SPIRITUS MUNDISupportESEN

WORK

A History of Magic and Experimental Science, Volume I

inglés1923

Source entries are currently shown in Spanish; English-first entries arrive with the next cataloguing pass.

Primer volumen de los ocho. Cubre el Imperio romano, el pensamiento cristiano temprano y la alta Edad Media — territorio que ninguna otra obra del corpus recorre. Su núcleo es Plinio: cinco secciones sobre la Historia Natural, entre ellas su tendencia experimental, su relato de la magia y la ciencia de los magos «Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 5».

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per Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)
«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 1»

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Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)
inglés · 1923

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1833 entries — the work's own voice, with its passage

«PLINY'S NATURAL HISTORY • 41 I. Its Place in the History of Science • 42 II. Its Experimental Tendency • 53 III. Pliny's Account of Magic • 58 IV. The Science of the Magi 64 V. Pliny's Magical Science»el índice desglosa el tratamiento de Plinio en cinco secciones, incluida «Its Experimental Tendency»

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 5»

«SENECA AND PTOLEMY: NATURAL DIVINATION AND As-TROLOGY»el capítulo siguiente empareja a Séneca con Ptolomeo bajo adivinación natural y astrología; el guion de corte parte «ASTROLOGY»

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 5»

«A TRIO of great names, Pliny, Galen, and Ptolemy, stand out above all others in the history of science under the Roman Empire»la tesis con que abre el Libro I: tres nombres organizan la ciencia del Imperio

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 77»

«Oriental origin of magic-Its spread to the Greeks-Its spread outside the Graeco-Roman world-Failure to understand its true origi{l-Magic and divination-Magic and religion-Magic and medicine-Magic and philosophy»el sumario del capítulo sobre la magia en Plinio, que traza su difusión desde Oriente

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 79»

«Magic and medi... cine have developed together, and the latter is now in immi... nent danger of being overwhelmed by the follies of magic, which have made men doubt whether plants possess any medicinal properties»Thorndike parafrasea de cerca a Plinio sobre el vínculo entre magia y medicina; los puntos suspensivos son del OCR

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 98»

«In the opinion of many, however, magic is sound and beneficial learning. In antiquity, and for that matter at almost all times, the height of literary fame and glory has»y consigna que el prestigio de la magia era mayoritario, con Eudoxo como testigo

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 98»

«Empedocles and Plato studied it; Pythagoras and Democritus perpetuated it in th»la nómina de filósofos que Plinio adjudica a esa tradición; el corte trunca la frase

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 99»

«Apparently animals in some way unusual are preferred in magic, like a black sheep.' but the logic in the reasons given by Pliny for their selection is not clear in every instance»observa el criterio de selección de animales, y le señala a Plinio que su lógica no siempre se ve

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 106»

«we have plainly enough sympathetic magic or the principle of like cures like, as when the milt 0 f a calf or sheep is used to cure diseases of the human spleen»nombra el principio de la magia simpática y da su ejemplo: el bazo cura el bazo

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 106»

«a priest clad in white cuts the mistletoe with a golden sickle and receives it in a, white cloak»el rito del muérdago, con la hoz de oro y los dos toros blancos

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 117»

«To guard against diseases of grain the seeds before planting should be steeped in wine, the juice of a certain herb, the gall of a cow, or human urine»la magia agrícola que recoge de las páginas de Plinio

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 117»

«Pliny's medicine and science do not seem nearly so immersed in and saturated with astrology as with other forms of magic»adjudica a Plinio poca astrología comparada con otras formas de magia

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 136»

«This gap was for the middle ages amply filled by the authority of Ptolemy, of whose belief in astrology we shall treat in the next chapter»y señala quién llenó ese hueco para la Edad Media

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 136»

«we do not have much more faith in some of the methods by which he says the feats of magic are really done than he has in the ways by which the magicians claim to perform them»su escepticismo es simétrico: no cree ni a los magos ni a quien dice desenmascararlos

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 503»

«Berthelot (Origines de l'alchimrie, p. 145) believes in a Democritan school at the beginning of the Christian era which wrote the works of alchemy attributed to Democritus as well as the books of medical and magical recipes which are quoted in the Geoponica and the Natural History»recoge la hipótesis de Berthelot sobre una escuela democritea como origen de la alquimia atribuida a Demócrito

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 97»

«It would indeed be difficult to draw a line anywhere between them.»sostiene que entre magia y ciencia experimental no cabe trazar una línea en ningún punto, que es la razón de que las trate juntas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 42»

«The exact meaning of the word, "magic," was a matter 0 f much unccrtainty even in classical and medieval times, as we shall see.»consigna que el sentido exacto de la palabra era ya materia de mucha incertidumbre en la Antigüedad clásica y en la Edad Media, no solo para el estudioso moderno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 44»

«There can be no doubt, however, that it was then applied 110t merely to an operative art, but also to a mass of ideas or doctrine..»y fija lo que sí da por seguro: que el término se aplicaba no solo a un arte operativo sino a una masa de ideas o doctrina; el OCR lee *110t* por *not*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 44»

«But until these acts are based upon or related to some imaginative, purposive, and rational thinking, the doings of early man cannot be distinguished as either religious or scientific or magical,»pone el umbral desde el cual tiene sentido clasificar: mientras los actos del hombre primitivo no descansen en un pensar imaginativo, intencional y racional, no se dejan distinguir como religiosos, científicos ni mágicos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 44»

«But we may go too far in regarding magic as a purely social product of tribal society: magicians may be, in Sir James Frazer's words;' "the only professional class" among the lowest savages, but note that they rank as a learned profession from the start.»discute a Frazer sin negarle el dato: acepta que los magos sean la única clase profesional entre los salvajes más bajos, pero objeta que se los vea como producto puramente social y subraya que constan como profesión docta desde el principio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 45»

«Lenormant affirmed in his Chaldean Magic and Sorcery 4 that "all magic rests upon a system of religious belief,"»y recoge de Lenormant, en su *Chaldean Magic and Sorcery*, la tesis de que toda magia descansa sobre un sistema de creencia religiosa.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 45»

«Thomas remarks later in the same book (p. 437), "Furthermore, the whole attempt of the savage to control the outside world, so far as it contained a theory or a doctrine, was based on magic."»añade la de W. I. Thomas: en cuanto contenía teoría o doctrina, el intento entero del salvaje por controlar el mundo exterior se apoyaba en la magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 45»

«But R. R. Marett still sees a higher standard 0 f value in primitive man's magic than in his warfarc and brutal exploitation 0 f his fellows and believes that the "higher plane of experience for which mana stands is one in which spiritual enlargement is appreciated for its own sake."»Thorndike consigna la valoración de R. R. Marett, que ve en la magia del hombre primitivo un plano de experiencia superior al de su guerra y su explotación del prójimo, apreciado por sí mismo; el OCR deforma *warfare* y *of*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 46»

«More certain would seem the resemblance to the medieval method of divination known as geomancy, which we shall encounter later in our Latin authors,»y tiende un hilo entre la adivinación china por líneas enteras y partidas y la geomancia medieval que aparecerá después en los autores latinos, aunque marca el grado: solo le parece más cierto que el vínculo con las cuerdas anudadas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 47»

«Of the ancient Egyptians Budge writes, "The belief in magic influenced their minds . . . from the earliest to the latest period of their history ... in a manner which, at this stage in the history of the world, is very difficult to understand."»cita a Budge sobre lo que la creencia en la magia hizo con la mente egipcia desde el período más temprano hasta el más tardío, y sobre lo difícil que resulta hoy de entender.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 47»

«Their mythology was affected by it 'I and they not only combated clemons with magical formulae but believed that they could terri fy and coerce the very gods hy the same method, compelling them to appear, to violate the course of nature hy miracles, or to admit the human soul to an equality with themselves.»recoge la doctrina egipcia en su forma más fuerte: no solo combatir demonios con fórmulas, sino aterrar y coaccionar a los dioses mismos, forzarlos a comparecer, a violar el curso de la naturaleza y a admitir al alma humana a su igual.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 48»

«Magic was as essential in the future liIe as here on earth among the living.»y consigna que la magia no era menos esencial en la vida futura que aquí entre los vivos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 48»

«Texts written in hieroglyphic at the tombs at Sakkara of Pharaohs of the fifth and sixth dynasties (c. 2625-2475 B.C.), magic is so manifest that some have averred "that the whole body of Pyramid Texts is simply a collection of mag-ical charnls.»sobre los Textos de las Pirámides de Saqqara, de las dinastías quinta y sexta, recoge el juicio ajeno de que el cuerpo entero sería una simple colección de encantos mágicos; el OCR deforma *charms* en *charnls*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 49»

«Under the Empire the famous Book of the Dead is a collection of magic pictures, charms, and incantations for the use of the deceased ill the hereafter," and while it is not of the early period, we hear that "a book with words of magic power" was buried with a pharaoh of the Old Kingdom.»y describe el Libro de los Muertos como colección de imágenes mágicas, encantos y conjuros para uso del difunto, acotando que no es del período temprano aunque ya al Reino Antiguo se enterrara un libro de palabras de poder.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 49»

«Budge has "no doubt that the object of every religious text ever written on tomb, stele, amulet, coffin, papyrus, etc., was to bring the gods under the power of the deceased, so that he might be able to compel them to do his will.»pone frente a frente dos autoridades sin arbitrar: Budge no duda de que todo texto religioso egipcio buscaba someter a los dioses al poder del difunto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 49»

«Breasted, on the other hand, thinks that the amount and complexity of this mortuary magic increased greatly in the later period under po-pular and priestly influence.»y Breasted, en cambio, sostiene que esa magia mortuoria creció en cantidad y complejidad en el período tardío por influencia popular y sacerdotal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 49»

«Egyptian medicine was full of magic and ritual and its therapeusis consisted mainly 0 f "collections; 0 f incantations and weird random mixtures of roots and refuse.»resume la terapéutica egipcia como colecciones de conjuros y mezclas azarosas de raíces y desechos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 50»

«Words might be spoken, in which case they "111t1St be uttered in a proper tone of voice by a duly qualified man," or they might be written, in which case the material upon which they were written might be of importance,»y distingue las dos vías de la palabra eficaz: dicha, exige tono propio y hombre calificado; escrita, hace importar el material sobre el que se escribe.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 50»

«Yet Breasted rather gives this impression when he writes concerning the Old Kingdom that many of its recipes were useful and rational, that "medicine was already in the possession of much empirical wisdom, displa.ying close and accurate observation," and that what "precluded any progress toward real science was the belief in magic, which later began to dominate all the»Thorndike atribuye a Breasted la impresión de que la magia impidió el paso a la ciencia real, aunque el propio Breasted reconozca al Reino Antiguo recetas útiles y observación cercana y exacta; el tramo se corta al pie de plana.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 51»

«Berthelot probably places the emphasis more correctly when he states that the later medical papyri "include traditional recipes, founded 011 an ernpiricism which is not always correct, 111)'Stic remedies, based upon the most bizarre analogies, and magic practices that date back to the remotest antiquity.»y prefiere el énfasis de Berthelot, que reparte los papiros médicos tardíos en tres: recetas tradicionales de un empirismo no siempre correcto, remedios místicos por analogías bizarras y prácticas mágicas antiquísimas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 52»

«The recent efforts of Sethe and Wilcken, of Elliot Smith, 11iiller, and Hooten to show that the ancient Egyptians possessed a considerable amount of medical knowledge and of surgical and dental skill, have been held by Todd to rest 011 slight and dubious evidence.»consigna que Todd tiene por escasa y dudosa la evidencia con que Sethe, Wilcken, Elliot Smith y otros atribuyen a los egipcios saber médico y destreza quirúrgica; el OCR lee *011* por *on*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 52»

«Certainly the evidence for any real scientific development in ancient Egypt has been very meager compared with the abundant indications of the prevalence of magic.»y saca su propio saldo del capítulo egipcio: la evidencia de desarrollo científico real es muy magra al lado de los indicios abundantes de magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 52»

«On the other hand, Professor Breasted informs me that there is no basis for Berthelot's statement that "every sort of chemical process as well as medical treatment was executed with an accompaniment of religious formulae, of prayers andincantations, regarded as esscntiil to the success of operations as well as the cure of maladies.'»declara la vía por la que le llega el desmentido —una comunicación personal de Breasted— y con ella niega base a la afirmación de Berthelot sobre fórmulas religiosas acompañando todo proceso químico y todo tratamiento médico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 52»

«Alchemy perhaps originated on the one hand from the practices of Egyptian goldsmiths and workers in metals, who experimented with alloys,»propone en condicional un origen doble para la alquimia, y la primera rama son los orfebres y metalarios egipcios que experimentaban con aleaciones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 52»

«The words, alchemy and chemistry, are derived ultimately from the name of Egypt itself, Kamt or Qemt, meaning literally black, and applied to the Nile mud.»y deriva las palabras alquimia y química del nombre mismo de Egipto, *Kamt* o *Qemt*, que literalmente quiere decir negro y se aplicaba al limo del Nilo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 53»

«In a treatise dating from the twelfth dynasty a scribe recommends to his son a work entitled Chcmi, but there is no proof that it was concerned with chemistry or alchemy.»corta una atribución tentadora: que un escriba de la dinastía XII recomiende a su hijo una obra llamada *Chemi* no prueba que tratara de química ni de alquimia; el OCR lee *Chcmi*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 53»

«Belief in lucky and unlucky days is shown in a papyrus calendar of about 1300 B.C.,2 and we shall see later that "Egyptian Days" continued to be a favorite superstition of the middle ages.»y tiende el hilo desde un calendario en papiro de hacia 1300 a. C. hasta los Días Egipcios que serán superstición favorita de la Edad Media.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 54»

«In the written remains of Babylonian and Assyrian civilization 1 the ma.gic cuneiform tablets playa large part and give us the impression that fear of demons was a leading feature of Assyrian and Babylonian religion and that daily thought and life were constantly affected by magic.»pasa a Mesopotamia y resume lo que dejan las tablillas cuneiformes mágicas: el miedo a los demonios como rasgo mayor de la religión asiria y babilonia, y una vida diaria constantemente afectada por la magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 55»

«It is, however, difficult ill the library of Assurbanipal to distinguish what is Babylonian from what is Assyrian or what is Sumerian from what is .Sernitic.»y declara el límite del material: en la biblioteca de Asurbanipal cuesta separar lo babilonio de lo asirio y lo sumerio de lo semítico; el OCR lee *ill* por *in* y *.Sernitic* por *Semitic*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 55»

«The chief point in dispute, over which great controversy has taken place recently among German scholars, is as to the antiquity of both astronomical knowledge and astrological doctrine, including astral theology, among the dwellers in the Tigris-Euphrates region.»nombra el punto en disputa entre los estudiosos alemanes: la antigüedad del saber astronómico y de la doctrina astrológica, teología astral incluida, en la región del Tigris y el Éufrates.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 55»

«Briefly, such writers as Winckler, Stiicken, and Jeremias held that the religion of the early Babylonians was largely based on astrology and that all their thought was permeated by it, and that they had probably by an early date made astronomical observations and acquired astronomical knowledge which was lost»expone un bando: Winckler, Stücken y Jeremias, para quienes la religión babilonia temprana descansaba en gran parte en la astrología y todo su pensamiento estaba permeado por ella; el OCR lee *Stiicken*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 55»

«Yet the prominence of the number seven in myth, religion, and magic is indisputable in the third millennium before our era.»y da por indiscutible, sea cual sea el bando, la prominencia del número siete en el mito, la religión y la magia del tercer milenio antes de nuestra era.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 56»

«We are told, however, that the stag-ed towers of Babylonia, which are said to have symbolized for millenniums the sacred Hebdomad, did not always have seven stages.»Thorndike acota el argumento de los zigurats: las torres escalonadas de Babilonia, que se dicen símbolo milenario de la Héptada sagrada, no siempre tuvieron siete pisos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 56»

«And 110 one has succeeded in giving any satisfactory explanation for this other than the rule of the seven planets over our world.»y sostiene que, pese a esa objeción, nadie ha dado del siete otra explicación satisfactoria que el gobierno de los siete planetas sobre nuestro mundo; el OCR lee *110* por *no*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 56»

«L. W. King says, "Magic and divination bulk largely in the texts recovered, and in their case there is nothing to suggest an underlying astrological element."»cita a L. W. King, para quien la magia y la adivinación pesan mucho en los textos recobrados y nada en ellos sugiere un elemento astrológico subyacente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 57»

«Fossey has further noted the close connection of operative magic with divination among the Assyrians, and calls divination "the indispensable auxiliary of magic."»y recoge de Fossey la fórmula que une las dos ramas entre los asirios: la adivinación como auxiliar indispensable de la magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 57»

«Lenormant held that writing and magic were a Turanian or Sumerian (Accadian) contribution to Babylonian civilization, but that astronomy and astrology were Semitic innovations.»consigna el reparto de Lenormant: escritura y magia como aporte turanio o sumerio a la civilización babilonia, astronomía y astrología como innovaciones semíticas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 57»

«Jastrow thinks that there was slight difference between the religion of Assyria and that of Babylonia, and that astral theology played a great part in both; but he grants that the older incantation texts are less influenced by this astral theology.»y el de Jastrow, que ve poca diferencia entre las religiones de Asiria y Babilonia y gran peso de la teología astral en ambas, con la concesión de que los textos de conjuros más viejos están menos influidos por ella.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 57»

«It is evident from this incantation that use- was made of magic images and knots, and of the properties of trees and herbs.»lee del conjuro mismo el inventario del procedimiento: imágenes y nudos mágicos, y las propiedades de árboles y hierbas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 59»

«Thus directions are given for making a tallow image of an enemy of the king and binding its 'face with a cord in order to deprive the person whom it represents of speech and willpower.»y da el caso concreto: una imagen de sebo del enemigo del rey, con la cara atada con un cordel para privar de habla y de voluntad a la persona que representa.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 59»

«In the above incantation the names of herbs were left untranslated and it is not possible to say much concerning- the pharmacy ()f the Assyrians and Babylonians because of our lack of a lexicon for their botanical and mineralogical terminology.»declara el muro que le impide ir más lejos: sin léxico de la terminología botánica y mineralógica asirio-babilonia no se puede decir gran cosa de su farmacia, y los nombres de hierbas quedan sin traducir.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 60»

«One remarkable corollary of the so-called Italian Renaissance or Humanistic movement at the close of the middle ages with its too exclusive glorification of ancient Greece and Rome has been the strange notion that the ancient Hellenes were unusually free from magic compared with other periods and peoples.»y ataca de frente la idea que su libro entero viene a desmontar: que los helenos antiguos estuvieran inusualmente libres de magia, corolario de la glorificación demasiado exclusiva de Grecia y Roma en el Renacimiento italiano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 60»

«But to return to the supposed immunity of the Hellenes from magic; so far has this hypothesis been carried that textual critics have repeatedly rejected passages as later interpolations or even called entire treatises spurious for no other reason than that they seemed to them too superstitious for a reputable classical author.»y le imputa a esa hipótesis un efecto sobre la crítica textual: rechazar pasajes como interpolaciones tardías y aun declarar espurios tratados enteros por parecer demasiado supersticiosos para un autor clásico respetable.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 61»

«But, as I suggested some sixteen years since, "the fantasticalness of medieval science 'was due to 'the clear light of Hellas' as well as to the gloom of the 'dark ages.'»Thorndike se cita a sí mismo de dieciséis años atrás para invertir el tópico: lo fantástico de la ciencia medieval se debió a la luz clara de la Hélade tanto como a la penumbra de los siglos oscuros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 61»

«I f astrology and some other occult sciences do not appear in a developed form until the Hellenistic period, it is not because the earlier period was more enlightened, but because it was less learned.»y explica por qué las ciencias ocultas solo aparecen desarrolladas en el período helenístico: no porque el anterior fuera más ilustrado, sino porque era menos docto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 62»

«Anil the magic which Osthanes is said to have introduced to the Greek world about the time of the Persian wars was 110t so much an innovation as an improvement upon their coarse and ancient rites of Goetia:»lee la magia que Ostanes habría llevado al mundo griego hacia las guerras médicas no como innovación sino como mejora sobre los ritos toscos y antiguos de la goecia; el OCR lee *Anil* por *And* y *110t* por *not*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 62»

«suggests a magical explanation for many a myth and festival, and even for the OIY11lpic games and Greek drama.»consigna que Jane E. Harrison, en su estudio sobre los orígenes sociales de la religión griega, propone explicación mágica para muchos mitos y fiestas y hasta para los juegos olímpicos y el drama; el OCR deforma *Olympic*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 62»

«Their views may be offset by those of Mr. Farnell, who states that "while the' knowledge of early Babylonian magic is beginning to be considerable, we cannot say that we know anything definite concerning the practices in this department of the Hellenic and adjacent peoples in the early period with which we are dealing.»y le contrapone a Farnell, que declara no saberse nada definido sobre las prácticas mágicas de los pueblos helénicos en el período temprano, mientras el saber sobre la magia babilonia empieza a ser considerable.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 63»

«But while Babylonian magic proclaims itself loudly in the great religious literature and highest temple ritual, Greek magic is barely mentioned in the older literature of Greece, plays no part at all in the hymns, and can only with difficulty be discovered as latent in the higher ritual.»recoge de Farnell el contraste de visibilidad: la magia babilonia se proclama en la gran literatura religiosa y el ritual del templo, la griega apenas se menciona en la literatura antigua y no figura en los himnos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 63»

«And Mr. A. B. Cook sees the magician in Zeus, who transforms himself to pursue his amours, and contends that "the real prototype of the heavenly weatherking was the earthly" magician or rain-maker, that the pre-Homeric "fixed epithets" of Zeus retained in the Homeric poems "are simply redolent of the magician," and that the cult of Zeus Lykaios was connected with the belief in werwolves.»y a A. B. Cook, que ve al mago en el Zeus que se transforma para sus amores, hace del hacedor de lluvia terrestre el prototipo real del rey del tiempo celeste y liga el culto de Zeus Liceo a la creencia en los licántropos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 63»

«Even Mr. Farnell admits, however, that "the earliest Hellene, as the later, was fully sensitive to the magico-divine efficacy of names.'»le arranca a Farnell una concesión: que el heleno más antiguo, como el tardío, era plenamente sensible a la eficacia mágico-divina de los nombres.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 64»

«Now to believe in the power of names before one believes in the existence of demons is the best possible evidence of the antiquity of magic in a society, since it indicates that the speaker has confidence in the operative power of his own words without any spiritual or divine assistance.»y convierte esa concesión en argumento propio: creer en el poder de los nombres antes que en la existencia de demonios es la mejor prueba de antigüedad de la magia en una sociedad, porque indica confianza en la fuerza operativa de las propias palabras sin asistencia espiritual ni divina.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 64»

«Moreover, in one sense the advocates of Greek magic have not gone far enough.»reprocha a los partidarios de la magia griega, no que exageren, sino que se hayan quedado cortos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 64»

«They hold that magic lies back of the comedies of Aristophanes; what they might contend is that it was also contemporary with them.»y precisa el reproche: sostienen que la magia está detrás de las comedias de Aristófanes, cuando lo que podrían sostener es que era también contemporánea de ellas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 64»

«They hold that classical Greek religion had its origins in magic; what they might argue is that Greek philosophy never freed itself from magic,»lo mismo con la religión: dicen que la religión griega clásica tuvo su origen en la magia, cuando lo que podrían argumentar es que la filosofía griega nunca se libró de ella.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 64»

«"That Empedocles believed himself capable of magical powers is," says Zeller, "proved by his own writings."»apoya esa tesis en Zeller, para quien los escritos del propio Empédocles bastan sobre su creencia en poderes mágicos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 64»

«He himself "declares that he possesses tJ1C power to Ileal old age and sickness, to raise and calm the winds, to summon rain and drought, and to recall the dead to life."»y da el catálogo que Empédocles se atribuye: curar la vejez y la enfermedad, levantar y calmar los vientos, convocar lluvia y sequía y devolver a los muertos a la vida.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 64»

«He maintains that medical men and prophets and diviners can alone understand the nature of poisons (or spells) which work natura.lly, and of such things as incantations, magic knots, and wax images; and that since other men have no certain knowledge of such matters, they ought not to fear but to despise them.»resume la posición de Platón sobre venenos, conjuros, nudos mágicos e imágenes de cera: solo médicos, profetas y adivinos entienden su naturaleza, y quien no tiene saber cierto no debe temerlos sino despreciarlos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 65»

«He admits nevertheless that there is no use in trying to convince most men of this and that it is necessary to legislate against sorcery.'»y consigna el límite que el propio Platón le pone a ese consejo: no hay modo de convencer de ello a la mayoría, y por eso hace falta legislar contra la hechicería.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 65»

«But classical literature and philosophy come to us as edited by Alexandrian librarians 2 and philologers, as, censored and selected by Christian and Byzantine readers, as copied or translated by medieval monks and Italian humanists.»Thorndike recuerda por cuántas manos pasó lo que leemos: bibliotecarios y filólogos alejandrinos, censura y selección de lectores cristianos y bizantinos, copia o traducción de monjes medievales y humanistas italianos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 67»

«And the question is not merely, what have they added? but also, what have they altered? what have they rejected?»y de ahí saca la pregunta que le importa, que no es solo qué añadieron esos transmisores sino qué alteraron y qué rechazaron.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 67»

«Instead of questioning superstitious passages in extant works on the ground that they are later interpolations, it would very likely be more to the point to insert a goodly number on the ground that they have been omitted as pagan or idolatrous superstitions.»propone invertir la sospecha habitual: en vez de poner en duda los pasajes supersticiosos por interpolados, cabría insertar unos cuantos por haber sido omitidos como supersticiones paganas o idolátricas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 67»

«However, these expurgations save the face of Aristotle rather than of Hellenic science or philosophy generally, as the spurious seventh book is held to be drawn largely from Hippocratic writings and the ninth from Theophrastus.»observa a quién protegen las expurgaciones de la *Historia de los animales*: a Aristóteles y no a la ciencia helénica, puesto que los libros séptimo y noveno, tenidos por espurios, se atribuyen a escritos hipocráticos y a Teofrasto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 67»

«And although some display extreme illiteracy, others are written by persons of rank and education.»y anota sobre las tablillas mágicas que no todas son de gente iletrada: algunas las escriben personas de rango y educación.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 68»

«In thus contending that Hellenic culture was not free from magic and that even the philosophy and science of the ancient Greeks show traces of superstition, I would not, 110Wever, obscure the fact that of extant literary remains the Greek are the first to present us with any very considerable body either of systematic rational speculation or of classified collection of observed facts concerning nature.»acota su propia tesis para que no se lea como negación de Grecia: sostener que la cultura helénica no estuvo libre de magia no oscurece que los restos griegos sean los primeros en presentar un cuerpo considerable de especulación racional sistemática y de hechos observados y clasificados.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 68»

«Undoubtedly such men and writings had their predecessors, probably they owed something to ancient oriental civilization, but, taking them as we have them, they seem to be marked by great original power.»y reparte el crédito con reserva: aquellos hombres y escritos tuvieron predecesores y probablemente algo debieron a las civilizaciones orientales, pero tal como nos llegan parecen marcados por gran poder original.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 69»

«But in closing this brief preliminary sketch of the period before our investigation proper begins, I would take exception to the tendency, prevalent especially among German scholars, to center in and confine to Aristotle and the Hellenistic age almost all progress in natural science made before modern times,»formula su objeción a la tendencia que atribuye a Aristóteles y a la edad helenística casi todo el progreso en ciencia natural anterior a los tiempos modernos, y la sitúa sobre todo entre los estudiosos alemanes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 70»

«The Aristotelian account of the vascular system is remarkable for its wealth of details, for its great accuracy in many particulars, and for its extreme obscurity ill others.»y mide a Aristóteles por partes: el relato del sistema vascular es notable por la riqueza de detalles y la gran exactitud en muchos puntos, y por su oscuridad extrema en otros; el OCR lee *ill* por *in*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 70»

«I t is so far true to nature that it is clear evidence of minute inquiry, but here and there so remote from fact as to suggest that things once seen have been half forgotten, or that superstition was in conflict with the result of observation.»propone dos lecturas para lo que en ese relato se aparta del hecho, sin elegir entre ellas: que cosas vistas una vez se hayan medio olvidado, o que la superstición estuviera en conflicto con el resultado de la observación.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 70»

«It is possible that the ascription of three chambers to the heart was also influenced by tradition or mysticism, much in the same way as Plato's notion of the three corporeal faculties.»y ofrece en posibilidad, no en afirmación, que las tres cámaras del corazón vengan de tradición o misticismo, como la noción platónica de las tres facultades corpóreas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 70»

«But that is not saying that they had not made some advance.»Thorndike acota su balance sobre las civilizaciones anteriores a Grecia: negarles una edad de oro no equivale a negarles todo avance.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 71»

«As Professor Karpinski has recently written: "To deny to Babylon, to Egypt, and to India, their part in the development of science and scientific thinking is to defy the testimony of the ancients, supported by the discoveries of the modern authorities.»y se apoya en L. C. Karpinski: negar a Babilonia, a Egipto y a la India su parte en el desarrollo de la ciencia es desafiar el testimonio de los antiguos, respaldado por los hallazgos de los modernos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 71»

«The efforts which have been made to ascribe to Greek influence the science of Egypt, of later Babylon, of India, and that of the Arabs do not add to the glory that was Greece.»y devuelve el argumento a quien lo usa: adjudicar a influencia griega la ciencia de Egipto, de la Babilonia tardía, de la India y de los árabes no añade nada a la gloria que fue Grecia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 71»

«Aristarchus may have held the heliocentric theory 1 but Ptolemy must have been an abler scientist and have supported his incorrect hypothesis with more accurate measurements and calculations or the ancients would have adopted the sounder view.»pone en condicional el heliocentrismo de Aristarco y deriva de la adopción antigua de Ptolomeo que éste debió de ser mejor científico y sostener su hipótesis incorrecta con medidas y cálculos más exactos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 72»

«And if Herophilus had really demonstrated the circulation of the blood, so keen an intelligence as Galen's would not have cast his discovery aside.»y aplica el mismo razonamiento a Herófilo: si de veras hubiera establecido la circulación de la sangre, una inteligencia tan aguda como la de Galeno no habría tirado el hallazgo por la borda.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 72»

«It is characteristic of the homogeneous and widespread culture of the Roman Empire that these three representatives of different, although overlapping, fields of science were natives of the three continents that enclose the Mediterranean Sea.»Thorndike lee como rasgo de la cultura homogénea y extendida del Imperio que los tres representantes de campos distintos de la ciencia fueran nativos de los tres continentes que cierran el Mediterráneo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 77»

«Finally, these men were, after Aristotle, the three ancient scientists who directly or indirectly most powerfully influenced the middle ages.»y funda en la recepción la elección del trío: después de Aristóteles, son los tres científicos antiguos que más poderosamente influyeron, directa o indirectamente, en la Edad Media.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 77»

«Its thirty-seven books, written in a very compact style, constitute a vast collection of the most miscellaneous information.»describe la *Historia natural* como treinta y siete libros de estilo muy compacto y vasta colección de la información más miscelánea.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 81»

«We may add that, although the work is supposedly a collection of facts, Pliny contrives to introduce many moral reflections and sharp comments on the luxury, vice, and unintellectual character of his times, suggesting juvenal's picture of degenerate Roman society and his own lofty moral standards.»y advierte que la supuesta colección de hechos se las arregla para meter reflexión moral y comentario agrio sobre el lujo, el vicio y el carácter poco intelectual de su tiempo, a la manera de Juvenal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 81»

«Indeed, Pliny's title, Naturalis Historic, or at least the common English translation of it, "Natural History," has been criticized as too limited in scope, and the work has been described as "rather a vast encyclopedia of ancient knowledge and belief upon almost every known subject.»consigna la objeción al título, tenido por demasiado estrecho, y la descripción alternativa de la obra como vasta enciclopedia del saber y la creencia antiguos sobre casi todo asunto conocido; el OCR lee *Historic* por *Historia*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 81»

«Pliny himself mentions in his preface the Greek word "encyclopedia" as indicative of his scope.»y anota que el propio Plinio menciona en su prefacio la palabra griega enciclopedia como indicativa de su alcance.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 81»

«It is thus evident that in the main Pliny is concerned with natural science, and that, if his work is a mine of miscellaneous historical information, it should even more prove a rich treasure-house-s»resuelve el punto: Plinio se ocupa en lo principal de ciencia natural, y si su obra es mina de información histórica miscelánea, más aún debe resultar tesoro para el asunto de este libro; el guion de corte deja una cola espuria tras *treasure-house*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 82»

«This may put other historical investigators upon their guard in accepting its statements, but only increases its value for our purpose.»y da vuelta la desconfianza que la obra inspira: lo que pone en guardia a otros investigadores solo aumenta su valor para el propósito de este estudio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 82»

«Yet in the dedication of the Natural History to the emperor Titus he states that his days were taken up with official business and only his nights were free for literary labor.»Thorndike recoge lo que Plinio declara en la dedicatoria a Tito: los días se le iban en el oficio y solo las noches le quedaban libres para el trabajo literario.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 83»

«He admits that his subject is dry (stcrilis uta:cria.) and does not lend itself to literary exhibitions, nor include matters stimu-Iating to write about and pleasant to read about, like speeches and marvelous occurrences and varied incidents,»y la confesión de que la materia es seca y no se presta al lucimiento literario ni trae discursos, prodigios ni incidentes variados; el OCR deforma *sterilis materia*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 84»

«Furthermore, "it is an arduous task to give novelty to what is ancient, authority to what is new, interest to what is ohsolete, light to what is obscure, charm to what is loathsome"-as many of his medicinal simples undoubtedly are-"credit to what is dubious.'»cita la enumeración con que Plinio mide su propia empresa —dar novedad a lo antiguo, autoridad a lo nuevo, luz a lo oscuro, encanto a lo repugnante, crédito a lo dudoso— y le intercala un comentario propio sobre lo repugnante de muchos de sus simples.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 84»

«He questions whether God is concerned with human affairs; slyly suggests that if so, God must be too busy to punish all crimes promptly; and points out that there are some things which God cannot do.»resume la teología de Plinio en tres movimientos: duda de que Dios se ocupe de los asuntos humanos, insinúa que si lo hiciera estaría demasiado ocupado para castigar todo crimen a tiempo, y señala que hay cosas que Dios no puede hacer.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 85»

«He cannot commit suicide as men can, nor alter past events, 110r make twice ten anything else than twenty.»y da la lista de esos límites: no puede suicidarse como los hombres, ni alterar lo ya ocurrido, ni hacer que dos por diez sea otra cosa que veinte; el OCR lee *110r* por *nor*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 85»

«He believed that the soul had no separate existence from the body, 3 and that after death there was no more sense left in body or soul than was there before birth.»le atribuye además la negación de toda existencia separada del alma respecto del cuerpo y, tras la muerte, tan poco sentido en uno como en la otra cuanto había antes del nacimiento.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 85»

«He writes not as a naturalist who has observed widely and profoundly the phenomena and operations of nature, but as an omnivorous reader and voluminous note-taker who owes his knowledge largely to books.»y fija el límite del personaje: no escribe como naturalista que haya observado ancha y hondamente, sino como lector omnívoro y tomador voluminoso de notas que debe su saber sobre todo a los libros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 86»

«But if any reader is inclined to belittle Pliny for this, let him first stop and think how Pliny would ridicule some modern scientists for their religious beliefs, or for their spiritualism or psychic research.»pero corta la superioridad del lector moderno con una simetría: que piense antes cómo ridiculizaría Plinio a algunos científicos de hoy por sus creencias religiosas o por su espiritismo e investigación psíquica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 86»

«The Natural History has been criticized as poorly arranged and lacking in scientific classification, but this is a criticism which can be made of many works of the classi»relativiza el reproche de mala disposición y falta de clasificación científica: es crítica que puede hacerse a muchas obras del período clásico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 88»

«Even Aristotle's HistoifY of Ani11lals is described by Lewes G as unclassified in its arrangement and careless in its selection of material.»y da el ejemplo con que lo sostiene: Lewes describe la *Historia de los animales* de Aristóteles como desordenada en su disposición y descuidada en la selección del material; el OCR deforma el título.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 88»

«Pliny seems rather in advance 'of his times in supplying full tables of contents for the busy emperor's convenience.»y le concede un adelanto sobre su época: suministrar tablas de contenido completas para comodidad del emperador ocupado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 88»

«One indication of haste in composition and failure to sift and compare his material is the fact that Pliny sometimes makes or includes contradictory statements, probably taken from different authorities.»Thorndike lee las contradicciones de la obra como indicio de prisa y de no haber cribado ni comparado el material tomado de autoridades distintas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 88»

«On the other hand, he not infrequently alludes to previous passages in his own work, thus showing that he has his material fairly well in hand.»y le concede lo contrario en el mismo párrafo: las remisiones frecuentes a pasajes previos de su propia obra muestran que tenía el material bastante en la mano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 88»

«Yet he often assumes an air of scepticism and censures others sharply for their credulity or exaggeration.»anota que Plinio adopta a menudo un aire escéptico y censura con dureza a otros por su credulidad o su exageración.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 89»

«No lie is so impudent that it lacks a voucher.»y cita la sentencia con que Plinio remata su queja contra la credulidad griega ante los relatos de licantropía.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 89»

«From it we can get our background of the confusion of magic and science in the Hellenistic age, and then reveal against this setting the development of them both in the course of the Roman Empire and middle ages.»declara para qué le sirve Plinio en la economía del libro: para fijar el fondo de la confusión de magia y ciencia en la edad helenística y destacar contra él el desarrollo de ambas en el Imperio y la Edad Media.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 89»

«Pliny gives so many items upon each point, and is so much fuller than the average ancient or medieval book of science, that he serves as a reference book, being the likeliest place to look to find duplicated some statement concerning nature by a later writer.»y explica su uso como libro de consulta: por ser mucho más lleno que el libro medio de ciencia antiguo o medieval, es el sitio más probable donde hallar duplicada una afirmación posterior sobre la naturaleza.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 89»

«This of course shows that such a statement did not originate with the later writer, but is not a sure sign that he copied from Pliny;»acota de inmediato el alcance de esa prueba: muestra que la afirmación no se originó con el escritor tardío, pero no es señal segura de que la copiara de Plinio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 89»

«This, however, can scarcely be argued from their failure to include more from him in their own works; for that might be due to their knowing the Na.tura.l History so well that they took its contents for granted and tried to include other material in their ownworks.»y desarma un argumento por silencio: que los medievales no lo citen más no prueba que no lo conocieran, pues podían darlo por sabido y buscar meter en sus obras otro material.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 90»

«And his own name was too wellknown in the middle ages to escape having a work on the philosopher's stone ascribed to him.»registra la pseudoepigrafía como efecto de la fama: el nombre de Plinio era demasiado conocido en la Edad Media para librarse de que se le adjudicara una obra sobre la piedra filosofal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 90»

«Escorial Q·-I-4 and R-I-S are two other practically complete texts of the fourteenth century which Detlefsen failed to use.»y le señala a Detlefsen dos textos casi completos del siglo XIV en El Escorial que dejó fuera de su edición.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 90»

«These editions were accompanied by some published criticism of Pliny's statements, since in 1492 appeared at Ferrara a treatise On the Errors of Pliny and Others in Medicine by Nicholas Leonicenus of Vicenza with a dedication to Politian.»data la crítica impresa a Plinio en 1492, con el tratado ferrarés de Nicolás Leoniceno de Vicenza sobre los errores de Plinio y otros en medicina, dedicado a Poliziano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 91»

«But two years later Pliny found a defender in Pandulph Collenucius.»y consigna la réplica dos años después, de Pandolfo Collenuccio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 91»

«In other passages he calls experience the best teacher in all things,2 and contrasts unfavorably garrulity of words and sitting in schools with going to solitudes and' seeking herbs at their appropriate seasons.»reúne los pasajes en que Plinio llama a la experiencia la mejor maestra en todo y contrapone desfavorablemente la garrulería de palabras y el sentarse en las escuelas al ir a las soledades a buscar hierbas en su sazón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 92»

«On the other hand, we find some assertions in the Natural History which Pliny might easily have tested himself and found false, such as his statement that an egg-shell cannot be broken by force or any weight unless it is tipped a little to one side.»y le opone lo que no probó pudiendo: la afirmación de que un cascarón de huevo no se rompe por fuerza ni peso alguno si no se inclina un poco de lado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 92»

«The word employed most of the time by Pliny to denote experience is experinzentu»fija el término que Plinio usa casi siempre para experiencia, *experimentum*; el OCR deforma la palabra al final de la línea.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 92»

«The expression religionis experimento is applied to a religious test or ordeal by which the virginity of Claudia was vindicated.»y muestra hasta dónde llega ese vocabulario: *religionis experimento* nombra la prueba u ordalía religiosa con que se vindicó la virginidad de Claudia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 93»

«Pliny further suggests purposive experimentation in speaking of experimenta to discover water under ground 8 and in grafting trees.»le reconoce experimentación con propósito al hablar de *experimenta* para hallar agua bajo tierra y en el injerto de árboles.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 93»

«Pliny is puzzled how some things which he finds stated in "authors famous for wisdom" were ever learned by experience, for example, that the star-fish has such fiery fervor that it burns everything in the sea which it touches, and digests its food instantly.»Thorndike recoge el desconcierto del propio Plinio ante cómo pudo aprenderse por experiencia lo que leía en autores famosos por su sabiduría, como que la estrella de mar queme cuanto toca en el mar y digiera al instante.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 94»

«That adamant can be broken only by goat's blood he thinks must have been divinely revealed, for it would hardly have been discovered by chance, and he cannot imagine that anyone would ever have thought of testing a substance of immense value in a fluid of one of the foulest of animals.»y su salida cuando la experiencia no alcanza: que el adamante solo se rompa con sangre de cabrón tuvo que ser revelado divinamente, porque nadie habría pensado en probar una sustancia valiosísima en el fluido del más inmundo de los animales.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 94»

«Other remedies are learned through the experience of rustics and illiterate persons, and yet others may be discovered by observing animals who cure their ills by them.»consigna las otras vías de hallazgo que Plinio admite: la experiencia de rústicos e iletrados y la observación de los animales que se curan con esas plantas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 95»

«Pliny supplies some account of the origin and spread of magic 1 but a rather confused and possibly unreliable one, as he mentions two Zoroasters separated by an interval»juzga confuso y posiblemente poco fiable el relato pliniano del origen y la difusión de la magia, y apoya el juicio en que menciona dos Zoroastros separados por un intervalo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 96»

«He makes it evident, however, that there have been other men who have regarded magic more favorably than he does.»y anota que el propio Plinio deja ver que hubo otros hombres que miraron la magia con mejores ojos que él.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 96»

«Yet what he says of its widespread prevalence among unconnected peoples goes to prove this.»observa que lo que Plinio dice de la prevalencia de la magia entre pueblos sin conexión entre sí obra contra su propia tesis del origen único.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 97»

«regarded the books on magic ascribed to Democritus as spurious, but Pliny insists that they are genuine.»y registra la discrepancia de atribución: donde otros tenían por espurios los libros de magia adjudicados a Demócrito, Plinio insiste en que son genuinos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 97»

«Indeed, he asserts that "no one doubts" that magic "originally sprang from medicine and crept in under the show of promoting health as a loftier and more sacred medicine.»Thorndike recoge la tesis de Plinio sobre el origen de la magia: brotó de la medicina y se coló bajo apariencia de promover la salud, como una medicina más alta y más sagrada.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 98»

«He repeatedly brands the ma,gi or magicians as fools or impostors, and their statements as absurd and impudent tissues of lies.»y su descalificación repetida de los magos como necios o impostores y de sus dichos como tejidos de mentiras absurdas y desvergonzadas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 99»

«Nero proved the falseness of the art, for although he studied magic eagerly and with his unlimited wealth and power had every opportunity to become a skilful practitioner, he was unable to work any marvels and abandoned the attempt.»consigna el argumento experimental que Plinio saca de Nerón: estudió magia con avidez y con riqueza y poder ilimitados, no logró maravilla alguna y abandonó el intento.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 99»

«Pliny therefore comes to the conclusion that magic is "invalid and empty, yet has some shadows of truth, which however are due more to poisons than to magic.»y la conclusión con su salvedad: la magia es inválida y vacía, aunque tiene algunas sombras de verdad que se deben más a los venenos que a la magia misma.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 99»

«Pliny nevertheless lays less stress upon the moral argument against magic as criminal or indecent than he does upon the intellectual objection to it as untrue and unscientific.»pesa los dos reproches de Plinio y encuentra el intelectual más cargado que el moral: le importa más que la magia sea falsa y acientífica que criminal o indecente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 100»

«Thus he affirms that "it is a peculiar proof of the vanity of the magicians that of all animals they most admire moles who are condemned by nature in so many ways, to perpetual blindness and to dig in the darkness as if they were buried.»cita como muestra de su desprecio la burla sobre los topos, que los magos admiran por encima de todo animal siendo el que la naturaleza condenó a ceguera perpetua y a cavar en la oscuridad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 101»

«Perhaps, despite Pliny's occasional brave efforts to withstand and even ridicule the assertions of the magicians, he could not free himself from a secret liking for them and more than half believed them.»y arriesga en condicional una lectura del personaje: pese a sus esfuerzos ocasionales por resistir y ridiculizar a los magos, quizá no pudo librarse de una simpatía secreta y les creía más de la mitad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 101»

«One fact at any rate stands out clearly, the prominence of magic in his encyclopedia and in the learning of his age.»da por firme al menos un hecho: la prominencia de la magia en la enciclopedia de Plinio y en el saber de su época.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 102»

«He could no more keep magic out of his Natural History than poor Mr. Dick could keep Charles the First's head out of his book.»y lo dice con un símil dickensiano: no pudo mantener la magia fuera de su *Historia natural* más de lo que el pobre señor Dick podía mantener fuera de su libro la cabeza de Carlos I.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 102»

«Moreover, Pythagoras and Democritus borrowed from the magi of the orient in their works on the properties of plants.»traza la vía de préstamo que Plinio declara: Pitágoras y Demócrito tomaron de los magos de Oriente en sus obras sobre las propiedades de las plantas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 103»

«Suffice it to say that Pliny makes no objection to the herbs which they employed.»y mide dónde para la crítica de Plinio: no objeta las hierbas que los magos empleaban.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 103»

«Nor does he criticize their methods of employing them, although some seem superstitious enough to the modern reader.»ni sus métodos de emplearlas, por más que algunos le parezcan bastante supersticiosos al lector moderno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 103»

«At the end of his twenty-fourth book 4 he states that Pythagoras and Democritus, following the niaqi, ascribe to herbs unusually marvelous virtues such as to freeze water, invoke spirits, force the guilty to confess by frightening them with apparitions, and impart the gift of divination.»Thorndike enumera lo que Plinio adjudica a Pitágoras y Demócrito siguiendo a los magos: hierbas capaces de congelar el agua, invocar espíritus, forzar la confesión del culpable con apariciones y otorgar el don de la adivinación; el OCR lee *niaqi* por *magi*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 104»

«By the time he reaches his twenty-sixth book Pliny's courage has risen, so to speak, enough to cause him at last to enter upon quite a tirade against "magical vanities which have been carried so far that they might destroy faith in herbs entirely.»y sitúa en el libro vigésimo sexto el punto en que a Plinio le sube el coraje para arremeter contra las vanidades mágicas llevadas tan lejos que podrían destruir del todo la fe en las hierbas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 104»

«He wonders why such herbs have never been employed ill Roman warfare or Italian drainage.»registra la objeción práctica con que Plinio las mide: por qué nunca se emplearon esas hierbas en la guerra romana ni en el drenaje italiano; el OCR lee *ill* por *in*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 104»

«Pliny's only objection to magic herbs therefore seems to be the excessive powers which are claimed for some of them..»y saca el saldo de esa crítica: la única objeción de Plinio a las hierbas mágicas parece ser el exceso de poderes que se les reclama, no su uso.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 104»

«Thus he brands as false and magical the assertion of a recent grammarian, Apion, that the herb cynocephalia is divine and a safeguard against poison, but kills the man who uproots it entirely.»da el caso nominal: tacha de falsa y mágica la afirmación del gramático Apión de que la hierba cinocéfala es divina, resguarda del veneno y mata a quien la arranca entera.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 105»

«A very bizarre object employed by the Druids and other magicians is a sort of egg produced by the hissing or foam of snakes.»y describe el huevo de serpiente de los druidas, producido según eso por el silbido o la espuma de las serpientes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 105»

«The hyena is more easily captured by a hunter \vho ties seven knots in his girdle and horsewhip, and it should be captured when the moon is in the sign of Gemini and without the loss of a single hair.»muestra cómo entra la astrología en la caza: siete nudos en el cinto y el látigo, la luna en Géminis y ni un pelo perdido.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 107»

«Another bit of astrology dispensed by the m,agi is that the cat, whose salted liver is taken with wine for quartan fever, should have been killed under a waning moon.»y otro tanto en la farmacia: el hígado salado de gato que se toma con vino contra la cuartana ha de ser de un animal matado en luna menguante.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 107»

«After the fresh milt of a sheep has been applied to the patient with the words, "This I do for the cure of the spleen," it should be plastered into the bedroom wall and sealed with a ring, while the charm should be repeated twenty-seven times.»recoge un rito completo con su fórmula hablada, su emplasto en la pared de la alcoba, su sello de anillo y sus veintisiete repeticiones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 107»

«In treating sciatica" an earthworm should be placed in a broken wooden dish mended with an iron band, the dish should be filled with water, the worm should be buried again where it was dug up, and the water should be drunk by the patient.»y otro con su devolución del animal al sitio de donde se sacó, que es la parte del rito que la receta no explica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 107»

«The blood of the basilisk, however, is said to procure answers to petitions ll1ade to the powerful and prayers addressed to the gods, and to act as a safeguard against poison or sorcery»consigna lo que se atribuye a la sangre de basilisco: conseguir respuesta a las peticiones hechas a los poderosos y a las plegarias dirigidas a los dioses, y resguardar de veneno y hechicería.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 108»

«Invincibility is promised the wearer of the head and tail of a dragon, hairs from a lion's forehead, a lion's marrow, the foam of a winning horse, a clog's claw bound in deerskin, and the muscles alternately of a deer»y el amuleto compuesto que promete invencibilidad, con cabeza y cola de dragón, pelos de la frente de un león, tuétano de león y espuma de caballo ganador.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 108»

«A whetstone on which iron tools are sharpened, if placed without his knowledge under the pillow of a man who has been poisoned, will cause him to reveal all the circumstances of the crime.»Thorndike espiga las recetas donde el objeto obra por sí solo: una piedra de afilar puesta sin que él lo sepa bajo la almohada del envenenado le hará revelar las circunstancias del crimen.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 109»

«To cure tumors ill the groin, tie seven or nine knots in the remnant of a weaver's web, naming some widow as each knot is tied.»y la de los nudos con nombre: siete o nueve en el retazo de un tejedor, nombrando a una viuda en cada uno; el OCR lee *ill* por *in*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 109»

«Toe and finger nail parings mixed with wax are to be attached ere sunrise to another person's door in order to transfer the disease from the patient to him.»da el modelo de la transferencia de enfermedad, que reaparecerá en todo el libro: recortes de uñas con cera pegados antes del alba a la puerta de otro para pasarle el mal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 109»

«Pliny did not need to warn t18 that medicine had been corrupted by magic; his own medicine proves it.»y cierra el argumento contra el propio Plinio: no hacía falta que avisara de que la medicina estaba corrompida por la magia, porque su medicina misma lo muestra; el OCR lee *t18* por *us*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 110»

«It is this fact, that virtually his entire work is crammed with marvelous properties and fantastic ceremonial, which makes it so difficult in some places to tell when he begins to draw material from the 'nzagi and when he leaves off.»declara el muro que le pone la obra a la adjudicación de fuentes: como está atiborrada entera de propiedades maravillosas y ceremonial fantástico, cuesta saber dónde empieza y dónde deja de tomar material de los magos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 110»

«As he says himself, "The ancients have recorded the remedies of wild beasts and shown how they are healed even when poisoned."»consigna la tradición de los remedios de las bestias que Plinio hereda: los antiguos registraron cómo se curan incluso envenenadas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 112»

«Pliny, however, states in one passage that animals hit upon all these remedies by chance and even have to rediscover them by accident in each new case, "since," he continues in conformity with recent animal psychologists, "reason and practice cannot be transmitted between wild beasts.»y anota la coincidencia con los psicólogos animales recientes que él mismo señala: Plinio hace que los animales den con esos remedios por azar y tengan que redescubrirlos en cada caso, porque razón y práctica no se transmiten entre las fieras.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 113»

«Yet in another passage Pliny deplores the spitefulness of the dog which, while men are looking, will not pluck the herb by which it cures itself of snakebite.»le opone el pasaje contrario, donde Plinio deplora la mezquindad del perro que no arranca a la vista de los hombres la hierba con que se cura de la mordedura de serpiente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 113»

«More excusable than the spitefulness of the dog is the attitude of the dragon, from whose brain the gem draconitis must be taken while the dragon is alive and preferably asleep.»y sigue la misma lógica de animal que guarda su secreto hasta la gema *draconitis*, que ha de sacarse del cerebro del dragón vivo y de preferencia dormido.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 113»

«For if the dragon feels that it is mortally wounded, it takes revenge by spoiling the gem.»con la cláusula que hace la operación urgente: si el dragón se siente herido de muerte, se venga echando a perder la gema.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 113»

«Such qualities are attributed by Pliny especially to elephants, whom he ranks next to man in intelligence, and whom he represents as worshiping the stars, learning difficult tricks, and as having a sense of justice, feel»reúne lo que Plinio atribuye a los elefantes, a los que pone en inteligencia junto al hombre: que adoran a los astros, aprenden suertes difíciles y tienen sentido de la justicia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 111»

«scales scraped from the topmost part of a tortoise's shell and administered in drink check sexual desire, considering which, it is, as Pliny remarks, the more marvelous that a powder made of the entire shell is reported to arouse lust..S»Thorndike escoge el par que muestra cómo la misma sustancia obra al revés según la parte usada: las escamas raspadas de lo alto del caparazón de tortuga frenan el deseo, el polvo del caparazón entero lo despierta, y el propio Plinio lo halla más maravilloso por eso.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 114»

«Pig grease, Pliny somewhere informs us, possesses especially strong virtue, "because that animal feeds on the roots of herbs.»y anota el razonamiento con que Plinio funda la virtud de la grasa de cerdo: que ese animal se alimenta de raíces de hierbas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 114»

«He did complain that some writers had asserted incredible powers' of herbs, such as to restore dragons or men to life or withdraw wedges from trees,»consigna la queja de Plinio contra los que atribuyen a las hierbas poderes increíbles, como resucitar dragones u hombres o sacar cuñas de los árboles.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 115»

«yet he seems on the whole in sympathy with the opinion of the majority that there is practically nothing which the force of herbs cannot accomplish,»y la contrapesa: en conjunto Plinio parece compartir la opinión mayoritaria de que casi nada hay que la fuerza de las hierbas no pueda lograr.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 115»

«The Scythians know of a plant which prevents hunger and thirst if held in the mouth, and of another which has the same effect upon their horses, so that they can go for twelve days without meat or drink,s»recoge de los escitas la planta que quita hambre y sed si se tiene en la boca, y la que hace lo mismo con sus caballos por doce días.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 115»

«Musaeus and Hesiod say that one anointed with polion will attain fame and dignities.'»y de Museo y Hesíodo que el ungido con polio alcanzará fama y dignidades.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 115»

«Often plants should be plucked before sunrise.' Twice Pliny tells us that the peony should be uprooted by nig-ht lest the woodpeeker of Mars try to pick the digger's eyes out,»reúne las condiciones rituales de la recolección: antes del alba, y la peonía de noche para que el pájaro carpintero de Marte no le saque los ojos a quien cava; el OCR parte *woodpecker*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 116»

«The state of the moon is another point to be observed," and once an herb is to be gathered before thunder is heard.»y el estado de la luna como punto que hay que observar, con una hierba que ha de cogerse antes de que se oiga el trueno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 116»

«Once the right hand should be stretched covertly after the fashion of a pickpocket through the left sleeve in order _to pluck the plant.s?»añade el gesto exacto que una receta exige: pasar la mano derecha a hurtadillas por la manga izquierda, a la manera de un carterista, para arrancar la planta.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 116»

«Sometimes the use of iron implements is forbidden; again gold or some other material is prescribed; lG once the herb is to be dug with a nai1.16»y las prohibiciones de material: a veces se veda el hierro, a veces se prescribe el oro u otra materia, y una vez la hierba se cava con un clavo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 116»

«In one case the digger says, "This is the herb Argemon which Minerva discovered was a remedy for swine who taste it."»consigna la fórmula hablada que acompaña al acto, con Minerva como descubridora de la hierba *argemon* para los cerdos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 117»

«He not only characterizes the powers attributed to gems 'by the magi and Democritus and Pythagoras as "terrible lies" and "unspeakable nonsense" ; 8 but refrains from mentioning many such himself»y mide su escepticismo sobre las gemas por dos vías: llama a los poderes que les adjudican los magos, Demócrito y Pitágoras mentiras terribles y disparate indecible, y además se abstiene de mencionar muchos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 118»

«he says, "1 think that this is quite false and no gem of that name has been seen in our time.»Thorndike registra dónde sí niega Plinio: de la gema del lince dice tenerla por enteramente falsa y que en su tiempo no se ha visto piedra de ese nombre; el OCR lee *1* por *I*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 119»

«To- other stones, however, he ascribes various medicinal virtues, either when taken pulverized in drink or when worn as amulets.»y anota que a otras piedras sí les adjudica virtudes medicinales, pulverizadas en bebida o llevadas como amuletos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 119»

«Magnets are said to differ, in sex, and the belief of Theophrastus and Mucianus .is repeated that certain stones bea.r offspring.»consigna el sexo de los imanes y la creencia de Teofrasto y Muciano, repetida por Plinio, de que ciertas piedras engendran crías.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 119»

«In his discussion of metals Pliny does not allude to transmutation or alchemy, unless it be in his accounts of various fraudulent practices of workers in metal»y hace una negativa que le importa: al tratar de los metales Plinio no alude a la transmutación ni a la alquimia, salvo quizá en sus relatos de fraudes de los metalarios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 119»

«S Great virtues are also attributed to the urine, particularly of a chaste boy.»anota la condición de pureza que la receta exige del donante: grandes virtudes en la orina, y en particular la de un muchacho casto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 120»

«Scrofula and throat diseases may be cured by the touch of the hand of one who has died an early death, although some authorities do not insist upon the circumstance of early death but direct that the corpse be of the same sex as the patient and that the diseased spot be touched with the back of the left dead hand.»y desmenuza cómo se disputan las autoridades el detalle del rito de la mano del muerto: unas exigen muerte temprana, otras que el cadáver sea del mismo sexo que el paciente y que se toque con el dorso de la mano izquierda.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 120»

«In this connection he makes the following absurd assertion which he nevertheless declares is easily tested by experiment.»marca la contradicción que le interesa: Plinio califica de fácilmente comprobable por experimento una afirmación que Thorndike llama absurda.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 121»

«"If a person repents of a blow given from a distance or hand-to-hand, let him spit into the palm of the hand with which he struck, and the person who has been struck will feel no resentment,»y da la afirmación en cuestión: quien se arrepiente de un golpe ha de escupir en la palma con que lo dio, y el golpeado no sentirá resentimiento.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 121»

«Pliny adds, however, that some persons try to increase the force of their blows by thus spitting on the hands beforehand.»observa que el mismo gesto sirve para lo contrario, pues hay quien escupe en las manos antes para aumentar la fuerza del golpe.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 121»

