious merchants and» — la analogía con la tierra austral no hallada.
«And he notes that Helmont, Zwölfer, (Le., Zwelfer) and Helvétius, though patrons of alchemy, dissuaded men from attempting the universal tincture or philosophers' stone.» — tres patronos de la alquimia que disuadían de buscar la piedra.
«Clauder’s book was somewhat misrepresented in a notice in the Journal des S^aoans, which misspelled his name as Glauber and quoted him as saying that, if one only followed his directions, it was impossible not to succeed in transmutation.» — la reseña que confunde el nombre y exagera la promesa.
«He published it at the urging of friends for the good of his neighbors and against those who denied the power of gold, but he did so in secret fashion and obscure words.» — la publicación hecha a la vez por caridad y en palabras oscuras.
«His praise is not of common gold but of that translated into a spiritual essence» — el deslinde entre el oro común y el oro vuelto esencia espiritual.
«and an anonymous tract in which the possibility of transmutation is “clearly shown.”» — el tratado anónimo que da por mostrada la posibilidad de la transmutación.
«defended the chemical resuscitation of plants, declaring that every particle or atom possessed the virtue of reviving the entire compound, and that the least drop of semen contained the complete anatomy of the whole species.» — la palingenesia defendida con la doctrina de la parte que contiene el todo.
«He listed experiments to prove that the resuscitation of plants was possible, but they were the reported experiments of others, not his own.» — y la objeción de Thorndike: los experimentos alegados son de otros.
«In an Epilogue he admits that the contents of the book are mostly borrowed.» — que el mismo autor admite en su epílogo.
«not merely in attempting the transmutation of metals or the quest for a universal medicine, but as a result of proceeding» — las dos empresas en que se perdía el esfuerzo químico.
«But when incorporated with alzali, it was a wonderful medicine, as stated in the preface of the work of Helmont in French translation.» — la remisión al prefacio francés de Helmont.
«Le Conte says that metallic sulphurs require stronger dissolvents than mineral sulphurs do, because they are more firmly solidified and are combined with their mercury more strictly and compactly.» — la diferencia entre azufres metálicos y minerales según Le Conte.
«Boyle in the Sceptical Chemist tells of getting six ounces of phlegm out of seven of blood, and he and Helmont extol the use of its volatile salt in epilepsy, asthma, apoplexy and other obstinate diseases.» — la sal volátil de sangre alabada por Boyle y por Helmont.
«As for inextinguishable or perpetual lamps, a Swiss from Berne named du Praz told Jungken that as a young soldier he found such a glass vessel in an old tomb near Grenoble, and that it had continued to burn for some months afterwards, until it slipped from the grasp of a monk who was handling it carelessly and broke to pieces.» — el testimonio de la lámpara perpetua hallada en una tumba, con su final por descuido.
«Jungken does not think much of the laborious and tedious method employed by Elias Johann Hessling in his Azoth, but nevertheless repeats it» — la contradicción entre el juicio y la práctica de Jungken.
«Rohtmaler’s Panacea was a combination of mercury and lead, but when he tried to cure a general who was stopping at Worms of gout with it, he was rewarded with a cudgeling.» — la panacea de mercurio y plomo y el desenlace de su ensayo.
«When mercury has been resolved into the tiniest atoms by a violent fire, it ought to be chilled and coagulated again.» — un paso de la operación sobre el mercurio.
«Nothing is more surprising than the absurdities which many have cherished as to the true material of a universal medicine.» — el juicio sobre los absurdos que se han sostenido acerca de la materia de la medicina universal.
Sobre la obra
24 entradas — lo que el aparato y la investigación dicen de ella«A HISTORY OF MAGIC AND EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE VOLUMES VII AND VIII THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY VOLUME VIII» — la portadilla de serie publica el tomo dentro de un par dedicado al siglo XVII y lo rotula como volumen VIII.