«His position is that the simple remedies alone are the direct work of nature, while the mixtures, tablets, pills, plasters,»resume la doctrina farmacológica de Plinio: solo los remedios simples son obra directa de la naturaleza, frente a mezclas, tabletas, píldoras y emplastos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 121»

«Pliny also deplores resort to imported drugs from India, Arabia, and the Red Sea, when there are homely remedies at hand for the poorest man.»y su corolario moral: deplora recurrir a drogas importadas de la India, Arabia y el mar Rojo habiendo remedios caseros al alcance del más pobre.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 122»

«We have just heard Pliny refer to the sympathies and antipathies of natural simples, and he often explains the marvelous effects of natural objects upon one another by this relation of love and hatred, friendship or repugnance, discord or concord which exists between them, which the Greeks call sympathy or antipathy, and which Heracleitus was perhaps the first philosopher to insist upon.»expone la teoría con que Plinio explica los efectos maravillosos de unas cosas sobre otras —amor y odio, amistad y repugnancia, lo que los griegos llaman simpatía y antipatía— y la remonta a Heráclito con reserva.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 122»

«Some modern students of magic have tried to account for all magic on this theory, and Pliny states that medicine and medicines originated from it.»y anota a la vez que algunos estudiosos modernos de la magia han querido explicarla entera por esa teoría, y que Plinio hace nacer de ella la medicina y los medicamentos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 122»

«Pliny indeed regards this last as the clearest illustration possible of the potency of sympathy and antipathy, since a substance which defies iron and fire, nature's two most violent agents, yields to the blood of a foul animal.»da la prueba que el propio Plinio tiene por más clara de esa potencia: una sustancia que desafía al hierro y al fuego cede ante la sangre de un animal inmundo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 123»

«So marvelous is the antipathy of the tamarisk tree for the spleen alone of internal organs, that pigs who drink from troughs of this wood are found when slaughtered to be without spleen, and hence splenetic patients are fed from vessels of tamarisk.»y el caso del tamarisco, cuya antipatía con el bazo deja sin bazo a los cerdos que beben de sus artesas y funda por eso la vajilla de los pacientes esplénicos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 123»

«Perhaps antipathy is also the explanation of Pliny's absurd statement that loads of apples and pears, even if there are only a few of them, are very heavy for beasts of burden,»propone en hipótesis que la antipatía explique también la afirmación de que las cargas de manzanas y peras pesan mucho a las bestias aunque sean pocas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 124»

«In Pliny's medicine there are a number of examples of what may be called magic transfer, in which the aim of the procedure is not to cure the disease outright but to rid the patient of it by transferring it from him to some other animal or object.»Thorndike nombra la operación y la define: la transferencia mágica, cuyo fin no es curar la enfermedad de raíz sino librar de ella al paciente pasándola a otro animal u objeto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 126»

«Intestinal disease may be transferred to puppies who have not yet opened their eyes by pressing them to the body and giving them milk from the patient's mouth. They will die of the disease, when its cause and exact nature may be determined by dissecting them. But finally they must be buried.»y da el caso completo, con los cachorros ciegos que reciben el mal, mueren de él, sirven de disección para averiguar la causa y al final han de enterrarse.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 126»

«One may be rid of a cough by spitting in a frog's mouth or cure catarrh by kissing a mule," although in these cases we are left uninformed whether the disease passes to the animal.»marca el límite de lo que la fuente dice: escupir en la boca de una rana o besar a una mula libran de la tos y del catarro, pero no queda dicho si la enfermedad pasa al animal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 126»

«Heliotrope seed looks like a scorpion's tail; if scorpions are touched with a sprig of heliotrope they die, and they will not enter ground which has been circumscribed by it.»expone la lógica de la semejanza en un solo caso: la semilla de heliotropo parece cola de escorpión, mata escorpiones al tocarlos y les veda el terreno que circunscribe.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 125»

«Eagles can gaze at the sun, therefore their gall is efficacious in eyesalves.»y la misma inferencia con las águilas: como pueden mirar al sol, su hiel sirve en los colirios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 125»

«Mithridates discovered that the blood of Pontic ducks should be mixed in antidotes because they live on poison.»atribuye a Mitrídates el hallazgo de mezclar en los antídotos sangre de patos del Ponto porque viven de veneno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 125»

«But if a person who has been stung by a scorpion whispers the news in the ear 0'£ an ass, the ill will be transferred to, the ass.»y el caso donde la transferencia sí se declara: quien fue picado por un escorpión susurra la noticia al oído de un asno y el mal pasa al asno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 126»

«But when we are told that a remedy for headache which always helps many consists of a little bone from a snail found between two cart ruts, passed through gold, silver, and ivory, and attached to the body with dog-skin; or that one may bind on the head with a linen cloth the head of a snail decapitated with a reed when feeding in the morning especially at full moon; 6 we feel that we have passed beyond mere amulets, ligatures, and suspensions to more elaborate minutiae of magic procedure.»señala dónde considera cruzado el umbral: cuando el remedio pide un huesecillo de caracol hallado entre dos roderas, pasado por oro, plata y marfil y atado con piel de perro, ya no se está ante meros amuletos, ligaduras y suspensiones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 128»

«epilepsy may be cured if a virgin touches the sufferer with her right thumb;»reúne la serie de prescripciones donde manda la lateralidad y la condición del operador, y ésta pide que una virgen toque al enfermo con el pulgar derecho.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 128»

«for ophthalmia of the right eye suspend the right eye of a frog from the patient's neck, and the left eye for the left eye;»y ésta hace corresponder el ojo derecho de la rana con el ojo derecho del paciente y el izquierdo con el izquierdo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 128»

«but any psychological effect is precluded in the case where this is to be done without the patient's knowledge.»y descarta una explicación cómoda: donde el rito se hace sin que el paciente lo sepa, queda excluido todo efecto psicológico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 128»

«When we are informed that sufferers from quartan fever should be rubbed allover with the fat of a tortoise, we are also told that the tortoise will be fattest on the fifteenth day of the moon and that the patient should be anointed on the sixteenth.»Thorndike muestra cómo la fase lunar fecha la receta: la tortuga está más gorda el día quince de la luna y el enfermo de cuartana se unta con su grasa el dieciséis.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 129»

«But this waxing and waning of the tortoise with the moon is primarily a matter of astrology and planetary influence, under which heading we shall also later speak of Pliny's observance of the rising of the dog-star.»y anuncia que ese crecer y menguar de la tortuga con la luna es ante todo asunto de astrología e influencia planetaria, rubro donde tratará también la observancia del orto de la canícula.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 129»

«In another application of a Gallic herb with old axle-grease which has not touched iron, not only must the patient spit thrice to the right, but the remedy is more efficacious if three men representing three different nations anoint the right side with it.»reúne las condiciones que multiplican la eficacia de un remedio: escupir tres veces a la derecha, grasa de eje que no haya tocado hierro y tres hombres de tres naciones distintas untando el costado derecho.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 130»

«Sometimes three and one are joined in the same operation, as when child-birth is aided by hurling through the house a stone or weapon by which three animals, a Inan, a boar, and a bear, have been killed with single blows.»y el caso donde el tres y el uno se juntan: una piedra o arma con la que se mató de un solo golpe a un hombre, un jabalí y un oso, arrojada por la casa para ayudar al parto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 130»

«One of the discoveries of Pythagoras which seldom fails is that an odd number of vowels in a child's given name portends lameness, blindness, and like incapacitation on the right side of its body, and an even number, injuries on the left side.»atribuye a Pitágoras la regla de las vocales del nombre propio: número impar presagia cojera, ceguera y males del lado derecho del cuerpo; número par, del izquierdo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 130»

«But Pliny does not object to the repetition of incantations or prayers if the words spoken have some meaning.»acota dónde para el escepticismo de Plinio ante los conjuros: no objeta repetir encantamientos ni plegarias si las palabras dichas tienen algún sentido.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 131»

«He does not doubt that Romans in the past have believed in the power of words, and thinks that if we accept set forms of prayer and religious formulae, we must also admit the force of incantations.»y expone el argumento de coherencia que Plinio le tiende a la religión: quien acepta fórmulas de oración y formularios religiosos ha de admitir también la fuerza de los conjuros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 132»

«But he adds that the wisest individuals believe in neither.»con el remate que invierte el sentido de ese argumento: los más sabios no creen ni en lo uno ni en lo otro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 132»

«Pliny says that persons of experience regard it as very important that the poultice be put on by a naked virgin and that both she and the patient be fasting.»consigna la condición que la gente de experiencia tiene por importantísima: que ponga el emplasto una virgen desnuda y que ella y el paciente estén en ayunas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 131»

«Pliny declared against abortive drugs as well as love-charms," but cited from the Commentaries of Caecilius one recipe for birth-control for the benefit of over-fecund women, consisting of a ligature of two little worms found in the body of a certain species of spider and bound on in deer-skin before sunrise.»registra a la vez la condena de Plinio a abortivos y filtros de amor y la receta anticonceptiva que copia de los *Comentarios* de Cecilio, con dos gusanillos de araña atados en piel de ciervo antes del alba.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 132»

«However, had he been a great believer in astrology he doubtless would have devoted more space to the stars and their influence on terrestrial phenomena.»y razona desde el espacio dedicado: si Plinio hubiera creído mucho en la astrología, sin duda habría dado más lugar a los astros y a su influencia sobre los fenómenos terrestres.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 132»

«In another place where he speaks for a moment of "the science of the stars" Pliny disputes the theories of. Berosus, Nechepso, and Petosiris that length of human life is ordered by the stars, and also makes the trite objection to the doctrine of nativities that masters and slaves, kings andbeggars are born at the same moment.»anota que Plinio disputa a Beroso, Nequepso y Petosiris que los astros ordenen la duración de la vida humana, y le opone a las natividades la objeción trillada de que amos y esclavos, reyes y mendigos nacen en el mismo instante.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 133»

«But it would not be safe to say that he denies the control of the stars over human destiny,»y frena la conclusión fácil: de ahí no se sigue sin riesgo que Plinio niegue el dominio de los astros sobre el destino humano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 134»

«Indeed, in one chapter he declares that the astronomer Hipparchus can never be praised enough because more than any other man he proved the relationship of man with the stars and that our souls are part of the sky.!»apoya esa reserva en el elogio a Hiparco, a quien Plinio dice que nunca se alabará bastante por haber mostrado más que nadie el parentesco del hombre con los astros y que nuestras almas son parte del cielo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 134»

«For him the universe itself is God, "holy, eternal, vast, all in all, nay, in truth itself all;" 1 and the sun is the mind and soul of the whole world and the chief governor of nature.»Thorndike resume la cosmología de Plinio: el universo mismo es Dios, santo, eterno, vasto, todo en todo, y el sol es mente y alma del mundo entero y gobernador principal de la naturaleza.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 135»

«A cold star renders another approaching it pale; a hot star causes its neighbor to redden; a windy planet gives those near it a lowering appearance.»y consigna la doctrina de la influencia mutua entre astros por sus cualidades: el frío hace palidecer al que se le acerca, el caliente enrojecer, el ventoso ensombrecer.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 135»

«He repeats, but without definitely accepting it, the ascription by the Babylonians of earthquakes to three of the planets in particular.»marca el grado de adhesión, que es la parte que suele perderse al citar: Plinio repite la adjudicación babilonia de los terremotos a tres planetas sin aceptarla en definitiva.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 135»

«But he does not show much faith in astrological medicine himself, rejecting entirely the elaborate classification of diseases and remedies which the astrologers had by his time already worked out for the revolutions of the SUIl and moon in the twelve signs of the zodiac.»y le atribuye poca fe en la medicina astrológica, con rechazo entero de la clasificación de enfermedades y remedios que los astrólogos ya habían labrado para las revoluciones del sol y la luna por los doce signos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 136»

«Pliny, indeed, states that the dog-star exerts an extensive influence upon the earth.»aunque le reconoce a la vez la afirmación de que la canícula ejerce una influencia extensa sobre la tierra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 136»

«Indeed, painstaking men of research had discovered that even the entrails of the field-mouse corresponded in number to the days of the moon, that the ant stopped working during the interlunar days, and that diseases of the eyes of certain beasts of burden also increased and decreased with the moon,»y da el catálogo de correspondencias lunares que los investigadores minuciosos habían hallado: las entrañas del ratón de campo iguales en número a los días de la luna, la hormiga parada en el interlunio y los males de ojos de las bestias creciendo y menguando con ella.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 136»

«He is aware that his own age has only entered the vestibule of the knowledge of natural phenomena and forces, that it has but just begun to know five of the many stars, that "there will come a time when our descendants will wonder that we were ignorant of matters so evident.»le reconoce conciencia del propio límite: su época apenas ha entrado al vestíbulo del conocimiento de la naturaleza, y llegará un tiempo en que los descendientes se asombren de la ignorancia presente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 139»

«He also affirms that living beings are generated in fire; he believes in such effects of lightning as removing the venom from snakes which it strikes; and he recounts the old stories of floating islands and of waters with the virtue of turning white sheep black.»reúne lo que Séneca afirma sin reserva: que en el fuego se generan seres vivos, que el rayo quita el veneno a las serpientes que hiere, las islas flotantes y las aguas que vuelven negras a las ovejas blancas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 140»

«On the other hand, he qualifies by the phrases, "it is believed" and "they say," the assertions that certain waters produce foul skin-diseases and that dew in particular, if collected in any quantity, has this evil property; and he doubts whether bathing in the Nile would enable a WOl11an to bear more children.»y lo que matiza con un se cree y un dicen, que es donde Thorndike mide la reserva: las aguas que producen enfermedades de la piel, el rocío recogido en cantidad, y la duda sobre si bañarse en el Nilo hace a la mujer más fecunda.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 140»

«He also as constantly and more fulsomely than Pliny inveighs against the luxury, vice, and immorality of his own day, and moralizes as to the beneficent influence which natural law and phenomena should exert upon human conduct.»y le atribuye a Séneca, más constante y más empalagoso que Plinio, la invectiva contra el lujo, el vicio y la inmoralidad de su día y la moraleja sobre el influjo benéfico que la ley natural debería ejercer sobre la conducta humana.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 139»

«In the same chapter he states that uncivilized antiquity used to believe that rain could be brought on or driven off by incantations, but that now-a-days no one needs a philosopher to teach him that this is impossible.'»Thorndike recoge la posición de Séneca sobre los conjuros de lluvia: la antigüedad incivilizada creía que se podía traer o alejar la lluvia con encantamientos, y hoy nadie necesita un filósofo que le enseñe que eso es imposible.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 141»

«But while he thus rejects incantations and is practically silent on the subject of natural magic, Seneca accepts natural divination in well-nigh all its branches : sacrificial, augury, astrology, and divination from thunder.»y marca de inmediato la asimetría: rechazadas las incantaciones y casi callada la magia natural, Séneca acepta la adivinación natural en casi todas sus ramas, sacrificial, augural, astrológica y por truenos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 141»

«He believes that whatever is caused is a sign of some future event.»expone el principio que sostiene esa aceptación: todo lo que es causado es signo de algún acontecimiento futuro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 141»

«Only Seneca holds that every flight of a bird is not caused by a direct act of God, nor the vitals of the victim altered under the axe by divine interference, but that all has been prearranged in a fatal and causal series.»y precisa en qué se aparta Séneca de la adivinación corriente: ni el vuelo del ave ni las entrañas alteradas bajo el hacha son acto directo de Dios, sino que todo viene predispuesto en una serie fatal y causal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 141»

«Seneca employs the statement of Aristotle that comets signify the coming of storms and winds and foul weather to prove that they are stars; and declares that a comet is a portent of bad weather during the ensuing year in the same way that the Chaldeans or astrologers say that a man's natal star determines the whole course of his life.»muestra cómo Séneca usa a Aristóteles para probar que los cometas son astros, y equipara el cometa como presagio del mal tiempo del año siguiente con la estrella natal que los caldeos hacen determinar la vida entera.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 141»

«What else, indeed, is it which causes those skilled in nativities to err than that they assign us to a few stars, although all those that are above us have a share in the control of our fate?»y le atribuye una explicación del error astrológico que no niega el arte: los peritos en natividades yerran porque nos asignan a unos pocos astros, cuando todos los que están sobre nosotros participan del gobierno de nuestro destino.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 142»

«But even those stars that are motionless, or because of their speed keep equal pace with the rest of the universe and seem not to move, are not without rule and dominion over us.»con el corolario de que ni siquiera los astros inmóviles, o que por su velocidad parecen no moverse, están sin mando y dominio sobre nosotros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 142»

«He will not accept, however, the theory that lightning has such great power that its intervention nullifies any previous and contradictory portents.»y anota lo único que Séneca no admite en esa materia: que el rayo tenga tal poder que su intervención anule los presagios previos que lo contradigan.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 142»

«He duly acknowledged his debts to these and other writers; praised Hipparchus and recounted his discoveries; and where he corrected Marinus, did so with reason.»pasa a Ptolomeo y le acredita el trato con sus predecesores: reconoció sus deudas, alabó a Hiparco y contó sus hallazgos, y cuando corrigió a Marino lo hizo con razón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 145»

«In the Geography he adds a good deal concerning the orient and northern lands from the reports of Roman merchants and soldiers.»y le acredita como fuente de la *Geografía* los informes de mercaderes y soldados romanos sobre Oriente y las tierras del norte.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 145»

«He anteceded Comte in holding that one should adopt the simplest possible hypothesis consistent with the facts to be explained.»Thorndike adelanta a Comte por Ptolomeo en la regla de método: adoptar la hipótesis más simple compatible con los hechos que hay que explicar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 145»

«It is the most experimental in method of his writings, although Alexander von Humboldt's characterization of it as the only work in ancient literature which reveals an investigator of nature»tiene la *Óptica* por la más experimental en método de sus escritos, y trae a la vez la caracterización de Alexander von Humboldt como única obra de la literatura antigua que revela un investigador de la naturaleza.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 145»

«His authorship has been questioned because the subject of refraction' is not mentioned in the Almagest, although even astronomical refraction is discussed in the Optics.'»consigna el argumento con que se ha puesto en duda la autoría: la refracción no se menciona en el *Almagesto* y en cambio la *Óptica* discute incluso la refracción astronómica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 146»

«Heller states that the Optics was lost at the beginning of the seventeenth century but that manuscripts of it were rediscovered by Laplace and Delambre.'»recoge de Heller la pérdida de la *Óptica* a comienzos del siglo XVII y el redescubrimiento de sus manuscritos por Laplace y Delambre.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 146»

«The statement sounds a trifle improbable in view of the number of MSS still in existence.»y le pone su reparo, medido contra el material: esa afirmación suena algo improbable en vista del número de manuscritos que aún existen.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 146»

«Possibly a work by Ptolemy has received medieval additions, either Arabic or Latin, in the version now extant; maybe the entire fifth book is such a supplement.»deja la autoría abierta en dos hipótesis: que una obra de Ptolomeo haya recibido añadidos medievales, árabes o latinos, o que el libro quinto entero sea ese suplemento.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 147»

«If there is, as in other parallel cases, the possibility that the medieval period passed off recent discoveries of its own under the authoritative name of Ptolemy, there also is the certainty that it made Ptolemy's genuine works very much its own.»y separa lo posible de lo cierto: posible es que la Edad Media colara hallazgos propios bajo el nombre autorizado de Ptolomeo, cierto es que hizo muy suyas sus obras genuinas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 147»

«The Latin translation by Boethius is not extant, but the book was in great repute among the Arabs, was translated at Bagdad early in the ninth century and revised later in the same century by Tabit ben Carra.»traza la transmisión del *Almagesto*: perdida la versión latina de Boecio, el libro gozó de gran reputación entre los árabes, se tradujo en Bagdad a principios del siglo IX y lo revisó Tabit ben Carra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 147»

«The translation most familiar in the middle ages was that completed at Toledo in 1175 by the famous translator, Gerard of Cremona.»y fija la versión que la Edad Media usó: la terminada en Toledo en 1175 por Gerardo de Cremona.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 147»

«There has recently been discovered, however, by Professors Haskins and Lockwood S a Sicilian translation made direct from the Greek text some ten or twelve years before Gerard's translation.»consigna el hallazgo reciente de Haskins y Lockwood: una traducción siciliana hecha directamente del griego diez o doce años antes que la de Gerardo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 147»

«Gerard's reputation and his many other astronomical and astrological translations probably account for the greater prevalence of his version, or possibly' the theological opposition to natural science of which the anonymous Sicilian translator speaks in his preface had some effect in preventing the spread of his version.»y ofrece dos explicaciones sin elegir entre ellas para que se impusiera la de Gerardo: su reputación de traductor, o la oposición teológica a la ciencia natural de que habla el siciliano anónimo en su prefacio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 148»

«In the Tetrabiblos the art of astrology receives sanction and exposition from perhaps the ablest mathematician and closest scientific observer of the day or at least from one who seemed so to succeeding generations,»mide lo que el *Tetrabiblos* le dio a la astrología: sanción y exposición de quien era acaso el matemático más capaz y el observador más ceñido de su día, o al menos lo pareció a las generaciones siguientes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 148»

«Hence from that time on astrology was able to take shelter from any criticism under the aegis of his authority.»y el efecto que le atribuye: desde entonces la astrología pudo guarecerse de toda crítica bajo la égida de esa autoridad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 148»

«But Franz Boll has shown that it is by Ptolemy b,y a close comparison of it with his other works.»anota que Franz Boll estableció la autoría ptolemaica del *Tetrabiblos* por comparación cerrada con el resto de su obra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 149»

«The art itself should not be rejected because impostors frequently abuse it, and Ptolemy admits that it has not yet been brought to the point of perfection and that even the skilful investigator often makes mistakes owing to the incomplete state of human science.»expone la defensa que el propio Ptolomeo hace de su arte, con su concesión dentro: no se rechace por el abuso de los impostores, y admite que no ha llegado a la perfección y que aun el investigador hábil yerra por lo incompleto de la ciencia humana.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 149»

«If ignorant sailors are able to judge the future weather from the sky, a highly trained astronomer should be able to predict concerning its influence on man.»y el argumento *a fortiori* con que la sostiene: si marineros ignorantes juzgan el tiempo futuro por el cielo, un astrónomo muy entrenado debería poder predecir su influencia sobre el hombre.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 149»

«The laws of astronomy are beyond dispute, says Ptolemy, but the art of prediction of human affairs from the courses of the stars may be assailed with more show of reason.»con la distinción que el propio Ptolomeo hace entre las dos partes: las leyes de la astronomía están fuera de disputa, el arte de predecir los asuntos humanos por los astros se puede atacar con más apariencia de razón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 149»

«It is often an advantage to have previous knowledge even of what cannot be avoided.»y su respuesta a la objeción de inutilidad: a menudo conviene el conocimiento previo aun de lo que no se puede evitar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 150»

«Ptolemy next proceeds to set forth the natures and powers of the stars "according to the observations of the ancients and conformably to natural science."»Thorndike consigna la doble base que Ptolomeo declara para las naturalezas y potencias de los astros: las observaciones de los antiguos y la conformidad con la ciencia natural.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 150»

«nor will I pile up divinations by lot-castings or from numbers, which are unscientific, but I will treat of those which have an investigated certainty based on the positions of the stars and the properties of places.»y el deslinde con que Ptolomeo excluye del arte lo que tiene por acientífico: las suertes y los números, frente a lo que tiene certeza investigada por las posiciones de los astros y las propiedades de los lugares.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 150»

«The Tetrabiblos has been called "Science's surrender," 1 but was it not more truly divination purified and made scientific?»y opone a la fórmula ajena que llama al *Tetrabiblos* la rendición de la ciencia una lectura propia, dicha en pregunta: adivinación purificada y hecha científica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 151»

«Saturn chills and to some extent dries, for it is remote from the sun's heat and earth's damp vapors.»expone cómo Ptolomeo deriva las cualidades planetarias de causas físicas: Saturno enfría y algo seca por estar lejos del calor del sol y de los vapores húmedos de la tierra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 151»

«Jup-iter, situated between cold Saturn and burning Mars, is of a rather lukewarm nature but tends more to warmth and moisture than to their opposites.»y Júpiter, entre el frío Saturno y el ardiente Marte, resulta de naturaleza tibia con inclinación al calor y la humedad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 151»

«In general, the planets exert a good or evil influence as they abound in the two rich and vivifying qualities, heat and moisture, or in the detrimental ones, cold and drought.»reduce a una regla el reparto de benéficos y maléficos: influyen para bien o para mal según abunden en calor y humedad, que vivifican, o en frío y sequedad, que dañan.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 151»

«Wet stars like the moon and Venus, are feminine; Mercury is neuter; the other planets are masculine.»y consigna el sexo de los astros derivado de lo mismo: húmedos como la luna y Venus, femeninos; Mercurio, neutro; los demás, masculinos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 151»

«The sex of a planet may also, however, be reckoned according to its position in relation to the sun and the horizon ;»anotando que ese sexo puede además computarse por la posición del planeta respecto del sol y del horizonte, de modo que no es un dato fijo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 151»

«It seems arguing in a circle to make their effects upon the earth depend to such an extent upon themselves being affected by vapors from the earth.»y le pone a Ptolomeo su propia objeción: parece razonar en círculo hacer que los efectos de los astros sobre la tierra dependan tanto de que ellos mismos sean afectados por vapores terrestres.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 152»

«Ptolemy insists that the astrolabe is the only reliable instrument for determining the exact time; sun-dials or water-clocks will not do-and»registra la exigencia instrumental para levantar el horóscopo: solo el astrolabio da la hora exacta, y no sirven relojes de sol ni de agua.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 153»

«Ptolemy in opening the fourth book makes the distinction that, while in the third book he treated of matters antecedent to birth or immediately related to birth 9r which concern the temperament of the individual, now he will deal with those external to the body and which happen to the individual from without.»y la división que Ptolomeo traza al abrir el libro cuarto entre lo anterior al nacimiento o propio del temperamento y lo que le sucede al individuo desde fuera.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 153»

«But of course it is difficult to maintain such a distinction with entire consistency.»con el reparo inmediato de que esa distinción es difícil de sostener con entera consistencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 153»

«Only the opponents of astrology appear to have remained ignorant of the Tetrabiblos, continuing to make criticisms of the art which do not apply to Ptolemy's presentation of it or which had been specifically answered by him.»y hace un hallazgo sobre la polémica antigua: los adversarios de la astrología parecen haber quedado ignorantes del *Tetrabiblos*, y siguieron objetando lo que no toca a la exposición de Ptolomeo o lo que él ya había respondido.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 154»

«Thus Sextus Empiricus, attacking astrology about 200 A. D., does not mention the Tetrabiblos and some of the Christian critics of astrology apparently had not read it.»da la prueba: Sexto Empírico, que ataca la astrología hacia el 200, no menciona el *Tetrabiblos*, y algunos críticos cristianos al parecer no lo habían leído.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 154»

«Whether the Neo-Platonists, Porphyry and Proclus, wrote an introduction to and commentary upon it is disputed.»y deja en disputa, sin arbitrar, si los neoplatónicos Porfirio y Proclo escribieron introducción y comentario a la obra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 154»

«AT the close of the nineteenth century one English student of the history of medicine said, "Galen is so inaccessible to English readers that it is difficult to learn about him at first hand.»Thorndike abre el capítulo de Galeno con la queja de un historiador inglés de la medicina de fines del XIX: Galeno es tan inaccesible al lector inglés que cuesta conocerlo de primera mano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 157»

«Since then I believe that the only work of Galen to be translated into English is On the Natural Faculties»y mide el estado de la cuestión al escribir: desde entonces cree que la única obra de Galeno vertida al inglés es *On the Natural Faculties*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 157»

«while much of it is dreary enough reading even for one animated by historical interest, especially if one has no technical knowledge of medicine and surgery:-when we consider all these deterrents, we are not surprised that Galen is little known.»suma los disuasivos que explican el desconocimiento, incluido que buena parte es lectura árida aun para quien la mueva el interés histórico y no tenga saber técnico de medicina y cirugía.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 158»

«If so comparatively little is generally known about Galen, it is not because he had an unattractive personality.»y descarta expresamente una causa: no es por tener una personalidad poco atractiva.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 160»

«Although the works of Galen are so voluminous, they have reached us for the most part in comparatively late manuscripts.'»declara el estado del material con que se trabaja: con lo voluminosa que es la obra, nos llega en su mayor parte en manuscritos comparativamente tardíos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 159»

«And when he becomes a lad he must be madly in love with the truth and carried away by enthusiasm for it, and not let up by day or by night but press on and stretch every nerve to learn whatever the ancients of most repute have said.»cita el consejo de Galeno al estudiante: enamorarse locamente de la verdad y no cejar ni de día ni de noche hasta aprender cuanto han dicho los antiguos de más reputación.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 157»

«But having learned it, he must judge the same and put it to the test for a long, long time and observe what agrees with visible phenomena and what disagrees, and so accept the one and reject the other.»y su segunda mitad, que es la que hace del consejo un método: juzgar lo aprendido, ponerlo a prueba largo tiempo y observar qué concuerda con los fenómenos visibles y qué no, para aceptar lo uno y rechazar lo otro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 157»

«If it be true, as Dr. Payne contends.f that the chief original contributions to medical science of the Renaissance period were the work of men trained in Greek scholarship, this was because, when they failed to get any new ideas from the Greek texts, they turned to the more promising path of experimental research which both Galen and the middle ages had already advocated.»discute a Payne sin negarle el dato: si los aportes originales del Renacimiento en medicina fueron obra de helenistas, fue porque al no sacar ideas nuevas de los textos griegos volvieron a la investigación experimental que Galeno y la Edad Media ya habían recomendado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 159»

«It is true that his pharmacology and therapeutics often strike us as ridiculous, but he did not imagine them, they were the medicine of his age..»y pone un límite a la burla retrospectiva: la farmacología y la terapéutica de Galeno nos resultan ridículas, pero no las imaginó él, eran la medicina de su época.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 160»

«Thus "the magic of literature," to quote a fine sentence by Payne, "brings together thinkers widely separated in space and time.»toma de Payne la frase con que cierra ese argumento, sobre la magia de la literatura que junta a pensadores muy separados en el espacio y en el tiempo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 160»

«This incident of the dream shows that neither Galen nor his father, despite their education and intellectual standards, were free from the current belief in»y adelanta lo que el episodio del sueño le muestra: que ni Galeno ni su padre, con toda su educación y sus criterios intelectuales, estaban libres de la creencia corriente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 161»

«Meanwhile he stayed on and gained great fame by his cures but their jealousy and opposition multiplied, so that presently, when he learned that the sedition was over, he went back to Pergamum.»Thorndike narra la primera salida de Galeno de Roma: fama por sus curas, celos y oposición en aumento, y regreso a Pérgamo al saber terminada la sedición.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 162»

«An outbreak of the plague there prevented their proceeding with the campaign immediately," and Galen states that the emperors fled for Rome with a few troops, leaving the rest to suffer from the plague and cold winter.»y consigna lo que el propio Galeno cuenta de los emperadores en Aquilea: huyeron a Roma con pocas tropas y dejaron al resto padeciendo la peste y el invierno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 162»

«The prevalence of the plague at this time is illustrated by a third encounter which Galen had with it in Asia, when he claims to have saved himself and others by thorough venesection.»registra en voz atribuida el tercer encuentro con la peste en Asia, donde Galeno reclama haberse salvado y salvado a otros con sangría a fondo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 163»

«In one of his works on compound medicines he explains that some persons may possess the first two books which had already been published, but that these had perished with others in a shop on the Sacra Via when the whole shrine of peace and the great libraries on the Palatine hill were consumed, and that his friends, none of whom possessed copies, had besought him to begin the work all over again.»da la explicación que el propio Galeno ofrece de la pérdida de sus libros: perecieron en una tienda de la Sacra Vía cuando ardieron el santuario de la Paz y las grandes bibliotecas del Palatino, y ningún amigo tenía copia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 163»

«Although the envy of other physicians at Rome and their accusing him of resort to magic arts and divination in his marvelous prognostications and cures were perhaps neither the sole nor the true reason for Galen's temporary withdrawal from the capital, there probably is a great deal of truth in the picture he paints of the medical profession and learned world of his day.»y separa dos cosas: la envidia de los médicos romanos y su acusación de recurrir a artes mágicas y adivinación no fueron acaso la razón única ni verdadera de su retirada, pero hay mucho de cierto en el cuadro que pinta de la profesión.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 163»

«There are too many other ancient witnesses, from the encyclopedist Pliny and the satirist Juvenal to the fourth century lawyer and astrologer, Firmicus, who substantiate his charges to permit us to explain them away as the product of p~rsonal bitterness or His unfavorable picture of the learned world.»funda ese juicio en el número de testigos concordes, de Plinio y Juvenal al jurista y astrólogo Fírmico, que impiden explicar las acusaciones como mera amargura personal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 163»

«Though they live in the city, they are a band of robbers as truly as the brigands of the mountains.»y cita la comparación con que Galeno remata: viven en la ciudad y son banda de ladrones tan de veras como los bandidos de los montes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 164»

«He is inclined to account for the roguery of Roman physicians compared to those of a smaller city by the facts that elsewhere men are not so tempted by the magnitude of possible gain and that in a smaller town everyone is known by everyone else and questionable 'practices cannot escape general notice.»anota la explicación sociológica que Galeno da de esa diferencia entre Roma y una ciudad chica: la magnitud de la ganancia posible y el control mutuo de un lugar donde todos se conocen.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 164»

«Galen more than once complains that there are no real seekers after truth in his time, but that all are intent upon money, political power, or pleasure,»y la queja que Galeno repite: no hay en su tiempo verdaderos buscadores de la verdad, sino gente atenta al dinero, al poder político o al placer.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 165»

«Hence it is tha.t tailors and dyers and smiths are abandoning their arts to become physicians.»da el efecto que Galeno le atribuye: sastres, tintoreros y herreros dejan sus oficios para hacerse médicos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 165»

«Thessalus not only toadied to the rich but secured many pupils by offering to teach them medicine in six months.»y nombra a Tésalo, que además de adular a los ricos juntó discípulos ofreciendo enseñar medicina en seis meses.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 165»

«Indeed, Galen himself, by the violence of his invective and the occasional passionateness of his animosity in his controversies with other individuals or schools of medicine, illustrates that state of war in the intellectual world of his age to which we have adverted.»pero devuelve el cargo al propio Galeno: la violencia de su invectiva y el apasionamiento de su animosidad ilustran ese estado de guerra del mundo intelectual que denuncia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 165»

«They said tearfully that this course was all very well for him with his acute genius and his wealthy father behind him, but that they lacked the money to pursue an advanced education, perhaps had already lost valuable time under unsatisfactory teachers, or felt that they did not possess the discrimination to select for themselves what was profitable from several conflicting schools.»y recoge la réplica de los estudiantes pobres a su consejo: a él le sobraban genio agudo y padre rico, y a ellos les faltaba dinero, tiempo ya perdido con malos maestros y criterio para elegir entre escuelas en pugna.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 166»

«But that, apart from his own work, the medical profession was not entirely stagnant in his time, he admits when he asserts that many things are known to-day which had not been discovered before, and when he mentions some curative methods recently invented at Rome.»acota el cuadro pesimista con lo que el propio Galeno concede: hoy se saben muchas cosas que antes no se habían descubierto, y menciona métodos curativos inventados hace poco en Roma.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 166»

«Galen says there is not an unguent-dealer in Rome who is unacquainted with herbs from Crete, but he asserts that there are equally good medicinal plants growing in the very suburbs of Rome of which they are totally ignorant, and he taxes even those who prepare drugs for the emperors with the same oversight.»Thorndike registra el reproche de Galeno al comercio de simples: todo ungüentario de Roma conoce las hierbas de Creta e ignora del todo las igual de buenas que crecen en los suburbios, y el cargo alcanza a quienes preparan drogas para los emperadores.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 167»

«He tells how the herbs from Crete come wrapped in cartons with the name of the herb written on the outside and sometimes the further statement that it is campestris.»y describe el envase de esas hierbas cretenses, en cartones con el nombre escrito fuera y a veces la indicación de que es *campestris*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 167»

«These Roman drug stores seem not to have kept open at night, for Galen in describing a case speaks of the impossibility of procuring the medicines needed at once because "the lamps were already lighted."»infiere del relato de un caso que las boticas romanas no abrían de noche, porque Galeno no pudo conseguir la medicina cuando ya estaban encendidas las lámparas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 167»

«However, the emperors appear to have reserved a large supply of the finest and rarest simples for their own use.»y anota la reserva imperial de los simples más finos y raros para uso propio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 167»

«Commodus exhausted all the recent supply, and when Galen was forced to turn to what had been on hand in preparing an antidote for Severus, he found it much weaker than before, although not thirty years had elapsed.»da el dato con que Galeno mide la pérdida de potencia por el tiempo: agotada por Cómodo la provisión reciente, el antídoto para Severo salió mucho más débil sin haber pasado treinta años.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 168»

«He describes the solemn procedure by which the priestess from the neighboring city gathered the red earth from the hill where it was found, sacrificing no animals, but wheat and barley to the earth.»describe el rito con que la sacerdotisa recogía la tierra roja de Lemnos, sin sacrificio de animales y ofreciendo trigo y cebada a la tierra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 169»

«The inhabitants' laughed, however, at the assertion which Galen had read in Dioscorides that the seals were made by mixing the blood of a goat with the earth.»y el desmentido que Galeno recibe en el sitio: los habitantes se rieron de lo que había leído en Dioscórides sobre mezclar sangre de cabra con la tierra para hacer los sellos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 169»

«Berthelot, the historian of chemistry, believed that this ea.rth was "an oxide of iron more or less hydrated and impure.»consigna el análisis moderno que Berthelot, historiador de la química, da de esa tierra: óxido de hierro más o menos hidratado e impuro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 169»

«He names other places in Greece and Asia Minor than Mount Hymettus where good honey may be had, and states that much so-called Attic honey is really from the Cyclades, although it is brought to Athens and there sold or reshipped.»y anota la adulteración de origen que Galeno denuncia: mucha de la llamada miel ática viene en realidad de las Cícladas y se vende o reembarca en Atenas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 170»

«But the petroselinon crop of Epirus is sent to Thessalonica and there passed off for Macedonian.»con el caso paralelo del perejil del Epiro, mandado a Tesalónica y vendido allí por macedonio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 170»

«Writing in old age in the De methode medendi, S he says that he has never attached his name to one of his works, never written for the popular ear or for fame, but fired by zeal for science and truth, or at the urgent request of friends, or as a useful exercise for himself, or, as now, in order to forget his old age.»Thorndike recoge lo que Galeno declara ya viejo sobre sus motivos de escribir: jamás puso su nombre en una obra ni escribió para el oído popular ni por fama, sino por celo de la ciencia y la verdad, a ruego de amigos, como ejercicio o para olvidar la vejez.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 171»

«He asks Eugenianus, whom he addresses in this passage, not to praise him immoderately before men, as he has been wont to do, and not to inscribe his name in his works.»y el ruego concreto a Eugeniano de no alabarlo desmedidamente ante los hombres ni inscribir su nombre en sus obras.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 171»

«Galen also complains that notes of his lectures which he has not intended for publication have got abroad," that his servants have stolen and published some of his manuscripts, and that others have been altered, corrupted, and mutilated by those into whose possession they have come, or have been passed off by them in other lands as their own productions.»registra la queja de Galeno sobre la circulación de sus textos: apuntes de clase que no destinó a publicación, manuscritos robados por sus criados, y textos alterados, corrompidos y mutilados o vendidos en otras tierras como obra ajena.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 172»

«He thinks that such alterations are sometimes malicious and not mere mistakes.»con la adjudicación de intención que él mismo hace: a veces esas alteraciones son maliciosas y no meros errores.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 173»

«So common were they that Menecrates composed a medical work written out entirely in complete words and entitled Auiocrator Holoprommaios because it was also dedicated to' the emperor.»y da la medida de cuán común era el defecto: Menécrates compuso una obra médica escrita enteramente en palabras completas, sin abreviaturas, y la tituló por eso además de dedicarla al emperador.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 173»

«Another writer, Damocrates, from whom Galen often quotes long passages, composed his book of medicaments in metrical form so that there might be no mistake made even in complete words.»y Damócrates puso su libro de medicamentos en forma métrica para que no cupiera error ni siquiera en palabras completas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 173»

«On the other hand, some of his pupils keep his teachings to themselves and are unwilling to give others the benefit of them, so that if they should die suddenly, his doctrines would be lost.»anota el riesgo contrario que Galeno teme: discípulos que se guardan la enseñanza y con cuya muerte súbita se perderían sus doctrinas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 172»

«But his own ideal has always been to share his knowledge freely with those who sought it, and if possible with all mankind.»frente al ideal que él mismo declara, de compartir su saber libremente con quien lo buscara y de ser posible con toda la humanidad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 172»

«Galen's allusions to Judaism and Christianity are of considerable interest.»señala como asunto de interés considerable las alusiones de Galeno al judaísmo y al cristianismo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 175»

«He scarcely seems to have distinguished between them.»y hace la observación que las gobierna: apenas parece haber distinguido entre ambos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 175»

«And in criticizing opposing sects for their obstinacy he remarks that it would be easier to win over the followers of Moses and Christ.»da el pasaje donde Galeno, criticando la obstinación de las sectas médicas rivales, dice que sería más fácil ganarse a los seguidores de Moisés y de Cristo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 176»

«According to a thirteenth century Arabian biographer of Galen, he spoke more favorably of Christians in a lost commentary upon Plato's Republic, admiring their morals and admitting their miracles.»y consigna con su fuente declarada, un biógrafo árabe del siglo XIII, que Galeno habló mejor de los cristianos en un comentario perdido a la *República* de Platón, admirando su moral y admitiendo sus milagros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 176»

«This last, as we shall see, is unlikely, since Galen believed in a supreme Being who worked only through natural law.»Thorndike juzga improbable esa noticia y da su razón: Galeno creía en un Ser supremo que obraba solo por ley natural.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 176»

«It is Plato, not Christ, whom in another treatise he cites as describing the first and greatest God as ungenerated and good.»y precisa la filiación: es a Platón, no a Cristo, a quien Galeno cita describiendo al primer y mayor Dios como no engendrado y bueno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 177»

«But while Galen's monotheism cannot be regarded as of Christian or Jewish origin, it is possible that his argument from design and supporting theology by anatomy made him more acceptable to both Mohammedan and Christian readers.»separa dos cosas que suelen confundirse: el monoteísmo de Galeno no es de origen cristiano ni judío, pero su argumento del diseño y su teología apoyada en la anatomía pudieron hacerlo más aceptable a lectores musulmanes y cristianos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 177»

«At any rate he had Christian readers at Rome at the opening of the third century, when a hostile controversialist complains that some of them even worship Galen.»y da el testimonio hostil de principios del siglo III, que se queja de que algunos cristianos hasta adoran a Galeno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 177»

«These early Christian enthusiasts for natural science, who also de-' voted much time to Aristotle and Euclid, were finally excommunicated; but Aristotle, Euclid, and Galen were to return in triumph in medieval learning.»anota el desenlace de aquel grupo, que dedicaba también mucho tiempo a Aristóteles y Euclides: acabaron excomulgados, pero los tres autores volverían en triunfo en la enseñanza medieval.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 177»

«Galen held as his fundamental theory of nature the view which was to prevail through the middle ages, that all natural objects upon this globe are composed 0.£ four elements, earth, air, fire, and water.»fija la teoría de fondo que Galeno sostiene y que prevalecerá en la Edad Media: todos los objetos naturales del globo se componen de cuatro elementos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 177»

«There were others who ridiculed the four quality hypothesis, saying that hot and cold were words for bath-keepers, not for physicians to deal with.»y consigna que la hipótesis no era unánime, con la burla de quienes decían que caliente y frío son palabras de bañeros y no de médicos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 178»

«Galen rejected the atomism of Democritus and Epicurus, in which the atoms were indivisible particles differing in shape and size, but not differing in quality as chemical atoms are supposed to do.»registra el rechazo de Galeno al atomismo de Demócrito y Epicuro, cuyos átomos diferían en forma y tamaño pero no en cualidad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 178»

«The Stoics and many physicians believed that heat prolonged life, but Asclepiades pointed out that the Ethiopians are old at thirty because the hot sun dries up their bodies so, while the inhabitants of Britain sometimes live to be one hundred and twenty years old.»expone la disputa sobre el calor y la longevidad, con la objeción de Asclepíades: los etíopes son viejos a los treinta y los britanos llegan a veces a los ciento veinte.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 179»

«This last, however, was regarded as probably due to the fact that their thicker skins conserved their innate heat longer.»y la explicación con que se salvaba la doctrina, que atribuía esa longevidad a que las pieles más gruesas conservan más tiempo el calor innato.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 179»

«But his entire system, like the four quality theory upon which it is largely based, seems now obsolete, and what evidenced his superiority to other physicians in his own day would probably strike the modern reader only as a token of his distinct inferiority to present practice.»da su saldo sobre la medicina galénica: el sistema entero parece hoy obsoleto, y lo que probaba su superioridad sobre los médicos de su día golpearía al lector moderno como inferioridad frente a la práctica presente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 179»

«As was usual in ancient and medieval times, he attributes plagues to the corruption of the air, which poisons men breathing it, and tells how Hippocrates tried to allay a plague at Athens by purifying the air by fumigation with fires, odors, and unguents.»sitúa la etiología de las pestes por corrupción del aire como lo usual en la Antigüedad y la Edad Media, con el relato de Hipócrates purificando el aire de Atenas por fumigación.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 180»

«Galen was keenly alive to the need of exactness in weights and measurements.»Thorndike le reconoce a Galeno conciencia aguda de la exactitud necesaria en pesos y medidas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 182»

«He also frequently complains because they do not specify whether they are using the Greek or Roman system of weights, or the Attic, Alexandrine, or Ephesian variety of a certain measure.»y su queja de que los escritores previos no digan si usan el sistema griego o el romano, ni la variedad ática, alejandrina o efesia de una medida.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 182»

«When he states that even some illustrious physicians of his acquaintance mistake the speed of the pulse and are unable to tell whether it is slow, fast, or normal, we begin to realize something of the difficulties under which medical practice and any sort of experimentation labored before watches were invented, and how much depended upon the accuracy of human machinery and judgment.»y saca de un dato de Galeno una consecuencia sobre la época entera: si médicos ilustres erraban la velocidad del pulso, se ve bajo qué dificultades trabajaban la práctica y todo experimento antes de que hubiera relojes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 182»

«Yet Galen estimates that the chief progress made in medical prognostication since Hippocrates is the gradual development of the art of inferring from the pulse.»aunque el propio Galeno tenga por principal progreso desde Hipócrates el desarrollo gradual del arte de inferir por el pulso.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 182»

«He states that in any city the inhabitants want to know the time of day accurately, not merely conjecturally; and he gives directions how to divide the day into twelve hours by a combination of a sun-dial and a clepsydra, and how on the water clock to mark the duration of the longest, shortest, and equinoctial days of the year.»y consigna sus instrucciones para dividir el día en doce horas combinando reloj de sol y clepsidra, y marcar en el de agua el día más largo, el más corto y los equinocciales.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 182»

«When she came again the next day, Galen had purposely arranged that someone should enter and say that he had seen Morphus dancing.»describe el control que Galeno monta en el caso de la enferma de amor: hace entrar a alguien a decir que vio bailar a Morfo, para comparar la reacción del pulso.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 183»

«But it bounded again when on the fourth day Pylades' name was again spoken.»y el resultado que cierra la prueba: el pulso volvió a saltar al cuarto día cuando se pronunció otra vez el nombre de Pílades.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 183»

«He is generally considered the greatest anatomist of antiquity, but it is barely possible that he may have owed more to predecessors and contemporaries and less to personal research than is apparent from his own writings, which are the most complete anatomical treatises that have reached us from antiquity.»acota la fama de mayor anatomista de la Antigüedad con una posibilidad que no puede descartar: que Galeno debiera más a predecesores y contemporáneos y menos a investigación propia de lo que sus escritos dejan ver.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 183»

«He failed, however, to perform any experiments with the pulmonary veins, and so the notion persisted that these conveyed "spirit" and not blood from the lungs to the heart.»y señala la consecuencia de un experimento no hecho: al no probar con las venas pulmonares, persistió la noción de que llevaban espíritu y no sangre de los pulmones al corazón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 185»

«It has ·usually been stated that Galen never dissected the human body and that his inferences by analogy from his dissection of animals involved him in serious error concerning human anatomy and physiology.»presenta como opinión recibida, y no como propia, que Galeno nunca disecó cuerpo humano y que sus analogías desde animales lo llevaron a errores serios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 185»

«He mentions, however, the possibility of obtaining the bodies of criminals condemned to death or cast to beasts in the arena, or the corpses of robbers which lie unburied in the mountains, or the bodies of infants exposed by their parents.»y le opone lo que el propio Galeno menciona: la posibilidad de conseguir cuerpos de condenados a muerte o echados a las fieras, cadáveres de ladrones insepultos en los montes o niños expuestos por sus padres.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 185»

«It is not sufficient, he states in another passage," to read books about human bones; one should have them before one's eyes.»con la regla que Galeno da al respecto: no basta leer libros sobre los huesos humanos, hay que tenerlos ante los ojos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 185»

«This particular dissection was not, however, performed exclusively in the interests of science, since it was scarcely accomplished when the heart was carried off, not to a scientific museum, but by the imperial cooks to their master's table.»y anota el desenlace que quita a una disección su carácter puramente científico: apenas hecha, los cocineros imperiales se llevaron el corazón a la mesa de su señor.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 186»

«In Galen's opinion the study of anatomy was important for the philosopher as well as for the physician.»Thorndike consigna que Galeno tiene el estudio de la anatomía por importante para el filósofo tanto como para el médico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 187»

«Thus Galen adopts the argument from design for the existence of God.»y le adjudica el argumento del diseño para la existencia de Dios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 187»

«He has, however, sought vainly from philosopher after philosopher for a satisfactory demonstration of the existence of God, and is by no means certain himself.'»con el límite que el propio Galeno pone: buscó en vano de filósofo en filósofo una demostración satisfactoria de esa existencia y él mismo no está nada seguro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 188»

«Galen is also at a loss concerning the existence and substance of the soul.»y anota la misma perplejidad ante la existencia y la sustancia del alma.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 188»

«It might be argued that the soul itself causes the parts to grow,5 but Galen questions this, nor is he ready to accept the Platonic world-soul theory of a divine force permeating all nature.»registra las dos cosas que Galeno no da por buenas: que el alma misma haga crecer las partes, y la teoría platónica del alma del mundo como fuerza divina que permea la naturaleza.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 188»

«On the other hand, he disagrees with those who deny any innate knowledge or standards to the soul and attribute everything to sense perception and certain imaginations and memories based thereon.»y la otra orilla de la que también se aparta: quienes niegan al alma todo conocimiento o criterio innato y lo atribuyen todo a la percepción sensorial y a las imágenes y memorias que de ella derivan.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 188»

«In the De usu partiwm Galen states that he agrees with Moses that "the beginning of genesis in all things generated" was "from the demiurge," but that he does not agree with him that anything is possible with God and that God can suddenly turn a stone into a man or make a horse or cow from ashes.»expone dónde coincide Galeno con Moisés y dónde no: acepta que el principio de la génesis de todo lo generado venga del demiurgo, y rechaza que a Dios todo le sea posible y que pueda volver de pronto una piedra en hombre o hacer un caballo de cenizas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 189»

«In Galen's view God attempts nothing contrary to nature but of all possible natural courses invariably chooses the best.»y formula el principio que sustituye al milagro: Dios no intenta nada contra la naturaleza, y de todos los cursos naturales posibles escoge invariablemente el mejor.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 189»

«Thus Galen expresses his admiration at nature's providence in keeping the eyebrows and eyelashes of the same length and not letting them grow long like the beard or hair, but this is because a harder cartilaginous flesh is provided for them to grow in, and the mere will of God would not keep hairs from growing in soft flesh.»da el ejemplo con que Galeno lo sostiene: admira la providencia que mantiene cejas y pestañas de un mismo largo, pero la causa es el cartílago en que crecen, y la mera voluntad de Dios no impediría que crecieran en carne blanda.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 189»

«Galen more than once declared that things, not names, were important and refused to waste time in disputing about terminology and definitions which might be spent in "pursuing the knowledge of things themselves.»consigna la máxima de método que Galeno repite: importan las cosas, no los nombres, y no vale gastar en disputas de terminología y definiciones el tiempo de perseguir el conocimiento de las cosas mismas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 190»

«Thus we see in Galen a pragmatic scientist intent upon concrete facts and exact knowledge; but at the same time it must be recognized that he accepted some universal theorems and general views.»y equilibra el retrato con las dos mitades: un científico pragmático atento a hechos concretos y saber exacto, que a la vez aceptaba teoremas universales y visiones generales.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 190»

«Although he cites Aristotle a great deal, he declares that it is not surprising that Aristotle made many errors in the anatomy of animals, since he thought that the heart in large animals had a third ventricle.»registra que Galeno, con lo mucho que cita a Aristóteles, no ve extraño que errara tanto en la anatomía animal, dado que creía que el corazón de los animales grandes tenía un tercer ventrículo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 191»

«Daremberg said of Galen that he represented at the same time the most exaggerated dogmatism and the most advanced experimental school.»Thorndike recoge la fórmula de Daremberg sobre Galeno, que reúne a la vez el dogmatismo más exagerado y la escuela experimental más avanzada.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 192»

«At the same time he expresses his dislike for mere dogmatizers who shout their ipse dixits like tyrants without the support either of reason or experience.»y le acredita el rechazo a los meros dogmatizadores que gritan sus *ipse dixit* como tiranos sin apoyo de razón ni de experiencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 193»

«He also grants that the ordinary man, taught by nature alone, often instinctively pursues a better course of action for his health than "the sophists" are able to advise.»con la concesión que Galeno hace al hombre común, que enseñado solo por la naturaleza sigue a menudo mejor camino para su salud que el que los sofistas saben aconsejar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 193»

«Indeed, he is of the opinion that some doctors would do well to stick to experience alone and not try to mix in reasoning, since they are not trained in logic, and when they endeavor to divide or analyze a theme, perform like unskilled carvers who fail to find the joints and mutilate the roast.»y su consejo de que algunos médicos se atengan a la sola experiencia sin mezclar razonamiento, porque al dividir un tema hacen como trinchadores torpes que no dan con las coyunturas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 193»

«Normally, however, Galen upholds both reason and experience as criteria of truth against the opposing schools of Dogmatics and Empirics.»fija la posición de fondo: Galeno sostiene razón y experiencia a la vez como criterios de verdad, contra las escuelas enfrentadas de dogmáticos y empíricos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 193»

«Galen's chief objection to the Empirics is that they reject reason as a criterion of truth and wish the medical art to be irrational.»y su objeción principal a los empíricos, que rechazan la razón como criterio y quieren un arte médico irracional.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 193»

«They hold that there is no system or necessary order in medical discovery or doctrine, and that some remedies have been discovered by dreams, others by chance.»expone la doctrina empírica del hallazgo: ni sistema ni orden necesario en el descubrimiento médico, con remedios hallados unos por sueños y otros por azar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 194»

«He adds, however, that the Empiries themselves say that past tradition or "history" (tCTTopta) should not be judged by .experience, but it is unlikely that he represents their view.correctly in this particular.»y desconfía del testimonio de Galeno sobre sus adversarios en un punto: es poco probable que represente bien la idea empírica de que la tradición no deba juzgarse por la experiencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 194»

«In a third passage5 he repeats that they held that observation of one or two instances was not enough, but that oft-repeated observation was needed with all conditions the same each time.»consigna la exigencia metodológica que Galeno atribuye a los empíricos: no basta una o dos instancias, hace falta observación repetida con todas las condiciones iguales cada vez.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 194»

«He himself defines experience as the comprehending and remembering of something seen often and in the same condition,»y la definición propia de Galeno, que es la misma exigencia: comprender y recordar algo visto a menudo y en la misma condición.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 194»

«Reason alone, he says, discovers some things, experience alone discovers some, but to find others requires use of both experience and reason.»reparte los hallazgos en tres clases según Galeno: los que descubre la sola razón, los que descubre la sola experiencia y los que exigen ambas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 195»

«Galen also speaks of discovering a truth by logic and being thereby encouraged to try it in practice and of then verifying it by experience.»y describe la secuencia que Galeno practica: hallar una verdad por lógica, animarse a probarla y verificarla luego por experiencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 196»

«This, however, is not quite the same thing as saying that the scientist should aim to discover new truth by purposive experiments, or that from a number of experiences reason may infer some general1aw of nature.»acota de inmediato hasta dónde llega eso, que es la distinción central del libro: no equivale a decir que el científico deba buscar verdad nueva por experimentos con propósito, ni que de varias experiencias la razón infiera una ley general.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 196»

«Galen mentions some virtues ascribed to substances which he has tested by experience and found false, such as the medicinal properties attributed to the belly of a seagull' and some of those claimed for the marine animal called torpedo.»registra virtudes que Galeno dice haber probado por experiencia y hallado falsas, como las propiedades medicinales del vientre de gaviota y algunas del torpedo marino.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 197»

«On the whole, since reasoning is not easy for everyone, requiring natural sagacity and training from childhood, he thinks it better to start from experience, especially since not a few physicians are of the opinion that only thus can the properties of foods be learned.»y su preferencia por empezar de la experiencia en materia de alimentos, dado que razonar no es fácil para cualquiera y pide sagacidad natural y entrenamiento desde la niñez.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 197»

«In beginning his work on food values 5 Galen states that many have discussed the properties of aliments, some on the basis of reason alone, some on the basis of experience alone, but that their statements do not agree.»Thorndike consigna el diagnóstico con que Galeno abre su obra sobre los alimentos: unos han tratado la materia por sola razón y otros por sola experiencia, y sus dichos no concuerdan.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 197»

«The Ernpirics contended that most compound medicines had been hit upon by chance, and Galen grants that the Dogmatics usually are unable to give reasons for the ingredients of their doses and find difficulty in reproducing a lost prescription.»y la concesión que Galeno hace a los empíricos: los dogmáticos no suelen poder dar razón de los ingredientes de sus dosis y les cuesta reproducir una receta perdida.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 197»

«His own method was to learn the nature of each disease and the varied properties of simples, and then prepare a compound suited to the disease and to the patient.»describe el método propio de Galeno para los compuestos: conocer la naturaleza de cada enfermedad y las propiedades de los simples, y preparar entonces una mezcla ajustada a la enfermedad y al paciente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 197»

«He admits that no one can tell the exact quantity of each ingredient to employ without the aid of experience,»con su límite admitido: nadie puede decir la cantidad exacta de cada ingrediente sin la ayuda de la experiencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 198»

«The proper proportions in the mixture we shall find conjecturally before experience, scientifically after experience.»y la fórmula que reparte los dos momentos: las proporciones se hallan conjeturalmente antes de la experiencia y científicamente después.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 198»

«He states that one experience is enough to learn how to prepare a drug, but to learn to know the best medicines in each kind and in different places many experiences are required.»anota la escala que Galeno distingue: una experiencia basta para aprender a preparar una droga, y hacen falta muchas para saber cuáles son las mejores en cada género y en cada lugar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 198»

«One condition to be observed in experimental investigation of critical days is to count no cases where any slip has been made by physician or patient or bystanders or where any other foreign factor has done harm.»y da la regla de exclusión que Galeno impone al investigar los días críticos: no contar los casos donde hubo desliz del médico, del paciente o de los presentes, ni donde dañó algún factor extraño.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 199»

«One is the extreme unlikelihood of ever being able to observe in even two cases the same combination of symptoms and circumstances.»expone la primera dificultad que Galeno reconoce en la experimentación médica: lo improbabilísimo de observar en dos casos siquiera la misma combinación de síntomas y circunstancias.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 199»

«The other is the danger to the life of the patient from rash experimenting.»y la segunda, que es el peligro para la vida del paciente en un experimentar temerario.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 199»

«Thus Galen more than once tells us of abstaining from testing some remedy because he had others of whose effects he was surer.»con la consecuencia práctica que Galeno declara más de una vez: abstenerse de probar un remedio por tener otros de efecto más seguro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 199»

«The more general influence of Galen upon all sides of the medicine of the following fifteen centuries has often been stated in sweeping terms, but is difficult to exaggerate.»mide la influencia de Galeno sobre los quince siglos siguientes con una fórmula doble: se ha dicho en términos gruesos y aun así es difícil exagerarla.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 201»

«Gilbert of England cites "experiences from the book of experiments experienced by Galen," 6 and we shall find more than one such apocryphal work ascribed to Galen in the middle ages.»y anuncia la pseudoepigrafía que esa autoridad genera, empezando por el libro de experimentos experimentados por Galeno que cita Gilberto el Inglés.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 200»

«Peter of Spain, who died as Pope John XXI in 1277, cites Galen in his discussion of "the way of experience" and "the way of reason" in his Commentaries on Isaac on Diets.»registra que Pedro Hispano, muerto como papa Juan XXI en 1277, cita a Galeno al discutir la vía de la experiencia y la vía de la razón en sus comentarios a Isaac sobre las dietas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 201»

«Indeed, Galen makes the general assertion that when a physician prognosticates aright concerning the future course of a malady, this seems so marvelous to most men that they would receive him with great affection, if they did not often regard him as a wizard.!»Thorndike consigna la afirmación general de Galeno sobre el riesgo de acertar: el pronóstico correcto parece a la mayoría tan maravilloso que lo recibirían con gran afecto si no lo tuvieran a menudo por hechicero.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 203»

«As a result, Galen says that since then he has not gone about advertising his prognostications like a herald, lest the physicians and philosophers hate him the more and slander him as a wizard and diviner, but that he now reveals his discoveries only to his friends.»y la conducta que Galeno adopta en consecuencia: dejar de pregonar sus pronósticos y revelar sus hallazgos solo a los amigos, para que médicos y filósofos no lo calumnien como hechicero y adivino.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 204»

«Again in his work on medicinal simples 4 he states that he abstained from testing the supposed virtue of crocodile's blood in sharpening the vision, and the blood of house mice in removing warts, partly because he had other reliable eyemedicines and cures for warts-such as myrmecia, a genl with wart-like lumps, partly because by employing such substances he feared to incur the reputation of a sorcerer, since jealous physicians were already slandering his medical prognostications as divination.»da el caso donde ese miedo le impide un experimento: se abstuvo de probar la sangre de cocodrilo para la vista y la de ratón casero para las verrugas, en parte por tener remedios seguros y en parte por temor a la fama de hechicero.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 204»

«Galen accuses Xenocrates Aphrodisiensis also of not having eschewed sorcery, and he notes that medical. writers have either said nothing about sweat or what is superstitious and bordering upon magic.»y registra el reproche que Galeno dirige a Jenócrates de Afrodisias por no haber rehuido la hechicería, junto con su queja de que los médicos callen sobre el sudor o digan cosas supersticiosas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 205»

«He thinks it ridiculous to believe that by such spells one can bewitch one's adversaries so that they cannot plead in court, or conceive or bear children.»consigna qué le parece a Galeno ridículo creer: que con tales ensalmos se pueda embrujar a los adversarios de modo que no puedan alegar en juicio, ni concebir ni parir.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 205»

«Galen's own works are not entirely free from the magical devices of which he accuses others.»y le devuelve el cargo: las obras del propio Galeno no están del todo libres de los recursos mágicos que reprocha a otros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 205»

«He considers it worse to advertise and perpetuate such false or criminal notions in writings than to practice such a crime but once.»recoge el criterio con que Galeno agrava la falta de escribir: peor es pregonar y perpetuar por escrito nociones falsas o criminales que cometer el crimen una sola vez.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 205»

«Nevertheless, before long he offends against his own standard and describes how he administered to patients the very substance which he had before characterized as most unmentionable.»y anota que poco después falta a su propio criterio, describiendo cómo administró a sus pacientes la misma sustancia que antes había llamado la más innombrable.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 206»

«It may also be noted that he repeats unquestioningly such a tale as that the cubs of the bear are born unformed and licked into shape by their mother.»registra lo que Galeno repite sin cuestionar, como que los oseznos nacen informes y la madre los lame hasta darles forma.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 206»

«Galen also says that he has known of doctors who have cured many persons by giving them burnt human bones in drink without their knowledge.»y el testimonio de que hubo médicos que curaron a muchos dándoles a beber hueso humano quemado sin que lo supieran.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 206»

«He is still more sceptical whether the liver of a mad dog will cure its bite.»mide el escepticismo de Galeno por grados, y en su punto más alto está si el hígado del perro rabioso cura su propia mordedura.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 207»

«Many say so, and he knows of some who have tried it and survived, but they took other remedies too.»con el razonamiento que lo funda: muchos lo dicen y él conoce sobrevivientes, pero tomaron además otros remedios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 207»

«Galen has heard that some who trusted to it alone died.»y el dato contrario que cierra el argumento: ha oído que los que confiaron solo en él murieron.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 207»

«He therefore will not include it or elephants or Nile horses (hippopotamuses?) or any other animals of which he has had no personal experience.»anota la regla de exclusión que Galeno deriva de ahí: no incluir ese remedio ni elefantes ni caballos del Nilo ni animal alguno del que no tenga experiencia personal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 207»

«Mithridates, like King Attalus in Galen's native land, had tested the effects of various drugs upon condemned criminals, and had thus discovered antidotes against spiders, scorpions, sea-hares, aconite, and other poisons.»Thorndike consigna cómo se probaban los antídotos: Mitrídates, como el rey Átalo en la tierra de Galeno, ensayó los efectos de varias drogas sobre criminales condenados.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 209»

«But he did not include the flesh of the viper, which was added with some other changes by Andromachus, chief physician to Nero.»y la historia de la triaca: la carne de víbora no estaba en la fórmula de Mitrídates y la añadió Andrómaco, médico principal de Nerón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 209»

«Galen gives a long list of ills which it will cure, including the plague and hydrophobia," and adds that it is beneficial in keeping a man in good health," He advises its use when traveling or in wintry weather, and tells Piso that it will prolong his life.»con el catálogo que Galeno le atribuye, peste e hidrofobia incluidas, más el uso preventivo en viaje o en invierno y la promesa a Pisón de alargarle la vida.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 209»

«The Ma.rsi at Rome denied the existence of the dipsas or snake whose bite causes one to die of thirst, but Galen is not quite sure whether to agree with them.»y registra una abstención de Galeno como rama real: los marsos de Roma negaban que existiera la dipsas, la serpiente cuya mordedura hace morir de sed, y él no está seguro de darles la razón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 210»

«In another passage he holds that there is no medical reason to account for the virtues of amulets, but that those who have tested them by experience say that they act by some marvelous antipathy unknown to man.»da la fórmula con que Galeno acomoda los amuletos sin explicarlos: no hay razón médica que dé cuenta de su virtud, y quienes los han probado dicen que obran por una antipatía maravillosa desconocida del hombre.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 211»

«While Galen thus employs ligatures and suspensions and sanctions magic logic, he draws the line at use of images, characters, and incantations.»y traza la línea exacta donde Galeno se detiene: usa ligaduras y suspensiones y sanciona esa lógica, pero no admite imágenes, caracteres ni conjuros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 211»

«Some say that the gem jasper comforts the stomach if bound about the abdomen.f and some wear it in a ring engraved with a dragon and rays," as King Nechepso directs in his fourteenth book.»consigna el caso del jaspe que conforta el estómago y el anillo grabado con dragón y rayos que manda el rey Nequepso en su libro catorce.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 211»

«But at each repetition he spat on the scorpion and Galen afterwards killed one by the same procedure without any incantation, and more quickly with the spittle of a fasting than of a full man.'»y el control que Galeno hace del ensalmo contra escorpiones: mató uno con el mismo procedimiento sin conjuro alguno, y más rápido con saliva de hombre en ayunas que de hombre harto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 212»

«But while Galen questions images and incantations, he still clings to the notions of marvelous virtue in a fasting man's spittle or in a gem suspended about the neck.»acota el alcance de ese control: puesta en duda la imagen y el conjuro, Galeno sigue prendido a la virtud maravillosa de la saliva del ayuno y de la gema colgada al cuello.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 212»

«Men are discovering that marvels can be worked as well without characters and incantations.»y saca de ahí el movimiento que le interesa: se va descubriendo que las maravillas se obran igual sin caracteres ni conjuros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 212»

«The preceding paragraph gives a good illustration of the slow progress of human thought away from magic and towards science.»y lo nombra como lo que su libro entero rastrea: el lento progreso del pensamiento humano alejándose de la magia y hacia la ciencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 212»

«In contrast to Galen's previous scepticism concerning depilatories for eyebrows we now find a number mentioned, including the blood of a bed-bug.»Thorndike contrasta el escepticismo previo de Galeno sobre los depilatorios con la lista que luego admite, sangre de chinche incluida.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 213»

«We are not entirely surprised that contemporary doctors confused his medical prognostic with divination, when we read what he has to say concerning the outward signs of hot or cold internal organs..»y explica por qué los médicos contemporáneos confundían su pronóstico con adivinación, leído lo que dice sobre los signos externos de los órganos internos calientes o fríos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 214»

«At II, 163, Galen again accepts the notion that human saliva is fatal to scorpions.»registra que Galeno vuelve a aceptar la noción de que la saliva humana es fatal para los escorpiones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 212»

«We must limit ourselves to a hasty survey of a few specimens of its prescriptions.»declara el límite de su propio tratamiento en este punto, un barrido apresurado de unas cuantas muestras de recetas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 213»

«But Galen also believes that to some extent the future can be predicted from dreams, as has been testified, he says, by experience.»consigna que Galeno cree en cierta medida en la predicción del futuro por los sueños, y que apoya esa creencia en la experiencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 215»

«He states that dreams are affected by our daily life and thought, and describes a few corresponding to bodily states or caused by them..»y a la vez que hace depender los sueños de la vida y el pensamiento diarios, con algunos correspondientes a estados corporales o causados por ellos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 215»

«In diagnosing dreams one should note when they occurred and what had been eaten.»da el protocolo de registro que Galeno pide para diagnosticar por sueños: anotar cuándo ocurrieron y qué se había comido.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 215»

«In the De methode medendi he often urges the importance of the time of year, the region, and the state of the sky.»anota la insistencia de Galeno en la época del año, la región y el estado del cielo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 216»

«But this expression seems to refer to the weather rather than to the position of the constellations.»y corta la lectura astrológica de esa frase: parece referirse al tiempo atmosférico y no a la posición de las constelaciones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 216»

«one of his objections to the atomists is that "they despise augury, dreams, portents, and all astrology," as well as that they deny a divine artificer of the world and an innate moral law to the soul,"»registra que entre las objeciones al atomismo figura que desprecien el augurio, los sueños, los portentos y toda la astrología, junto a negar un artífice divino del mundo y una ley moral innata.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 216»

«atheism and disbelief in astrology are put on much the same plane.»y saca de ahí lo que esa lista implica: ateísmo e incredulidad astrológica quedan puestos casi en el mismo plano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 216»

«He then discusses the moon's phases, holding that it causes great changes in the air, rules conceptions and birth, and "all beginnings of actions."»consigna la doctrina lunar del tratado: la luna causa grandes cambios en el aire y rige las concepciones, los nacimientos y todos los comienzos de acciones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 217»

«In discussing divination 2 the treatise states that Plato and the Stoics attributed it to God and to divinity of the spirit in ecstasy, or to interpretation of dreams or astrology or augury.»Thorndike expone la adjudicación que el tratado hace de la adivinación a Platón y los estoicos, por Dios y por la divinidad del espíritu en éxtasis, o por sueños, astrología y augurio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 218»

«For although they deny that the human soul is immortal, they think that there is something divine about it.»con la posición intermedia que les atribuye: niegan que el alma humana sea inmortal y le reconocen algo divino.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 218»

«Other dreams are natural, when the mind forms images of things useful to it or about to happen to it.»y la clasificación de los sueños, con los naturales como imágenes que la mente forma de lo que le es útil o le va a suceder.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 218»

«Still others are fortuitous or mere reflections of our desires.»y los fortuitos, meros reflejos de nuestros deseos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 218»

«either, but Thales, Plato, Pythagoras, and the Stoics agree that demons are natural substances, while heroes are souls separate from bodies, and are good or bad according to the lives of the men who lived in those bodies.»consigna el acuerdo que el tratado atribuye a Tales, Platón, Pitágoras y los estoicos: los demonios son sustancias naturales y los héroes almas separadas de los cuerpos, buenas o malas según la vida de aquellos hombres.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 219»

«Vitruvius seldom or never embodies anything that can be called magical.»pasa a Vitruvio y hace de él el contraejemplo del capítulo: rara vez o nunca incorpora nada que pueda llamarse mágico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 221»

«If so, one wonders how there came to be so much mystery enveloping Free-Masonry.»y deja abierta la pregunta que de ahí se sigue sobre el origen de tanto misterio en torno a la masonería.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 221»

«Vitruvius furthermore speaks of six and ten as perfect numbers and contends that the human body is symmetrical in the sense that the distances between the different parts are exact fractions of the whole.P»registra sin embargo la aritmología que sí hay en él: el seis y el diez como números perfectos y el cuerpo humano simétrico porque las distancias entre sus partes son fracciones exactas del todo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 222»

«In mapping out the ground-plan of his theater he advises inscribing four equilateral triangles within the circumference of a circle, "as the astrologers do in a figure of the twelve signs of the zodiac, when they are making computations from the musical harmony of the stars.»y el préstamo de método a los astrólogos: inscribir cuatro triángulos equiláteros en la circunferencia para trazar el teatro, como ellos hacen con la figura de los doce signos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 222»

«Vitruvius patriotically contends that the inhabitants of Italy, and especially the Romans, represent a happy medium between north and south, combining the greater courage of the northerners with the keener intellects of the southerners, just as the planet Jupiter is a golden mean between the extreme influences of Mars and Saturn.»anota el argumento patriótico de Vitruvio, que hace de los itálicos un medio feliz entre norte y sur al modo en que Júpiter es media dorada entre Marte y Saturno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 222»

«Their learning deserves the admiration of' mankind; for they were so solicitous as even to be able to predict, long beforehand, with divining mind, the signs of the weather which was to follow in the future.»y el elogio que Vitruvio dirige al saber de los caldeos por haber podido predecir de antemano los signos del tiempo por venir.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 223»

«But Vitruvius believed that an architect should 110t be a mere craftsman but broadly educated in history, medicine, and philosophy, geometry, music, and astronomy, in order to understand the origin and significance of details inherited from the art of the past, to assure a healthy building, proper acoustics, and the like.»consigna la exigencia formativa de Vitruvio: que el arquitecto no sea mero artesano sino educado en historia, medicina, filosofía, geometría, música y astronomía; el OCR lee *110t* por *not*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 223»

«and since he asserts that the most famous artists of the past owe their celebrity to their good fortune in working for great states or men, while other artists of equal merit are seldom heard of.»Thorndike recoge de Vitruvio una tesis sobre la fama de los artistas: los más célebres deben su celebridad a la fortuna de trabajar para grandes estados u hombres, y otros de igual mérito apenas se oyen.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 224»

«But all this does not lead him tal despair of art and learning; rather it confirms him in the conviction that they alone are really worth while, and he quotes several philosophers to that effect, including the saying of Theophrastus that "the learned man alone of all others is no stranger even in foreign lands . . . but is a citizen in every city.'»y su conclusión contraria al desánimo, apoyada en la sentencia de Teofrasto de que el docto no es extranjero en tierra alguna sino ciudadano de toda ciudad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 224»

«But in describing sun-dials he frankly remarks, "I will state by whom the different classes and designs of dials have been invented.»anota la declaración de fuentes con que Vitruvio abre los relojes de sol, nombrando a los inventores de cada clase y diseño.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 225»

«For I cannot invent new kinds myself at this late day, nor do I think that I ought to display the inventions of others as my own.»y la razón doble que da: no puede inventar nuevas clases a estas alturas, y no cree deber exhibir como propios los inventos ajenos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 225»

«But also, like Galen, he once admits that there are still good men in his own profession besides himself, affirming that "our architects in the old days, and a good many even in our own times, have been as great as those of the Greeks.»lo empareja con Galeno en una concesión: también Vitruvio admite que hay buenos hombres en su profesión además de él, y que arquitectos romanos han sido tan grandes como los griegos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 225»

«Here he makes a feeble effort to introduce the factor of astrological influence, asserting that "all machinery is derived from nature, and is founded on the teaching and instruction of the revolution of the firmament.»y mide como esfuerzo endeble su intento de meter el factor astrológico haciendo derivar toda la maquinaria de la naturaleza y de la enseñanza de la revolución del firmamento.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 225»

«Vitruvius states that of these he has selected those that seemed most useful and necessary and that the reader may turn to Ctesibius's own works for those which are merely amusing.»registra el criterio de selección de Vitruvio entre los ingenios de Ctesibio: se queda con los más útiles y necesarios y remite a la obra propia de Ctesibio para los meramente divertidos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 226»

«Hero, however, is not mentioned either by Vitruvius or Pliny, and it is now generally agreed as a result of recent studies that he belongs to the second century of our era.»data a Herón por un argumento de silencio y por los estudios recientes: no lo mencionan ni Vitruvio ni Plinio, y hoy se conviene en ponerlo en el siglo II.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 226»

«Not only does Hero seem to have been in large measure a compiler and continuer of previous science, his works also have evidently been worked over and added to in subsequent periods and bear marks of the Byzantine, Arabian, and medieval Latin periods as well as of the Hellenistic and Roman.»y advierte la doble capa del corpus heroniano: compilador y continuador de ciencia previa, y obra reelaborada y aumentada después con marcas bizantinas, árabes y latinas medievales.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 227»

«Indeed Heiberg regards the Geometry and De stereometricis and De mensuris as later Byzantine collections which have perhaps made some use of the works of Hero, while the De geodaesia is an epitome of, or extract from, a pseudo-Heronic collection.»consigna la adjudicación de Heiberg, que tiene la *Geometría* y otros dos tratados por colecciones bizantinas tardías y la *De geodaesia* por epítome de una colección pseudoheroniana.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 227»

«His apparatus and experiments are not intended so much to divert as to deceive the spectator, and not so much to amuse as to astound him.»fija el propósito de los aparatos de Herón, que no es tanto divertir como engañar al espectador ni tanto entretener como asombrarlo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 228»

«It is a case of thaumaturgy, as Hero himself says;' of apparent magic.»con el nombre que el propio Herón les da, taumaturgia, magia aparente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 228»

«Thus the existence of air is demonstrated by the experiment of pressing an inverted vessel, kept carefully upright, into water, which will not enter the vessel because of the resistance offered by the air already within the vessel.»describe el experimento con que se establece la existencia del aire, hundiendo un vaso invertido en el agua que no entra por la resistencia del aire de dentro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 228»

«Along with such admirable experimental proof, however, the introduction contains some astonishingly erroneous assertions, such as that "slime and mud are transformations of water into earth," and that air released from»y pone al lado de esa prueba admirable las afirmaciones erróneas de la misma introducción, como que el limo y el lodo sean transformaciones del agua en tierra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 228»

«Hero believes that heat and light rays are particles of matter which penetrate the interstices between the particles composing air and water.»Thorndike consigna la física de Herón: calor y rayos de luz son partículas de materia que penetran los intersticios entre las partículas del aire y del agua.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 229»

«Thus we encounter over half a dozen times the magic water-jar or drinking horn from which either wine or water or a mixture of both can be poured, or a choice of other liquids.»y cuenta las repeticiones del mismo truco en el corpus, la jarra o cuerno del que salen a voluntad vino, agua o mezcla.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 229»

«By this last expression is meant pairs of vessels, secretly connected by tubes and so arranged that nothing will flow from one until the other is filled, when wine will pour from one jar and water from the other.»con el mecanismo oculto que lo produce: pares de vasos conectados en secreto por tubos, de modo que nada fluye de uno hasta llenarse el otro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 229»

«In the last case the vessel of water is concealed behind the entrance column of a temple.»y el emplazamiento que convierte el ingenio en culto: el vaso de agua escondido tras la columna de entrada de un templo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 230»

«In a number of cases as long as a fire burns on an altar the expansion of enclosed air caused thereby opens temple doors by the aid of pulleys, or causes statues to pour libations, dancing figures to revolve, and a serpent to hiss..»describe los efectos de templo movidos por la dilatación del aire mientras arde el fuego del altar: puertas que se abren con poleas, estatuas que vierten libaciones, figuras que danzan y una serpiente que silba.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 230»

«Thus a divinity can be made suddenly to appear in a temple.»y el efecto con espejos que hace comparecer de golpe una divinidad en el templo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 231»

«Hero displays a slight tendency in the direction of astrology, discussing the music of the spheres in the first chapters of the Catoptries, and in the Pneumatics describing an absurdly simple representation of the cosmos by means of a small sphere placed in a circular hole in the partition between two halves of a transparent sphere of glass.»le reconoce a Herón una inclinación leve hacia la astrología, con la música de las esferas en los primeros capítulos de la *Catóptrica* y una representación del cosmos absurdamente simple en la *Neumática*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 231»

«Although we have seen some indications of its earlier existence in Egypt, alchemy seems to have made its appearance in the ancient Greek-speaking and Latin world only at a late date.»fecha tarde la entrada de la alquimia en el mundo grecolatino, pese a los indicios egipcios anteriores.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 231»

«There seems to be no allusion to the subject in classicalliterature before the Christian era, the first mention being Pliny's statement that Caligula made gold from orpiment.f»y fija la primera mención en la afirmación de Plinio de que Calígula hizo oro del oropimente, sin alusión al asunto en la literatura clásica anterior a la era cristiana.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 231»

«If the report be true, one would fancy that the imperial edict would be more effective as a testimonial to the truth of transmutation in encouraging the art than it would be in discouraging it by destroying a certain amount of its literature.»invierte el efecto que suele atribuirse al edicto de Diocleciano contra los libros de alquimia: sería más eficaz como testimonio de la verdad de la transmutación que como desaliento del arte.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 232»

«Thus the edict would resemble the occasional laws of earlier emperors banishing the astrologers-except their own-from Rome or Italy because they had been too free in predicting the death of the emperor, which only serve to show what a hold astrology had both on emperors and people.»y lo empareja con las leyes que desterraban a los astrólogos de Roma, salvo los propios, que solo muestran el arraigo de la astrología en emperadores y pueblo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 232»

«But the report concerning Diocletian sounds improbable on the face of it and must be doubted for want of contemporary evidence.»pero acaba por dudar de la noticia misma, improbable en su faz y sin evidencia contemporánea.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 232»

«Certainly we are not justified in explaining the air of secrecy so often assumed by writers on alchemy as due to the fear of persecution which this action of Diocletian 2 or the fear of being accused of magic aroused in them.»y corta la explicación corriente del secreto alquímico por miedo a la persecución de Diocleciano o a la acusación de magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 232»

«Persons who wish to keep matters secret do not rush into publication, and the air of secrecy of the alchemists is too often evidently assumed for purposes of»con el argumento que la desarma: quien quiere guardar un secreto no se lanza a publicar, de modo que el aire de secreto de los alquimistas es a menudo asumido con otro fin.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 232»

«Zosimus of Panopolis, who seems to have written in the third century, says that the fallen angels instructed men in alchemy as well as in the other arts, and that it was the divine and sacred art of the priests and kings of Egypt, who kept it secret.»consigna la genealogía que Zósimo de Panópolis da del arte en el siglo III: los ángeles caídos lo enseñaron a los hombres, y fue arte divino y sagrado de los sacerdotes y reyes de Egipto, que lo guardaban en secreto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 233»

«Hermes is often cited by the alchemists, although no work of alchemy ascribed to him has reached us from this early period.»y marca el desfase entre cita y texto: los alquimistas citan mucho a Hermes y de este período temprano no nos ha llegado ninguna obra alquímica adjudicada a él.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 233»

«Whereas Vitruvius, although not personally inhospitable to occult theory, showed us the art of architecture free from magic, and Hero told how to perform apparent magic by means of mechanical devices and deceits, the Greek alchemists display entire faith in magic procedure with which their art is indissolubly intermingled.»Thorndike ordena en tres grados los capítulos de ciencia aplicada: Vitruvio muestra una arquitectura libre de magia, Herón enseña a hacer magia aparente por engaño mecánico, y los alquimistas griegos creen enteramente en un procedimiento mágico inseparable de su arte.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 234»

«Indeed the papyri in which works of alchemy occur are primarily magic papyri, so that alchemy may be said to spring from the brow of magic.»y funda esa adjudicación en el soporte material: los papiros donde aparecen obras de alquimia son ante todo papiros mágicos, de modo que la alquimia brota de la frente de la magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 234»

«Physico et mystica., ascribed to Democritus, after a purely technical fragment on purple dye, invokes his master Ostanes from Hades, and then plunges into alchemical recipes.»describe la composición de los *Physica et mystica* adjudicados a Demócrito, que tras un fragmento técnico sobre la púrpura invocan desde el Hades al maestro Ostanes y se lanzan a las recetas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 235»

«"Touch not the philosopher's stone with your hands," warns Mary the ]ewess, "you are not of our race, you are not of the race of Abraham."»cita la advertencia de María la Judía, que veda tocar la piedra filosofal a quien no sea de su raza y de la raza de Abraham.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 235»

«Synesius tells that Democritus was initiated in Egypt at the temple of Memphis by Ostanes, and Zosimus cites the instruction»y consigna la cadena de iniciación que Sinesio declara: Demócrito iniciado en Egipto, en el templo de Menfis, por Ostanes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 236»

«At the same time even these early alchemists cannot be denied a certain scientific character, or at least»acota su propio juicio: ni siquiera a estos alquimistas tempranos se les puede negar cierto carácter científico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 236»

«"Alchemy," said Berthelot, "rested upon a certain mass of practical facts that were known in antiquity and that had to do with the preparation of metals, their alloys, and that of artificial precious stones; it had there an experimental side which did not cease to progress during the entire medieval period until positive modern chemistry emerged from it.»y lo apoya en Berthelot, para quien la alquimia descansaba en una masa de hechos prácticos sobre metales, aleaciones y piedras artificiales, con un lado experimental que no dejó de progresar hasta que de él salió la química moderna.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 236»

«Their theories of matter seem indebted to the earlier Greek philosophers, while in the description of nature Berthelot noted a "direct and intimate" relation between them and the works of Dioscorides, Vitruvius, and Pliny.»traza la deuda doble de esos alquimistas: sus teorías de la materia con los filósofos griegos anteriores, y su descripción de la naturaleza con Dioscórides, Vitruvio y Plinio, según la relación directa e íntima que Berthelot notó.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 237»

«Plutarch flourished during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian at the turn of the first and second centuries, but The Letter on the Education of a Prince to Trajan 1 probably is not by him, and the legend that Hadrian was his pupil is a medieval invention.»data a Plutarco entre Trajano y Adriano y descarta dos atribuciones: la carta a Trajano sobre la educación del príncipe probablemente no es suya, y la leyenda de Adriano como discípulo es invención medieval.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 238»

«Or we are told how Sulla received from the Chaldeans predictions of his future greatness, how in the dedication to his Memoirs he admonished Lucullus to trust in dreams, and how Lucullus's mind was deranged by a love philter administered by his freedman in the hope of increasing his master's affection towards him.»y reúne del mismo autor los casos que le interesan: las predicciones caldeas de grandeza a Sila, su exhortación a Lúculo a confiar en los sueños y el filtro de amor con que el liberto de Lúculo le trastornó la mente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 239»

«The authenticity of some of the essays attributed to him has been questioned, and very likely with propriety, but for our purpose it is not important that they should all be by the same author so long as they represent approximately the same period and type of literature.»Thorndike declara por qué la disputa de autenticidad no lo detiene con Plutarco: para su propósito basta que los ensayos representen aproximadamente el mismo período y tipo de literatura.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 240»

«He rejects as a fiction the statement that the women of Thessaly can draw down the moon by their spells, but thinks that the notion perhaps originated in the fact or story that Aglaonice, daughter of Hegetor, was so skilful in astrology or astronomy as to be able to foresee the occurrence of lunar eclipses, and that she deluded the people into believing that at such times she brought down the moon from heaven by charms and enchantments.»y expone la explicación que Plutarco da de la creencia en las tesalias que bajan la luna: la habilidad astronómica de Aglaónice, hija de Hegétor, para prever eclipses, con que engañó al pueblo haciéndole creer que la bajaba con ensalmos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 241»

«He also, however, as the passage just quoted shows, is opposed to the more extreme and debasing forms of magic, and declares that the superstitious man becomes a mere peg or post upon which all the old-wives hang any amulets and ligatures upon which they may chance.»consigna su rechazo de las formas más extremas y degradantes de magia, con la imagen del supersticioso vuelto mera percha donde las viejas cuelgan cuanto amuleto y ligadura les caiga en las manos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 242»

«There was nothing terrible, says Plutarch, with his usual felicity of antithesis, in the periodic recurrence of the earth's shadow upon the moon; but it was a terrible calamity that the shadow of superstition should thus darken the mind of a general at the very moment when a great crisis required the fullest use of his reason.»y la antítesis con que Plutarco juzga el eclipse ante Siracusa: nada terrible había en la sombra periódica de la tierra sobre la luna, y sí en que la sombra de la superstición oscureciera la mente de un general en plena crisis.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 242»

«In the essay upon the demon of Socrates one of the speakers, attacking faith in dreams and apparitions, commends Socrates as one who did not reject the worship of the gods but who did purify philosophy, which he had received from Pythagoras and Empedocles full of phantasms and myths and the dread of demons, and reeling like a Bacchanal, and reduced it to facts and reason and truth.»recoge del ensayo sobre el demonio de Sócrates el elogio que uno de los interlocutores le hace: sin rechazar el culto a los dioses, purificó la filosofía que había recibido de Pitágoras y Empédocles llena de fantasmas, mitos y pavor de demonios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 242»

«Few men receive direct divine revelation, in his opinion, but to many signs are given on which divination may be based.f»y la economía con que Plutarco salva la adivinación sin multiplicar los milagros: pocos reciben revelación divina directa, y a muchos se les dan signos sobre los que fundarla.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 243»

«The god or demon, however, is the underlying and directing cause of the oracle.»con la causa última que sigue reservando al dios o al demonio como agente que subyace y dirige el oráculo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 244»

«On the other hand, the theory of demons solves many doubts and difficulties.»anota qué le compra a Plutarco la teoría de los demonios, que es resolver muchas dudas y dificultades.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 244»

«This man who acquired great skill in astrology during his stay there stated upon his return to Europe that every soul after leaving the human body wanders for a time between earth and moon, but finally reaches the latter planet, where the Elysian fields are located, and there becomes a demon.»y da la escatología que se le atribuye por boca de un viajero: el alma vaga un tiempo entre la tierra y la luna, alcanza al fin ese planeta, donde están los campos elíseos, y allí se hace demonio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 245»

«The demons do not always remain in the moon, however, but may.come to earth to care for oracles or be imprisoned in a human body again for some crime.»Thorndike sigue la demonología plutarquea: los demonios no se quedan siempre en la luna, sino que pueden bajar a atender oráculos o ser encarcelados de nuevo en un cuerpo humano por algún crimen.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 245»

«The man who repeats the stranger's story leaves it to his hearers, however, to believe it or not.»y anota la reserva que el propio texto pone, dejando al oyente creerlo o no.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 245»

«The demons differ from the gods in that they are mortal, though much longer-lived than men.»fija la diferencia que los separa de los dioses: son mortales, aunque de vida mucho más larga que la de los hombres.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 245»

«As to the exact nature of Socrates' demon there is some diversity of opinion.»consigna que sobre la naturaleza exacta del demonio de Sócrates hay diversidad de opiniones, y las expone sin arbitrar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 246»

«One man suggests that it was merely the sneezing of himself or others, sneezes on the left hand warning him to desist from his intended course of action, while a sneeze in any other quarter was interpreted by him as a favorable sign.»la primera reduce el demonio a estornudos, con los de la izquierda como aviso de desistir y los de cualquier otro lado como signo favorable.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 246»

«The weight of opinion, however, inclines towards the view that his demon did not appear to him as an apparition or phantasm, or even communicate with him as an audible voice, but by immediate impression upon his mind.»y el peso de la opinión se inclina a que no fuera aparición ni fantasma ni voz audible, sino impresión inmediata sobre su mente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 246»

«As the discussion of them by Apuleius in the next chapter and the rather crude representation of them given in Philostratus's Life of AP9llonius of Tyana will show, there was as yet among non-Christian writers no unanimity of opinion concerning demons.»y saca de la comparación con Apuleyo y con la *Vida de Apolonio* de Filóstrato el estado del asunto: entre los escritores no cristianos no había todavía unanimidad sobre los demonios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 246»

«On the other hand there are several conceptions in Plutarch's essays which were to be continued later by Christians and Neo-Platonists: namely, the conception of a mediate class of beings between God and men, the hypothesis of a world of spirits in close touch with human life, the association of divination and oracles with demons, and the location of spirits in the sphere of the moon or the air between earth and moon,-although Plutarch sometimes connected demons with the stars above the moon.»y enumera lo que de Plutarco continuarán cristianos y neoplatónicos: una clase de seres mediadora entre Dios y los hombres, un mundo de espíritus en contacto con la vida humana, la adivinación y los oráculos ligados a demonios y la localización de los espíritus en la esfera de la luna.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 246»

«The man who learned "astrology" among demons in the isle beyond Britain affirmed that in human generation earth supplies the body, the moon furnishes the soul, and the sun provides the intellect.»da el reparto cosmológico de la generación humana que el relato atribuye: la tierra pone el cuerpo, la luna el alma y el sol el intelecto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 249»

«Such a separation of the moon from the other stars and planets would have, however, no necessary contrariety with astrological theory»y anota que separar así la luna de los demás astros no contraría necesariamente la teoría astrológica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 249»

«The diviner who had communed with demons, nomads, and nymphs in the desert asserted that there was not one world, but one hundred and eighty-three worlds arranged in the form of a triangle»consigna la cosmología de los ciento ochenta y tres mundos dispuestos en triángulo que afirma el adivino que trató con demonios, nómadas y ninfas en el desierto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 249»

«The stranger, we are informed, told this tale artlessly, like one in the mysteries, and produced no demonstration or proof of what he said.»con el modo de decirlo que el propio texto declara: como en los misterios, sin demostración ni prueba de lo dicho.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 249»

«He states that the nature of fire is quite apparent in the pyramid from "the slenderness of its decreasing sides and the sharpness of its angles,»y da la inferencia de la figura a la cualidad: la naturaleza del fuego se ve en la pirámide, en la delgadez de sus lados decrecientes y la agudeza de sus ángulos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 250»

«Thus in the potency of number and numerical relations is suggested a possible explanation of astrology.....and magic force in nature.»y señala adónde apunta esa vía: en la potencia del número y de las relaciones numéricas se insinúa una explicación posible de la astrología y de la fuerza mágica en la naturaleza.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 250»

«At the Symposium 2 the question also is raised why salt is called divine, and it is suggested that it may be because it preserves bodies from decay after the soul has left them, or because mice conceive without sexual intercourse by merely licking salt.»Thorndike recoge la pregunta simposíaca de por qué se llama divina a la sal, con las dos respuestas que se proponen: que preserva de la corrupción los cuerpos y que los ratones conciben con solo lamerla.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 251»

«These things are proved by experience but it is difficult if not quite impossible to learn their cause.»y la posición que el texto adopta ante ellas, que es la que le interesa: son cosas probadas por experiencia y de causa difícil, si no imposible, de saber.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 251»

«He wonders why it is that if a goat takes a piece of sea-holly in her mouth, the entire herd will stand still until the goatherd removes it.»con el caso del cardo marino que una cabra toma en la boca y deja inmóvil al rebaño entero hasta que el cabrero se lo quita.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 251»

«He also states incorrectly that it is found but rarely and in desert and arid regions of India where there is no rain and a hot sun and amid terrible serpents.»corrige a Plinio sobre el asbesto, que no se halla rara vez en regiones desérticas de la India sin lluvia, con sol ardiente y entre serpientes terribles.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 252»

«Prob- . 'ably Pliny or his source argued that anything which resisted the action of fire must have been inured by growth under 'fiery suns and among serpents.»y propone en probabilidad el razonamiento que produjo ese error: que lo capaz de resistir al fuego debía de haberse curtido creciendo bajo soles ardientes y entre serpientes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 252»

«He adds that it is employed in making shrouds fat royal funerals to separate the ashes of the corpse from those of the pyre.»anota el uso funerario del asbesto en sudarios reales, para separar las cenizas del cadáver de las de la pira.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 252»

«It has been questioned, however, whether these citations are not bogus.»y consigna la duda sobre unas citas de autoridad, puestas en cuestión como espurias.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 253»

«If these stones then lie still where they have fallen, it is taken as a sign of a barren year; but if they flyaway like locusts, this prognosticates a plentiful harvest.»da la adivinación agraria por piedras: quietas donde cayeron anuncian año estéril, y si vuelan como langostas, cosecha abundante.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 254»

«But if a virgin of marriageable age chances to see this stone, she is safe from attempts upon her chastity henceforth.»con el efecto que la misma piedra tiene sobre quien la ve, que resguarda en adelante a la doncella casadera de todo atentado contra su castidad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 254»

«He denies that cold is mere privation of heat, since it seems to act positively upon fluids and solids and exists in different degrees.»Thorndike consigna el argumento de Plutarco contra hacer del frío mera privación de calor: obra positivamente sobre líquidos y sólidos y existe en grados distintos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 256»

«He lived in the second century of our era and was not merely a rhetorician of great note in his day and the writer of a romance which has ever since fascinated men, but also a Platonic philosopher, an initiate into many religious cults and mysteries, and a student of natural science and medicine.»y presenta a Apuleyo por sus cuatro oficios, que es lo que lo hace útil a este libro: retórico célebre, novelista, filósofo platónico, iniciado en muchos cultos y misterios y estudioso de ciencia natural y medicina.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 259»

«Apuleius, yet it is no easy task to make out the precise facts of his life, partly because in his romance, The Metamorphoses} or The Golden Ass} he has hopelessly confused himself with the hero Lucius and introduced an autobiographical element of uncertain extent into what is in the main a work of fiction;»declara la dificultad biográfica y su causa: en *El asno de oro* Apuleyo se confundió sin remedio con el héroe Lucio e introdujo un elemento autobiográfico de extensión incierta en lo que es en lo principal ficción.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 260»

«However, he appears to have been born at Madaura in North Africa, to have studied first at Carthage and then at Athens, to have visited Rome and wandered rather widely about the Mediterranean world, but to have spent more time altogether at Carthage than at any other one place.»y da lo que sí puede sostener: nacido en Madaura, estudios en Cartago y luego en Atenas, viaje a Roma y andanzas por el Mediterráneo, con más tiempo en Cartago que en ningún otro sitio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 260»

«In it Apuleius not only more or less identifies himself with the hero Lucius, who is represented as quite a young man, he also apologizes for his Latin and speaks of the difficulty with which he had acquired that language at Rome.»anota que en las *Metamorfosis* Apuleyo se identifica más o menos con Lucio, se disculpa por su latín y habla de lo que le costó aprenderlo en Roma.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 260»

«Instead now of craving pardon if he offends by his rude, exotic, and forensic speech, he feels that his reputation for literary refinement and elegance has become such that his audience will not pardon him a solitary solecism or a single syllable pronounced with a barbarous accent.»y le opone la posición contraria de la *Florida*, donde en vez de pedir perdón por su habla ruda y exótica siente que su fama de elegancia no le tolerará un solo solecismo ni una sílaba de acento bárbaro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 260»

«Moreover, while in the Metamorphoses Apuleius ends the narrative with what seems to be his own comparatively recent initiation into the mysteries of Isis in Greece and of Osiris at Rome, in the Apology 8 he speaks of having been initiated in the past into all sorts of sacred rites, although he does not mention Rome or Isis and Osiris specifically.»señala el desajuste entre las dos obras en materia de iniciaciones: la novela termina con la de Isis en Grecia y la de Osiris en Roma, y la *Apología* habla de haber sido iniciado en toda suerte de ritos sin mencionar Roma ni a Isis y Osiris.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 261»

«On the delicate question of this lady's exact age depends our dating of the birth of Apuleius and the chronology of his entire career.»Thorndike hace depender de un punto delicado la cronología entera: de la edad exacta de la viuda con quien Apuleyo casó dependen la fecha de su nacimiento y toda su carrera.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 262»

«At the trial of Apuleius for magic Aemilianus, the accuser, declared that she was sixty when she married Apuleius, and he had previ... ously proposed to marry her to his brother, Clarus, whom Apuleius calls "a decrepit old man."»y expone las dos versiones sin arbitrar: el acusador Emiliano declaró que ella tenía sesenta al casarse, y antes había querido casarla con su propio hermano, a quien Apuleyo llama viejo decrépito.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 262»

«On the other hand, Apuleius asserts that the records, which he produces in court, of her being accepted in infancy by her father as his child show that she is "not much over forty," 2_a tactful ambiguity which, inasmuch as we no longer have the records, it would probably be idle to attempt to fathom.»con la versión contraria y su límite declarado: Apuleyo produce en el tribunal actas que la harían no mucho más de cuarenta, ambigüedad hábil que sin las actas sería ocioso pretender medir.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 262»

«The chief, if not the only, objection to dating the Metamorphoses before the Apology is that nothing is said of it in the latter.»formula la única objeción de peso a fechar las *Metamorfosis* antes de la *Apología*, que es el silencio de ésta sobre aquélla.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 262»

«They may not have yet .L~eard of it or it may at first have been published anonymously, although the probability is that Apuleius would not have spent three years at Oea without bringing it to his admirers' attention.»y sopesa las salidas posibles con su propia probabilidad: que los acusadores no la conocieran o que saliera anónima, aunque es poco probable que Apuleyo pasara tres años en Oea sin darla a conocer a sus admiradores.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 263»

«All these suppositions may not seem very plausible, but on the other hand we may ask, how would Apuleius dare to write a work like the Metamorphoses after he had been accused and tried of magic?»y deja el problema abierto por los dos lados, preguntando cómo se habría atrevido Apuleyo a escribir semejante obra después de haber sido acusado y juzgado por magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 263»

«Vast power over nature and spirits is attributed to magic and its practitioners in the opening chapters of the Metamorphases.»consigna cuánto poder sobre la naturaleza y los espíritus atribuyen a la magia y a sus practicantes los capítulos iniciales de la novela.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 263»

«While such assertions are' received with some scepticism by one listener, they are largely borne out by the subsequent experiences of the characters in the story and by the feats which witches are made to perform.»y anota que el escepticismo de un oyente queda desmentido por lo que después les pasa a los personajes y por las hazañas que las brujas ejecutan.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 263»

«The witches seem to break down the bolted doors, but these resume their former place when the hags have departed, and are to all appearances as intact as before.»reúne, en cambio, los indicios de que la magia de la novela solo aparenta: las puertas derribadas vuelven a su sitio y quedan al parecer intactas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 265»

«They may seem to draw down the sun, but it is found shining next day as usual.»y el sol que parecen bajar amanece brillando como siempre al día siguiente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 265»

«The witches had stuffed a sponge into the wound of his throat 2 with the adjuration, "Oh you sponge, born in the sea, beware of crossing running water."»da la escena de la esponja metida en la garganta degollada, con la adjuración que le manda guardarse de cruzar agua corriente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 265»

«The inference, although Apuleius draws none, is obvious; witches can make a corpse seem alive for a while but not for long, and magic ceases to work when you cross running water.»y saca la inferencia que Apuleyo no saca: las brujas pueden hacer que un cadáver parezca vivo un rato pero no por mucho, y la magia deja de obrar al cruzar agua corriente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 265»

«They are "most wicked women" (nequissimoe muliere's) ,1 intent upon lust and crime.»registra cómo la novela califica a las brujas, mujeres malísimas entregadas a la lujuria y al crimen.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 266»

«An Egyptian, who in return for a large sum of money engages to invoke the spirit of a dead man and restore the corpse momentarily to life, is called a prophet and a priest, though he seems a manifest necromancer and is himself adjured to lend his aid and to "have pity by the stars of heaven, by the infernal deities, by the elements of nature, and by the silence of night,"»y la adjudicación de títulos que le importa: al egipcio que por buen dinero se compromete a invocar el espíritu de un muerto se le llama profeta y sacerdote, aunque sea a las claras un nigromante.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 266»

«Yet after he has been transformed into an ass by magic, he fears to resume his human form suddenly in public, lest he be put to death on suspicion of practicing the magic art.»consigna el miedo de Lucio a recobrar de golpe la forma humana en público, no sea que lo maten por sospecha de practicar el arte mágica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 266»

«Magic is depicted not merely as irresistible or occult or criminal or fallacious; it is also regularly called an art and a discipline.»y hace notar el vocabulario con que la novela la trata: no solo irresistible, oculta, criminal o falaz, sino regularmente llamada arte y disciplina.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 266»

«Pamphile has nothing less than a laboratory on the roof of her house,-a wooden shelter, concealed from view but open to the winds of heaven and to the four points of the compass,-where she may ply her secret arts and where she spreads out her "customary apparatus."»Thorndike describe el laboratorio de Pánfila en la azotea, un cobertizo de madera oculto a la vista y abierto a los cuatro puntos del compás, donde tiende su aparato acostumbrado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 266»

«It will be recalled that Galen represented medical students as most likely to secure human skeletons or bodies to dissect from somewhat similar sources; and possibly they might incur suspicion of magic thereby.»y empareja esa escena con Galeno, cuyos estudiantes de medicina conseguían esqueletos y cuerpos de fuentes parecidas y podían por eso incurrir en sospecha de magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 267»

«All this makes it clear that to work magic one must have Materials materials.»saca de todo ello el rasgo que le interesa de la magia antigua: para obrarla hacen falta materiales; el titulillo de margen se entrevera con el renglón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 267»

«But we have also heard the witches spoken of as coercing the gods rather than depending upon them for assistance.»y anota la otra cara, que ya venía de Egipto: las brujas coaccionan a los dioses en vez de depender de su asistencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 268»

«Such was the Chaldean who for a time astounded Corinth by his wonderful predictions, but had been unable to foresee his own shipwreck.»registra el episodio del caldeo que asombró a Corinto con sus predicciones y no había sabido prever su propio naufragio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 268»

«It has been said that The Golden Ass is the first book in European literature showing piety in the modern sense, and the most disreputable adventures of Lucius lead, it is true, in the end to a religious climax.»consigna el juicio ajeno de que *El asno de oro* es el primer libro de la literatura europea que muestra piedad en sentido moderno, y le concede que las aventuras de Lucio desemboquen en un clímax religioso.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 270»

«There is no real God in that world; all things are in the hands of. enchanters; man is without hope for here and hereafter; full of yearnings he struggles and takes refuge in strange cults.»y le opone la lectura de Duncan B. Macdonald sobre ese mismo mundo: no hay allí Dios verdadero, todo está en manos de encantadores y el hombre queda sin esperanza aquí ni después.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 270»

«While magic plays a larger part in The Golden Ass than in any other extant Greek romance, it is not unusual in the others to find the hero and heroine exposed to perils from magicians, or themselves falsely charged with magic, as in the Aethiopica of Heliodorus, where Charicles is "condemned to be burned»y sitúa la novela dentro de su género: la magia pesa más en ella que en ninguna otra novela griega conservada, pero no es raro en las demás que el héroe corra peligro de magos o sea falsamente acusado de magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 270»

«For instance, in denying the charge that he had caused to be made for himself secretly out of the finest 'wood a horrible magic figure in the form of a ghost or skeleton, he declares that it is only a little image of Mercury made openly by a well-known artisan of the town.»expone la estrategia de Apuleyo ante el cargo de la figura mágica: no era horrible ni secreta ni de fantasma, sino una imagen pequeña de Mercurio hecha a la vista por un artesano conocido del pueblo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 271»

«But he has earlier stated that "Mercury, carrier of incantations," is one of the deities invoked in magic 'rites;»y le pone al lado lo que el propio Apuleyo había dicho antes, que Mercurio portador de conjuros es una de las deidades invocadas en los ritos mágicos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 271»

«In a third passage 6 .he actually quotes Pythagoras to the effect that Mercury ought not to be carved out of every kind of wood.»con un tercer pasaje donde cita a Pitágoras sobre que Mercurio no debe tallarse en cualquier clase de madera.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 271»

«If in the Metamorphoses the practice of magic IS Imputed chiefly to old-wives, in the Apology a main concern of Apuleius is to defend philosophers in general!»Thorndike opone las dos obras por su interés: en las *Metamorfosis* la magia se imputa sobre todo a viejas, y en la *Apología* la preocupación mayor de Apuleyo es defender a los filósofos en general.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 272»

«It has been proscribed by Roman law since the Twelve Tables; it is hideous and horrible; it is secret and solitary; it murmurs its incantations in the darkness of the night,»y reúne los rasgos con que la *Apología* pinta la magia en su sentido corriente: proscrita por la ley romana desde las Doce Tablas, horrible, secreta, solitaria y murmurada en la oscuridad de la noche.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 272»

«That is to say, maleficium, literally "an evil deed," means an injury done another by means of magic art.»fija el término técnico del que depende la acusación: *maleficium*, literalmente mala acción, es el daño hecho a otro por medio del arte mágica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 273»

«He cannot be said to maintain any such distinction consistently; often in the Apology magia alone as well as 1naleficiu11tt is used in a bad sense.»y advierte que Apuleyo no sostiene esa distinción con consistencia, pues en la *Apología* también *magia* a secas se usa en mal sentido.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 273»

«"If," he says, "as I have read in many authors, maqus in the Persian language corresponds to the word sacerdos in ours, what crime, pray, is it to be a priest and duly know and understand and cherish the rules of ceremonial, the sacred customs, the laws of religion?"»da el argumento etimológico con que Apuleyo se defiende: si *magus* corresponde en persa a lo que en latín es *sacerdos*, qué crimen hay en ser sacerdote y conocer las reglas del ceremonial y las leyes de la religión.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 273»

«"Do you hear, you who rashly charge me with magic, that this art is acceptable to the immortal gods, consists in celebrating and reverencing them, is pious and prophetic, and long since was held by Zoroaster and Oromazes, its authors, to be noble and divine?"»y el corolario que de ahí saca, con Zoroastro y Oromazes como autores del arte: que es grata a los dioses inmortales, piadosa, profética y tenida desde antiguo por noble y divina.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 273»

«In common speech, however, Apuleius recognizes that a magician is one "who by his power of addressing the immortal gods is able to accomplish whatever he will by an almost incredible force of incantations."»pero anota que el propio Apuleyo reconoce el sentido común del término, donde mago es quien por su poder de dirigirse a los dioses logra cuanto quiere con una fuerza casi increíble de conjuros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 273»

«But in the Apology both Persian Magi and common magicians are associated with the worship or invocation of the gods, and it is theologians rather than natural philosophers who incur suspicion of magic.»y saca una consecuencia sobre quién queda bajo sospecha en ese cuadro: son los teólogos y no los filósofos naturales los que la atraen.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 274»

«Moreover, so ready have the accusers shown themselves to inter-pret the interest of Apuleius in natural science as an evidence of the practice of magic by him, that he sarcastically remarks 8 that he is glad that they were unaware that he had read Theophrastus On beasts»registra el sarcasmo de Apuleyo sobre acusadores tan prontos a leer su interés por la ciencia natural como prueba de magia, que se alegra de que ignoraran su lectura de Teofrasto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 274»

«He also regards himself as an experimental zoologist and has conducted all his researches publicly.»y la defensa que Apuleyo monta en el terreno opuesto: se tiene por zoólogo experimental y ha hecho todas sus investigaciones en público.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 275»

«He contends that fish are not employed in magic arts, asks mockingly if fish alone possess some property hidden from other men and known to magicians, and affirms that if the accuser knows of any such he must be a magician rather than Apuleius.»con el argumento en espejo sobre los peces: no se emplean en las artes mágicas, y si el acusador conoce alguna propiedad de ellos oculta a los demás, mago será él y no Apuleyo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 276»

«He insists that he did not make use of a sea-hare and describes the "fish" in question in detail," but this description, as is pointed out in Butler and Owen's edition of the Apology,S tends to convince us that it really was a sea-hare.»y anota que la descripción detallada con que Apuleyo niega haber usado una liebre marina persuade más bien de lo contrario, según la edición de Butler y Owen.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 276»

«And he himself is ready to believe that the human soul, especially in one who is still young and innocent, may, if soothed and distracted by incantations and odors, forget the present, return to its divine and immortal nature, and predict the future.»consigna lo que Apuleyo sí está dispuesto a creer, que es lo que la defensa no niega: que el alma de un joven inocente, aplacada y distraída por conjuros y perfumes, olvide el presente, vuelva a su naturaleza divina e inmortal y prediga el futuro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 277»

«Thus the accusers affirmed that he had bewitched a boy by incantations in a secret place with an altar and a lamp; Apuleius criticizes their story by saying that they should have added that he employed the boy for purposes of divination, citing tales which he has read to this effect in Varro and many other authors.»Thorndike registra el cargo de haber embrujado a un niño con conjuros en un lugar secreto, con altar y lámpara, y la crítica de Apuleyo a sus acusadores por no haber añadido que lo usaba para adivinar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 277»

«Apuleius affirms that one of his accusers had consulted he knows not what Chaldeans how he might profitably marry off his daughter, and that they had prophesied truthfully that her first husband would die within a few months.»y el contragolpe con que Apuleyo devuelve el cargo: uno de sus acusadores había consultado a caldeos cómo casar provechosamente a su hija, y ellos profetizaron con acierto que el primer marido moriría en pocos meses.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 277»

«Elsewhere, however, Apuleius does state that belief in fate and in magic are incompatible, since there is no place left for the force of spells and incantations, if everything is ruled by fate.»consigna la incompatibilidad que Apuleyo declara entre la creencia en el destino y la creencia en la magia, porque si todo lo rige el hado no queda lugar para la fuerza de ensalmos y conjuros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 278»

«In one passage of the Apology Apuleius affirms his belief with Plato in the existence of certain intermediate beings or powers between gods and men, who govern all divinations and the miracles of the magicians..5»y su afirmación, con Platón, de unos seres o potencias intermedios entre dioses y hombres que gobiernan todas las adivinaciones y los milagros de los magos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 278»

«Their native element is the air, which Apuleius thought extended as far as the moon,»con el aire como elemento propio de esos seres, que Apuleyo hacía llegar hasta la luna.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 278»

«Augustine was not quite sure whether Apuleius had actually been transformed into an ass or not.»y anota que Agustín no estaba del todo seguro de si Apuleyo se había convertido de veras en asno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 279»

«SOME fifty years after the birth of Apuleius occurred that of Philostratus, whose career and interests were somewhat similar, although he came from the Aegean island of Lemnos instead of the neighborhood of Carthage and wrote in Greek rather than Latin.»empareja a Filóstrato con Apuleyo por carrera e intereses, y los separa por origen y lengua: Lemnos y griego contra Cartago y latín.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 280»

«The resemblance is perhaps closer between Apuleius and Apollonius of Tyana, whose life Philostratus wrote and of whom we know more than of his biographer.»y corrige el emparejamiento: el parecido es acaso mayor con Apolonio de Tiana, de quien sabemos más que de su biógrafo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 280»

«Two centuries afterwards Augustine in one of his letters 1 names Apollonius and Apuleius as examples of men who were addicted to the magic art»registra que dos siglos después Agustín nombra a Apolonio y a Apuleyo como ejemplos de hombres dados al arte mágica, de quienes los paganos decían que obraron mayores milagros que Cristo; el tramo se corta al pie de plana.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 280»

«The Life of Apollonius of Tyana, however, must be taken more seriously than the Metamorphoses.»y fija el estatuto de la obra que va a usar: la *Vida de Apolonio* ha de tomarse más en serio que las *Metamorfosis*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 281»

«If the African's work is a rhetorical romance embodying a certain autobiographical element, a Milesian tale to which personal religious experiences are annexed, then the work by Philostratus is a rhetorical biography with a tinge of romance and a good deal of sermonizing.»con la distinción de género que lo funda: la del africano es novela retórica con elemento autobiográfico, la de Filóstrato biografía retórica con un tinte de novela y mucha prédica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 281»

«Some scholars incline to the view that she was deceived by an impostor, but it hardly seems that there would be sufficient profit in the venture to induce anyone to take the pains to forge such memoirs.»sopesa la sospecha de que la emperatriz fuera engañada por un impostor y la descarta por falta de móvil: no habría provecho bastante para tomarse el trabajo de forjar tales memorias.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 281»

«But Philostratus seems straightforward in describing the pains he has been to in preparing the Life, and certainly is more explicit and systematic in stating his sources than other ancient biographers like Plutarch and Suetonius are.»y le reconoce a Filóstrato ser más explícito y sistemático al declarar sus fuentes que biógrafos antiguos como Plutarco y Suetonio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 282»

«And through the work, despite his belief in demons and marvels, he now and then gives evidence of a moderate and sceptical mind, at least for his times.»Thorndike le reconoce a Filóstrato, con toda su creencia en demonios y maravillas, indicios de una mente moderada y escéptica al menos para su tiempo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 282»

«It is, however, not the facts either of Apollonius's career or of his times that concern us but the beliefs and superstitions which we find in Philostratus's Life of him.»y declara qué le interesa del libro, que no son los hechos de la carrera de Apolonio ni de su época sino las creencias y supersticiones que la *Vida* contiene.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 283»

«If Damis records them, Philostratus accepts them, and the probability is that they apply not only to all three centuries but to a long period before and after.»con el alcance temporal que les atribuye por esa vía: si Damis las registra y Filóstrato las acepta, valen no ya para tres siglos sino para un largo período antes y después.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 283»

«He declares that he was not a "vizard, as many suppose, but a notable Pythagorean, a man of broad culture, an intellectual and moral teacher, a religious ascetic and reformer, probably even a prophet of divine and superhuman nature..»resume la tesis de Filóstrato sobre su biografiado: no un hechicero, como muchos suponen, sino un pitagórico notable, maestro intelectual y moral, asceta y reformador religioso y probablemente profeta de naturaleza divina.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 284»

«This delicate distinction, however, is not easy to maintain and Philostratus fails to do so, while Mr. Conybeare in his English translation 2 makes confusion worse confounded not only by translating p,a'Yof as "wizard" instead of "magician," but by sometimes doing this when it really should be rendered as "one of the Magi."»y señala dos fallas encadenadas: que el propio Filóstrato no logra sostener esa distinción de términos, y que la traducción inglesa de Conybeare la enreda más al verter *magos* como hechicero.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 285»

«To begin with, in his second chapter Philostratus says that some consider Apollonius a magician "because he consorted with the Magi of the Babylonians, and the Brahmans of the Indians, and the Gymnosophists in Egypt." But they are wrong in this.»expone el argumento de Filóstrato contra quienes tienen a Apolonio por mago por haber tratado con los magos babilonios, los brahmanes indios y los gimnosofistas de Egipto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 285»

«"For Empedocles and Pythagoras himself and Democritus, although they associated with the Magi and spake many divine utterances, yet did not stoop to the art" (of magic).»y la nómina con que lo apoya, de Empédocles, Pitágoras y Demócrito, que trataron con los magos sin rebajarse al arte.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 285»