«By LYNN THORNDIKE PROFESSOR EMERITUS OF HISTORY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY VOL U MJ. VIII NEW YORK: MORNINGSIDE HEIGHTS COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS 1958» — la portada declara la autoría de Lynn Thorndike, su cargo de profesor emérito de historia en Columbia University y el pie de Columbia University Press con año 1958; el OCR deforma *VOLUME* en *VOL U MJ.*
«In the publication of this volume the author has received assistance from the fund for the encouragement of historical studies bequeathed to Columbia University by Professor William A. Dunning.» — la página de derechos declara de dónde salió el apoyo económico del volumen: el fondo para el fomento de los estudios históricos legado a Columbia por el profesor William A. Dunning.
«BY THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON. TORONTO. BOMBAY. AND KARACHI» — y reparte la edición fuera de los Estados Unidos: Oxford University Press publica en Gran Bretaña, Canadá, India y Pakistán.
«Printed in The Netherlands by Mouton is Co.. The Hague» — el pie de imprenta declara que el tomo se imprimió en los Países Bajos, en La Haya; el OCR lee *is* por el signo de la razón social *&*.
«Library of Congress Catalogue Cord Number: 23SD84» — el número de catálogo de la Biblioteca del Congreso, que el OCR deja ilegible; el volumen no imprime ISBN.
«CONTENTS Natural History, Especially of Animals ... 3 Botany......................................................................58 Pharmacy...............................................................82 Chemical Courses and Manuals» — la tabla de contenidos abre por la historia natural de los animales y sigue con botánica, farmacia y los cursos y manuales de química; las líneas de puntos y los folios son del impreso.
«Astrology After 1650 ................................................. 302 Alchemy and Chemistry After 1650............................ 352 Medicine and Physiology................................................ 403 Physiognomy .....................................................................448 Divination 476 Mental Disease and Magic................................................503 Illicit Magic..................................................................... 539 Sir Isaac Newton.............................................................. 588 The Last Decade» — la segunda mitad de la tabla enseña el reparto del volumen: astrología y alquimia después de 1650, medicina, fisiognomía, adivinación, enfermedad mental y magia, magia ilícita, Newton y la última década.
«General Index................................................. 639 Index of Manuscripts» — y cierra con los dos índices, el general y el de manuscritos, comunes a los volúmenes VII y VIII.
«Dictionary of National Biography, London, 1888-1901, 69 vols. Denis I. Duveen, Bibliotheca Alcbemlca et Chmrica, London, 1948» — la tabla de abreviaturas declara el aparato con que Thorndike cita: repertorios biográficos y bibliografías alquímicas entre ellos; el OCR deforma el título de Duveen.
«George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, 8 vols, in 5. Baltimore, 1927, 1931,1947» — y entre las siglas de uso constante está la Introducción de George Sarton, uno de los historiadores con quienes el volumen discute.
«Manuscript, Manuscripts note or footnote no date of publication Natural History New York Academy of Medicine New York Public Library» — la segunda plana de abreviaturas enseña el resto del sistema, con las bibliotecas de consulta nombradas una por una.
«A HISTORY OF MAGIC AND EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY» — la portadilla interior repite el título de la obra y el rótulo del siglo antes de abrir el cuerpo.
«The published and the private Newton—“The last of the magicians''—His alchemy and secrecy—Gravitation and occult attraction—His conception of nature—Of the ether—Animal spirits—Reception of the Principia on the continent—His interest in alchemy again—His medicine—Newton and Hooke—The triumph of a single magic formula» — el sumario con que Thorndike abre el capítulo final y anuncia su recorrido por Newton, del Newton publicado y el privado al triunfo de una sola fórmula mágica; el guion de fin de renglón parte *continent*.
«Introduction—General textbooks: Sperlette, Cally, Pourchot, Caspar Bartholinus, Regis—The physics of Leclerc— Menestrier’s objection to the new physics— Progress of chemistry: Barchusen, Wotton, Baker—Medicine reviewed by Bertini and Barchusen—Wolf on amulets—Srhplhammer and Martius on natural magic—Connor and Lami on miracles—Carmann on miracles of the dead» — el sumario del capítulo final del volumen, que enumera los autores de la última década; el troceo imprime su rótulo como *CHAPTER XI.*, errata del OCR por *CHAPTER XL*.