«Apollonius himself said that he learned some things from them and taught them some things; he told Damis that they were "wise men, but not in all respects»consigna lo que el propio Apolonio dijo del trato: aprendió cosas de los magos y les enseñó otras, y los tuvo por sabios pero no en todo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 286»

«They try to violate nature and to overcome fate by such methods as inquisition of spirits, barbaric sacrifices, incantations and besmearings.»da la definición del hechicero por lo que intenta: violar la naturaleza y vencer al hado por consulta de espíritus, sacrificios bárbaros, conjuros y unturas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 286»

«Apollonius was certainly no wizard, argues Philostratus, .for he never opposed the Fates but only predicted what they would bring to pass, and he acquired this foreknowledge not by sorcery but by divine revelation.»y la línea con que Filóstrato salva a su héroe: nunca se opuso a los hados sino que predijo lo que traerían, y esa presciencia le vino por revelación divina y no por hechicería.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 287»

«He then denied that one is a wizard merely because one has prescience, or that wearing linen garments proves one a sorcerer.»registra las dos negaciones de la defensa ante Domiciano: ni la presciencia ni el vestir lino prueban a nadie hechicero.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 287»

«Wizards shun the shrines and temples of the gods; they make use of trenches dug in the earth and invoke the gods of the lower world.»y los rasgos con que se los distingue: rehúyen santuarios y templos, usan fosas cavadas en la tierra e invocan a los dioses del mundo inferior.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 287»

«They possess no true science, depending for success in their art upon the stupidity of their dupes and devotees.»con el cargo epistemológico que cierra la serie: no poseen ciencia verdadera y su éxito depende de la estupidez de sus incautos y devotos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 287»

«When the dogs guarding the temple of Dictynna in Crete fawned upon him instead of barking at his approach, the guardians of the shrine arrested him as a wizard and would-be temple robber who had bewitched the dogs by something that he had given them to eat.»da el episodio que muestra cómo se levantaba la sospecha: los perros del templo de Dictina lo halagaron en vez de ladrarle y los guardianes lo prendieron por hechicero que los había embrujado con algo de comer.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 287»

«Closely akin to the goetes or wizards are the old hags and quack-doctors who offer one Indian spices or boxes supposed to contain bits of stone taken from the moon, stars, or depths of earth.»Thorndike anota a quiénes pone Filóstrato al lado de los hechiceros: viejas y curanderos charlatanes que ofrecen especias indias o cajitas con supuestos trozos de piedra tomados de la luna, de los astros o del fondo de la tierra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 288»

«We also read that Apollonius expelled from the cities along the Hellespont various Egyptians and Chaldeans who were collecting money on the pretense of offering sacrifices to avert the earthquakes which were then occurring.»y el episodio de los egipcios y caldeos que Apolonio expulsó de las ciudades del Helesponto por recaudar dinero con el pretexto de sacrificios contra los terremotos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 288»

«Nevertheless the feats ascribed to the Brahmans are certainly sufficiently akin to magic to excuse Philostratus for mentioning them along with the Magi and wizards and to justify us in considering them.»declara por qué trae a los brahmanes a un libro sobre magia: sus hazañas son bastante afines a ella para excusar que Filóstrato las mencione junto a magos y hechiceros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 289»

«Indeed, modern scholarship informs us that in the Vedic texts the word "brahman" in the neuter means a "charm, rite, formulary, prayer," and "that the caste of the Brahmans is nothing but the men who have brtihman. or magic power.'»y lo apoya en la filología moderna, que da a *brahman* en los textos védicos el sentido de ensalmo, rito, fórmula u oración, y hace de la casta los hombres que tienen ese poder.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 289»

«The Brahmans lived in a castle concealed by clouds, where they rendered themselves invisible at will.»describe la sede de los brahmanes, un castillo oculto por nubes donde se volvían invisibles a voluntad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 289»

«Each Brahman carries a staff-or magic wand-and wears a ring, which are both prized for their occult virtue by which the Brahmans can accomplish anything they wish.»y sus dos instrumentos, la vara y el anillo, ambos apreciados por la virtud oculta con que logran cuanto quieren.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 290»

«Iarchas also showed Apollonius and Damis a marvelous stone called Pantarbe, which attracted and bound other stones to itself and which, although only the size of his finger-nail and formed in earth four fathoms deep, had such virtue that it broke the earth open.»consigna la piedra *pantarbe* que Yarcas les muestra, que atrae y ata a sí otras piedras y con el tamaño de una uña abre la tierra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 290»

«"We only," said the Brahman, "can obtain this pantarbe, partly by doing things and partly by saying things," in other words by incantations and magical operations.»con el procedimiento que la obtiene, hacer y decir cosas, que Thorndike traduce como conjuros y operaciones mágicas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 290»

«Before performing their rite of levitation they bathed and anointed themselves with a certain drug.»y el preparativo del rito de levitación, baño y unción con cierta droga.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 290»

«"Then they stood like a chorus with Iarchas as leader and with their rods uplifted struck the earth, which heaving like the sea-wave raised them up in the air two cubits high.»con la escena misma: en coro y con Yarcas de corifeo golpean la tierra con las varas y ella, alzándose como ola, los levanta dos codos en el aire.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 290»

«A dislocated hip, indeed, they appear to have cured by massage.»y anota la excepción prosaica en medio de las maravillas: una cadera dislocada parecen haberla curado por masaje.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 290»

«Iarchas, indeed, attributed the origin of medicine to divination or divine revelation.»registra que Yarcas hace nacer la medicina de la adivinación o revelación divina.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 291»

«And unless it be an allusion to Chaldeans which we have already noted, there is no further mention of astrology in Philostratus's Life-a rather remarkable fact considering that he wrote»hace notar una ausencia, que es un hallazgo negativo: fuera de una alusión a caldeos, no hay más mención de astrología en la *Vida* de Filóstrato.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 291»

«They believed, however, in a fifth element, ether, from which the gods had been generated and which they breathe as men breathe air.»consigna el quinto elemento de los brahmanes, el éter, del que los dioses fueron generados y que respiran como los hombres el aire.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 292»

«The Brahman sages, moreover, regarded prolonged drought as a punishment visited by the world soul upon human sinfulness.»y su etiología de la sequía prolongada como castigo del alma del mundo por el pecado humano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 292»

«He denied "the silly story that the young of vipers are brought into the world without mothers" as "consistent neither with nature nor experience,»y le acredita a Apolonio la negativa de que las crías de víbora vengan al mundo sin madre, por no cuadrar ni con la naturaleza ni con la experiencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 293»

«Modern naturalists accept the story of the singing swans, asserting that though the common swan cannot sing, yet the Whooper or whistling swan does so.»y contrasta un relato antiguo con el saber presente: los naturalistas modernos aceptan el canto de los cisnes, porque aunque el común no cante, el cisne cantor sí.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 293»

«Iarchas told Damis and Apollonius flatly that the races described by Scylax of men with long heads or huge feet with which they were said to shade themselves did not exist in India or anywhere else; yet in a later book Philostratus states»Thorndike señala la contradicción interna del libro: Yarcas niega de plano que existan en la India ni en parte alguna las razas de cabeza larga o pies enormes que describe Escílax, y un libro más adelante Filóstrato afirma otra cosa.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 294»

«The dragons, however, are prized more for the precious stones in their heads, which the Indians quickly cut off as soon as they have bewitched them.»consigna que a los dragones se los aprecia sobre todo por las piedras de su cabeza, que los indios cortan en cuanto los han embrujado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 295»

«The pupils of the eyes of the hill dragons are a fiery stone possessing irresistible virtue for many occult purposes," while in the heads of the mountain dragons are many brilliant stones of flashing colors which exert occult virtue if set in a ring, "and they say that Gyges had such a ring.»y detalla esas piedras, de virtud irresistible para muchos fines ocultos, con la atribución del anillo de Giges.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 295»

«He remarked that eighteen was not a square, nor a number usually held in esteem and honor like ten, twelve, and sixteen.»registra la aritmología que Apolonio aplica al número de los brahmanes, con el dieciocho fuera de los números tenidos por honorables.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 296»

«The Brahmans agreed that there was no particular significance in eighteen, and further informed him that they maintained no fixed number of members but had varied from only one to as many as seventy according to the available»y la respuesta de los brahmanes, que niegan al dieciocho significación particular y declaran no tener número fijo de miembros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 296»

«If Philostratus denies that Apollonius was a magician, he does depict him as endowed with prophetic gifts, with power over demons, and with "secret wisdom."»mide qué queda tras la negación de Filóstrato: le pinta de todos modos dones proféticos, poder sobre demonios y sabiduría secreta.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 297»

«In his trial before Domitian he did not attempt to deny that he had predicted the plague at Ephesus, but attributed his "sense of the coming disaster" to his abstemious diet, which kept his senses clear and enabled him to see as in an unclouded mirror "all that is happening or about to occur."»y da la explicación naturalista con que Apolonio salva su presciencia ante Domiciano, atribuyéndola a la dieta abstemia que le mantiene los sentidos claros como espejo sin nubes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 297»

«Iarchas told Apollonius that health and purity were requisite for Mantike or the art of divination.»consigna la condición que Yarcas pone al arte adivinatoria, que es salud y pureza.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 297»

«He was not the only dreamer of the time, however, and when some of his followers were afraid to accompany him to Rome in Nero's reign, they made warning dreams their excuse for deserting him.»y anota el uso social del sueño de aviso, que a algunos seguidores les sirvió de excusa para no acompañarlo a Roma en tiempos de Nerón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 298»

«In defending his linen apparel before Domitian he declared, "It is a pure substance under which to sleep at night, for to those who live as I do dreams bring the truest of their revelations.»Thorndike consigna la defensa del lino como sustancia pura para dormir, con la razón que Apolonio da: a quienes viven como él los sueños les traen las revelaciones más verdaderas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 298»

«When Damis objected that Homer interpreted the sparrow and her eight nestlings whom the snake devoured as nine years' duration of the Trojan war, .Apollonius retorted that the birds had been hatched but that the whelps, being yet unborn, could not signify complete years.»y la disputa de método adivinatorio con Damis, donde Apolonio distingue entre las crías nacidas del gorrión homérico y los cachorros aún no nacidos, que no pueden significar años completos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 298»

«So does the passage in which Apollonius informs Domitian, when accused before him of having divined the future by sacrificing a boy, that human entrails are inferior to those of animals for purposes of divination, since the beasts are less perturbed by knowledge»registra el argumento con que Apolonio responde al cargo de haber sacrificado un niño: las entrañas humanas valen menos que las de los animales para adivinar, porque las bestias se perturban menos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 299»

«Although he did not sacrifice animals and divine from Divination their entrails, Apollonius appears to have employed prac- by fire. tices akin to those of the art of pyromancy when he threw a handful of frankincense into the sacrificial fire with a prayer to the sun, "and watched to see how the smoke of it curled upwards, and how it grew turbid, and in how many points it shot up; and in a manner he caught the meaning of the fire, and observed how it appeared of good omen and pure.»y describe la piromancia que sí practicaba, echando incienso al fuego con plegaria al sol y mirando cómo se rizaba el humo, cómo se enturbiaba y en cuántos puntos se alzaba.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 299»

«When visiting the isthmus of Corinth he began to say that it would be cut through, an idea which had doubtless occurred again and again to many; but then said that it would not»anota que la profecía del corte del istmo de Corinto era idea que a muchos se les había ocurrido una y otra vez, y que Apolonio se desdijo enseguida.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 300»

«But Aelian may have exaggerated the accuracy of Apollonius's prediction, or the latter may have made a shrewd guess»y ofrece dos explicaciones naturales de otro acierto, sin elegir: que Eliano exagerara la exactitud de la predicción o que Apolonio hiciera una conjetura sagaz.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 300»

«At Ephesus he detected the true cause of the plague in a ragged old beggar whom he ordered the people to stone to death.»consigna el episodio de la peste de Éfeso, donde Apolonio halla la causa verdadera en un viejo mendigo harapiento y manda al pueblo lapidarlo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 300»

«Later, when accused of magic before Domitian, Apollonius requested that the emperor question him in private about the causes of this pestilence at Ephesus, which he said were too deep to be discussed publicly.»y el secreto con que después envuelve esa causa, pidiendo a Domiciano que lo interrogue en privado porque el asunto es demasiado hondo para tratarse en público.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 301»

«On one .occasion, however, we are told that he got rid of a ghostly apparition by heaping abuse upon it; 3 and a satyr, who remained invisible but created annoyance by running amuck through the camp, he disposed of by the expedient of filling a trough with wine and letting the spirit get drunk on it.»reúne dos exorcismos de tono muy distinto: una aparición despachada a fuerza de insultos y un sátiro invisible emborrachado con una artesa llena de vino.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 301»

«But the word "demon" is not always employed by Philostratus in the sense of an evil spirit.»y advierte que Filóstrato no usa siempre demonio en el sentido de espíritu maligno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 301»

«In a letter to' Euphrates 9 Apollonius affirms that the all-wise Pythagoras should be classed among demons.»con la prueba de ese uso, la carta a Eufrates donde Apolonio cuenta entre los demonios al sapientísimo Pitágoras.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 301»

«Philostratus adds his own bit of personal testimony to the existence of demons, although it cannot be said to, be very convincing.»y anota que el testimonio personal que el propio Filóstrato aporta sobre la existencia de demonios no puede llamarse muy convincente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 302»

«Apollonius once revived a maiden who was being borne to the grave by touching her and saying something to her, but Philostratus honestly admits that he is not sure whether he restored her to life or detected signs of life in the body which had escaped the notice of everyone else.'»le acredita a Filóstrato una honestidad que le importa: al contar la resurrección de la doncella admite no saber si Apolonio le devolvió la vida o advirtió en el cuerpo signos de vida que a los demás se les habían pasado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 303»

«Philostratus, too, implies that he vanished miraculously from the courtroom of Domitian and that he sometimes passed from one place to another in an incredibly short time, and is somewhat doubtful whether he ever died.»y consigna las desapariciones y traslados instantáneos que le insinúa, con la duda de si llegó a morir.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 303»

«But we have seen that even on the testimony of Damis and Philostratus themselves many of the marvels and predictions of Apollonius were not "artless" but involved a knowledge of contemporary natural science and medicine, or of arts of divination, or the employment, in a way not unlike the procedure of magic, of forces and materials outside himself, namely, the occult virtues of things in nature or incantations, rites, and ceremonies.»Thorndike saca su saldo sobre Apolonio contra el testimonio mismo de Damis y Filóstrato: muchas de sus maravillas no eran sin arte, sino que suponían saber de ciencia natural y medicina, artes adivinatorias o el empleo de virtudes ocultas, conjuros, ritos y ceremonias.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 303»

«The wryneck was so much employed in Greek magic, as references to it from Pindar to Theocritus show»y documenta cuánto se usó el torcecuello en la magia griega, con referencias que van de Píndaro a Teócrito.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 304»

«Describing the royal palace at Babylon 3 he states that the Magi have hung four golden wrynecks, which they themselves attune and which they call the tongues of the gods, from the ceiling of the judgment hall to remind the king of divine judgment and not to set himself above mankind.»describe los cuatro torcecuellos de oro que los magos colgaban del techo de la sala de justicia de Babilonia, llamados lenguas de los dioses, para recordar al rey el juicio divino.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 304»

«These two passages seem to point clearly to the employment of mechanical metal birds which sang and moved as if by magic.»y propone la lectura mecánica de esos dos pasajes: aves de metal que cantaban y se movían como por magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 304»

«The Greek mathematician Hero in his explanation of mechanical devices employed in temples tells how to make a bird tum itself about and whistle by turning a wheel.»apoyándola en Herón, que explica cómo hacer que un ave gire sobre sí y silbe moviendo una rueda.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 304»

«I would therefore suggest that as the English name for the bird is derived from its writhing its neck, so the Greek name comes from its cry, for "que" and the root Lv")', if repeated rapidly many times in succession, sound much alike.»y arriesga una etimología propia, marcada como sugerencia: si el nombre inglés del ave viene de retorcer el cuello, el griego vendría de su grito.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 305»

«The name, Apollonius, continued to be associated with magic in the middle ages, when the Golden Flowers of Apollonius, a work on the notary art or theurgy," is found in the manuscripts.»registra la pervivencia del nombre en la magia medieval, con las *Flores áureas* de Apolonio sobre el arte notoria o teurgia en los manuscritos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 305»

«Aulus Gellius did not know whether to take the arguments of Favorinus against the astrologers seriously or not.»consigna la duda de Aulo Gelio ante los argumentos de Favorino contra los astrólogos, sin saber si tomarlos en serio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 307»

«There was reason for this perplexity of Aulus Gellius, since Favorinus was inclined to such tours de force as eulogies of Thersites or of Quartan Fever.»y le da la razón por el género que Favorino cultivaba, con elogios paradójicos de Tersites o de la fiebre cuartana.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 307»

«"For before the revelation of philosophy, which was discovered but recently, public opinion had no doubt of the truth of this art; and after philosophy emerged no philosopher of authority thought otherwise.»recoge el argumento de consenso a favor de la adivinación: antes de la filosofía la opinión pública no dudaba de su verdad, y después ningún filósofo de autoridad pensó de otro modo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 308»

«Quintus closes his long argument in favor of the truth of divination by solemnly asserting that he does not approve of sorcerers, nor of those who prophesy for the sake of gain, nor of the practice of questioning the spirits of the dead-which nevertheless, he says, was a custom of his brother's friend Appius.»y el deslinde con que Quinto cierra esa defensa, desaprobando a los hechiceros, a los que profetizan por lucro y a los que interrogan a los muertos, práctica que sin embargo era del amigo de su hermano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 308»

«"I think it not the part of a philosopher to employ witnesses, who are only haply true and often purposely false and deceiving.»con la respuesta de método de Cicerón: no es propio de un filósofo emplear testigos, que a lo sumo son verdaderos por azar y a menudo falsos a propósito.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 308»

«Quintus says that medical men, pilots, and farmers foresee many things, yet their arts are not divination.»Thorndike sigue la distinción que Quinto traza entre previsión y adivinación: médicos, pilotos y labradores prevén muchas cosas y sus artes no son adivinación.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 308»

«Tully carries the distinction a step further and asserts that the sick seek a doctor, not a soothsayer; that diviners cannot instruct us in astronomy; that no one consults them concerning philosophic problems or ethical questions; that they can give us no light on the problems of the natural universe; and that they are of no service in logic, dialectic, or political science.»y el paso más que Cicerón le da al enumerar todo aquello en lo que el adivino no sirve: medicina, astronomía, filosofía, ética, física, lógica, dialéctica y ciencia política.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 309»

«For those things which can be perceived beforehand either by art or reason or experience or conjecture you regard as not the affair of diviners but of scientists.»con la consecuencia que de ahí saca: lo que puede preverse por arte, razón, experiencia o conjetura no es asunto de adivinos sino de hombres de ciencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 309»

«He points out that the art is conducted in different places according to quite different rules of procedure, even to the extent that a favorable omen in one locality is a sinister warning elsewhere,»registra el argumento por la variación local, que hace de un presagio favorable en un sitio una advertencia siniestra en otro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 309»

«The Sibylline Books, like most oracles, are vague and the evident .product of labored ingenuity.»y el juicio sobre los Libros Sibilinos, vagos como casi todos los oráculos y producto visible de ingenio trabajoso.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 310»

«"Believe me, you are abandoning the citadel of philosophy while you defend its outposts.»cita la imagen con que Cicerón le reprocha a su hermano la defensa de la adivinación, abandonar la ciudadela de la filosofía por defender sus puestos avanzados.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 310»

«For in your effort to prove soothsaying true you utterly pervert physiology.»con el cargo concreto: por probar verdadera la adivinación se pervierte del todo la fisiología.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 310»

«Cicero makes other arguments against divination such as the stock contentions that it is useless to know predetermined events beforehand since they cannot be avoided, and that even if we can learn the future, we shall be happier not to do it, but his outstanding argument is that it is unscientific.»y jerarquiza los argumentos de Cicerón, dejando por encima de los tópicos sobre la inutilidad de saber lo inevitable el que la adivinación es acientífica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 310»

«The immense spaces intervening between the different planets 'seem to him a reason for rejecting the contentions of the Chaldeans.»anota el argumento astronómico contra los caldeos, sacado de los espacios inmensos que median entre los planetas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 311»

«He attacks the practice, which we shall find continued in the middle ages, of astrological prediction of the fate of cities.»y señala que ataca ya una práctica que seguirá viva en la Edad Media, la predicción astrológica del destino de las ciudades.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 311»

«He says that if all animals are to be subjected to the stars, then inanimate things must be, too, than which nothing can be more absurd.»con la reducción al absurdo que la remata: si todos los animales quedan sujetos a los astros, también lo inanimado ha de quedarlo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 311»

«He further calls seven and eight perfect numbers and speaks of their product, fifty-six, as signifying the fatal year in Scipio's life.»y anota que el propio Cicerón llama números perfectos al siete y al ocho y hace de su producto el año fatal en la vida de Escipión.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 311»

«Favorinus denied that the doctrine of nativities was the work of the Chaldeans and regarded it as the more recent invention of marvel-mongers, tricksters, and mountebanks,»registra la adjudicación de Favorino, que niega a los caldeos la doctrina de las natividades y la tiene por invención más reciente de vendedores de maravillas, embaucadores y charlatanes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 312»

«He complains that the astrologers predict great events like battles but cannot predict small ones, and declares that they may congratulate themselves that he does not propose such a question to them as that of astral influence on minute animals.»y su objeción de escala: los astrólogos predicen grandes acontecimientos como batallas y no los pequeños, y pueden felicitarse de que no les pregunte por la influencia astral sobre los animales diminutos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 313»

«Ptolemy would of course reply that while the influence of the stars is constant in both cases it is variably received by men and donkeys;»y le pone enfrente la respuesta que Ptolomeo daría, con influencia constante recibida de modo variable por hombres y por asnos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 314»

«He mentions the obstacle of free will to astrological theory but does not make very much of it.»mide qué peso le da Favorino al libre albedrío como obstáculo de la teoría astrológica, que es poco.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 314»

«The chief point' which he makes is that even if the stars do rule human destiny, their effect cannot be accurately measured.»Thorndike identifica el argumento central de Favorino, que concede la premisa y ataca la medida: aunque los astros rijan el destino humano, su efecto no puede medirse con exactitud.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 314»

«He lays stress on the difficulty of exactly determining the date of birth or of conception, or the precise moment when a star passes into a new sign of the zodiac.»y las tres imprecisiones en que lo apoya: la fecha del nacimiento, la de la concepción y el momento preciso en que un astro pasa a un signo nuevo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 314»

«He calls attention to the fact that observers at varying altitudes as well as in different localities would arrive at different conclusions.»con la variación del observador según altitud y lugar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 314»

«In any case we shall find his argument that the influence of the stars cannot be measured accurately repeated by Christian writers.»y anuncia la herencia de ese argumento, que los escritores cristianos repetirán.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 314»

«Photius, patriarch of Constantinople in the ninth century, who regarded the work as Lucian's, said that he wrote in it as one deriding the extravagance of superstition.»consigna la lectura de Focio en el siglo IX, que atribuía a Luciano *El asno* y lo leía como burla de la extravagancia de la superstición.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 315»

«Whether this be true of The Ass or not, it is true of other satires by Lucian of undisputed genuineness, in which he ridicules the impostures of the magic and pseudo-science of his day.»y separa lo dudoso de lo firme: cierto o no de esa obra, sí lo es de otras sátiras de autenticidad indiscutida donde ridiculiza las imposturas de la magia y la pseudociencia de su tiempo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 315»

«Suidas states that Lucian was torn to pieces by dogs as a punishment for his attacks upon Christianity, which again is probably a perversion of Lucian's own statement ill Pereqrinus that he narrowly escaped being torn to pieces by the Cynics.»anota cómo se fabrica una leyenda biográfica: Suidas hace despedazar a Luciano por perros en castigo de sus ataques al cristianismo, lo que probablemente deforma lo que él mismo contó de escapar por poco de los cínicos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 315»

«Lucian, however, explains that Alexander sometimes used a hot needle to melt the seal and then restore it to practically its original shape, or employed other methods by which he took exact impressions of the seal, then boldly broke it, read the question, and afterwards replaced the seal by an exact replica of the original made in the mould.»describe el método con que Luciano desenmascara al oráculo de Alejandro, derritiendo el sello con una aguja caliente o sacándole impresión exacta para reponerlo después con una réplica de molde.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 316»

«Similarly Plutarch tells of a sceptical opponent of oracles who became converted into their ardent supporter by receiving such an answer to a sealed letter.»y pone al lado el caso contrario que cuenta Plutarco, del adversario escéptico de los oráculos convertido en partidario ardiente por una respuesta a carta sellada.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 316»

«Lucian adds that there are plenty of other devices of this sort which he does not need to repeat to Celsus who has already made a sufficient collection of them in his "excellent treatises against the magicians."»registra que Luciano remite a Celso, a quien atribuye excelentes tratados contra los magos con una colección suficiente de esos trucos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 316»

«Dinomachus the Stoic admits that the occult virtue of the lion is very great and that its fat or right fore-paw or the bristles of its beard, if combined with the proper incantations, have wonderful efficacy..»expone lo que el estoico Dinómaco concede en la sátira: gran virtud oculta del león, y eficacia maravillosa de su grasa, su garra derecha o las cerdas de su barba con los conjuros propios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 317»

«But he holds that for the cure of gout the skin of a virgin hind would be superior on the ground that the hind is speedier than the lion and so more beneficial to the feet,»y el razonamiento por semejanza con que prefiere la piel de cierva virgen contra la gota, por ser la cierva más veloz que el león y por eso mejor para los pies.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 317»

«In vain the sceptic argues that the girl in question would have come willingly enough without any magic.»anota la explicación alterna que el escéptico ofrece en vano, de que la muchacha habría venido de buena gana sin magia alguna.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 318»

«The pestle turned into human form all right enough and obeyed his order to bring in water, but then he discovered that he could not make it stop, and when he seized an axe and chopped it in two, the only effect was to produce two water-carriers in place of one.»y da el episodio del aprendiz de brujo: el mortero se hizo hombre y trajo el agua, pero no había cómo pararlo, y partirlo en dos con un hacha solo produjo dos aguadores en vez de uno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 319»

«Denial of its authenticity, however, should rest on such grounds as its literary style and the manuscript history of the work rather than upon its-to modern eyes-superstitious character,»Thorndike fija el criterio para negar la autenticidad de un escrito antiguo: el estilo literario y la historia manuscrita, y no su carácter supersticioso a ojos modernos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 320»

«In antiquity a man might be sceptical about most superstitions and yet believe in astrology as a science.»y da la razón que lo funda, que es una tesis suya recurrente: en la Antigüedad se podía ser escéptico de casi toda superstición y creer en la astrología como ciencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 320»

«The Babylonians claim to have studied it before other peoples, but our author thinks that they did so long after the Ethiopians and Egyptians.»consigna la disputa de prioridad tal como la trae el tratado, con los babilonios reclamando anterioridad y el autor poniéndolos muy después de etíopes y egipcios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 321»

«Our author not only states that the ancient Greeks never built towns or walls or got married without first resorting to divination, but even asserts that astrology was their sole method of divination, that the Pythia at Delphi was the type of celestial purity and that the snake under the tripod represented the dragon among the constellations.»y hasta dónde lleva la tesis astrológica ese autor: los griegos no fundaban ciudad ni se casaban sin adivinar, la astrología era su único método, y la serpiente bajo el trípode representaba al dragón de las constelaciones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 321»

«It must not be thought, however, that Lucian in his other essays is always sceptical in regard to what we should classify as superstition.»advierte contra hacer de Luciano un escéptico uniforme, porque en otros ensayos no lo es respecto de lo que hoy clasificaríamos como superstición.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 322»

«He admits that he has never seen anyone in this condition and has not even been in Libya where these snakes are found, but a friend has assured him that he has seen the tombstone epitaph of a man who had died thus, a rather indirect mode of proof which we are surprised should satisfy the author»y da el ejemplo con que lo muestra: admite no haber visto nunca a nadie en tal estado ni haber estado en Libia, y le basta como prueba que un amigo le asegurara haber visto el epitafio de quien murió así.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 322»

«But how far Lucian would have been able to follow his own advice is perhaps another matter.»y deja en duda cuánto habría podido el propio Luciano seguir su propio consejo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 324»

«Thus Ammianus Marcellinus, the soldier-historian of the falling Roman Empire upon whom Gibbon placed so much reliance, was so attached to divination that he even quoted its arch-opponent, Cicero, in support of it.»registra el caso extremo de Amiano Marcelino, tan apegado a la adivinación que citaba en su favor a Cicerón, su adversario mayor.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 323»

«These oracular and mystic compositions usually pretend to great antiquity and often claim as their home such hoary lands as Egypt and Chaldea, although in the Hellenic past Apollo and in the Roman past the Sibylline' books 1 also afford convenient centers about which forgeries cluster.»y describe el patrón de la pseudoepigrafía antigua: pretender gran antigüedad y reclamar por patria tierras venerables como Egipto y Caldea, con Apolo y los Libros Sibilinos como núcleos donde se agrupan las falsificaciones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 325»

«It must be added that much of their contents depends for its effect entirely upon its claim to eminent authorship and great antiquity and upon the impressionability of its public.»Thorndike mide de qué depende el efecto de esa literatura, que es enteramente de la pretensión de autoría eminente y gran antigüedad y de la impresionabilidad de su público.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 326»

«To-day most of it seems trivial commonplace or marked by the empty vagueness characteristic of oracular utterances.»y da su juicio presente sobre ella: lugar común trivial o la vaguedad vacía propia de los dichos oraculares.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 326»

«Chief among these are the Hermetic books or writings attributed to Hermes the Egyptian or Trismegistus, "Under this name," wrote Steinschneider in 1906, "there exists in many languages a literature, for the most part superstitious, which seems to have not yet been treated in its totality.»y cita a Steinschneider en 1906 sobre lo que hay bajo el nombre de Hermes, una literatura en muchas lenguas, supersticiosa en su mayor parte, que parece no haberse tratado aún en su totalidad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 326»

«The Egyptian god Thoth or Tehuti, known in Greek as e",v(), e&>8, and Tar, was identified with Hermes, and the epithet "thrice-great" is also derived from the Egyptian aQ, 00, "the great Great."»deriva el epíteto de tres veces grande del egipcio, identificando a Thot o Tehuti con Hermes; el OCR destroza las transcripciones griegas y egipcias.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 326»

«Citations of works ascribed to this Hermes Trismegistus can be traced back as early as the first century of our era.»y fecha por las citas el arranque del corpus atribuido, ya en el siglo I de nuestra era.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 326»

«He is also mentioned or quoted by various church fathers from Athenagoras to Augustine and often figures in the magical papyri.»con su presencia doble en los padres de la Iglesia, de Atenágoras a Agustín, y en los papiros mágicos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 326»

«Iamblichus repeats the statement of Seleucus that Hermes wrote twenty thousand volumes and the assertion of Manetho that there were 36,525 books, a number doubtless connected with the supposed length of the year, three hundred and sixty-five and one-quarter days.»consigna las cifras que Jámblico repite de Seleuco y de Manetón, veinte mil volúmenes y 36 525 libros, y liga la segunda a la duración supuesta del año.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 327»

«He is aware, however, that most books attributed to Hermes were not really composed by him, since in other passages he speaks of "the books which are circulated under the name of Hermes," S and explains that "our ancestors ... inscribed all their own writings with the name of Hermes," 4 thus dedicating them to him as the patron deity of language and theology.»y anota que el propio Jámblico sabía que casi ningún libro atribuido a Hermes era suyo, pues dice que los antepasados inscribían con ese nombre sus propios escritos, dedicándolos al dios patrono del lenguaje y la teología.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 327»

«None of the Greek manuscripts of the Corpus seems older than the fourteenth century, although Reitzenstein thinks that they may all be derived from the version which Michael Psellus had before him in the eleventh century.»data los manuscritos griegos del *Corpus* no antes del siglo XIV, con la hipótesis de Reitzenstein de que todos deriven de la versión que Miguel Pselo tuvo delante en el XI.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 328»

«But the concluding prayer of the Poimandres exists in a third century papyrus, and the alchemist Zosimus in the fourth century seems acquainted with the entire collection.»y le opone dos anclajes más antiguos: la plegaria final del *Poimandres* en un papiro del siglo III y el alquimista Zósimo, que en el IV parece conocer la colección entera.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 328»

«The moral and religious instruction is associated, however, with a physics and cosmology very favorable to astrology and magic.»señala lo que va unido a la enseñanza moral y religiosa del corpus, que es una física y una cosmología muy favorables a la astrología y a la magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 328»

«Of magic in the narrow sense there is little in the Corpus, but a Hermetic fragment preserved by Stobaeus affirms that "philosophy and magic nourish the soul."»y mide cuánta magia en sentido estricto hay en el *Corpus*, que es poca, con el fragmento conservado por Estobeo donde filosofía y magia nutren el alma.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 328»

«Works under the name of Hermes TrismegisttlS are cited by Greek alchemists of the closing Roman Empire, such as Zosimus, Stephanus, and Olympiodorus, but those Hermetic treatises of alchemy which are extant are of late date and much altered.»separa la cita del texto: los alquimistas griegos del Imperio tardío citan obras bajo el nombre de Hermes, y los tratados herméticos de alquimia que se conservan son tardíos y muy alterados.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 330»

«Hellenistic and Roman astrology sought to extend its roots far back into Egyptian antiquity by putting forth spurious treatises under the names, not only of Hermes Trismegistus, but also of Nechepso and Petosiris.»y nombra la operación entera: la astrología helenística y romana buscó echar raíces en la antigüedad egipcia lanzando tratados espurios bajo los nombres de Hermes Trismegisto, Nequepso y Petosiris.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 330»

«But King's contention that the Lithica is by the same author as the Arqonautica, also ascribed to Orpheus, and is therefore of early date, falls to the ground since the Arqonautica, too, is now dated in the fourth century,»Thorndike desmonta la datación temprana del *Lithica*: el argumento de King, que lo hace del mismo autor que las *Argonáuticas* órficas, se cae porque también éstas se fechan hoy en el siglo IV.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 331»

«The authorship is uncertain, but the verse is supposed to follow the prose treatise by Damigeron who lived in the second century B. C.»y deja la autoría en incierto, con la conjetura de que el verso siga al tratado en prosa de Damigerón, del siglo II a. C.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 331»

«Few persons, however, avail themselves of this mystic lore, and those who do so are liable to be executed on the charge of magic.»consigna la sanción que el propio poema declara sobre su saber: pocos lo aprovechan, y quienes lo hacen se exponen a ser ejecutados por magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 332»

«The magnet was used by the witches Circe and Medea in their spells; an unchaste wife is unable to remain in the bed where this stone has been placed with an incantation.»y da la virtud probatoria que se atribuye al imán, usado por Circe y Medea, que impide a la esposa infiel permanecer en el lecho donde se ha puesto con un conjuro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 333»

«The poem fails, however, to touch upon their uses in alchemy or relations to the stars, nor does it contain much of anything that can be called necromancy.»anota qué falta en el poema, que es un hallazgo negativo: nada sobre el uso de las piedras en alquimia, nada sobre su relación con los astros y casi nada que pueda llamarse nigromancia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 333»

«But the author ranks the virtues of stones above those of herbs, whose powers disappear with age.»y la jerarquía que sí establece, con las piedras por encima de las hierbas, cuyas fuerzas desaparecen con el tiempo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 333»

«"There is great force in herbs," he says, "but far greater in stones," 1 an observation often repeated in the middle ages.»registra la fórmula que la Edad Media repetirá y que aquí viene atribuida a Cipriano: gran fuerza hay en las hierbas y mucho mayor en las piedras.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 334»

«He was also taught the meaning of musical notes and harmonies, and saw how times and seasons were governed by good and evil spirits.»y el resto de esa formación mágica que el texto describe, con el sentido de las notas y armonías musicales y los tiempos y estaciones gobernados por espíritus buenos y malos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 334»

«claimed to possess certain revelations of Zoroaster, but that he advanced many arguments to show that their book was not written by Zoroaster but was a recent composition.»consigna una crítica de autenticidad ya hecha en la Antigüedad, contra quienes decían poseer revelaciones de Zoroastro con un libro que se mostró de composición reciente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 335»

«There has been preserved, however, in the writings of the Neo-Platonists a collection of passages known as the Zoroastrian Logia or Chaldean Oracles 1 and which "present . . . a heterogeneous mass, now obscure and again bombastic, of commingled Platonic, Pythagorean, Stoic, Gnostic, and Persian tenets.»y describe lo que sí sobrevive en los neoplatónicos bajo ese nombre, los *Oráculos caldeos*, masa heterogénea de tesis platónicas, pitagóricas, estoicas, gnósticas y persas, ora oscura ora ampulosa.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 335»

«Not only are these often cited by the Neo-Platonists, but Porphyry, Iamblichus, and Proclus composed commentaries upon them.»con la medida de su peso en esa escuela: Porfirio, Jámblico y Proclo les escribieron comentarios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 335»

«but Plotinus insists that diseases are due to natural causes ..4»Thorndike le acredita a Plotino la insistencia en que las enfermedades se deben a causas naturales.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 337»

«Even he, however, accepted incantations and the charms of sorcerers and magicians as valid, and accounted for their potency by the sympathy or love and hatred which he said existed between different objects in nature, which operates even at a dis-Plotinus 011 magic.»y acota de inmediato ese crédito: aun él aceptaba como válidos los conjuros y ensalmos de hechiceros y magos, y explicaba su potencia por la simpatía o el amor y odio entre los objetos de la naturaleza.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 337»

«Muller seems to me to overstate his case and to be too ready to exculpate Plotinus, or perhaps rather Hellenism, from concurrence in the superstition of the time.»y discute a Müller por nombre, que a su ver exagera y está demasiado dispuesto a exculpar a Plotino, o más bien al helenismo, de participar en la superstición de la época.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 337»

«Plotinus held further, however, that only the physical and irrational side of man's nature was affected by drugs and sorcery, just as "even demons are not impassive in their irrational part," 2 and so are to' some extent subject to magic.»expone la restricción con que Plotino limita el alcance de la magia: solo el lado físico e irracional del hombre queda afectado por drogas y hechizos, como tampoco los demonios son impasibles en su parte irracional.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 338»

«But the rational soul may free itself from all influence of magic.»con la salida que le deja al alma racional, que puede librarse de toda influencia mágica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 338»

«Moreover, remorselessly adds the clearheaded Plotinus with a burst of insight that may well be attributed to Hellenic genius, he who yields to the charms of love and family affection or seeks political power or aught else than Truth and true beauty, or even he who searches for beauty in inferior things; he who is deceived by appearances, he who follows irrational inclinations, is as truly bewitched as if he were the victim of magic and "goetia so-called.»y da el giro con que Plotino generaliza el embrujo: quien cede a los encantos del amor, busca poder político o se deja engañar por las apariencias está tan embrujado como la víctima de la goecia propiamente dicha.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 338»

«Porphyry also states 7 that Plotinus was aware at the time of the "sidereal enchantments" of Olympius against him.»registra que Porfirio da a Plotino por consciente de los encantamientos siderales que Olimpio dirigía contra él.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 338»

«Instead the baleful defluxions from the stars which Olympius had tried to draw down upon Plotinus were turned upon himself.»y el desenlace que le atribuye, con las defluencias funestas de los astros vueltas contra el propio Olimpio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 338»

«When the invocation had been duly performed, there appeared not a mere demon but a god.»consigna el relato de la evocación del demonio propio de Plotino, donde compareció no un demonio sino un dios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 339»

«Porphyry declares himself unable to state.»y anota la abstención del propio Porfirio, que se declara incapaz de decir más.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 339»

«But the great influence of Plotinus gave added emphasis to these criticisms.»mide qué añadió Plotino a la crítica de la astrología, que no fue novedad sino énfasis por su influencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 340»

«His criticisms were not new; Philo Judaeus had made similar ones over two centuries before.»y lo dice con nombre y fecha: no eran nuevas, Filón de Alejandría había hecho otras semejantes más de dos siglos antes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 340»

«They are, however, parts of the universe, subordinate to the world-soul, and they cannot alter the fundamental principles of the universe, nor deprive other beings of their individuality, although they are able to make other beings better or worse,»expone el lugar que la doctrina deja a los astros: partes del universo subordinadas al alma del mundo, que no pueden alterar sus principios ni quitar a otros seres su individualidad, aunque sí hacerlos mejores o peores.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 341»

«He does not, however, think that all this influence can be accounted for "exclusively by heat or cold,»Thorndike anota que Plotino no explica la influencia astral solo por calor o frío.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 341»

«Nevertheless Plotinus sees in the reproduction of life and species in the universe a force independent of the stars.»y que ve en la reproducción de la vida y de las especies una fuerza independiente de los astros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 342»

«Plotinus holds that "all things are full of signs," and that the sage can not merely predict from stars or birds, but infer one thing from another by virtue of the harmony and sympathy existing between all parts of the universe.f»expone la doctrina que sostiene su adivinación: todas las cosas están llenas de signos, y el sabio no solo predice por astros o aves sino que infiere una cosa de otra por la armonía y simpatía de las partes del universo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 343»

«Like the earlier Jewish Platonist, Philo, Plotinus denies that the planets are the cause of evil or change their own natures from good to evil as they enter new signs of the zodiac or take up different positions in relation to one another.»y lo empareja con Filón en la negativa de que los planetas causen el mal o muden su naturaleza de buena en mala al entrar en signos nuevos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 343»

«He argues that they are not changeable beings, that they would not willingly injure men, or, if it is contended that they are mere bodies and have no wills, he replies that then they can produce only corporeal effects.»registra el dilema con que Plotino lo sostiene: o no son seres mudables y no querrían dañar a los hombres, o son meros cuerpos sin voluntad y entonces solo pueden producir efectos corpóreos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 343»

«He then solves the problem of evil in the usual manner by ascribing it to matter, in which reason and the celestial force are received unevenly, as light is broken and refracted in passing through water.»y la solución habitual del mal por la materia, con la imagen de la luz quebrada y refractada al pasar por el agua.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 343»

«Plotinus repeats much the same line of argument in his book against the Gnostics, where he protests against "the tragedy of terrors which they think exists in the spheres of the universe," 4 and the tyranny they ascribe to the heavenly bodies.»consigna que Plotino repite ese argumento contra los gnósticos, protestando por la tragedia de terrores que ponen en las esferas y la tiranía que atribuyen a los cuerpos celestes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 343»

«And often they are to be regarded as signs rather than causes of the future.»y la distinción que le sirve para salvar la adivinación sin la fatalidad: los astros son a menudo signos y no causas del porvenir.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 343»

«The stars signify all things in the sensible world but the soul is free unless it slips and is stained by the body and so comes under their control.»con el límite exacto de ese señalamiento: los astros significan todo en el mundo sensible, y el alma queda libre mientras no resbale y se manche con el cuerpo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 344»

«Although Plotinus denied that diseases were due to demons, we once heard him speak of "demonic nature," and one of the Enneads discusses Each ma:n'sown demon.»anota la tensión interna de las *Enéadas*, que niegan a los demonios la causa de las enfermedades y dedican un tratado al demonio propio de cada hombre; el titulillo de margen se entrevera con el renglón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 345»

«Here, however, the discussion is limited to the power presiding in each human soul, and nothing is said of magic.»y acota el alcance de ese tratado, limitado al poder que preside cada alma humana y sin nada sobre magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 345»

«The attribution of the latter work to Iamblichus, who died about 330, is based upon an anonymous assertion prefixed to an ancient manuscript of Proclus and upon the fact that Proclus himself quotes a passage from the De mysteriis as the words of Iamblichus.»declara sobre qué descansa la atribución del *De mysteriis* a Jámblico: una afirmación anónima al frente de un manuscrito antiguo de Proclo y una cita del propio Proclo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 345»

«This attribution has been questioned, but if not by Iamblichus, the work seems to be at least by some disciple of his with similar views.»y deja la cuestión abierta con su consecuencia mínima: puesta en duda la autoría, la obra sería al menos de algún discípulo suyo de ideas semejantes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 345»

«Iamblichus in reply states that as heroes are elevated above souls, so demons are inferior and subservient to the gods and translate the infinite, ineffable, and invisible divine transcendent goodness into terms of visible forms, energy, and reason.»Thorndike expone la jerarquía del *De mysteriis*: los demonios son inferiores y sirven a los dioses, y traducen la bondad trascendente, infinita e invisible en términos de formas visibles, energía y razón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 347»

«Iamblichus denies that there are any maleficent gods, saying that "it is much better to acknowledge our inability to explain the occurrence of evil than to admit anything impossible and false concernings the gods.»y su negativa de que haya dioses maléficos, con la razón que da: más vale reconocer la propia incapacidad de explicar el mal que admitir sobre los dioses algo imposible y falso.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 347»

«Iamblichus does not, however, hold the view of Apuleius that demons are subject to passions.»consigna su desacuerdo con Apuleyo sobre si los demonios están sujetos a pasiones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 347»

«Iamblichus further holds that there is a class of demons who are without judgment and reason, each of whom has some one function to perform and is not adapted to do anything else.»y la clase de demonios sin juicio ni razón, cada uno con una sola función que cumplir y no apto para otra cosa.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 348»

«Such demons or forces in nature men may well address as superiors in invoking them, since they are superior to men in their one special function; but when they have once been invoked, man as a rational being may also well issue commands to them as his irrational inferiors,»con la doble postura que eso autoriza en el operador: invocarlos como superiores en su función propia y mandarles después como a inferiores irracionales.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 348»

«and from philosophy, since its ineffable works are beyond the reach of mere intelligence, and those who merely philosophize theoretically cannot hope for a theurgic union or communion with the gods,»y el deslinde de la teurgia respecto de la filosofía, cuyas obras inefables quedan fuera del alcance de la mera inteligencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 348»

«But such invocations do not draw down the impassive and pure gods to this world; rather they purify those who employ them from their passions and impurity and exalt them to union with the pure and the divine.»expone la inversión con que Jámblico salva la invocación: no bajan a los dioses impasibles a este mundo, sino que purifican de pasiones a quien las emplea y lo exaltan a la unión con lo divino.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 349»

«They do not appeal to human passions or reason, "for they are perfectly unknown and arcane and are alone known to the God whom they invoke."»y la razón por la que las fórmulas no se entienden: no apelan a pasiones ni a razón humanas, sino que son ignotas y arcanas y solo las conoce el dios invocado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 349»

«Neither Porphyry nor Iamblichus, I believe, employs the word, "magic," but they both often allude t? its practitioners and methods by such expressions as "jugglers" and "enchanters" or by contrasting what is done "artificially" or by means of art with theurgical operations.»hace una observación de vocabulario que es un hallazgo negativo: ni Porfirio ni Jámblico emplean la palabra magia, y aluden a sus practicantes como prestidigitadores y encantadores o por contraste con lo teúrgico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 350»

«Sometimes, however, Iarnblichus speaks of theurgy itself as an art, an involuntary admission of the close resemblance between its methods and those of magic.»y le caza una admisión involuntaria: a veces Jámblico llama arte a la teurgia misma, con lo que reconoce el parecido estrecho de sus métodos con los de la magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 350»

«We are also told that if the theurgist makes a slip in his procedure, he thereby reduces it to the level of magic.»registra hasta qué punto es delgada esa frontera, pues un desliz de procedimiento rebaja la teurgia al nivel de la magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 350»

«Another distinction is that theurgy aims at communion with the gods while magic has to do rather with "the physical or corporeal powers of the universe.»y la otra distinción que se ofrece: la teurgia busca comunión con los dioses y la magia trata más bien con las potencias físicas o corpóreas del universo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 350»

«Both Porphyry and Iamblichus believed that harmony, sympathy, and mutual attraction existed between the various objects in the universe, which Iamhlichus asserted was one animal.»consigna la creencia común de ambos en la armonía, simpatía y atracción mutua entre los objetos del universo, que Jámblico declaraba un solo animal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 350»

«But art may also use this force of sympathy between objects in an extreme and unseemly manner, and this disorderly forcing of nature, we are left to infer, constitutes an essential feature of magic, whose procedure is not truly natural or scientific.»y dónde queda la magia en ese esquema, según la inferencia que el texto deja hacer: un forzar desordenado de la naturaleza usando esa simpatía de modo extremo e impropio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 350»

«They may try by their illicit and impure procedure to have intercourse with the gods or with pure spirits, but they are unable to accomplish this.»expone el límite que se le fija al mago: por procedimiento ilícito e impuro puede intentar trato con los dioses o con espíritus puros y no lo logra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 351»

«All that they succeed in doing is to secure the alliance of evil demons by associating' with whom they become more depraved than ever.»y lo único que consigue, que es aliarse con demonios malignos y depravarse más con su trato.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 351»

«Such wicked demons may pose as angels of light by requiring that those who invoke them should be just or chaste, but afterwards they show their true colors by assisting in crimes and the gratification of lusts.»con el criterio de discernimiento que se propone: esos demonios se hacen pasar por ángeles de luz exigiendo justicia o castidad, y después se muestran ayudando en crímenes y lujurias.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 351»

«Those who foretell the future by "standing on characters" are no theurgists, but employ a superficial, false, and deceptive procedure which can attract only evil demons.»y la práctica que se descarta por nombre, la de quienes predicen el futuro plantándose sobre caracteres, procedimiento superficial y engañoso que solo atrae demonios malos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 351»

«Plotinus, Porphyry, and Iamblichus were all given to number mysticism.»Thorndike señala el misticismo numérico como rasgo común de Plotino, Porfirio y Jámblico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 353»

«the extracts are made for Eusebius's own purposes, which are to discredit pagan religion, and neither express Porphyry's complete thought:»y advierte sobre la fuente por la que llega mucho de Porfirio: los extractos los hace Eusebio con el propósito de desacreditar la religión pagana y no expresan el pensamiento completo del citado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 353»

«Eusebius quotes him a good deal to show that the pagan gods were nothing but demons»registra para qué le sirven a Eusebio esas citas, que es mostrar que los dioses paganos no eran sino demonios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 353»

«that they made their predictions of the future not from their own foreknowledge but from the stars by the art of astrology»y que hacían sus predicciones no por presciencia propia sino de los astros, por el arte de la astrología.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 353»

«and that like men they could not even always read the decrees of the stars aright.»con el corolario que rebaja del todo a esos dioses, incapaces como los hombres de leer siempre bien los decretos de los astros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 353»

«The belief is also mentioned that the fate foretold from the stars may be avoided by resort to magic.»y consigna la creencia, que reaparecerá en toda la Edad Media, de que el hado anunciado por los astros pueda evitarse recurriendo a la magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 353»

«The Emperor Julian was an enthusiastic follower of Iamblichus whom he praises 3 in his Hymn to the Sovereign Sun delivered at the Saturnalia of 361 A. D.»data el discipulado de Juliano respecto de Jámblico en el *Himno al Sol Soberano* de las Saturnales de 361.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 353»

«He also describes "the blessed theurgists" as able to comprehend unspeakable mysteries which are hidden from the crowd;»y anota cómo describe Juliano a los teurgos benditos, capaces de comprender misterios indecibles ocultos a la multitud.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 353»

«The emperor tells us that from his youth he was regarded as over-curious (1rEPLEp"YOTEP01J, a word which almost implies the practice of magic) and as a diviner by the stars (ILuTpojLa:vrLv).»registra lo que el propio emperador dice haber sido tenido desde joven, curioso en exceso y adivino por los astros, y anota que el término griego casi implica práctica de magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 354»

«His Hymn to the Sun contains a good deal of astrological detail, speaks of the universe as eternal and divine, and regards planets, signs, and decans as "the visible gods."»y el contenido astrológico del himno, con el universo eterno y divino y planetas, signos y decanos como dioses visibles.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 354»

«The Sun is also the link between the visible universe and the intelligible world, and Julian infers from his middle station among the planets that he is also king among the intellectual gods.»expone el argumento de posición con que Juliano hace del Sol el rey de los dioses intelectuales, por su estación media entre los planetas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 354»

«He frees our souls entirely from the power of "Genesis," or the force of the stars exercised at nativity, and lifts them to the world of the pure intellect,»y la función salvífica que le atribuye, de liberar del todo a las almas del poder de la *génesis*, la fuerza de los astros ejercida en el nacimiento.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 354»

«Proclus states that the priests of old built up their sacred science by observing the sympathy existing between natural objects and by arguing from manifest to occult powers.»consigna el método que Proclo atribuye a los sacerdotes antiguos para levantar su ciencia sagrada: observar la simpatía entre los objetos naturales y razonar de las potencias manifiestas a las ocultas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 356»

«The cock, for instance, is reverenced by the lion because both are under the same planet, the sun, but the cock even more so than the lion.»con el ejemplo que lo ilustra, del gallo reverenciado por el león porque ambos están bajo el sol y el gallo aún más que él.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 356»

«Despite the writings of Porphyry and other Neo-Platonists against Christianity, much use was made by Christian theologians of the fourth and fifth centuries of the Neo-Platonic accounts of magic, astrology, and divination, especially of Porphyry's Letter to Anebo,»y hace notar la paradoja de la transmisión: pese a los escritos neoplatónicos contra el cristianismo, los teólogos cristianos de los siglos IV y V usaron mucho sus relatos de magia, astrología y adivinación.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 356»

«On the other hand, we do not find the Christian writers repeating the attitude of Plotinus that the life of reason is alone free from magic, except as they substitute the word»Thorndike anota qué no recogieron esos teólogos: la posición de Plotino de que solo la vida de la razón está libre de magia, salvo por la sustitución de una palabra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 357»

«A number of its chapters are similar to and perhaps borrowed from Pliny's Natural History; at any rate they are commonplaces of an-cient science; but the work also has»mide la deuda de Eliano con Plinio y la acota: varios capítulos se le parecen y acaso vengan de él, aunque son en todo caso lugares comunes de la ciencia antigua.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 358»

«This fact, too, he recognizes, but refuses to apologize for, stating that it suits him, if it does not suit anyone else, and that he regards a mixed-up order as more motley, variegated, and pleasing.»y la defensa que el propio Eliano hace de su desorden, que le sienta bien aunque no le siente bien a nadie más y le parece más abigarrado y agradable.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 359»

«Not only does he attempt no classification whatever of his animals and mention snakes and quadrupeds and birds in the same breath; he also does not complete the treatment of a given animal in one passage but may scatter detached items»describe hasta dónde llega esa falta de orden, que junta serpientes, cuadrúpedos y aves de un aliento y esparce los datos de un mismo animal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 359»

«How the lion and basilisk fear the cock, and of a lake without fish in a place where the cocks do not crow ..10»espiga del catálogo eliáneo el miedo del león y el basilisco al gallo y el lago sin peces donde los gallos no cantan.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 360»

«How elephants venerate the waxing moon; how the weasel eats rue when about to fight the snake; and of the j eal»y la veneración de los elefantes por la luna creciente y la comadreja que come ruda antes de pelear con la serpiente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 360»

«The weather may be predicted from birds, quadrupeds, and flies.!!»con la meteorología por aves, cuadrúpedos y moscas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 361»

«That the sea dragon is easily captured with the left hand but not with the right.»y la lateralidad de la captura del dragón marino, fácil con la mano izquierda y no con la derecha.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 361»

«In Epirus dragons sacred to Apollo are employed in divination, and in the Lavinian Grove dragons spit out again the frumenty offered them by unchaste virgins.»registra los dragones adivinatorios del Epiro y los del bosque Lavinio, que escupen la ofrenda de las vírgenes impuras.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 362»

«A stork whom a widow of Tarentum helped when it was too young to fly brought her a luminous precious stone»y la cigüeña agradecida que trae a su bienhechora de Tarento una piedra preciosa luminosa.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 361»

«In the thirteenth century Albertus Magnus had little respect for Solinus as an authority and expressed more than once the quite accurate opinion that his work was full of lies.»consigna el juicio medieval sobre Solino, a quien Alberto Magno tuvo por poca autoridad diciendo más de una vez que su obra estaba llena de mentiras, opinión que Thorndike llama bastante acertada.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 362»

«Nevertheless copies of it continued to abound in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries,»y le opone la circulación abundante de copias en los siglos XIV y XV, que es el dato que mide su influencia real.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 362»

«The work itself, however, has no Christian characteristics; on the contrary it is very fond of mentioning places famed in pagan religion and Greek mythology and of recounting miracles and marvels connected with heathen shrines and rites.»Thorndike data a Solino por rasgos internos: la obra no tiene nada de cristiana y gusta de nombrar lugares famosos en la religión pagana y de contar maravillas ligadas a santuarios y ritos gentiles.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 363»

«He speaks of Byzantium, not of Constantinople, and makes no mention of the Roman provinces as divided in the system of Diocletian.»y añade los dos silencios que lo fechan: habla de Bizancio y no de Constantinopla, y no menciona las provincias romanas según la división de Diocleciano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 363»

«Mommsen was inclined to date Solinus in the third rather than the fourth century, but the work seems to have been revised about the sixth century, after which date it became customary to call it the Polyhistor rather than the Collectanea rerum memorabiliuni.»consigna la datación de Mommsen en el siglo III y la revisión de la obra hacia el VI, tras la cual pasó a llamarse *Polyhistor*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 363»

«Solinus does not acknowledge his great debt to Pliny in particular, although he keeps alluding to the fulness with which everything has already been discussed by past authors, and although he cites other writers who are almost unknown to us.»y le imputa a Solino una economía de citas al revés: no reconoce su gran deuda con Plinio mientras cita a escritores que hoy casi no conocemos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 364»

«It would perhaps be rash to conjecture which quality commended the book most to the following period : its handy size, or its easy style and fairly systematic arrangement, or its emphasis upon marvels.»declara temerario conjeturar qué le valió al libro su fortuna posterior, si el tamaño manejable, el estilo fácil y el orden bastante sistemático o el énfasis en las maravillas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 364»

«Mommsen could give no source for these statements concerning Sardinia, and they do not appear to be in Pliny.»y anota un caso donde la fuente falta: Mommsen no supo dar origen a lo que Solino dice de Cerdeña, que no parece estar en Plinio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 365»

«This allusion to Circe and Medea shows that magic, to which medicine and pharmacy are apparently akin, does not pass unnoticed in Solinus's page.»registra que la magia, a la que la medicina y la farmacia parecen afines, no pasa inadvertida en Solino, y lo prueba por la alusión a Circe y Medea.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 366»

«That is to say, Democritus was apparently opposing science to magic and showing that all the latter's feats could be duplicated or improved upon by employing natural forces.»y lee en Demócrito una oposición temprana de ciencia a magia, mostrando que las hazañas de ésta podían igualarse o mejorarse con fuerzas naturales.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 366»

«Zoroaster, too, whom Pliny called the founder of the magic art, is not spoken of as a magician by Solinus, although he is mentioned three times and is described as "most skilled in the best arts," and is cited concerning the power of coral and of the gem aetites:»señala la discrepancia de adjudicación entre autores: Zoroastro, a quien Plinio llamó fundador del arte mágica, no es llamado mago por Solino, que lo describe muy hábil en las mejores artes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 366»

«On the authority of L. Tarrutius, "most renowned of astrologers," 6 he tells us that the foundations of the walls of Rome were laid by Romulus in his twenty-second year on the eleventh day of the kalends of May between the second and third hours, when Jupiter was in Pisces, the sun in Taurus, the moon in Libra, and the other four planets in the sign of the scorpion.»da el horóscopo de fundación de Roma que Solino toma de L. Tarrutius, con Júpiter en Piscis, el sol en Tauro, la luna en Libra y los otros cuatro planetas en Escorpión.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 366»

«He insists that Philip was truly his father, although he adds that OIY!TIpias strove to acquire a nobler father for him, when she affirmed. that she had had intercourse with a dragon, and that Alexander tried to have himself considered of divine descent.»y anota que Solino sostiene la paternidad real de Filipo frente al relato de Olimpíade sobre el dragón y frente al propio Alejandro, que buscaba pasar por descendiente divino.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 367»

«He describes Alexander's line of march with fair accuracy and not in the totally incorrect manner of the P.seudo-Callisthenes.»con el contraste que lo acredita: describe la marcha de Alejandro con exactitud razonable y no al modo del todo incorrecto del Pseudo Calístenes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 367»

«The zoology of Horapollo is for the most part not novel, but repeats the same erroneous notions that may be found in Aristotle's History of Animals, Pliny's Natural History, Aelian, and other ancient authors.»Thorndike sitúa la zoología de Horapolo como repetición de las mismas nociones erróneas de Aristóteles, Plinio y Eliano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 368»

«The statement that if the hyena, when hunted, turns to the right, it will slay its pursuer, while if it turns to the left, it will be slain by him, is also found in Pliny.»y rastrea en Plinio la creencia de que la hiena perseguida mata al cazador si tuerce a la derecha y muere si tuerce a la izquierda.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 368»

«In Horapollo it is the hawk rather than the eagle which surpasses other winged creatures in its ability to gaze at the sun; hence physicians use the hawk-weed in eye-cures.»anota la variante del razonamiento por semejanza en Horapolo, donde es el halcón y no el águila quien mira al sol, y de ahí la hierba del halcón en los remedios de ojos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 368»

«Animals also serve as astronomical or astrological symbols in the system of hieroglyphic writing as interpreted by Horapollo.»y la función astronómica o astrológica que los animales cumplen en el sistema jeroglífico según su interpretación.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 369»

«Not only does a palm tree represent the year because it puts forth a new branch every new moon," but the phoenix denotes the maqnus annus in the course of which the heavenly bodies complete their revolutions.»con la palmera que representa el año por echar rama cada luna nueva y el fénix que denota el gran año en que los cuerpos celestes completan sus revoluciones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 369»

«He buries it for twenty-eight days conformably to the course of the moon through the zodiac, but he has thirty toes to correspond to the days of the month.»y el escarabajo que entierra su bola veintiocho días conforme al curso lunar y tiene treinta dedos por los días del mes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 369»

«The female vulture symbolizes the Egyptian year by spending five days in conceiving by the wind, one hundred and twenty in pregnancy, the same period in rearing its young, and the remaining one hundred and twenty days in preparing itself to repeat the process.»registra el año egipcio simbolizado por el buitre hembra en cuatro tramos de cinco y ciento veinte días.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 369»

«The cynocephalus represents the inhabitable world which has seventy-two primitive parts, because the animal dies and is buried piecemeal by the priests during a period of as many days, until at the end of the seventy-second day life has entirely departed from the last remnant of its carcass.»y el cinocéfalo que representa el mundo habitable de setenta y dos partes primitivas porque muere y lo entierran a trozos en otros tantos días.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 369»

«The cynocephalus not only marks the time of eclipses but at the equinoxes makes water twelve times by day and by night, marking off the hours; hence a figure of it is carved by the Egyptians on their water-clocks.»con la aplicación horaria de esa misma criatura, que orina doce veces de día y de noche en los equinoccios y por eso se talla en los relojes de agua.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 369»

«Horapollo cannot be given high rank either as a zoologist and astronomer, or a philologer and archaeologist; but at least he was no narrow nationalist»da su saldo sobre Horapolo, a quien niega rango alto como zoólogo, astrónomo, filólogo y arqueólogo, y le concede al menos no ser un nacionalista estrecho.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 370»

«The Egyptians, he says, "denote a man who has never left his own country by a human figure with the head of an ass, because he neither hears any history nor knows of what is goingon abroad."»y funda esa concesión en el jeroglífico del hombre que nunca salió de su tierra, figura humana con cabeza de asno porque ni oye historia ni sabe lo que pasa fuera.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 370»

«Thus we shall hear Christian writers condemn the pagan oracles and auguries as arts of divination, and classify the ancient gods as demons of the same sort as those invoked in the magic arts.»Thorndike anuncia la operación que rastreará en el Libro II: los escritores cristianos condenan oráculos y augurios paganos como artes adivinatorias y clasifican a los dioses antiguos como demonios de la misma especie que los invocados en la magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 372»

«Indeed in the prologue to a Hermetic work on astrology in a medieval manuscript we are told that Enoch and the first of the three Hermeses or Mercuries are identical.»registra la identificación de Enoc con el primero de los tres Hermes o Mercurios en el prólogo de una obra hermética de astrología en manuscrito medieval.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 375»

«The statement in Genesis that Enoch lived three hundred and sixty-five years would also lead men to associate him with the solar year and stars.»y propone la vía por la que Enoc quedó ligado al año solar y a los astros, que es la cifra de sus años en el Génesis.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 376»

«The Book of Enoch is "the precipitate of a literature, once very active, which revolved . . . round Enoch," and in the form which has come down to us is a patchwork from "several originally independent books."»describe el *Libro de Enoc* como el precipitado de una literatura que giró en torno a ese nombre, y en la forma conservada un mosaico de varios libros originalmente independientes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 376»

«He asserts that "nearly all the writers of the New Testament were familiar with it," and influenced by it,-in fact that its influence on the" New Testament was greater than that of all the other apocrypha together, and that it "had all the weight of a canonical book" with the early church fathers.»y consigna la afirmación de Charles sobre su peso: casi todos los escritores del Nuevo Testamento lo conocían, su influencia superó a la de todos los demás apócrifos juntos y tuvo entre los padres el peso de un libro canónico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 377»

«After 300 A. D., however, it became discredited, except as we have seen among Ethiopic and Slavonic Christians.»con el corte que le pone: después del 300 quedó desacreditado, salvo entre cristianos etíopes y eslavos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 377»

«Origen objects that "the books which bear the name Enoch do not at all circulate in the Churches as divine.»y la objeción de Orígenes, que niega a los libros de Enoc circulación en las iglesias como divinos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 377»

«Lads writes that after the ninth century in the east and from a much earlier date in the west, the Book of Enoch is not mentioned, "At the most some medieval rabbis seem still to know of it.»Thorndike consigna que tras el siglo IX en Oriente, y desde mucho antes en Occidente, el *Libro de Enoc* deja de mencionarse, y a lo sumo algunos rabinos medievales parecen saber de él.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 377»

«Yet Alexander Neckam, in the twelfth century, speaks as if Latin Christendom of that date had some acquaintance with the Enoch literature.»y le opone a Alejandro Neckam, que en el siglo XII habla como si la cristiandad latina conociera algo de esa literatura.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 377»

«We shall note some passages in Saint Hildegard which seem parallel to others in the Book of Enoch, while Vincent of Beauvais in his Speculum naturale in the thirteenth century, in, justifying a certain discriminating use of the apocryphal books, points out that Jude quotes Enoch whose book is now called apocryphal.»y a Vicente de Beauvais, que en el siglo XIII justifica cierto uso discriminado de los apócrifos señalando que Judas cita a Enoc.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 377»

«We hear of Raphael, "who is set over all the diseases and wounds of the children of men"; Gabriel, "who is set over all the powers" ; Phanuel, "who is set over the repentance and hope of those who inherit eternal life.»expone el reparto de oficios entre los ángeles del libro: Rafael sobre todas las enfermedades y heridas de los hombres, Gabriel sobre todas las potencias, Fanuel sobre el arrepentimiento y la esperanza.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 378»

«The revolution of the stars is described as "according to the number of the angels," and in the Slavonic version the number of those angels is stated as two hundred.»y la revolución de los astros descrita según el número de los ángeles, que la versión eslava fija en doscientos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 378»

«Through this revelation of mysteries which should have been kept hid we are told that men "know all the secrets of the angels, and all the violence of the Satans, and all their occult power, and all the power of those who practice sorcery, and the power of witchcraft, and the power of those who make molten images for the whole earth.»consigna el catálogo de saberes que la revelación indebida puso en manos de los hombres: los secretos de los ángeles, la violencia de los satanes, su poder oculto, el de la hechicería, el de la brujería y el de quienes hacen imágenes fundidas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 379»

«"For man was created exactly like the angels to the intent that he should continue righteous and pure, ... but through this their knowledge men are perishing.»y la valoración que el libro hace de ese saber, que perdía a los hombres creados como los ángeles para permanecer justos y puros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 379»

«Magic is always regarded as evil in the Enoch literature, and witchcraft, enchantments, and "devilish magic" are given a prominent place in a list in the Slavonic version 4 of evil deeds done upon earth.»anota que en la literatura enóquica la magia se tiene siempre por mala, con brujería, encantamientos y magia diabólica en lugar destacado de la lista eslava de maldades.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 379»

«It is that human sin upsets the world of nature, and in this particular case, even the period of the moon and the orbits of the stars.»y la doctrina que le importa retener: el pecado humano trastorna el mundo natural, y en este caso hasta el período de la luna y las órbitas de los astros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 380»

«The natural world, although intimately associated with the spiritual world and hardly distinguished from it in the Enoch literature, receives considerable attention, and much of the discussion in both the Ethiopic and Slavonic versions is of a scientific rather than ethical or apocalyptic character.»observa que el mundo natural, apenas distinguido allí del espiritual, recibe atención considerable y que buena parte de la discusión es de carácter científico más que ético o apocalíptico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 380»

«One section of the Ethiopic version is described by Charles 4 as the Book of Celestial Physics and upholds a calendar based upon the lunar year.»y nombra la sección que Charles llama Libro de Física Celeste, que defiende un calendario lunar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 380»

«while mentioning the lunar year of 354 days and the solar year of 365 and 34 days, seems to prefer the latter, since the years of Enoch's life are given as 365, and he writes 366 books concerning what he has seen in his visions and voyages.»con la preferencia contraria de la versión eslava por el año solar, que se ve en los 365 años de vida de Enoc y en sus 366 libros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 380»

«tells Enoch that the duration of the world will be for a week of years, that is, seven thousand, after which "let there be at the beginning of the eighth thousand a time when there is no computation and no end; neither years nor months nor "reeks nor days nor hours.»registra la cronología del mundo que se le revela a Enoc, siete milenios y al comenzar el octavo un tiempo sin cómputo ni fin, sin años ni meses ni semanas ni días ni horas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 381»

«the water above the heavens is masculine, and that the water beneath the earth is feminine; also LX, 7-8, that Leviathan is female and Behemoth male.»y el sexo que el libro asigna a las aguas de arriba y de abajo y a Leviatán y Behemot.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 381»

«Enoch has come very near to listing the seven metals usually associated with the seven planets.»y anota que Enoc llega muy cerca de enumerar los siete metales que suelen asociarse a los siete planetas, sin llegar a hacerlo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 382»

«Enoch went to the ends of the earth he saw there great beasts and birds who differed in appearance, beauty, and voice.»Thorndike espiga del *Libro de Enoc* la teratología de los confines, con bestias y aves distintas en aspecto, hermosura y voz.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 382»

«After the Stoics he proclaims the doctrine of the law of nature, holds that the institution of human slavery is absolutely contrary to it, and writes "a treatise to prove that every virtuous man is free" and that to be virtuous is to live in conformity to nature.»y pasa a Filón, a quien acredita la doctrina estoica de la ley natural, la tesis de que la esclavitud humana le es del todo contraria y la de que ser virtuoso es vivir conforme a la naturaleza.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 385»

«He had previously written another treatise designed to show that "every wicked man 'vas a slave," S and he held a theory which we met in the Enoch literature and shall meet again in a number of subsequent writers that sin was punished naturally by forces of nature such as floods and thunderbolts.»y le atribuye una teoría que ya venía de Enoc y reaparecerá después: que el pecado se castiga naturalmente por fuerzas como inundaciones y rayos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 385»

«He did not originate the practice of allegorical interpretation of the Bible but he is our first great extant example thereof.»sitúa a Filón con precisión respecto de la alegoría bíblica: no la inventó, pero es el primer gran ejemplo conservado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 385»

«His effort by means of the allegorical method to find in the books of the Pentateuch all the attractive concepts and theories which he had learned from the Greeks became later in the Christian apologists an assertion that Plato and Pythagoras had borrowed their doctrines from Abraham and Moses.»y traza el paso de su método a los apologistas cristianos, donde buscar en el Pentateuco las ideas griegas se volvió la afirmación de que Platón y Pitágoras las habían tomado de Abraham y Moisés.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 385»

«The recent tendency, seen especially in German scholarship, to deny the writers of the Roman Empire any capacity for original thought and to trace back their ideas to unextant authors of a supposedly much more productive Hellenistic age has perhaps been carried too far.»y discute a la erudición alemana reciente por negar a los escritores del Imperio toda capacidad de pensamiento original remontando sus ideas a autores helenísticos no conservados.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 385»

«Philo's medieval influence, however, was probably more indirect than Pliny's and passed itself on through yet other mediators to the more remote times.»mide la influencia medieval de Filón como más indirecta que la de Plinio, pasada a través de otros mediadores.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 386»

«Philo's influence on the other hand must soon be transmitted through Christian, and then again through Latin, mediums.»con la vía de esa transmisión, primero por medios cristianos y después latinos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 386»

«Philo also antecedes numerous Christian commentators upon the Book of Numbers S in considering the vexed question whether Balaam was an evil enchanter and diviner, or a divine prophet, or whether he combined magic and prophecy, and thus indicated that the former art is not evil but has divine approval.»Thorndike hace a Filón precursor de los comentaristas cristianos en la cuestión disputada de Balaam, y señala lo que estaría implicado en tenerlo por mago y profeta a la vez: que la magia no sería mala sino de aprobación divina.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 387»

«Philo's conclusion is the more usual one that Balaam was a celebrated diviner and magician, and that it is impossible that "holy inspiration should be combined with magic," but that in the particular case of his blessing Israel the spirit of divine»y la salida que Filón adopta, la más usual: Balaam fue adivino y mago célebre, y es imposible que la inspiración santa se combine con la magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 387»

«Philo, nevertheless, despite his attack on the Chaldeans, believed in much which we should call astrological.»registra la tensión entre lo que Filón ataca y lo que cree: pese a su embestida contra los caldeos, creía en mucho de lo que llamaríamos astrológico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 388»

«The stars, although not independent gods, are nevertheless divine images of surpassing beauty and possess divine natures, although they are not incorporeal beings.»y fija el estatuto que les da a los astros, imágenes divinas de hermosura sobresaliente con naturaleza divina, no dioses independientes y tampoco seres incorpóreos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 388»

«The beasts are capable of neither virtue nor vice; human beings are capable of both; the stars are intelligent animals, but incapable of any evil and wholly virtuous,»con la escala moral en tres grados: las bestias incapaces de virtud y vicio, los hombres capaces de ambos, y los astros animales inteligentes enteramente virtuosos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 388»

«Philo of course will not admit that evil is caused either by the virtuous stars or by God working through them.»y la consecuencia que Filón no admite, que el mal venga de astros virtuosos ni de Dios obrando por ellos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 389»

«But he granted that "before now some men have conjecturally predicted disturbances and commotions of the earth from the revolutions of the heavenly bodies, and innumerable other events which have turned out most exactly true."»pero anota lo que sí concede: que hubo quienes predijeron por conjetura, desde las revoluciones celestes, terremotos y otros innumerables sucesos que resultaron exactísimos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 389»

«This accounts, Philo thinks, for the spots upon the moon-an explanation which I do not remember having met in subsequent writers.»y declara no recordar haber hallado en escritores posteriores la explicación filoniana de las manchas de la luna.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 389»

«Only their astrology was subordinated to theism.»resume en una fórmula lo propio de la astrología judía, que quedaba subordinada al teísmo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 389»

«In the Talmud later we read that the hour of Abraham's birth was announced by the stars and that he feared from his observations of the constellations that he would go childless.»y da el caso talmúdico donde eso se ve: los astros anunciaron la hora del nacimiento de Abraham, y él temió por sus observaciones quedar sin hijos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 390»

«Philo himself recognizes the close connection between astrology' and number mysticism, when, after affirming the dependence of all earthly things upon the heavenly bodies, he adds: "It is in heaven, too, that the ratio of the number seven began."»consigna que el propio Filón une astrología y misticismo numérico al hacer depender del cielo todo lo terrestre y poner allí el comienzo de la razón del siete.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 390»

«It was the fourth day that God chose for the creation of the heavenly bodies, and He did not need six days for the entire work of creation, but it was fitting that that perfect work should be accomplished in a perfect number of days.»y el argumento numerológico con que explica la creación: Dios no necesitaba seis días, pero convenía que obra perfecta se cumpliera en número perfecto de días.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 391»

«Of the divine rational natures Philo regarded some as incorporeal, others like the stars as possessed of bodies.»y la división que hace de las naturalezas racionales divinas entre incorpóreas y dotadas de cuerpo, como los astros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 392»

«He could not see why the air should not be inhabited when there were stars in the ether and fish in the sea as well as other animals upon land.»Thorndike da el argumento con que Filón puebla el aire de espíritus: no ve por qué habría de estar deshabitado habiendo astros en el éter, peces en el mar y animales en la tierra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 392»

«He compares Joseph's coat of many colors to "the much-variegated web of political affairs" where along with "the smallest possible portion of truth" falsehoods of every shade of plausibility are interwoven»y su alegoría política de la túnica de José, tejido abigarrado de los asuntos públicos donde con la mínima porción de verdad se entretejen falsedades de todo matiz de plausibilidad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 393»

«The recent war and its accompaniments and sequels have brought home to some the conviction that our modern civilization is after all not vastly superior to that of some preceding ages.»y hace una observación sobre su propio presente, escrito en 1923: la guerra reciente ha llevado a algunos a convencerse de que la civilización moderna no es tan superior a la de ciertas edades anteriores.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 393»

«Many of the constituents and roots at least of Gnosticismwere older than Christianity, and it is now the custom to associate the Gnosis or superior knowledge and revelation, which gives the movement its name, not with Greek philosophy or mysteries but with oriental speculation and religions.»sitúa las raíces del gnosticismo antes del cristianismo y consigna la costumbre de asociar la *gnosis* con la especulación y las religiones orientales y no con la filosofía o los misterios griegos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 395»

«Gnosticism as it is known to us, however, is more closely connected with Christianity than with any other oriental religion or body of thought, for the extant sources consist almost entirely either of Gnostic treatises which pretend to be Christian Scriptures and were almost entirely written in Coptic in the second or third century of our era, 2 or of hostile descriptions of Gnostic heresies by the early church fathers.»y acota esa filiación por el estado de las fuentes: lo que conocemos son tratados gnósticos que se dan por Escritura cristiana o descripciones hostiles de los padres, de modo que el gnosticismo nos llega ligado al cristianismo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 396»

«Bousset 1 has argued for Persian origins.»consigna la tesis de Bousset a favor de orígenes persas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 396»

«Gnosticism was deeply influenced by, albeit it to some extent represents a reaction against, the Babylonian star-worship and incantation of spirits.»y la relación doble con Babilonia, influencia honda y a la vez reacción parcial contra su culto astral y su conjuro de espíritus.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 396»

«What especially concerns our investigation is the great use made, or said to be made, by the Gnostics of sacred formulae, symbols, and names of demons, and the prevalence among them of astrological theory as shown by their widespread notion of the seven planets as the powers who have created our inferior and material world and who rule over its affairs.»declara qué le importa del gnosticismo a este libro: el uso de fórmulas sagradas, símbolos y nombres de demonios, y la teoría astrológica de los siete planetas como potencias que crearon y rigen el mundo material.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 396»

«But in order to pass the demons and the spheres of the planets, who are usually represented as opposed to this, one must, as in the Egyptian Book of the Dead, know the passwords, the names of the spirits, the sacred formulae, the appropriate symbols, and all the other apparatus suggestive of magic and necromancy which forms so large a part of the qnosis that gives its name to the system.»y describe el aparato de contraseñas, nombres de espíritus, fórmulas y símbolos que hace falta para pasar las esferas, como en el *Libro de los Muertos* egipcio, y que forma buena parte de la *gnosis* que da nombre al sistema.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 397»

«he who framed the world is not the highest God, but that the highest God is another who alone is good and who has remained unknown up to this time.»Thorndike consigna la tesis gnóstica de base: quien formó el mundo no es el Dios altísimo, que es otro, el único bueno, y hasta ahora ha permanecido desconocido.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 398»

«It seems fairly evident that the fathers 1 have taken literally and travestied by a scandalous application to an actual woman a beautiful Gnostic myth or allegory concerning the human soul.»y le imputa a los padres una lectura literal y una parodia escandalosa de lo que era un mito o alegoría gnóstica sobre el alma humana, aplicándolo a una mujer real.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 399»

«But Simon's Helen was that spirit of truth which lies latent in the human mind and which he endeavored to release by means of the philosophy, astrology, and magic of his time.»con la lectura que propone en su lugar: la Helena de Simón es el espíritu de verdad latente en la mente humana, que él intentaba liberar con la filosofía, la astrología y la magia de su tiempo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 399»

«We are told that John the Baptist had thirty disciples, a number suggestive of the days of the moon and also of the thirty aeons of the Gnostics of whom we elsewhere hear a great deal.»anota el treinta como número de los discípulos de Juan el Bautista y lo liga a los días de la luna y a los treinta eones gnósticos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 399»

«The number thirty is again associated with Simon and Dositheus in a curiously insistent, although apparently unconscious, manner by Origen, who in one passage of his Reply to Celsus, written in the first half of the third century, expresses doubt whether thirty followers of Simon, the Samaritan magician, can be found in all the world, and in a second passage, while asserting that "Simonians are found nowhere throughout the world," adds that of the followers of Dositheus there are now not more than thirty in all.»y sigue ese número en Orígenes, que duda de que haya treinta simonianos en el mundo entero y da a los seguidores de Dositeo por no más de treinta.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 400»

«All ruling spirits were not invisible, however, since the Ophites and Sethians identified with the seven planets their Holy Hebdomad, consisting of Ialdabaoth, lao, Sabaoth, Adonaus (or, Adonai), Eloeus, Oreus, and Astanphaeus,-names often employed in the Greek magical papyri,5 in medieval incantations, and in the Jewish Cabbala.»identifica la Héptada Santa de ofitas y setianos con los siete planetas y sigue esos nombres hasta los papiros mágicos griegos, los conjuros medievales y la cábala judía.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 400»

«Origen himself has seen this diagram or one something like it, and assures his readers that "we know the depth of these unhallowed mysteries," but he declares that he has never met anybody anywhere who put any faith in this diagram.»registra el testimonio de Orígenes sobre el diagrama ofita, que dice haber visto y del que asegura no haber hallado nunca a nadie que le tuviera fe.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 401»

«Obviously, however, such a diagram would not have been in existence if no one had ever had faith in it.»y le opone la inferencia obvia: no existiría tal diagrama si nadie hubiera creído nunca en él.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 401»

«Furthermore, its survival into Origen's time, when he asserts that men had ceased to use it, is evidence of the antiquity of the sect and the superstition.»con un segundo argumento en la misma línea: su supervivencia hasta el tiempo de Orígenes, cuando él asegura que ya no se usaba, prueba la antigüedad de la secta y de la superstición.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 401»

«These seven ruling demons were represented by animal heads or figures, somewhat resembling the symbols of the four evangelists to be seen in the mosaics at Ravenna and elsewhere in Christian art.»y compara las cabezas o figuras animales de los siete demonios regentes con los símbolos de los cuatro evangelistas de los mosaicos de Rávena.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 402»

«The diagram was divided by a thick black line called Gehenna and beneath the lowest circle was placed "the being named Behemoth."»describe la línea negra gruesa llamada Gehena que partía el diagrama, con Behemot bajo el círculo más bajo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 402»

«Origen further informs us of the forms of salutation to each ruling spirit employed by "those sorcerers," as they pass through "the fence of wickedness" or the gate to the realm of each spirit.»y las fórmulas de salutación a cada espíritu regente que Orígenes atribuye a esos hechiceros al pasar la cerca de la maldad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 402»

«Origen also states that the makers of this diagram have borrowed from magic the names Ialdabaoth, Astaphaeus, and Horaeus, while the other four are names of God drawn from the Hebrew Scriptures.»con la adjudicación de origen que hace de los nombres: tres tomados de la magia y los otros cuatro nombres de Dios sacados de la Escritura hebrea.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 403»

«Each successive heaven was entered by a gate of a metal corresponding to the planet in question, lead for Saturn, tin for Venus, copper for Jupiter, iron for Mercury, a mixed metal for Mars, silver for the moon, and gold for the sun.»Thorndike da la correspondencia entre metales y planetas en las puertas de los cielos gnósticos, con plomo para Saturno, estaño para Venus, cobre para Júpiter, hierro para Mercurio y oro para el sol.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 403»

«The Simonians, according to Irenaeus, were as addicted to magic as their founder had been, employing exorcisms and incantations, love-philters and enchantments, familiar spirits and "dream-senders."»y el inventario de prácticas que Ireneo atribuye a los simonianos: exorcismos, conjuros, filtros de amor, encantamientos, espíritus familiares y envíos de sueños.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 403»

«In performing the Eucharist he would change white wine placed in three wine cups into three different colors, one blood-red, one purple, and one dark blue, according to Epiphanius, while Irenaeus»describe el prodigio eucarístico de Marcos, con el vino blanco vuelto en tres copas de tres colores según Epifanio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 404»

«Hippolytus, who ascribes Marcus 15 feats partly to sleightof-hand and partly to demons, in this case charges that he furtively dropped some drug into the wine.»y las tres explicaciones que las fuentes reparten sobre el mismo hecho, con Hipólito adjudicándolo en parte a prestidigitación, en parte a demonios y aquí a una droga echada a hurtadillas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 405»

«When Christ, whose ineffable name has thirty letters, said, "I am Alpha and Omega," He was believed by Marcus to have displayed the dove, whose number is 80!»expone la aritmología de Marcos, que lee en el Alfa y Omega la paloma cuyo número es ochenta.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 405»

«These reveries "are mere bits," as Hippolytus says, of astrological theory and Pythagorean philosophy.»con el juicio de Hipólito, que las reduce a meros retazos de teoría astrológica y filosofía pitagórica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 405»

«or tell that Pythagoras himself "also touched on magic, as they say, and himself discovered an art of physiognomy, laying down as a basis certain numbers and measures.»y anota que el propio Hipólito hace a Pitágoras tocar la magia y descubrir un arte de fisonomía fundado en ciertos números y medidas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 405»

«Now this name is an even number, and they write it down and attach it to the body and accomplish cures by it.»describe la terapéutica numérica gnóstica, donde el nombre reducido a número se escribe, se ata al cuerpo y cura.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 406»

«In the same wayan herb which terminates in this number is bound around the body and operates by reason of a similar calculation of the number.»y su extensión a la hierba que termina en ese mismo número, atada al cuerpo y operante por el mismo cálculo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 406»

«The seven vowels were much employed by the Gnostics, undoubtedly as symbols for the seven planets and the spirits associated with them, but as symbols possessed of magic power as»adjudica el uso gnóstico de las siete vocales a los siete planetas y sus espíritus, y a la vez como símbolos dotados de poder mágico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 406»

«so the seven vowels seem to have represented the musical scale, "and many a Gnostic sheet of vowels is in fact a sheet of music.»con la lectura musical que recoge, según la cual muchas hojas gnósticas de vocales son en realidad hojas de música.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 406»

«Saturninus and Basilides were charged with "practicing magic, and employing images, incantations, invocations, and every other kind of curious art.»registra el cargo contra Saturnino y Basílides de practicar magia y emplear imágenes, conjuros, invocaciones y toda otra suerte de arte curiosa.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 407»

«They also believed in a supreme power named Abrasax or Abraxas, whose number was 365; and they contended that there were 365 heavens and as many bones in the human body; "and they strive to set forth the names, principles, angels, and powers of the 365 imagined heavens.»y la aritmética de Abrasax, cuyo número es 365, con otros tantos cielos y otros tantos huesos en el cuerpo humano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 407»

«Basilides further affirmed, according to Hippolytus, that Jesus was "mentally preconceived at the time of the generation of the stars; and of the complete return to their starting point of all the seasons in the vast conglomeration," that is, at the end of the astronomical maqnus annus, variously reckoned as of 36,000 or 15,000 years in duration.»consigna que Basílides preconcebía mentalmente a Jesús en la generación de los astros y en el retorno completo de las estaciones, es decir al cabo del gran año astronómico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 407»

«In his Refu.tatio'J't of all Heresies 4 Hippolytus tells of an Alcibiades from Apamea in Syria who in his time brought to Rome a book supposed to contain revelations made to a holy man, Elchasai or Helxai, by an angel ninety-six miles in height and from sixteen to twenty-four miles in breadth and leaving a footprint fourteen miles long.»da las medidas del ángel revelador de Elcasai que Hipólito refiere, noventa y seis millas de alto y catorce de huella.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 407»

«They believed in the astrological doctrine of elections, since their sacred book warned them not to baptize or begin other important undertakings upon those days which were governed by the evil stars.»y la doctrina astrológica de las elecciones que esa secta seguía, con el libro sagrado vedando bautizar o emprender cosa importante en días regidos por astros malos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 408»

«The reply of course is that moral freedom for good or evil is a greater gift of God than compulsory morality.»Thorndike responde a la objeción sobre el mal con la libertad moral como don mayor de Dios que una moralidad forzosa.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 409»

«F. Nau, however, has argued that he was not a Gnostic and that the statements in question in the dialogue can be explained as purely astrological.»y consigna la tesis de F. Nau, que niega a Bardesanes la condición de gnóstico y explica el diálogo como puramente astrológico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 409»

«"The body," he says, "is neither hindered nor helped by fate in the several acts it performs," a view which most astrologers would probably not accept.»registra la tesis de Bardesanes de que el cuerpo ni es estorbado ni ayudado por el hado en sus actos, y anota que la mayoría de los astrólogos no la aceptaría.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 410»

«On the contrary, in Bardesanes' opinion wealth and honors, power and subjection, sickness and health, are controlled by fate which often disturbs the regular course of nature.»y lo que sí pone bajo el hado: riqueza y honores, poder y sujeción, enfermedad y salud, con un hado que a menudo perturba el curso regular de la naturaleza.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 410»

«He also contends that men retain their laws or customs when they migrate to other climes, and adduces the fidelity of Jews and Christians to the commandments of their respective religions as a further illustration of the triumph of free will over the stars.»con el argumento de las leyes de los pueblos y la fidelidad de judíos y cristianos a sus mandamientos como prueba del triunfo del libre albedrío sobre los astros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 411»

«He concedes, however, as before that "in every country and in every nation there are rich and poor, and rulers and subjects, and peo.. ple in health and those who are sick, each one according as fate and his nativity have affected him.»y la concesión que mantiene en pie el otro lado: en toda tierra hay ricos y pobres, gobernantes y súbditos, sanos y enfermos, cada uno según lo afectaron el hado y su natividad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 411»

«In a long passage near the close of the Pistis-Sophia proper 3 Jesus asserts the absolute control of human destiny hitherto by "the rulers of the fate" and describes how they fashion the new soul, control the process of generation and of the formation of the child in the womb, and decree every event of life down to the day and manner of death.»expone el dominio absoluto que la *Pistis Sophia* atribuye a los señores del hado, que forman el alma nueva, rigen la generación y decretan cada suceso hasta el día y modo de la muerte.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 412»

«Only by the Gnostic key to the mysteries can one escape their control.»con la única salida que el texto deja, que es la clave gnóstica de los misterios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 412»

«When He ascended through the heavens, He changed the fatal influence of the lords of the spheres and made the planets turn to the right for six months of the year, whereas before they had faced the left continually.»y el acto con que Jesús altera esa fatalidad, cambiando el giro de los planetas hacia la derecha seis meses del año donde antes miraban siempre a la izquierda.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 412»

«But while magic is renounced, great faith is shown in the power of names and rites.»señala la coexistencia que le interesa en esa obra: renunciada la magia, la fe en el poder de los nombres y los ritos permanece entera.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 413»

«it is added that even unrepentant sinners, if they know the mystery of any one of these twelve names, can escape from these dungeons.»y su consecuencia más fuerte, que aun los pecadores impenitentes escapan de esas mazmorras si conocen el misterio de uno de los doce nombres.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 413»

«King has shown that many of the so-called "Gnostic gems" are purely astrological talismans and that "only a very small minority amidst their multitude present any traces of the influence of Christian doctrines.»Thorndike recoge de King una corrección de etiqueta: muchas de las llamadas gemas gnósticas son talismanes puramente astrológicos, y solo una minoría muy pequeña muestra rastro de doctrina cristiana.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 414»

«Some nevertheless are engraved with the truly Gnostic figure of Pantheus Abraxas which King regards as "the actual invention of Basilides."»y las que sí lo son, grabadas con la figura del Panteo Abrasax que King tiene por invención efectiva de Basílides.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 414»

«On a gem of perhaps the third century a similar scene is engraved except that the sun and moon are not shown apart from the seven planets, and that the lamb on Christ's shoulders is counted as one of the seven, so that there are but six at His feet.!»describe una gema de acaso el siglo III donde el cordero cuenta como uno de los siete planetas y solo quedan seis a los pies de Cristo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 415»

«We are not told, however, what the magical practices were of which he was accused.'»declara el hueco documental del caso de Prisciliano: no se dice cuáles fueron las prácticas mágicas de que se le acusó.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 416»

«Both Sulpicius Severus and Isidore of Seville 2 state that he was accused of maleficium, which should mean witchcraft, sorcery, or mag-- ical operations with the intent to injure someone.»y precisa el término del cargo, *maleficium*, que debería significar brujería, hechicería u operación mágica con intención de dañar a alguien.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 416»

«He confessed under torture, but was afterwards thought innocent.»con el dato que quita valor a la confesión, arrancada bajo tortura y seguida de que se lo tuviera después por inocente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 416»

«But further details are wanting, except that Sulpicius calls Priscillian a man "more puffed up than was right with the knowledge of profane things, and who was further believed to have practiced magic arts since adolescence," while Isidore states that Bishop Itacius (Ithaicus), who was largely responsible for pushing the charges against Priscillian, showed in a book which he wrote against Priscillian's heresy that "a certain Marcus of Memphis, most learned in magic art, was a disciple of Mani and master of Prisci1lian.»y lo poco que las fuentes añaden: Sulpicio lo llama hinchado de saber profano y practicante de artes mágicas desde la adolescencia, e Isidoro le atribuye por maestro a un Marco de Menfis, discípulo de Mani.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 416»

«Although we are commonly told that idolatry and magic were strictly prohibited by the Manicheans, the envoy of light is in one text represented as "employing great magic prayers" in his effort to deliver living beings.»contrasta lo que suele decirse de la prohibición maniquea de idolatría y magia con un texto donde el enviado de la luz emplea grandes plegarias mágicas para liberar a los vivientes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 417»

«The spirits of the planets, however, are represented as evil beings, and the first two of three sets of progeny borne by the spirit of hell fire were the seven planets and the twelve signs of the zodiac.»y consigna que allí los espíritus planetarios son seres malignos, engendrados junto con los doce signos por el espíritu del fuego infernal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 418»

«Augustine in his youth, when a follower of the Manicheans, had been devoted to astrology.»anota que Agustín, de joven y siendo maniqueo, fue devoto de la astrología.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 417»

«Mandaeans always face it when praying; their sanctuaries are built so that persons entering face it; and even the dying man is placed so that his feet point and eyes gaze in its direction.»Thorndike describe la orientación mandea hacia la estrella polar en la plegaria, en la construcción de los santuarios y en la colocación del moribundo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 419»

«For instance, Pharaoh's magicians and their contests with Moses and Aaron; Balaam and his imprecations and enchantments and prediction that a star would come out of Jacob and a scepter out of Israel; the witch of Endor or ventriloquist and her invocation of what seemed to be the ghost of Samuel;»y enumera el material bíblico que la Edad Media leerá como magia: los magos del faraón contra Moisés y Aarón, Balaam con sus imprecaciones y su estrella de Jacob, y la pitonisa de Endor.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 420»

«the witch of Endor or ventriloquist and her invocation of what seemed to be the ghost of Samuel; the repeated use of the numbers seven and twelve, suggestive of the planets and signs of the zodiac, as in the twelve cakes of showbread and candlestick with seven branches;»con la aritmología del siete y del doce, sugestiva de planetas y signos, en los doce panes de la proposición y el candelabro de siete brazos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 420»

«the accusation against Christ that He cast out demons by the aid of the prince of demons; the eclipse of the sun at the time of the crucifixion;»y la acusación contra Cristo de expulsar demonios con ayuda del príncipe de los demonios, junto al eclipse de sol de la crucifixión.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 421»

«the legalized practice of similar superstitions, such as the ordeal to test a wife's faithfulness by making her drink "the bitter water that causeth the curse,»registra que la misma ley que prohíbe la adivinación pagana legaliza prácticas afines, como la ordalía del agua amarga que acarrea maldición para probar la fidelidad de la esposa.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 421»

«the promise to believers in the closing verses or appendix of The Gospel according to St. Mark that they shall cast out devils, speak with new tongues, handle serpents and drink poison without injury, and cure the sick by laying on of hands.»y la promesa del apéndice de Marcos a los creyentes, de expulsar demonios, hablar lenguas nuevas, tomar serpientes, beber veneno sin daño y curar por imposición de manos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 421»

«This is also the case in apocryphal literature of the New Testament which is now so much less familiar and accessible especially to English readers.' but which had wide currency in the early Christian and medieval periods.»señala el desajuste entre accesibilidad presente y circulación pasada de los apócrifos del Nuevo Testamento, hoy poco familiares y entonces de curso amplio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 422»

«Of these two are believed to date from the second century, namely, the Gospel of James or "Gospel of the Infancy" (Protoeuanqeiiuni Iacobi'i 2 and the Gospel of St. Thomas, which is mentioned by Hippolytus.»y data en el siglo II el *Protoevangelio de Santiago* y el *Evangelio de Tomás*, mencionado por Hipólito.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 422»

«However, he cites a sentence which is not in the present text-of which the manuscripts are scanty and for the most part of late date 3_ and the gospel as we have it is not Gnostic, as he says it is,»con una discrepancia entre cita y texto que Thorndike no resuelve: Hipólito cita una frase que no está en el texto actual, y el evangelio tal como lo tenemos no es gnóstico como él dice.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 422»

«There is a tendency on the part of orthodox Christian scholars to defer the writing of apocryphal works to as late a date as possible, and they seem to have a notion that they can save the credibility or purity of the miracles of the New Testament 3 by representing such miracles as those recorded of the infancy of Christ as the inventions of a later age.»y le imputa a la erudición cristiana ortodoxa un interés en la datación: tiende a posponer cuanto puede la escritura de los apócrifos, creyendo salvar así la credibilidad de los milagros del Nuevo Testamento.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 423»

«And it is probably true that all these marvels were not the invention of a single century but of a succession of»le concede lo que hay de cierto en esa cronología, que aquellas maravillas no fueron invención de un solo siglo sino de una sucesión.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 423»

«Tischendorf was, however, "unwilling to omit in this new collection of the apocryphal gospels that ancient and memorable monument of the superstition of oriental Christians,»y anota el criterio con que Tischendorf incluyó de todos modos en su colección aquel monumento antiguo y memorable de la superstición de los cristianos orientales.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 423»

«We find, however, the same sort of fables in the other three apocryphal gospels; there are simply more of them in the Arabic Gospel of the Infancy.»midiendo la diferencia entre los apócrifos como de cantidad y no de clase: la misma suerte de fábulas está en los cuatro, y solo hay más en el árabe de la Infancia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 423»

«It is only in our own age that Christians have become really critical of such matters.»Thorndike sitúa en su propio tiempo el punto en que los cristianos se volvieron realmente críticos en estas materias.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 424»

«Moreover, these unacceptable miracles, whenever they were invented, were presumably invented by and accepted by Christians, who must bear the discredit for them.»y no deja escapar la responsabilidad por la fecha: cuando quiera que se inventaran, esos milagros inaceptables los inventaron y aceptaron cristianos, que han de cargar con el descrédito.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 424»

«The Arabic Gospel of the Infancy is no doubt an extreme instance of Christian credence in magic, but it is an instance that cannot be overlooked, whatever its date, place, or language.»y declara al *Evangelio árabe de la infancia* caso extremo de credulidad cristiana en la magia, e imposible de pasar por alto sea cual sea su fecha, lugar o lengua.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 424»

«Thus the extant Latin apocrypha in no case reproduce the Gospel of James accurately but rather are imitated after it, and include some of it, omit some of it, embellish some of its tales, and add to it.!»describe la relación de los apócrifos latinos con el *Evangelio de Santiago*, que no reproducen sino imitan, tomando parte, omitiendo parte, adornando y añadiendo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 425»

«Male states in his work on religious art in France in the thirteenth century that The Gospel of the Pseudo-Matthew and The Gospel of Nicodemus or Acts of Pilate were the two apocryphal gospels especially used in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.»y consigna de Mâle cuáles fueron los dos apócrifos más usados en los siglos XII y XIII, el Pseudo Mateo y el *Evangelio de Nicodemo*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 425»

«That the fables of the Arabic Gospel of the Infancy were at least not fresh from the orient is indicated by the way in which some of the incidents in the stories of Apuleius and Apollonius of Tyana are closely paralleled.»y argumenta que esas fábulas no venían frescas de Oriente por los paralelos estrechos con Apuleyo y con Apolonio de Tiana.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 425»

«"And we," they tell a girl who had been instantly cured of leprosy by use of perfumed water in which the Christ child had been washed and who had thea become the maid-servant of the virgin Mary,5 "have applied to all the wise men, magicians, and diviners in the world, but they have been of no service to us.»da el pasaje donde el agua perfumada del baño del niño cura al instante una lepra, mientras cuantos sabios, magos y adivinos hay en el mundo no habían servido de nada.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 425»

«Such marvels may offend modern taste but have their probable prototype in the miracles wrought by use of Paul's handkerchief and underwear in the New Testament qnd illustrate, like the placing of spittle on the eyes of the blind man, the great healing virtue then ascribed to the perspiration and other secretions and excretions of the human body.»y remite esas maravillas a un prototipo neotestamentario, los pañuelos y ropas de Pablo y el barro sobre los ojos del ciego, que ilustran la virtud curativa atribuida a sudores, secreciones y excreciones del cuerpo humano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 427»

«Indeed, if the theory of the fathers is correct that the surest hall-mark by which divine miracles may be distinguished from feats of magic is that the former are never wrought for any evil end while the latter are, it must be admitted that his contemporaries were sometimes justified in suspecting the Christ child of resort to magic.»y aplica al niño Jesús de esos apócrifos el criterio mismo de los padres, según el cual el milagro divino nunca se obra para mal y la magia sí, con la consecuencia de que sus contemporáneos tenían a veces razón en sospechar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 428»

«When a third boy ran into Jesus and knocked him down, he said, "As thou hast thrown me down, so shalt thou fall, nor ever rise ;" and that instant the boy fell down and died.»da uno de los episodios en que funda ese juicio, con el niño que lo derriba y cae muerto al instante.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 429»

«After which we are not surprised to hear Joseph say to Mary, "Henceforth we will not allow him to go out of the house; for everyone who displeases him is killed.»Thorndike cita la reacción de José en ese mismo evangelio, que resuelve no dejar salir de casa al niño porque mata a todo el que lo disgusta.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 429»

«The Pseudo-Matthew also tells how lions adored the Christ child and were bade by him to go in peace.»y el episodio del Pseudo Mateo donde los leones adoran al niño y él les manda irse en paz.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 429»

«He is represented as telling them "the number of the spheres and heavenly bodies, as also their triangular, square, and sextile aspect; their progressive and retrograde motion; their twenty-fourths and sixtieths of twenty-fourths" (perhaps ·corresponding to our hours and minutes!) "and other things which the reason of man had never discovered."»registra la astronomía que el apócrifo pone en boca del niño, con el número de las esferas, los aspectos triangular, cuadrado y sextil, los movimientos directos y retrógrados y sus fracciones de veinticuatroavos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 430»

«It may be added that in the apocryphal epistles supposed to have been interchanged between Christ and Abgarus, king of Edessa, that monarch writes to Christ, "1 have been informed about you and your cures, which are performed without the use of herbs and medicines."»y la carta apócrifa de Abgar de Edesa, que alaba en Cristo unas curas obradas sin uso de hierbas ni medicinas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 430»

«Jesus is again accused of magic in The Gospel of Nicodemus or Acts of Pontius Pilate, where the Jews tell Pilate that he is a conjurer.»sigue la acusación de magia hasta el *Evangelio de Nicodemo*, donde los judíos dicen a Pilato que es un conjurador.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 430»

«After Pilate has been warned by his wife, the Jews repeat, "Did we not say unto thee, He is a magician? Behold, he hath caused thy wife to dream.»y su reiteración tras el aviso de la mujer de Pilato, tomada como prueba misma de la magia: él le causó el sueño.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 430»

«they are both accused of being sorcerers by Onesiphorus, who also, however, denies that Peter can make a camel go through the eye of a needle.»expone el episodio apócrifo donde a Pedro y Pablo se los acusa de hechiceros y a la vez se niega que puedan pasar un camello por el ojo de una aguja.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 431»

«Nor is he satisfied when the feat is successfully performed with a needle and camel of Peter's selection, but insists upon its being repeated with an animal and instrument of his own selection.»y el control experimental que el escéptico exige, repetir la hazaña con animal e instrumento de su propia elección.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 431»

«But Peter sends the camel through the eye of the needle, "which opened up like a gate," as successfully as before, and also back again through it once more from the opposite direction.»con el resultado que el relato le da, el camello pasando por la aguja que se abrió como una puerta y volviendo por ella en sentido contrario.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 431»

«Onesiphorus also has "a polluted woman" ride upon his camel's back, apparently with the idea that this will break the magic spell.»y el remedio que el mismo personaje intenta contra el prodigio, montar en el camello a una mujer contaminada para romper el hechizo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 431»

«Here, however, we may mention some of the marvels in the apocryphal legend of St. John, supposed to have been written by his disciple Procharus and "which deluded the Greek Church by its air of sincerity and its extreme precision of detail," 3 although it does not seem to have reached the west until the sixteenth century.»presenta la leyenda apócrifa de san Juan atribuida a su discípulo Prócoro, que engañó a la Iglesia griega por su aire de sinceridad y su precisión extrema de detalle, y no parece haber llegado a Occidente hasta el siglo XVI.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 432»

«But one would think that they must needs be Byzantine alchemists, if the legend did not reach the west until the sixteenth century.»y razona desde esa fecha de llegada para adjudicar a alquimistas bizantinos lo que de otro modo se atribuiría a occidentales.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 433»

«This Pseudo-Clementine literature has a double character, combining romantic narrative concerning Peter, Simon Magus, and the family of Clement with long, argumentative, didactic, and doctrinal discussions and dialogues in which the same persons participate but Peter takes the leading and most authoritative part.»y describe el carácter doble de la literatura pseudoclementina, que junta relato novelesco sobre Pedro, Simón Mago y la familia de Clemente con discusiones doctrinales largas donde Pedro lleva la voz cantante.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 436»

«Nat only the authorship, origin, and date, but even the title or titles and the make-up and arrangement of the various versions and their original are doubtful or disputed matters.»declara cuánto está en duda de ese corpus: autoría, origen, fecha, y hasta el título y la composición y ordenación de sus versiones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 436»

«This Latin version, now usually referred to as The Recoqnitions, because the main point in its plot is the successive bringing together again of, and recognition of one another by, the members of a family long separated, is the translation made by Rufinus, who is last heard from in 410..»explica el título de las *Recognitiones* por el argumento, el reencuentro sucesivo de una familia largamente separada, y adjudica la versión latina a Rufino.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 436»

«Arevalus, however, thought that Isidore used some other version of the Pseudo-Clementines than that of Rufinus.s and in the medieval period another title was common, namely, The Itinerary of Clement, or The Itinerary of Peter?»y consigna la tesis de Arévalo de que Isidoro usó otra versión distinta de la de Rufino, con el otro título común en la Edad Media.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 437»

«Rabanus Maurus in the ninth century quotes an utterance of the apostle Peter from The History of Saint Clement, but the passage is found in The Recognitions.»rastrea el uso medieval por las citas, con Rabano Mauro citando en el siglo IX un dicho de Pedro que está en las *Recognitiones*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 437»

«It would seem, therefore, despite variations in the number of books and in the arrangement of material, that the Latin version by Rufinus was the only one current in the middle ages, but we cannot be sure of this until all the extant manuscripts have been more carefully examined.»y saca una conclusión provisional con su condición explícita: la versión de Rufino parece haber sido la única corriente en la Edad Media, aunque no puede asegurarse hasta examinar con más cuidado todos los manuscritos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 438»

«The version by Rufinus differed from previous ones not only in being in Latin but also in various omissions which he admits he made and perhaps other changes to suit it to his Latin audience.»anota que Rufino admite haber omitido cosas y acaso hecho otros cambios para acomodar la obra a su público latino.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 438»

«Since writing this I learn that Professor E. C~ Richardson has examined most of the known MSS of The Recognitions and has found them all to be the version by Rufinus, except for a few additional chapters which someone has added in the French group of MSS, - chapters which Rufinus seems to have omitted because they were difficult to translate.»y añade una noticia llegada después de escribir el capítulo: Richardson examinó casi todos los manuscritos conocidos y los halló todos versión de Rufino, salvo unos capítulos añadidos en el grupo francés.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 438»

«For instance, when the story of The Recognitions begins Christ is still alive and reports of His miracles are reaching Rome ; the same year Barnabas pays a visit to Rome and Clement almost immediately follows him back to Syria, making the passage from Rome to Caesarea in fifteen days; 1 but on his arrival there he meets Peter who tells him that "a week of years" have elapsed since the crucifixion and of other intervening events involving a considerable lapse of time.»y da la incoherencia cronológica interna con que muestra el desorden del texto, entre el Cristo aún vivo del comienzo y la semana de años transcurrida desde la crucifixión que Pedro declara.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 439»

«Or again, in the third book of The Recognitions Simon is said to have sunk his magical paraphernalia in the sea and gone to Rome, but as late as the tenth and last book we find him still in Antioch and with enough paraphernalia left to transform the countenance of Faustus.»Thorndike da una segunda incoherencia del mismo texto: Simón hunde en el mar su instrumental mágico y se va a Roma en el libro tercero, y en el décimo sigue en Antioquía con aparato bastante para transfigurar el rostro de Fausto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 439»

«Conservative Christian scholars regard as the oJdest unmistakable allusion to the Pseudo-Clementines that by Eusebius early in the fourth century, who, without giving any specific titles, speaks. of certain "verbose and lengthy writings, containing dialogues of Peter forsooth and Apion," which are ascribed to Clement but are really of recent orig~n.»consigna cuál tienen los estudiosos cristianos conservadores por la alusión más antigua e inequívoca al corpus, la de Eusebio a comienzos del siglo IV, que lo da por reciente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 440»

«Not only is it addressed to James and put into the mouth of Clement, but Paul is never mentioned, and no book of the New Testament is cited by name, while sayings of Jesus are cited which are not found in the Bible.»y los rasgos internos que apuntan a una fecha temprana: dirigida a Santiago y puesta en boca de Clemente, no menciona nunca a Pablo, no cita libro alguno del Nuevo Testamento por su nombre y trae dichos de Jesús que no están en la Biblia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 440»

«All this may be mere clever invention, but there certainly is an atmosphere of verisimilitude about it; and it is rather odd that a later Internal evidence.»y sopesa la alternativa sin cerrarla: puede ser mera invención hábil, y hay de todos modos una atmósfera de verosimilitud.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 440»

«Eusebius and Epiphanius may find them unpalatable in certain respects and reject them as heretical, but Basil and Gregory utilize their arguments against astrology.»y mide esa influencia por su uso contradictorio: Eusebio y Epifanio los rechazan como heréticos, y Basilio y Gregorio se sirven de sus argumentos contra la astrología.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 441»

«Gelasius may classify them as apocryphal, but Yin-cent of Beauvais justifies a discriminating use of the apocryphal books in general and cites this one in particular more than once as an authority, and the incidents of its story were embodied, as we shall see, in medieval art.»con el mismo contraste en la Edad Media: Gelasio los clasifica como apócrifos y Vicente de Beauvais los cita como autoridad, mientras su relato pasa al arte medieval.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 441»

«If Apollonius abstained from all meat and wine and wore linen garments, Peter lives upon "bread alone, with olives, and seldom even with pot-herbs; and my dress," he says, "is what you see, a tunic with a pallium: and having these, I require nothing more.»compara el ascetismo de Pedro con el de Apolonio, con el pan, las olivas, las hierbas raras veces y la túnica con palio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 442»

«This mingled attitude of contempt for "the babblings of the Greeks" when compared to divine revelation, and of respect for Greek philosophy when compared with anything else is, it is hardly necessary to say, a very common one with Christian writers throughout the ROII!an Empire.»y nombra la actitud mezclada que ve común en los escritores cristianos del Imperio: desprecio de las habladurías de los griegos frente a la revelación y respeto de la filosofía griega frente a todo lo demás.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 442»

«Not only does Peter explain to Clement the creation of the world and propound the extraordinary 2 doctrine that after completing the process of creation God "set an angel as chief over the angels, a spirit over the spirits, a star over the stars, a demon over the demons, a bird over the birds, a beast over the beasts, a serpent over the serpents, a fish over the fishes," and "over men a man who is Christ jesus.»expone la doctrina de los jefes por especie que el texto pone en boca de Pedro, con un ángel sobre los ángeles, una estrella sobre las estrellas, un demonio sobre los demonios y sobre los hombres un hombre que es Cristo Jesús.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 443»

«We also find Niceta accepting the Greek hypothesis of four elements, of the sphericity of the universe, and of the motions of the heavenly bodies "assigned to them by fixed laws and periods," citing Plato's Timaeus, mentioning Aristotle's introduction of a fifth element,»y consigna cuánto de la física griega acepta Niceta, con los cuatro elementos, la esfericidad del universo y los movimientos celestes asignados por leyes y períodos fijos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 443»

«Simon Magus declared himself immortal on the theory, which we shall find cropping out again in the thirteenth century: in Roger Bacon and Peter of Abano, that his flesh was»registra el argumento de inmortalidad de Simón Mago, fundado en la naturaleza de su carne, y anuncia que la teoría reaparecerá en el siglo XIII en Roger Bacon y Pedro de Abano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 444»

«Niceta cannot agree with "those who speak of nature instead of God and declare that all things were made by nature"; he holds that God created the universe.»Thorndike consigna la objeción de Niceta a quienes hablan de naturaleza en lugar de Dios y hacen que todo lo haya hecho la naturaleza.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 444»

«Those things therefore," he continues, "that are done rationally, believe that they are done by Providence; but those that are done irrationally and inordinately, believe that they befall naturally and happen accidentally.»y el criterio de reparto que propone entre lo providencial y lo natural: lo hecho racionalmente se cree obra de la Providencia, y lo irracional y desordenado, natural y accidental.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 444»

«He says: "But this also I would have you know, that upon such souls God does not take vengeance directly, but His whole creation rises up and inflicts punishments upon the impious.»expone la doctrina del castigo mediado que el texto sostiene: Dios no toma venganza directamente sobre esas almas, sino que su creación entera se levanta y castiga a los impíos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 445»

«And, in short, sometimes even in opposition to the goodness of the Creator, the elements are worn out by the crimes of the wicked; and hence it is that either the fruit of the earth is blighted, or the composition of the air is vitiated, or the heat of the sun is increased beyond measure, or there is an excess of rain or cold.»con la mecánica que le atribuye: los elementos se gastan por los crímenes de los malos, y de ahí el fruto malogrado, el aire viciado, el calor excesivo o el exceso de lluvia o frío.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 445»

«Astrology is respectfully described as "the science of mathesis," 2 and, as was common in the Roman Empire, astrologers are called mathematici.'»anota el vocabulario con que la obra trata la astrología, ciencia de la *mathesis*, con astrólogos llamados *mathematici* como era común en el Imperio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 446»

«A defender even of the most extreme pretensions of the art is not abused as a charlatan but is courteously greeted as "so learned a man," 4 and all admire his eloquence, grave manners, and calm speech, and accord him a respectful hearing.»y el trato que se le da a su defensor más extremo, saludado como hombre docto y escuchado con respeto, sin insulto de charlatán.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 446»

«Astrology, far from being regarded as necessarily contrary to religion, is thought to furnish arguments for the existence of God, and it is said that Abraham, "being an astrologer, was able from the rational system of the stars to recognize the Creator, while all other men were in error, and understood that all things are regulated by His Providence.»registra el uso apologético de la astrología en el texto, que la hace suministrar argumentos para la existencia de Dios y hace de Abraham un astrólogo capaz de reconocer al Creador por el sistema racional de los astros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 446»

«But it is contended that, "possessing freedom of the will, we sometimes resist our desires and sometimes yield to them," and that no astrologer can predict beforehand which course we will take.»y el límite que le opone por el libre albedrío: ningún astrólogo puede predecir de antemano si cederemos o resistiremos a nuestros deseos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 447»

«In fine, astrology is criticized adversely only when it goes to the length of contending that "there is neither any God, nor any worship, neither is there any Providence in the world, but all things are done by fortuitous chance and genesisn ; that "whatever your genesis contains, that shall befall you" ; 2 and that the constellations force men to commit murder, adultery, and other crimes.»y precisa dónde empieza la crítica adversa, que solo cae sobre la astrología que niega a Dios y a la Providencia y hace que las constelaciones fuercen al crimen.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 447»

«The argument is also advanced, "Since God is righteous and since He Himself made human nature, how could it be that He should place genesis in opposition to us, which should compel us to sin, and then that He should punish us when we do sin?»con el argumento de justicia que la remata: cómo iba Dios a poner contra nosotros una *genesis* que nos forzara a pecar y castigarnos después por pecar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 447»

«In all that country which is very large there is neither temple nor image nor harlot nor adulteress, nor is any thief brought to trial.»da el argumento etnográfico contra la astrología, con el país de los seres donde no hay templo, imagen, ramera, adúltera ni ladrón llevado a juicio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 448»

«Peter says that every nation has an angel, since God has divided the earth into seventy-two sections and appointed an angel as governor and prince of each.»consigna la doctrina de los ángeles de las naciones, con la tierra repartida en setenta y dos secciones y un ángel por gobernador de cada una.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 448»

«Incontinence, too, is accompanied by demons whose "noxious breath" produces "an intemperate and vicious progeny. . . . And therefore parents are responsible for their children's defects of this sort, because they have not observed the law of intercourse.»y la etiología demoníaca de los defectos de nacimiento, que carga la culpa a los padres por no haber observado la ley del trato conyugal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 449»

«Moreover, "what is spoken by the true God, whether by prophets or varied visions, is always true; but what is foretold by demons is not always true."»con el criterio de discernimiento que se propone: lo dicho por el Dios verdadero es siempre verdad, y lo predicho por los demonios no siempre.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 449»

«But on this account he was called Zoroaster or "living star" after his death.»Thorndike consigna la etimología que el texto da de Zoroastro como estrella viviente, nombre puesto tras su muerte.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 450»

«But Christians, pagans, and heretics, while claiming divine power and protection for themselves, freely accuse one another of the practice of magic.»y formula la simetría que atraviesa el Libro II: cristianos, paganos y herejes reclaman para sí el poder divino y se acusan unos a otros de practicar magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 450»

«The guards at the sepulcher, unable to prevent the resurrection, said that Jesus was a magician, a charge which is repeated by one of the scribes and by Simon Magus.»con los guardias del sepulcro que llaman mago a Jesús, cargo repetido por un escriba y por Simón Mago.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 450»