«In the present volumes some 1600 authors and men of learning of the seventeenth century hove been mentioned m against 1200 of the sixteenth and eady seventeenth century» — Thorndike mide su propia obra por el número de autores tratados: unos mil seiscientos del siglo XVII en este par de tomos frente a mil doscientos del siglo XVI y principios del XVII; el tramo se corta antes del renglón donde el OCR destroza la palabra *volumes*, y lee *hove* por *have* y *m against* por *as against*.
«GENERAL INDEX Aarbuus, pr at, VW, 274 Aiuuo. book of» — el arranque del Índice general, común a los volúmenes VII y VIII, cuyas remisiones llevan el tomo en números romanos antes del folio; el OCR rinde *VIII* como *VW* y *VII* como *VU* en buena parte de estas planas.
«Abraham the patriarch, not an astrologer. VW. 483; astronomy and, VW, 188; magic book ascribed to» — y una entrada que enseña de qué hechura es ese índice: no remite solo a nombres, sino a lo que la obra sostiene de cada uno, aquí que el patriarca Abraham no fue astrólogo.
«Alchaest and Alchabest. see Alkahest» — una de las remisiones internas del Índice general, que reúne bajo una sola entrada las grafías con que el siglo XVII escribió el alcaesto.
«defined, VIII, 107. 115; discussed, VU, 249, 430, Vm, 50, 241, 269» — el corazón de la entrada *Alchemist and Alchemy* del Índice general, que enseña de qué hechura es: no remite solo a planas, sino a lo que la obra sostiene en cada una —definida, discutida—, y antepone el tomo en romanos al folio impreso; el OCR rinde *VII* como *VU* y *VIII* como *Vm*.
«mystical and religious lone, VU, 263, 274-0, 557, VIII, 129, 194, abandoned ar attacked, VU, 441-2, VIII, 128» — y el tramo de esa misma entrada donde el índice consigna a la vez la tradición mística y religiosa de la alquimia y su abandono o impugnación, cada cosa con su remisión; el OCR lee *lone* por *lore* y *ar* por *or*.
«opposition by Bacon, VH, 67. Descartes, VU, 558, Gassendi, Vn, 451-2, Kirch*. VU, 568, 574, VUI, 224; pert of natural magic» — con el tramo que ordena el desacuerdo por nombres: la oposición de Bacon, Descartes, Gassendi y Kircher a la alquimia, y su lugar como parte de la magia natural; el OCR lee *pert* por *part* y estropea *Kircher*.
«Bassano del Grappa 1482, VH, 441 Berne, Stadtbibliothek 492, VH, 158 Brussels 4013, VII, 564 Cambridge, University Library Dd» — el arranque del Índice de manuscritos, que cierra el volumen: ordena las signaturas por ciudad y biblioteca y remite, como el Índice general, con el tomo en romanos antes del folio; el OCR rinde *VII* como *VH*.
«Vatican City, Barberini 231, VIII, 114-5 Barberini 245» — y su segunda plana, donde los fondos vaticanos llevan las remisiones del volumen VIII; las signaturas van tal cual las imprime la capa de texto.
Conceptos tratados
Piedra filosofal (lapis philosophorum) — La sección alquímica de los papeles de Newton la tiene por uno de sus tres asuntos, junto con la transmutación y el elixir de la vida; el índice del volumen registra que su entrada engrosó a lo largo del siglo.
Quintaesencia (quinta essentia) — Abandonada la noción de que los cuerpos celestes fueran una quinta esencia distinta y superior al mundo elemental, en su lugar se puso una materia etérea nueva.
Cuatro elementos (fuego, aire, agua, tierra) — Bartholinus parece conservarlos pese a su física de partículas; Barchusen cuenta cuatro principios y no tres ni cinco —sal y aceite activos, tierra pasiva, agua neutra—; y en el cuerpo humano otro autor pone tierra, agua, sal y azufre.
Materia prima — Regis hace de la tierra un cuerpo lleno de poros de cuatro especies que sirven de moldes donde las partículas toman la forma de los cuatro cuerpos mixtos fundamentales.