«Philosophy, however, escapes the accusation of magic in The Recognitions,2 and it was a philosopher who deterred Clement, before the latter had become a Christian, from his plan of investigating the problem of the immortality of the soul by hiring an Egyptian magician to evoke a soul from the infernal regions by the art of necromancy.»y anota quién queda fuera de esa acusación en las *Recognitiones*: la filosofía, con un filósofo que disuade a Clemente de contratar a un mago egipcio para evocar un alma.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 451»

«He also asserted that he had formed a boy by turning air into water and the water into blood, and then solidifying this into flesh, a feat which he regarded as superior to the creation of Adam from earth.»expone la maravilla que Simón Mago se atribuye, un niño formado convirtiendo aire en agua, agua en sangre y sangre en carne, que tiene por superior a la creación de Adán del barro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 451»

«Later Simon unmade him and restored him to the air, "but not until I had placed his image and picture in my bedchamber as a proof and memorial of my work.»y el desenlace con su prueba material, la imagen guardada en el dormitorio como memoria de la obra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 451»

«He can fly through the air, or so mingle himself with fire as to become one body with it, he can make statues walk and dogs of brass bark.»reúne el catálogo de sus proezas: volar, mezclarse con el fuego hasta hacer un solo cuerpo, hacer andar estatuas y ladrar perros de bronce.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 452»

«Peter's reply is that Simon's magic does not benefit anyone, while the Christian miracles of healing the sick and expelling demons are performed for the good of humanity.»y el criterio con que Pedro le responde, que es el de la utilidad: la magia de Simón no beneficia a nadie, y los milagros cristianos de curar y expulsar demonios se hacen por el bien de los hombres.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 452»

«To Antichrist alone among workers of magic will it be permitted at the end of the world to mix in some beneficial acts with his evil marvels.»con la excepción que ese criterio admite, pues solo al Anticristo se le permitirá al fin del mundo mezclar actos beneficiosos entre sus maravillas malas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 452»

«Later in The Recognitions, however, Aquila states that even the magic of the present has found ways of imitating by contraries the expulsion of demons by the word of God, that it can counteract the poisons of serpents by incantations, and can effect cures "contrary to the word and power of God.»registra la teoría de la magia como imitación por contrarios, que remeda la expulsión de demonios por la palabra de Dios y cura contra su palabra y su poder.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 453»

«He adds, "The magic art has also discovered ministries contrary to the angels of God, placing the evocation of souls and the :q.gments of demons in opposition to these.»y su extensión a los ministerios contrarios a los ángeles de Dios, con la evocación de almas y las figuraciones de demonios puestas enfrente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 453»

«Aquila, his former disciple, says, "But when he spoke thus of the production of sprouts and the perforation of the mountain, I was confounded on this account, because he wished to deceive even us, in whom he seemed to place confidence; for we knew that those things had been from the days of our fathers, which he represented as having been done by himself lately.»da el desmentido que un discípulo suyo le hace a Simón, reconociendo como cosa de sus padres lo que él presentaba como obra propia reciente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 453»

«He is deluded by demons, yet he thinks that he sees the very substance of the soul.»y la adjudicación que el texto hace de sus visiones, engañado por demonios y creyendo ver la sustancia misma del alma.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 453»

«Simon is said to have confessed to Niceta and Aquila, when they asked how he worked his magic, that he received assistance from "the soul of a boy, unsullied and violently slain, and invoked by unutterable adjurations.»consigna la confesión que se le atribuye sobre la fuente de su poder, el alma de un niño sin mancha muerto con violencia e invocada con adjuraciones indecibles.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 454»

«He went on to explain that "the soul of man holds the next place after God, when once it is set free from the darkness of the body. And immediately it acquires prescience, wherefore it is invoked in necromancy.»con la teoría que la sostiene: el alma del hombre ocupa el lugar inmediato a Dios una vez libre de la oscuridad del cuerpo y adquiere al punto presciencia, por lo que se la invoca en la nigromancia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 454»

«As a matter of fact, the charge that Simon had murdered or violently slain a boy is rather overdrawn, since the boy in question was the one whom he had made from air in the first place and whom he simply turned back into air again, claiming, however, to have thereby produced an unsullied human soul.»y desarma el cargo de asesinato con la trama misma del relato: el niño era el que Simón había hecho de aire y que simplemente volvió a convertir en aire.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 454»

«According to The H omilies, however, he presently confided to Niceta and Aquila that the human soul did not survive the death of the body and that a demon really responded to his invocations,»Thorndike consigna la versión discrepante de las *Homilías*, donde Simón confía que el alma humana no sobrevive al cuerpo y que quien respondía a sus invocaciones era en realidad un demonio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 454»

«Simon in his turn calls Peter "a magician, a godless man, injurious, cunning, ignorant, and professing impossibilities," and again "a magician, a sorcerer, a murderer."»y el cargo devuelto, con Simón llamando a Pedro mago, hombre sin Dios, dañino, astuto e ignorante.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 455»

«A further characteristic of magic which comes out clearly in The Recognitions is that it is an art.»señala como rasgo que las *Recognitiones* dejan claro que la magia es un arte.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 455»

«It was by anointing his face with an ointment which the magician had compounded that the countenance of Faustinianus was transformed into the likeness of Simon, while Appion and Anubion, who anointed their faces with the juice of a certain herb, were thereby enabled still to recognize Faustinianus as himself.»con el ungüento que transfigura el rostro de Fausiniano y el zumo de hierba que permite a otros seguir reconociéndolo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 455»

«He is "by profession a magician, yet exceedingly well trained in Greek literature."»y la fórmula con que hasta sus enemigos lo describen, mago de profesión y sin embargo muy bien formado en literatura griega.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 455»

«It is also interesting to note as an illustration of the connection between magic and experimental science that Simon, in boasting of his feats of magic, says, "For already I have achieved many things by way of experiment."»y hace notar el vínculo entre magia y ciencia experimental en boca del propio Simón, que se jacta de haber logrado ya muchas cosas por vía de experimento.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 455»

«Justin Martyr, writing about the middle of the second century, states that Simon, a Samaritan of Gitto, came to Rome in the reign of Claudius and performed such feats of magic by demon aid that a statue was erected to him as a god.»data en Justino Mártir, a mediados del siglo II, la noticia de que Simón obró en Roma tales prodigios con ayuda de demonios que se le erigió estatua como a un dios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 456»

«Justin complains that the followers of these men are still called Christians and on the other hand that the emperors do not persecute them as they do other Christians, although Justin charges them with practicing promiscuous sexual intercourse as well as magic.»y la queja de Justino por la asimetría de la persecución, que deja en paz a esos que siguen llamándose cristianos mientras castiga a los demás.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 456»

«Origen, as we have seen, denied that there were more than thirty of Simon's followers left," but his contemporary Tertullian wrote, "At this very time even the heretical dupes of this same Simon are so much elated by the extravagant pretensions of their art, that they undertake to bring up from Hades the souls of the prophets themselves.»pone frente a frente a dos contemporáneos sin arbitrar: Orígenes niega que queden más de treinta simonianos, y Tertuliano los da por tan envanecidos que se ofrecen a subir del Hades las almas de los profetas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 456»

«But Hippolytus also gives further details concerning Simon's visit to Rome, stating that he there encountered the apostles and was repeatedly opposed by Peter, until finally Simon declared that if he were buried alive he would rise again upon the third day..»y añade el desafío final que Hipólito refiere, enterrarse vivo y resucitar al tercer día.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 456»

«But he did not die, since Peter goes on to say that while "many then departed from him, others who were worthy of him remained with him."»anota una incoherencia del relato apostólico, que da a Simón por enterrado y no resucitado y a la vez lo hace seguir vivo con los suyos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 457»

«It will be noted that here, as in the accounts by some other authors, Peter alone struggles with Simon Magus, lending color to the Tiibingen theory once suggested in connection with the Pseudo-Clementines, that Simon Magus is meant to represent the apostle Paul.»y consigna la tesis de Tubinga sobre los pseudoclementinos, según la cual Simón Mago representaría al apóstol Pablo, apoyada en que solo Pedro lucha con él.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 458»

«Cyril of Jerusalem, 3I5-386 A. D., also speaks of Simon's being borne in air in the chariot of demons, "and is not surprised that the combined prayers of Peter and Paul brought him down, since in addition to Jesus's promise to answer the petition of two or three gathered together it is to be remembered that Peter carried the keys of heaven and that Paul had been rapt to the third heaven and heard secret words.»registra la explicación de Cirilo de Jerusalén sobre por qué las plegarias de Pedro y Pablo bastaron para derribarlo del carro de demonios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 458»

«It is later explained, however, that Simon had arranged to have the beheading take place in a dark corner and through his magic had substituted a ram for himself.»Thorndike sigue las explicaciones que el relato mismo da del prodigio: la decapitación arreglada en un rincón oscuro y un carnero sustituido por magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 459»

«When Simon met the apostles in Nera's presence, he caused great dogs to rush suddenly at Peter, but Peter made them vanish into air by showing them some bread which he had been secretly blessing and breaking.»y el duelo de prodigios ante Nerón, con los perros lanzados sobre Pedro y disueltos en aire al mostrarles el pan bendecido a escondidas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 459»

«As a final test Simon promised to ascend to heaven if Nero would build him a tower in the Campus Martins, where "my angels may find me in the air, for they cannot come to me upon earth among sinners.»con la prueba final que Simón propone, subir al cielo desde una torre en el Campo de Marte donde sus ángeles puedan hallarlo en el aire.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 459»

«The tower was duly provided, and Simon, crowned with laurel, began to fly successfully until Peter, tearfully entreated by Paul to make haste, adjured the angels of Satan who were supporting Simon to let him drop.»y el modo en que Pedro lo derriba, adjurando a los ángeles de Satanás que lo sostenían a soltarlo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 459»

«Nero, however, chose to regard the apostles as Simon's murderers and put them to death, after which a Marcellus, who had been Simon's disciple but left him to join Peter, secretly buried Peter's body.»con el desenlace jurídico del episodio, con Nerón tratando a los apóstoles como asesinos de Simón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 460»

«I have read it in a Latin pamphlet printed at some time before 1500, where the full title runs: The Passion of the Apostles Peter and Paul, and their disputation before the emperor Nero against Simon, a certain magician, who, when he saw that he could not resist the utterances of St. Peter, cast all his books of magic i11,tO the sea lest he be adjudged a maqician.»declara haber leído ese relato en un folleto latino impreso antes de 1500, y transcribe su título largo con Simón echando al mar sus libros de magia para que no lo juzgaran mago.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 460»

«At its close occurs the statement, "I, Marcellus, a disciple of my lord, the apostle Peter, have written what I saw.»y la firma de testigo con que el opúsculo cierra, atribuida a Marcelo, discípulo de Pedro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 460»

«But when Peter prayed against him, "straightway his propeller was tangled up in Peter's voice, and he fell, nor was he killed, but, weakened by a broken leg, withdrew to Aricia and died there.»registra una tercera versión de la caída, donde Simón no muere en el acto sino que se retira a Aricia con una pierna rota y allí muere.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 461»

«But lest it appear strange that, while the apostle was present, that magician should fly through the air even for a while, let it be explained that this was due to Peter's patience.»y la explicación con que un predicador salva el problema de que el mago volara un rato estando presente el apóstol, atribuyéndolo a la paciencia de Pedro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 462»

«If Simon Magus died impenitent in the midst of his magic, very different was the end of Cyprian, a magician by profession in the third century, who, after being educated from childhood in heathen mysteries and the magic art, repented and was baptized, became bishop of Antioch, and finally achieved a martyr's crown.»contrapone a Simón la figura de Cipriano, mago de profesión en el siglo III que se arrepintió, fue bautizado, llegó a obispo de Antioquía y alcanzó la corona del martirio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 463»

«For us perhaps the most interesting feature of his account of his education is the association of magic, not only with pagan mysteries and the operations of demons, but also with natural science.»y declara qué le interesa de esa autobiografía: que la magia aparezca asociada no solo a los misterios paganos y a la operación de demonios, sino también a la ciencia natural.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 464»

«Cyprian's parents were determined that he should learn whatever there was in earth and air and sea, and not merely the natural generation and corruption of herbs and trees and bodies, but also the virtues implanted in all these, which the prince of this world impressed upon them in order that he might oppose the divine constitution.»Thorndike expone el programa formativo que los padres de Cipriano le fijaron, que abarcaba no solo la generación y corrupción naturales sino las virtudes que el príncipe de este mundo imprimió en las cosas para oponerse a la constitución divina.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 464»

«He became acquainted with the palpitations of the limbs, the movement of the blood and pulse in bodies, all the extensions and corollaries of ratios and numbers, diseases simulated as well as natural, "and oaths which are heard yet are not audible, and pacts for discord.»y el contenido de esa educación, que junta palpitación de los miembros, movimiento de la sangre y del pulso y razones y números con enfermedades simuladas, juramentos que se oyen sin ser audibles y pactos de discordia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 465»

«He was fed only after sunset and upon fruits, and was taught the efficacy of each of them by seven hierophants.»con el régimen ascético que la acompaña, comer solo tras la puesta del sol y de frutas, con siete hierofantes enseñándole la eficacia de cada una.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 464»

«Cyprian again explains at this point that in all the stars and plants and other works of God the devil has bound to himself likenesses in preparation to wage war with God "and His angels, but these likenesses are shadowy images»registra la teoría del texto sobre lo que el diablo ató a sí en astros, plantas y demás obras de Dios, semejanzas que son imágenes de sombra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 466»

«The devil's rain is not water, his fire does not burn, his fish are not food, and his gold is not genuine.»y la serie de negaciones en que la desarrolla: la lluvia del diablo no es agua, su fuego no quema, sus peces no alimentan y su oro no es genuino.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 466»

«But then the case of the Christian girl Justina revealed to him the weakness and fraud of the devil.»y el episodio que le revela a Cipriano la debilidad y el fraude del diablo, el de la joven cristiana Justina.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 466»

«He then publicly confessed his crimes as a magician, burned his books of magic, and was baptized into the Christian faith.»con la conversión que de ahí sigue, confesión pública, quema de los libros de magia y bautismo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 467»

«While magic involves study of nature and use of natural forces and associations, and we also hear of "many experiments of magic," it is scarcely represented as operating scientifically in the Confession.»mide qué clase de magia es la de la *Confesión*: supone estudio de la naturaleza y uso de fuerzas naturales, y aun así apenas se la presenta operando científicamente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 467»

«It is mystic, confused, shadowy, imitative, imaginary, lacking in solidity and reality,»y la caracteriza con la serie de adjetivos que el propio texto sugiere, mística, confusa, sombría, imitativa e imaginaria.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 467»

«The attempt to bewitch the furnaces reminds one of the fourteenth Homeric epigram, in which the bard threatens to curse the potters' furnaces if they do not pay him for his song, and to summon "the destroyers of furnaces,"»Thorndike empareja el embrujo de los hornos con el epigrama homérico donde el bardo amenaza a los alfareros con maldecirles el horno si no le pagan el canto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 469»

«When the magician sent demons to fetch both the convert and the saint, James made them bring Hermogenes to him instead, but then set him free, telling him that Christians returned good for evil.»y el episodio de Hermógenes, donde Santiago vuelve contra el mago a sus propios demonios y lo suelta enseguida diciéndole que los cristianos devuelven bien por mal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 470»

«Soon afterwards Hermogenes threw all his books of magic into the sea and was baptized.»con el gesto que cierra esas conversiones, echar al mar los libros de magia y bautizarse.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 470»

«Undismayed by the science of Zoroaster and Aphaxad, they foretell the future, they cause a new-born babe to speak, they subdue tigers and serpents, and from a statue they cast out a demon, which shows itself in the shape of a black Ethiopian and flees uttering raucous cries.»reúne las hazañas que los apócrifos apostólicos oponen a la ciencia de Zoroastro, con el demonio expulsado de una estatua que huye en figura de etíope negro dando gritos roncos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 470»

«he asserted that he had seen in the hands of Christian presbyters "barbarous books containing the names and marvelous operations of demons," and that these presbyters "professed to do no good, but all that was calculated to injure human beings.»registra el cargo de Celso contra los presbíteros cristianos, en cuyas manos dice haber visto libros bárbaros con los nombres y las operaciones maravillosas de los demonios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 472»

«Celsus regarded Moses equally with Jesus as a wizard," and he evidently, like Juvenal and other classical writers, considered the Jews and Syrians as a race of charlatans, especially given to superstition, sorcery, incantations, ambiguous oracles and conjuration of spirits.»y su adjudicación pareja de Moisés y Jesús a la hechicería, con judíos y sirios tenidos por raza de charlatanes dada a la superstición y los oráculos ambiguos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 472»

«He stated that the Jews traced back their origin to "the first generation of- lying wizards," by which phrase Origen thinks he referred to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, whose names Origen admits are much employed in the magic arts.!»con una concesión de Orígenes que Thorndike no deja pasar: admite que los nombres de Abraham, Isaac y Jacob se emplean mucho en las artes mágicas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 472»

«Celsus, also, in describing the many self-styled prophets, Redeemers, and Sons of Gods in the Phoenicia and Palestine of his own time, states that they make use of "strange, fanatical, and quite unintelligible words, of which no rational person can find any meaning,"»y el reproche de Celso a los profetas y salvadores de su tiempo en Fenicia y Palestina, que usan palabras extrañas, fanáticas y del todo ininteligibles.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 473»

«Yet even the Christians-Celsus complains-who condemn all other oracles, regard as marvelous and accept unquestioningly "those sayings which were uttered or were not uttered in Judea after the manner of that country, as indeed they are still delivered among the peoples of Phoenicia and Palestine.»con la inconsecuencia que les imputa: condenan todos los demás oráculos y aceptan sin preguntar los dichos proferidos en Judea a la manera del país.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 473»

«Origen, on the other hand, speaks of "the magical arts and rites of the Egyptians" and holds that it was by divine aid and not by superior magic that Moses prevailed over Pharaoh's magicians.»y la respuesta de Orígenes, que hace vencer a Moisés sobre los magos del faraón por ayuda divina y no por magia superior.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 473»

«He contends that no magician would teach such noble doctrines as those of Christianity.»con el criterio moral que Orígenes propone, que ningún mago enseñaría doctrinas tan nobles como las cristianas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 473»

«Works of magic and miracles, Origen affirms, are no more alike than are awolf and a dog or a wood-pigeon and a dove.»y el símil con que separa milagro y magia, no más parecidos que un lobo y un perro o una paloma torcaz y una paloma.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 474»

«Moreover, in one passage Origen admits that "there would indeed be a resemblance" between miracles and magic, "if Jesus, like the dealers in magic arts, had performed His works only for show; but now there is not a single juggler who, by means of his proceedings, invites his spectators to reform their manners, or trains those to the fear of God who are amazed at what they see, nor who tries to persuade them so to live as men who are to be justified by God.»anota la concesión condicional de Orígenes, que admite el parecido si Jesús hubiera obrado solo para exhibirse, y funda la diferencia en que ningún prestidigitador invita a sus espectadores a enmendar sus costumbres.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 474»

«Origen asserts that the magicians' "own lives are full of the grossest and most notorious sins."»con el segundo criterio, la vida de los magos llena de los pecados más groseros y notorios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 474»

«Celsus, however, seems to speak with a sneer of "their most venerated arts" and describes the banquet dishes as "dainties having no real existence" and the animals as "not really living but having only the appearance of life.»y el desprecio con que Celso trata esas artes veneradísimas, con banquetes de manjares sin existencia real y animales que solo aparentan vivir.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 475»

«The Magi of Scripture were not different from other magicians.»y consigna la tesis, que el titulillo de margen resume, de que los magos de la Escritura no eran distintos de los demás magos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 478»

«Celsus further stated that an Egyptian named Dionysius had told him that magic arts had power "only over the uneducated and men of corrupt morals," but had no effect upon philosophers, "because they were careful to observe a healthy manner of life."»Thorndike consigna la tesis que Celso recibe de un egipcio llamado Dionisio: las artes mágicas tienen poder solo sobre los ignorantes y los de costumbres corrompidas, y ninguno sobre los filósofos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 475»

«It seems reasonably certain that the Celsus of Lucian and the Celsus of Origen are identical, as there are no chronological difficulties and the same point of view is ascribed in either case to Celsus, whom both Lucian and Origen regard as an Epicurean or at least in sympathy with the Epicureans.»y establece la identidad del Celso de Luciano con el de Orígenes por la ausencia de dificultad cronológica y por el mismo punto de vista epicúreo que ambos le atribuyen.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 476»

«In another passage Celsus again closely connected sorcery with the knowledge of occult virtues in nature, arguing that men need not pride themselves upon their power of sorcery when serpents and eagles know of antidotes to poisons and amulets and the virtues of certain stones which help to preserve their young.»anota cómo Celso liga la hechicería al conocimiento de virtudes ocultas, con serpientes y águilas que saben de antídotos, amuletos y piedras para preservar a sus crías.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 476»

«Origen objects that it is not customary to use the word sorcery (l'o'1'TELa) for such things, and suggests that Celsus is such an "Epicurean," i. e., so sceptical, that he wishes to discredit all those other beliefs and practices "as resting only on the professions of sorcerers."»y la objeción de Orígenes a que se llame hechicería a eso, con la sospecha de que Celso, por epicúreo, quiere desacreditar todas esas creencias como meras pretensiones de hechiceros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 476»

«Celsus, as we shall see, believed in the existence of demons whom, however, he did not regard as necessarily evil spirits, and whom he probably regarded as above any connection with magic.»acota la demonología de Celso, que cree en demonios sin tenerlos por necesariamente malignos y probablemente por encima de todo vínculo con la magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 476»

«Origen at any rate believes that magicians are aided by evil spirits, and for him demons became the paramount factor in magic, just as it is they who are worshiped in pagan temples as gods and who inspire the pagan oracles.»y le opone la de Orígenes, para quien los demonios son el factor primordial de la magia, los mismos que se adoran como dioses en los templos y que inspiran los oráculos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 477»

«He does not think of magic as a deception, he does not endeavor to expose its frauds, he accepts its marvels as facts, but declares that "magic and sorcery are produced by wicked spirits, held spellbound by elaborate incantations and yielding themselves to sorcerers."»y mide la diferencia de actitud que le importa: Orígenes no tiene la magia por engaño ni intenta desenmascarar sus fraudes, acepta sus maravillas como hechos y las adjudica a espíritus malignos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 477»

«Origen seems in doubt whether the demons are coerced by the spells and charms of magic or yield themselves willingly.»con la duda que le queda sin resolver, si los demonios son forzados por los ensalmos o se entregan de grado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 477»

«Origen is at least ready to attribute Magic · is an great power to incantations, and he does not deny that elaborate magic is an elaborate art.»y lo que Orígenes concede de todos modos, gran poder a los conjuros y a la magia elaborada la condición de arte elaborada; el titulillo de margen se entrevera con el renglón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 478»

«Thus although Origen lays the emphasis upon demons, we see that he admits most of the other customary elements in magic.»y su saldo sobre él: con todo el peso puesto en los demonios, admite casi todos los demás elementos acostumbrados de la magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 478»

«Origen does not, like Philo Judaeus, Apuleius and some Christian writers, distinguish two uses of the word magic, one good and one evil.»señala lo que Orígenes no hace y otros sí, distinguir dos usos de la palabra magia, uno bueno y otro malo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 478»

«He does not differentiate between vulgar magic and malignant sorcery on the one hand and the lore of learned Magi of the east on the other hand.»ni separar la magia vulgar y la hechicería maligna del saber de los magos doctos de Oriente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 478»

«Origen will not admit that they could do all this by means of astrology, nor even that they were astrologers at all; he accuses Celsus of blundering in calling them Chaldeans or astrologers.»y su negativa a que los magos del evangelio obraran por astrología o fueran siquiera astrólogos, con el reproche a Celso por llamarlos caldeos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 479»

«In another treatise than the Reply to Celsus Origen further explains that the Magi were descended from Balaam and so owned his written prophecies.»con la genealogía que propone en su lugar, haciendo descender a los magos de Balaam y dueños por eso de sus profecías escritas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 479»

«Origen seems to have been the first of the church fathers to state the number of these Magi as three, which he does in one of his homilies on the Book of Genesis.»y le atribuye a Orígenes ser el primero de los padres en fijar en tres el número de esos magos, en una homilía sobre el Génesis.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 480»

«To begin with he admits the power. of words, and not merely that of holy words or words of God, but of certain words used by men»Thorndike registra lo que Orígenes concede de entrada al tratar de Balaam: poder a las palabras, y no solo a las santas o divinas sino a ciertas palabras usadas por los hombres.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 480»

«That such words are in some respects more powerful than bodies is shown by the fact that Balaam's cursing could accomplish what armies and weapons could not effect.»con la prueba que aduce, la maldición de Balaam capaz de lo que no podían ejércitos ni armas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 480»

«There was, however, a very serious limitation to the magicians' power, By the aid of demons they could turn good into evil but they could not repair the damage which they had done or restore the evil to good.»y el límite serio que pone al poder de los magos egipcios: con ayuda de demonios podían volver el bien en mal y no reparar el daño ni devolver el mal a bien.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 481»

«Magicians employ the services of evil spirits, but cannot invoke such angels as Michael, Raphael, and Gabriel, much less God or Christ.»y la frontera de sus invocaciones, que no alcanza a Miguel, Rafael ni Gabriel, y menos a Dios o a Cristo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 482»

«Origen will not admit, however, that Balaam was worthy of this, or that a man can be both a magician and a prophet;»consigna la negativa de Orígenes a que un hombre pueda ser mago y profeta a la vez, aun habiendo hablado Dios por boca de Balaam.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 482»

«But he affirms that divine prophecy and divination are two different things and cites the Biblical prohibition of the latter.»y la distinción de la que depende esa negativa, entre profecía divina y adivinación, con la prohibición bíblica de la segunda.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 483»

«Speaking elsewhere in his own person Origen more than once informs us that "almost all those who occupy themselves with incantations and magical rites" and "many who conjure evil spirits" employ in their spells and incantations such expressions as "God of Abraham."»y anota el dato incómodo que el propio Orígenes informa: casi todos los que se ocupan de conjuros y ritos mágicos emplean en sus ensalmos expresiones como Dios de Abraham.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 484»

«Origen grants that these phrases are used by the Jews themselves in their prayers to God and exorcisms, and that the names of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob possess great efficacy "when united with the word of God.»con lo que concede en torno a ellas, que los judíos las usan en sus plegarias y exorcismos y que los nombres de los patriarcas tienen gran eficacia unidos a la palabra de Dios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 484»

«Yet he will not acknowledge that the Jews practice magic.»y su negativa a admitir, pese a todo eso, que los judíos practiquen magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 484»

«Thus not what is signified by the words, but the qualities and peculiarities of the words themselves, are potent for this or that effect.»expone la teoría del nombre que de ahí resulta: no lo significado por las palabras, sino las cualidades y peculiaridades de las palabras mismas, es lo potente para este o aquel efecto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 485»

«Origen, however, does not try to justify these Hebrew and Christian formulae, adjurations, and exorcisms on the ground that they are simply prayers to God, who- Himself then performs the cure or miracle without compulsion.»Thorndike anota la defensa que Orígenes NO ensaya, la de que esas fórmulas hebreas y cristianas sean simples plegarias a Dios que obra sin coacción.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 485»

«These last clauses make it clear that Jews and Christians were guilty both of incantations and magic, however much Origen may protest to the contrary.»y saca su propia conclusión contra el autor tratado: judíos y cristianos eran culpables de conjuros y de magia, por mucho que Orígenes proteste.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 486»

«but Origen himself in other passages ascribes the employment of such Hebrew names to ordinary magicians and declares that such invocations of God are "found in treatises on magic in many countries.»y funda esa lectura en el propio Orígenes, que en otros pasajes adjudica el uso de esos nombres hebreos a magos comunes y los halla en tratados de magia de muchos países.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 486»

«He believes that "in all probability the various quarters of the earth were from the beginning allotted to different superintending spirits."»consigna la creencia de Celso en un reparto de la tierra entre espíritus supervisores.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 487»

«He warns the Christians that it is absurd for them to think that they can escape the demons by simply refusing to eat the meat that has been offered to idols;»y su advertencia de que es absurdo pensar en escapar de los demonios con solo negarse a comer la carne ofrecida a los ídolos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 487»

«Origen's reply to this question is that the demons are wicked spirits and concerned with magic and idolatry.»con la respuesta de Orígenes, que hace de esos demonios espíritus malignos ocupados en la magia y la idolatría.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 488»

«He further declares on the authority of passages in the New Testament that to one angel the Church of the Ephesians was entrusted; to another, that of Smyrna; that Peter had his angel and Paul his,-nay that "everyone of the little ones of the Church" has his angel who daily beholds the face of God.»y la doctrina de los ángeles particulares que Orígenes funda en el Nuevo Testamento, con uno por iglesia y uno por cada pequeño de la Iglesia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 490»

«Origen advances a further theory concerning spirits, which may be described as a sort of law of spiritual gravitation.»nombra como ley de gravitación espiritual la teoría origeniana sobre el lugar de los espíritus.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 490»

«It is that when souls are pure and "not weighted down with sin as with a weight of lead," they ascend on high where other pure and ethereal bodies and spirits dwell, "leaving here below their grosser bodies along with their impurities.»y la expone: las almas puras, no lastradas por el pecado como por un peso de plomo, ascienden dejando abajo sus cuerpos más groseros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 490»

«Polluted souls, on the contrary, have to stay close to earth where they wander about sepulchers as ghosts and apparitions.»mientras las contaminadas quedan cerca de la tierra vagando por los sepulcros como fantasmas y apariciones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 490»

«Origen therefore infers that pagan gods "who are attached for entire ages to particular dwellings and places" on earth, are wicked and polluted spirits.»con la inferencia que de ahí saca sobre los dioses paganos, ligados por edades enteras a moradas y lugares terrestres y por eso espíritus malos y contaminados.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 490»

«Both Celsus and Origen closely associate with the world of invisible spirits, whether these be angels or demons, the visible heavenly bodies, and thus lead us from magic, which Origen makes so dependent upon demons, to the kindred subject of astrology, the pseudo-science of the stars.»Thorndike muestra cómo el mundo de los espíritus lleva en ambos autores a los cuerpos celestes, y de la magia a la astrología, que él llama la pseudociencia de los astros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 490»

«Celsus had censured the Jews and by implication the Christians for worshiping heaven and the angels, and even apparitions produced by sorcery and enchantment, and yet at the same time neglecting what in his opinion formed the holiest and most powerful part of the heaven, namely, the fixed stars and the planets, "who prophesy to everyone so distinctly, through whom all productiveness results, the most conspicuous of supernal heralds, real heavenly angels.»y el reproche de Celso a judíos y cristianos por adorar el cielo y los ángeles descuidando lo más santo y poderoso de ese cielo, las estrellas fijas y los planetas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 490»

«Origen also represents Celsus-and furthermore the Stoics, Platonists, and Pythagoreans-as believing in the theory of the maqnus annus, according to which, when the celestial bodies all return to their original positions after the lapse of some thousands of years, history will begin to repeat itself and the same events will occur and the same persons live over again.»consigna la teoría del gran año que Orígenes atribuye a Celso y a estoicos, platónicos y pitagóricos, con la historia repitiéndose al volver los astros a su posición original.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 491»

«Origen also complains that Celsus regards as a divinely-inspired nation the Chaldeans, who were the founders of "deceitful genethlialogy," 2 as well as the Magi whom Celsus elsewhere identified with the Chaldeans or astrologers, but whom Origen as we have seen regards rather as the founders of magic.»y la discrepancia de adjudicación entre ambos, que hace a los caldeos nación divinamente inspirada para Celso y fundadores de la genetlialogía engañosa para Orígenes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 491»

«Origen is opposed both to this art of casting horoscope; and determining the entire life of the individual from his nativity, and to the theory of the 11Zagnus Qnn'lls)3 because he is convinced that to admit their truth is to annihilate free-will.»con la razón única de esa oposición doble a la genitura y al gran año, que es convencerse de que admitirlas aniquila el libre albedrío.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 491»

«But furthermore Origen is inclined to agree, both in the De principiis 5 and in the Cantra Celsum,6 that the stars are rational beings (Ao'YLiCa Ko.£ O"1rOvaa.ta.-the latter word had already been applied to them by Philo Judaeus) possessed of free-will and "illuminated with the light of knowledge by that wisdom which is the reflection of everlasting light.»y anota que Orígenes se inclina, en dos obras, a tener los astros por seres racionales dotados de libre albedrío e iluminados por la sabiduría.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 491»

«He interprets a passage in Deuteronomy 7 to mean that the stars have in general been assigned by God to all the nations beneath the heaven, but asserts that from this system of astral satrapies God's chosen people were exempted.»con la excepción que reserva para Israel en ese sistema de satrapías astrales que Dios asignó a las naciones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 491»

«But while Origen will grant reasoning faculties and a certain amount of prophetic power to the stars, he refuses to permit worship of them.»y la línea que traza: concede a los astros facultades racionales y cierto poder profético, y no permite adorarlos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 492»

«Sometimes, however, Huet points out, Origen leaves it an open question whether the heavenly bodies are animated or not.»y consigna con Huet que a veces Orígenes deja abierta la cuestión de si los cuerpos celestes están animados.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 492»

«Like Philo Judaeus Origen holds that the stars are merely signs instituted by God, not causes of the future, and quotes passages from the Old Testament»lo empareja con Filón en la distinción decisiva: los astros son signos instituidos por Dios y no causas del porvenir.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 493»

«While, however, God instituted the stars as signs of the future, He intended that OI"Jy the angels should be able to read them, and deemed it best for mankind to remain in ignorance of the future.»con la reserva que la acompaña: Dios quiso que solo los ángeles supieran leer esos signos y tuvo por mejor que los hombres ignoraran el futuro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 493»

«The evil spirits have, however, taught men the art of astrology, but Origen believes that it is so difficult and requires such superhuman accuracy that the predictions of astrologers are more likely to be wrong than right.»y el argumento de dificultad con que Orígenes descalifica la práctica: enseñada por espíritus malos, exige tal exactitud sobrehumana que sus predicciones yerran más veces que aciertan.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 493»

«His tone toward astrology is thus distinctly more unfavorable here than in the Reply to' Celsus.»y mide la diferencia de tono entre obras del mismo autor, más desfavorable aquí que en la respuesta a Celso.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 493»

«In arguing that the stars are merely signs, Origen asks why men admit that the flight of birds and condition of entrails in augury and liver-divination are only signs and yet insist that the stars are causes of future events.»registra la pregunta con que sostiene su tesis: por qué se admite que el vuelo de las aves y las entrañas sean solo signos y se insiste en que los astros sean causas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 493»

«The answer, .of course, is simple enough: all nature is under the control of the stars which alike produce the events signified and the action of the birds or condition of the liver signifying them.»y responde por su cuenta lo que el propio Orígenes no responde: la naturaleza entera está bajo el dominio de los astros, que producen a la vez el suceso significado y el signo que lo significa.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 493»

«This figurative interpretation gave offence to many later Christian writers, although some of them were ready to interpret the waters above as celestial virtues, but not to take the waters below as signifying evil spirits.»anota la recepción dividida de la exégesis origeniana de las aguas del firmamento, aceptada arriba como virtudes celestes y rechazada abajo como espíritus malignos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 493»

«He was impressed by the weight of testimony to the validity of augury," although he states that it has been disputed whether there is any such art, but he attributed the truth of the predictions to demons acting through the animals and pointed out that the Mosaic law forbade augury S and classified as unclean the animals commonly employed in divination.»y la posición de Orígenes sobre el augurio: impresionado por el peso del testimonio, atribuye la verdad de las predicciones a demonios que obran por los animales y recuerda la prohibición mosaica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 494»

«Moreover, he himself accepted other channels of foreknowledge than holy prophecy, and believed that dreams often were of value in this respect.»con los canales de presciencia que él mismo admitía además de la profecía santa, y en particular los sueños.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 494»

«Once Origen alludes to physiognomy, saying, "If there be any truth in the doctrine of the physiognomists, whether Zopyrus or Loxus or Polemon.»y su alusión condicional a la fisiognomía, nombrando a Zópiro, Loxo y Polemón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 495»

«Origen implies the belief that the weasel conceives through its mouth when he says, "Observe, moreover, to what pitch of wickedness the demons proceed, so that they even assume the bodies of weasels in order to reveal the future.»registra la creencia implícita en que la comadreja concibe por la boca, dentro de una queja sobre demonios que toman cuerpo de comadreja para revelar el futuro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 495»

«The magic art seems to me a name for something which does not exist"-a bold and admirable assertion, but one which, as we have seen, the Epicurean Celsus would have been much more likely to make than the Christian Origen-"but if it does, it is not the name of an evil work..»Thorndike recoge la sentencia que Teófilo atribuye a Orígenes sobre la magia como nombre de algo que no existe, la llama audaz y admirable y anota que le cuadraría más al epicúreo Celso que al cristiano Orígenes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 496»

«Huet, the learned seventeenth century editor of Origen, knew of no such passage in his extant works as that which Theophilus professes to quote.»y pone en duda la cita misma con Huet, que no conocía en las obras conservadas de Orígenes pasaje semejante al que Teófilo dice citar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 496»

«"The science of magic" is well defined as "a multiform contagion of the human mind, an artificer of every error, a destroyer of safety and sou1.»consigna la definición latina de la ciencia mágica como contagio multiforme de la mente humana, artífice de todo error y destructora de la salud y del alma.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 498»

«Living as they do in the air near the clouds and stars, they are enabled to predict the weather.»y la explicación física de la presciencia demoníaca en Tertuliano, que por vivir en el aire cerca de nubes y astros pueden predecir el tiempo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 498»

«They send diseases and then pretend to cure them by the recommendation of novel remedies or prescriptions quite contrary to accepted medical practice.»con la estafa terapéutica que les atribuye: mandan las enfermedades y fingen curarlas recomendando remedios nuevos contrarios a la práctica médica aceptada.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 498»

«Magicians are described by Tertullian as producing phantasms, insulting the souls of the dead, injuring boys for purposes of divination, sending dreams, and performing many miraculous feats by their complicated jugglery.»y el catálogo de lo que Tertuliano imputa a los magos, fantasmas, insulto a las almas de los muertos, daño a niños con fines adivinatorios y envío de sueños.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 498»

«tullian states that a literature is current which promises to evoke ghosts from the infernal regions, but that in such cases the dead are really impersonated by demons, as was the fact when the pythoness seemed to show Samuel to Saul, a point on which Tertullian disagrees with Origen.»registra el desacuerdo entre padres sobre la pitonisa de Endor, con Tertuliano haciendo que los demonios suplanten a los muertos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 499»

«Magic is therefore fallacious, a point which Tertullian emphasizes more than Origen did, although Tertullian is not very explicit.»y mide la diferencia de énfasis entre ambos: Tertuliano insiste más que Orígenes en que la magia es falaz, aunque sin ser muy explícito.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 499»

«He avers that "it is no great task to deceive the outer eye of him whose mental insight it is easy to blind.»con la fórmula que resume esa falacia, que no cuesta engañar el ojo exterior de aquel cuya vista mental es fácil de cegar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 499»

«The rods of Pharaoh's magicians seemed to turn into snakes, "but Moses' 1 reality devoured their deceit.»y el ejemplo con que Tertuliano la aplica, con las varas de los magos que solo parecían serpientes y la realidad de Moisés devorando su engaño.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 499»

«More specifically Lactantius regards necromancy, oracles, liver-divination, augury, and astrology as all invented by the demons.»consigna la adjudicación de Lactancio, que hace invención de los demonios la nigromancia, los oráculos, la adivinación hepática, el augurio y la astrología.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 501»

«"For since the Gospel you wilf never find sophist or Chaldean or enchanter or diviner or magician who has not been manifestly punished.»y la afirmación de que desde el Evangelio no se hallará sofista, caldeo, encantador, adivino ni mago que no haya sido castigado a la vista de todos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 499»

«In Hippolytus, instead of attacks upon astrology as impious, immoral, and fatalistic, and upon magic as evil and the work of demons, we have an attempt to prove astrology irrational and impracticable, and to show that magic is based upon imposture and deceit.»y distingue el método de Hipólito del de los demás padres: en vez de atacar la astrología por impía y la magia por obra de demonios, intenta probar que aquélla es irracional e impracticable y que ésta se funda en impostura y engaño.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 501»

«The magician, however, operating in semi-darkness and making a great noise and diversion and pretending to invoke the demon, is really occupied in sprinkling the burnt papyrus with a mixture of water and copperas (vitriol?) or fumigating it with vapor of a gall nut or employing other methods to make the concealed letters visible.»Thorndike expone la explicación química con que Hipólito desmonta la respuesta del espíritu a preguntas selladas, rociando el papiro quemado con agua y caparrosa o ahumándolo con vapor de agalla.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 502»

«Hippolytus adds that at the same time the magician produces alarming flames and liquids by such chemical mixtures as fossil salts and Etruscan wax and a grain of salt.»y las mezclas con que el mago produce a la vez llamas y líquidos alarmantes, sales fósiles y cera etrusca con un grano de sal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 502»

«He tells how the magician produces stage thunder, how he is able to plunge his hand into a boiling cauldron or walk over hot coals without being burnt, and how he can set a seeming pyramid of stone on fire.»con el resto del repertorio, trueno de teatro, la mano en el caldero hirviente, el paso sobre brasas y la pirámide de piedra que arde.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 503»

«They make the moon appear indoors and imitate the starry sky by attaching fish scales to the ceiling.»y el cielo estrellado imitado en interiores con escamas de pescado pegadas al techo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 503»

«They construe! a false skull from the caul of an ox, some wax, and some gum, make it speak by means of a hidden tube, and then cause it suddenly to collapse and disappear or to burn Up.»con la calavera falsa de redaño de buey, cera y goma, que habla por un tubo escondido y se desploma o arde de golpe.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 503»

«But while his notions of the chemical action of certain substances and of the occult virtue of others may be incorrect, the note»y acota el valor de esa exposición: las nociones de Hipólito sobre la acción química de ciertas sustancias pueden ser incorrectas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 503»

«We are therefore probably safe in assuming, especially in view of the resemblances to the Alexander of Lucian which have already been noted, that Hippolytus' attack on magic is also largely indebted to some classical work, possibly to that very treatise against magic by Celsus to which both Origen and Lucian refer, or perhaps to some account of apparatus with which to work marvels like Hero's Pneumatics.»y propone, con su grado de certeza dentro, que el ataque de Hipólito a la magia deba mucho a alguna obra clásica, acaso el tratado de Celso contra los magos o algún manual de aparatos como la *Neumática* de Herón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 504»

«Turning back now to the subject of the witch of Endor, we find that some of the church fathers agree with Origen rather than Tertullian that the witch really invoked Samuel.»registra que en la cuestión de la pitonisa algunos padres se alinean con Orígenes y no con Tertuliano y dan por real la invocación de Samuel.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 504»

«Before Origen's time Justin Martyr in The Dialogue with Trypho 1 had mentioned as a proof of the immortality of the soul "the fact that the soul of Samuel was called up by the witch, as Saul demanded."»y anota que ya antes de Orígenes, Justino Mártir usaba ese episodio como prueba de la inmortalidad del alma.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 504»

«But Gregory believes that Samuel was already in paradise and hence could not be invoked from the infernal regions; but that it was a demon from the infernal regions who predicted to Saul, "To-morrow you and Jonathan shall be with me.»con la solución de Gregorio de Nisa, que pone a Samuel ya en el paraíso y hace que fuera un demonio quien predijo a Saúl su muerte.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 505»

«Eustathius holds that it was illegal to consult ventriloquists in view of Saul's own previous action against them and other prohibitions in Scripture, and that Origen's remarks are to be deplored as tending to encourage simple men to resort to arts of divination.»y el reproche de Eustacio, que deplora las observaciones de Orígenes por tender a animar a los simples a recurrir a las artes adivinatorias.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 505»

«Gregory assumes the position of one hitherto ignorant of the principles of the art of astrology, of which the philosopher has to inform him, but on general grounds it seems very unlikely that he really was as ignorant as this of such a widespread superstition.»desconfía de la pose de ignorancia con que Gregorio de Nisa entra en la disputa astrológica, poco verosímil ante una superstición tan extendida.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 506»

«But the early Christians were relatively rude and unlettered, and this effort to construct a royal horoscope for Jesus is a crude and faulty one from the astrological standpoint.»Thorndike juzga el horóscopo regio que el evangelio construye para Jesús como crudo y defectuoso desde el punto de vista astrológico, dada la relativa rudeza de los primeros cristianos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 507»

«For this, however, the author of the Gospel and not the art of astrology is obviously responsible.»y reparte la responsabilidad de ese defecto al autor del evangelio y no al arte astrológica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 507»

«He argues that it is not the function of astronomy to learn from the stars who are being born but merely to predict from the hour of birth what is going to happen, which seems a quite fallacious distinction upon his part.»y llama falaz la distinción con que Crisóstomo intenta salvar el pasaje, entre aprender de los astros quién nace y predecir desde la hora del nacimiento lo que va a ocurrir.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 508»

«He further argues that the star of Bethlehem was not like other stars nor even a star at all," as was proved by its peculiar itinerary, its shining by day, its rare intelligence in hiding itself at the right time, and its miraculous ability in standing over the head of the child.»con los cuatro rasgos por los que Crisóstomo niega que la estrella de Belén fuera siquiera una estrella: su itinerario, su brillo diurno, su ocultarse a tiempo y su detenerse sobre la cabeza del niño.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 508»

«Thus he comes dangerously near to admitting tacitly what he has just been denying, namely, that the stars are signs of the future and that there is something in the art of astrology.»y le señala el precio de esa salida, que lo acerca peligrosamente a admitir tácitamente lo que niega, que los astros son signos del futuro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 509»

«Chrysostorn denies this openly and does his best to think up arguments against it, but he cannot rid his subconscious thought of the idea.»y lo formula como diagnóstico: lo niega abiertamente y se esfuerza en argumentar contra ello, y no logra sacarse la idea del pensamiento subconsciente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 509»

«But as a device to escape the natural inference from the Gospel story that the birth of Christ was announced by the stars and in a way which astronomers could comprehend it is certainly far-fetched, and shows how Christian theologians were put to it to find a way out of the difficulty.»con el saldo del recurso, traído por los pelos, que muestra en qué aprietos se veían los teólogos cristianos para salir de esa dificultad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 510»

«The homily goes on to advance some of the usual arguments against astrology, such as that the stars cannot cause evil, that the human will is free, and that a science of individual horoscopes cannot account for all men worshiping idols before Christ and abandoning idolatry and other ancient customs thereafter, or for the perishing in the deluge of all men except the family of Noah, or for national customs such as circumcision among the Jews and incest among the Persians.»y enumera los argumentos usuales contra la astrología que la homilía despliega, con las costumbres nacionales, el diluvio y el abandono colectivo de la idolatría como casos que una ciencia de horóscopos individuales no explica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 510»

«Bouche-Leclercq, citing an earlier monograph," states that the royalty of the Magi was invented towards the sixth century to show the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies," and that Bede is the first who knows their names.»data con Bouché-Leclercq la realeza de los magos hacia el siglo VI, inventada para mostrar cumplidas las profecías, y hace de Beda el primero que sabe sus nombres.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 511»

«But Male says, "Their mysterious names are first found in a Greek chronicle of the beginning of the sixth century translated into Latin by a Merovingian monk," and are "Bithisarea, Melichior, Gathaspa."»y le opone a Mâle, que halla esos nombres misteriosos ya en una crónica griega de principios del siglo VI traducida por un monje merovingio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 511»

«In the middle ages the Magi appeared in liturgical drama as well as in art.»Thorndike sigue a los magos hasta el drama litúrgico medieval además del arte.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 511»

«Their bodies were said to have been brought by the empress Helena from India to Constantinople, whence they were transferred to Milan, and after its destruction by Barbarossa, to Cologne.»y la trayectoria que se atribuyó a sus cuerpos, de la India a Constantinopla por Elena, de allí a Milán y tras su destrucción a Colonia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 512»

«It asserts that the three kings reached Jerusalem on the thirteenth day after Christ's birth by a miraculously rapid transit by day and by night of themselves and their armies to the marvel of the inhabitants of the towns through which they passed, or rather, flew.»con el viaje milagroso que la leyenda les da, llegados con sus ejércitos a Jerusalén al decimotercer día pasando, o más bien volando, sobre las ciudades.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 512»

«We read on the binding, "Ioannis Hildeshemensis Liber de trium regurn translatione,"»declara la procedencia de su ejemplar por la encuadernación, que atribuye el libro de la traslación de los tres reyes a Juan de Hildesheim.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 512»

«Although he has just said that the star appeared in the air and not in the sky, the preacher now adds that when a new man was born in the world it was fitting that a new star should appear in the sky.»caza una contradicción interna del sermón, que acaba de poner la estrella en el aire y no en el cielo y añade enseguida que convenía que en el cielo apareciera una estrella nueva.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 513»

«He holds that since the star came to where jesus lay He controlled it rather than vice versa.»y la inversión con que el predicador salva la astrología: como la estrella vino adonde Jesús yacía, era él quien la gobernaba y no ella a él.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 513»

«Since the heretics known as Priscillianists have adduced the star at Christ's birth to prove that every man is born under the fates of the stars, the preacher endeavors to answer them.»y declara contra quién se predica: los priscilianistas que aducen la estrella del nacimiento para probar que todo hombre nace bajo el hado de los astros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 513»

«It was also fitting that Christ's coming should be announced to shepherds of Israel by a rational angel, to Gentile Magi by an irrational star.»con la simetría que el sermón propone, anuncio a los pastores de Israel por un ángel racional y a los magos gentiles por una estrella irracional.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 513»

«The star was merely a sign to the Magi and by its twinkling illuminated their minds to seek the new-born babe.»y la reducción de la estrella a mero signo que ilumina las mentes de los magos para buscar al recién nacido.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 514»

«The homily goes on to say that opinions differ as to who the Magi were and whence they came.»registra que las opiniones divergen sobre quiénes eran los magos y de dónde venían, y las consigna sin arbitrar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 514»

«At any rate they were the first Gentiles to seek Christ and they are well said to have been three, symbolizing faith in the Trinity, the three virtues, faith, hope and charity, the three safeguards against evil thoughts, words and works, and the three Gentile contributions to the Faith of physics, ethics, and logic, or natural, moral, and rational philosophy.»con la exégesis del número tres que la homilía despliega, hasta hacerlos símbolo de los tres aportes gentiles a la fe, física, ética y lógica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 514»

«He continues, however, to insist that the philosophers are either very stupid, or just joking, or arguing for the sake of arguing, and he declares that he could show by many arguments that the heaven cannot possibly be lower than the earth-which no one has asserted except himself-if it were not already time to close his third book and begin the fourth.»y da la muestra de rudeza científica con que remata: el autor tiene a los filósofos por muy estúpidos o burlones y dice poder probar con muchos argumentos que el cielo no puede estar más bajo que la tierra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 516»

«But other Christian fathers were less dense, and we already have heard the cultured pagan Plutarch scoff at the notion of a spherical earth and of antipodes.»y acota ese juicio para que no se generalice: otros padres cristianos eran menos torpes, y el culto pagano Plutarco ya se burlaba de la tierra esférica y de los antípodas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 516»

«But in the commentaries upon the books of the Bible which the fathers multiplied so voluminously it was necessary for them, if they began their labors with Genesis, to deal at the very start in the first verses of the first book of the Bible with an explanation of nature which at several points was in disagreement with the accepted theories of Greek philosophy and ancient science.»Thorndike explica por qué el comentario al Génesis obligaba al choque: quien empezaba por ahí tenía que habérselas desde los primeros versículos con una explicación de la naturaleza que en varios puntos disentía de la ciencia griega.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 516»

«One of the surest indications either that the sermons were delivered extemporaneously, or that Basil was repeating with variations to suit the occasion and present audience sermons which he had delivered so often as to have practically memorized, occurs in the eighth homily where he starts to discuss land animals, forgetting that the last day he did not get to birds, but is presently brought to a realization of his omission by the actions of his audience and, after a pause and an apology, makes a fresh start upon birds.»y espiga el indicio de oralidad de las homilías de Basilio, que empieza a hablar de animales terrestres olvidando que no había llegado a las aves, y tras una pausa y una disculpa vuelve sobre ellas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 517»

«Basil's work, however, was not the first of its kind, as Hippolytus and Origen, at least, are known to have earlier composed similar treatises, and still earlier in the treatise»y anota que su *Hexaemeron* no fue el primero de su clase, pues Hipólito y Orígenes habían compuesto antes tratados semejantes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 517»

«The Benedictine editors of Ambrose admit that he has taken a great deal from Basil but deny that he has servilely imitated him.»consigna la posición de los editores benedictinos de Ambrosio, que le admiten mucho tomado de Basilio y le niegan imitación servil.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 518»

«But a striking instance of such servile imitation is seen in Ambrose's duplicating even Basil's mistake in omitting to discuss birds and then apologizing for it, reminding one of the Chinese workman who made all the new dinner plates with a crack and a toothpick stuck in it, like the old broken plate which he had been given as a model.»y les opone la prueba que la desmiente: Ambrosio duplica hasta el olvido de las aves y la disculpa consiguiente, como el obrero chino que copió la grieta y el palillo del plato modelo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 518»

«It is barely possible, however, that Origen made the original mistake and that Basil and Ambrose have both imitated him in it.»con la posibilidad remota que deja abierta, que el error original fuera de Orígenes y lo imitaran los dos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 518»

«and Basil differed fundamentally in this respect, that Origen indulged to a great extent in allegorical interpretation of the Mosaic account of creation,' while Basil declares that he "takes all in the literal sense," is "not ashamed of the Gospel," and "admits the common sense of the Scriptures..»y fija la diferencia de fondo entre ambos exégetas: Orígenes alegoriza el relato mosaico de la creación y Basilio declara tomarlo todo en sentido literal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 519»

«At any rate, Basil's H esacmerow seems to have supplanted all such previous treatises in Greek, while its western influence is shown not only by Ambrose's imitation of it so soon after its production, but by Latin translations of it by Eustathius Afer in the fifth, and perhaps by Dionysius Exiguus in the sixth century.»mide la influencia occidental del *Hexaemeron* por la imitación de Ambrosio y por las traducciones latinas de Eustacio en el siglo V y quizá de Dionisio el Exiguo en el VI.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 519»

«Bede, in a similar, though much abbreviated, work of his own, states that while many have said many things concerning the beginning of the Book of Genesis, the chief authorities, so far as he has been able to discover, are Basil of Caesarea, whom Eustathius translated from Greek into Latin, Ambrose of Milan, and Augustine, bishop of Hippo.»y consigna la lista de autoridades sobre el Génesis que Beda declara haber podido descubrir, Basilio en la versión de Eustacio, Ambrosio y Agustín.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 520»

«These works, however, were so long and expensive that only the rich could afford to purchase them and so profound that only the learned could read and understand them.»con el límite material de esa autoridad: obras tan largas y caras que solo los ricos podían comprarlas y tan profundas que solo los doctos podían leerlas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 520»

«But at all other times he is apt to follow Greek science rather implicitly, accepting without question its hypothesis of four elements and four qualities, and taking all his details about birds, beasts, and fish from the same source.»y mide cuánta ciencia griega conserva Basilio fuera de los puntos en que la rechaza, con los cuatro elementos y las cuatro cualidades aceptados sin más y todos sus datos de aves, bestias y peces tomados de ahí.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 520»

«while Basil may affirm that the edification of the church is his sole aim and interest, it is evident that his audience are possessed by a lively scientific curiosity,»y separa lo que el predicador declara de lo que su público quiere: dice buscar solo la edificación de la iglesia, y su auditorio está movido por una viva curiosidad científica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 520»

«Twice he opens his sermons with allusions to the athletes of the circus and actors of the theater," apparently as the surest way of quickly catching the attention of his audience, while on a third occasion, in concluding his morning address on what appears to have been a holiday, he remarks that if he had dismissed them earlier, some would have spent the rest of the day gambling with dice, and that "the longer I keep you, the longer you are out of the way of mischief.»Thorndike anota los recursos de púlpito de Basilio, con alusiones al circo y al teatro para atrapar la atención y el cálculo de que cuanto más largo el sermón, más tiempo fuera de la travesura.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 521»

«Nor will he accept the arguments of the philosophers who "would rather lose their tongues" than admit that there is more than one heaven.»y su rechazo de los filósofos que antes perderían la lengua que admitir más de un cielo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 522»

«He regards a plurality of heavens as no more difficult to credit than the seven concentric spheres of the planets, and as much more probable than the philosophic theory of the music of the spheres which he decries as "ingenious frivolity, the untruth of which is evident from the first word.»con la comparación que lo sostiene: la pluralidad de cielos no es más difícil de creer que las siete esferas concéntricas, y sí más probable que la música de las esferas, que llama frivolidad ingeniosa.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 522»

«"Let us reject these theories as we would the interpretations of dreams and old-wives' tales."»y la fórmula con que despacha esas teorías, como se despachan las interpretaciones de sueños y los cuentos de viejas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 522»

«He accepts the hypothesis of four elements but abstains from passing judgment upon the question of a fifth element of which the heavens and celestial bodies may be composed.»registra dónde acepta y dónde se abstiene: admite los cuatro elementos y no juzga la cuestión del quinto de que podrían componerse los cielos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 523»

«He interprets the command, "Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place," to apply only to the sea or ocean, which he contends is one body of water, and not to pools and lakes,»y su exégesis de la reunión de las aguas, que aplica solo al mar y no a charcas y lagos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 523»

«He adds, however, that "our eyes and senses can find nothing which is completely singular, simple, and pure.»con la reserva epistemológica que añade, de que ojos y sentidos no hallan nada del todo singular, simple y puro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 524»

«He tells his hearers that as "anyone not knowing a town is taken by the hand and led through it," so he will guide them "through the mysterious marvels of this great city of the universe.»y la imagen con que se ofrece de guía, llevando de la mano por la gran ciudad del universo como a quien no conoce un pueblo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 524»

«Going a step farther than Galen's argument from design, he contends that "not a single thing has been created without reason; not a single thing is useless.»señala que Basilio va un paso más allá del argumento del diseño de Galeno al sostener que nada fue creado sin razón y nada es inútil.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 525»

«Basil also cherishes the notion, which we have already found both in pagan and Christian writers, that human sin leaves its stain or has its effect upon nature.»y le acredita la noción, ya hallada en paganos y cristianos, de que el pecado humano deja su mancha o su efecto sobre la naturaleza.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 525»

«The rose was without thorns before the fall of man, and their addition to its beauty serves to remind us that "sorrow is very near to pleasure.»con el ejemplo de la rosa sin espinas antes de la caída, cuyas espinas recuerdan que la tristeza está muy cerca del placer.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 525»

«Indeed, far from being led by his acquaintance with Greek science into doubting the marvelous, Basil finds "in nature a thousand reasons for believing in the marvelous.»y da vuelta la expectativa sobre el efecto de la ciencia griega en él: lejos de llevarlo a dudar de lo maravilloso, Basilio halla en la naturaleza mil razones para creer en ello.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 525»

«Yet winds are hushed and waves are calm during the seven days that the halcyon sits, and then, after its young are hatched and in need of food, "God in his munificence grants another seven days to this tiny animal.»con los catorce días de calma que atribuye a la munificencia divina en favor del alción.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 526»

«Like most ancient scientists, Basil believes that some animals are spontaneously generated.»y lo alinea con los científicos antiguos en la generación espontánea de algunos animales.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 526»

«Discussing the immense size of the moon and its great influence upon terrestrial nature, he declares ridiculous the old-wives' tales which have been circulated everywhere that magic incantations "can remove the moon from its place and make it descend to the earth.»Thorndike registra el único poder mágico que Basilio pone en duda, el de los conjuros que bajarían la luna a la tierra, que llama cuentos de viejas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 527»

«In describing the creation of vegespecies. tation he asserts that species are unchanging, affirming that "all which sprang from the earth in the first bringing forth is kept the same to our time, thanks to the constant reproduction of kind.»y su tesis de la fijeza de las especies, conservadas iguales desde la primera producción por la reproducción constante según su género.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 528»

«Yet a few paragraphs later we find him saying, "It has been observed that pines, cut down or even submitted to the action of fire, are changed into a forest of oaks.»con la contradicción que le encuentra unos párrafos después, con los pinos cortados o quemados que se mudan en bosque de robles.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 528»

«Nature always makes a horse succeed to a horse, a lion to a lion, an eagle to an eagle, and preserving each animal by these uninterrupted successions she transmits it to the end of all things.»y la vuelta a la fijeza en la última homilía, con caballo sucediendo a caballo y león a león hasta el fin de todas las cosas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 528»

«His occasional flings at Greek philosophy are probably not to be taken too seriously.»y advierte que sus pullas ocasionales contra la filosofía griega probablemente no hayan de tomarse demasiado en serio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 528»

«It would be rash to infer that they always practiced what he preached.»con la misma cautela aplicada al auditorio, del que sería temerario inferir que practicara siempre lo que se le predicaba.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 529»

«Epiphanius shows himself rather chary in regard to such virtues attributed to gems as to calm storms, make men pacific, and confer the power of divination.»pasa a Epifanio y anota su reticencia ante virtudes de gemas como calmar tormentas, apaciguar a los hombres o dar el don de adivinar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 530»

«He does not go so far as to omit them entirely, but he usually qualifies them as the assertion of "those who construct fables" or "those who believe fables."»y precisa la forma exacta de esa reticencia, que no llega a omitirlas sino que las atribuye a los que construyen fábulas o creen en ellas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 530»

«It is without any such qualification, however, that he declares that the topaz," when ground on a physician's grindstone, although red itself, emits a white milky fluid, and, moreover,»y le señala dónde suelta la reserva, al declarar sin salvedad alguna que el topacio molido, siendo rojo, suelta un fluido blanco lechoso.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 530»

«Among these is the stone hyacinth 1 which, when placed upon live coals, extinguishes them without injury to itself and which is also beneficial to women in childbirth, and drives away phantasms.»con las virtudes que sí admite del jacinto, apagar brasas sin dañarse, ayudar en el parto y ahuyentar fantasmas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 531»

«The gems lie at the bottom of a deep valley which is inaccessible to men because walled in completely by mountains, and moreover from the summits one cannot see into the valley because of a dark mist which covers it.»describe el valle inaccesible de las gemas, cercado de montañas y cubierto por una niebla oscura que impide verlo desde las cumbres.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 531»

«He simply tells us that when men are sent to obtain some of these stones, they skin sheep and hurl the carcasses into the valley where some of the gems adhere to the flesh.»con el método de cosecha que se le atribuye, arrojar al valle carcasas de oveja desolladas a las que se pegan las piedras.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 531»

«How men ever became cognizant of the fact that there are gems there may well be wondered but is a point which Epiphanius does not take into consideration.»y le señala a Epifanio el punto que no considera: cómo llegaron los hombres a saber que allí había gemas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 531»

«Epiphanius has one thing to tell of India himself in connection with gems, which is that a temple of Father Liber (Bacchus) is located there which is said to have three hundred and sixty-five steps,-all of sapphire.»Thorndike consigna lo único que Epifanio aporta de su cosecha sobre la India en materia de gemas, un templo de Baco con trescientos sesenta y cinco escalones de zafiro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 531»

«In the middle ages we find this same story in a slightly different form told of Alexander the Great on his expedition to India.»y sigue el mismo relato del valle hasta la Edad Media, contado allí de Alejandro Magno en su expedición a la India.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 531»

«The problem of an early Christian work entitled Physiologus is no easy one, although much has been written concerning it 1 and more has been taken for granted.»declara el estado de la cuestión del *Physiologus*, sobre el que mucho se ha escrito y más se ha dado por supuesto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 532»

«The Physiologus has been thought to have originated in Alexandria because of its use of the Egyptian names for the months and because Clement of Alexandria and Origen are supposed to have made use of it..»y expone los dos argumentos por los que se le ha supuesto origen alejandrino, los nombres egipcios de los meses y el uso que de él habrían hecho Clemente y Orígenes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 534»

«But it is difficult to determine whether the church fathers drew passages concerning animals and nature from some such work or whether it was a collection of passages from their writings upon such themes.»con la dificultad que los desarma, pues no se sabe si los padres sacaron esos pasajes de una obra así o si la obra es una colección de pasajes suyos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 534»

«while we hear that Pope Gelasius at a synod of 496 condemned as apocryphal a Physiologus which was written by heretics and ascribed to Ambrose,»registra la condena de Gelasio en el sínodo de 496 contra un *Physiologus* escrito por herejes y adjudicado a Ambrosio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 534»

«But Pitra's point is well taken that the Physioloqus is one thing and the allegorical interpretation thereof another.»y da por buena la distinción de Pitra entre el *Physiologus* y su interpretación alegórica, que son dos cosas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 535»

«But this suggests another difficulty in identifying Physioloqus as a single work.»con la dificultad que de ahí se sigue para identificar el *Physiologus* como una sola obra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 535»

«Furthermore, even in works which deal with the natures of animals and which either have the word Physiologus in their titles or cite it now and then in the course of their texts, there exists such diversity that it becomes fairly evident not only that it is impossible to deduce from them the list of animals treated in the original Pliysioloqus or the details which it gave concerning each, but also that it is highly probable that the title Pliysioloqus has been applied to different treatises which did not necessarily have a common origin.»Thorndike concluye sobre el *Physiologus* que ni cabe deducir de los testigos qué animales trataba el original ni qué decía de cada uno, y que el título se aplicó probablemente a tratados distintos sin origen común.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 536»

«St. Bernard, although "the prince of allegorists," saw no sense in the animal sculptures in Romanesque cloisters and inveighed against them..»y le opone a la lectura alegórica del bestiario un dato incómodo: san Bernardo, príncipe de los alegoristas, no vio sentido en las esculturas animales de los claustros románicos y arremetió contra ellas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 537»

«I have searched in vain (with but two exceptions) for representations of the hedgehog, beaver, tiger, and other animals which figure in the Bestiaries but which are not mentioned by Honorius.»y declara su propia búsqueda infructuosa de representaciones del erizo, el castor, el tigre y otros animales que están en los bestiarios y no en Honorio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 537»

«But medieval men, as we shall see, studied nature from scientific curiosity and not in search for spiritual allegories,»con la tesis que de ahí saca y que sostendrá el resto del libro: los medievales estudiaron la naturaleza por curiosidad científica y no en busca de alegorías espirituales.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 537»

«Ahrens holds that the title was taken from Aristotle in the first place, and that Pliny was the chief source for the contents.»consigna la tesis de Ahrens sobre el título tomado de Aristóteles y Plinio como fuente principal del contenido.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 538»

«We do not know who was responsible for' the allegorical interpretations in the first instance.»y declara lo que no se sabe, quién fue el responsable de las interpretaciones alegóricas en primera instancia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 538»

«Hommel would carry the origin of their symbolism back of the Christian era to the animal worship of Persia, India, and Egypt.!»con la propuesta de Hommel de remontar ese simbolismo a antes de la era cristiana, al culto animal de Persia, la India y Egipto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 538»

«Thus the symbolic significance of the literature that has been grouped under the title Physiologus has been exaggerated, whilethe respect for and interest in natural science to which it testifies have too often been lost sight of.»y da su corrección de énfasis: se ha exagerado la significación simbólica de esa literatura y se ha perdido de vista el respeto y el interés por la ciencia natural que atestigua.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 538»

«It is, moreover, in his epoch-making book, The City of God} which better than any other single event marks, or at least sums up, the transition from classical to medieval civilization, from the life of the ancient city to that of the medieval church, that he descants with especial fulness upon magic, demons, and astrology, although he often also refers to these themes in his other treatises, which we shall cite as well.»presenta *La ciudad de Dios* como el libro que mejor marca o resume el paso de la civilización clásica a la medieval, y como el lugar donde Agustín trata con más amplitud la magia, los demonios y la astrología.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 539»

«Even though writing in the fifth century Augustine still finds it necessary to defend Christ against those who imagine that He has converted peoples to Himself by means of the magic art.»y anota que aun en el siglo V Agustín ve necesario defender a Cristo de quienes lo imaginan convirtiendo pueblos por arte mágica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 540»

«And he tells us of books of magic which are ascribed to Christ Himself or to the apostles Peter and Paul.»con la pseudoepigrafía que registra, libros de magia adjudicados al propio Cristo o a los apóstoles Pedro y Pablo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 540»

«He admits. however, that condemnation of magic and legislation against it had begun before Christianity.»y su reconocimiento de que la condena de la magia y la legislación contra ella habían empezado antes del cristianismo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 540»

«He also states that some persons draw a distinction between the malefici or sorcerers or practitioners of goetia, whom they call truly guilty of illicit arts and deserving of condemnation, and those who practice theurgy, whom they call praiseworthy.»registra la distinción que otros hacen entre los *malefici* o practicantes de goecia, dignos de condena, y los teúrgicos, tenidos por loables.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 540»

«At any rate Augustine declares that theurgists and sorcerers alike "are entangled in the deceitful rites of demons who may masquerade under the names of angels."»y la respuesta de Agustín, que enreda por igual a teurgos y hechiceros en los ritos engañosos de demonios enmascarados con nombres de ángeles.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 541»

«Augustine believes that the spirits had first to instruct men what rites to perform and by what names to call them in order to summon them.»Thorndike expone la génesis de la magia según Agustín, con los espíritus enseñando primero a los hombres qué ritos hacer y con qué nombres llamarlos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 541»

«Augustine even grants that the. magicians are able to terrify the inferior spirits into obedience to their commands by adjuring them by the names of superior spirits, and thereby with divine permission "to exhibit to the eye of sense certain results which seem great and marvelous to men who through weakness of the flesh are incapable of beholding things eternal."»y cuánto le concede a la magia: que los magos aterren a los espíritus inferiores adjurándolos por los nombres de los superiores y exhiban, con permiso divino, resultados que parecen grandes y maravillosos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 542»

«He does not regard this as inconsistent with the assertion of Jesus that Satan cannot cast out Satan, since while it may be that thus demons are expelled from sick bodies, the evil one thereby only the more surely takes possession of the soul.»con la salida que le da a la objeción de que Satanás no puede echar a Satanás: los demonios salen del cuerpo enfermo y el maligno se apodera tanto más del alma.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 542»

«Augustine further grants that magicians, although stained with crime, can at present work miracles which most Christians and even most saints cannot perform.»y la concesión mayor, que magos manchados de crimen puedan obrar hoy milagros que la mayoría de los cristianos y aun de los santos no pueden.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 542»

«Therefore magicians perform their marvels by private contracts with demons; good Christians perform theirs by public justice; bad Christians perform theirs by the appearance or signs of public justice..!»con el criterio jurídico que los separa: los magos obran por contratos privados con demonios, los buenos cristianos por justicia pública y los malos por la apariencia o los signos de ella.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 543»

«How the magicians got their rods back, if at all, neither Augustine nor the Book of Exodus informs us.»y anota con humor el hueco del relato del Éxodo, que no dice cómo recuperaron sus varas los magos, si es que las recuperaron.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 543»

«These stories, in Augustine's opinion, "are either false or such uncommon occurrences that they are justly discredited.'»registra el juicio de Agustín sobre los relatos de transformación, o falsos o tan raros que se descreen con razón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 544»

«He does not believe that demons can truly transform the human body into the limbs and lineaments of beasts, but the strange personal experiences of reliable persons have convinced him that men are deceived by dreams, hallucinations, and fantastic images.»y su explicación en su lugar, que no cree en transformación real del cuerpo humano y sí en engaño por sueños, alucinaciones e imágenes fantásticas, convencido por experiencias de personas fiables.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 544»

«Usually, however, when Augustine represents "the powers of the air" as deceiving men by magic, the deceit consists merely in the magicians' imagining that they are working the marvels which are really performed by demons, or in men being lured into subjection to Satan and to their ultimate and eternal damnation through the attractions of the magic art.»y precisa en qué consiste el engaño de las potencias del aire: en que los magos imaginen obrar ellos las maravillas que en realidad hacen los demonios, y en que los hombres queden sujetos a Satanás.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 544»

«Augustine, however, also thinks it possible that the soul of Samuel did not appear but was impersonated by some phantasm and imaginary illusion made by diabolical machinations.»consigna que Agustín tiene por posible que el alma de Samuel no compareciera y la suplantara un fantasma urdido por maquinación diabólica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 545»

«Augustine leaves, however, as beyond the limits of his time and strength the further problem whether the human soul after death can be so evoked by magic incantations that it is not only seen but recognized by the living.»y la cuestión que deja expresamente fuera de su tiempo y de sus fuerzas, si el alma puede ser evocada por conjuros hasta ser vista y reconocida por los vivos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 545»

«So Augustine rehearses the strange properties of the magnet; asserts that adamant can be broken neither by steel nor fire but only by application of the blood of a goat; tells of Cappadocian mares who conceive from the wind; and hails the ability of the salamander to live in the midst of flames as a token that the bodies of sinners can subsist in hell fire.»reúne las propiedades maravillosas que Agustín repasa, del imán, del adamante roto solo con sangre de cabrón y de las yeguas capadocias, con la salamandra como prenda de que los cuerpos de los pecadores subsistan en el fuego infernal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 546»

«He denies, however, that the Marsi who charm snakes by their incantations are really understood by the serpents.»y lo que niega dentro de esa misma materia, que los marsos que encantan serpientes sean de veras entendidos por ellas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 546»

«The incident is a good illustration of the fact that prediction of the future and attempting to influence events go naturally together, and that arts of divination cannot be separated either in theory or practice from magic arts.»Thorndike formula una tesis que le sirve para todo el libro: predecir el futuro e intentar influir en los sucesos van juntos, y las artes adivinatorias no se separan de las mágicas ni en la teoría ni en la práctica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 547»

«In the Christian Doctrine Augustine is inclined further to put in the same class all use of invocations, incantations, and characters, which he regards as signs implying pacts with evil spirits, and the use of which in working cures he asserts is condemned by the medical profession.»y anota que Agustín pone en una misma clase invocaciones, conjuros y caracteres como signos que implican pacto con espíritus malignos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 547»

«He is also suspicious of ligatures and suspensions, and states that it is one thing to say, "If you drink the juice of this herb, your stomach will not ache," and is another thing to say, "If you suspend this herb from the neck, your stomach will not ache.»con la distinción exacta que traza entre beber el zumo de una hierba y colgarse la hierba del cuello.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 547»

«For in one case a healing application is worthy of approval, in the other a superstitious signification is to be censured.»y el criterio que la funda: en un caso hay aplicación curativa aprobable y en el otro una significación supersticiosa censurable.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 547»

«Augustine recognizes, however, that such ligatures and suspensions are called "by the milder name of natural remedies (ph)'sica)"; and if they are applied without incantations or characters, possibly they may heal the body naturally by mere attachment, in which case it is lawful to employ them.»y la salvedad que deja abierta: si esas ligaduras se aplican sin conjuros ni caracteres, acaso curen naturalmente por el mero contacto y sea lícito usarlas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 547»

«But they may involve some signal to demons, in which case the more efficacious they are, the more a Christian should avoid them.»con la regla inversa que le pone encima: si envuelven señal para los demonios, cuanto más eficaces sean, más debe el cristiano evitarlas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 547»

«He therefore "warns them again and again" to forsake all diviners, aruspices, enchanters, phylacteries, augury, and observance of days, or they will lose all benefit of the sacrament of baptism and will be eternally damned unless they perform a vast amount of penance.»y la advertencia con su sanción: quien no deje adivinos, arúspices, encantadores, filacterias, augurios y observancia de días pierde el beneficio del bautismo y se condena sin penitencia enorme.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 548»

«The observance of days other than the Lord's Day is here condemned on the ground that God made the other six days without distinction.»con el argumento con que condena la observancia de días, que Dios hizo los otros seis sin distinción.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 548»

«He holds that they enslave human free will by predicting a man's character and life from the stars, and that their art is a presumptuous and fallacious human invention, and that if their predictions come true, this is due either to chance or to demons who wish to confirm mankind in its error,»expone el doble cargo contra los astrólogos, esclavizar el libre albedrío y ejercer una invención humana presuntuosa y falaz cuyos aciertos vienen del azar o de demonios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 548»

«He starts to accuse the astrologers of attributing to the spotless stars, or to the God whose orders the stars obediently execute" the causing of human sin and evil; but then recognizes that the astrologers will answer that the stars simply signify and in no way cause evil, just as God foresees but does not compel human sin fulness.»y sigue el ajuste de su propio argumento: empieza acusándolos de hacer causar el mal a los astros y reconoce enseguida que responderán que solo lo significan, como Dios prevé sin forzar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 549»

«But the astrologers reply that even twins are not born at precisely the same instant and do not have the same horoscope, but are born under different constellations, so rapidly do the heavens revolve, as the astrologer Nigidius Figulus neatly illustrated by striking a rapidly revolving potter's wheel two successive blows as quickly as he could in what appeared to be the same spot.»consigna la réplica astrológica al argumento de los gemelos, con la demostración de Nigidio Fígulo golpeando dos veces seguidas una rueda de alfarero en giro rápido.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 550»

«But when the wheel was stopped and examined, the t\VO marks were found to be far apart.»y su resultado, las dos marcas halladas muy separadas al detener la rueda.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 550»

«Augustine's counter argument is that if astrologers must take into account such small intervals of time, their observations and predictions can never attain sufficient accuracy to insure correct prediction; and that if so brief an instant of time is sufficient to alter the horo-I scope totally, then twins should not be as much alike as they are nor have as much in common as they do,-for instance, falling ill and recovering simultaneously.»con la contrarréplica de Agustín, que vuelve el argumento del rigor contra el arte: si tales intervalos ínfimos cuentan, ni la observación ni la predicción alcanzan exactitud bastante, y los gemelos no deberían parecerse tanto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 550»

«He also inquires why men choose certain days for setting out trees and shrubs or breeding animals, if men alone are subject to the constellations.»y la pregunta con que aprieta a los astrólogos, por qué se eligen días para plantar árboles o cruzar animales si solo el hombre está sujeto a las constelaciones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 551»

«This appears, however, to have been a widespread belief then, since he tells us that men are accustomed to test the skill of astrologers by submitting to them the horoscopes 0'£ dumb animals, and that the best astrologers»anota como creencia extendida la prueba a que se sometía a los astrólogos, presentarles horóscopos de animales para que reconocieran de qué bestia se trataba.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 551»

«Furthermore, it is plain that crops which are sown and ripen simultaneously meet with very diverse fates in the end.»Thorndike añade el argumento agrícola de Agustín, con cosechas sembradas y maduradas a la vez que corren al final suertes muy distintas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 552»

«Apparently the most that he was willing to concede was that it was not absurd to say that the influence of the stars might produce changes in material things, as in the varying seasons of the year caused by the sun's course and the alternating augmentation and diminution of tides and shell-fish due, as he supposed, to the moon's phases.»y mide con precisión cuánto le concedía Agustín a la influencia astral, no más que los cambios en las cosas materiales, las estaciones por el curso del sol y las mareas y los mariscos por las fases de la luna.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 552»

«by saying that, all things considered, if the astrologers make many marvelously true predictions, they do so by the aid and inspiration of the demons and not by the art of noting and inspecting horoscopes, which has no sound basis.»con la explicación que reserva para los aciertos astrológicos, ayuda e inspiración de los demonios y no arte de inspeccionar horóscopos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 553»

«He is, however, doubtful how far the human soul itself possesses the power of divination, which he is inclined to attribute rather to spirits, good or bad.»registra su duda sobre cuánto poder adivinatorio tenga el alma humana por sí, que él se inclina a atribuir más bien a espíritus.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 553»

«But owing to Satan's ability in disguising himself as an angel of light it is often very difficult to tell to which sort 0 f spirit to ascribe the vision in question.»con la dificultad que eso arrastra, pues la habilidad de Satanás para disfrazarse de ángel de luz vuelve difícil saber a qué clase de espíritu adjudicar una visión.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 553»

«He contends that the star was not one of the planets or constellations but a special creation, since it did not keep to a regular course or orbit, but came to where the child lay.»y su tesis sobre la estrella de Belén, creación especial y no planeta ni constelación, porque no guardó curso ni órbita regular.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 553»

«Augustine can only suggest that this wasrevealed to them by spirits, whether good or bad he does not know.»con la abstención que sigue, pues solo puede sugerir que se les reveló por espíritus sin saber si buenos o malos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 553»

«But these rhetorical flourishes and antitheses seem to attest rather than dispute the significance of celestial phenomena, so that Augustine cannot be said to have answered the astrological contention anent Christ's birth very satisfactorily.»y le señala a Agustín que sus floreos retóricos atestiguan la significación de los fenómenos celestes más que la disputan, de modo que no responde muy satisfactoriamente al argumento astrológico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 554»

«Whether they are simply lucid bodies without sense or intelligence, as some think; or have happy intellectual souls of their own, as Plato taught; whether they are to be classed with the Seats, Dominions, Principalities, and Powers of whom the apostle speaks; and whether they are ruled and animated by spirits: all these are questions which Augustine puts, but concerning whose answers he feels uncertain.»enumera las preguntas que Agustín se hace sobre la naturaleza de los astros y consigna su incertidumbre ante todas las respuestas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 554»

«On the whole, Augustine is inclined to regard this state of ignorance as a blissful one.»y anota que se inclina a tener por dichoso ese estado de ignorancia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 555»

«So set is Augustine against astrology that he even holds that Christians may well leave the subject of astronomy alone, "because it is related to the most pernicious error of those who utter a fatuous fatalism," although he recognizes that there is nothing superstitious in predicting the future positions, of the stars themselves from knowledge of their past movements.»mide hasta dónde llega su animadversión: aconseja a los cristianos dejar en paz la astronomía por su parentesco con el fatalismo, reconociendo que nada hay de supersticioso en predecir las posiciones futuras de los astros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 556»

«But except that to know the course of the moon is useful in determining the date of Easter, knowledge of the stars is of little or no help in interpreting the divine Scriptures.»con el único uso que le deja, saber el curso de la luna para fijar la fecha de la Pascua.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 556»

«Augustine evades this difficulty by questioning whether this passage is to be received as of divine authority, since it is uttered by one of Job's comforters and not by Job himself, of whom alone it is said that he had not sinned with his lips against God.»y anota el recurso con que Agustín esquiva un pasaje incómodo de Job, poniendo en duda su autoridad divina por venir de boca de un consolador y no de Job.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 556»

«This is not to accuse the fathers of being pharisaical, but to suggest that as both clerics and apologists they were professionally bound to take up an irreproachable position morally and dogmatically.»Thorndike acota su propia crítica a los padres, que no es acusarlos de fariseos sino apuntar que como clérigos y apologistas estaban obligados por oficio a una posición irreprochable.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 558»

«Mr. Gwatkin states that "the surface thought" of Constantine's time, "Christian as well as heathen, tended to a vague monotheism which looked on Christ and the sun as almost equally good symbols of the Supreme.»y recoge de Gwatkin el estado del pensamiento superficial en tiempos de Constantino, tendido a un monoteísmo vago que veía en Cristo y en el sol símbolos casi igual de buenos del Supremo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 559»

«Others believed that astrology was the truth back of all religions.»con la variante que le importa, la de quienes tenían la astrología por la verdad que hay detrás de todas las religiones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 559»

«But it is still maintained that "there is no question but that he was a pagan when he wrote his astrological book.»consigna la opinión corriente sobre Fírmico Materno, que lo da por pagano sin duda cuando escribió su libro astrológico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 560»

«Not long ago the general opinion was that there must have been two different authors by the name of Firmicus.»y la tesis anterior de que hubiera habido dos autores de ese nombre.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 560»

«This very unlikely theory has now been universally abandoned, as unmistakable similarities in style and wording have been noted in the two works,»con su abandono universal ante las semejanzas inequívocas de estilo y de vocabulario entre las dos obras.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 560»

«Mommsen contended that "it is beyond doubt" 1 that the Mathesis was written between 334 and 337 A. D., relying chiefly upon several apparent mentions of Constantine the Great as still living.»expone la datación de Mommsen entre 334 y 337, apoyada sobre todo en menciones aparentes de Constantino como vivo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 561»

«however.P and even while the words, {(Constantinum: 11Za..n11t'llm principenz et httius inuiciissimos liberos, domines et Caesares nostros;" seem to refer unmistakably to Constantine, it must be remembered that they occur in a prayer to the planets and to the supreme God that Constantine and his children may "rule over our posterity and the posterity of our posterity through infinite succession of ages.»y desarma ese apoyo mostrando que esas palabras están dentro de una plegaria a los planetas y al Dios supremo por que Constantino y sus hijos reinen sobre la posteridad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 561»

«On the other hand, to maintain the early date Mommsen was forced to treat the mention of Lollianus as ordinaria con.. suli designata as mere prophetic flattery or as an appointment held up by Constantius for eighteen years.»y anota lo que a Mommsen le costó sostener la fecha temprana, tratar la mención de Loliano como halago profético o como un nombramiento retenido dieciocho años.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 561»

«After the steadfast affirmation of astrological principles in the M athesis it is no easier to explain the fierce spirit of intolerance toward paganism in the De errore than it is after the mention of Christ in the De errore to explain the omission of that name in the Mathesis.»y formula la dificultad simétrica que ninguna hipótesis resuelve: si cuesta explicar la intolerancia del *De errore* tras la astrología del *Mathesis*, otro tanto cuesta explicar la ausencia del nombre de Cristo en éste.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 562»

«Certainly the date of the Mathesis should be determined without any assumption as to what Firmicus' religion was when he wrote it.»Thorndike fija la regla de método para ese debate: la fecha del *Mathesis* debe determinarse sin dar por supuesta cuál era la religión de Fírmico al escribirlo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 562»

«Does Boethius, after nearly t\VO centuries more of Christian gro\vth and although he wrote a work on the Trinity, mention Christ in The Consolation of Philosophy?»y desarma el argumento del silencio con un paralelo, el de Boecio, que escribió sobre la Trinidad y no nombra a Cristo en la *Consolación*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 563»

«Some apparent petty inconsistencies there may be between Firmicus' two works, but if we accept a host of contradictions in Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor, why balk at some inconsistency in a writer who urges Constantine's children against profane cults?»con el argumento de proporción que añade, pues si se aceptan tantas contradicciones en Constantino, no hay por qué atragantarse con las de este escritor.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 563»

«But if he had been converted to Christianity since writing the M athesis and had abandoned the astrological doctrine there expounded, would he have failed to attack the error of that art like Augustine who testified that he had once believed in nativities?»y la objeción que le queda a la hipótesis contraria: convertido y abandonada la astrología, habría atacado el error de ese arte como hizo Agustín, que declaró haber creído en las natividades.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 563»

«If in Mtithesis he prays for the perpetuation of the line of Constantine and forbids astrologers to make predic.. tions concerning the emperor on the ground that his fate is not subject to the stars but directly to the supreme God,»registra la excepción que el propio *Mathesis* hace con el emperador, cuyo destino no queda sujeto a los astros sino directamente al Dios supremo, y a quien por eso se veda predecir.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 564»

«His apotelesmata, too, or predictions of nativities for various horoscopes, give little or no indication of being especially adapted to a Christian society, although in some other respects they fit his own age,»y anota que sus predicciones de natividades no dan señal de estar adaptadas a una sociedad cristiana, aunque en otros respectos cuadren con su época.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 565»

«But while the work contains a considerable residue of paganism, its prevailing conception of deity is one supreme God, the rector of the planets, "who composed all things by the arrangement of everlasting law," 3 and who made man the microcosm from the four elements.»con el saldo doctrinal de la obra: queda en ella un residuo pagano considerable y su concepción dominante de la deidad es un Dios supremo, rector de los planetas, que compuso todo por disposición de ley eterna.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 565»

«He also holds that human laws and moral standards are not rendered of no avail by the force of the stars but are very useful to the soul in its struggle by the power of the divine mind against the vices of the body.»y la salvedad con que Fírmico salva la moral dentro del fatalismo, pues las leyes humanas no quedan anuladas por la fuerza de los astros y sirven al alma en su lucha contra los vicios del cuerpo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 566»

«All this may be consistent or not both with itself and with the art of astrology, but it meets the chief objections that Christians might make and had made»y observa que, coherente o no consigo mismo y con el arte, ese planteo sale al paso de las objeciones principales que los cristianos podían hacer y habían hecho.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 566»

«Doubtless these words might have been written by a Neo-Platonist or a pagan, but it also seems likely that they were penned by a Christian astrologer.»con la adjudicación que de ahí saca, en probabilidad: podrían ser de un neoplatónico o un pagano, y parece verosímil que las escribiera un astrólogo cristiano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 566»

«He affirms that the human spirit which has discovered so many other sciences and to which so much of divinity and religion has been revealed is capable also of casting horoscopes, and that astrological prediction is a relatively easy task compared to the mapping out of the whole heavens and courses of the stars which the niathematici have already performed so successfully.»expone el argumento a fortiori de Fírmico a favor del arte: si el espíritu humano ha cartografiado los cielos enteros, levantar un horóscopo es tarea relativamente fácil.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 567»

«they would soon be convinced of the truth of astrologers' predictions, although he grants that unskilful astrologers sometimes give wrong responses.»y la concesión con que acompaña esa confianza, que los astrólogos poco hábiles dan a veces respuestas equivocadas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 567»

«We are told that men "predict the future either by the divinity of their own minds or by the admonition of the gods or from oracles or by the venerable discipline of some art.»Thorndike consigna las cuatro vías de predicción que el *Mathesis* admite: la divinidad de la propia mente, la advertencia de los dioses, los oráculos y la disciplina venerable de algún arte.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 569»

«Once Firmicus alludes to false divination but he usually implies that it is a valid art.»y anota que Fírmico alude una vez a la adivinación falsa y por lo común la da por arte válida.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 569»

«This curiosity, it is true, seems to be largely devoted to occult science, but it also seems plain that mathematics and medicine were important fac.. tors in fourth-century culture as well as the rhetorical studies whose role has perhaps been overestimated.»y corrige el retrato de la cultura del siglo IV: aunque la curiosidad se vuelque a la ciencia oculta, las matemáticas y la medicina pesaban tanto como los estudios retóricos, cuyo papel se ha sobrestimado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 570»

«The evidence of the M athesis suggests that the civilization of declining Rome was at least not conscious of the intellectual decadence and lack of scientific interest so generally imputed to it.»con la tesis que de ahí extrae contra el tópico: la civilización de la Roma en decadencia no era al menos consciente de la decadencia intelectual y del desinterés científico que se le imputan.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 570»

«This distinction was made by Porphyry and others, and is alluded to by Augustine in the City of God) but it is to be noted that Firmicus does not use the word "theurgy," Cumont also»y hace un hallazgo negativo de vocabulario: Fírmico no usa la palabra teurgia, pese a que la distinción venía de Porfirio y la recoge Agustín.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 570»

«Firmicus gives no systematic account of his authorities 4 but occasionally cites them for some particular point and in general professes to follow not only the Greeks but the divine men of Egypt and Babylon, chief among whom seem to be Nechepso and Petosiris and the Hermetic works to or by Aesculapius and Hanubius..»declara que Fírmico no da cuenta sistemática de sus autoridades y profesa seguir, además de a los griegos, a los varones divinos de Egipto y Babilonia, con Nequepso y Petosiris a la cabeza.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 572»

«Firmicus himself is named by no an-cient author 6 but was well known in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, as we shall see.»y mide su fortuna por el silencio y por la cita: ningún autor antiguo lo nombra, y en los siglos XI y XII era bien conocido.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 572»

«And in the introduction to the fifth book he writes, 'We have written these books for your Romans lest, when every other art and science had been translated, this task should seem to remain unattempted by Roman genius,'»Thorndike recoge el motivo que Fírmico declara para escribir en latín, que no pareciera quedar esa tarea sin intentar por el genio romano cuando toda otra ciencia había sido trasladada.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 572»

«The writings of Libanius, 314-391 A. D., the sophist and rhetorician, throw some light on the relations between magic and learning in the fourth century, show that sorcery and divination were actually practiced, and largely duplicate impressions already received from Apuleius, Apollonius, and Galen, and a Christian like John Chrysostom as well as just now from Firmicus.»y presenta a Libanio como testigo de que la hechicería y la adivinación se practicaban de veras en el siglo IV.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 573»

«Libanius tells us how Bemarchius, a rival of his at Athens, who would have poisoned him if he could, instead circulated reports that he (Bemarchius) was the victim of enchantments, and that Libanius had consulted against him an astrologer who was able to control the stars, so that he could confer benefits upon one man and work sorcery against another.»con el episodio del rival que difundió ser víctima de encantamientos y acusó a Libanio de consultar a un astrólogo capaz de gobernar los astros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 573»

«This incidentally is another good illustration of how easily' astrology passed from mere prediction of the future to operative magic, and of the essential unity of all magic arts.»y saca de ahí una tesis central del libro: qué fácilmente pasa la astrología de la mera predicción a la magia operativa, y la unidad esencial de todas las artes mágicas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 573»

«He declares that magic is an evil art, and that magicians make no one happy but many wretched, ruining homes, bringing disaster to persons who have never harmed them, and disturbing even the spirits of the dead.»consigna la condena de Libanio a la magia como arte malvada que a nadie hace feliz, arruina casas y perturba hasta a los espíritus de los muertos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 574»

«Libanius concludes his oration or imaginary oration with the cutting and heartless witticism that the magician can lose his son more easily than can anyone else, since he will of course still be able to invoke his spirit from the dead.»y el chiste cortante con que cierra, que el mago puede perder un hijo más fácilmente que nadie porque siempre podrá invocar su espíritu.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 574»

«It appears that the magician had asked a delay, saying that he must wait for the moon before he could operate against the plague.»con el detalle operativo que el relato deja ver, la espera de la luna para poder obrar contra la plaga.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 574»

«Synesius, however, traced his descent from the Heracleidae, wrote in Greek, and displayed a Hellenism unusual for his time,»presenta a Sinesio por su linaje heraclida, su griego y un helenismo inusual para su tiempo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 575»

«Moreover, he distinctly stipulated 2 that he should not renounce his wife and family nor his philosophical opinions, which seem to have involved a sceptical attitude towards miracles and the resurrection, and a belief in the eternity of the world and pre-existence of the soul rather than in creation.»y las condiciones que puso al aceptar el obispado, no renunciar a su mujer ni a su familia ni a unas opiniones filosóficas que incluían escepticismo ante los milagros y la resurrección y creencia en la eternidad del mundo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 576»

«It has been observed also that his doctrine of the Trinity is more Neo-Platonic than Christian.»con la observación ajena de que su doctrina de la Trinidad es más neoplatónica que cristiana.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 576»

«His last dateable letter appears to be written in 412, but some give the date of his death as late as 430.»y deja la fecha de su muerte sin fijar, entre la última carta datable de 412 y el 430 que algunos dan.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 576»

«He evidently believed that it was quite legitimate to control the processes of nature by invoking demons.»Thorndike le atribuye a Sinesio la convicción de que era del todo legítimo gobernar los procesos naturales invocando demonios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 578»

«He regarded it as among the noblest of human pursuits.P»y la adivinación tenida por él entre las más nobles ocupaciones humanas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 578»

«They aided him, he wrote, in his every-day life, and had upon one occasion saved him from magic devices against his life.»con los sueños que dice haberlo asistido en la vida diaria y salvado una vez de artificios mágicos contra su vida.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 578»

«In On Providence he explained the supposed fact that history repeats itself by the periodical return to their former positions of the stars which govern our life.»y la explicación astral que da de la repetición de la historia, por el retorno periódico de los astros a sus posiciones anteriores.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 578»

«Finally, he held the view common among students of magic that knowledge should be esoteric; that its mysteries and marvels should be confined to the few fitted to receive them and that they should be expressed in language incomprehensible to the Mulgar crowd.»consigna la doctrina esotérica que Sinesio comparte con los estudiosos de la magia, con los misterios reservados a los pocos aptos y expresados en lengua incomprensible al vulgo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 578»

«Evidently Synesius did not regard the magi as mere imposters.»y saca de todo ello que no tenía a los magos por meros impostores.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 578»

«Berthelot, however, accepted it as his, stating that "there is nothing surprising in Synesius' having really written on alchemy.»registra que Berthelot acepta como suyo el escrito alquímico atribuido a Sinesio, sin hallar nada sorprendente en que escribiera de alquimia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 579»

«As for astrology, he regarded the stars as signs but not causes of future events, just as birds by their flight or song reveal matters of which they themselves are ignorant.»pasa a Macrobio y anota su tesis de los astros como signos y no causas, al modo de las aves que revelan por su vuelo lo que ellas mismas ignoran.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 579»

«So the sun and other planets, though in a way divine, are but material bodies, and it is not from them but from the world-soul (pure mind), whence they too come, that the human spirit takes its origin.»y su cosmología, con el sol y los planetas divinos en cierto modo y aun así cuerpos materiales, y el espíritu humano naciendo del alma del mundo y no de ellos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 579»

«Of astrology there is very little trace in Capella's work.»hace un hallazgo negativo sobre Marciano Capela, en cuya obra apenas hay rastro de astrología.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 580»

«They are pure and impassive and immortal and have little or no direct relation with mankind.»y describe a sus dioses celestes, puros, impasibles e inmortales, con poca o ninguna relación directa con los hombres.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 580»

«It is evident that Capella's spiritual world is one well fitted for astrology, divination, and magic.»con el juicio que le importa sobre esa jerarquía, que es un mundo espiritual bien dispuesto para la astrología, la adivinación y la magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 581»

«The pseudo-Dionysius takes all his suggestions from the Old and New Testaments, rather than from classical mythology and such previous classifications of spirits as that of Apuleius.»y le opone al Pseudo Dionisio, que toma sus sugerencias del Antiguo y del Nuevo Testamento y no de la mitología clásica ni de clasificaciones como la de Apuleyo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 581»

«They are not specifically associated by Dionysius with the celestial bodies, much less with any terrestrial objects, and so his account lays no foundation for magic and astrology, unless as its transcendent mysticism might pique some curious person to attempt some very immaterial variety of theurgy and sublimated theosophy.»con la consecuencia que de ahí saca: al no ligar sus espíritus a los cuerpos celestes ni a objetos terrestres, ese relato no funda magia ni astrología.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 582»

«But Basil, writing in Greek in the fourth century and well-versed in Greek culture, is apparently unfamiliar with the story of Nectanebus, since he says, "Without doubt there has never been a king who has taken measures to have his son born under the star of royalty.»Thorndike data la leyenda de Nectanebo por un silencio: Basilio, versado en cultura griega, dice en el siglo IV que jamás hubo rey que dispusiera que su hijo naciera bajo la estrella de la realeza.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 585»

«On the other hand, Augustine, De ci'lJitate dei, V, 6-7, alludes to the sage who selected a certain hour for intercourse with his wife in order that he might beget a marvelous son.»y le opone la alusión de Agustín al sabio que eligió cierta hora para yacer con su mujer y engendrar un hijo maravilloso.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 585»

«Perhaps no better single illustration of the totally unhistorical and romantic character of the Pseudo-Callisthenes can be given than the perversion of Alexander's line of march in most of the Greek and all of the Latin versions.»da por mejor prueba del carácter novelesco y del todo ahistórico del Pseudo Calístenes la deformación del itinerario de Alejandro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 586»

«Since Callisthenes was also a relative and pupil of Aristotle, his name was an excellent one upon which to father the romance.»y explica por qué ese nombre sirvió para apadrinar la novela, siendo Calístenes pariente y discípulo de Aristóteles.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 586»

«However, the oldest Latin version of it professes to employ a Greek text by one Aesopus, possibly because Aesop's fables accompany the story of Alexander in some of the manuscripts.»con la falsa procedencia que la versión latina más antigua declara, un texto griego de un tal Esopo, quizá porque las fábulas esópicas acompañan la historia en algunos manuscritos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 586»

«Who he was and when he lived are matters still veiled in obscurity; but it is customary to place him in the early fourth century on the basis of Zacher's contention that the_Res gestae is copied in certain portions of the Itinerorium.»y declara en oscuridad la identidad y la fecha de Julio Valerio, situado en el siglo IV solo por el argumento de Zacher.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 586»

«This would also suggest that the Latin version was older than the Greek, as in fact the extant manuscripts of it are.»y anota lo que de ahí se seguiría, que la versión latina sea más antigua que la griega, como en efecto lo son sus manuscritos conservados.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 587»

«Indeed, none of the Greek manuscripts of the work antedates the eleventh or twelfth century, they differ greatly, and some of them ascribe the romance to Alexander himself,»con el estado de los testigos griegos, ninguno anterior al siglo XI o XII, muy discrepantes entre sí y con algunos que adjudican la novela al propio Alejandro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 588»

«Two sections of the Alexander legend were omitted in the Epitome, not because medieval men had lost interest in them but because they had become so fond of them as to enlarge upon them and issue them as distinct works.»y corrige la lectura fácil de una omisión: dos secciones faltan en el epítome no por desinterés medieval sino por afición, que las amplió y las publicó como obras aparte.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 588»

«The fact that reference is made to it in the- longer Epitome leads to the conclusion that the Letter is older.»Thorndike data la carta por la referencia interna: que el epítome más largo la mencione lleva a concluir que la carta es más antigua.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 589»

«No such letters are found in the Pseudo-Callisthenes, for the ten chapters on the Brahmans found in one Greek codex are interpolated from the treatise of Palladius, likewise in the form of a correspondence.»y declara interpolados de Paladio los diez capítulos sobre los brahmanes de un códice griego, ausentes del Pseudo Calístenes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 589»

«Julius Valerius does not even mention Dindimus, but a third epistolary discussion of the Brahmans exists in Latin, De moribus Brachmannorum, ascribed to St. Ambrose.»y consigna una tercera discusión epistolar sobre los brahmanes, en latín, adjudicada a san Ambrosio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 589»

«Leo, an archpriest of Naples, who went to Constantinople about 941-944 on an embassy for two dukes of Campania, John and Marinus, brought back with him a History containing the conflicts and victories of Alexander the Great, King of Macedon;»cuenta cómo llegó a Occidente la *Historia de preliis*, traída de Constantinopla hacia 941 por León, arcipreste de Nápoles, en una embajada de dos duques de Campania.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 590»

«Later Duke John, who was fond of science, had Leo translate this work from Greek into Latin, in which tongue it is entitled Historic de praeliis.»y quién la mandó verter del griego al latín, el duque Juan, aficionado a la ciencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 590»

«The location of these two manuscripts suggests that the work was early carried from Italy to Germany, lands then connected in the Holy Roman Empire.»y razona desde la ubicación de dos manuscritos que la obra pasó pronto de Italia a Alemania, tierras unidas entonces en el Sacro Imperio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 590»

«But the development of the Alexander legend, which happens to have been traced more thoroughly than perhaps any other one thread in the medieval metamorphosis of ancient tradition, throws light at least by analogy upon many matters in which we are interested: the state of medieval manuscript material, the continuity and yet the alteration of ancient culture during the early middle ages, the process of translation from the Greek which went on even then, and the varying rapidity or slowness with which books circulated and ideas permeated.»declara por qué le sirve esa leyenda más allá de sí misma: por analogía ilumina el estado del material manuscrito medieval, la continuidad y alteración de la cultura antigua, la traducción del griego y la velocidad variable con que circulaban libros e ideas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 590»

«Known at first only in Italy and Germany, its popularity became general in western Europe toward the close of the middle ages.»y traza la difusión de la obra, primero solo en Italia y Alemania y luego general en Europa occidental al cerrarse la Edad Media.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 590»

«Moreover, the story of Alexander, especially as adapted by the middle ages, contained a large amount of magic and science, more especially the former.»y declara qué trae la historia de Alejandro en su versión medieval, mucha magia y ciencia, y más de la primera.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 591»

«Indeed, the titles in some manuscripts suggest that Nectanebus came to rival Alexander for medieval readers as the hero of the story.»con el desplazamiento que los títulos de algunos manuscritos sugieren, con Nectanebo rivalizando con Alejandro como héroe para el lector medieval.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 591»

«A Nectabis is listed as a magician along with Ostanes, Typhon, Dardanus, Damigeron, and Berenice, by Tertullian, writing about 200 A. D.»rastrea al personaje fuera de la novela y lo halla listado como mago por Tertuliano junto a Ostanes, Tifón, Dárdano, Damigerón y Berenice.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 591»

«But when one day he found his magic unavailing to save him, he shaved his head and beard and fled to Macedon, where in linen garb he plied the trade of an astrologer.»y da el giro con que empieza la trama, el mago que al ver su magia inútil se rapa y huye a Macedonia a ejercer de astrólogo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 593»

«Julius Valerius and the Latin epitomes mention specifically only interpreters of dreams and astrologers, but the Greek, Syriac, and Ethiopic versions give more elaborate lists of various kinds of diviners.»compara las versiones en un punto concreto: las latinas nombran solo intérpretes de sueños y astrólogos, y la griega, la siríaca y la etíope dan listas más elaboradas de adivinos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 593»

«As for me, all of these are in my hands and I myself am an Egyptian prophet, a magus, and a counter of the stars.»con la autopresentación de Nectanebo, que reúne en sus manos todas esas artes y se dice profeta egipcio, mago y contador de estrellas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 593»

«Lucian of Samosata in the second century tells us that it was a common story in his time that Olympias had lain with a serpent before giving birth to Alexander.»Thorndike anota que ya en el siglo II era relato corriente, según Luciano, que Olimpíade hubiera yacido con una serpiente antes de dar a luz a Alejandro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 594»

«Nectanebus, however, rendering himself invisible by means of the magic art, continued to deceive both king and queen.»y sigue la trama con el mago que se vuelve invisible por arte mágica para seguir engañando a rey y reina.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 595»

«When Antiphon, the interpreter of omens; was consulted concerning this portent, he said that it signified that a son should be born who would conquer the world but die before he could regain his native land.»con la interpretación del portento por Antifonte, que anuncia un hijo conquistador del mundo muerto antes de volver a su tierra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 595»

«In this case, therefore, the moment of birth is regarded as controlling the destiny.»y señala qué doctrina astrológica sostiene ese episodio, la que hace del momento del nacimiento el que gobierna el destino.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 595»

«But Nectanebus rebuts this revised version of the maid servant's taunt to Thales by telling Alexander that he had been forewarned by the stars that he should be killed by his own son, and by revealing to Alexander the secret of his birth.»con la vuelta de tuerca del relato: el mago, advertido por los astros de que su propio hijo lo mataría, le revela a Alejandro el secreto de su nacimiento.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 596»

«Neither of these promising themes, however, results in the introduction of any magic or occult science.»hace un hallazgo negativo sobre las cartas a las amazonas y las preguntas a los gimnosofistas, que con lo prometedores que son no introducen magia ni ciencia oculta.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 597»

«Nor does Alexander's letter to Aristotle on the marvels of India reveal many specific instances of superstition that are at all interesting.»y otro tanto de la carta a Aristóteles sobre las maravillas de la India.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 597»

«As to this Alexander was inclined to be incredulous, but the natives swore that it was true, and his companions urged him "not to be defrauded of the experience of so great a thing."»registra el momento en que la incredulidad de Alejandro cede ante el juramento de los nativos y la insistencia de sus compañeros en no privarlo de la experiencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 597»

«Chastity was essential in order to approach the trees, and he also had to lay aside his rings, royal robes, and shoes.»con las condiciones rituales para acercarse a los árboles oraculares, castidad y deponer anillos, vestiduras reales y calzado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 597»

«vouchsafed by the sun tree, was that his death would be from poison, but the name of the poisoner the oracular tree refused to divulge lest Alexander try to kill him first and thus cheat the three Fates.»y el límite que el oráculo se pone a sí mismo, negarle el nombre del envenenador para que no lo mate antes y burle a las tres Parcas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 598»

«IN this chapter as representatives of post-classical medicine and its influence upon medieval Latin medicine we shall consider three writers whose works date from the close of the fourth to the middle of the sixth century, Marcellus of Bordeaux or Marcellus Empiricus, Aetius of Amida in Mesopotamia, and Alexander of Tralles in Asia Minor,»Thorndike declara los tres representantes de la medicina posclásica que tomará por muestra, Marcelo de Burdeos, Aecio de Amida y Alejandro de Tralles, entre fines del siglo IV y mediados del VI.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 599»

«but although Marcellus antedates the other two by a full century, we shall consider him last, since he wrote in Latin while they wrote in Greek, and since he includes Celtic words and probably Celtic folk-lore, and since he seems to have recent edition by Theodor Puschmann,»y declara por qué altera el orden cronológico al tratar a los tres médicos, poniendo último a Marcelo porque escribió en latín y trae voces y folclor célticos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 600»

«but unfortunately Puschmann adopted still another arrangement into books than those of the MSS and previous editions, and also in my opinion did not make a sufficient study of the Latin MSS.»y le reprocha a Puschmann haber adoptado una división en libros distinta de la de los manuscritos y las ediciones previas y no haber estudiado bastante los manuscritos latinos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 600»

«But as a matter of fact BN 6880, a clear and beautifully written MS of the ninth century, contains the De medicamentis entire with all the preliminary letters.»con el hallazgo que lo desmiente, un manuscrito del siglo IX de la Nacional de París que trae entero el *De medicamentis* con todas las cartas preliminares.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 600»

«Moreover, it is evident that the editio princeps was printed directly from this MS, which contains not only notes by Cornarius but the marks of the compositors.»y la prueba material de que la edición príncipe se imprimió de ese mismo códice, que conserva notas de Cornarius y las marcas de los cajistas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 600»

«but there seems to be no definite proof that he was from that city.»y pone en duda el gentilicio mismo de Marcelo, sin prueba definida de que fuera de Burdeos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 601»

«but it must be said that the chief evidence of Christianity in their works is the use of Christian or Hebrew proper names in incantations, and there are some analogous relics of pagan superstition.»y mide qué queda del cristianismo de estos autores: sobre todo nombres propios cristianos o hebreos en los conjuros, con reliquias análogas de superstición pagana.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 601»

«In this he embodied so much of Galen's teachings that he became known as "the ape of Galen," 1 although he also used more recent writers.»consigna el mote de mono de Galeno que le valió a Oribasio su compendio, con la salvedad de que usó también escritores más recientes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 602»

«Two centuries ago, however, Friend and Milward protested against regarding Paul, Aetius, and Alexander as mere compilers and maintained that they "were really men of great learning and experience" 2 who "have described distempers which were omitted before; taught a new method of treating old ones; given an account of new medicines, both simple and compound; and made large additions to the practice of surgery.»y recoge la protesta de Friend y Milward contra tener a Pablo, Aecio y Alejandro por meros compiladores, atribuyéndoles enfermedades antes omitidas, métodos nuevos y aportes a la cirugía.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 602»

«After Paul, however, the Byzantine medical writers, such as Palladius, Theophilus, Stephen of Alexandria, Nonus, and Psellus, were of an inferior caliber.»y sitúa en Pablo de Egina el corte tras el cual los médicos bizantinos son de calibre inferior.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 602»

«It is Aetius and Alexander whom Payne accuses of "introducing into classical medicine the magical elements derived from the East»y presenta el cargo de Payne contra Aecio y Alejandro, de haber introducido en la medicina clásica los elementos mágicos venidos de Oriente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 602»

«Aetius' extracts from the older writers are shorter than those of Oribasius, however, and he also differs from him in combining several authorities in a single chapter, the method usually adopted by the medieval Latin encyclopedists.»Thorndike compara el método de Aecio con el de Oribasio y anota que combina varias autoridades en un mismo capítulo, como harán los enciclopedistas latinos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 603»

«Aetius directly influenced the Latin middle ages is doubtful, since no early Latin translation of him seems to be known.»y pone en duda su influencia directa en la Edad Media latina por no conocerse traducción latina temprana.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 604»

«The works of Aetius and Alexander of Tralles do not impress me as containing an unusually large amount of superstitious medicine.»y responde a Payne con su propia impresión de lectura, que esas obras no traen una cantidad inusual de medicina supersticiosa.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 604»

«These elements, whether derived from the orient any more than any other feature of classical civilization or not, at any rate had been a prominent feature of classical medicine long before the days of Aetius and Alexander, as Pliny's review of medicine before his time abundantly proved and as is also shown by the extraordinary virtues which Pliny himself, his contemporary Dioscorides, and even the great Galen attributed to medicinal simples.»con el argumento cronológico que desarma el cargo: tales elementos eran rasgo saliente de la medicina clásica mucho antes, como prueban Plinio, Dioscórides y el propio Galeno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 604»

«Indeed, it was from Galen himself and not from the east that Aetius at least derived his most strikingly superstitious passages.»y sitúa la fuente exacta: los pasajes más llamativamente supersticiosos de Aecio le vienen de Galeno y no de Oriente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 605»

«It so happened that I wrote an account of the passages in the Tetrabiblos of Aetius before I had read extensively in Galen's works.»declara cómo llegó a esa conclusión y con qué azar, habiendo escrito sobre los pasajes de Aecio antes de leer extensamente a Galeno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 605»

«When I came to do so, I found that almost every passage that I had selected to illustrate the superstitious side of Aetius was contained in Galen:»con el resultado de esa lectura posterior, que casi cada pasaje elegido para ilustrar el lado supersticioso de Aecio estaba en Galeno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 605»

«Like Galen again, he omits all injurious medicaments and expresses the opinion that men who spread the knowledge of such drugs do more harm than actual poisoners who perhaps cause but a single death,»registra la ética editorial que Aecio hereda de Galeno, con la opinión de que quien difunde el saber de esas drogas daña más que el envenenador que causa una sola muerte.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 606»

«Like Galen he announces his intention to omit all "abominable and detestable recipes and those which are prohibited by law," mentioning as instances the eating of human flesh and drinking urine or menses mul£ebres.»con los ejemplos que da de lo excluido, comer carne humana y beber orina o menstruo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 606»

«But also like Galen, he devotes several chapters to the virtues of human and animal excrement, especially recommending that of dogs after they have been fed on bones for two days.»y anota la inconsecuencia que sigue, con varios capítulos dedicados a las virtudes del excremento humano y animal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 606»

«On the other hand, an instance of a sceptical tendency is the citation of the view of Posidonius that the so-called incubus is not a demon but a disease akin to epilepsy»y espiga en cambio un caso de tendencia escéptica, la opinión de Posidonio de que el íncubo no es un demonio sino una enfermedad afín a la epilepsia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 607»

«But on the whole, of our three authors, Aetius seems to contain the smallest proportional amount of superstitious medicine and occult science.»Thorndike ordena a los tres médicos por su proporción de superstición y pone a Aecio como el que menos trae.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 608»

«though he pays a due deference to the ancients, yet he is so far from putting an implicit faith in what they have advanced that he very often dissents from their doctrines.»y consigna que Alejandro de Tralles, con toda su deferencia a los antiguos, disiente muy a menudo de sus doctrinas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 609»

«According to Milward, Alexander was the first Greek medical writer to mention rhubarb and tape-worms, and the first practitioner to open the jugular veins.»y las primicias que Milward le atribuye, mencionar el ruibarbo y las tenias y abrir las venas yugulares.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 609»

«Indeed, Alexander advises blood-letting a great deal, but Milward, whose age still approved of that practice, notes that he was "no ways addicted to those superstitious rules of opening this or that vein in particular cases which several of the ancients and some even among the moderns have been so very fond of.»con la observación de Milward de que, sangrando mucho, no era adicto a las reglas supersticiosas sobre qué vena abrir en cada caso.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 609»

«It seems rather strange that Alexander says nothing of the pestilence of 542.»y hace notar un silencio extraño de Alejandro, que nada dice de la peste de 542.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 608»

«Rather the later editors, Albanus Torinus and Guinther of Andernach, seem to have taken greater liberties with, and made unwarranted additions to Alexander's text.»y adjudica a los editores tardíos, Albano Torino y Guinther de Andernach, las libertades y adiciones injustificadas al texto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 610»

«These passages are, however, found in the Latin MSS of Alexander's work from the first, and the use of Romance words by the unknown Latin translator indicates that the translation was made in the early medieval period,»y data la traducción latina por las palabras romances del traductor anónimo, que la sitúan en el período medieval temprano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 610»

«We have already said that Alexander is no mere compiler but embodies the results of his own observation and experience during a long period of travel and medical practice.»insiste en que Alejandro no es mero compilador y recoge los resultados de su observación y práctica en un largo período de viajes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 611»

«One of his cures for epilepsy he learned "from a rustic in Tuscany" (Th.uscia.f) but afterwards often employed with success himself.»con la procedencia declarada de una de sus curas de epilepsia, aprendida de un rústico de Toscana y usada después con éxito.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 611»

«Two centuries ago Milward wrote of Alexander of Tralles, "But there is another objection to our author's character which I cannot pretend to say much in defence of, and that is, his being addicted to charms and amulets.»y consigna la objeción que Milward le hace y no sabe defender, su afición a ensalmos y amuletos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 612»

«Alexander certainly devotes more space to superstition relatively to the length of his book than Aetius does and also is hospitable to a wider range of more or less magical notions and practices.»y la sostiene midiéndola contra Aecio, con más espacio dedicado a la superstición y hospitalidad a un rango más ancho de nociones mágicas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 612»

«One notices, however, in his book that the treatment of certain diseases, such as epilepsy, colic, gout, and quartan fever, is more likely to involve magical and astrological procedure than that of other ailments such as earache and disorder of the spleen.»anota que ciertas dolencias, epilepsia, cólico, gota y cuartana, atraen más procedimiento mágico y astrológico que otras.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 612»

«But it is doubtful if the distinction can be sharply drawn that magic was resorted to more in those diseases which seemed most mysterious and incurable.»y frena la generalización de ese patrón: es dudoso que pueda trazarse con nitidez la distinción de que se recurriera más a la magia en las enfermedades más misteriosas e incurables.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 612»

«He goes on to say, however, that although there are many of these "physical" remedies which are efficacious, he will write down only those proved true by long use.»Thorndike registra el criterio de selección que Alejandro declara para los remedios físicos, escribir solo los probados por largo uso.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 613»

«One ligature which is "quite celebrated and approved by many" and which instantly lessens the pain of ulcers in the feet, makes use of muscles from a wild ass, a wild boar, and a stork, binding the right muscles about the patient's right foot and the left muscles about the left foot.»y da una ligadura celebrada y aprobada por muchos, con músculos de asno salvaje, jabalí y cigüeña atados según el lado derecho o izquierdo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 613»

«Also they take care to bind the other muscles about the patient's feet when the moon is in the west or in a sterile sign and approaching Saturn.»con la condición astrológica de la operación, luna al occidente o en signo estéril y acercándose a Saturno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 613»

«"This is true and often tested by experience," Alexander assures us.»y la fórmula con que Alejandro respalda estas prácticas, verdadera y probada a menudo por la experiencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 614»

«Even if the girl is not chaste, the blood will be efficacious, if applied to the patient's right hand or arm.»anota que la condición de castidad, tan exigida en otros ritos, aquí se suelta: la sangre obra aun si la muchacha no es casta.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 614»

«Alexander knew a man who treated quartan fever by giving an undergarment of the patient to a woman in childbirth to wear, after which the patient wore it again and was cured "miraculously by some antipathy and occult influence.»con el caso de la ropa interior pasada a una parturienta, cuya cura se explica por antipatía e influencia oculta.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 614»

«Against epilepsy he employs nails from a cross or wrecked ship, or the blood-stained shirt of a gladiator or criminal who has been slain.»reúne los materiales de origen violento que emplea contra la epilepsia, clavos de una cruz o de un barco naufragado y la camisa ensangrentada de un gladiador o un ajusticiado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 614»