Microcosmos (el hombre-mundo) — El libro de los milagros de los muertos propone un arcoíris del microcosmos producido oponiendo sangre de las venas a los rayos del sol.
Magia Natural — Webster ha de contarse entre sus creyentes y llama a Agripa maestro de magia natural y lícita; Menestrier sostiene que no hay tal filosofía oculta ni tal magia natural; Schelhammer propone quitarle el nombre de magia y darle el de ciencia natural aplicada al arte, y Martius escribe en su favor.
Talismán (imagen astrológica) — Reichelt niega que los amuletos reciban influencia celeste o guarden simpatía con los cielos y los declara lazos supersticiosos; el Alexicacon separa las imágenes astronómicas de las nigrománticas y pone frente a frente a Cayetano y a Tomás de Aquino; y Wolff les dedica más de cuatrocientas páginas de catálogo, con los efluvios por explicación preferida.
Homúnculo (el hombre artificial) — El índice del volumen lo registra entre los términos de alquimia y química que aparecen por primera vez en estos dos tomos.
Anima mundi (alma del mundo) — Burthogge hace del alma un mero conducto de la influencia vital desde la mente originaria o alma del mundo, de la que sugiere que vienen todas las almas particulares; Cally desactiva el espíritu del mundo remitiéndolo al primer elemento de Descartes.
Imaginación (phantasia) — Webster funda en la idea seminal de la imaginación de la bruja la inyección de cuerpos extraños; Burthogge explica por ella que el aparecido lo vea uno solo de los presentes; y van Helmont la pone en lugar del concurso diabólico en la imagen de cera.
Transvection (el traslado corporal por seres demoníacos) — Thumm no arbitra entre el vuelo real y el soñado; Jacques d'Autun sostiene que las brujas sí son llevadas por los aires; Glanvill lo explica por el vehículo aéreo del alma; y Brognolo objeta a Menghi que la fantasía no se separa del cuerpo.
Necromancia (nigromancia) — El Alexicacon separa las imágenes astronómicas de las nigrománticas; Bicker atribuye a astros nigrománticos los sonidos de los cadáveres; y Borellus promete una nigromancia lícita que represente en una redoma a los antepasados a partir de sus huesos o cenizas.
Daimon (entidad intermedia, ni ángel ni demonio) — Brognolo los reparte por los cuatro elementos y por los lugares y acepta íncubos y súcubos aunque los tenga por enteramente espirituales; Amdius niega que se dejen tocar por lo corpóreo o queden sujetos a los cuerpos celestes; Webster los tiene por corpóreos con los padres de los cuatro primeros siglos.
Prodigio (prodigium, portentum, ostentum) — El siglo no dejó de leerlos: Brognolo tiene por divinas las hormigas de cuatro alas que entran cada año en San Giovanni delle Formiche, por no ser el fenómeno ni natural ni diabólico.
Secreto (lo que se jura no fijar por escrito) — Thorndike lee el secreto de Newton como rasgo mágico: su reserva sobre la literatura previa continúa el método del secreto y de la exageración de las propias hazañas, y sus avances y retiradas sobre la receta de Boyle son los de quien quiere penetrar un secreto alquímico.
Crítica de fuentes (criterios de inclusión y descarte) — El volumen declara sus propios criterios de poda y de cautela: omite los casos que Brognolo toma de Delrío y Sprenger, manda descontar las críticas de Baker por escribir para la revelación, y avisa de que la forma de diálogo de Barchusen permite dar puntos de vista contradictorios.
Putrefacción (putrefactio) — Pourchot objeta ya la vieja doctrina de que los animales imperfectos se engendren de la putrefacción, y cita a Redi en contra.
Cadena de transmisión (quién tomó de quién) — Thorndike traza las deudas de Newton hacia atrás —sus partículas y sus poros hacia las tres materias y los intersticios de Descartes, sus corpúsculos hacia Boyle— y adjudica a Roger Bacon, por lo menos, el argumento de que la ignorancia del arte y de la naturaleza alimenta la creencia en la brujería.