«For Alexander these stones are black and white, but he states that they are not found in all young swallows but are said to appear only in the first-born, so that one often has to dissect a great many birds before one finds any.»y las piedras de golondrina, que solo aparecerían en el primer nacido y obligan a disecar muchas aves antes de hallar alguna.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 614»

«as Ostanes and Democritus, and tells how the latter suffered in youth from epilepsy until an oracle from Delphi instructed him to make use of the worms in goats' brains.»consigna las autoridades de reputación mágica que Alejandro cita, con Demócrito curado de epilepsia por un oráculo délfico que le mandó usar los gusanos del cerebro de las cabras.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 615»

«For gout, however, one writes a verse of Homer on a copper plate when the moon is in Libra or Leo.»y el ensalmo escrito para la gota, un verso de Homero en una lámina de cobre con la luna en Libra o en Leo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 615»

«The employment of such incantations is expressly justified by Alexander, who maintains that even "the most divine" Galen,.who once thought that incantations were of no avail, came after a long time and much experience to be convinced that they were of great efficacy.»registra la justificación expresa que Alejandro da de los conjuros, apoyada en que el divinísimo Galeno, incrédulo al principio, acabó convencido de su gran eficacia tras mucha experiencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 615»

«Alexander then quotes from a treatise which is not extant but which he asserts is a work by Galen entitled, On medical treatment in H omer,'»y anota que lo cita de un tratado hoy no conservado que atribuye a Galeno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 615»

«But I adjure you by the great name, Iaoth, Sabaoth, God who established the earth and fixed the sea abounding in fluid floods, who desiccated Lot's wife and made her a statue of salt, receive the spirit of thy mother earth and its powers, and dry up this fluxion of feet or of hands of this man or woman.»transcribe un conjuro de Alejandro contra la fluxión de pies o manos, con los nombres Iaoth y Sabaoth y la memoria de la mujer de Lot vuelta estatua de sal.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 616»

«The mention of mother earth in this charm perhaps indicates an ultimate pagan origin, but the allusions to one God,»y adjudica sus capas: la madre tierra apunta a un origen último pagano y las alusiones a un solo Dios a otra procedencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 616»

«Judging, however, from the small number of extant manuscripts, it was less influential through the medieval period than was Alexander's book.»y mide la influencia de esa obra latina por el número escaso de manuscritos conservados, menor que la del libro de Alejandro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 617»

«The question, however, of Marcellus' authorship is complicated by the fact that he is twice cited in the work itself.»Thorndike complica la autoría de Marcelo con un dato interno: se lo cita dos veces dentro de la obra misma.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 618»

«Furthermore Aetius cites a Marcellus for a passage which does not appear in the De medicamentis concerning wolfish or canine insanity, in which men imagine themselves to be wolves or dogs and act like them during the night in the month of February.»y con otro externo, la cita que Aecio hace de un Marcelo por un pasaje sobre la locura lupina o canina que no está en el *De medicamentis*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 618»

«But the De medicamentis as a whole is of the character promised by Marcellus in the introductory letter to his sons and so may be taken as his work.»y aun así le adjudica la obra por su carácter de conjunto, que corresponde a lo prometido en la carta a sus hijos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 618»

«In his preface, too, he speaks of his book not as De medicamentis but as De empiricis.»y anota que en el prefacio la llama *De empiricis* y no *De medicamentis*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 618»

«He has, it is true, utilized "the old authorities of the medical art set down in the Latin language," and likewise more recent writers and "the works of studious men" who were not especially trained in medicine; but he also includes what he has learned from hearsay or from personal experience, and "even remedies chanced upon by rustics and the populace and simples which they have tested by experience.»con la declaración de fuentes que el propio Marcelo hace, que suma a las autoridades antiguas y a los estudiosos legos los remedios topados por rústicos y por el pueblo y probados por experiencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 618»

«In another passage Marcellus says of certain compounds, "If there is any. faith, both I myself have always found them ,by experience to be useful remedies and I can state that others are of the same mind; and I will add this, that other medicines can not compare to this liniment, which in similar cases several of my friends, whom I trust as I do myself, have affirmed on oath they have foillld by experience aremarkable cure.»y el modo en que apela a la experiencia, la suya y la de amigos que juraron haber hallado en ese linimento una cura notable.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 619»

«Of an eyeremedy he remarks, "And that we may believe the author of this remedy from experience, he states that after he had been blind for twelve years it restored his sight within twenty days.»con el testimonio que cita del autor de un colirio, ciego doce años y con la vista devuelta en veinte días.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 619»

«Then put the worm on a leaf and if the tumor was scrofulous, the worm will turn into earth.»y una prueba diagnóstica que muestra qué era un experimento en esa medicina: el gusano puesto en una hoja se vuelve tierra si el tumor era escrofuloso.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 620»

«As Marcellus appeals the most to experience, so he is by far the most given to superstition and folk-lore of our three authors.»y formula la paradoja que le interesa: el más apelante a la experiencia de los tres es con mucho el más dado a la superstición y al folclor.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 620»

«He indulges in no medical theory, he does not diagnose diseases, nor prescribe a regimen of health in the form of bathing, diet, and exercise.»con lo que falta en su libro, teoría médica, diagnóstico y régimen de baños, dieta y ejercicio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 620»

«Both the person who kills the goat and the patient should be chaste and pure.»registra la exigencia de castidad y pureza que el rito impone a la vez al que degüella la cabra y al paciente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 621»

«The following prescription involves the familiar superstition that a rabbit's foot is lucky: "Cut off the foot of a live rabbit and take hairs from under its belly and let it go.»y la pata de conejo de la buena suerte, cortada al animal vivo junto con pelos del vientre antes de soltarlo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 621»

«But the remedy will be even more efficacious, so that it is hardly credible, if by chance you find that bone, namely, the rabbit's ankle-bone, in the dung of a wolf, which you should guard so that it neither touches the earth nor is touched by woman.»con la variante más eficaz, casi increíble, del hueso hallado por azar en excremento de lobo, que ha de guardarse de tocar la tierra y de ser tocado por mujer.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 621»

«Marcellus also states that an amulet made either of the eyes of the said lizard enclosed in a lead bull or gold coin, or of its blood caught on clean wool and wrapped in purple cloth will effectually prevent eye diseases.»Thorndike da el amuleto contra males de ojos que Marcelo hace con ojos de lagartija en bula de plomo o moneda de oro, o con su sangre recogida en lana limpia y envuelta en paño de púrpura.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 623»

«The following exercise recommended for a stiff neck would seem to stand more chance of success than most of Marcellus' prescriptions.»y anota, por excepción, un ejercicio para la tortícolis con más probabilidades de éxito que la mayoría de sus recetas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 625»

«The power of the planets or of mere number is indicated in the advice, given several times, to make seven knots in a string.»adjudica a la potencia de los planetas o del puro número el consejo repetido de hacer siete nudos en un cordel.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 625»

«Once instructions are given to make as many knots as there are letters in the patient's name.»con la variante que ata el número al nombre propio, tantos nudos como letras tenga el paciente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 625»

«For stomach and intestinal troubles he recommends pressing the abdomen with the left thumb and saying, "Adam, bedam, alam, betur, alem, botum."»y la fórmula sin sentido que acompaña la presión del pulgar izquierdo sobre el vientre.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 625»

«We have seen that there is reason to suspect that portions of the work ascribed to Marcellus may be contributions of the centuries following him,»deja abierta la estratificación de la obra, con partes que podrían ser aporte de los siglos posteriores a Marcelo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 626»

«Furthermore, the laws of the German kingdoms, the allusions of contemporary chroniclers and men of letters, the advice of Gregory the Great to a sick archbishop to seek medical assistance, and many other bits of evidence 3 show that physicians were fairly numerous and in good repute,»y reúne las clases de evidencia con que muestra que los médicos eran bastante numerosos y bien reputados: las leyes de los reinos germánicos, los cronistas y el consejo de Gregorio Magno a un arzobispo enfermo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 626»

«It is perhaps worth while to point out in concluding this chapter that apparently at no time during the period of barbarian invasions and early medieval centuries did medical practice or literature cease entirely»con la conclusión del capítulo, que en ningún momento de las invasiones ni de la alta Edad Media cesó del todo la práctica ni la literatura médica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 626»

«A CLASS of writings which seems to have been very characteristic of the waning culture of the declining Roman Empire and the scanty erudition of the early medieval period were the brief epitomes of, or disorderly collections of fragments from, the writers of the classical period.»caracteriza el género propio de esa cultura menguante, los epítomes breves o las colecciones desordenadas de fragmentos de los escritores clásicos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 627»

«Most of the works in the field of natural science are of such derivative or pseudo-authorship: the Medicine of the Pseudo-Pliny, the Herbarium of the Pseudo-Apuleius, the geographical work ascribed to Aethicus, the Geoponica, the treatises on herbs attributed to Macer and Dioscorides..»y enumera las obras de ciencia natural de autoría derivada o falsa, con la *Medicina* del Pseudo Plinio, el *Herbarium* del Pseudo Apuleyo, la geografía de Ético y los tratados de hierbas de Macer y Dioscórides.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 627»

«The names of the actual compilers or abbreviators of these works are usually unknown and it is also usually impossible to date them with any approach»declara el doble muro que esas obras oponen, compiladores desconocidos y fechas imposibles de fijar con aproximación.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 627»

«In the case of these works of natural science at least, it is not quite fair to class them all as brief epitomes or disorderly collections.»y corrige su propia etiqueta: al menos en las obras de ciencia natural no es del todo justo clasificarlas todas como epítomes breves o colecciones desordenadas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 628»

«In some we see an obvious attempt to rearrange the old materials in a form more convenient for present use.»pues en algunas se ve el intento de reordenar los materiales antiguos en forma más cómoda para el uso presente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 628»

«In others to the stage of abbreviation from ancient authors has succeeded another stage of later additions from other sources.»y en otras a la abreviación de los antiguos le sigue una etapa de añadidos posteriores de otras fuentes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 628»

«In this case, therefore, the epitomizer has rather improved upon than disordered the arrangement of the original.»Thorndike corrige el prejuicio contra los epitomadores en un caso concreto, donde el abreviador mejoró más que desordenó la disposición del original.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 628»

«We are told, however, that with the close of the fifteenth century the Apuleius began to be superseded by German herbals.»y data el fin de la vigencia del *Herbarium* del Pseudo Apuleyo, desplazado a fines del siglo XV por los herbarios alemanes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 630»

«The author is usually spoken of as Apuleius the Platonist and is sometimes said to have received his work from the centaur Chiron, the master of Achilles, and from Esculapius.»con la cadena de transmisión que la obra se atribuye, recibida del centauro Quirón, maestro de Aquiles, y de Esculapio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 630»

«Often diseases are cured merely by holding an herb in the hand, wearing it with a string about the neck, or placing it behind one ear, or wearing it in a ring.»registra la terapéutica por contacto del *Herbarium*, con la hierba tenida en la mano, colgada al cuello, puesta tras la oreja o llevada en un anillo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 631»

«Not only does observance of astrology assist the medicinal application of herbs; plants are in turn of assistance in the pursuit of astrology.»y la reciprocidad entre las dos artes, pues la astrología asiste a la aplicación de las hierbas y las plantas asisten a su vez al ejercicio de la astrología.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 631»

«Sometimes the herb itself is addressed, as in the conjuration, "Herb Erystion, I implore you to aid me and cheerfully afford me all your virtues and cure and make whole all those ills which Aesculapius and Chiron the centaur, masters of medicine, healed by means of you."»con la conjuración dirigida a la hierba misma, a la que se le pide que preste sus virtudes y cure lo que Esculapio y Quirón sanaron por ella.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 631»

«Such prayers are scarcely consonant with Christianity and in some manuscripts have been omitted and replaced by the Lord's Prayer or other Christian forms, or left in with their wording slightly altered to avoid paganism.'»y anota lo que los copistas hicieron con esas plegarias apenas compatibles con el cristianismo, omitirlas, sustituirlas por el padrenuestro o alterarles la redacción.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 631»

«Conjurations of herbs are not limited to the Pseudo-Apuleius in medieval MSS but sometimes occur singly as in Perugia 736, 13th century, where at fo1. 267 a 14th century hand has added a passage in Latin which may be translated: "In the name of Christ, Amen.»y muestra que esas conjuraciones sueltas siguen apareciendo en manuscritos medievales, aquí añadidas por una mano del siglo XIV que abre en el nombre de Cristo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 631»

«The person plucking the herb and uttering the incantation must be barefoot, ungirded, chaste, and wear no ring.»con las condiciones del oficiante, descalzo, desceñido, casto y sin anillo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 632»

«The plant is adjured not only "by the living God" and "the holy name of God, Sabaoth," but also by Seia, the Roman goddess of sowing, and by "GS," which presumably stands for Gaia Seia, an expression which is once written out in full.»y las potencias por las que se adjura la planta, el Dios vivo y el nombre santo Sabaoth junto a Seia, diosa romana de la siembra, y Gaia Seia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 632»

«As for the taso, Augustus is told that by means of it he can protect himself from sorcerers, avoid defections in his army, and preserve his troops from the pestilence which the barbarians bring, and the city of Rome from both pestilences and fires.»Thorndike da lo que la epístola pseudoepigráfica promete a Augusto por medio del tejón: guardarse de hechiceros, evitar deserciones, preservar de la peste a sus tropas y a Roma de pestes e incendios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 633»

«One way to appropriate its virtue is to extract its large teeth, repeating a jargon of strange words the while.»y el modo de apropiarse esa virtud, sacándole los dientes grandes mientras se repite una jerigonza de palabras extrañas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 633»

«This Cosmographia was not printed until 1852, when it was edited at Paris by M. d'Avezac and again in 1854 at Leipzig by M. H. Wuttke.»data en 1852 la primera impresión de la *Cosmographia* de Ético Istro, con la segunda edición de Wuttke en 1854.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 634»

«It is an entirely different work from what had hitherto been repeatedly printed as the Cosmography of Aethicus but is really to be identified with fragments of Julian Honorius and Orosius.»y deshace una confusión de identidades: es obra enteramente distinta de la que se venía imprimiendo con ese título, que son fragmentos de Julio Honorio y Orosio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 634»

«The Latin translator of our treatise had been identified in the middle ages with St. Jerome, the church father, and Wuttke still ascribed it to him, but Bunbury protested against this,»con la atribución medieval del traductor a san Jerónimo, mantenida por Wuttke y protestada por Bunbury.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 634»

«Mommsen placed our treatise not earlier than the seventh century.»y la datación de Mommsen, que no la pone antes del siglo VII.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 634»

«Bunbury added, however, that the Cosm,ography "appears to have been much read in the middle ages, and is therefore not without literary interest.»con el valor que Bunbury le reconoce pese a todo, por lo mucho que se la leyó en la Edad Media.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 634»

«Aethicus himself is spoken of as from Istria and according to the Explicit of at least one manuscript 6 was a Scythian, but this does not mean that his attitude towards learning was that of a Hun, for the same E%plicit goes on to inform us that he was of noble lineage and, if I correctly»y corrige la inferencia fácil desde el gentilicio: que un explicit lo llame escita no significa que su actitud ante el saber fuera la de un huno.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 634»

«Somewhat later Roger Bacon said in discussing faults in the study of theology in his day, "From the authorities of the philosophers whom the saints cite I shall abstain, except that I will strengthen the utterances of Ethicus the astronomer and Alchimus the philosopher by the authority of the blessed Jerome, since no one could credit that they had said so many marvelous things about Christ and the angels and demons and men who are to be glorified or damned unless Jerome or some other saint proved that they had said so.»registra el uso que Roger Bacon hace de Ético el astrónomo y Alquimo el filósofo, cuyas afirmaciones dice reforzar con la autoridad de Jerónimo porque nadie las creería de otro modo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 635»

«As Bacon's words indicate, Christian influence is manifest in the COS11tography, although, as they also indicate, the original Aethicus is not supposed to have been a Christian, but, as one manuscript informs us, an Academic philosopher.»y separa las dos capas de la obra: la influencia cristiana es manifiesta en la *Cosmographia*, y el Ético original no se supone cristiano sino filósofo académico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 635»

«The author eulogizes Athens as well as Alexander, and mentions a people called Turchi, but whether or not he has Turks in mind would be hard to say.»y se abstiene ante un dato ambiguo, el pueblo llamado *Turchi*, sin decidir si son los turcos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 635»

«Zoroaster is also used as an authority on the sympathy and antipathy existing between natural objects.»consigna que la *Geoponica* usa a Zoroastro como autoridad sobre la simpatía y la antipatía entre los objetos naturales.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 638»

«There are not, however, many cases of extreme superstition in the Geoponica.»Thorndike mide la superstición de la *Geoponica* y la halla escasa en sus casos extremos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 638»

«To keep wine from turning sour one is directed to write the divine words, "Taste and see that the Lord is good"»y da uno de esos casos, escribir en la vasija las palabras del salmo para que el vino no se avinagre.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 638»

«Another passage advises a person who finds himself in a place full of fleas to cry, "Ouch! Ouch I" and then they will not bite him.»y otro, gritar dos veces de dolor en un lugar lleno de pulgas para que no piquen.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 638»

«Dioscorides' influence continued and even increased as time went on; but if future centuries were deeply influenced by his book, it was also seriously affected by them, for it seems to have been subjected to a long series of repeated abbreviations and omissions, additions and interpolations, changes in form and in order.»expone la relación de doble sentido entre Dioscórides y los siglos siguientes: los influyó hondamente y ellos le trabajaron el libro con abreviaciones, omisiones, añadidos, interpolaciones y cambios de forma y de orden.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 639»

«Thus all sorts of versions of what was called Dioscorides came into being, but which in some cases can hardly be regarded as more than compilations from all the favorite pharmacies of the time, in which the genuine Dioscorides constituted but a remnant or a core.»con el resultado de ese proceso, versiones llamadas Dioscórides que apenas son compilaciones de las farmacias del momento donde el genuino queda de resto o de núcleo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 639»

«Thus most early printed editions of what purports to be the De materia medica must be handled with great caution, and it may perhaps be doubted if even the latest effort of Max Wellmann to recover the original Greek text has been entirely successful.»y la consecuencia crítica que saca, con las ediciones tempranas por manejar con gran cautela y una duda sobre si el esfuerzo de Max Wellmann por recobrar el texto griego original lo logró del todo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 639»

«Whether we now possess Dioscorides' original text or not, at any rate the oldest Greek manuscripts do not contain it, but only that portion dealing with herbs.»y el dato firme aunque la cuestión quede abierta: los manuscritos griegos más antiguos traen solo la parte de las hierbas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 639»

«As a matter of fact, although the De materia medico was from the start highly regarded and widely used by Greek physicians, it seems to have been little known to Latin writers until the verge of the medieval period.»marca el desfase entre estima y difusión: muy usado por los médicos griegos desde el principio, el *De materia medica* fue poco conocido de los latinos hasta el umbral del período medieval.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 641»

«But at least a portion of Dioscorides seems to have been translated into Latin by the time of Cassiodorus, who, writing in the first half of the sixth century, states that those who cannot read Greek may consult the Herbarium.»y fecha por Casiodoro, en la primera mitad del siglo VI, la existencia de al menos parte de la obra en latín para quienes no leen griego.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 641»

«Of seventy-one plants Kaestner classed fifteen or sixteen as feminine, while in only thirty cases are they prescribed for female complaints.»y mide contra el título del *De herbis femininis* lo que el contenido sostiene: de setenta y una plantas, Kaestner solo clasificó quince o dieciséis como femeninas y solo treinta se prescriben para dolencias de mujer.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 642»

«It seems to combine a free Latin translation of excerpts from the genuine Dioscorides with numerous additions from other sources.»y describe la composición de esa obra, traducción latina libre de extractos del Dioscórides genuino con numerosos añadidos de otras fuentes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 642»

«This version apparently became much better known than the earlier literal translation and has been called "the most widely disseminated handbook of pharmacy of the whole later middle ages.»Thorndike consigna que esa versión libre se conoció mucho más que la traducción literal previa y se la ha llamado el manual de farmacia más difundido de toda la baja Edad Media.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 643»

«Peter of Abano tells us in his preface 6 that in his time there were current two different versions, although both had the same preface.»y el testimonio de Pedro de Abano sobre las dos versiones distintas que corrían en su tiempo con el mismo prefacio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 643»

«One of these was in five books with a great many short chapters, so short in fact that often the treatment of a single thing was scattered over several chapters.»con la descripción de la primera, en cinco libros y con capítulos tan cortos que el tratamiento de una sola cosa quedaba repartido en varios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 643»

«The other yersian contained fewer but longer chapters with material added from Galen, Pliny, and other writers.»y de la segunda, con capítulos menos y más largos y material añadido de Galeno, Plinio y otros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 643»

«The history of the medieval versions of Dioscorides, even in the brief and incomplete outline given here, is !nstructive, showing us in general the vicissitudes to which the transmission of the text of any ancient author may have been subjected, but more especially proving that the middle ages, whether Latin or Byzantine, were ready to take great liberties with ancient authorities and to adapt them to their own taste»declara qué enseña esa historia textual: los avatares a que puede quedar sujeta la transmisión de cualquier autor antiguo, y sobre todo que la Edad Media latina o bizantina se tomaba grandes libertades con las autoridades antiguas para adaptarlas a su gusto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 644»

«After all it was a compilation to begin with.»y acota ese cargo en el caso concreto, pues la obra era compilación desde el principio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 645»

«But the case of Dioscorides has also taught us. that we do not have to wait until the medieval period for the' appearance of new versions of an ancient author.»con la segunda lección del caso, que no hay que esperar a la Edad Media para que aparezcan versiones nuevas de un autor antiguo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 645»

«The poem was certainly not written by the classical poet, Aemilius Macer, who was a friend of Vergil and Ovid, and whose descriptions of plants, birds, and reptiles are cited by Pliny in his Na.turral History and also preserved in some extracts by the grammarians.»desmonta la atribución del poema de las hierbas a Emilio Macro, el poeta clásico amigo de Virgilio y Ovidio que Plinio cita.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 645»

«It also cites Galen six times, Dioscorides four, and as late an author as Oribasius twice.»y data el poema por sus propias citas, con Galeno seis veces, Dioscórides cuatro y Oribasio dos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 646»

«In any case, unless the mentions of Strabo are later interpolations, the author must be regarded as post-Carolingian, while he cannot b~ later than the eleventh century in view 0'£ a remark of Sigebertus Gemblacensis in I I 12,6 the Anglo-Saxon version, the many twelfth century manuscripts, and the frequent use of his poem in the Regimen Salernitanum:»y fija la horquilla resultante con su condición dentro: salvo que las menciones de Estrabón sean interpoladas, el autor es poscarolingio y no posterior al siglo XI.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 646»

«Choulant, however, did not regard this as sufficiently proved, and Stadler has recently noted that some manuscripts ascribe the poem to a physician, Odo of Verona; and others to the Cistercian, Odo of Morimont, who died in 1r6r.5»deja abierta la identidad del autor tras Macro, con Choulant negando prueba suficiente y manuscritos que reparten el poema entre un Odón de Verona y un Odón de Morimond.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 646»

«When he does not cite his authority by name, he usually qualifies the statement made by a vaguer "they say" or "it is. said."»anota el modo en que el poeta marca sus grados de adhesión, con un dicen o un se dice cuando no nombra autoridad.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 647»

«He does not connect certain herbs with certain stars or otherwise introduce anything that can be c~l1ed astrological.»y hace un hallazgo negativo sobre el mismo poema, que no liga hierbas con astros ni introduce nada que pueda llamarse astrológico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 647»

«"Although potent Nature can grant such virtues, Yet they really seem to us idle old-wives' tales."»con el verso donde se distancia de los poderes que Plinio atribuye a la verbena, concediendo que la naturaleza podría darlos y teniéndolos por cuentos ociosos de viejas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 647»

«Nevertheless he himself about fifteen lines before had said of the vervain: "If, holding this herb in the hand, you ask the patient, 'Say, brother, how are you?' and the patient answers, 'Well,'»y la inconsecuencia que le encuentra quince versos antes, con la misma verbena en la mano sirviendo de pronóstico según lo que responda el enfermo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 647»

«Our poet not only thus associates with herbs the virtue of divination, but is guilty of sympathetic magic when he l;>elieves that the ancients learned by experience that Draqontea or snake-weed dispels poisons, wards off snakes, and is good for snake-bite from observing the similarity between the spotted rind of the herb and the skin of a snake.»Thorndike le imputa magia simpática al poeta de las hierbas, que hace derivar de la semejanza entre la corteza moteada de la dragontea y la piel de serpiente la experiencia antigua de que ahuyenta serpientes.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 647»

«On the whole, "Macer" contains only a moderate amount of superstition, although rather more proportionally than Walafrid Strabo.»y mide la superstición del poema, moderada en conjunto y proporcionalmente algo mayor que la de Walafrido Estrabón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 648»

«Although Odo or Macer seems to make no original contribution to botany, cites authorities frequently, and speaks often of the ancients or men of old, he also at least once cites "experts" 5 and we have also seen his belief that the ancients had tested the virtues of plants by experience.»con lo que le concede pese a no aportar nada original a la botánica, que cita expertos y cree que los antiguos probaron por experiencia las virtudes de las plantas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 648»

«It has been assumed by some modern scholars that medieval writers had usually not read the works, especially of classical antiquity, which they profess to cite and quote, but relied largely upon anthologies and fiorilegia.»expone la tesis de los estudiosos modernos contra la que va a argumentar, la de que los medievales no leyeran las obras que dicen citar y se apoyaran en antologías y florilegios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 651»

«We owe the very preservation of the Latin classics to medieval scribes who copied them in the ninth and tenth centuries; why deny that they read them?»y su primer argumento en contra: debemos la conservación misma de los clásicos latinos a los escribas que los copiaron en los siglos IX y X, y no hay por qué negar que los leyeran.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 651»

«On the whole, the impression I have received is that those authors included in florileqia, commonplace books, and other manuscripts made up of miscellaneous extracts, were likewise the authors most read in toto.»con el que saca de su propia lectura de manuscritos, que los autores incluidos en florilegios eran también los más leídos enteros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 651»

«I am therefore inclined to regard the ftorilegia as a proof that the authors included were read rather than that they were not.»y la inversión de la prueba que de ahí resulta, con los florilegios como indicio de que se leía a esos autores y no de lo contrario.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 651»

«But from extant Latin manuscripts one gets the impression that the whole matter of jlorileg£a is of very slight importance, and that the theory hitherto based upon them is a survival of the prejudice of the classical renaissance against "the dark ages."»y su diagnóstico de la teoría contraria, que atribuye a un resto del prejuicio del renacimiento clásico contra los siglos oscuros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 651»

«Indeed, his treatise on music is said to have "continued to be the staple requisite for the musical degree at Oxford until far into the eighteenth century."»mide la fortuna de Boecio con un dato tardío, su tratado de música exigido para el grado musical en Oxford hasta bien entrado el siglo XVIII.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 652»

«The work on the Trinity and some other theological tracts, attributed to Boethius by Cassiodorus and through the middle ages, are now again accepted as genuine by modern scholars and place Boethius' Christianity beyond question.»y resuelve la cuestión de su fe: los tratados teológicos que Casiodoro y la Edad Media le atribuían vuelven a aceptarse hoy como genuinos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 652»

«Aristotle, it is true, appears to be incorrectly credited by Boethius with the assertion that the eye of the lynx can see through solid objects,»Thorndike corrige una atribución de Boecio, que adjudica a Aristóteles sin razón la afirmación de que el ojo del lince ve a través de los objetos sólidos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 653»

«Fate may be exercised through spirits, angelic or daemonic, through the soul or through the aid of all nature or "by the celestial motion of the stars.»y expone las vías por las que el hado puede ejercerse según Boecio, espíritus angélicos o demoníacos, el alma, la naturaleza entera o el movimiento celeste de los astros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 654»

«More than that, "It constrains human fortunes in an indissoluble chain of causes, which, since it starts from the decree of immovable Providence, must needs itself also be immutable.»con la cadena indisoluble de causas que constriñe las fortunas humanas y que, por partir del decreto de una Providencia inmóvil, ha de ser ella misma inmutable.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 654»

«Boethius, however, does not believe in a complete fatalism, astrological or otherwise.»y acota de inmediato que Boecio no cree en un fatalismo completo, astrológico ni de otra clase.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 654»

«Divine providence imposes no fatal necessity upon the human will, which is free to choose its course.»con la fórmula que lo salva, una providencia divina que no impone necesidad fatal a la voluntad humana.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 655»

«Thus Boethius maintains the co-existence of the fatal series expressed in the stars, divine providence, and human free will,»y nombra la coexistencia que Boecio sostiene sin armonizarla, entre la serie fatal expresada en los astros, la providencia divina y el libre albedrío.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 655»

«Although mention should perhaps be made of his briefer De naiwra rerum}1 a treatise dedicated to King Sisebut who reigned from 612 to 620, Isidore's chief work from our standpoint is the Etymoloqiae.»pasa a Isidoro y declara cuál de sus obras le importa desde su punto de vista, las *Etimologías* por encima del *De natura rerum*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 656»

«but one should not be led, as some writers have been, into exaggerated praise of Isidore's erudition on this account.»y previene contra el elogio exagerado de la erudición de Isidoro al que algunos escritores se han dejado llevar.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 656»

«Its influence also would seem not to have been entirely beneficial, since writers continued to cite it as an authority as late as the thirteenth century, when it might have been expected to have outlived its usefulness.»con el juicio sobre su influencia, no del todo benéfica porque se lo siguió citando como autoridad hasta el siglo XIII, cuando ya cabía esperar que hubiera dejado de servir.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 656»

«We suspect that it proved too handy and convenient and tended to encourage intellectual laziness and stagnation more than any anthology of literary quotations did.»y la sospecha que de ahí saca, que su comodidad fomentó la pereza y el estancamiento intelectual más que ninguna antología de citas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 656»

«In a prefatory word to Braulio Isidore describes the Etymologies as a collection made from his recollection and notes of old authors,»consigna cómo el propio Isidoro describe su obra a Braulio, colección hecha de su recuerdo y de sus notas de autores antiguos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 657»

«It has been suspected that some of these writers were known to Isidore only at second or third hand; at any rate he has not made a very discriminating selection from their works and he has been accused more than once of not clearly understanding what he tried to abridge.»y las sospechas que sobre ella pesan: autores conocidos de segunda o tercera mano, selección poco discriminada y el cargo repetido de no entender bien lo que abreviaba.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 657»

«We should not have to go back to the middle ages for textbook writers who have written more and said less.»con la puntada que impide leer ese defecto como marca de época, pues no hace falta remontarse a la Edad Media para hallar autores de manuales que escribieran más y dijeran menos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 658»

«Such is the classification which later medieval writers were to adopt or adapt rather than the arrangement followed in Pliny's Natural History.»y anota qué se llevó de Isidoro la Edad Media, su clasificación antes que la disposición de la *Historia natural* de Plinio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 657»

«In short, Isidore forms a connecting link between Pliny and the encyclopedists of the thirteenth century.»con la función que le asigna en la cadena, eslabón entre Plinio y los enciclopedistas del siglo XIII.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 657»

«but it is doubtful if he possessed even that much originality, and they are probably all taken from classical grammarians such as Varro.!»Thorndike duda que Isidoro tuviera siquiera la originalidad de inventar sus etimologías absurdas, y las remonta a gramáticos clásicos como Varrón.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 658»

«Indeed, of the twenty books of the Etymolopies but one is devoted to animals other than man, one to vegetation which is combined in the same book with agriculture, and one to metals and minerals.»y mide cuánto espacio dan las *Etimologías* a la naturaleza, un libro de veinte a los animales, otro a la vegetación con la agricultura y otro a metales y minerales.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 658»

«On the other hand, Isidore omits Pliny's superstitious assertions concerning the river tortoise and gives only his criticism that the statement that ships move more slowly if they have the foot of a tortoise aboard is incredible.»anota que Isidoro omite lo supersticioso de Plinio sobre la tortuga de río y conserva justamente su crítica, que la nave más lenta por llevar un pie de tortuga es cosa increíble.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 659»

«But on the whole I should estimate that Isidore contains less superstitious matter even proportionally to his meager content than Pliny does, in connection with»y da su estimación de conjunto, con menos materia supersticiosa en Isidoro que en Plinio aun en proporción a su contenido magro.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 659»

«In discussing plants he says nothing of ceremonial plucking of them and he contains practically no traces of agricultural magic.»con dos hallazgos negativos que la sostienen: nada de recolección ceremonial de plantas y casi ningún rastro de magia agrícola.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 659»

«He there affirms that God sometimes wishes to signify future events by means of monstrous births as well as by dreams and oracles, and declares that this "has been proved by numerous experiences.»registra en cambio lo que Isidoro sí afirma, que Dios significa a veces lo por venir por nacimientos monstruosos, sueños y oráculos, y que numerosas experiencias lo han probado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 660»

«Isidore's faith in the power of words does not seem, however, to have led him to recommend the use of any incantations; he was content with etymologies and allegorical interpretation.»y marca dónde se detiene su fe en el poder de las palabras, que no llega a recomendar conjuros y se contenta con etimologías e interpretación alegórica.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 660»

«However, Isidore is not the first to do this; he is, indeed, simply quoting one of the fathers, Epiphanius.»y le quita la primacía en la aritmología del veintidós, que no hace más que citar a Epifanio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 660»

«His own borrowing here is only in small part from Pliny's famous passage on the same theme.»y precisa cuánto le debe a Plinio en su capítulo sobre los magos, que es poco.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 661»

«Its history is sketched; Zoroaster and Democritus, as in Pliny, are mentioned as its founders, but it is not forgotten that the bad angels were really responsible for its dissemination.»expone la historia de la magia que Isidoro traza, con Zoroastro y Demócrito por fundadores como en Plinio y los ángeles malos como responsables reales de su difusión.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 662»

«After this very unfavorable, although sufficiently credulous, definition of magic, which is represented as seeking the worst ends by the worst means, Isidore goes on to list and briefly define a number of subordinate»y califica esa definición de la magia como muy desfavorable y a la vez bastante crédula, pues la presenta buscando los peores fines por los peores medios.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 662»

«Moreover, Burchard continues to follow Rabanus word for word for some ten columns after the conclusion of their mutual excerpt from Isidore" while Ivo is identical with Burchard for fifteen more columns.»mide la copia en cadena de ese pasaje, con Burchard siguiendo a Rabano palabra por palabra diez columnas más allá del extracto común de Isidoro e Ivo idéntico a Burchard otras quince.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 663»

«Juiceless as it is, it seems to have become a sort of stock or stereotyped treatment of the subject with succeeding Christian writers down into the twelfth century.»y saca de ahí lo que le importa: con lo desjugado que es, ese tratamiento se volvió el estereotipo del asunto entre los escritores cristianos hasta bien entrado el siglo XII.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 663»

«John of Salisbury is the first of them to put any life into the subject and give us any assurance that such arts were still practiced in his day.»Thorndike señala en Juan de Salisbury al primero de esa serie que pone vida en el asunto y da seguridad de que tales artes seguían practicándose en su día.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 664»

«We have, however, other evidence that magic continued to be practiced in the interval.»y acota de inmediato que hay otra evidencia de que la magia se siguió practicando en el intervalo, para que el silencio de los textos no se lea como ausencia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 664»

«Professor Burr -subsequently wrote to me, "That I did not mention -the relation in my old paper on "The Literature of Witchcraft" was partly because they borrowed from other sources as well and' partly because Isidore is himself a compiler.»con una comunicación personal del profesor Burr donde explica por qué no señaló esa dependencia, en parte porque tomaban también de otras fuentes y en parte porque Isidoro es él mismo un compilador.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 664»

«We have just heard him associate astrologers with practitioners of the magic arts, but in his third book in discussing the quadriviu.m he states that astrology is only partly superstitious and partly a natural science.»registra la partición que Isidoro hace de la astrología, en parte supersticiosa y en parte ciencia natural.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 665»

«Such superstitions "are without doubt contrary to our faith; Christians should so ignore them that they shall not even appear to have been written.»con la fórmula con que despacha la mitad supersticiosa, que los cristianos han de ignorarla hasta que ni parezca haber sido escrita.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 665»

«Mothesis, or the attempt to predict future events from the stars, is denounced, according to Isidore, "not only by doctors of the Christian religion but also of the Gentiles,-Plato, Aristotle, and others."»y el argumento de consenso con que la condena, denunciada según él por doctores cristianos y también gentiles, Platón y Aristóteles entre ellos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 665»

«In the preface to his De natura rerum, which deals chiefly with astronomical and meteorological phenomena, Isidore asserts that "it is not superstitious. science to know the nature of these things, if only they are considered from the standpoint of sane and sober doctrine."»y la licencia que en cambio concede al estudio de la naturaleza, que no es ciencia supersticiosa si se lo considera desde una doctrina sana y sobria.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 665»

«the moon is sometimes to be taken as a symbol of this world, sometimes as the church, which is illuminated by Christ as the moon receives its light from the sun, and which has seven meritorious graces corresponding to the seven forms of the moon.P»consigna la exégesis lunar de Isidoro, con la luna como símbolo del mundo o de la iglesia iluminada por Cristo y siete gracias correspondientes a sus siete formas.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 666»

«knowledge in classical literature and natural science entirely unrivalled in his own day and probably not surpassed for many generations to come.»recoge el elogio corriente de Beda como saber sin rival en su día y no superado por muchas generaciones.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 667»

«his knowledge can in no sense be called extensive.»y le opone su propia medida, que en ningún sentido puede llamarse extenso ese conocimiento.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 667»

«noteworthy that in order to fulfill the monks' desire for a fuller treatment of the subject he found it necessary to do some further reading in the fathers.»con el dato que lo sostiene: para cumplir el deseo de los monjes de un tratamiento más lleno, Beda tuvo que leer algo más en los padres.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 667»

«states that the air is inhabited by evil spirits who there await the worse torments of the day of judgment,»Thorndike consigna en Beda la doctrina del aire habitado por espíritus malignos que allí aguardan los tormentos peores del día del juicio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 668»

«translated into Latin a treatise on divination from thunder, perhaps from the works of the sixth century Greek writer, John Lydus.»y le adjudica en probabilidad la traducción latina de un tratado de adivinación por truenos, acaso de Juan Lido.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 668»

«speaks of it as a laborious and dangerous task, sure to expose him to the attacks of the invidious and detractors who will perhaps insinuate that he is possessed of an evil spirit or is a practitioner of magic.»con el riesgo que el propio traductor declara, quedar expuesto a que insinúen que está poseído de un espíritu malo o que practica magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 668»

«Other tracts on divination which were attributed to Bede are probably spurious and will for the most part be considered later in connection with other treatises of the same sort.»y da por probablemente espurios otros tratados de adivinación atribuidos a Beda.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 669»

«There is a close resemblance between some of these riddles and a score of citations from an Adhelmus made in the thirteenth century by Thomas of Cantimpre in his De natura rerum:»anota el parecido estrecho entre los enigmas de Aldelmo y una veintena de citas de un Adhelmus que Tomás de Cantimpré hace en el siglo XIII.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 669»

«When we turn to the lives of the saints, to the miracles recorded of contemporary monks and missionaries, we find that in the field of its own supreme interests the pious imagination of the time could display considerable inventiveness and was by no means satisfied with brief compendiums from the Bible and earlier Fathers.»y contrasta la sequedad de los compendios científicos con la inventiva considerable que la imaginación piadosa desplegaba en las vidas de santos y los milagros de monjes y misioneros.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 670»

About the work

50 entries — what the apparatus and scholarship say about it

«HISTORY OF MAGIC AND EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE DURING THE FIRST THIRTEEN CENTURIES OF OUR ERA»el subtítulo de la portada declara el alcance que la obra se fija: los trece primeros siglos de nuestra era.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 3»

«Professor of History in Western Reserve University Author of Tltl History of Medieval Europe»la portada acredita a Thorndike como profesor de historia en Western Reserve University y autor de una historia de la Europa medieval; el OCR deforma *The* en *Tltl*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 3»

«Second PrintilzfJ witlz corrections»el ejemplar del que sale este troceo no es la tirada de 1923 sino la segunda impresión con correcciones, fechada en 1929 dos líneas más abajo; el OCR deforma *Printing* y *with*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 3»

«EARLY CHRISTIAN THOUGHT FOREWORD THE BOOK OF ENOCH • PHILO JUDAEUS THE GNOSTICS • THE CHRISTIAN ApOCRYPHA THE RECOGNITIONS OF CLEMENT AND SIMON MAGUS THE CONFESSION OF CYPRIAN AND SOME SIMILAR STORIES ORIGEN AND CELSUS OTHER CHRISTIAN DISCUSSION OF MAGIC BEFORE AUGUS-TINE CHRISTIANITY AND NATURAL SCIENCE: BASIL, EPIPHA-NIUS, AND THE PHYSIOLOGUS • AUGUSTINE ON MAGIC AND ASTROLOGY»el índice enumera el Libro II, que va del Libro de Enoc y Filón a los gnósticos, los apócrifos, las Recognitiones, Orígenes y Celso, y cierra con Agustín sobre magia y astrología; el OCR parte *AUGUSTINE* y *EPIPHANIUS* por el guion de corte.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 6»

«THE STORY OF NECTANEBUS, OR THE ALEXANDER LEGEND IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES POST-CLASSICAL MEDICINE PSEUDO-LITERATURE IN NATURAL SCIENCE OTHER EARLY MEDIEVAL LEARNING: BOETHIUS, ISIDORE, BEDE, GREGORY ARABIC OCCULT SCIENCE OF THE NINTH CENTURY LATIN ASTROLOGY AND DIVINATION, ESPECIALLY IN THE NINTH, TENTH" AND ELEVENTli: CENTURIES GERBERT AND TIlE INTRODUCTION OF ARABIC ASTROLOGY ANGLO-SAXON, SALERNITAN AND OTHER LATIN MEDI-CINE IN MANUSCRIPTS FROM THE NINTH TO THE TWELFTH CENTURY • CONSTANTINUS AFRICANUS (C. 1015-1087)»y el Libro III, que abre con la leyenda de Alejandro y Nectanebo y recorre la medicina posclásica, Boecio, Isidoro, Beda, Gregorio, la ciencia oculta árabe del siglo IX, Gerberto y Constantino el Africano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 6»

«Professor James Harvey Robinson, when my mind was still in the making, suggested the study of magic in medieval universities as the subject of my thesis for the master's degree at Columbia University»Thorndike declara el origen del proyecto: la sugerencia de James Harvey Robinson de tomar la magia en las universidades medievales como tema de tesis de maestría en Columbia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 9»

«Book I greatly amplifies the account of magic in the Roman Empire contained in my doctoral dissertation.»y sitúa el Libro I de este volumen como ampliación de su tesis doctoral sobre la magia en el Imperio romano.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 9»

«The form, however, of these previous publications has often been altered in embodying them in this book, and, taken together, they constitute but a fraction of it.»advierte que sus publicaciones previas, aunque incorporadas al libro, van alteradas y solo son una fracción del conjunto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 9»

«My examination of manuscripts has been done especially at the British Museum, whose rich collections, perhaps because somewhat inaccessibly catalogued, have been less used by students»declara el British Museum como base manuscrita principal, y atribuye el poco uso que le han dado los estudiosos a lo inaccesible de su catalogación.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 9»

«I have worked also, however, at both Oxford and Paris, at Munich, Florence, Bologna, and elsewhere; but it has of course been impossible to examine all the thousands of manuscripts»enumera las bibliotecas que trabajó y admite el límite: era imposible examinar los miles de manuscritos que tocan el asunto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 10»

«However, a fairly wide survey of the catalogues of collections of manuscripts has convinced me that I have read a representative selection.»y funda su pretensión de suficiencia no en haberlos leído todos sino en un barrido amplio de los catálogos, que le convence de haber leído una selección representativa.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 10»

«Despite this prospect, I have been bold in affirming my independent opinion on any point where I have one, even if it conflicts with that of specialists or puts me in the position of criticizing my betters.»anuncia que afirmará su opinión propia aunque choque con la de los especialistas y lo ponga a criticar a quienes lo superan.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 11»

«I have, however, usually supplied the Latin or Greek when I have made a free translation or one with which I felt that others might not agree.»y acota la regla anterior de no dar el original: cuando la traducción es libre o discutible, suministra el latín o el griego.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 11»

«After some hesitation I decided, because of the expense, the length of the work, and the increasing unfamiliarity of readers with Greek and Latin, as a rule not to give in the footnotes the original language of passages used in the text.»explica por qué no imprime en nota la lengua original: el costo, la extensión de la obra y el desconocimiento creciente del griego y el latín entre los lectores.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 11»

«Usually I have let the faulty spelling and syntax of medieval copyists stand without comment.»declara que deja correr sin comentario la ortografía y la sintaxis defectuosas de los copistas medievales.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 11»

«But as I am not an expert in palaeography and have examined a large number of manuscripts primarily for their substance, the reader should not regard my Latin quotations from them as exact transliterations»y previene contra tomar sus citas latinas de manuscritos como transliteraciones exactas, porque no es experto en paleografía y examinó los códices sobre todo por su contenido.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 11»

«Individual manuscripts are usually briefly designated in the ensuing notes and appendices by a single word indicating the place or collection where the MS is found and the number or shelf-mark of the individual MS.»Thorndike fija su convención de referencia: una palabra que indica el lugar o la colección más el número o marca de estante.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 15»

«In giving Latin titles, Incipits, and the like of MSS I employ quotation marks when I know from personal examination or otherwise that the wording is that of the MS itself, and omit the marks where the Latin seems rather to be that of the description in the manuscript catalogue or other source of information.»y hace de las comillas una marca de procedencia: las pone cuando sabe por examen propio que la redacción es la del manuscrito, y las quita cuando el latín parece ser el de la descripción del catálogo.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 15»

«So many of the catalogues of MSS collections which I consulted were undated and without nanle of author that I have decided to attempt no catalogue of them.»declara por qué renuncia a dar un catálogo propio de manuscritos: tantos de los catálogos que consultó venían sin fecha y sin nombre de autor.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 15»

«Of the many histories of the sciences, medicine, and magic that have appeared since the invention of printing I have included but a small selection.»advierte que de las muchas historias de las ciencias, la medicina y la magia impresas desde la invención de la imprenta solo incluye una pequeña selección.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 16»

«Almost without exception they have to be used with the greatest caution.»y emite sobre esa literatura previa un juicio sin matices: casi sin excepción hay que usarla con la mayor cautela.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 16»

«Occult speculation, not historical treatment: the author seems to have. 110 direct acquaintance with sources earlier than Agrippa in»clasifica *Die Magie als Naturwissenschaft* de Carl du Prel como especulación ocultista y no tratamiento histórico, y le imputa no conocer de primera mano fuentes anteriores a Agrippa.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 23»

«Boll und Bezold, Sternglauben, Leipzig, 1918; I have not seen ..»declara los libros que no vio, uno por uno, en vez de citarlos como si los hubiera manejado; aquí el *Sternglauben* de Boll y Bezold.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 19»

«Bibliotheca rnagica, 1843; of little service to me.»a la *Bibliotheca magica* de Graesse le concede poco servicio; el OCR deforma *magica* en *rnagica* y parte la palabra por el guion de corte.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 25»

«Brief as it is, perhaps the best general history of magic.»y reserva su mejor juicio para *La magie et l'astrologie dans l'antiquité et au moyen âge* de Alfred Maury, que llama, con lo breve que es, quizá la mejor historia general de la magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 30»

«Zur Geschichte cler Medizin von Hippokrates bis zum XVIII jahrhunclert, Munich, 1909, 199 pp.; too brief, but suggests interesting topics.»juzga demasiado breve otra historia de la medicina y le reconoce sin embargo el mérito de sugerir asuntos de interés; el OCR lee *cler* por *der*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 25»

«Still much cited but largely antiquated and unreliable.»de la *Bibliotheca Britannico-Hibernica* de Tanner, de 1748, dice que se sigue citando mucho pero es en gran medida anticuada y poco fiable.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 36»

«Really a cooperative work under the editorship of Max Neuburger and Julius Pagel after Puschmann's death.»y corrige la atribución de una historia de la medicina: en realidad es obra colectiva bajo la dirección de Max Neuburger y Julius Pagel tras la muerte de Puschmann.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 33»

«I shall endeavor to justify this use of the word fr0111 the sources as I proceed.»Thorndike anuncia que su uso amplio de la palabra magia no se define de antemano sino que se justificará desde las fuentes conforme avance; el OCR lee *fr0111* por *from*.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 42»

«The subject of laws against magic, popular practice of magic, the witchcraft delusion and persecution lie outside of the scope of this book.»y acota lo que deja fuera: las leyes contra la magia, la práctica popular y el delirio y la persecución de la brujería.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 42»

«At first Illy plan was to limit this investigation to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the tittle of greatest medieval productivity, but r became convinced that this period could be best understood hy viewing it in the settingof the Greek, Latin, and early Christian writers to Wh01l1 it owed so much,»explica por qué el libro empieza en Roma y no en el siglo XII: se convenció de que la época de mayor productividad medieval solo se entiende en el marco de los escritores griegos, latinos y cristianos primitivos a los que debía tanto; el OCR deforma varias palabras.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 42»

«be familiar with the Pliny, Galen, and Ptolemy, the Origen and Augustine, the Alkindi and Albumasar from whom they drew.»y formula la exigencia que de ahí se sigue para el lector de Constantino el Africano, Vicente de Beauvais, Guido Bonatti y Tomás de Aquino: conocer a los autores de quienes bebieron.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 42»

«Also the history of thought is more unified and consistent, steadier and more regular, than the fluctuations and diversities of political history; and for this reason its general outlines can be discerned with reasonable sureness by the examination of even a limited number of examples, provided they are properly selected from a period of sufficient duration.»y defiende su método de muestreo: la historia del pensamiento es más unificada y regular que la política, de modo que sus líneas generales se disciernen con un número limitado de ejemplos bien elegidos sobre un lapso suficiente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 43»

«But fortunately it is more reliable, since the pursuit of truth or beauty does not encourage deception and prejudice as does the pursuit of wealth or power.»apoya esa confianza en que la búsqueda de la verdad o la belleza no fomenta el engaño ni el prejuicio como los fomenta la del poder o la riqueza.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 43»

«Very probably I have tried to cover too much ground Ho\v to and have made serious omissions,»admite de entrada haber abarcado demasiado terreno y haber cometido omisiones serias; la línea trae entreverado un titulillo de margen.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 43»

«WE should have to search long before finding a better starting-point for the consideration of the union 0 f magic with the science of the Roman Empire, and of the \vay in which that union influenced the middle ages, than Pliny's Natural History.»justifica por dónde empieza el Libro I: no hay mejor punto de partida para considerar la unión de la magia con la ciencia del Imperio y el modo en que esa unión influyó en la Edad Media.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 80»

«The foregoing sentence, with which years ago I opened a chapter on the Natural History of Pliny the Elder in my briefer preliminary study of magic in the intellectual history of the Roman Empire, seems as true as ever; and although I there considered his confusion of magic and science at some length, I do not see how I can make the present work wen-rounded and complete without including in it a yet more detailed analysis of the contents of Pliny's book.»y declara que reabre un asunto que ya había tratado: la frase con que abrió años atrás un capítulo de su estudio preliminar le sigue pareciendo cierta, y no ve cómo redondear esta obra sin un análisis aún más detallado del contenido de Plinio.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 80»

«I shall attempt no complete exposition or exhaustive treatment of such writings 1 but touch upon a few examples which bear upon the relations of science and magic.»acota el alcance de su propio capítulo, que no será exposición completa ni tratamiento exhaustivo sino unos pocos ejemplos que tocan las relaciones entre ciencia y magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 326»

«It would therefore be absurd for us to attempt any logical arrangement in discussing his contents; we may do justice to him most adequately by adopting his own lack of method»y de ahí saca la forma de su propio capítulo, que renuncia a un arreglo lógico y adopta la falta de método del autor tratado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 359»

«And scholars who have edited Of studied the Greek, Syriac, and other ancient texts connected with early Christianity have perhaps too often neglected the Latin versions preserved in medieval manuscripts, Of, while treasuring up every hint that Photius»y le reprocha a la erudición un descuido de material: quienes editaron o estudiaron los textos griegos, siríacos y otros del cristianismo primitivo han desatendido demasiado a menudo las versiones latinas conservadas en manuscritos medievales.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 373»

«We shall then make Origen's Reply to Celsus, in which the conflict of classical and Christian conceptions is well illustrated, our point of departure in an examination of the attitude of the early fathers towards magic and science.»declara el punto de partida del examen: la respuesta de Orígenes a Celso, donde el choque de concepciones clásicas y cristianas queda bien ilustrado.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 374»

«Our arrangement is thus in part topical rather than strictly chronological.»y el principio de orden que adopta, en parte temático más que estrictamente cronológico.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 374»

«The dates of many authors and works are too dubious, there is too much of the apocryphal and interpolated, and we have to rely too much upon later writers for the views of earlier ones, to make a strictly or even primarily chronological arrangement either advisable or feasible.»con las tres razones que lo obligan: fechas demasiado dudosas, demasiado apócrifo e interpolado, y demasiada dependencia de autores tardíos para las ideas de los tempranos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 374»

«But his initial force is none the less of the greatest moment, and seems amply sufficient to justify us in selecting his writings as one of our starting points.»y justifica igual haberlo tomado como uno de los puntos de partida del libro, por la fuerza inicial de su obra.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 386»

«Such is no exhaustive listing but rather a few examples of the encouragement given to belief in magic by the Christian Apocrypha.»Thorndike declara el alcance de su repaso de los apócrifos, que no es lista exhaustiva sino unos pocos ejemplos del aliento que dieron a la creencia en la magia.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 434»

«But, as in the case of the New Testament Apocrypha, the exact date of composition makes little difference for our purpose, for which it is enough that the Pseudo-Clemeniines played an important part in the first thirteen centuries of Christian thought viewed as a whole.»declara por qué la fecha exacta le importa poco: le basta que los pseudoclementinos hayan pesado en los trece primeros siglos del pensamiento cristiano tomados en conjunto.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 441»

«But it is hardly worth while to pile up such brief allusions to Simon in the writings of the fathers.»y corta su propia acumulación de testimonios, declarando que no vale la pena amontonar alusiones breves a Simón en los padres.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 458»

«While in conformity with the character of our investigation we have emphasized those passages in Alexander which are suggestive of magic and its methods, it should be said that many of the passages which we have cited are apparently 1 not found in the medieval Latin versions which seem to omit many, although not all, of the chapters»declara el sesgo de su propio muestreo y su límite: ha destacado los pasajes que sugieren magia, y muchos de los citados no están en las versiones latinas medievales, que omiten buena parte de esos capítulos.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 617»

«I have usually not noted the occurrence of the Egyptian days in later manuscripts.»Thorndike declara una omisión deliberada de su propio registro, que por lo común no anotó la aparición de los días egipcios en manuscritos posteriores.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 729»

«Perhaps one of the outcomes of our discussion will be to suggest that any such distinctions cannot be at all sharply or chronologically drawn.»Thorndike anuncia como resultado posible de su discusión que las distinciones entre las medicinas medievales no se dejan trazar con nitidez ni cronológicamente.

Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923)«Thorndike — A History of Magic and Experimental Science I (1923) · p. 752»

Concepts treated

Magia NaturalPlinio recoge las virtudes de hierbas, animales y piedras y el principio de que lo semejante cura lo semejante, y Thorndike anota que no objeta las hierbas de los magos ni sus métodos.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 103, 106, 122

Theurgia (obra divina)Jámblico la separa de la magia y de la filosofía, y a la vez la llama arte y admite que un desliz de procedimiento la rebaja al nivel de la magia.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 348, 350

Goetia (γοητεία, arte goético)Plotino extiende el embrujo a quien cede al amor, busca poder o se deja engañar por las apariencias, tan embrujado como la víctima de la goecia propiamente dicha.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · p. 338

Daimon (entidad intermedia, ni ángel ni demonio)Plutarco los hace mortales aunque de vida mucho más larga que la humana; Jámblico añade una clase sin razón con una sola función; Agustín les adjudica el origen y el éxito de toda magia.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 245, 348, 541

Necromancia (nigromancia)Simón Mago declara servirse del alma de un niño muerto con violencia, y los padres discrepan sobre si la pitonisa de Endor evocó de veras a Samuel.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 454, 504

Talismán (imagen astrológica)El tratado de imágenes de Thabit ibn Qurra exige conformidad astrológica, manda escribir nombres de odio al dorso y enterrar la imagen en casa del interesado.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 698, 699

Microcosmos (el hombre-mundo)El hombre compuesto de los cuatro elementos como el mundo, razón por la que se le hacen regir los asuntos humanos a los cuerpos celestes.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 742, 745

Cuatro elementos (fuego, aire, agua, tierra)Galeno los sostiene como teoría fundamental de la naturaleza, y Basilio los acepta absteniéndose de juzgar sobre un quinto.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 177, 523

Anima mundi (alma del mundo)Plotino subordina los astros a ella; los brahmanes le atribuyen el castigo de la sequía prolongada por el pecado humano.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 292, 341

Prodigio (prodigium, portentum, ostentum)Séneca tiene por prodigios todos los fenómenos celestes inusuales, e Isidoro hace de los nacimientos monstruosos señal divina probada por numerosas experiencias.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 141, 660

Gnosis (conocimiento salvífico)Contraseñas, nombres de espíritus y símbolos para pasar las esferas, con la clave gnóstica de los misterios como única salida al dominio de los señores del hado.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 397, 412

Piedra filosofal (lapis philosophorum)La Edad Media adjudicó a Plinio una obra sobre ella, y María la Judía veda tocarla a quien no sea de la raza de Abraham.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 90, 235

Secreto (lo que se jura no fijar por escrito)Thorndike desarma la explicación del secreto alquímico por miedo a la persecución con el argumento de que quien quiere callar no se lanza a publicar.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · p. 232

Cadena de transmisión (quién tomó de quién)Zósimo hace enseñar la alquimia por los ángeles caídos y la reserva a sacerdotes y reyes de Egipto; Sinesio hace iniciar a Demócrito por Ostanes en Menfis.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 233, 236

Crítica de fuentes (criterios de inclusión y descarte)Declara sus manuscritos y sus omisiones, corrige dataciones ajenas, desadjudica obras y separa la voz de un autor de la de sus fuentes.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 10, 15, 639, 794

Transvection (el traslado corporal por seres demoníacos)Simón Mago vuela sobre el Campo de Marte hasta que Pedro adjura a los ángeles que lo sostienen; los brahmanes se alzan dos codos golpeando la tierra con sus varas.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 290, 459

Iniciación (recepción por grados / metamorfosis del ser)Apuleyo declara haber sido iniciado en toda suerte de ritos sagrados, y Cipriano describe una formación mágica con siete hierofantes y comida solo tras la puesta del sol.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 261, 464

Prisca theologia (la teología antiquísima)El método alegórico de Filón se vuelve en los apologistas cristianos la afirmación de que Platón y Pitágoras tomaron sus doctrinas de Abraham y Moisés.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · p. 385

Gematría (aritmética de las letras)Marcos el gnóstico lee en el Alfa y Omega la paloma cuyo número es ochenta, y el nombre reducido a número se escribe, se ata al cuerpo y cura.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 405, 406

Horas planetariasLos días de la semana llevan nombres de planetas y se les acreditan sus virtudes, con horas señaladas de cada día para sangrar.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · pp. 712, 713

Mansiones lunares (los 28 sectores del recorrido de la Luna)El libro de Alcandro reparte los tipos de hombres según las veintiocho mansiones de la luna.

thorndike-magic-experimental-1 · p. 748

Works cited

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